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Chikmagalur Seetaramiah Seshadri

2026-05-07T08:28:16Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting A Info Basic Info!

{{About|the Indian administrator|the Indian mathematician|C. S. Seshadri}}
{{Short description|Indian Administrator (1918-1998)}}
[[File:Maharaja College Group Photo with Sathyagirinathan, V. Raghavendra Rao, S. Srikanta Sastri, Na Kasturi, M. H. Krishna, Prince Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, Principal J. C. Rollo, C. S. Seshadri and others.png|thumb|300x300px|Photo of C. S. Seshadri with [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar]] (8th from left in first row), the prince of Mysore, at B.A. Honours graduation from [[Maharaja's College, Mysore]]]]
'''Chikmagalur Seetaramiah Seshadri''' (1918–February 12,1998<ref name=":0" />), also abbreviated as C. S. Seshadri, was an Indian civil servant who served in the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) from the early 1940s until his retirement in 1978. Over a career spanning nearly four decades, he held multiple administrative positions in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] and post-independence India, including [[Kanakapura]], as an Administrator of [[Mahé, India|Mahe]], and Commissioner of Labour for [[Mysore State]] (now Karnataka). He was later active in civic and professional life in Bangalore including being one of the early Directors of the [[Institute for Social and Economic Change]] (1977-1978), succeeding its founding director [[V. K. R. V. Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To ISEC |url=https://www.isec.ac.in/past-directors/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114100751/https://www.isec.ac.in/past-directors/ |archive-date=2025-01-14 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.isec.ac.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and career==

C. S. Seshadri entered the civil services around 1942, possibly through the [[Indian Civil Service]] (ICS), the predecessor of the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]. He transitioned into the Indian Administrative Service after India's independence in 1947. One of his early assignments was as Assistant Commissioner in [[Kanakapura]], with later assignments as administrator at [[Tiptur]] and in [[Belagavi district|Belgaum]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-18 |title=DEPUTY COMMISSIONERS List Of BELAGAVI - All About Belgaum |url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/deputy-commissioners-list-belagavi/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> In these roles, he managed land revenue, law and order, and the implementation of developmental programs.

==Administrator of Mahe (1954–1956)==

Seshadri served as the Regional Administrator of Mahe, a former French enclave on the [[Malabar Coast]], from 27 December 1954 to 27 January 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Adminisrators {{!}} Mahe {{!}} India |url=https://mahe.gov.in/former-adminisrators/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.central.w.1955-05-21.100685/mode/2up?q=seshadri |title=Union Government, Weekly, 1955-05-21, Part I-Section 2, Ref. F.47(3)-Est./51. |date=1955-05-21}}</ref> His tenure followed the peaceful transfer of power from French to Indian control. He was tasked with establishing Indian administrative systems in Mahe and facilitating the region's integration into the Union of India. His leadership marked one of the early phases of post-colonial governance in the progress towards setting up the [[Puducherry (union territory)|Union Territory of Puducherry]].

==Career in Mysore State==

Following his tenure in Mahe, Seshadri returned to Mysore State (renamed Karnataka in 1973), where he rose through the ranks of the state civil service. He served as the Commissioner of Labour, overseeing industrial relations and enforcement of labor laws in the state. As the Director of the department of Economics and Statistics, he participated in the preparation of the report of the Mysore Pay Commission (1966-68).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.2670/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Report of the Mysore Pay Commission, 1966 - 1968 |date=1966 |publisher=Bangalore, Government Press}}</ref> In a 1966 High Court case, his name appears among senior officials who advocated for fair administrative practices and supported merit-based promotions within the Labour Department.<ref>{{cite court
| litigants = Govindaraj Setty S. v. State of Mysore & Others
| court = Mysore High Court
| date = 20 September 1966
| docket = Writ Petition No. 221 of 1965
| publisher = Mysore High Court
| url = https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1013245/
| access-date = 2025-04-05
| quote = Judgment includes administrative remarks by Labour Commissioners including C. S. Seshadri.
}}</ref> In the mid 1960s, he was the managing director of the Mahboob Shahi Gulbarga Mills in the (then) [[Mysore State|Mysore]] which had become a government owned corporation in 1962 and had an authorised share capital Rs. 1.25 crores as a result of the state government acquiring majority [[shareholding]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=N. J. Nanporia |url=https://archive.org/details/cftri.timesofindiadire0000njna/page/130/mode/2up?q=%22C+S+Seshadri%22+%22IAS%22 |title=The Times of India Directory & Yearbook |date=1967 |publisher=The Times of India Press |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref> In September 1967, he was appointed as Officer on Special Duty under the Chief Director, [[National Sample Survey (India)|National Sample Survey]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Directorate of Printing |first=Government of India |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1967.246/page/n15/mode/2up?q=%22C+S+Seshadri%22+%22IAS%22 |title=Gazette of India, 1967, No. 246 |date=1967-09-30}}</ref> He was involved in strengthening of the functioning of state financial corporations as a member of a Working Group set up by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] to study the problems in these corporations, particularly focusing on resource mobilisation and expanding the scope of the activities of these corporations.<ref>{{Cite book |last=K. N. R. Ramanujam |first=Chairman |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.84/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Report of working group on resource mobilization, profitability, etc. of state financial corporations reserve bank of India |last2=Swarup |first2=Brahma |last3=Hegde |first3=V. G. |last4=Joshi |first4=J. R. |last5=Palnitkar |first5=M. S. |last6=Roy |first6=M. R. |last7=Sen Gupta |first7=S. P. |last8=Seshadri |first8=C. S. |author-link8=Chikmagalur Seetaramiah Seshadri |last9=Sunder Singh |first9=Member |date=1972 |publisher=Reserve Bank of India, Bombay}}</ref>

His contributions to Karnataka's administration extended through the 1960s and 1970s, and he held senior secretarial roles in the state government prior to retirement.

==Post-retirement and civic engagement==

After retiring from government service in 1976, Seshadri remained active in civic affairs. He served as the President of the Bangalore Management Association (BMA) during 1979–1980, where he contributed to professional education and organizational development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=bmaindia.com |url=http://bmaindia.com/history |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=bmaindia.com}}</ref> He served as a Director of Triton Valves Limited in 1997 and became the Chairman in 1978 until his demise in 1998.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Triton Valves Ltd Annual Report 1998 |url=https://www.bseindia.com/HIS_ANN_RPT/HISTANNR/1998/TRITON_VALVES_LTD-505978-MARCH-1998.PDF |publisher=Triton Valves Ltd |access-date=5 April 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seshadri, Chikmagalur Seetaramiah}}
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Administrators of Mahe]]
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]

Kantilal Rathod

2026-05-05T06:58:19Z

JoyceBpo44: Added Basic Entry First Draft

{{Short description|Indian film maker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Kantilal Rathod''' (12 December 1924 – 28 September 1988)<ref name=c>Diary of Golden Days at Jharia – A Memoir & History of Gurjar Kashtriya Samaj of Kutch in Coalfields of Jharia – written by Natwarlal Devram Jethwa & Pawan Jethwa of Calcutta (1998).</ref> was an Indian film maker, animator and painter chiefly known for his work in [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi cinema]]. He directed the 1969 Gujarati film ''[[Kanku]]'' which won [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati]] at the [[17th National Film Awards]].<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |last=Shukla |first=Bansidhar |date=September 2004 |title=Kanku filmna sarjak Shri Kantilal Rathod |url=https://abhiyaanmagazine.com/ |magazine=Abhiyaan |location=Ahmedabad |publisher=Sambhav House |access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.arthousecinema.in/people/kantilal-rathod/ | title=Kantilal Rathod | Art House Cinema | date=10 June 2021 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Born on 12 December 1924 in [[Raipur]], [[India]], His father Morarji Rathod belonged to [[Kutch Gurjar Kshatriya|KGK community]] of [[Kutch]] hailing from village [[Khedoi]]<ref name=c/> Rathod later grew up in Bengali atmosphere. He studied Art at [[Shantiniketan]], also studied art at Calcutta School of Art in [[Calcutta]] to get Bachelor of Fine Arts and went to [[America]] to study Animation and Cartoon film at [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. He taught documentary film making and editing at Circus University, America during 1954-56. He made a short film ''Cloven Horizon'' about children's paintings for the same institute. The film was distributed by [[Encyclopædia Britannica]]. He briefly worked with [[Scottish Canadians]] animator and director [[Norman McLaren]]. At Bombay he founded one of the first animation studio by the name "Aakar" in 1960.<ref name=c/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cowie |first1=Peter |title=International Film Guide |date=1967 |publisher=Tantivy Press |pages=203 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HftkAAAAMAAJ&q=kantilal+rathod+government+of+india |access-date=26 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=International Film Guide |date=1967 |publisher=Tantivy Press |pages=200–201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C-tkAAAAMAAJ&q=kantilal+rathod+aakar |access-date=26 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He died on 28 September 1988 at [[Bombay]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=c/>

==Filmography==
*''Anjam'' (1940)
*''Mr. and Mrs. Peacock'' (1956)
*''Buddhu Aur DCM'' (1959) (Documentary)
*''Withering Flowers'' (1960) (Short film)
*''Cloven Horizon'' (1965) (Documentary)
*''Adventures of a Sugar Doll'' (1965)
*''The Parts That Build the Auto'' (1966) (Documentary)
*''Peace-Time Armada'' (1967) (Short film)
*''Pinjra'' (1968) (Short film)
*''[[Kanku]]'' (1969)
*''Strife to Stability'' (1969) (Documentary)
*''Freedom Freedom'' (1971) (Documentary)
*''Tested Berries'' (1973) (Short film)
*''Short Cut'' (1973) (Short film)
*''[[Parinay]]'' (1974) aka ''Espousal'' (1974)
*''Sardar Vallabhai Patel'' (1976) (Documentary)
*''Zangbo and the Zing Zing Bar'' (1977)
*''Ramnagari'' (1982)
*''The Choice Is Yours'' (1982) (Documentary)
*''Doongar Ro Bhed'' (1985)
*''Save Energy Through Efficient Motors'' (1989) (Documentary)

==Accolades==
His film ''Parinay'' won the 1974 [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] (known as the "Rajat Kamal Special Award for the Best Feature Film on National Integration" at that time) presented by the [[Directorate of Film Festivals]] (DFF).<ref name="award">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm22ndNFAAward.aspx|title=22nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505171751/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm22ndNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The DFF also gave Samantar Chitra Private Limited a ''Rajat Kamal'' (Silver Lotus), {{INRConvert|30|k|year=1974}}, and a certificate; Rathod got a ''Rajat Kamal'', {{INRConvert|10|k|year=1974}}, and a certificate. Rathod's film ''Cloven Horizon'' won the best documentary film in 1965. The same year he won the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]] for ''The Adventures of Sugar Doll'' at [[13th National Film Awards]].<ref name="award"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0711754}}

[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Raipur]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Film people from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Indian painters]]
[[Category:Indian animators]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Kutchi people]]

Kanda Naal Mudhal (TV series)

2026-05-03T18:54:26Z

JoyceBpo44:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|கண்ட நாள் முதல்}}
| genre = {{ubl|[[Family]]|[[Drama]]|}}
| creator =
| developer =
| writer = Radhi Bala '''dialogue''' Anandh Venu
| starring = {{ubl|Navin Kumar|Dharshana Ashokan|Rashmitha|Arun Rajan}}
| director = Radhakrishnan
| editor =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_episodes =
| producer = S. Kushvamathi
| composer =
| location = 
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Single-camera]]
| runtime = approx.20-22 minutes per episode
| company = Estrella Stories LLP
| network = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|6|13}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|12|30}}
| related =
}}

'''''Kanda Naal Mudhal''''' (கண்ட நாள் முதல்) is a 2022 Indian-[[Tamil-language]] family [[Tamil television drama|drama]] television series, starring Navin,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/idhayathai-thirudathey-set-for-a-comeback-with-a-brand-new-serial-deets-inside/articleshow/91683558.cms|title=Idhayathai Thirudathey Navin Kumar set for a comeback with a brand new serial; deets inside|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=20 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Dharshana Ashokan,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-neethane-en-ponvasantham-anu-serial-actress-dharshana-instagram-kanda-naal-mudhal-serial-navin-dharadhana-sre-748051.html|title=குட் நியூஸ் சொன்ன 'நீதானே என் பொன்வசந்தம்' அனு.. வாழ்த்துக்கள் சொல்லும் ரசிகர்கள்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=20 May 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> Rashmitha and Arun Rajan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/vijay-s-beast-movie-kidnap-scenes-used-in-colors-tamil-serial-kanda-naal-mudhal/articlecontent-pf292749-099829.html|title=என்னங்க பயமா இருக்கா? இனி பயங்கரமா இருக்கும் - விஜய் படத்தை காப்பியடித்த அடுத்த சீரியல்!|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=31 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> It premiered on [[Colors Tamil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kanda-naal-muthal-to-ponni-c/o-vaani-new-tamil-tv-shows-to-be-launched-soon/photostory/92054802.cms|title=Kanda Naal Muthal to Ponni C/o Vaani: New Tamil TV shows to be launched soon|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=7 June 2022 |language=en}}</ref> on 13 June 2022, and airs Monday to Friday at 20:30 and available for streaming in selected markets on [[Voot]].

==Cast==
===Main===
* Navin Kumar as Kumaran: a police constable; Archana's younger brother; Nandini's husband
* Dharshana Ashokan as Nandhini: a modern IT girl, Nagulan's younger sister; Kumaran's wife
* Rashmitha as Archana: Kumaran's elder sister; Nakulan's wife
* Arun Rajan as Nakulan: Nandini's elder brother; Archana's husband

===Supporting===
* Meena Kumari as Lakshmi: Nakulan and Nandini's mother; Sivamani's wife
* Rishikeshav as Sivamani: Nakulan; Nandini's father; Lakshmi's husband
* Kiran Mai as Then
* [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] as Thaai Kezhavi: Sivamani's mother

===Special appearances===
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-kanda-naal-mudhal-serial-actor-ajay-rathinam-plays-as-ravi-help-to-kumaran-kanda-naal-mudhal-colors-tamil-793786.html|title=கண்ட நாள் முதல் சீரியலில் அடுத்த சுவாரசியம்... குமரனுக்கு உதவ வரும் ஐ.ஜி ரவி!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=30 August 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> - IG Ravi
* [[Sanjeev Venkat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-kanda-naal-mudhal-serial-update-actor-sanjeev-entry-as-pulikutti-role-kanda-naal-mudhal-naveen-anu-809641.html|title=புலிக்குட்டியாக என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் சஞ்சீவ்.. கண்ட நாள் முதல் சீரியல் அப்டேட்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=27 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> - Pulikutty

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]] fame Dharshana will play the lead role along with [[Idhayathai Thirudathe]] fame Navin Kumar. Meena Kumari and Rishikeshav are collaborating after the 2017-2011 TV series [[Magal (TV series)|Magal]]. Rashmitha was selected to play the role of Archana and Arun Rajan was selected to play the role of Nagulan. Arun Rajan last appeared in the [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] series [[Poove Unakkaga (TV series)|Poove Unakkaga]] in 2020-2022. [[Sanjeev Venkat]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-sanjeev-venkat-entry-on-kanda-naal-mudhal-colorstamil-serial-navin-kumar-serial-knm-vijay-friend-actor-sanjeev-also-sharing-screen-805527.html|title=மீண்டும் சீரியலுக்கு வரும் நடிகர் விஜய்யின் தோஸ்த் சஞ்சீவ்!|website=tamil.news18.com|date=20 September 2022 |language=ta}}</ref> and [[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]] joined the cast in August 2022.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language police television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]

2024–25 Indian State Leagues

2026-05-02T09:48:20Z

JoyceBpo44: Created Details

{{Short description|2024–25 season in the state football leagues of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football league season
| promoted =
| image =
| pixels =
| caption =
| dates = 25 June 2024 – 27 July 2025
| competition = [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues in India]]
| season = [[2024–25 in Indian football|2024–25]]
| prevseason = [[2023–24 Indian State Leagues|2023–24]]
| nextseason = [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues|2025–26]]
}}

The '''2024–25 Indian State leagues''' season represented the [[Indian football league system|fifth tier]] of the Indian football league system, a series of state-level [[association football|football]] tournaments played as qualifiers to determine teams for the '''[[2025–26 I-League 3]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 3 Calender|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=67&month=0&year=2026|website=The AIFF|language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
<onlyinclude>
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
!Zone
!State
!League
!Teams
!{{nobr|League dates}}
!Duration (months)
!Champions
!{{nobr|Runners-up}}
![[I-League 3]] qualification
|-
! rowspan="4" |'''[[North India|North]]-[[Central India|Central]]'''
|[[Delhi]]
|[[2024–25 Delhi Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third edition of Delhi Premier League to kick-off on Sep 26|url=https://ianslive.in/third-edition-of-delhi-premier-league-to-kick-off-on-sep-26--20240924153026|website=ianslive.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Premier League & Football Delhi Senior Division|url=https://theawayend.co/delhi-dsa-senior-division-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|12
|26 Sep 2024–24 Mar 2025
|6
|[[Central Industrial Security Force|CISF Protectors]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Premier League 2024-25: CISF celebrates historic football victory|url=https://bwpoliceworld.com/article/delhi-premier-league-2024-25-cisf-celebrates-historic-football-victory-551842|website=bwpoliceworld.com|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Garhwal Heroes FC|Garhwal Heroes]]
|
*Royal Rangers
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|[[2024–25 Punjab State Super League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab State Super Football League|url=https://theawayend.co/punjab-state-super-football-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|12
|25 July 2024–1 Apr 2025
|9
|[[Namdhari FC|Namdhari]]
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| -
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[2024–25 R-League A Division]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan League A Division
|url=https://theawayend.co/rajasthan-state-mens-league/|website=theawayend.co|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|11
|7 Apr 2025–31 May 2025
|2
|[[Zinc Football|Zinc FA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinc Football are the champions of R League A Division|url=https://x.com/athleticindia/status/1929175617532023043 |date=1 June 2025|access-date=2 June 2025|website=[[Twitter|X]]|publisher=Athletic India}}</ref>
|Royal FC Jaipur
|
*'''[[Zinc Football|Zinc FA]]'''
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]
|[[Madhya Pradesh Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Premier League|url=https://theawayend.co/madhya-pradesh-premier-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|9
|26 Oct 2024–14 Jan 2025
|3
|[[Lakecity FC]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Champions of Madhya Pradesh Premier League 2024 - Hattrick Heroes|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DEzn4RRslGb/?igsh=MXVzYmRmMHJmMzdqcA==|website=@lakecityfc on [[Instagram]]|language=en}}</ref>
|BLG The Diamond Rock
|
*BLG The Diamond Rock
|-
!rowspan="9"|'''[[Northeast India|Northeast]]'''
|-
|[[Assam]]
|[[Assam State Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Football Kicks Off Today in Assam|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/local-sports/premier-league-football-kicks-off-today-in-assam|website=sentinelassam.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://theawayend.co/assam-state-premier-league/</ref>
|align="center"|11
|2 Apr–10 June 2025
|2
|[[Chhaygaon FC|Chhaygaon]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Web Desk |first=FPJ |date=2025-06-10 |title=Chhaygaon FC Pummel Elevenstar Club 4-0 To Win Assam State Premier League Title |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/chhaygaon-fc-pummel-elevenstar-club-4-0-to-win-assam-state-premier-league-title |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Elevenstar
|
*'''[[Chhaygaon FC|Chhaygaon]]'''
|-
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Manipur]]
|[[Manipur State League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=19 teams in fray for 17th Manipur State League title|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/1/28/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Jan-28-As-many-as-19-teams-clubbed-into-two-groups-will-vie-for-the-top-honou.html#/google_vignette|website=[[The Sangai Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur State League & Manipur Premier League|url=https://theawayend.co/manipur-state-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|19
|1 Feb 2025–8 Apr 2025
|2
|YPHU<ref>{{Cite web |title=YPHU beat SGH 2-0 to seal 17th Manipur State League title|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/4/9/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-8-Young-Physique-s-Union-YPHU-Lalambung-defeated-Sang-gai-Heroes-SGH-.html|website=[[The Sangai Express]]|language=en}}</ref>
|Sang-Gai Heroes
| -
|-
|[[Manipur Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Premier League to begin on April 24|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com//Encyc/2025/4/21/IMPHAL-Apr-20-The-All-Manipur-Football-Association-is-set-to-organise-the-2nd-Premier-League-2024-25-sponso.html|website=[[The Sangai Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur State League & Manipur Premier League|url=https://theawayend.co/manipur-state-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|27 Apr 2025–27 July 2025
|3
|FC Raengdai<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Raengdai pip AFA to lift Premier League 2025-26 trophy|url=https://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport12..280725.jul25|website=e-pao.net|language=en}}</ref>
|Asufii FA
|
*'''FC Raengdai'''
|-
|[[Mizoram]]
|[[2024–25 Mizoram Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Premier League 2024-25|url=https://www.instagram.com/mizorampremierleague/p/C8_TYA_yxa_/|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|9 July–15 Oct 2024
|3
|[[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=MPL HIGHLIGHTS: Aizawl FC vs Mizoram Police FC|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=MWa10q-AgH8|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Mizoram Police]]<ref>https://police.mizoram.gov.in/53rd-mizoram-police-raising-day-on-21st-january/</ref>
| - <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Football Association bans three clubs, 25 players for match-fixing|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mizoram-football-association-mfa-bans-clubs-players-coach-match-fixing-sihphir-venghlun-bethlehem-ramhlun-athletic-news/article68830198.ece|website=www.sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Sikkim]]
|[[Sikkim Football League|SFA A Division S-League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Football Association renames championship to SFA A Division League|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-football-association-renames-championship-to-sfa-a-division-league-1082533-2024-08-30|website=www.indiatodayne.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Premier League & SFA A Division S-League|url=https://theawayend.co/sikkim-premier-division-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|5 Sep 2024–13 Feb 2025
|5
|[[Sikkim Police]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Police Clinch SFA A Division S-League 2024 Title|url=https://thesikkimtoday.com/sports/sikkim-police-clinch-sfa-a-division-s-league-2024-title/|website=thesikkimtoday.com|language=en}}</ref>
|Sikkim Brotherhood
|
*Sikkim Brotherhood<ref>{{Cite web |title=SFA NOMINATES SIKKIM BROTHERHOOD FC AND SIKKIM AAKRAMAN FC FOR 2025/26 I-LEAGUE 3|url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sfa-nominates-sikkim-brotherhood-fc-and-sikkim-aakraman-fc-for-2025-26-i-league-3|website=www.sikkimexpress.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sikkim Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim Premier League 2025 kicks off with grand opening ceremony in Namchi|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-premier-league-2025-kicks-off-with-grand-opening-ceremony-in-namchi-1197241-2025-04-10|website=www.indiatodayne.in|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|9
|10 Apr–16 May 2025
|1
|[[Sikkim Aakraman SC|Sikkim Aakraman]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakraman Sporting Club Crowned Champions Of Sikkim Premier League 2025|url=https://northeasttoday.in/2025/05/17/103261/|website=www.northeasttoday.in|language=en}}</ref>
|Singling SC
| -
|-
|[[Nagaland]]
|[[2025 Nagaland Super League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Nagaland Super League kicks off on Jan 28, 2025! Seven clubs, two stadiums, one epic battle for glory. Join the action at Chumoukedima & IG Stadium, Kohima. |url=https://x.com/NSLOfficial2024/status/1879127922172461398 |website=x.com}}</ref>
|align="center"|7
|28 Jan 2025–1 Apr 2025
|2
|Barak<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barak FC Wins First-Ever Nagaland Super League Title|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2025/04/02/barak-fc-wins-first-ever-nagaland-super-league-title/|website=www.northeasttoday.in|language=en}}</ref>
|Longterok
| -
|-
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[2024 Meghalaya State League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya State League kicks off with Shillong Lajong’s 9-0 thrashing of 7 Wasa United|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-state-league-kicks-off-with-shillong-lajongs-9-0-thrashing-of-7-wasa-united-1111780-2024-10-27|website=www.indiatodayne.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya State League 2024|url=https://theawayend.co/meghalaya-state-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|24
|26 Oct 2024–1 Feb 2025
|3
|Mawlai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya: Mawlai take ultimate glory as new state league champions|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/meghalaya/story/meghalaya-mawlai-take-ultimate-glory-as-new-state-league-champions-1164830-2025-02-02|website=www.indiatodayne.in|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Shillong Lajong]]
|
*'''Mawlai'''
|-
!rowspan="4"|'''[[East India|East]]'''
|-
|[[Odisha]]
|[[FAO League|2024 FAO League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= FAO League |url=https://theawayend.co/fao-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO Super Cup soccer in Cuttack from Sep 13|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/fao-super-cup-soccer-in-cuttack-from-sep-13|website=www.prameyanews.com/|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|28 July–18 Sep 2024
|2
|Sunrise Club<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAO LEAGUE FINAL MATCH: SUNRISE CLUB (1-0) ROVERS CLUB HIGHLIGHTS @JagannathSoren|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2C9y7lgsGM4|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en}}</ref>
|Rovers Club
|
*'''Sunrise Club'''
*[[Samaleswari SC|Samaleswari]]
|-
|[[West Bengal]] ([[Kolkata]])
|[[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024–25 Calcutta Premier Division]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where and how to watch Calcutta Football League 2024? |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-calcutta-football-league-where-to-watch-202407|website=Khel Now |language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|26
|25 June 2024–18 Feb 2025
|7
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Bengal set to be champions after DHFC no show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/e-ast-bengal-set-to-be-cfl-champions-after-dhfc-no-show/articleshow/118222553.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| -
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|[[Chhattisgarh State Men's Football League Championship|2025 Chhattisgarh Football League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh State Men’s Football League Championship 2025|url=https://theawayend.co/chhattisgarh-state-mens-football-league-championship/|website=theawayend.co|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|17 Jan–30 Mar 2025
|2.5
|[[South East Central Railway zone|SECR Bilaspur]]<ref>https://www.instagram.com/burmans_click/p/DH03EE6oC1T/</ref>
|New Friends Dantewada
|
*New Friends Dantewada
|-
!rowspan="4" |'''[[Western India|West]]'''
|[[Goa]]
|[[2024–25 Goa Professional League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Pro League 2024-25|url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKCzydrLKEvkYbp4Jqp_V7WF60FBq0LE7|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|14
|21 Sep 2024–2 May 2025
|7
|[[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-03|title=Sporting Club are champions again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-pro-league-sporting-clube-are-champions-again/articleshow/120833022.cms|access-date=2025-05-03|website=[[The Times Of India]]|language=en-UK}}</ref>
|[[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]]
|
*[[Clube de Salgaocar|CD Salgaocar]]
|-
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Gujarat SFA Club Championship]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=GSFA Club Championship 2025|url=https://theawayend.co/gsfa-senior-club-championship/|website=theawayend.co|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|10
|19 Oct 2024–20 Mar 2025
|5
|[[ARA FC|ARA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAMPIONS OF GUJARAT 🏆|url=https://www.instagram.com/ara_fc_official/p/DHbFmcEzYuC/?img_index=1|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en}}</ref>
|Charutar Vidya Mandal
|
*'''[[ARA FC|ARA]]'''
|-
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[2024–25 Mumbai Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League returns with revamped format and 18 teams for 2024-25 Season|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/mumbai-premier-league-returns-with-revamped-format-and-18-teams-for-2024-25-season/|access-date=2024-10-12 |website=footballcounter.com|date=12 October 2024|language=en-UK}}</ref>
|align="center"|18
|13 Oct 2024–13 Apr 2025
|6
|[[India On Track FC|India On Track]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Premier League: IOT crowned Champions in final day title decider against MYJ-GM|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/mumbai-premier-league-iot-crowned-champions-in-final-day-title-decider-against-myj-gm/|access-date=2025-04-14 |website=footballcounter.com|date=14 April 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>
|[[MYJ-GMSC]]
| -
|-
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[2024–25 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-08 |title=WIFA all set for Maharashtra State Senior Men’s Football League 2024-25 |url=https://wifa.in/wifa-all-set-for-maharashtra-state-senior-mens-football-league-2024-25/ |access-date=2025-05-09 |website=Western India Football Association - WIFA |language=en-US}}</ref>
|align="center"|8
|10 May–14 June 2025
|1
|MMS Solapur<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Chittu |date=2025-06-13 |title=Magic Made Soccer clinches Maharashtra State Men's Football League Title: An Unbeaten Run to Glory |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2025/magic-made-soccer-clinches-maharashtra-state-mens-football-league-title-an-unbeaten-run-to-glory/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Mighty Young Joe–Goalorious Mothers SC|MYJ-GMSC]]
|
*[[Mumbay FC|Mumbay]]
|-
!rowspan="3" |'''[[South India|South]]'''
|[[Karnataka]] ([[Bangalore|Bengaluru]])
|[[2024–25 BDFA Super Division|2024–25 Bangalore Super Division]]
| align="center"|18
|7 Oct 2024–20 Feb 2025
|5
|{{nowrap|FC Agniputhra}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Agniputhra win BDFA Super Division League Championship|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/fc-agniputhra-win-bdfa-super-division-league-championship-3415000|access-date=2025-02-21|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 February 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>
|[[Kickstart FC|Kickstart]]
|
*'''FC Agniputhra'''
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh]]
|[[Andhra Pradesh Football Association|2025 AP Super Cup]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Super Cup|url=https://theawayend.co/ap-super-cup/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
| align="center"|8
|20–27 Mar 2025
|8 days
|Godavari FC<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godavari FC Emerges as Champions of the AP Super Cup!|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DHsekMDyYX7/?img_index=1|website=[[Instagram]]|language=en}}</ref>
|Kolleru FC
|
*Citadel Godavari Legends
|-
|[[Kerala]]
|[[2024–25 Kerala Premier League]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blasters, Gokulam to kick off Kerala Premier League on Jan 27|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/01/24/kerala-premier-league-season-12.html|access-date=2025-01-31 |website=onmanorama.com|date=27 January 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Premier League - The Away End|url=https://theawayend.co/kerala-premier-league/|website=The Away End|language=en}}</ref>
|align="center"|14
|27 Jan–12 May 2025
|3.5
|[[The Muthoot Group|Muthoot FA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muthoot FA emerge Kerala Premier League champions |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2025/05/11/kerala-premier-league-final-muthoot-fa-vs-kerala-police.html |website=onmanorama.com|date=11 May 2025|language=en-UK}}</ref>
|[[Kerala Police (football team)|Kerala Police]]
| -
|}
</onlyinclude>

==Northeastern leagues==
===Assam===
{{Main|2024–25 Assam State Premier League}}
{{4TeamBracket
|RD1-seed1=A1
|RD1-team1=Elevenstar Club
|RD1-score1=1
|RD1-seed2=B2
|RD1-team2=[[FC Green Valley|Green Valley]]
|RD1-score2=0
|RD1-seed3=A2
|RD1-team3=[[United Chirang Duar FC|United Chirang Duar]]
|RD1-score3=1
|RD1-seed4=B1
|RD1-team4=[[Chhaygaon FC]]
|RD1-score4=2

|RD2-seed1=A1
|RD2-team1=Elevenstar Club
|RD2-score1=0
|RD2-seed2=B1
|RD2-team2=[[Chhaygaon FC]]
|RD2-score2=4
}}

===Mizoram===
{{Main|2024–25 Mizoram Premier League}}
{{:2024–25 Mizoram Premier League|transcludesection=League table}}

===Nagaland===
{{Main|2025 Nagaland Super League}}
{{:2025 Nagaland Super League|transcludesection=League table}}

==Northern and Central leagues==
===Delhi===
{{Main|2024–25 Delhi Premier League}}
{{:2024–25 Delhi Premier League|transcludesection=League table}}

===Punjab===
{{Main|2024–25 Punjab State Super League}}
{{:2024–25 Punjab State Super League}}
===Rajasthan===
{{Main|2024–25 R-League A Division}}
{{:2024–25 R-League A Division|transcludesection=League table}}

==Eastern leagues==
===Odisha===
{{Main|2024 FAO League}}
{{:2024 FAO League|transincludesection=Diamond League}}

===West Bengal===
{{Main|2024–25 CFL Premier Division}}
{{:2024–25 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Super Six}}

==Western leagues==
===Goa===
{{Main|2024–25 Goa Professional League}}
{{:2024–25 Goa Professional League|transcludesection=League table}}

===Gujarat===
{{Main|2025 Gujarat SFA Club Championship}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Pos.
!Team
!P
!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!GD
!Pts.
!Status
|-bgcolor=gold
|1
|align=left|[[ARA FC|ARA]]
|18||15||1||2||51||9||+42||'''46'''
|'''Champions & eligible for [[2025–26 I-League 3|IL3]]'''
|-
|2
|{{nobr|Charutar Vidya Mandal}}
|18||13||1||4||50||18||+32||'''40'''||rowspan=7|
|-
|3
|align=left|Gandhinagar
|18||11||5||2||41||16||+25||'''38'''
|-
|4
|align=left|[[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]]
|18||10||3||5||44||26||+18||'''33'''
|-
|5
|align=left|Suryavanshi
|18||8||2||8||40||33||+7||'''26'''
|-
|6
|align=left|[[Income Tax Department|Income Tax SRC]]
|18||6||3||9||27||38||–11||'''21'''
|-
|7
|align=left|Godhra
|18||6||3||9||21||36||{{nobr|–15}}||'''21'''
|-
|8
|align=left|Karnavati
|18||4||3||11||22||38||–16||'''15'''
|-bgcolor=#fcc
|9
|align=left|SAG FA
|18||3||1||14||14||52||–38||'''10'''
|rowspan=2|Qualified for [[2026 Gujarat SFA Club Championship#Qualification round|2026 Qualifiers]]
|-bgcolor=#fcc
|10
|align=left|Kickjack FC
|18||3||0||15||17||61||–44||'''9'''
|}
Source: [https://theawayend.co/gsfa-senior-club-championship/ The Away End]

===Maharashtra===
{{Main|2024–25 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League}}
{{:2024–25 Maharashtra State Senior Men's Football League|transcludesection=League table}}

===Mumbai===
{{Main|2024–25 Mumbai Premier League}}
{{:2024–25 Mumbai Premier League|transcludesection=League table}}
==Southern leagues==
===Bengaluru===
{{Main|2024–25 BDFA Super Division}}
{{:2024–25 BDFA Super Division|transcludesection=League table}}

===Kerala===
{{Main|2024–25 Kerala Premier League}}
{{:2024–25 Kerala Premier League|transcludesection=League table}}

==See also==
*[[2024–25 Indian Super League]] (Tier I)
*[[2024–25 I-League]] (Tier II)
*[[2024–25 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
*[[2024–25 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
*[[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025 Super Cup (April)]]
* [[2024 Durand Cup]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2024–25 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2024-25 Indian State Leagues}}
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football leagues]]
[[Category:2024–25 in Indian football]]

Balkonda Assembly constituency

2026-04-27T14:36:10Z

JoyceBpo44: Created A Stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balkonda
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (19-Balkonda highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Balkonda Assembly constituency within Telangana
| mla = [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]]
| party = [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]]
| established = 1951
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| electors = 1,77,673
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 19
| loksabha_cons = [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency|Nizamabad]]
}}

'''Balkonda Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is one of the five constituencies in [[Nizamabad district]]. It is part of [[Nizamabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

Vemula Prashanth Reddy of [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] is representing the constituency.

==Mandals==
The assembly constituency presently comprises the following mandals:
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Balkonda]]
|-
| [[Mortad]]
|-
| [[Kammarpally]]
|-
| [[Mendora, Nizamabad|Mendora]]
|-
| [[Velpur]]
|-
| [[Yergatla]]
|-
| [[Bheemgal]]
|-
| Mupkal
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || K. Anantha Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Ranga Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="3" | Gaddam Rajaram
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || rowspan="2" | G. Madhusudhan Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan="4" | [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| bgcolor="#c2f3d9" | [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Anil Kumar Eravathri]] || {{Full party name with color|Praja Rajyam Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan="3" | [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}}
|}
{{legend|#BB8ED0|{{small|Hyderabad State}}|invert=yes}}
{{legend|#c2f3d9|{{small|Andhra Pradesh}}|invert=yes}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 70,417 |percentage = 40.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Kumar Muthyala |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,884 |percentage = 37.68% |change = {{increase}}17.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annapurna Devi Aleti |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,250 |percentage = 17.30% |change = {{increase}}15.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gadde Srinivas |party = Alliance of Democratic Reforms Party |votes = 3,313 |percentage = 1.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pallikonda Narsaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,228 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}26.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,162 |percentage = 0.66% |change = {{decrease}}0.57 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,533 |percentage = 2.59% |change = {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 178,355 |percentage = 80.52% |change = {{increase}}0.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 174,839}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 221,511 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{decrease}}7.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 73,662 |percentage = 48.16% |change = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Kumar Muthyala |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 41,254 |percentage = 26.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Kumar Eravathri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,433 |percentage = 19.90% |change = {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ruyyadi Rajeshwar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,097 |percentage = 2.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,886 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gunti Benarji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,171 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Nayeem |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,026 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,408 |percentage = 21.19% |change = {{decrease}}3.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 154,912 |percentage = 79.74% |change = {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,965}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 194,281 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |swing = {{increase}}0.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01 |title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Result 2014 - Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=eciresults.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518213039/http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/PartyWiseResultS01.htm?st=S01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Vemula Prashanth Reddy]] |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 69,145 |percentage = 47.99% |change = {{increase}}23.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Kumar Eravathri]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,897 |percentage = 22.83% |change = {{decrease}}6.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aleti Mallikarjun Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 25,494 |percentage = 17.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. J. Dr. Madhushekhar |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,890 |percentage = 5.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Boga Ashok |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,840 |percentage = 2.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kuninti Mahipal Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,540 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,535 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,248 |percentage = 25.16% |change = {{increase}}18.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,429 |percentage = 74.25% |change = {{decrease}}1.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 144,087}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 198,545 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |loser = Praja Rajyam Party |swing = {{increase}}11.94 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Anil Kumar Eravathri]] |party = Praja Rajyam Party |votes = 46,313 |percentage = 36.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas Reddy Shanigaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,154 |percentage = 29.70% |change = {{decrease}}23.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Surender Reddy Vemula |party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi |votes = 31,108 |percentage = 24.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ruyyadi Rajeshwar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 5,731 |percentage = 4.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madukar Eligeti |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 3,102 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{increase}}0.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naveen Reddy Kyatham |party = Lok Satta Party |votes = 2,401 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Yadav Basa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,658 |percentage = 1.29% |change = {{decrease}}2.26 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,159 |percentage = 6.35% |change = {{decrease}}6.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,514 |percentage = 76.02% |change = {{increase}}2.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,467}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,042 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.96 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Rajyam Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 4 Mar 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304113812/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_AP_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,054 |percentage = 53.55% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 41,113 |percentage = 40.73% |change = {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chityala Rajanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 3,579 |percentage = 3.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puppala Umalatha |party = Pyramid Party of India |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 1.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Meera Gangaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 861 |percentage = 0.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,941 |percentage = 12.82% |change = {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,944 |percentage = 74.02% |change = {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,939}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5 |percentage = 0.00% |change = {{decrease}}3.21 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,367 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}5.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-AP99.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 54,182 |percentage = 54.62% |change = {{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Aloor Ganga Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 42,935 |percentage = 43.28% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Matunga Muthenna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,558 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,247 |percentage = 11.34% |change = {{increase}}4.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 102,488 |percentage = 70.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,202}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,286 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{increase}}0.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,850 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-AP94.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,219 |percentage = 44.21% |change = {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baddam Narsa Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 34,356 |percentage = 37.77% |change = {{decrease}}6.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baddam Linga Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,058 |percentage = 9.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vanamala Krishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,735 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basa Rajeshwar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,680 |percentage = 2.95% |change = {{increase}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Saleem |party = Independent politician |votes = 640 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,863 |percentage = 6.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 93,159 |percentage = 70.91% |change = {{increase}}1.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 90,963}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,196 |percentage = 2.36% |change = {{decrease}}2.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,372 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatRep_AP_89.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[K. R. Suresh Reddy]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,837 |percentage = 51.46% |change = {{increase}}16.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mothe Ganga Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 37,871 |percentage = 44.45% |change = {{decrease}}15.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Oddi Rajalingam |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,442 |percentage = 1.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kurme Mallaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 841 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mastha Narayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 688 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,966 |percentage = 7.00% |change = {{decrease}}17.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,102 |percentage = 69.36% |change = {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,191}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,911 |percentage = 4.39% |change = {{increase}}2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,469 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Telugu Desam Party |swing = {{decrease}}8.07 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20andhra%20pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Madhusudhan Reddy |party = Telugu Desam Party |votes = 40,779 |percentage = 59.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Pramila Devi |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,046 |percentage = 35.10% |change = {{increase}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Kishan Goud |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,279 |percentage = 1.87% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Srinivasreddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 863 |percentage = 1.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Palbu Raja |party = Independent politician |votes = 668 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Narsagoud |party = Independent politician |votes = 610 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,733 |percentage = 24.43% |change = {{decrease}}18.67 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,031 |percentage = 65.22% |change = {{decrease}}4.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,499}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,532 |percentage = 2.19% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 107,381 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.16 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Telugu Desam Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.90 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201983.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Madhusudhan Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 40,513 |percentage = 63.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Susheela Bai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,984 |percentage = 20.33% |change = {{increase}}16.86 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Sridhar Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,608 |percentage = 15.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mastha Narayana |party = Independent politician |votes = 549 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,529 |percentage = 43.10% |change = {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,218 |percentage = 69.34% |change = {{decrease}}6.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,868}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,350 |percentage = 2.07% |change = {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,058 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Andhra%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Rajaram |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 40,977 |percentage = 64.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Madhusudan Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 20,133 |percentage = 31.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Velumala |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,195 |percentage = 3.47% |change = {{decrease}}52.69 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,844 |percentage = 32.93% |change = {{increase}}17.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,576 |percentage = 76.31% |change = {{increase}}12.43 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 63,305}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,271 |percentage = 3.46% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,938 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}8.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/Statittical%20Report%20Andhra%20Pradesh%201972.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Rajaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,413 |percentage = 56.16% |change = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajeshwer |party = Independent politician |votes = 23,638 |percentage = 40.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Subbarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,664 |percentage = 2.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,775 |percentage = 15.20% |change = {{decrease}}21.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,010 |percentage = 63.88% |change = {{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,715}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,943 |ref = |change = {{increase}}41.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_AP_1962.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gaddam Rajaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,985 |percentage = 61.37% |change = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khyatham Sridhar Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,292 |percentage = 24.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangam Narasa Reddy |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 5,174 |percentage = 13.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,693 |percentage = 36.56% |change = {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 39,306 |percentage = 59.11% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,451}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,492 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=14 April 2026 |website=www.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-date= 11 Dec 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105732/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_AP_1957.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ranga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,985 |percentage = 56.83% |change = {{increase}}13.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raja Gowd |party = People's Democratic Front (Hyderabad) |votes = 7,654 |percentage = 21.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narsimhareddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,526 |percentage = 21.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,331 |percentage = 35.07% |change = {{increase}}20.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 35,165 |percentage = 59.15% |change = {{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,165}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,447 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Samajwadi Party |swing = {{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Balkonda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Anantha Reddy |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 12,465 |percentage = 57.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ranga Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 9,346 |percentage = 42.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,119 |percentage = 14.30% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 21,811 |percentage = 43.90% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 21,811}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,681 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Samajwadi Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|18.87|78.34|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Nizamabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Telangana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Save Indian Family Foundation

2026-04-26T04:07:52Z

JoyceBpo44: stub

{{Short description|Men's rights group in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Save Indian Family Foundation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| named_after =
| image = Save Indian Families protest (New Delhi, 26 August 2007).jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Protest organized by Save Indian Families in [[New Delhi]]
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| map2 =
| map2_size =
| map2_alt =
| map2_caption =
| abbreviation =
| predecessor =
| merged_into =
| successor =
| formation = {{start date and age|2005}}
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction = 
| merger =
| type = Indian [[Men's rights movement|men's rights]] organization
| tax_id = 
| registration_id = 
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters =
| location = Over 50 cities in 20 [[States and territories of India|states]]<ref name="OPEN">{{cite web |url= http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/men-who-cry |title= Men Who Cry |last= Polanki |first= Pallavi |date= 17 July 2010 |work= [[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]] |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100721000304/http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/living/men-who-cry |archive-date= 21 July 2010 |access-date= 28 March 2013 }}</ref>
| coordinates = 
| region_served =
| services =
| products =
| methods =
| fields = Men's rights, [[domestic violence]]
| num_members =
| num_members_year =
| language =
| owner = 
| secretary_general =
| leader_title = General Secretary
| leader_name = Rukma Chary
| leader_title2 = Nagpur
| leader_name2 = Rajesh Vakharia
| leader_title3 = Founders
| leader_name3 = Anil Kumar, Pandurang Katti
| website = {{URL|saveindianfamily.org}},
{{URL|https://x.com/realsiff}}
}}
'''Save Indian Family Foundation''' ('''SIFF''') is a [[men's rights movement in India|men's rights group in India]]. It is a registered, non-funded, non-profit, [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) and works with various like-minded NGOs in India.<ref name="about">
{{cite web
|url = http://www.saveindianfamily.org/about-us.html
|title = SIFF - About Us
|publisher = Save Indian Family Foundation
|access-date = 2008-12-31
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108072931/http://www.saveindianfamily.org/about-us.html
|archive-date = 8 November 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>

== History ==
Founded in 2005, SIFF is an advocacy group against what it calls misuse of Indian laws related to [[dowry]] harassment.<ref name="IBN">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/a-helpline-for-harassed-hubbies/27345-3.html |title=Wife harassing you? Call for help |author=ANI |date=2006-11-29 |work=[[CNN-IBN|IBNLive]] |access-date=2008-12-31 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522132350/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/a-helpline-for-harassed-hubbies/27345-3.html |archive-date=22 May 2011 }}</ref> It is an umbrella organisation of a number of men's and family rights organisations spanned across Indian cities and provinces.<ref name="OPEN"/> SIFF has supported the founding of other like-minded organisations, such as the "All India Mother in Laws Protection Forum"<ref name="MIL1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Moms-in-law-of-the-world-unite/articleshow/4977409.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025135858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-09-06/chennai/28088298_1_mothers-in-law-siff-forum-plans|url-status=live|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=Moms-in-law of the world unite..|last=George|first=Daniel P.|date=6 September 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-12-08}}</ref> and "All India Men's Welfare Association".<ref name="AIMWA1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Now-a-forum-for-tortured-husbands/articleshow/5182345.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025135916/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-31/hyderabad/28084230_1_violence-awareness-month-siff-separate-ministry|url-status=live|archive-date=25 October 2012|title=Now, a forum for 'tortured' husbands|last=Sengupta|first=Sudipta|date=31 October 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2009-12-08}}</ref>

In 2010, the group claimed on its website to have "30,000 members on the ground and over 3,500 on the internet who are fighting this legal terrorism with vigour and passion like commandos".<ref name="OPEN"/>

== Activities ==
SIFF created an app and a helpline for men, which got over 25,000 phone calls in four months.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Sep 17, 2014|title=Save India Family Foundation: Men's helpline gets 25,000 calls over four months in Kolkata|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Mens-helpline-gets-25000-calls-over-four-months-in-Kolkata/articleshow/42693066.cms|access-date=2020-10-21|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The group campaigned against domestic violence legislation (such as [[Dowry law in India| Section 498a of the Indian Penal Code]], (1983) and the [[Protection of Women Against Domestic Violence Act 2005]]), stating that these laws have been misused, and manipulated by Indian women. They assert that men are abused physically and are subject to legal, mental and social harassment by their wives because of these laws,<ref name="singh">{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Jangveer|date=2006-11-26|title=Sour dates in India’s Silicon Valley|publisher=Tribune News Service|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061126/main8.htm|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref> and that lawyers and women use them to extort money and family property and to deny child custody to fathers.<ref name="karnad3">{{cite news|last=Karnad|first=Raghu|date=2007-12-03|title=Now, Is That Malevolence?|publisher=Outlook magazine|url=http://www.savefamily.org/index.php?view=article&id=134%3Aoutlooks-features-story-on-save-indian-family-by-raghu-karnad&Itemid=50&option=com_content|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> SIF members have sought to have the laws made [[gender neutral]] and be amended to include protection of men against abuse by women.<ref name="Sandhu">{{cite news|last=Sandhu|first=Veena|date=2006-11-07|title=Men new "victims" of domestic violence|publisher=Hindustan Times|url=http://www.saveindianfamily.org/images/dvlaw/SIF_Against_DVLaw.jpg|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref><ref name="ramesh2">{{cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|date=December 13, 2007|title=Dowry law making us the victims, says India's men's movement|publisher=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/13/india.randeepramesh1|access-date=2008-11-16}}</ref> The media comments that the organization is insensitive to high rates of domestic physical abuse committed against women in India <ref name="gupta">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Monobina|date=2006-10-27|title=Malevolence for women’s law - Men go to PM against female ‘terrorist activity’|publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta|url="Malevolence for women's law - Men go to PM against female 'terrorist activity'|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref> In addition, they note the organization's use of 'strong language', including describing as "terrorist activity" the support given by women groups for the domestic violence legislation, and describing the women politicians who spearhead the legislation as “modern [[Shurpanakha|Surpanakhas]]”.<ref name="gupta" /><ref name="Bhatta2">{{cite news|last=Bhattacharya|first=Chandrima S.|date=2006-10-30|title=What are men scared of?|publisher=The Telegraph, Calcutta|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/calcutta/story_6933770.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029230132/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061030/asp/calcutta/story_6933770.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2006|accessdate=2007-01-27}}</ref><ref name="AIMWA12">{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Sudipta|date=October 31, 2009|title=Now, a forum for 'tortured' husbands|publisher=TOI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Now-a-forum-for-tortured-husbands/articleshow/5182345.cms|accessdate=2009-12-08}}</ref>

SIFF asserts that dowry harassment of women and their families is a figment of the feminist imagination,<ref name="karnad2">{{cite news|last=Karnad|first=Raghu|date=2007-12-03|title=Now, Is That Malevolence?|publisher=Outlook magazine|url=http://www.savefamily.org/index.php?view=article&id=134%3Aoutlooks-features-story-on-save-indian-family-by-raghu-karnad&Itemid=50&option=com_content|accessdate=2007-12-12}}</ref> and that the woman is the abuser in almost all cases of family abuse.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Das|first=Radhika|date=June 8, 2007|title=Is the law biased against men?|publisher=Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2109446,prtpage-1.cms|accessdate=2008-11-16}}</ref> They campaign for decrimininalisation of anti-dowry offences, with the threat of imprisonment removed.<ref name="ramesh3">{{cite news|last=Ramesh|first=Randeep|date=December 13, 2007|title=Dowry law making us the victims, says India's men's movement|publisher=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/dec/13/india.randeepramesh1|access-date=2008-11-16}}</ref> In contrast, police and women's groups have denied the group's claims of widespread misuse of anti-dowry laws, stating that only a small minority abuse the law,<ref name="ramesh2" /> and the approximately 7000 [[Bride burning|deaths]] of women every year who die due to [[dowry]] demands.<ref name="ash">{{cite news|last=Ash|first=Lucy|date=2003-07-16|title=India's dowry deaths|publisher=BBC News|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/crossing_continents/3071963.stm|access-date=2007-01-27}}</ref><ref name="gupta" />

SIFF has also advocated for the creation of a Men's Commission in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/rally-seeking-national-panel-for-men-on-march-3-at-jantar-mantar-5598465/lite/ |title=Rally seeking national panel for men on March 3 at Delhi’s Jantar Mantar |date=24 February 2019 |accessdate=8 February 2022 |first=Dar |last=Ovais |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref> SIFF also protested against the [[Hindu_Marriage_Act,_1955#Marriage_Laws_(Amendment)_Bill,_2010|2010 Amendment to the Marriage Act]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-16|title=Men's rights groups sore at marriage laws bill|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/men-s-rights-groups-sore-at-marriage-laws-bill/story-meDyWCOJsGnxLoARlnnZZM.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

SIFF also spoke out against a 2022 court petition which could criminalize [[marital rape]], and sponsored a "marriage strike".<ref>{{cite news |title=Marital rape is still legal in India. A court decision could change that |date=8 February 2022 |first=Lauren |last=Frayer |publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/08/1047588035/marital-rape-india |accessdate=8 February 2022}}</ref>

== Elections ==
SIFF ran an independent candidate, Satish Babu SN, in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] from [[B.T.M Layout (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|B.T.M Layout]] constituency; he finished 7th, gathering 333 votes (0.24% of the total valid votes).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/670479/mens-rights-ngo-field-independents.html|title = Men's rights NGO to field independents in elections|date = 15 April 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Patriarchy]]
* [[Antifeminism]]
* [[Feminism]]
* [[Dowry system in India]]
* [[Masculism]]
* [[Misandry]]
* [[Misogyny]]
* [[No-fault divorce]]
* [[Domestic violence against men]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.saveindianfamily.org/ Organization website]

[[Category:Human rights organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Men's movement in India]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in India]]

Bembem Devi Oinam

2026-04-18T18:20:21Z

JoyceBpo44: Created New Bio

{{short description|Indian footballer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Meitei name|[[Oinam (surname)|Oinam]]|Bembem|Devi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Bembem Devi
| fullname = Bembem Devi Oinam
| image = The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Arjuna Award, 2017 to Ms. Oinam Bembem Devi for Football, in a glittering ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on August 29, 2017.jpg
| caption = The President, [[Ram Nath Kovind]] presenting the [[Arjuna Award]] to Bembem Devi, 29 August 2017.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|04|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height = {{height|ft=5|in=2}}<ref name="lm1"/>
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| clubs1 = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
| years1 =
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| clubs2 = [[New Radiant W.S.C.|New Radiant]]
| years2 = 2014–2015
| caps2 = 3 
| goals2 = 6
| clubs3 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| years3 = 2016–2017
| caps3 = 9
| goals3 = 3
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 1995–2016
| nationalcaps1 = 82
| nationalgoals1 = 18
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{fbw|IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition |[[SAFF Women's Championship]] }}
{{Medal|W | [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010 Bangladesh]]|}}
{{Medal|W | [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012 Sri Lanka]]|}}
{{Medal|W | [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014 Pakistan]]|}}
{{Medal|Competition | [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] }}
{{Medal|Gold | [[2010 South Asian Games|2010 Bangladesh]] | [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]]}}
{{Medal|Gold | [[2016 South Asian Games|2016 India]] | [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|Team]] }}
| manageryears1 = 2016–2018
| managerclubs1 = [[Eastern Sporting Union]]
| manageryears2 = 2018
| managerclubs2 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India Women U17]] (assistant)
| manageryears3 = 2019–
| managerclubs3 = [[Manipur Police Sports Club|Manipur Police]]
| manageryears4 = 2021–2022
| managerclubs4 = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur Women]]
| manageryears5 = 2022
| managerclubs5 = [[India women's national football team|India Women]] (assistant)
}}
'''Bembem Devi Oinam''' ({{langx|mni|Oinam Bembem Devi}}, born 4 April 1980) is an Indian football coach and former footballer from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref> In 2017, she was honoured with the [[Arjuna Award]] by the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/i-dedicate-my-arjuna-award-to-the-women-of-india-Bembem-Devi-1740573|title=I Dedicate My Arjuna Award To The Women Of India: Bembem Devi|author=Joy Tirkey|date=22 August 2017|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819105036/https://sports.ndtv.com/football/i-dedicate-my-arjuna-award-to-the-women-of-india-Bembem-Devi-1740573|url-status=live}}</ref> She was nicknamed the ''Durga of Indian Football'' and is currently involved in spreading awareness about Women's football in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/womens-football-star-Oinam-Bembem-Devi-wins-arjuna-award/12mcm3vpux9h812tnwadchh7ks|title=WOMEN'S FOOTBALL STAR OINAM BEMBEM DEVI WINS ARJUNA AWARD|date=20 August 2017|access-date=22 August 2017|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830062159/http://www.goal.com/en-us/news/womens-football-star-Oinam-Bembem-Devi-wins-arjuna-award/12mcm3vpux9h812tnwadchh7ks|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oinam Bembem Devi is the recipient of India's highly prestigious award [[Padma Shri]] 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2020 Announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=1 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200201184851/https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=197647 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=The Hindu Net Desk |title=Full list of 2020 Padma awardees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |work=The Hindu |date=26 January 2020 |language=en-IN |access-date=13 February 2020 |archive-date=29 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229152750/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/full-list-of-2020-padma-awardees/article30656841.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life and club career==
Devi began her career as a footballer in 1988 when she began training at the United Pioneers Club in Imphal.<ref name="lm1">{{cite web|last1=Desai|first1=Shail|title=Bembem Devi: Indian football's unsung legend|date=29 October 2016|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/62GqLmltmi29s0jMXdDr7I/Bembem-Devi-Indian-footballs-unsung-legend.html|publisher=Livemint|access-date=30 October 2016|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012852/http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/62GqLmltmi29s0jMXdDr7I/Bembem-Devi-Indian-footballs-unsung-legend.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1991, she was selected to represent the [[Manipur]] U-13 team in the sub-junior football tournament. Her performances in the tournament seeham was signed up by Yawa Singjamei Leishangthem Lekai club, and two years later, by the Social Union Nascent (SUN) Club.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint">{{cite web|first=Boudhayan|last=Sarbajna|title=Oinam Bembem Devi's & Lako Phuti Bhutia's Foreign Stint Signals A Bright Future For Indian Women Football|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/oinam-bembem-devis-lako-phuti-bhutia-s-foreign-stint-signals-a-bright-future-for-indian-women-football/|work=The Hard Tackle|date=26 June 2014|access-date=20 July 2014|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416051218/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2014/oinam-bembem-devis-lako-phuti-bhutia-s-foreign-stint-signals-a-bright-future-for-indian-women-football/|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the national level, Devi is a regular member of the [[Manipur]] state football team for woman since the year 1993. She has been appointed the captain of her state team since the 32nd National Games held in [[Hyderabad]], where she led her state to victory.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/>

In the match against defending champions Sun hotels and resorts, Bembem scored in both halves to help New Radiant WSC to a comfortable 4–0 win, securing them a spot in the semi-finals against Sun Hotels and Resorts. In the semi-finals, they defeated Sun hotels and resorts 5–1 and entered the final. The Final match was held on 21 June 2014 between New Radiant SC and Maldives National Defence Force. Bembem Devi scored in 9th and 26th minute of the match, to help New Radiant WSC achieve a historic 5–1 win over MNDF to win the league.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/>

Bembem Devi ended up as the top scorer of the [[2014 FAM Women's Football Championship|tournament]] with 6 goals in just 3 matches. She also provided 4 assists and she was awarded the Player of The Tournament for her excellent performances.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/>

==International career==
At the age of 15, Bembem made her international debut against [[Guam women's national football team|Guam]] in the Asian Women's Championships.

The turning point in her career came at the 1996 [[Asian Games]], where the Indian national team were drawn in a group alongside [[Japan]] and neighbours [[Nepal]]. They lost to Japan 1-0 and won against Nepal 1-0 to progress from the group with Japan. In round 2 they would be drawn in a tough group alongside the national teams of [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[North Korea]]. They lost all their matches but by then Oinam Bemben Devi had announced her arrival at the national stage.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/>

Before the 1997 AFC Cup in [[China]], the Indian eve's team were sent to [[Germany]] for a month-long camp, where the national team players were trained by German coaches and played against German oppositions. The camp proved vital as the Indian team won 3-0 against [[Hong-Kong]], [[Japan]] the top ranked team in women’ s football, defeated India 1-0 and in their final group game encounter India thrashed [[Guam]] 10-0.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/>

She was given the armband of the Indian contingent in the AFC qualifying competition, held in [[Thailand]] in 2003. She was the captain of the Indian team that emerged winners at the 11th [[South Asian Games]] held in [[Bangladesh]], in 2010 and the [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship]] held in [[Sri Lanka]] in the year 2012.<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/>

She played her last game on 15 February against Nepal, at the 12th South Asian Games in Shillong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.catchnews.com/football-news/south-asian-games-2016-legendary-bembem-devi-set-for-final-football-match-of-career-1455446800.html|title=Football News, India Football News, Latest Football News Headlines | Today Football News | Catch News|access-date=15 February 2016|archive-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133537/http://www.catchnews.com/football-news/south-asian-games-2016-legendary-bembem-devi-set-for-final-football-match-of-career-1455446800.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She finished her international career with 82 caps.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/why-india-star-bala-devi-may-miss-the-first-woman-s-football-league/story-EFizCcOU52XVe2BQAChQFK.html|title=Why India star Bala Devi may miss the first woman's football league|work=-Hindustan Times |date=27 January 2017 |access-date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
{{Updated|15 February 2016}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="3" |Appearances and Goals by year
|-
!Years
!Caps
!Goals
|-
|1995–2007
|
|
|-
|2010
|10
|4
|-
|2011
|6
|1
|-
|2012
|5
|5
|-
|2013
|3
|0
|-
|2014
|2
|2
|-
|2015
|2
|0
|-
|2016
|5
|0
|-
!Total
!33
!12
|}

== As manager ==
Devi was appointed as manager of [[Eastern Sporting Union]] in 2017 [[Indian Women's League]] final rounds. She also became the first manager of [[Indian Women's League]] history to claim the tournament title also as a player. In 2018, she was assigned as the assistant coach for the India U17 women's team.<ref name="Bembem Devi Coach">{{cite web|title=The thrill of winning a match as a coach is immense– Bembem Devi|url=https://khelnow.com/news/article/saff-u15-championship-2018-bembem-devi-india-assistant-coach|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811121626/https://khelnow.com/news/article/saff-u15-championship-2018-bembem-devi-india-assistant-coach|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2018|work=AIFF|date=11 August 2018|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

In the [[2018-19 Indian Women's League final round|2018–19 Indian Women's League]] season, she managed [[Manipur Police Sports Club]].

==Honours==
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi felicitating the Indian football legends, at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup match, in New Delhi (4).jpg|thumb|Bembem Devi being felicitated by the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at the inauguration of [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] in New Delhi.]]

===Player===

'''India'''
* [[Football at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]] Gold medal: [[Football at the 2010 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2010]], [[Football at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women's tournament|2016]]
* [[SAFF Women's Championship]]: [[2010 SAFF Women's Championship|2010]], [[2012 SAFF Women's Championship|2012]], [[2014 SAFF Women's Championship|2014]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/list-of-athletes-recommended-for-arjuna-awards-4780670/|title=List of athletes recommended for Arjuna Awards|date=3 August 2017|access-date=26 August 2017|archive-date=19 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819105039/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/list-of-athletes-recommended-for-arjuna-awards-4780670/|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Eastern Sporting Union'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]

'''Manipur'''
*[[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2013–14 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2013–14]]

'''New Radiant WSC'''<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sun.mv/43069/ | title=NRSC wins Women's Football Championship | publisher=Sun Online | language=Divehi | date=21 June 2014 | access-date=21 June 2014 | archive-date=24 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624005710/http://www.sun.mv/43069 }}</ref>
*[[FAM Women's Football Championship]]: [[2014 FAM Women's Football Championship|2014]], [[2015 FAM Women's Football Championship|2015]]

===Manager===

'''Eastern Sporting Union'''
* [[Indian Women's League]]: [[2016–17 Indian Women's League season|2016–17]]

'''Manipur'''
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]: [[2021–22 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2021–22]]

===Individual===
* FAM Premier League Player of the Tournament: 2014–15
* [[AIFF Player of the Year|AIFF Women's Player of the Year]] (2): 2001, 2013<ref name="Bembem Devi Stint"/><ref>{{cite web|title=2013 AIFF Awards given away to Footballers in New Delhi|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/2013-aiff-awards-given-away-to-footballers-in-new-delhi/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=14 February 2014|archive-date=20 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020085048/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/2013-aiff-awards-given-away-to-footballers-in-new-delhi/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Arjuna Award]]: [[List of Arjuna Award recipients (2010–2019)|2017]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|title=LIST OF ARJUNA AWARD WINNERS - Football {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071225221945/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Football|archive-date=25 December 2007|access-date=25 December 2007|website=yas.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961–2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=12 September 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf}}</ref>
* [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|50px]] [[Padma Shri]]: [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)|2020]]

==See also==
* [[List of Indian football players in foreign leagues]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}
* {{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/royal-wahingdoh-girls-meet-their-role-models|date=11 February 2016|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|location=New Delhi|title=Royal Wahingdoh girls meet their role models|access-date=28 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101154411/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/royal-wahingdoh-girls-meet-their-role-models|archive-date=1 January 2024}}

==External links==
* [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=194298 Indian Express, Football Nationals]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090425181034/http://kolkatafootball.com/bembem_devi.htm Bembem Devi profile]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041502/http://newradiantsc.com/v2/newsdetail.php?id=275 Two Indian players join Women's team]}}

{{India squad 2003 AFC Women's Championship}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oinam}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's footballers in the Maldives]]
[[Category:New Radiant S.C. players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Women's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Eastern Sporting Union players]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in football]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate women's footballers]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate sportspeople in the Maldives]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:Indian women's football managers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:2003 AFC Women's Championship players]]

Surankote Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:35Z

JoyceBpo44: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Surankote
| mla = [[Choudhary Mohammad Akram]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Poonch district, India|Poonch]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency|Anantnag Rajouri]]
| established = 1977
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| constituency_no = 88
}}
'''Surankote''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], a northern [[Union Territory]] of [[India]]. Surankote is also part of [[Anantnag-Rajouri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam,Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Surankote Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/surankote.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=3|[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mushtaq Bukhari|Syed Mushtaq Ahmed Bukhari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan=2|[[Choudhary Mohammad Akram]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Choudhary Mohammad Akram]] |party=Independent politician |votes=34,201 |percentage=39.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Shahnawaz |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,350 |percentage=29.18% |change={{decrease}}17.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mushtaq Bukhari|Mushtaq Ahmed Shah Bukhari]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=23,773 |percentage=27.37% |change={{increase}}24.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Javaid Iqbal |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=1,325 |percentage=1.53% |change={{decrease}}11.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qazi Mohammed Irshad |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=378 |percentage=0.44% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,851 |percentage=10.19% |change= {{decrease}}2.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,871 |percentage=76.65% |change= {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,342 |ref = |change= {{increase}}31.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Choudhary Mohammad Akram]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=30,584 |percentage=46.45% |change={{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmed Shah Bhukari |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=22,520 |percentage=34.20% |change={{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Iqbal Hussain Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=8,290 |percentage=12.59% |change={{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Taj Khan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,123 |percentage=3.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashfaq Rana |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=429 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=375 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,064 |percentage=12.25% |change= {{increase}}9.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=65,845 |percentage=76.49% |change= {{increase}}1.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,084 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,102 |percentage=44.22% |change={{increase}}4.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mushtaq Bukhari|Mushtaq Ahmed Shah Bukhari]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=26,051 |percentage=40.99% |change={{decrease}}4.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mumtaz Hussain Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,585 |percentage=10.36% |change={{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manzoor Ahmed |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=737 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sadiq Qureshi |party=Independent politician |votes=518 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Shareef Shad |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=409 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Khan Hamdard |party=All J & K Kisan Majdoor Party |votes=385 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,051 |percentage=3.23% |change= {{decrease}}2.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=63,553 |percentage=74.92% |change= {{increase}}34.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,829 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmad Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=15,243 |percentage=45.84% |change={{decrease}}11.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,271 |percentage=39.91% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid Manhas |party=Independent politician |votes=3,172 |percentage=9.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah |party=Independent politician |votes=931 |percentage=2.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aftab Hussain Shah |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=416 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Aziz |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=221 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,972 |percentage=5.93% |change= {{decrease}}12.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,254 |percentage=40.01% |change= {{decrease}}33.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,113 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}11.95 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmed Shah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=27,275 |percentage=57.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,743 |percentage=39.71% |change={{decrease}}29.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Aslam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=398 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharief Tariq |party=Janata Dal |votes=395 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sharief Shad |party=Independent politician |votes=390 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,532 |percentage=18.08% |change= {{decrease}}20.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,201 |percentage=74.26% |change= {{decrease}}6.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,230 |ref = |change= {{increase}}33.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.03 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,394 |percentage=68.81% |change={{increase}}20.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Shabnam |party=Independent politician |votes=11,677 |percentage=30.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Khan |party=Independent politician |votes=285 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,717 |percentage=38.37% |change= {{increase}}31.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,356 |percentage=80.35% |change= {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,100 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,150 |percentage=48.27% |change={{decrease}}4.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Sayeed Beig |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=12,268 |percentage=41.85% |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub Shabnam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,895 |percentage=9.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,882 |percentage=6.42% |change= {{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,313 |percentage=71.24% |change= {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,728 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.36 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Surankote<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Aslam Chowdhary Mohammad]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,608 |percentage=52.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Syed Beg |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,346 |percentage=42.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Ahmed Shah |party=Janata Party |votes=922 |percentage=4.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ayub |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nazir Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=138 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,262 |percentage=10.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,167 |percentage=68.84% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,764 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Surankote]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|33.64|74.26|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Poonch District, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Jaitpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:20:57Z

JoyceBpo44: Added Some Entry V1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaitpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 85
| map_image = 85-Jaitpur.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Shahdol district|Shahdol]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Shahdol Lok Sabha constituency|Shahdol]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Jaisingh Maravi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Manisha Singh (politician)|Manisha Singh]]
| electors = 246,489
}}
'''Jaitpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=235}}</ref>

It is part of [[Shahdol district]], and is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[Jaisingh Naravi]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].{{update after|2029|2}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name="election1962">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Ram Prasad
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | Bhagwandin Gond
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="4"| ''1977-2008 : Constituency dissolved''
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Jaisingh Maravi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| [[Manisha Singh (politician)|Manisha Singh]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jaitpur">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jaitpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1285.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305092357/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenDecNew2023/candidateswise-S1285.htm |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="Jaitpur Constituency Election Results 2023">{{cite news |date=3 December 2023 |title=Jaitpur Constituency Election Results 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/jaitpur |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305092347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/constituency-show/jaitpur |archivedate=5 March 2025 |accessdate=5 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Jaisingh Maravi]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaitpur<ref name="Madya Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2023 - Jaitpur"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Jaisingh Maravi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:107698}}
|percentage = 53.66
|change = +12.4
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Dhurvey
|votes = {{formatnum:75993}}
|percentage = 37.86
|change = -1.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Bharat Singh Oladi
|votes = {{formatnum:5090}}
|percentage = 2.54
|change = -3.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|candidate = Katahura
|votes = {{formatnum:2098}}
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3626}}
|percentage = 1.81
|change = +0.71
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31705}}
|percentage = 15.8
|change = +13.46
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:200717}}
|percentage = 81.43
|change = +3.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaitpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Manisha Singh (politician)|Manisha Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74279}}
|percentage = 41.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Uma Dhurwey
|votes = {{formatnum:70063}}
|percentage = 38.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Bharat Singh Oladi
|votes = {{formatnum:11498}}
|percentage = 6.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohadal Singh Pav
|votes = {{formatnum:6141}}
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sukh Lal Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:3953}}
|percentage = 2.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sapaks Party
|candidate = Jankibai Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2094}}
|percentage = 1.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiv Charan Pao
|votes = {{formatnum:1875}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhai Bimal Baiga
|votes = {{formatnum:1763}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1973}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4216}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:180039}}
|percentage = 78.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.61|76.10|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shahdol district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Umamaheshvara

2026-04-13T20:50:07Z

JoyceBpo44: adding

{{Short description|Hindu philosopher}}
{{for-text|the form of Shiva|[[Uma–Maheshvara]]|the temple|[[Umamaheshwaram]]}}
'''Uma-maheshvara''' ([[IAST]]: Umāmaheśvara), also known as '''Abhinava-Kālidāsa''' ("the new [[Kalidasa]]"), was a [[Sanskrit]]-language philosopher and grammarian from present-day southern India. He is variously dated to c. 1465 CE or c. 1750 CE.

== Biography ==

Uma-maheshvara was born in a family belonging to the [[Vellalar|Vellala]] social group.<ref>{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=3 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1976 |page=13 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref> He was a disciple of Akshaya-suri (or Akkaya-suri) of Mokshagundam family.<ref name="EIP5">{{cite book |editor1=Harold G. Coward |editor2=K. Kunjunni Raja |editor2-link=K. Kunchunniraja |title=The Philosophy of the Grammarians |series=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies |volume=5 |year=1990 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |page=371 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEj6wRqeRAC }}</ref><ref name="PS">{{cite book |author=P. Sriramamurti |title=Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit Literature |year=1972 |publisher=Andhra University |pages=154–155 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GagPAAAAMAAJ }}</ref>

According to the ''Rajashekhara-charita'' (or ''Shabharanjana-shataka'') of his disciple Kavi-kunjara, Uma-maheshvara "put an end to the machinations" of Durjaya, the court poet of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] king Raja-shekhara. P. Sriramamurti of [[Andhra University]] tentatively identifies the ruler as prince Raja-shekhara (the son of [[Mallikarjuna Raya|Deva Raya III]]), and on this basis, dates Uma-maheshvara to c. 1465 CE.<ref name="PS"/> However, Harold G. Coward and K. Kunchunniraja date him to c. 1750 CE.<ref name="EIP5"/>

== Works ==

Uma-maheshvara wrote the following works on the [[Advaita Vedanta]] philosophy:<ref name="PS"/>

* ''Advaita-kamadhenu''
* ''Tattva-chandrika'' or ''Nirguna-brahma-mimamsa''
* ''Virodha-varudhini''
* ''Vedanta-siddhanta-sara''
* ''Santana-dipika''

Uma-maheshvara defended [[Adi Shankara]]'s Advaita Vedanta against [[Ramanuja]]'s [[Vishishtadvaita]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=K. S. R. Datta |title=A New Star in the Advaitic Galaxy |journal=Triveni: Journal of Indian Renaissance |volume=48 |year=1979 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzM6AAAAIAAJ }}</ref> In ''Virodha-varudhini'' (or ''Virodha-varuthini''), he proposed to show 100 self-contradictions in the works of [[Ramanuja]] and other Vishishtadvaita works such as ''[[Satadushani]]'', but fell ill after discussing 27 contradictions. Ramanuja's followers Rangacharya (''Ku-drishti-dhvanta-martanda'') and Shrinivasa-dikshita (''Virodha-varuthini-pramathini'') wrote refutations of Uma-maheshvara's criticisms.<ref name="SD">{{cite book |author=Surendranath Dasgupta |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |volume=3 |year=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804142 |pages=395–396 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI2PUAa8B8oC }}</ref>

Other works attributed to him include:

* ''Paniniya-vada-nakshtra-mala'' (IAST: ''Pāṇinīya-vāda-nakṣatra-mālā''), a work on grammar<ref name="EIP5"/>
* ''Shrngara-shekhara Bhana'' (IAST: ''Śṛṅgāra-śekhara Bhana''), a Sanskrit play<ref>{{cite journal |author=V. Raghavan |title=Sanskrit: Unceasing flow of studies |journal=Indian Literature |volume=13 |issue=4 |year=1970 |pages=76–85 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |jstor=24157165 }}</ref>
* ''Tapta-mudra-vidravana''<ref name="SD"/>
* ''Prasanga-Ratnakara''<ref name="SD"/>
* ''Ramayana-tika''<ref name="SD"/>

P. Sriramamurti identifies him with the Abhinava-Kalidasa (or Nava-Kalidasa) who wrote ''Bhagavata-champu'', a work on the life of [[Krishna]].<ref name="PS"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Medieval Sanskrit grammarians]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Amir Ahmed Bhat

2026-04-10T17:11:45Z

JoyceBpo44: Created New Stub

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}

'''Amir Ahmed Bhat''' (born 1995) is an Indian para shooter from [[Kashmir]]. He competes in the P3-25m Pistol mixed event in SH1 category. He qualified to represent [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]] at [[Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Chief Secretary meets Paralympian Amir Ahmed; star Footballers of J&K |url=https://risingkashmir.com/chief-secretary-meets-paralympian-amir-ahmed-star-footballers-of-jk/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Rising Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">http://www.uniindia.com/news/sports/jk-para-shooter-lg/3220730.html</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhat is born to Abdul Hamid Bhat, from Damhall in [[Kokernag]] (Anantnag) of Kashmir Division.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Anantnag shooter surprised with Para Olympics ticket |url=https://statetimes.in/anantnag-shooter-surprised-with-para-olympics-ticket/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref> He is employed with the Indian Army as a Junior Commissioned Officer.<ref name=":0" /> He did his schooling at Government Higher Secondary School, [[Damhal Hanji Pora|Damhall]], Anantnag. Later, he did his plus two at Government Higher Secondary School, [[Dialgam]]. After completing his Class 12, he joined Indian Army's regimental [[Jammu and Kashmir Light Infantry]] squad as a soldier.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Amir becomes first Para Shooter to qualify for Paris Olympics games |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/amir-becomes-first-para-shooter-to-qualify-for-paris-olympics-games/ |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhat won a bronze medal won in the [[World Shooting Para Sport]] (WSPS) World Cup held in [[Changwon]], [[South Korea]] in March 2023 at Peru, Lima. He also won a silver medal in the WSPS World Cup held in Osijek Croatia in July 2023. He also played for [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] at the first [[Khelo India Para Games]] where he scored 540 points in 50m free pistol to get a gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-31 |title=Anantnag shooter surprised with Para Olympics ticket |url=https://statetimes.in/anantnag-shooter-surprised-with-para-olympics-ticket/ |access-date=2024-08-22 |website=Statetimes |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhat, Amir Ahmed}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Paralympic shooters for India]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]

Kuber Dindor

2026-04-10T08:42:58Z

JoyceBpo44: Added First Details Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuber Dindor
| office3 = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start3 = 12 December 2022
| 1blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 1namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 2blankname = Minister of Tribal Development
| 2namedata = 12 December 2022 - Incumbent
| 3blankname = Minister of Primary, Secondary and Old-age Education
| 3namedata = 12 December 2022 - Incumbent
| office2 = Minister of State [[Government of Gujarat]]
| term_start2 = 16 September 2021
| 4blankname = {{centre|Ministry}}
| 4namedata = {{centre|'''Term'''}}
| 5blankname = Minister of state in higher & Technical Education Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| 5namedata = 16 September 2021 - 9 December 2022 16 September 2021 - 9 December 2022
| office1 = Member of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| constituency1 = [[Santrampur Assembly constituency|Santrampur]]
| predecessor1 = Gendalbhai Damor
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Kuberbhai Mansukhbhai Dindor''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kuberbhai Mansukhbhai Dindor(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SANTRAMPUR (ST)(MAHISAGAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Gujarat2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=5211 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat Election Result 2022: Constituency Wise Winning Candidates List |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/gujarat-election-results-2022-constituency-wise-winning-candidates-list |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He is serving as a cabinet minister in the [[Second Bhupendrabhai Patel Ministry|second Bhupendrabhai Patel ministry]]. He won the 2022 Assembly election representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from Santrampur Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Mahisagar district]].

== Early life and education ==
Dindor is from [[Santrampur]], Mahisagar district, Gujarat. He is the son of Mansukhbhai Motibhai. He completed his Ph.D. in 2012 at [[Sardar Patel University]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Dindor first became an MLA winning the [[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Santrampur Assembly constituency]] in [[Mahisagar district|Mahisagar District]]. He defeated incumbent MLA Gendalbhai Damor by a margin of 6,424 votes and got 49.09% of total vote share. He retained the seat in the [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022 Assembly election]] from the same seat defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Gendalbhai Damor by a margin of 15,557 votes.<ref name="bn1">{{Cite web |title=ભુપેન્દ્ર પટેલની સરકારમાં પસંદ થયેલ ડો. કુબેર ડીંડોરનો વિશે જાણો |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/gujarati/gujarat/assembly-elections/gujarat-cm-bhupendra-patel-cabinet-minister-dr-kuber-dindor-oath-ceremony-in-gandhinagar/gj20221212152432383383027 |access-date=2022-12-15 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Santrampur Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Dr. Kuberbhai Mansukhbhai Dindor Of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/santrampur-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-6561157.html |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Santrampur Assembly Seat, Gujarat Election 2022 – Get Santrampur constituency news updates and complete details {{!}} Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/santrampur-123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203024856/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/santrampur-123 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 12 December 2022, he was inducted as cabinet minister in the [[Second Bhupendrabhai Patel Ministry]]. Earlier, he was a minister of state in the [[First Bhupendrabhai Patel ministry]].<ref name="bn1" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dindor, Kuber}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Mahisagar district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

Vengurla Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:29:41Z

JoyceBpo44: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Vengurla
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1962
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 136,354
| mla = Kambali Shankar Shivram
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2006 elections in India#Maharashtra|2006.1 By-election]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Vengurla Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Sawant Parsharam Krishnaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Chamankar Narayan Mahadeo || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Prataprao Deorao Bhonsale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Pundalik A. Kinalekar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sitaram Narayan Desai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Kinalkar Pundlik Atmaram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Sitaram Narayan Desai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan="2" | Pushpasen Sawant || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | Kambali Shankar Shivram || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Shankar Shivram Kambli
|-
| [[2006 elections in India#Maharashtra|2006 By-election]] || Kambali Shankar Shivram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly By-election 2006 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2006 elections in India#Maharashtra|2006 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeOct2006/index.htm |title=Election Statistics - Bye Elections - October 2006 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kambali Shankar Shivram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,290 |percentage = 80.45% |change = {{increase}}44.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramesh Naik |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,787 |percentage = 15.76% |change = {{decrease}}39.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Somnath Vasant Tomke |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,075 |percentage = 3.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 52,503 |percentage = 64.70% |change = {{increase}}44.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,152 |percentage = 59.52% |change = {{decrease}}4.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,152}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,354 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}1.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}24.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Shivram Kambli |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 49,474 |percentage = 55.67% |change = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pushpasen Sawant |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,532 |percentage = 35.48% |change = {{increase}}9.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Neeta Ranjit Rane |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,869 |percentage = 3.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Santhosh Deu Parab |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,233 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tomke Somanath Vasant |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,145 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,942 |percentage = 20.19% |change = {{increase}}4.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,876 |percentage = 64.45% |change = {{increase}}10.98 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 88,872}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,906 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.04 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}12.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kambali Shankar Shivram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 28,391 |percentage = 43.43% |change = {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pushpasen Sawant |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 18,073 |percentage = 27.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chamankar Jayprakash Narayan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,100 |percentage = 26.16% |change = {{increase}}5.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Pandurang Aravandekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 736 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhas Shirodkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 563 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anand Malbari |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 509 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,318 |percentage = 15.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,893 |percentage = 53.47% |change = {{decrease}}22.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,372}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,837 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}2.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}0.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kambali Shankar Shivram |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 41,961 |percentage = 42.96% |change = {{increase}}22.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Pushpasen Bhivaji |party = Janata Dal |votes = 25,986 |percentage = 26.61% |change = {{decrease}}27.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parab Hiroji Devarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,594 |percentage = 21.08% |change = {{decrease}}3.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parab Shridhar Chandroji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,840 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Warang Bhalchandra Keshav |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,092 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kamal Balkrishna Parulekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,804 |percentage = 1.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prof. Mahendra Natekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,366 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Niranjan Dhaku |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 644 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,975 |percentage = 16.36% |change = {{decrease}}12.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,046 |percentage = 75.52% |change = {{increase}}9.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 132,482 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}11.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pushpasen Sawant |party = Janata Dal |votes = 43,946 |percentage = 54.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Narayan Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,316 |percentage = 25.02% |change = {{decrease}}9.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. D. Desai |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 16,491 |percentage = 20.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,630 |percentage = 29.10% |change = {{increase}}23.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 82,654 |percentage = 66.14% |change = {{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 81,208}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,961 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}13.78 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pushpasen Sawant |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,766 |percentage = 40.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sharad Palav |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,338 |percentage = 34.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Narayan Desai |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,736 |percentage = 14.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jagannath Ramachandra Ghatwal |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,682 |percentage = 4.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasantrao Khot |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 2.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. S. Gaonkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 858 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Vasudeo Pitre |party = Independent politician |votes = 670 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,428 |percentage = 5.58% |change = {{increase}}3.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,464 |percentage = 59.74% |change = {{increase}}22.45 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,389}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 104,559 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}6.39 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Narayan Desai |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 16,528 |percentage = 46.73% |change = {{increase}}44.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bali Kinalekar |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,916 |percentage = 45.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhukar Balwant Sarnaik |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,128 |percentage = 6.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Gangavane |party = Independent politician |votes = 795 |percentage = 2.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 612 |percentage = 1.73% |change = {{decrease}}44.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,146 |percentage = 37.29% |change = {{decrease}}30.48 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,367}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,937 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}22.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kinalkar Pundlik Atmaram |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,525 |percentage = 69.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Narayan Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,743 |percentage = 23.53% |change = {{decrease}}39.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Datta Desai |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,032 |percentage = 4.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deepak Shriguru Kubal |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 1,347 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 28,782 |percentage = 45.94% |change = {{increase}}8.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,385 |percentage = 67.77% |change = {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,647}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 95,004 |ref = |change = {{increase}}29.02 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}6.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sitaram Narayan Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,655 |percentage = 62.85% |change = {{increase}}37.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pundalik A. Kinalekar |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 11,356 |percentage = 24.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Todankar Gunwant Atmaram |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 3,314 |percentage = 7.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhao Baburao Atmaram |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 1,195 |percentage = 2.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patkar Ankush Wasudeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,073 |percentage = 2.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,299 |percentage = 37.94% |change = {{increase}}26.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 47,105 |percentage = 63.97% |change = {{increase}}2.09 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 45,593}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,634 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.84 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}21.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pundalik A. Kinalekar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 16,594 |percentage = 41.15% |change = {{increase}}17.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. B. Naik |party = Sanghata Socialist Party |votes = 11,974 |percentage = 29.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prataprao Deorao Bhonsale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,299 |percentage = 25.54% |change = {{decrease}}13.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patkar Ankush Wasudeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,458 |percentage = 3.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,620 |percentage = 11.46% |change = {{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,308 |percentage = 61.88% |change = {{increase}}2.27 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 40,325}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,601 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.93 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.95 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Prataprao Deorao Bhonsale |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,349 |percentage = 39.20% |change = {{increase}}27.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balasaheb Hanamantrao Khardekar |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,948 |percentage = 29.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Mahadeo Chamankar |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 8,169 |percentage = 23.99% |change = {{decrease}}50.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wasudeo Balkrishna Moraje |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,586 |percentage = 7.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,401 |percentage = 9.99% |change = {{decrease}}50.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,462 |percentage = 59.61% |change = {{increase}}8.54 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,052}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,847 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.75 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}35.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chamankar Narayan Mahadeo |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 22,183 |percentage = 74.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhende Dattaram Sakharam |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,093 |percentage = 13.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Walavalkar Ganpat Mahadeo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,510 |percentage = 11.78% |change = {{decrease}}27.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,090 |percentage = 60.73% |change = {{increase}}47.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,786 |percentage = 51.07% |change = {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,786}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,326 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.45 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}35.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Vengurla <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Parsharam Krishnaji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,608 |percentage = 38.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Varadkar Madhukar Vithal |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 7,080 |percentage = 25.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavde Raghunath Fatu |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 5,133 |percentage = 18.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parab Deorao Hire |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,460 |percentage = 16.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,528 |percentage = 12.93% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,281 |percentage = 50.26% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,281}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,283 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

List of central agencies in India

2026-04-04T10:53:12Z

JoyceBpo44: new initial details w/ refs...

{{short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{About|the list of central Indian agencies|the British colonial polity|Central India Agency}}
Official definitions of what constitutes an agency of the [[government of India]] are limited and varied. Article 12 of the [[Constitution of India|India constitution]] defines "[[State (polity)|the State]]" as encompassing the central government, the [[Parliament of India|Indian parliament]], the [[State governments of India|state governments]] and [[State legislatures of India|their respective legislatures]], as well as what are termed "local or other authorities." The interpretation of the term "other authorities" has been the subject of extensive judicial scrutiny by the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. There have also been several [[Act of parliament|acts of parliament]] which have included varying definitions of government agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of India |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416084719/http://lawmin.nic.in/olwing/coi/coi-english/coi-4March2016.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2016}}</ref>

The executive branch of the Indian government comprises the [[President of India|president]], the [[Vice President of India|vice president]], and the [[Union Council of Ministers|union council of ministers]], led by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]. This council is responsible for overseeing the functioning of [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India|the country's 53 union ministries]]. The ministries are staffed by members of the [[Civil Services of India|Indian civil services]], who constitute the permanent [[bureaucracy]] of the executive.

The following is a comprehensive list of agencies operating under the Indian government at the central level. It encompasses the union ministries along with their various departments, attached and subordinate offices, statutory bodies, and other affiliated organisations, alongside independent agencies and bodies. Also included are autonomous institutions, publicly funded and administered educational and research establishments, as well as [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector undertakings]], which are companies that are predominantly owned and operated by the Indian government. This list is limited to central government entities and does not cover agencies operating at the state or local levels.

{{Dynamic list}}


==Parliament==
{{Main|Parliament of India}}
* [[Rajya Sabha]]
** [[Vice President of India|Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
** [[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha]]
* [[Lok Sabha]]
** [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
** [[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha|List of current members of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Standing committee (India)]]
* [[State legislative assemblies of India]]

==Executive==
{{Main|Government of India}}
* [[President of India]]
* [[Vice President of India]]
* [[Prime minister of India]]
** [[Prime Minister's Office (India)]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]
* [[Secretary to the Government of India]]
* [[Cabinet Secretary of India]]
* [[Civil Services of India]]

==Judiciary==
{{Main|Judiciary of India}}
* [[Chief Justice of India]]
* [[Supreme Court of India]]
* [[High courts of India]]
* [[District courts of India]]

==Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare==
{{Main|Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare}}
===[[Department of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]]===

====Attached and subordinate bodies====
* Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute
* Directorate of Arecanut and Spices Development (DSAD)
* Directorate of Cashewnut and Cocoa Development (DCCD)
* Directorate of Economics and Statistics (DES)
* Directorate of Jute Development
* Directorate of Marketing and Inspection (DMI)
* [[Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine, and Storage]]
* Directorate of Pulses Development
* Directorate of Rice Development
* KRISHI VISTAR-Directorate of Extension
* Mahalanobis National Crop Forecast Centre (NCFC)
* National Seed Research and Training Centre (NSRTC)
* North Eastern Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute
* [[Northern Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute]]
* Southern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute
* Soil and Land Use Survey of India

====Commissions and committees====
* [[Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices]] (CACP)

====Autonomous bodies====
* Central Institute of Horticulture
* [[National Centre for Cold-chain Development]] (NCCD)
* National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA).
* [[Small Farmers Agribusiness Consortium]] (SFAC)

====Companies, societies, and boards====
* [[Coconut Development Board]]
* National Bee Board (NBB)
* [[National Horticulture Board]] (NHB)
* [[National Seeds Corporation]] (NSC)

====Additional units and offices====
* Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority
* Central Integrated Pest Management Centre (CIPMC)

===Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE)===

====Autonomous bodies====
* Central Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute (FMTTI)
* [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR)

====Companies, societies, and boards====
* Agrinnovate India

====Additional units and offices====
* Directorate of Oil Palm Research
* Directorate of Poultry Research (DPR)
* [[Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute]] (CMFRI)
* ICAR-Agricultural Technology Application Research Institute
* [[Indian Institute of Horticultural Research]] (IIHR)
* [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra]] (KVK)

==Ministry of Ayush==
{{Main|Ministry of Ayush}}
===Commissions and committees===
* [[National Commission for Homoeopathy]]
* [[National Commission for Indian System of Medicine]] (NCISM)
* Pharmacopoeia Commission for Indian Medicine and Homoeopathy (PCIMH)

===Autonomous bodies===
* Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS)
* Central Council for Research in Homoeopathy (CCRH)
* Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS)
* Central Council for Research in Unani Medicine (CCRUM)
* Central Council for Research in Yoga and Naturopathy (CCRYN)
* Rashstriya Ayurveda Vidyapeeth

===Companies, societies, and boards===
* Indian Medicines Pharmaceutical Corporation Limited (IMPCL)

==Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers==
{{Main|Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers}}
===[[Department of Chemicals and Petro-Chemicals]]===

====Companies, societies, and boards====
* Hindustan Fluorocarbons Limited (HFL)
* [[Hindustan Insecticides Limited]] (HIL)
* [[Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited]] (HOCL)
* Orissa Drugs and Chemicals Limited

===Department of Fertilizers===

====Companies, societies, and boards====
* Brahmaputra Valley Fertilizer Corporation Limited (BVFCL)
* [[FCI Aravali Gypsum and Minerals India Limited]] (FAGMIL)
* [[Fertilizer Corporation of India Limited]] (FCIL)
* [[Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited]] (FACT)
* [[Hindustan Fertilizer Corporation Limited]] (HFCL)
* [[Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative|Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited]] (IFFCO)
* [[Krishak Bharati Cooperative Limited]] (KRIBHCO)
* [[Madras Fertilizers Limited]] (MFL)
* [[National Fertilizers|National Fertilizers Limited]] (NFL)
* [[Projects and Development India Limited]] (PDIL)
* Ramagundam Fertilizers and Chemicals Limited (RFCL)
* [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers Limited]] (RCF)
* Talcher Fertilizer Limited (TFL)

===Department of Pharmaceuticals===

====Attached and subordinate bodies====
* [[National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority]] (NPPA)

====Companies, societies, and boards====
* [[Bengal Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (BCPL)
* [[Hindustan Antibiotics Limited]] (HAL)
* [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL)
* Karnataka Antibiotics and Pharmaceuticals Limited (KAPL)
* Bureau of Pharma PSUs of India (BPPI)

==Ministry of Civil Aviation==
{{Main|Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)}}
===Attached and subordinate bodies===
* [[Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (India)|Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau]] (AAIB)
* [[Bureau of Civil Aviation Security]] (BCAS)
* [[Commission of Railway Safety]] (CRS)
* [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Directorate General of Civil Aviation]] (DGCA)

===Companies, societies, and boards===
* Air india Assets Holding Limited (AIAHL)
* [[Pawan Hans Limited]] (PHL)

===Additional units and offices===
* [[Airports Economic Regulatory Authority]] (AERA)
* [[Airports Authority of India]] (AAI)

==Ministry of Coal==
{{Main|Ministry of Coal (India)}}
===Attached and subordinate bodies===
* Coal Controller's Organization

===Companies, societies, and boards===
* [[Bharat Coking Coal Limited]] (BCCL)
* [[Central Coalfields Limited]] (CCL)
* [[Central Mine Planning and Design Institute|Central Mine Planning and Design Institute Limited]] (CMPDI)
* [[Coal India Limited]] (CIL)
* [[Eastern Coalfields Limited]] (ECL)
* [[Mahanadi Coalfields Limited]] (MCL)
* [[NLC India Limited]] (NLCIL)
* Northern Coalfields Limited (NCL)
* Science and Technology Research in Coal and Lignite Sector
* [[Singareni Collieries Company|Singareni Collieries Company Limited]] (SCCL)
* [[South Eastern Coalfields Limited]] (SECL)
* [[Western Coalfields Limited]] (WCL)

==Ministry of Commerce and Industry==
{{Main|Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}
===Departments===
* Department of Commerce
* [[Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade]]

===Attached Offices===
* [[Directorate General of Foreign Trade]] (DGFT)
* Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR)
* Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals (DGS&D)
* Office of the Economic Adviser
* Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCI&S)
* [[Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks|Office of the Controller General of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks]] (CGPDTM)
** [[Indian Patent Office]]
* [[Special Economic Zone#India|Special Economic Zones]]
* [[Petroleum And Explosives Safety Organisation|Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organisation]]

===Statutory Bodies===
* Export Inspection Council (EIC)
* Export Inspection Agency-Delhi
* Export Inspection Agency-Kolkata
* Export Inspection Agency-Kochi
* Export Inspection Agency-Mumbai
* Export Inspection Agency-Chennai
* Export Inspection Agency-Kakinada
* Export

===Autonomous Bodies===
* [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] (IIFT)
* [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority]] (APEDA)
* [[Federation of Indian Export Organisations]] (FIEO)
* Intellectual Property Appellate Board (IPAB)
* [[National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories]] (NABL)
* [[Quality Council of India]] (QCI)
** [[National Institute of Design]]
** [[Open Network for Digital Commerce]]
* [[Indian Institute of Packaging]] (IIP)
* Indian Institute of Plantation Management Bengaluru (IIPM B)
* Indian Rubber Manufacturers Research Association (IRMRA)
* [[Marine Products Export Development Authority]] (MPEDA)
* [[Indian Diamond Institute]]
* National Numbering Organisation (EAN-India)
* [[National Productivity Council|National Productivity Council (NPC)]]

===Boards===
* [[Tea Board of India|Tea Board]]
* [[Coffee Board of India|Coffee Board]]
* [[Spices Board of India|Spices Board]]
* [[Rubber Board]]
* [[Tobacco in India|Tobacco Board]]

===Commissions===
* [[Tariff Commission]]

===Export Promotion Councils===
* [[Engineering Exports Promotion Council|EEPC]] India (Formerly, Engineering Export Promotion Council), largest export promotion council in India.
* Apparel Export Promotion Council (AEPC)
* Carpet Export Promotion Council (CEPC)
* Cotton Textile Export Promotion Council (TEXPROCIL)
* Export Promotion Council for Handicrafts (EPCH)
* Handloom Export Promotion Council (HEPC)
* [[Gem and Jewellery Export Promotion Council]] (GJEPC)
* [[Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council]] (Pharmexcil)
* [[Cashew Export Promotion Council of India|Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI)]]
* [[Chemical and Allied Export Promotion Council|Chemical and Allied Products Export Promotion Council]] (CAPEXIL)
* Basic Chemicals, Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics Export Promotion Council (CHEMEXCIL)
* Council for Leather Exports
* National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC)
* Plastics Export Promotion Council (PLEXCONCIL)
* Sports Goods Export Promotion Council (SGEPC)
* Project Exports Promotion Council of India (PEPC)

===Public sector undertakings===
* [[Export Credit Guarantee Corporation of India]] (ECGC)
* [[India Trade Promotion Organisation]] (ITPO)
* State Trading Corporation of India Limited (STCI)
* [[Minerals and Metals Trading Corporation of India]] (MMTC)
* National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI)

==Ministry of Communications==
{{Main|Ministry of Communications (India)}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution==
{{Main|Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution (India)}}
===Departments===
====Department of Consumer Affairs====
* [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS)
* National Test House
* Consumer Online Resource and Empowerment Centre (CORE)
* [[National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]] (NCDRC)
* National Co-operative Consumers' Federation of India Limited (NCCF)

====Department of Food and Public Distribution====
* [[Food Corporation of India]] (statutory body)
* [[Central Warehousing Corporation]] (statutory body)
* Directorate of Sugar
* [[National Sugar Institute]]
* Directorate of Vanaspati, Vegetable Oils and Fats

==Ministry of Co-operation==
{{Main|Ministry of Co-operation}}
* [[National Cooperative Development Corporation (India)|National Cooperative Development Corporation (NCDC)]] – Attached Office of Ministry

==Ministry of Corporate Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)}}
* [[Registrar of Companies, India]]
* [[National Company Law Tribunal]]
* [[Competition Commission of India]]
* [[Serious Fraud Investigation Office]] (SFIO)
* [[Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs]] (IICA)

===Statutory Bodies===
* [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]]
* [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]]
* [[Institute of Cost Accountants of India]]

==Ministry of Culture==
{{Main|Ministry of Culture (India)}}
===Offices===
* [[Anthropological Survey of India]] (AnSI)
* [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI)
* [[Central Reference Library]]
* [[National Archives of India]] (NAI)
* [[National Library of India]]
* [[National Museum, New Delhi]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art|National Gallery of Modern Art, New Delhi]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art#Mumbai|National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai]]
* [[National Gallery of Modern Art#Bangalore|National Gallery of Modern Art, Bengaluru]]
* National Research Laboratory for Conservation of Cultural Property (NRLC)

===Autonomous and other bodies===
* [[Asiatic Society]]
* [[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] (CIHTS)
* [[Centre for Cultural Resources and Training]] (CCRT)
* Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (GSDS)
* [[Indian Museum]], [[Kolkata]]
* [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] (IGNCA)
* [[Kalakshetra|Kalakshetra Foundation]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library]], [[Patna]]
* [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies]] (MAKAIAS)
* [[National Council of Science Museums]] (NCSM)
* National Culture Fund
* National Electronic Register of Jain Manuscripts
* [[National Mission for Manuscripts]]
* [[National Museum Institute of the History of Art, Conservation and Museology|National Museum Institute]] (NMI)
* [[National School of Drama]]
* [[Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation]] (RRRLF)
* [[Raza Library|Rampur Raza Library]]
* [[Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]]
* [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]
* [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial Hall]], Kolkata
* Zonal Cultural Centres:
** Eastern Zonal Cultural Centre
** North Central Zone Cultural Centre
** [[North East Zone Cultural Centre]]
** [[North Zone Cultural Centre]]
** South Central Zone Cultural Centre
** South Zone Cultural Centre
** [[West Zone Cultural Centre]]

==Ministry of Defence==
{{Main|Ministry of Defence (India)}}

===Department of Defence Research and Development===
* [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]]
* [[Aeronautical Development Agency]]
* Society for Integrated Circuit Technology and Applied Research

===Department of Defence Production===
* [[Ordnance Factory Board]]
* Directorate General of Quality Assurance (DGQA)
* Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA)
* Directorate of Standardisation
* Directorate of Planning & Coordination
* [[Defence Exhibition Organisation]] (DEO)

===Department of Ex-Servicemen Welfare===
* Directorate General of Resettlement (DGR)
* [[Kendriya Sainik Board]] (KSB)
* Air Force Naval Housing Board (AFNHB)
* [[Army Welfare Housing Organisation]] (AWHO)

===Finance Division===
* Controller General of Defence Accounts (CGDA)

===Intelligence Agencies===
* [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defence Intelligence Agency]]
* [[Directorate of Air Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Air Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence]]

===Inter-Service Organisations===
* Office of the Chief Administrative Officer
* [[Indian Defence Estates Service|Directorate General of Defence Estates]]
* Directorate General of [[Married Accommodation Project]] (DG MAP)
* [[Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses]] (IDSA)
* [[Military Engineer Services (India)|Military Engineer Services]] (MES)

==Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region==
{{Main|Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Earth Sciences==
{{Main|Ministry of Earth Sciences (India)}}
=== Executive Arm ===
* Earth System Science Organization(ESSO)

=== Subordinate Offices ===
* [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD)
* [[National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting]] (NCMRWF)

=== Attached Offices ===
* [https://www.nccr.gov.in/?q=about-us/mandate National Centre for Coastal Research(NCCR), Chennai]
* [[Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology|Centre for Marine Living Resource and Ecology(CMLRE), Kochi]]
* [[National Centre for Seismology|National Centre for Seismology(NCS), Delhi]]

=== Autonomous Offices ===
* [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] (IITM), Pune
* [[National Institute of Ocean Technology]] (NIOT), Chennai
* [[Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services]] (INCOIS), Hyderabad
* [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research|National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research]] (NCPOR), Goa
* [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies|National Centre for Earth Science Studies(NCESS), Thiruvananthapuram]]

==Ministry of Education==
{{Main|Ministry of Education (India)}}
* Department of School Education and Literacy
** [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE)
** [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT)
** [[Central Tibetan School Administration]] (CTSA)
** [[Kendriya Vidyalaya|Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan]] (KVS)
** [[National Council for Teacher Education]]
** [[National Foundation for Teachers' Welfare]]
** [[Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti]] (NVS)
** [[National Institute of Open Schooling|National Open School Institute]] (NosI)
* Department Higher Education

* [[National Testing Agency]]

Organisational structure:
The department is divided into eight [[Government agency|bureaus]], and most of the work of the department is handled through over 100 autonomous organisations under these bureaus.<ref name=or>[http://www.education.nic.in/orgastru.asp ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100929124603/http://education.nic.in/orgastru.asp |date=29 September 2010 }} [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Department of Higher Education]].</ref>
* University and [[Department of Higher Education (India)|Higher Education]]; Minorities Education
** [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC)
** Education Research and Development Organisation (ERDO)
** [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (ICSSR)
** [[Indian Council of Historical Research]] (ICHR)
** [[Indian Council of Philosophical Research]] (ICPR)
** 46 [[Central University, India|Central Universities]] as on 11.09.2015, list issued by University Grants Commission
* [[Department of Technical Education (India)|Technical Education]]
** [[All India Council of Technical Education]] (AICTE)<ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_overview.asp Technical Education Overview] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005200745/http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_overview.asp |date=5 October 2011 }} Dept of Ed.</ref><ref>[http://www.education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-nlc.asp National Level Councils] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201175923/http://education.nic.in/tech/tech_if-nlc.asp |date=1 February 2010 }} Tech Ed.</ref>
** [[Council of Architecture]] (COA)<ref>[http://www.coa.gov.in/ Council of Architecture website]. Coa.gov.in (1 September 1972). Retrieved on 14 April 2012.</ref>
** 25 [[Indian Institutes of Information Technology]] (IIITs) (Allahabad, Gwalior, Jabalpur, Kancheepuram and Kurnool)
** 3 [[School of Planning and Architecture]] (SPAs)
** 23 [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IITs)
** 7 [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISERs)
** 20 [[Indian Institutes of Management]] (IIMs)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/technical-education-3|title=Technical Education – Government of India, Ministry of Human Resource Development}}</ref>
** 31 [[National Institutes of Technology]] (NITs)
** [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] (IIEST)
** [[North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology]] (NERIST)
** [[National Institute of Industrial Engineering]] (NITIE)
** 4 [[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Chennai|National Institutes of Technical Teachers' Training & Research]] (NITTTRs)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aicte-india.org/education/institutions/NITTTRs|title=NITTTRs | Government of India, All India Council for Technical Education|website=aicte-india.org}}</ref> (Bhopal, Chandigarh, [[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Chennai|Chennai]] and [[National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research, Kolkata|Kolkata]])
** 4 Regional Boards of Apprenticeship / Practical Training
* Administration and Languages
** Three Deemed Universities in the field of [[Sanskrit]], viz.
*** [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan]] (RSkS) in New Delhi,
*** [[Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University|Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth]] (SLBSRSV) New Delhi,
*** [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeeth]] (RSV) Tirupati
** Kendriya Hindi Sansthan (KHS), Agra
** [[Central Institute of English and Foreign Languages|English and Foreign Language University]] (EFLU), [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
** [[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] (NCPUL)
** National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (NCPSL)
** Three subordinate offices: Central Hindi Directorate (CHD), New Delhi; Commission for Scientific & Technological Terminology (CSTT), New Delhi; and [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]] (CIIL), Mysore
* Distance Education and Scholarships
** [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU)
* UNESCO, International Cooperation, Book Promotion and Copyrights, Education Policy, Planning and Monitoring
* Integrated Finance Division.
* Statistics, Annual Plan and CMIS
* Administrative Reform, North Eastern Region, SC/ST/OBC
Others:
* [[National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration]] (NIEPA)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nuepa.org/ |title=National University of Educational Planning and Administration |access-date=21 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703072553/http://www.nuepa.org/ |archive-date=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[National Book Trust]] (NBT)
* [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA)
* [http://ncmei.gov.in/ National Commission for Minority Educational Institutions] (NCMEI)
* [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS)
* [[District Institute of Education and Training, Raebareli|District Institute of Education and Training]]

==Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology==
{{Main|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}
===Departments and Attached Offices===
* [[National Informatics Centre]] (NIC)
* [[Standardisation Testing and Quality Certification|Standardisation, Testing and Quality Certification]] (STQC)

===Statutory Bodies===
* [[Unique Identification Authority of India]](UIDAI)
* [[Controller of Certifying Authority|Controller of Certifying Authorities]] (CCA)
* [[Indian Computer Emergency Response Team]] (ICERT)
===Autonomous Bodies===
* [[Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics|Bhaskaracharya National Institute for Space Applications and Geo-informatics]] (BISAG-N)
* [[Centre for Development of Advanced Computing]] (C-DAC)
* [[National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology]] (NIELIT)
* [[Centre for Materials for Electronics Technology]] (C-MET)
* [[ERNET|Education and Research Network]] (ERNET)
* [[Society for Applied Microwave Electronic Engineering and Research]] (SAMEER)
* [[Software Technology Parks of India]] (STPI)
* [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory|Semi-Conductor Lab]] (SCL)

==Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change==
{{Main|Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change}}
{{See also|List of environment and forest research institutes in India}}

===Subordinate and statutory bodies===
* [[Andaman & Nicobar Islands Forest and Plantation Development Corporation]] (Public sector undertaking)
* [[Animal Welfare Board of India]]
* [[Botanical Survey of India]] (BSI), [[Kolkata]]
* [[Central Pollution Control Board]]
* [[Central Zoo Authority of India|Central Zoo Authority]], [[New Delhi]]
* Directorate of Forest Education (DFE), [[Dehradun]]
* [[Forest Survey of India]] (FSI), Dehradun
* [[Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy]] (IGNFA), Dehradun
* National Afforestation and Eco-Development Board
* [[National Biodiversity Authority]], Chennai
* [[National Ganga River Basin Authority]]
* [[National Institute of Animal Welfare]]
* [[National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi|National Museum of Natural History]] (NMNH), [[New Delhi]]
* [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]
* [[National Zoological Park Delhi|National Zoological Park]] (NZP), New Delhi
* [[Zoological Survey of India]] (ZSI), Kolkata

===Autonomous bodies===
* [[G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment|Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]] (ICFRE), Dehradun
** [[Arid Forest Research Institute]]
** [[Forest Research Institute (India)]]
** [[Himalayan Forest Research Institute]]
** [[Institute of Forest Biodiversity]]
** [[Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding]]
** [[Institute of Forest Productivity]]
** [[Institute of Wood Science and Technology]]
** [[Rain Forest Research Institute]]
** [[Tropical Forest Research Institute]]
** [[Advanced Research Centre for Bamboo and Rattan]]
** [[Centre for Forestry Research and Human Resource Development]]
** [[Centre for Social Forestry and Eco-Rehabilitation]]
** [[Centre for Forest Based Livelihood and Extension]]
* [[Indian Institute of Forest Management]]
* Indian Plywood Industries Training and Research Institute
* [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII)

==Ministry of External Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of External Affairs (India)}}
* [[Foreign Service Institute, India|Foreign Service Institute]]
* [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]

==Ministry of Finance==
{{Main|Ministry of Finance (India)}}
===Departments===
* [[Indian Revenue Service]]
* Department of Disinvestment
* [[Department of Economic Affairs (India)|Department of Economic Affairs]]
* [[Department of Revenue (India)|Department of Revenue]]
* [[Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]]
* [[Central Economic Intelligence Bureau]]
* [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate General of Economic Enforcement]]
* [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]]
* [[Central Bureau of Narcotics]]
* [[Opium and Alkaloid Works|Government Opium and Alkaloid Factories]]
* [[Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
* [[Income Tax Air Intelligence Unit]]
* [[Chief Commissioner of Income Tax Central]]
* [[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes]]
* [[National Academy of Direct Taxes]]
* [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]] (for economic exchange related offences)
* [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation|Directorate of Income Tax Intelligence and Criminal Investigation]] (for criminal economic offences)

===Autonomous Agencies===
* [[Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal|Customs Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (CESTAT)
* [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (ITAT)
* [[National Institute of Public Finance and Policy]]
* National Institute of Financial Management
* [[Reserve Bank of India]]
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)]]
** [[Forward Markets Commission (India)|Forward Markets Commission]]
* [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]]
* [[Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority]]
* [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India]]
* [[National Institute of Securities Markets]] (NISM)

==Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying==
{{Main|Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying}}

{{Empty section|date=December 2024}}

==Ministry of Food Processing Industries==
{{Main|Ministry of Food Processing Industries (India)}}
* [[National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Thanjavur|National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management – Thanjavur]]
* [[National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management|National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management – Kundli]]

==Ministry of Health and Family Welfare==
{{Main|Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (India)}}
===Department of Health===

* [[National Medical Commission]] (NMC)
* [[Indian Nursing Council]] (INC)
* [[Dental Council of India]] (DCI)
* [[National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Professions|National Commission for Allied and Healthcare Profession]] (NCAHP)
* [[Pharmacy Council of India]] (PCI)
* [[National AIDS Control Organisation]] (NACO)
* [[All India Institute of Speech and Hearing]] (AIISH), [[Mysore]]
* All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (AIIPMR), [[Mumbai]]
* Hospital Services Consultancy Corporation Limited (HSCC)
* [[All India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health|All India Institute of hygiene and Public Health (AIIHPH), Kolkata]]

===Department of Family Welfare===
* [[National Institute of Health and Family Welfare]] (NIHFW), [[South Delhi]]
* [[International Institute for Population Sciences]] (IIPS), [[Mumbai]]
* [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI), [[Lucknow]]
* [[Indian Council of Medical Research]] (ICMR), [[New Delhi]]

=== Others ===
* [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]] (FSSAI)

==Ministry of Heavy Industries==
{{Main|Ministry of Heavy Industries}}
* Department of Heavy Industries
** [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI)
** [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]]
** Fluid Control Research Institute (FCRI)

==Ministry of Home Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of Home Affairs (India)}}
===Departments===

====Department of Internal Security====
* [[Indian Police Service]]
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]]
* [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]]
* [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA)
* [[Narcotics Control Bureau]]
* [[National Civil Defence College]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[Rashtriya Rifles]]
* [[National Crime Records Bureau]]
* [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]]
* [[Department of Criminal Intelligence]]
* [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan National Institute of Criminology & Forensic Science|National Institute of Criminology and Forensic Sciences]]
* [[North Eastern Council]]
* [[North Eastern Police Academy]]
* [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Census of India]]

====Department of Official Language====
* Central Translation Bureau
* [[Central Institute of Hindi|Central Hindi Training Institute]]

====Department of Jammu and Kashmir and Laddak Affairs====

====Department of Home====

====Department of States====

===[[Central Armed Police Forces]] and [[Paramilitary forces of India|Paramilitary forces]]===
* [[Border Security Force]]
* [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]]
* [[Sashastra Seema Bal]]
* [[Assam Rifles]]
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]
* [[Central Industrial Security Force]]
* [[National Security Guard]]
* [[Defence Security Corps (India)|Defence Security Corps]]

===Bureaus===
* [[Bureau of Immigration (India)|Bureau of Immigration]], India
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
* [[Narcotics Control Bureau]] (NCB)
* [[Bureau of Police Research and Development|Bureau of Police Research and Development, Libraries Network]]
* [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB)

===Autonomous Bodies, Boards & Corporations===
* National Foundation for Communal Harmony (NFCH)
* Repatriates Co-operative Finance and Development Bank Limited

===Boards / Academies / Institutions (Grant in Aid)===
* Regional Institute of Correctional Administration (RICA)
* Central Recordkeeping Agency (CRA) for the New Pension System (NPS), NSDL
* Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers
* Welfare and Rehabilitation Board (WARB), New Delhi
* Rehabilitation Plantations Limited (RPL)
* [[National Securities Depository Limited]] (NSDL)
* [[National Institute of Disaster Management (India)|National Institute of Disaster Management]] (NIDM)
* Centre for Disaster Management, LBSNAA, Mussoorie
* [[Officers Training Academy]]
* [[National Industrial Security Academy]] (NISA), CISF, Hyderabad

===Regulatory Authorities===
* [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority NDMA]]

'''Commissions/Committees/Missions'''
* [[Srikrishna Committee|Committee for Consultations on the Situation in Andhra Pradesh]] (CCSAP)
* Committee of Parliament on Official Language

'''Councils'''
* [[Inter-State Council]]

==Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs}}
* Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council (BMTPC)
* [[Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organisation]] (CGEWHO)
* [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA)
* Hindustan Prefab Limited (HPL) (Public sector undertaking)
* [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] (HUDCO) (Public sector undertaking)
* [[National Buildings Organisation]] (NBO)
* National Cooperative Housing Federation of India (NCHFI)
* Principal Account Office (PAO)

==Ministry of Information and Broadcasting==
{{Main|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)}}
* [[Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity]]
*Directorate of Field Publicity
* [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
** [[International Film Festival of India]]
* [[Prasar Bharati]]
** [[All India Radio]] (AIR)
** [[Doordarshan]] (DD)
* [[Central Board of Film Certification]]
* [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
* [[Film Certification Appellate Tribunal]]
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] (IIMC)
* [[National Film Archive of India]] (NFAI)
* [[Office of the Registrar of Newspapers for India]] (RNI)
* [[Press Council of India]]
* [[Press Information Bureau]] (PIB)
* [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]]
* [[Films Division]]
* [[Photo Division]]
* [[Publications Division]]
* [[Research Reference and Training Division]]
* [[Song and Drama Division]]
* [[Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Limited]] (Public sector undertaking)
* [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (Public sector undertaking)

==Ministry of Jal Shakti==
{{Main|Ministry of Jal Shakti}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Labour and Employment==
{{Main|Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)}}
* Directorate General of Employment and Training (DGE&T)
** Women Training Directorate
* Directorate General, Factory Advice Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI)
* [[Directorate General of Mines Safety]] (DGMS)
* Labour Bureau (labour statistics)
* [[Employees State Insurance Corporation]] (ESIC)
* [[Employees' Provident Fund Organisation of India|Employees' Provident Fund Organisation]]
* Advanced Training Institute for Electronics and Process Instrumentation
* [[Advanced Training Institute]], Mumbai
* Apprenticeship Training Scheme
* Craftsmen Training Scheme, [[Industrial training institute]]
* Foreman Training Institute, Bangalore
* [[V. V. Giri National Labour Institute]]
* Central board for workers education

==Ministry of Law and Justice==
{{Main|Ministry of Law and Justice (India)}}
* Department of Justice
* Department of Legal Affairs
** [[Law Commission of India]]
** [[Appellate Tribunal for Foreign Exchange]]
** [[Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal|Customs Excise and Service tax Appellate Tribunal]] (CESTAT)
** [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (ITAT)
* Legislative Department
* First National Judicial Pay Commission

==Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises==
{{Main|Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (India)}}
* [[Development Commissioner for Handicrafts|Office of the Development Commissioner]] (MSME)
* [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission|Khadi & Village Industries Commission]]
* [[Coir Board of India|Coir Board]]
* [[National Small Industries Corporation]]
* [[National Institute of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]] (formerly the National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training)
* Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship

==Ministry of Mines==
{{Main|Ministry of Mines (India)}}
* [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI)
* Indian Bureau of Mines
* National Institute of Rock Mechanics (NIRM)
* Jawaharlal Nehru Aluminium Research Development and Design Centre (JNARDDC)
* [[Hindustan Copper Limited]] (HCL)
* Mineral Exploration Corporation Limited (MECL)
* [[National Aluminium Company|National Aluminium Company Limited]] (NALCO)

==Ministry of Minority Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of Minority Affairs}}
* [[Maulana Azad Education Foundation]]
* [[National Minorities Development and Finance Corporation]] (NMDFC)
* [[Central Wakf Council, India|Central Wakf Council]]
* [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM)
* National Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities

==Ministry of New and Renewable Energy==
{{Main|Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (India)}}
'''Autonomous R&D Institution under MNRE'''
* Centre for Wind Energy Technology, (CWET) Chennai
* [[National Institute of Solar Energy]] (NISE), Gurgaon
'''PSUs / Joint Ventures'''
* [[Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency|Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA)]]
* [[Solar Energy Corporation of India Ltd (SECI)]]

==Ministry of Panchayati Raj==
{{Main|Ministry of Panchayati Raj}}
{{Empty section|date=June 2023}}

==Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs (India)}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions==
{{Main|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)}}
===Department of Personnel and Training===
* Civil Services Officers Institute (CSOI)
* [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]] (LBSNAA)
* [[Institute of Secretariat Training and Management]] (ISTM)
* [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC)
* [[Staff Selection Commission]] (SSC)
* Public Enterprises Selection Board (PESB)
* Central Government Employees Consumer Cooperative Society Ltd. ([[Kendriya Bhandar]])
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]]. (CBI)

===Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances===
The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances is to facilitate the pursuit of excellence in governance through the promotion of:

* Improvements in Government structures and processes
* Citizen-friendly initiatives including redressal of public grievances
* Documentation, incubation and dissemination of best practices
* Codification and simplification of procedures and
* Networking with various agencies
The department acts as a facilitator, in consultation with central ministries/departments, states/UT administrations, organisations and individuals, to improve government functioning through administrative reforms in the spheres of restructuring the government, process improvement, organisation and methods and grievance handling, and by promoting modernization, Citizen's Charters, award schemes, e-governance, and best practices.

It provides online grievance redress services through [[Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System]].

===Department of Pension and Pensioners' Welfare===
The department is mainly concerned with the formulation of policies regarding the post-retirement benefits of Central Government employees covered under the CCS (Pension) Rules, 1972. It also administers various welfare schemes for central government pensioners, i.e., redressal for Pensioners' grievances through CPENGRAM, an online pension sanction module for civil pensioners "Bhavishya", Sankalp, etc., under the umbrella of Pensioners' Portal. However, the pensioners of Ministries of Railways and Defence are governed by their respective pension rules.

==Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas==
{{Main|Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (India)}}
* [[Directorate General of Hydrocarbons]]
* Centre for High Technology
* Oil Industry Development Board
* [[Oil Industry Safety Directorate]]
* [[Petroleum Conservation Research Association]]
* Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell
* Petroleum federation of India (Petrofed)

==Ministry of Planning==
{{Main|Ministry of Planning (India)}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways==
{{Main|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Power==
{{Main|Ministry of Power (India)}}
===Bureaus===
* [[Bureau of Energy Efficiency]] (BEE)

===Autonomous bodies, boards and corporations===
* [[Central Power Research Institute]] (CPRI), Bangalore, Karnataka
* [[National Power Training Institute]] (NPTI), Faridabad, Haryana

===Statutory Bodies===
* [[Damodar Valley Corporation]] (DVC)
* [[Bhakra Beas Management Board]] (BBMB)
* [[Central Electricity Authority (India)|Central Electricity Authority]] (CEA)
* [[Central Electricity Regulatory Commission]] (CERC)
* Regional Inspectorial Organisation, Shillong

===Commissions, committees and missions===
* Northern Regional Power Committee (NRPC)
* Southern Regional Power Committee (SRPC)
* Western Regional Power Committee (WRPC)

==Ministry of Railways==
{{Main|Ministry of Railways (India)}}
* [[Railway Board (India)|Railway Board]]
** [[Indian Railways]]
*** 16 [[Zones and divisions of Indian Railways|Zones]]
*** [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]], [[Lucknow]]
*** [[Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation]] (Public sector undertaking)
*** [[Konkan Railway Corporation]] (Public sector undertaking)
*** [[Mumbai Railway Vikas Corporation]] (Public sector undertaking)
*** Production Units
**** [[Banaras Locomotive Works]]
**** [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]]
**** [[Patiala Locomotive Works]]
**** [[Integral Coach Factory]]
**** [[Rail Coach Factory]]
**** [[Rail Wheel Factory]]
*** Maintenance Units
** [[Bharat Wagon and Engineering]] Limited (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Central Organisation for Modernisation of Workshops]]
** [[Centre for Railway Information Systems]] (CRIS)
** [[Central Organisation for Railway Electrification]] (CORE)
** [[Container Corporation of India]] (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Indian Railway Finance Corporation]] (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Ircon International]] (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Rail Vikas Nigam]] (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Railtel Corporation of India]] (Public sector undertaking)
** [[Railway Protection Force]]
** [[RITES]] Limited (Public sector undertaking)
* [[Rail Land Development Authority]]

==Ministry of Road Transport and Highways==
{{Main|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)}}
=== Agencies ===
* [[National Highway Authority of India]] (NHAI)
* Indian Academy of Highway Engineers (IAHE)
* [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] (NHIDCL)

==Ministry of Rural Development==
{{Main|Ministry of Rural Development (India)}}
* [[National Institute of Rural Development]] (NIRD)
* Department of Land Resources
* Department of Rural Development
* [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation|Department of Drinking Water Supply]]

==Ministry of Science and Technology==
{{Main|Ministry of Science and Technology (India)}}
===[[Department of Biotechnology]]===

===Department of Ocean Development===
* [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]] ([[NCAOR]])

===Department of Scientific & Industrial Research===
* [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
* National Research Development Corporation [http://www.nrdcindia.com/ National Research Development Corporation]
* Consultancy Development Centre
* [[Central Electronics Limited]]

===Department of Science & Technology===
* [[Agharkar Research Institute]]
* [[Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences|Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational-Sciences]]
* [[Bose Institute]]
* [[Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences|Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeobotany]]
* [[Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences]]
* [[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]
* [[Institute of Nano Science and Technology]]
* [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
* [[Indian Institute of Geomagnetism]]
* International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Innovation]]
* National Innovation Foundation
* [[Raman Research Institute]]
* [[Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum|Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology]]
* [[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences|S.N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]]
* The Institute of Advanced Study in Science & Technology
* Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC)
* [[North East Centre for Technology Application and Reach]] (NECTAR)
* [[Vigyan Prasar]]
* [[Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology]]

==Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship==
{{Main|Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship}}
* National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD)
* [[National Skill Development Corporation]] (NSDC)
* Indian Institute of Entrepreneurship (IIE), Guwahati
* [[National Council of Educational Research and Training|National council of vocational education and training]] (NCVET)
* [[National Skill Development Agency|National skill development agency]] (NSDA)

==Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment==
{{Main|Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (India)}}
* '''Commissions'''
** [[National Commission for Backward Classes]]
** [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]]
** [[National Commission for Safai Karamcharis]]
* '''Other Statutory Bodies'''
** [[Rehabilitation Council of India]]
** [[Chief Commissioner for Persons with Disabilities]]
** [[National Council for Transgender Persons]]<ref>{{Cite act|type=Statutory Order|index=2849(E)|date=21 August 2020|legislature=[[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]]|title=National Council for Transgender Persons|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128160938/https://static.pib.gov.in/WriteReadData/userfiles/221294.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite act|index=40|date=2019|legislature=[[Parliament of India]]|title=Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights)|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017022729/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2019/The%20Transgender%20Persons%20(Protection%20of%20Rights)%20Act,%202019.pdf}}</ref>
** National Trust for the Welfare of Persons with Autism, Cerebral Palsy, Mental Retardation
* '''National Institutes'''
** National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Visual Disabilities (NIEPVD), Dehradun
** National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities (NIEPID)
** National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities (NIEPMD)
** Ali Yavar Jung National Institute for the Hearing Handicapped
** [[Deendayal Upadhyaya Institute for the Physically Handicapped|Pt. Deendayal Upadhyaya Institute for the Physically Handicapped]]
** [[National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Intellectual Disabilities|National Institute of Mentally Handicapped]]
** [[Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research|Swami Vivekananda National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research]]

==Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation==
{{Main|Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (India)}}
===Departments===
* Department of Statistics
* Department of Programme Implementation

===Autonomous Bodies===
* '''[[Central Statistics Office (India)|Central Statistical Office]]''' (CSO)
* '''[[National Sample Survey Office (India)|National Sample Survey Office]]''' (NSSO)
* '''[[Indian Statistical Institute]]''' (ISI)

==Ministry of Steel==
{{Main|Ministry of Steel}}
* [[Steel Authority of India|Steel Authority of India Limited]] (SAIL)
* [[Rashtriya Ispat Nigam|Rashtriya Ispat Nigam Limited]] (RINL)
* [[National Mineral Development Corporation]] (NMDC)

==Ministry of Textiles==
{{Main|Ministry of Textiles (India)}}
===Autonomous Bodies===
* [[National Institute of Fashion Technology]] (NIFT)
* [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International School of Textiles & Management|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Institute of Textile Management]]

===Statutory Bodies===
* Textiles Committee
* Central Silk Board, Bangalore

===Textiles Research Associations===
* Northern India Textile Research Association (NITRA)
* [[Ahmedabad Textile Industry's Research Association]] (ATIRA)
* Bombay Textile Research Association (BTRA)
* South India Textile Research Association (SITRA)
* Jute Industry's Research Association (IJIRA)
* Wool Research Association (WRA)
* The Synthetic & Art Silk Mills Research Association (SASMIRA)
* Man-made Textile Research Association (MANTRA)

===Public Sector Undertakings===
* [[British India Corporation]] Ltd. (BIC)
* Central Cottage Industries Corporation (CCIC)
* [[Cotton Corporation of India]] Ltd. (CCI)
* [[Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation of India|Handicrafts and Handlooms Export Corporation]] (HHEC)
* [[Jute Corporation of India]] Ltd. (JCI)
* National Handloom Development Corporation (NHDC)
* [[National Jute Manufactures Corporation Limited|National Jute Manufacturers Corporation]] (NJMC)
* [[Birds Jute and Export]] Ltd. (BJEL)
* [[National Textile Corporation]] Ltd. (NTC)

==Ministry of Tourism==
{{Main|Ministry of Tourism (India)}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Tribal Affairs==
{{Main|Ministry of Tribal Affairs}}
{{Empty section|date=April 2025}}

==Ministry of Women and Child Development==
{{Main|Ministry of Women and Child Development}}
* [[National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development]] (NIPCCD)
* [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW)
* [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR)
* [[Central Adoption Resource Authority]] (CARA)
* Central Social Welfare Board (CSWB)
Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK)

==Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports==
{{Main|Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)}}
===Department of Sports===
* National Sports Federation
* [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI)
* [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA)
* [[Paralympic Committee of India]]
* [[National Anti-Doping Agency]] (NADA)
* [[Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan]] (NYKS)
* [[Services Sports Control Board]]
* [[Hockey India]]
* [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI)
* [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF)
* [[Basketball Federation of India]]
* [[All India Tennis Association]] (AITA)
* [[Table Tennis Federation of India]] (TTFI)
* [[Badminton Association of India]]
* [[Volleyball Federation of India]] (VFI)
* [[Indian Weightlifting Federation]]
* [[Indian Powerlifting Federation]]
* [[Wrestling Federation of India]] (WFI)
* [[Boxing Federation of India|All India Boxing Association]] (AIBA)
* [[Boxing Federation of India|Indian Amateur Boxing Federation]]
* [[Judo Federation of India]]
* [[Wushu Association of India]]
* [[Swimming Federation of India]]
* [[Cycling Federation of India]]
* [[All India Chess Federation]]
* [[Tamil Nadu State Chess Association]] (TNSCA)
* [[All India Carrom Federation]] (AICF)
* [[Billiards and Snooker Federation of India|Billiards & Snookers Federation of India]]
* [[Bridge Federation of India]]
* [[Equestrian Federation of India]] (EFI)
* [[Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India]]
* [[Kho Kho Federation of India|Kho-Kho Federation of India]]
* [[Ball Badminton Federation of India]]
* [[Amateur Baseball Federation of India|Amateur Baseball federation of India]]
* Indian Body Builders Federation
* [[Netball Federation of India]]
* Jump Rope Federation of India (JRFI)
* [[National Rifle Association of India]] (NRAI)
* [[Yachting Association of India]]

==Independent departments under the PMO (Prime Minister's Office)==

===[[Department of Atomic Energy]]===

===Apex Board===
* [[Atomic Energy Commission of India|Atomic Energy Commission]] (AEC), [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]

===Regulatory Board and Organisation===
* [[Atomic Energy Regulatory Board]] (AERB), [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] is given some regulation powers by AEC.

=== Research & Development Sector ===
* [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), [[Mumbai]], following Research institutions affiliated to [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|BARC]]
* [[Atomic Minerals Directorate for Exploration and Research]] (AMD), [[Hyderabad]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research]] (IGCAR), [[Kalpakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]] (RRCAT), [[Indore]]
* [[Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre]] (VECC), [[Kolkata]]
* [[Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership]]

===Central Public Sector Units===
* [[Electronics Corporation of India]] (ECIL), Hyderabad
* [[Indian Rare Earths Limited]] (IREL), [[Mumbai]]
* [[Uranium Corporation of India]], [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]]
* [[Nuclear Power Corporation of India]] (NPCIL), [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
* [[BHAVINI|Bharatiya Nabhkiya Vidyut Nigam Limited]] (BHAVINI), [[Kalpakkam]], [[Tamil Nadu]]

===Industrial Organisations===
* [[Heavy Water Board]] (HWB), Mumbai
* [[Nuclear Fuel Complex]] (NFC), Hyderabad
* [[Board of Radiation and Isotope Technology|Board of Radiation & Isotope Technology]] (BRIT), Mumbai

===Service Organisations===
* Directorate of Construction, Services and Estate Management (DAE) (DCSEM), Mumbai
* Directorate of Purchase and Stores (DAE) (DPS), Mumbai
* General Services Organisation (DAE) (GSO), Kalpakkam

===Universities===
* [[Homi Bhabha National Institute]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Mumbai]]
* [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Hyderabad]]

=== Aided Sector ===
* [[National Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhubaneswar]]
* [[National Board for Higher Mathematics]] ([[NBHM]]), [[New Delhi]]
* [[Atomic Energy Education Society]] ([[AEES]]), [[Mumbai]]
* [[Tata Memorial Centre]], [[Mumbai]]
* Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences
* [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]] (SINP), [[Kolkata]]
* [[Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar|Institute of Physics]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Harish-Chandra Research Institute]] (HRI), [[Allahabad]]
* [[Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai|Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] (IMSc), [[Chennai]]
* [[Institute for Plasma Research]], [[Gandhinagar]]

===[[Department of Space]]===
The Department of Space manages the following agencies and institutes:<ref>{{cite web|title=DoS structure|url=http://www.dos.gov.in/structure.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927110830/http://dos.gov.in/structure.aspx|archive-date=27 September 2014|access-date=22 September 2014|publisher=Department of Space, Government of India|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) – The primary research and development arm of the DoS.
** [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC), [[Thiruvananthapuram]].
** [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] (LPSC), Thiruvananthapuram.
** [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]] (SDSC-SHAR), [[Sriharikota]].
** [[ISRO Satellite Centre]] (ISAC), [[Bangalore]].
** [[Space Applications Centre]] (SAC), [[Ahmedabad]].
** [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] (NRSC), [[Hyderabad]].
** [[ISRO Inertial Systems Unit]] (IISU), Thiruvananthapuram.
** [[Development and Educational Communication Unit|Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU), Ahmedabad.]]
** [[Master Control Facility]] (MCF), [[Hassan District|Hassan]].
** [[ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network]] (ISTRAC), Bangalore.
** [[Laboratory for Electro-Optics Systems]] (LEOS), Bangalore.
** [[Indian Institute of Remote Sensing]] (IIRS), [[Dehradun]].
* [[Antrix Corporation]] – The marketing arm of ISRO.
* [[Physical Research Laboratory]] (PRL), Ahmedabad.
* [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL), Gadanki.
* [[North-Eastern Space Applications Centre]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NEC – North Eastern Council|url=http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225165210/http://necouncil.nic.in/index3.asp?sslid=72&subsublinkid=153|archive-date=25 February 2012|access-date=8 February 2013|publisher=Necouncil.nic.in|df=dmy-all}}</ref> (NE-SAC), Umiam.
* [[Semi-Conductor Laboratory]] (SCL), [[Mohali]].
* [[Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology]] (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university.
* [[New Space India Limited]] (NSIL), Bangalore.
* [[Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre]] (IN–SPACe)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-25|title=Historic space reforms by DoS, ISRO set in motion to empower private space sector, academia|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/historic-space-reforms-by-dos-isro-set-in-motion-to-empower-private-space-sector-academia-8524001.html|access-date=2020-06-26|website=Tech2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-24|title=In a first, Centre approves setting up a new space board|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-national-space-promotion-authorisation-centre-s-role-extended-to-help-private-players-11592995645089.html|access-date=2020-06-26|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>

==Independent agencies and bodies==

{{Main|Constitutional body (India)}}
* [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] (CAG)
* [[Central Information Commission]]
* [[Central Vigilance Commission]] (CVC)
* [[Election Commission of India]]
* [[Goods and Services Tax (India)#GST Council|Goods and Services Tax Council]]
* [[National Commission for Backward Classes]] (NCBC)
* [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]] (NCSC)
* [[National Commission for Scheduled Tribes]] (NCST)
* [[National Commission for Minorities]] (NCM)
* [[National Commission on Population]]
* [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR)
* [[National Commission for Women]] (NCW)
* [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] (NHRC)
* [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI)
* [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|Securities Exchange Board of India]] (SEBI)
* [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI)
* [[Union Public Service Commission]] (UPSC)

==Intelligence==

===National===
* [[Research and Analysis Wing|Research and Analysis Wing (RAW)]] (External)
* [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau (IB)]] (Internal)
* [[National Investigation Agency]] (Internal/Counter-terrorism)
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)]] (Internal/Criminal Investigation)
* [[Narcotics Control Bureau|Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB)]] (Internal/Criminal Investigation)

===Economic===
* [[Economic Intelligence Council]]
* [[Central Economic Intelligence Bureau]]
* [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED)
* [[Central Bureau of Narcotics]] (CBN)
* [[Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation]]
* [[Financial Intelligence Unit (India)|Financial Intelligence Unit]] (FIU)
* [[Investigation Division of the Central Board of Direct Taxes|Directorate of Income Tax Intelligence and Criminal Investigation]]
* [[Directorate General of GST Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] (DRI)

===Military===
* [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Military Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate of Air Intelligence]]
* [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence]]
* [[Defence Intelligence Agency (India)|Defense Intelligence Agency]]

===Other===
* [[All-India Radio Monitoring Service]] (AIRMS)
* [[Joint Cipher Bureau]]

==Tribunals in India==
{{main|Tribunals in India}}
* [[Appellate Tribunal for Electricity]]
* Appellate Tribunal under Smugglers and Foreign Exchange Manipulators Act
* [[Armed Forces Tribunal]]
* [[Central Administrative Tribunal]]
* [[Central Government Industrial Tribunal]]
* [[Customs, Excise and Service Tax Appellate Tribunal]]
* [[Debt Recovery Tribunal]]
* [[Income Tax Appellate Tribunal]] (ITAT)
* [[National Company Law Appellate Tribunal]] (NCLAT)
* [[National Company Law Tribunal]] (NCLT)
* [[National Green Tribunal]] (NGT)
* [[Railway Claims Tribunal]]
* [[Securities Appellate Tribunal]]
* [[Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal]] (TDSAT)

==See also==
{{portal|India|Lists|Politics}}
* [[List of ministries and departments of the Government of India]]
* [[List of think tanks in India]]
* [[List of institutes funded by the government of India]]
* [[List of Indian intelligence agencies]]
* [[Union Council of Ministers]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Government of India}}
{{Union ministries of India}}
{{Cabinet of India}}
{{Government agencies in Asia}}
{{India topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agencies of the government of India}}
[[Category:Lists of government agencies by country|India]]
[[Category:Lists of government agencies in India| ]]

Olave (film)

2026-04-04T03:03:19Z

JoyceBpo44: Made A Info - done

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language [romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Olave
| image = Olave (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[P. H. Vishwanath]]
| writer = Padma Hemanth (dialogue)
| screenplay = P. H. Vishwanath
| story = P. H. Vishwanath
| based_on = 
| producer = G Karunakara Reddy P. H. Vishwanath Rajendra (Mani) Babu Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Vishal Hegde
*Harish
*Sandhya
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = B S Shastry
| editing = B S Kemparaju
| music = Hemanth
| studio = Cinema Company
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2005|1|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Olave''''' ({{Translation|Oh love}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[P. H. Vishwanath]] and starring Vishal Hegde, Harish and Sandhya.

==Plot==
Vishal falls in love with Sandhya, who will be teaching Kannada to her relatives from America. Her father gives ₹3 lakh to Sandhya and asks her to forget Vishal, who is disturbed and goes to [[Madikeri]]. There, he finds Sandhya with her new lover Harish. How Sandhya goes back to Vishal despite being with Harish forms the rest of the story.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/vishwanath-launches-new-film/articleshow/12901321.cms|title=Vishwanath launches new film|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 June 2002|first=G S|last=Kumar|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>

==Cast==
''Source''<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="V">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_rishi.asp|title=Three films this Friday...|work=[[Viggy.com]]|date=2005|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chiloka.com/movie/olave-2005|title=Olave (ಒಲವೇ)|work=chiloka.com|access-date=27 April 2025|archive-date=4 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104235438/https://chiloka.com/movie/olave-2005|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Cast listing|
*Vishal Hegde as Vishal
*Harish as Harish
*Sandhya as Sandhya
*Nagendra Shah
*[[Lambu Nagesh]] as Sandhya's father
*Ashok Kumar
*Babu Reddy
*Prashanth
*Sushma Shetty
*Uma Rao
*Baby Sheethal
}}

== Production ==
The film was jointly co-produced by Babu Reddy and G Karunakara Reddy.<ref name="V"/> All of the actors in the film were narrated the story by director [[P. H. Vishwanath]] fifteen days before the film started shooting.<ref name="TOI"/> The actors were trained in acting by Ashok Kumar.<ref name="TOI"/> Music director Hemanth Kumar and [[Hema Prabhath]]'s brother Harish Prabhath made their debut through this film.<ref name="TOI"/><ref name="TOI2">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore-times/The-young-new-faces-of-Kannada-cinema/articleshow/40514768.cms|title=The young, new faces of Kannada cinema!|date=17 March 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref> The film is a triangular love story between Vishal Hegde, Harish Prabhath and Sandhya's characters.<ref name="TOI"/> What happens after Vishal Hegde and Sandhya's character separates was the plot point that Vishwanath wanted to highlight.<ref name="TOI"/> The film was shot at the ADA Rangamandira auditorium in Bengaluru on 11 June 2002.<ref name="TOI"/> In mid-2002, the film's shoot was planned to take place in [[Anegundi]], [[Chitradurga]], [[Hiriyur]] and Madikeri.<ref name="TOI"/>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Hemanth. The lyrics were written by [[V. Manohar]] and Padma Hemanth.<ref name="KMI">{{Cite web|url=https://kannadamoviesinfo.wordpress.com/2013/10/21/olave-2005/|title=Olave – ಒಲವೇ (2005/೨೦೦೫)|date=21 October 2013|work=Kannada Movies Info|access-date=27 April 2025}}</ref>
*"Kanyakumari Kanyakumari" - [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
*"Andadalli Andavo"
*"Kalittha Hudugi" - Yashwanth Halebandi, Mohan, Kusuma
*"Pallavi Pallavi"
*"Kushalave Kshemave" - [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
*"Geethanjali Cheluva"
*"Manase Manase"

== Release ==
The film was released on 21 June 2005 after a two-and-a-half year delay. The delay of the film meant that Vishal Hegde already had six releases and that ''[[Khushi (2003 Kannada film)|Khushi]]'' became Harish Prabhath's debut.<ref name="V"/><ref name="TOI2"/> The film was a box office failure and only ran for one week at Sapna Theatre, Bengaluru.<ref name="KMI"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14338698}}

{{P. H. Vishwanath}}
[[Category:2005 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]

Baahubali: The Beginning

2026-03-27T05:10:14Z

JoyceBpo44: expand information for clarity and added references per standard format

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Baahubali: The Beginning
| image = Baahubali The Beginning poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. S. Rajamouli]]
| producer = [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda Prasad Devineni]]
| screenplay = S. S. Rajamouli
| story = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |C. H. Vijay Kumar (Telugu) | [[Madhan Karky]] (Tamil) }}
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Prabhas]]
* [[Rana Daggubati]]
* [[Anushka Shetty]]
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
* [[Sathyaraj]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* [[Ramya Krishna]]
}}
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Visual effects by
| data1 = [[V. Srinivas Mohan]]
}}
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Arka Media Works]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* Arka Media Works (Telugu)
* [[Global United Media]] (Malayalam)
* [[Studio Green]], [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] (Tamil)
* [[Dharma Productions]], [[AA Films]] (Hindi)}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|7|10}}
| runtime = {{plainlist|
* 158 minutes (Telugu)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=''BAAHUBALI'' [Telugu version] (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/baahubali-film-0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715104647/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/baahubali-film-0 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=14 July 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>
* 159 minutes (Tamil)<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=''BAAHUBALI'' [Tamil version] (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/baahubali-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715102905/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/baahubali-film |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=14 July 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu Tamil
| budget = {{INR|170}} crore<ref>{{Cite news |title=BAHUBALI - THE BEGINNING - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3943}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|600{{ndash}}650}} crore{{efn|''[[Box Office India]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Grossers All Formats Worldwide Gross |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/all_format_worldwide_gross.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091327/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4396 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> ''[[India Today]]'', and ''[[The Indian Express]]'' mentioned the worldwide collection as ₹600 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2022 |title=Is Ranbir Kapoor's Brahmastra a hit or a massive flop? Trade expert reveals |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/is-ranbir-kapoors-brahmastra-a-hit-or-a-massive-flop-trade-expert-reveals-2282381-2022-10-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009034606/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/story/is-ranbir-kapoors-brahmastra-a-hit-or-a-massive-flop-trade-expert-reveals-2282381-2022-10-08 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=[[India Today]] |quote=Baahubali: The Beginning, which hit the screens in 2015, did not yield any initial profits for the makers. It is, however, regarded as a success as it collected Rs 600 crore at the box office.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Baahubali 1 earned Rs 600 crore but made zero profit. The reason is Baahubali 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-1-ss-rajamouli-earned-rs-600-crore-but-made-zero-profit-the-reason-is-baahubali-2-karan-johar-4592038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512190903/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-1-ss-rajamouli-earned-rs-600-crore-but-made-zero-profit-the-reason-is-baahubali-2-karan-johar-4592038/ |archive-date=12 May 2022 |access-date=7 July 2022 |publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> ''Firstpost'' reported the collection as ₹650 crore.<ref name="augfirst" />}}
}}

'''''Baahubali: The Beginning'''''{{efn|Styled in official material as '''''bāhubaLi'''''; {{translation|'The One with Strong Arms'}}}} is a 2015 Indian [[epic film|epic]] [[action film]] co-written and directed by [[S. S. Rajamouli]], and produced by [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni]] under [[Arka Media Works]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Sherwin |date=2015-07-24 |title=Why Bollywood's hold over the Indian film industry is under threat |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/baahubali-the-beginning-how-the-recordbreaking-film-is-helping-tollywood-challenge-bollywood-s-dominance-over-the-indian-film-industry-10402812.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |quote=But now a Telugu-language battle epic from southern India's rival "Tollywood" has broken the country's box office records and shaken Mumbai's traditional big screen dominance.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Produced in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]],{{Refn|Attributed to multiple sources<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Sherwin |date=2015-07-24 |title=Why Bollywood's hold over the Indian film industry is under threat |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/baahubali-the-beginning-how-the-recordbreaking-film-is-helping-tollywood-challenge-bollywood-s-dominance-over-the-indian-film-industry-10402812.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |quote=But now a Telugu-language battle epic from southern India’s rival “Tollywood” has broken the country’s box office records and shaken Mumbai’s traditional big screen dominance.}}</ref><ref name="tollymovie">{{Cite news |date=3 May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2: South Indian epic film sees fans troll Bollywood |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504205126/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39777539 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |access-date=9 May 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2017 |title=Hyderabad: The city behind India's most successful film franchise, Baahubali |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/hyderabad-baahubali-the-conclusion-tollywood-shobu-yarlagadda-a7729191.html |access-date=26 February 2023 |website=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kamineni |first1=Rajeev |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOrkDwAAQBAJ&dq=baahubali+telugu+cinema&pg=PT61 |title=Indian Movie Entrepreneurship: Not just song and dance |last2=Rentschler |first2=Ruth |date=2020-05-13 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-68612-2 |language=en |quote=With the success of Baahubali, it is clear that the Telugu movie industry has well and truly evolved, cutting the umbilical cord from Madras and becoming the leading commercial powerhouse for South Indian cinema.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-09 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali follows Telugu cinema's long tradition of mythological films |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-2-the-conclusion-bahubali-2-follows-telugu-cinemas-long-tradition-of-mythological-films-3432532.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Firstpost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shackleton |first=Liz |date=2022-11-29 |title='Baahubali' Star Rana Daggubati On Telugu Films Going Global, Pan-Indian Cinema & Working On First Netflix Series 'Rana Naidu' |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/baahubali-rana-daggubati-telugu-cinema-netflix-series-1235183530/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Baahubali to RRR, How Telugu Cinema Became a Force to Reckon With |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/baahubali-to-rrr-how-telugu-cinema-became-a-force-to-reckon-with-4970245.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>|name=Industry}} the film was shot in both [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adam |first=Sherwin |date=2015-07-24 |title=Why Bollywood's hold over the Indian film industry is under threat |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/baahubali-the-beginning-how-the-recordbreaking-film-is-helping-tollywood-challenge-bollywood-s-dominance-over-the-indian-film-industry-10402812.html |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Independent]] |language=en |quote=But now a Telugu-language battle epic from southern India's rival "Tollywood" has broken the country's box office records and shaken Mumbai's traditional big screen dominance.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> It features [[Prabhas]] in a [[dual role]] alongside [[Rana Daggubati]], [[Anushka Shetty|Anushka]], [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Ramya Krishnan]], [[Sathyaraj]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]. The first of [[Baahubali (franchise)|a duology of films]], it follows Sivudu, an adventurous young man who helps his love Avantika rescue Devasena, the princess of Kunthala who is now a prisoner under the tyrannical rule of king Bhallaladeva. The film is the first part of the duology. The story concludes in ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' (2017).

The film's story was written by Rajamouli's father [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], who told him a story about Sivagami, a woman who carries a baby in her hand while crossing a river, and a few years later about Kattappa, which intrigued Rajamouli. His fascination with ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and the tales of ''[[Amar Chitra Katha]]'' and ''[[Chandamama]]'' further fueled his interest in the story. It took the writers three months to complete the final draft. The [[Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] and background score were composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]], while cinematography, production design, and visual effects (VFX) were handled by [[K. K. Senthil Kumar]], [[Sabu Cyril]], and [[V. Srinivas Mohan]].

The film was made on a budget of {{INR}}170 crore ($26.4 million),{{Efn|The average exchange rate in 2015 was 64.15 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="exchange2015">{{Cite web |title=USD to INR Historical Exchange Rates - CIA World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912134219/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=CIA World Factbook}}</ref>|name=exchange2015}} making it the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Historical timeline|most expensive Indian film]] at its time of release. The film opened worldwide on 10 July 2015 along with the dubbed versions in [[Hindi]] and [[Malayalam]]. It received national and international acclaim for Rajamouli's direction, story, visual effects, cinematography, themes, action sequences, music, and performances,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali: The Beginning |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-the-beginning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909181408/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/baahubali-the-beginning |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> and became a record-breaking box office success. With a worldwide box office gross of {{INR}}600–650 crore, it became the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|second highest-grossing Indian film worldwide]] at the time of its release. It is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|sixth highest-grossing Telugu film of all time]]. At the time of its release, it also became the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|highest-grossing Tamil film]] at the time of its release. Its Hindi dubbed version also broke several records by becoming the highest-grossing dubbed film in Hindi of all time. Both budget and box office records have since been surpassed by ''Baahubali 2: The Conclusion'', the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film in India]] of all time.

''Baahubali: The Beginning'' along with [[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion|its successor]], is widely regarded as one of the most influential films of [[Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-10 |title=Baahubali turns 5: How SS Rajamouli's film changed Indian cinema forever |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017184956/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/baahubali-ss-rajamouli-changed-indian-cinema-forever-6498173/ |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2021 |title=6 years for Baahubali-The Beginning: 5 reasons why audience and critics loved the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-for-baahubali-the-beginning-5-reasons-why-audience-and-critics-loved-the-film/photostory/84269012.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202032218/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/6-years-for-baahubali-the-beginning-5-reasons-why-audience-and-critics-loved-the-film/photostory/84269012.cms |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2023-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It became the first Indian film to be nominated for [[Saturn Awards]], receiving five nominations at the [[42nd Saturn Awards|42nd ceremony]], including [[Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film|Best Fantasy Film]] and [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]. It received [[List of accolades received by Baahubali: The Beginning|several accolades]] such as the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]], and the [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|National Award for Best Special Effects]]. It won five awards from ten nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Telugu Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]] for Rajamouli, and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] for Ramya Krishna respectively, at the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]]. A combined recut version of ''The Beginning'' and ''The Conclusion'', titled ''[[Baahubali: The Epic]]'', was theatrically released worldwide on 31 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |date=10 July 2025 |title=SS Rajamouli announces Baahubali The Epic on 10th anniversary of Prabhas starrer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/story/baahubali-the-epic-release-date-announced-rajamouli-prabhas-anushka-shetty-rana-daggubati-2753717-2025-07-10 |access-date=10 July 2025 |work=India Today}}</ref>

==Plot==
An injured middle-aged woman (Shivagamini Devi) emerges from a cave underneath a giant waterfall, carrying an infant. While trying to cross a raging river, she is swept away by the current. Facing imminent death, the woman holds the baby aloft and prays to [[Lord Shiva]] to protect the child, Mahendra Baahubali, for the sake of his birth mother and the kingdom of Mahishmati. The tribesmen of Amburi rescue the child and the chieftain's wife, Sanga, adopts him, naming him Sivudu.

Sivudu grows up to be an ambitious and mischievous man, obsessed with ascending the waterfall despite Sanga's restraints. He exhibits superhuman strength by lifting the [[Lingam|Shiva Lingam]] and placing it at the foot of the waterfall, where he finds a face mask that falls from above. Realising that the mask belongs to a beautiful woman, he is determined to find its owner. With the same resolution, he successfully climbs the waterfall and discovers that the mask belongs to Avantika, a warrior woman belonging to a resistance group dedicated to rescuing Devasena, the captive princess, from the despotic king of Mahishmati, [[Bhallaladeva]].

He overhears the group talking about Kattappa, who is known to be a good man, but is a slave who is bound to the throne and is loyal to the king despite despising him. Kattappa saves Bhallaladeva from a bull, and as his reward, asks Bhallaladeva to free Devasena - however, Bhalladeva refuses, insisting that Devasena must stay as his prisoner until she dies.

Smitten with Avantika, Sivudu pledges to fulfil her cause and sets out for Mahishmati. He infiltrates the kingdom disguised as a guard during the festivities of Bhallaladeva's birthday, where he rescues people from being crushed by Bhallaladeva's enormous golden statue. An elderly slave recognises him to be Baahubali and chants the name. Eventually, everyone at the celebration chants Baahubali's name, enraging Bhallaladeva. On the same night, Sivudu distracts Bhallaladeva and escapes from the city with Devasena, with Bhallaladeva's son Bhadra and Kattappa in pursuit.

They find Shivudu and ambush them. After seeing Bhadra torture Devasena, Shivudu breaks free and a fight breaks out. The members of her resistance group and the people of Amburi tribe, led by a worried Sanga, arrive at the scene. Sivudu beheads Bhadra to their shock and Devasena's glee. Kattappa, upon seeing Sivudu's face, falls at his feet and proclaims him to be Baahubali. Everyone bows to Sivudu, confusing him. Sivudu confronts Kattappa, demaning to know who he is. Kattappa reveals that he is the son of Amarendra Baahubali, the beloved warrior prince of Mahishmati, and the woman who died protecting him as an infant is the queen regent Sivagami Devi. He starts narrating the story.

Fifty years ago, King Vikramadeva of Mahishmati dies unexpectedly. When the kingdom is in dissarray, Sivagami, the wife of Vikramadeva's physically disabled elder brother, Bijjaladeva, takes the reigns of the kingdom herself. Bijjaladeva, who was denied the throne due to his wicked nature, desires to declare his infant son Bhallaladeva as the future king. However, Sivagami adopts Vikramadeva's orphaned infant, Amarendra Baahubali, and decides to raise him along with Bhallaladeva as her own son, with the intent of choosing the most efficient prince as the next king - this displeases Bijjaladeva. The princes grow up to be formidable warriors and are educated in all matters of ruling a kingdom. Bhallaladeva has retained the power-hungry nature of his father, while Baahubali is loved by the subjects of the kingdom.

Mahishmati faces threat from the savage tribe of Kalakeya, who lay siege to the kingdom. Bijjaladeva proposes that whoever repels the threat by murdering Inkoshi, the chieftain of Kalakeya, will be crowned as the King. As the battle begins, Baahubali uses innovative tactics to save any bystanders and inspires his soldiers to fight bravely for the kingdom while Bhallaladeva indiscriminately kills opponents and the captured subjects of Mahishmati. After Baahubali subdues Inkoshi, Bhallaladeva kills him and is expected to be crowned as the king, much to the displeasure of Kattappa and the people of Mahishmati. However, Sivagami announces Baahubali as the future king and Bhallaladeva as the Commander General, pointing out how he had shown his respect and saved his own people in the battle, whereas Bhalladeva had focused on the war alone.

Upon hearing about Amarendra Baahubali, Sivudu and his adoptive parents are awed desire to meet him, but Kattappa reveals that he was treacherously murdered. When Shivudu demands to know who had done it, Kattappa reveals that it was him who had killed Baahubali.

== Cast ==
{{Main|List of Baahubali characters}}
{{cast listing|* [[Prabhas]] in a [[dual role|triple role]] as
** Mahendra Baahubali "Sivudu" (Telugu) / "Sivu" (Tamil), Amarendra's son
*** Sathvik Varma as young Sivudu
** Amarendra Baahubali
*** Nikhil Devadula as young Amarendra Baahubali
** Maharaja Veerendra Vikramadeva, Amarendra's father and the past king of Mahishmati (photo presence)
* [[Rana Daggubati]] as [[Bhallaladeva]] (Telugu) / Palvaalthevan (Tamil)
* [[Anushka Shetty]] as Devasena (Telugu) / Devasenai (Tamil) (Voiced by [[Sowmya Sharma]])
* [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Avanthika
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Bijjaladeva (Telugu) / Pingalathevan (Tamil)
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Karikala Kattappa (Voiced by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Sivagami Devi
* Venkat Prasad as Sivudu's foster father
* Meka Ramakrishna as Jaya Varma, leader of the Kunthala rebels and Devasena's brother
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]]
* Scarlett Mellish Wilson as dancer in orange blouse in song "Manohari"
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as dancer in green blouse in song "[[Manohari (song)|Manohari]]"
* Raja Babu
* Bharani Shankar
* [[Charandeep]] as Kalakeya King's brother
* Pramila Rani
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as an inhabitant of Mahishmathi / Magizhmathi
* [[Rohini Molleti]] as Sanga, leader of the Amburi tribe and Sivudu's foster mother
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Swamiji, an Amburi sage devoted to Shiva's prayer
* [[Adivi Sesh]] as Bhadrudu (Telugu) / Bhadra (Tamil),, Bhallaladeva's adoptive son
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]] as the King of Kalakeyas{{efn|His name is revealed to be Inkoshi in ''[[Baahubali: The Lost Legends]]'' (2017).}}
* Teja Kakumanu as Saketudu (Telugu) / Sahithan (Tamil), a traitor who tells the Kalakeyas information about Mahishmati (Telugu) / Magizhmathi (Tamil)
* [[Sudeepa]] as Aslam Khan, an Arabian weapon's dealer who befriends Kattappa.
* Rakesh Varre as Sethupathi
* [[John Kokken]] as a Kalakeya
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as a Priest
* [[Warina Hussain]] as dancer in blue blouse in song "Manohari"
* [[S. S. Rajamouli]] as the spirit seller before the song "Manohari"}}

== Production ==
{{Main|Baahubali (franchise)#Production}}
{{Quote box
| quote = I was about 7 years old when I started reading comics called ''Amar Chitra Katha'' that are published in India. They're not about a superhero, but they encompass all the stories of India, the folklore, the mythology, everything. But most of these stories are about Indian historical figures. I was fascinated by the forts, the battles, the kings, I not only used to read those stories but I kept telling those stories to my friends in my own way.
| source = — Rajamouli, on the inspiration for making ''Baahubali''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 Aug 2015 |title=An Interview With 'Baahubali' Director SS Rajamouli: The Beginning |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/08/27/an-interview-with-baahubali-director-ss-rajamouli-the-beginning/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009101647/http://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/08/27/an-interview-with-baahubali-director-ss-rajamouli-the-beginning/ |archive-date=9 October 2015 |website=Forbes}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}

''Baahubali: The Beginning'' was produced in the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film industry]]{{Refn|name=Industry}} and filmed in both Telugu and Tamil languages simultaneously.<ref name="tollymovie"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=2 July 2016 |title=Hollywood's Tamil conquest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hollywood%E2%80%99s-Tamil-conquest/article14466918.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616204227/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Hollywood%E2%80%99s-Tamil-conquest/article14466918.ece |archive-date=16 June 2021 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Distant shots, however, were only shot in Telugu and dubbed in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=20 May 2018 |title=Bilingual films: The big, bilingual scam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014023155/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/20/bilingual-films-the-big-bilingual-scam-1817232.html |archive-date=14 October 2020 |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |quote=Many, many films, including Baahubali [...] have been following a worrying formula: Cast an actor each from across regions to appeal to the respective audiences, get them speaking that language, but by and large, shoot the film with the characters speaking one dominant language. In the case of Baahubali of course, this was Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/tollywood/comments/1o6d5gs/im_shobu_yarlagadda_here_for_an_ama_on_rtollywood/|title=I’m Shobu Yarlagadda, here for an AMA on r/tollywood! Ask me anything about producing Baahubali - from its decade-long journey and the making of India’s grandest cinematic saga to the upcoming release of Baahubali: The Epic on October 31st.|via=Reddit|author-link=Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|first=Shobu|last=Yarlagadda|date=2025|access-date=22 November 2025|quote=Yes, close shots were shot twice. Once in Telugu and then in Tamil.}}</ref> {{As of|2015|07}}, the film series was considered the [[List of most expensive Indian films#Back-to-back film productions|most expensive]] in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2015 |title=India's 'most expensive' film Baahubali hits cinemas |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33460642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170527025125/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-33460642 |archive-date=27 May 2017 |access-date=11 May 2017 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

=== Development ===
Director [[S. S. Rajamouli]] revealed that Baahubali is inspired by the epic [[Mahabharata]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2015 |title=For Baahubali, I turned to Mahabharata for inspiration: SS Rajamouli |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/for-baahubali-i-turned-to-mahabharata-for-inspiration-ss-rajamouli/story-cPGAZLuXvGmFG7po31cjTJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629132916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/for-baahubali-i-turned-to-mahabharata-for-inspiration-ss-rajamouli/story-cPGAZLuXvGmFG7po31cjTJ.html |archive-date=29 June 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]], the screenwriter and Rajamouli's father who wrote stories for most of Rajamouli's films, once again penned the story for [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]. Vijayendra Prasad revealed that Sivagami has shades of both [[Kunti]] and [[Kaikeyi]] while Devasena is a warrior like [[Sita]]. He further added that he sees Baahubali as the story of Sivagami and Devasena.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-18 |title=Why did Katappa Kill Baahubali? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/vijayendra-prasad-why-did-katappa-kill-baahubali-5100373/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210131034/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/vijayendra-prasad-why-did-katappa-kill-baahubali-5100373/ |archive-date=10 February 2023 |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He was also inspired by tales of [[Chandamama]] and [[Amar Chitra Katha]] comics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TS |first=Sudhir |date=2015-07-21 |title=Baahubali and Bajrangi Bhaijaan writer reveals his secrets |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/bajrangi-bhaijaan-baahubali-vijayendra-prasad-100-crore/story/1/5107.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102035/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/bajrangi-bhaijaan-baahubali-vijayendra-prasad-100-crore/story/1/5107.html |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=DailyO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2017-04-20 |title=Writers, artists and dreamers: Meet Baahubali's unsung heroes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/baahubali-2-full-coverage/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-vijayendra-prasad-sabu-cyril-peter-hein-972566-2017-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125174847/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/baahubali-2-full-coverage/story/baahubali-2-the-conclusion-vijayendra-prasad-sabu-cyril-peter-hein-972566-2017-04-20 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |access-date=2022-06-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali Writer KV Vijayendra Prasad Interview {{!}} HMTV |date=28 April 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afeamjHrlC4&t=112s |access-date=2022-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125174837/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afeamjHrlC4&t=112s |archive-date=25 November 2022 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref>

In February 2011, S. S. Rajamouli announced that [[Prabhas]] would star in his upcoming movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title=Prabhas-Rajamouli film announced |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhas-rajamouli-film-announced-news-telugu-lcuk8vighjfsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924192657/http://www.sify.com/movies/prabhas-rajamouli-film-announced-news-telugu-lcuk8vighjfsi.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In January 2013, he announced that the working title was ''Baahubali''. Actual film production started at [[Orvakal Rock Garden, Kurnool|Rock Gardens]] in [[Kurnool]] on 6 July 2013. The waterfall scenes were shot at [[Athirappilly Falls]] in Kerala, huge sets for the [[Mahishmati]] kingdom were constructed at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]], and the snow episodes in the film were shot in Bulgaria. The film boasts of one year pre-production work wherein 15,000 storyboard sketches for the film were created—the highest for any Indian Film as of this date.{{When|date=December 2024}} More than 90 percent of the film had visually enhanced shots and, according to the producer, more than 600 VFX artists worked for the film from 18 facilities around the world led by [[Makuta VFX]] and Firefly in Hyderabad, [[Prasad Studios]] in Hyderabad and Chennai, [[Annapurna Studios]] in Hyderabad, [[Tau Films]], and Dancing Digital Animation and Macrograph in South Korea. [[Makuta VFX]] which had prior experience of working with S. S. Rajamouli was chosen as principal visual effects studio. The cinematography of the movie was done by KK Senthil Kumar for 380 days using [[Arri Alexa]] XT camera with Master Prime lens. This marked Rajamouli's first film using digital imagery.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}

Most of the film was shot in [[Arri Alexa|ArriRaw]] format in 4:3 aspect ratio while ArriRaw 16.9 was used for slow motion shots at 120 fps. Open Gate format, which can use the full 3.4K sensor in the camera to produce frames larger than the standard ArriRaw format, was tapped in to get the maximum image quality in VFX shots.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ARRI Group: Alexa on the biggest ever Indian movie |url=https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/news/news/alexa-on-the-biggest-ever-indian-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816132530/https://www.arri.com/camera/alexa/news/news/alexa-on-the-biggest-ever-indian-movie/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=www.arri.com}}</ref> Production designer [[Sabu Cyril]] created 10,000 different kinds of weaponry including swords, helmets and armour required for the soldiers. To make the swords lightweight, [[Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer|carbon-fibre]] was used instead of steel.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2015 |title=I felt I was in a factory |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-felt-i-was-in-a-factory/article7434017.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216104739/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/i-felt-i-was-in-a-factory/article7434017.ece |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=19 October 2015 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> 3D printing technology was used to create the head of the 100-foot Bhallaladeva statue in the movie.<ref name=":1" /> Flexi foam was used to make lightweight armour with the look of leather.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |date=25 October 2015 |title=My inspirations are drawn from nature and school days |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/my-inspirations-are-drawn-from-nature-and-school-days/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025135456/http://www.navhindtimes.in/my-inspirations-are-drawn-from-nature-and-school-days/ |archive-date=25 October 2015 |website=[[The Navhind Times]]}}</ref> [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] was chosen as [[visual effects]] supervisor, and [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]] was the editor. P. M. Satheesh was the sound designer and [[Peter Hein]] was responsible for the action sequences. The costume designers were Rama Rajamouli and Prasanthi Tipirneni. The line producer was M. M. Srivalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood Line Producer Sri Valli Mm Biography, News, Photos, Videos |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/line-producer/sri-valli-mm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113115311/https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/line-producer/sri-valli-mm |archive-date=13 November 2019 |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=nettv4u}}</ref>

=== Visual effects ===
National Award winner [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] was roped in as [[Visual effects supervisor]] for ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''. [[Makuta VFX]] which is based out of Hyderabad was chosen as principal visual effects studio and was responsible for more than 50% of the computer-generated imagery in the film.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2015 |title=The Magic Of Baahubali Decoded – Pete Draper's Exclusive Interview On Its Visual Effects # 17 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JfFIpyQUGc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314203640/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7JfFIpyQUGc |archive-date=14 March 2016 |website=Youtube}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}} The majority of work done by Makuta involved bringing the 1500 foot waterfall to life, creating mountains and landscapes including the kingdom of [[Mahishmati]], with its massive temples and courtyards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Srinivas Mohan believes 'Baahubali' is the new benchmark for visual effects in Indian cinema |url=http://www.thegraphicslate.com/vfx-sfx/people-vfx-sfx/srinivas-mohan-believes-baahubali-is-the-new-benchmark-for-visual-effects-in-indian-cinema/2015/07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031134011/http://www.thegraphicslate.com/vfx-sfx/people-vfx-sfx/srinivas-mohan-believes-baahubali-is-the-new-benchmark-for-visual-effects-in-indian-cinema/2015/07 |archive-date=31 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=The Graphic Slate}}</ref> Creating the waterfall took nearly two years as Makuta dealt with complexity in [[fluid dynamics]] and [[simulation]]s. Manuka claimed each frame of the waterfall sequence was treated as creating a new set and employed a different set of methodology.<ref name=":0" />{{Better source needed|date=June 2019}}

Firefly Creative Studio of Hyderabad worked primarily on the avalanche and the war sequences, which account for nearly 25 minutes of the film. Firefly Creative was also involved in creating underwater VFX shots and in establishing backstories for [[Kalakeyas|Kalakeya]] characters. [[Tau Films]] was responsible for creating the CGI bison, while [[Prasad Studios|Prasad EFX]] from Hyderabad was responsible for some shots in pre and post battle episodes involving digital multiplication. Prasad also created a 3D image of Kattappa and mapped his head onto a duplicate actor in one of the scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=Meet Baahubali's VFX team |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150721/entertainment-tollywood/article/meet-baahubali%E2%80%99s-vfx-team |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407103312/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150721/entertainment-tollywood/article/meet-baahubali%E2%80%99s-vfx-team |archive-date=7 April 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Srushti VFX from Hyderabad was involved in digitally creating some of the shots in the war sequence along with Firefly Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Srushti VFX |url=http://srushtivfx.com/about/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012070721/http://srushtivfx.com/about/ |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=srushtivfx.com}}</ref> [[Annapurna Studios]] from Hyderabad was chosen as [[digital intermediate]] partner for the film which is responsible for generating the digital feed with the best colour and audio for editing. For the first time in Indian movies, [[Academy Color Encoding System]] workflows were implemented along with [[Unity ISIS|Infinitely Scalable Information Storage]] keeping in mind the scale of digitally enhanced shots in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali, With Hollywood Level VFX, is Breaking Not Just Box Office Records |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/baahubali-with-hollywood-level-vfx-is-breaking-not-just-box-office-records-781219 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029210608/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/baahubali-with-hollywood-level-vfx-is-breaking-not-just-box-office-records-781219 |archive-date=29 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |publisher=NDTV Movies}}</ref> [[Arka Media Works]], production company of ''Baahubali'', teamed up with [[AMD]] to use the state of the art FirePro [[Graphics processing unit|GPU]]s W9100 and W8100 during post production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMD Graphics Help Deliver Amazing Big Screen Wonders to Baahubali: The Beginning |url=https://www.amd.com/en-us/press-releases/Pages/amd-graphics-help-2015sep16.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003041653/http://www.amd.com/en-us/press-releases/Pages/amd-graphics-help-2015sep16.aspx |archive-date=3 October 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015 |website=www.amd.com}}</ref>

In an interview with Quartz, the co-founder of Makuta VFX stated, "Most of ''Baahubali'' was developed in Hyderabad, home to [[Telugu cinema|Tollywood]], and used local talent. It was principally a homegrown feature produced by homegrown talent."<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2015 |title=This little-known Hyderabadi studio made Baahubali a visual spectacle – Quartz |url=http://qz.com/454478/this-little-known-hyderabadi-studio-made-baahubali-a-visual-spectacle |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023121309/http://qz.com/454478/this-little-known-hyderabadi-studio-made-baahubali-a-visual-spectacle/ |archive-date=23 October 2015 |website=qz.com}}</ref>

=== Kiliki language ===

{{Main|Kiliki language}}

The fictional language Kiliki (also referred to as Kilikili) spoken by the Kalakeyas, a ferocious warrior tribe, was created by [[Madhan Karky]] for the film. It is said{{By whom|date=November 2025}} to be the first fictional language to be created for Indian film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2015 |title=Baahubali does a Lord of the Rings! The film establishes a new language called Kilikili |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-film-establishes-a-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220192733/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/baahubali-does-a-lord-of-the-rings-the-film-establishes-a-new-language-called-kilikili-2339430.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

While Karky was pursuing a PhD in Australia, he took up a part-time job of teaching and baby-sitting children. During one such interaction, he thought it would be fun to create a new language that could be easily grasped. Basic words were first made up and opposites were represented by word reversals – me was ''min'' and you was ''nim''. The language, with 100 words, was called "Click" to highlight its simplicity. This formed the foundation for [[Kiliki language|Kiliki]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Sentences And Their Translations in Kiliki, The Fictitious Language Used In 'Baahubali' |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/07/14/5-sentences-and-their-translations-in-kiliki-the-fictitious-lan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114084143/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/07/14/5-sentences-and-their-translations-in-kiliki-the-fictitious-lan/ |archive-date=14 November 2016 |access-date=21 April 2017 |website=Huffington Post India}}</ref>
* Kilikili consists of at least 750 words and more than 40 concrete grammar rules.
* It was designed to be an intuitive language: Karky said he used hard consonants and soft consonants depending on the nature of the words' meanings.
* The language was created keeping in mind that the Kalakeya warriors had to be portrayed as terrifying brutes.

On 21 February 2020, on the occasion of [[International Mother Language Day]], Rajamouli launched the official website of Kiliki language. He called the language as "world's youngest and easiest language."<ref>{{Cite news |title=SS Rajamouli launches 'KiLiKi' website; calls it the world's youngest and easiest language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-launches-kiliki-website-calls-it-the-worlds-youngest-and-easiest-language/articleshow/74237605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200310094527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ss-rajamouli-launches-kiliki-website-calls-it-the-worlds-youngest-and-easiest-language/articleshow/74237605.cms? |archive-date=10 March 2020 |access-date=12 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Baahubali: The Beginning (soundtrack)}}

Rajamouli's cousin [[M. M. Keeravani]] composed the music and background score for this film and the sound supervision was done by [[Kalyani Malik]].<ref name="Baahubali next after war">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2014 |title=Baahubali's next schedule starts tomorrow |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-next-schedule-starts-tomorrow/articleshow/33964091.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703055054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Baahubalis-next-schedule-starts-tomorrow/articleshow/33964091.cms |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=19 July 2014 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The Telugu version of the soundtrack album was released on 31 May 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali – The Beginning Jukebox {{!}} Prabhas, Anushka Shetty, Rana, Tamannaah Bhatia {{!}} M M Keeravani |date=13 June 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s7sSjAwORp0 |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/s7sSjAwORp0 |archive-date=30 October 2021 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali – The Beginning (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by M.M. Keeravani |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1176198957 |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817174040/https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1176198957 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |url-status=live |language=en-gb}}</ref> at the [[Sri Venkateswara University Ground]]s. The album of the film's Tamil version was released on 7 June 2015,<ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali – The Beginning (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by M.M. Keeravani |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1176191411 |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817174045/https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1176191411 |archive-date=17 August 2019 |url-status=live |language=en-gb}}</ref> while the soundtrack of the Hindi and Malayalam versions, were released on 21 June and 1 July respectively.<ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali (Malayalam) – All songs audio JukeBox |date=4 July 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Zb8nqhxnEg |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/4Zb8nqhxnEg |archive-date=30 October 2021 |language=en}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Baahubali – The Beginning (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by M.M. Keeravani |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1436070242 |access-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020104751/https://music.apple.com/in/album/baahubali-beginning-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1436070242 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |url-status=live |language=en-gb}}</ref>

== Release ==
[[File:Baahubali cast.jpg|thumb|The cast of ''Baahubali'', with director [[S. S. Rajamouli|Rajamouli]] and [[Karan Johar]] at the trailer launch of the film]]

=== Screenings and statistics ===
The film was released on 10 July 2015 in 4,000 screens worldwide in Telugu, Tamil, Hindi and Malayalam languages. A record number of 1600 screens in Telugu, 1500 screens in Hindi, 350 in Tamil and 225 screens in Malayalam were booked for the release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 July 2015 |title=Baahubali: A marketing magnum opus |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/baahubali-release/article7386627.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402175616/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/baahubali-release/article7386627.ece |archive-date=2 April 2016 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The film was released in the USA a day earlier by BlueSky Cinemas in 135 screens.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kanth |first=K. Rajani |date=8 July 2015 |title=Bahubali set to hit 4,000 screens on July 10 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bahubali-set-to-hit-4-000-screens-on-july-10-115070700308_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011154947/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bahubali-set-to-hit-4-000-screens-on-july-10-115070700308_1.html |archive-date=11 October 2015 |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> A premier show was also held on 9 July at Prasads IMAX [[Hyderabad]]. The film's release in Kerala was hindered by the shutdown of a number of theatres due to the piracy issue of the Malayalm film ''[[Premam]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2015 |title=Fans unhappy as 'Baahubali' has limited release in Kerala |url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rajamouli-baahubali-no-release-kerala-anushka-shetty-prabhas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713012317/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rajamouli-baahubali-no-release-kerala-anushka-shetty-prabhas.html |archive-date=13 July 2015 |access-date=22 July 2015 |work=Malayala Manorama}}</ref> and released in only a few theatres. The international version of the film (20 minutes shorter than the original one) was screened at [[Busan International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 August 2015 |title='Baahubali' to be screened at Busan Film Festival |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/baahubali-to-be-screened-at-busan-film-festival-115083000352_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302172541/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/baahubali-to-be-screened-at-busan-film-festival-115083000352_1.html |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=25 August 2020 |work=Business Standard India |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Producers announced plans to release the film in China in November 2015 by E Stars Films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2015 |title='Baahubali' Secures China Release With E Stars |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/indian-blockbuster-baahubali-secures-china-release-with-e-stars-exclusive-1201592129/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017044920/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/indian-blockbuster-baahubali-secures-china-release-with-e-stars-exclusive-1201592129/ |archive-date=17 October 2015 |website=Variety}}</ref> The producer, [[Shobu Yarlagadda and Prasad Devineni|Shobu Yarlagadda]], revealed his plans to release the movie in Latin America, Germany and European countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran, Naman |date=4 October 2015 |title=Busan: Indian Blockbuster 'Baahubali' Sells to Japan |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/busan-indian-blockbuster-baahubali-sells-to-japan-1201609640/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007185854/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/busan-indian-blockbuster-baahubali-sells-to-japan-1201609640/ |archive-date=7 October 2015 |website=Variety}}</ref> Arka International made arrangements to release the movie in Germany and 70 other territories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian blockbuster 'Baahubali' sold to Germany |url=http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/indian-blockbuster-baahubali-sold-to-germany/5099063.article?blocktitle=LATEST-FILM-NEWS-HEADLINES&contentID=42422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122090140/http://www.screendaily.com/news/distribution/indian-blockbuster-baahubali-sold-to-germany/5099063.article?blocktitle=LATEST-FILM-NEWS-HEADLINES&contentID=42422 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |access-date=20 January 2016 |website=www.screendaily.com}}</ref>

As the sequel ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'' was released on 28 April 2017, the producers and distributors re-released the first part (Hindi) on 7 April 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 April 2017 |title=Re-release of Baahubali – The Beginning date confirmed |url=https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42022/re-release-of-baahubali-the-beginning-date-confirmed |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180216104739/https://www.top10cinema.com/article/42022/re-release-of-baahubali-the-beginning-date-confirmed |archive-date=16 February 2018 |access-date=2 April 2017 |work=Top 10 Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was screened at various film festivals like ''Open Cinema Strand'' of [[Busan International Film Festival]], Indian Film Festival The Hague,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2015 |title=Busan: Final 'Baahubali' Aims to Be Bigger, More Emotional |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/s-s-rajamouli-baahubali-aims-to-be-bigger-more-emotional-1201610015/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018133622/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/s-s-rajamouli-baahubali-aims-to-be-bigger-more-emotional-1201610015/ |archive-date=18 October 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=Variety}}</ref> [[Sitges Film Festival]] in Spain,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sitges Film Festival " Baahubali – The Beginning |url=http://sitgesfilmfestival.com/eng/film/?id=10003810 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151020021606/http://sitgesfilmfestival.com/eng/film/?id=10003810 |archive-date=20 October 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=sitgesfilmfestival.com}}</ref> [[Utopiales]] Film Festival in France,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali : the beginning {{!}} Utopiales • International Festival of science fiction of Nantes |url=http://www.utopiales.org/en/baahubali-beginning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131092459/http://www.utopiales.org/en/baahubali-beginning |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=www.utopiales.org}}</ref> [[Golden Horse Film Festival and Awards|Golden Horse Film Festival]] in [[Taipei]], Taiwan,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015 台北金馬影展 Taipei Golden Horse Film Festival {{!}} 巴霍巴利王: 創始之初 |url=http://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/film/programme/films/detail/1350?search_year=2015&ghff_id=220 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131173650/http://www.goldenhorse.org.tw/film/programme/films/detail/1350?search_year=2015&ghff_id=220 |archive-date=31 January 2016 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=www.goldenhorse.org.tw}}</ref> [[Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival]] in Estonia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali: The Beginning — Special Screenings — Black Nights Film Festival Nov 13 – 29 nov 2015 |url=http://2015.poff.ee/eng/films/programmes.p/special-screenings/baahubali-the-beginning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114054522/http://2015.poff.ee/eng/films/programmes.p/special-screenings/baahubali-the-beginning |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=2015.poff.ee}}</ref> [[:fr:L'Étrange Festival|L'Etrange International Film Festival]] in Paris,<ref>{{Cite web |title=L'Étrange Festival – XXIe édition – Du 3 au 13 septembre 2015 – Baahubali: The Beginning |url=http://www.etrangefestival.com/2015/fr/film/baahubali_the_beginning |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305113415/http://www.etrangefestival.com/2015/fr/film/baahubali_the_beginning |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=6 December 2015 |website=www.etrangefestival.com}}</ref> Five Flavours Film Festival in Poland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festiwal Filmowy Pięć Smaków – Bahubali: Początek |url=http://www.piecsmakow.pl/film.do?id=130 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202044038/http://www.piecsmakow.pl/film.do?id=130 |archive-date=2 February 2016 |access-date=6 December 2015 |website=www.piecsmakow.pl}}</ref> [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] in [[Honolulu]], [[Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival]] in [[Belgium]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali To Be Screened at Brussels International Fantastic Film Festival |url=http://fitnhit.com/news/baahubali-screened-brussels-international-fantastic-film-festival/64181/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005043842/http://fitnhit.com/news/baahubali-screened-brussels-international-fantastic-film-festival/64181/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |website=FitnHit.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali – The Beginning – 2015 HIFF Fall Festival |url=http://program.hiff.org/films/detail/baahubali_the_beginning_2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185634/http://program.hiff.org/films/detail/baahubali_the_beginning_2015 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |website=program.hiff.org}}</ref> [[Cannes Film Festival]] in France,<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2016 |title=Baahubali: The Beginning team heads to Cannes |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali-the-beginning-team-heads-to-cannes-2792127/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510233017/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/baahubali-the-beginning-team-heads-to-cannes-2792127/ |archive-date=10 May 2016 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> [[Transilvania International Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali: The Beginning |url=http://tiff.ro/en/film/baahubali-beginning |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604092833/http://tiff.ro/en/film/baahubali-beginning |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |website=tiff.ro}}</ref> in Romania, [[Grand Rex]] in Paris,<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Légende de Baahubali : 1ère Partie Bande-annonce VO |url=http://www.allocine.fr/video/player_gen_cmedia=19555064&cfilm=238311.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525104709/http://www.allocine.fr/video/player_gen_cmedia%3D19555064%26cfilm%3D238311.html |archive-date=25 May 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |website=AlloCiné}}</ref> Kurja Polt Horror Film Festival, Festival de Lacamo, [[8th BRICS summit]], and the 2016 ''Indian Panorama'' section of the [[International Film Festival of India]], Goa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN PANORAMA SELECTIONS FOR 47TH INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL OF INDIA, 2016 PRESS RELEASE |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/IP_press_release_2016_Final.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112080152/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/IP_press_release_2016_Final.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2016 |access-date=11 November 2016 |website=dff.nic}}</ref> The international version of the film was released in China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Philippines, Timor-Leste, and some European and Latin American countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=7 October 2015 |title=Busan: 'Baahubali' to Release in Seven More Territories via MVP Entertainment |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/busan-baahubali-to-release-in-seven-more-territories-via-mvp-entertainment-1201612830/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101045510/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/busan-baahubali-to-release-in-seven-more-territories-via-mvp-entertainment-1201612830/ |archive-date=1 November 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=Variety}}</ref> 

=== Marketing ===
''Baahubali: The Beginning'' was marketed by a Mumbai-based company named Spice PR owned by Prabhat Choudhary,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2017 |title=For us, Baahubali is an achievement of the content and foresight – Prabhat Choudhary |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/us-baahubali-achievement-content-foresight-prabhat-choudhary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708135427/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/us-baahubali-achievement-content-foresight-prabhat-choudhary/ |archive-date=8 July 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> who coined the catchphrase "Kattappa ne Baahubali ko kyun maara?" ("Why did Kattappa kill Baahubali?").<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2019 |title=Prabhat Choudhary Tells Us What Makes Him Bollywood's Most Influential Publicist |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/prabhat-choudhary-tells-us-what-makes-him-bollywood-s-most-influential-publicist/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708101833/https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/prabhat-choudhary-tells-us-what-makes-him-bollywood-s-most-influential-publicist/ |archive-date=8 July 2019 |access-date=8 July 2019}}</ref> Marketing of the film started two years before the shoot by S. S. Rajamouli with the audition campaign on Facebook and YouTube. A number of short promotional [[behind-the-scenes]] videos were released on ArkaMediaworks YouTube channel and the team unveiled first look posters and videos featuring the film's lead stars on the occasions of their birthdays. The film used an [[augmented reality]] application to play the trailer on smart phones and tablets.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2014 |title=Baahubali Motion Print |url=http://www.baahubalimovie.com/2014/02/rev-eye-with-baahubali-at-comic-con.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017082816/http://www.baahubalimovie.com/2014/02/rev-eye-with-baahubali-at-comic-con.html |archive-date=17 October 2014 |access-date=21 March 2014 |publisher=reveye.in}}</ref> The crown used by the character of Baahubali in the film was exhibited at Comic Con, Hyderabad, as a part of the film's promotion. A [[cosplay]] event was held in which chosen winners were given a chance to visit the sets of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2014 |title=Tollywood debuts in Comic Con |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tollywood-debuts-in-comic-con/article6489522.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204141129/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tollywood-debuts-in-comic-con/article6489522.ece |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=24 December 2014 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> On 22 July 2015, ''[[Guinness World Records]]'' approved the poster created during the audio launch of ''Baahubali'' in [[Kochi]] on 1 July 2015 as the world's largest poster.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Shamsian |first=Jacob |date=23 July 2015 |title=This Is What the World Biggest Movie Poster Looks Like |url=https://time.com/3970104/worlds-biggest-movie-poster-baahubali/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012222330/http://time.com/3970104/worlds-biggest-movie-poster-baahubali/ |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref> The poster has an area of 4,793.65 m2 (51,598.21 ft2) and it was created by Global United Media Company Pvt Ltd.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2015 |title=Guinness World Records Makes Tollywood Proud |url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/bahubali-poster-makes-guinness-world-records/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724225936/http://www.telangananewspaper.com/bahubali-poster-makes-guinness-world-records/ |archive-date=24 July 2015 |work=TNP LIVE |location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref> This record was later broken by a 5,969.61 m2  poster for the film ''[[MSG-2 The Messenger]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2015 |title=Largest poster in the world |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-poster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002063800/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-poster |archive-date=2 October 2015 |work=Guinness World Records online |location=Sirsa, India}}</ref>

Producers announced plans to create a film museum at [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad to showcase the weapons, armour, and costumes used by actors in the film. The museum would be the first of its kind for any Indian movie.<ref name="hollywoodreporter1">{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=15 July 2015 |title='Baahubali': 5 Things on Indian Blockbuster] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/baahubali-5-things-indian-blockbuster-808778 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909231422/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/baahubali-5-things-indian-blockbuster-808778 |archive-date=9 September 2015 |website=Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> The film's website hosts merchandise which includes apparel, accessories, and film collectibles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali Official Merchandise – Baahubali |url=http://shop.baahubali.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929071036/http://shop.baahubali.com/ |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |website=shop.baahubali.com}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
In early July 2014, for the first part of the film, the region distribution rights for Karnataka and [[Ceded Districts|Ceded]] (Rayalaseema) were sold to a distributor{{Which|date=June 2019}} for {{INRConvert|230|m|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Baahubali sets a new record in Karnataka and Ceded region |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-sets-a-new-record-in-Karnataka-and-Ceded-region/articleshow/37718359.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703190000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Baahubali-sets-a-new-record-in-Karnataka-and-Ceded-region/articleshow/37718359.cms |archive-date=3 July 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Though he did not confirm the price, Dil Raju said in an interview to ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' that he purchased the first part's Nizam region rights and added that he would acquire the rights of the second part also for this region.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 July 2014 |title=Dil Raju's Rs 25 crore buy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140706/entertainment-tollywood/article/dil-raju%E2%80%99s-rs-25crore-buy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707062753/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140706/entertainment-tollywood/article/dil-raju%E2%80%99s-rs-25crore-buy |archive-date=7 July 2014 |access-date=20 July 2014 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

The Telugu version of the film was presented by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], Tamil version by [[Studio Green|K.E. Gnanavel Raja]], [[Thenandal Studio Limited|Sri Thenandal Films]] and UV Creations, [[Karan Johar]] presented the Hindi version.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Lata |date=1 June 2017 |title=How Rana Daggubati helped take 'Baahubali 2' across India |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iLQ6tlvTgUuhCsLrM6nh3N/How-Rana-Daggubati-helped-take-Baahubali-2-across-India.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230726174519/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/iLQ6tlvTgUuhCsLrM6nh3N/How-Rana-Daggubati-helped-take-Baahubali-2-across-India.html |archive-date=26 July 2023 |access-date=1 June 2017 |website=mint}}</ref> MVP Entertainment is set to release{{Update inline|date=December 2024}} the movie in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, and Timor-Leste countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title='Baahubali' to Release in Seven More Territories via MVP |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/busan-baahubali-to-release-in-seven-more-territories-via-mvp-entertainment-1201612830/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101045510/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/busan-baahubali-to-release-in-seven-more-territories-via-mvp-entertainment-1201612830/ |archive-date=1 November 2015 |website=Variety}}</ref> Sun Distribution acquired the distribution rights of the movie in Latin American countries while Creative Century Entertainment got the rights for Taiwan. In Korea, the movie is scheduled to be released via Entermode Corp.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2015 |title=AFM: Sun Buys Latin America on Indian Hit 'Baahubali' |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/asia/sun-buys-latin-america-on-indian-hit-baahubali-1201636194/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112003919/http://variety.com/2015/film/asia/sun-buys-latin-america-on-indian-hit-baahubali-1201636194/ |archive-date=12 November 2015 |access-date=8 November 2015 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
The Tamil version of the film faced a controversy relating to a word used in the film. On 22 July 2015, activists of [[Dalit]] group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam hurled petrol bombs outside the 'Tamil, Jaya' multiplex in Madurai screening the Tamil version of the film. The Dalit group Puratchi Pulikal Iyakkam protested against the movie over the inclusion of the word 'pagadai' (gambler). Members of the group claimed the words, used by caste Hindus to address members of the [[Arunthathiyar]] Dalit sub-caste, are considered derogatory against Dalits. Dialogue writer of Tamil version, [[Madhan Karky]] issued an apology for offending Dalits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dalit Party Members Hurls Bomb on Baahubali Theatre |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dalit-Party-Members-Hurls-Bomb-on-Baahubali-Theatre/2015/07/23/article2935377.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113003338/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil_nadu/Dalit-Party-Members-Hurls-Bomb-on-Baahubali-Theatre/2015/07/23/article2935377.ece |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=22 October 2015 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
Arka Media Works gave the satellite rights to [[Star Maa]] and the Malayalam dubbed version was also given the satellite rights to [[Mazhavil Manorama]]. The Tamil version was given to [[Jaya TV]]. The Kannada dubbed version was given to [[Colors Kannada]]. The Hindi dubbed version was given the satellite rights to [[Sony Max]]. The Odia dubbed version of this movie was given to [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Sarthak]]. The Bhojpuri dubbed version of the movie was later given to [[Bhojpuri cinema|Bhojpuri Cinema TV]]. The Marathi dubbed version of this movie was given to [[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo Marathibana]]. The Bengali dubbed version of this movie was given to Enterr10 Bangla.

[[Netflix]] acquired the digital rights for streaming all languages of the film.

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=91|count=22|average=7.1|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=July 16, 2022}}

==== India ====
Deepanjana Pal of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called it "Rajamouli's tour de force", terming it as "elaborate, well-choreographed and [having] some breathtaking moments." [[Prabhas]] and [[Rana Daggubati|Daggubati]] are both in their elements as the warriors who approach warfare in two distinctive styles. The outcome of the battle is no surprise, but there are enough clever tactics and twists to keep the audience hooked. The biggest surprise, however, lies in the film's final shot, which gives you a glimpse into the sequel that will come out next year."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2015 |title=Bahubali review: With hunky heroes and great battle scenes, SS Rajamouli's fantasy film is epic |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bahubali-review-hunky-heroes-great-battle-scenes-ss-rajamoulis-fantasy-film-epic-2335958.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150730121835/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/bahubali-review-hunky-heroes-great-battle-scenes-ss-rajamoulis-fantasy-film-epic-2335958.html |archive-date=30 July 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Saibal Chatterjee of ''[[NDTV India]]'' rated the film with three stars out of five and stated, "The spectacular universe that the film conjures up is filled with magic, but the larger-than-life characters that populate its extraordinary expanse do not belong to any known mythic landscape. To that extent, ''Baahubali'', driven by the titular superhero who pulls off mind-boggling feats both in love and in war, throws up many a surprise that isn't altogether meaningless."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali Movie Review |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-movie-review-1150 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717063532/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/baahubali-movie-review-1150 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=NDTVMovies.com |publisher=NDTV Movies}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised the film: "Right from its opening frames, ''Baahubali'' holds out many promises: of adventure and romance, love and betrayal, valour and weakness. And it delivers magnificently on each of them. This is full-tilt, fully-assured filmmaking of a very high order. ''Baahubali'' is simply spectacular."<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2015 |title=Baahubali review: S S Rajamouli's film holds out many promises |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baahubali-movie-review-s-s-rajamouli/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711125008/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/baahubali-movie-review-s-s-rajamouli/ |archive-date=11 July 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> In her review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Sangeetha Devi Dundoo wrote, "The war formations that form a chunk of the latter portions of the film are the best we've seen in Indian cinema so far. These portions are spectacular and show the technical finesse of the cinematographer (K.K. Senthil Kumar) and the visual effects teams. The waterfall, the mystical forests and water bodies above the cliffs and the lead pair escaping an avalanche all add to the spectacle. Give into its magic, without drawing comparisons to Hollywood flicks."<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2015 |title=Baahubali: A little more, a little less |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170322084308/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/baahubali-review-a-little-more-a-little-less/article7407650.ece |archive-date=22 March 2017 |access-date=1 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Sukanya Varma of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave the film four out of five stars, calling it "mega, ingenious and envelope pushing!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Review: Bahubali is mega, ingenious and envelope pushing! – Rediff.com Movies |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bahubali-is-mega-indigenious-and-envelope-pushing/20150710.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001131354/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-bahubali-is-mega-indigenious-and-envelope-pushing/20150710.htm |archive-date=1 October 2015 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave the film four stars (out of 5) and summarised, "''Baahubali'' is truly an epic experience. Had the story not been so jaded, this would've gone into the history books as an all-time classic. But that's not the case. It has its set of storytelling flaws, but even those are overshadowed by Rajamouli's ideas and execution. This is definitely worthy of being India's most expensive film. It's a definite movie watching experience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title=Movie Review: Baahubali |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-baahubali-9786.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721120930/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-baahubali-9786.html |archive-date=21 July 2015 |website=Filmfare.com}}</ref>

Suparna Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' praised the second half of the film, writing, "Rajamouli has reserved all the grander and grandstanding for later, after interval. That's when the film stands up and begins to strut like an epic."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2015 |title=Movie review 'Baahubali': Tolkien with kadi-patta tadka |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150711/entertainment-bollywood/article/movie-review-baahubali-tolkien-kadi-patta-tadka |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712213525/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150711/entertainment-bollywood/article/movie-review-baahubali-tolkien-kadi-patta-tadka |archive-date=12 July 2015 |website=Deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> Suhani Singh of ''[[India Today]]'' pointed out that the film is best enjoyed keeping logic at bay. She added, "SS Rajamouli and his team put up a fascinating wild, wild east adventure. It takes pluck to conceive a world like the one seen in ''Baahubali'' and to pull it off on a level which is on par with the international standards. The almost 45-minute-long battle sequence at the end is not just one of the biggest climaxes, but also the action spectacle rarely seen in Indian cinema. And if Rajamouli can present another one like that in part 2, then he is on course to register his name in cinema's history books. We can't wait to revisit Mahishmati kingdom."<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2015 |title=Baahubali review: It's best enjoyed when you keep logic far away : Reviews, News – India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/baahubali-review-it-is-best-enjoyed-when-you-keep-logic-far-away-rana-daggubati-tamannaah-bhatia-281763-2015-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021074639/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/baahubali-review-it-is-best-enjoyed-when-you-keep-logic-far-away-rana-daggubati-tamannaah-bhatia/1/450550.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |url-status=live |website=India Today}}</ref>

Critical reception penned by Shubha Shetty Saha for ''[[Mid-Day]]'' rates the film with four stars out of five, exclaiming, "While watching ''Baahubali'', you might have to periodically pick up your jaw off the floor. Because this is not merely a movie, it is an unbelievably thrilling fantasy ride." The review extends praising the aspects, "It is to the director's credit that every aspect of the film – action, mind-boggling set design and choreography – lives up to this epic film of gigantic scale. The choreography in the song that has Shiva disrobing Avantika to get her in touch with her feminine side, is an absolute gem."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2015 |title='Baahubali' – Movie Review – Entertainment |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/baahubali---movie-review/16360169 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150802164619/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/baahubali---movie-review/16360169 |archive-date=2 August 2015 |website=Mid-day.com}}</ref>

==== International ====
Critics praised the film for its direction, technical values, and the actors' performances. Lisa Tsering based on ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "The story has been told many times before – a child is born destined for greatness and as a man vanquishes the forces of evil – but in the confident hands of accomplished South Indian director S.S. Rajamouli the tale gets potent new life in ''Baahubali: The Beginning''."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsering |first=Lisa |date=13 July 2015 |title='Bahubali': Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/baahubali-film-review-808168 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150804141923/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/baahubali-film-review-808168 |archive-date=4 August 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Allan Hunter, writing for ''[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]'' noted that "The broad brushstrokes storytelling and the director's over-fondness for slow-motion sequences are among the film's failings but this is still a rousing film, easily accessible epic. There's rarely a dull moment in ''Baahubali: The Beginning'', part one of a gung-ho, crowd-pleasing Telugu-language epic that has been shattering box-office records throughout India."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baahubali: The Beginning': Review |url=http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/baahubali-the-beginning-review/5090691.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731024535/http://www.screendaily.com/reviews/baahubali-the-beginning-review/5090691.article |archive-date=31 July 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015}}</ref>

Mike McCahill of ''[[The Guardian]]'' rated the film four stars out of five, praising the film, "Rajamouli defers on the latter for now, but his skilful choreography of these elements shucks off any cynicism one might carry into Screen 1: wide-eyed and wondrous, his film could be a blockbuster reboot, or the first blockbuster ever made, a reinvigoration of archetypes that is always entertaining, and often thrilling, to behold."<ref>{{Cite news |last=McCahill |first=Mike |date=12 July 2015 |title=Baahubali: The Beginning review – fantastic bang for your buck in most expensive Indian movie ever made |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/12/baahubali-the-beginning-review-fantastic-bang-for-your-buck-in-most-expensive-indian-movie-ever-made |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814113625/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/12/baahubali-the-beginning-review-fantastic-bang-for-your-buck-in-most-expensive-indian-movie-ever-made |archive-date=14 August 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Suprateek Chatterjee of ''[[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]]'' wrote, "However, all said and done, ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' is a remarkable achievement. What Rajamouli has pulled off here, despite its flaws, is nothing short of a miracle, especially when you take into account India's notoriously risk-averse filmmaking environment and when the film ends on a tantalizing cliffhanger (paving the way for ''Baahubali: The Conclusion'', due to release next year), one can't help but applaud his singularly brave vision. As the cliché goes, a journey of a thousand miles must begin with a single step, but it doesn't really matter if that first step is shaky as long as it lands firmly and confidently."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Baahubali: The Beginning' Review: A Giddy Spectacle, If Somewhat Uneven |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/suprateek-chatterjee/baahubali-the-beginning-r_b_7767206.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150801165516/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/suprateek-chatterjee/baahubali-the-beginning-r_b_7767206.html |archive-date=1 August 2015 |access-date=1 August 2015 |website=The Huffington Post}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
{{See also|List of highest-grossing Indian films}}

''Baahubali: The Beginning'' collected {{INRConvert|15|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} from the United States on its first day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2015 |title=SS Rajamouli's 'Baahubali' mints Rs 60 cr on day one, becomes highest opener |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-mints-rs-60-crore-on-release-day/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023020000/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-mints-rs-60-crore-on-release-day/ |archive-date=23 October 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> First weekend collections stood around {{INRConvert|165.1|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} worldwide from all its versions, the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|biggest ever]] for an Indian film in India & the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|fourth biggest ever]] for an Indian film worldwide.<ref name="WWOWBOI">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2015 |title=Top Worldwide Opening Weekends – Baahubali Fourth |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topworldwideopeningweekendsbaahubalifourth |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714122440/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/topworldwideopeningweekendsbaahubalifourth |archive-date=14 July 2015 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> The film grossed around {{INRConvert|263|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} worldwide in the first week of its release.<ref name="FWGWW">{{Cite news |date=19 July 2015 |title=SS Rajamouli's Baahubali Makes Rs 325Crores in 10 Days |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-makes-rs-32558-crores-in-10-days-782948 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119171938/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ss-rajamoulis-baahubali-makes-rs-300-crores-in-9-days-782948 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=19 July 2015 |work=NDTV NEWS}}</ref> It became the first South Indian film to gross {{INRConvert|300|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} worldwide, reaching there in 9 days, and<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoad |first=Phil |date=20 July 2015 |title=Salman Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan establishes Indian dominance as Baahubali breaks more records |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/20/global-box-office-ant-man-jian-bing-man-bajrangi-bhaijaan-salman-khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124144906/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/20/global-box-office-ant-man-jian-bing-man-bajrangi-bhaijaan-salman-khan |archive-date=24 January 2017 |work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref> subsequently grossed {{INRConvert|391.2|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} worldwide in 15 days.<ref name="baahubali400">{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title=India's 'Baahubali' Punches Out 401 Crore / $62.6 Million Gross In 15 Days |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/07/25/indias-baahubali-punches-out-401-crore-62-6-million-gross-in-15-days/ |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150926052401/http://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/07/25/indias-baahubali-punches-out-401-crore-62-6-million-gross-in-15-days/ |archive-date=26 September 2015 |website=Forbes.com}}</ref> ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' netted {{INR}}420.05 crore in India.<ref name="2.0six">{{Cite web |title=2.0 All India Day Six Business – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4494 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230710/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=4494 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |access-date=5 December 2018 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> ''Firstpost'' later reported that the total collections stood at ₹650 crore {{as of|2017|August|lc=y}}.<ref name="augfirst">{{Cite web |date=10 August 2017 |title=Baahubali rights snapped up by Netflix for Rs 25.5 crore; The Conclusion completes 100 days in theatres |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-baahubali-rights-snapped-up-by-netflix-for-rs-25-5-crore-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-theatres-3914757.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212034544/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bahubali-2-baahubali-rights-snapped-up-by-netflix-for-rs-25-5-crore-the-conclusion-completes-100-days-in-theatres-3914757.html |archive-date=12 December 2017 |access-date=6 January 2018 |publisher=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' grossed {{INRConvert|511.35|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} in all languages in India alone,<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2017 |title=Bahubali 2 Becomes Highest Grosser Of All Time In Five Days |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2903 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504153246/http://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2903 |archive-date=4 May 2017 |website=Box office India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Business Of Dubbed Tamil Telugu Not Included – Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2877 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727095155/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2189 |archive-date=27 July 2016 |access-date=8 May 2017 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> and became the [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing film in India]], surpassing ''[[PK (film)|PK]]''{{'}}s gross of {{INRConvert|440|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} from India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rob Cain |date=14 August 2015 |title=Oops... 'PK' Is Not Actually India's Top-Grossing Movie Ever |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/08/14/oops-pk-is-not-actually-indias-top-grossing-movie-ever/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814153921/http://www.forbes.com/sites/robcain/2015/08/14/oops-pk-is-not-actually-indias-top-grossing-movie-ever/ |archive-date=14 August 2015 |website=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Another Major Benchmark For Bahubali 2 – The Conclusion – Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2912 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702023738/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2912 |archive-date=2 July 2020 |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> By the end of its 87-day run, ''Bahubali'' collected 586.45 crore (US$79 million) worldwide in its initial theatrical run.

''The Beginning'' opened to 100 percent occupancy in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana and close to 70 percent occupancy in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Karnataka. It grossed around {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} on its first day of release in India from all four versions (Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Hindi).<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2015 |title='Baahubali' creates history, rakes in Rs 50 crore on its opening day – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-baahubali-creates-history-rakes-in-rs-50-crore-on-its-opening-day-2103615 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713232728/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-baahubali-creates-history-rakes-in-rs-50-crore-on-its-opening-day-2103615 |archive-date=13 July 2015 |website=Dnaindia.com}}</ref> The Hindi version earned around {{INRConvert|5.15|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett which was the highest opening for any film dubbed into Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2015 |title=Baahubali Smashes Records With Historic Rs 50 Crores on Opening Day – NDTV Movies |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/baahubali-breaks-box-office-records-with-historic-rs-50-crores-on-opening-day-780370 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914033133/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/baahubali-breaks-box-office-records-with-historic-rs-50-crores-on-opening-day-780370 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |website=Movies.ndtv.com}}</ref> ''Baahubali'' grossed {{INRConvert|50|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} on the first day in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Openings India – All Films All Languages |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2179 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726131349/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2179 |archive-date=26 July 2016}}</ref> The Hindi version grossed around {{INRConvert|24|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in the first weekend.<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |date=13 July 2015 |title=Baahubali Scores in Hindi – Near 100 Crore in All Formats |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubaliscoresinhindinear100croreinallformats |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721024932/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubaliscoresinhindinear100croreinallformats |archive-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>

The Telugu version alone earned around {{INRConvert|66.5|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in first weekend in India. The film, from all its versions, earned almost {{INRConvert|105.7|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in its first weekend. It had the biggest opening weekend ever in India.<ref name="BOI" /> The Hindi version collected around {{INRConvert|48|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in its first week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2015 |title=Baahubali Hindi Trends Like 100 Cr Film On Weekdays |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubalihinditrendslike100crfilmonweekdays |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720201256/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubalihinditrendslike100crfilmonweekdays |archive-date=20 July 2015 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' grossed more than {{INRConvert|185.3|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett from all its versions in India in the first week. It added a further {{INRConvert|47.8|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in its second weekend to take its total to around {{INRConvert|233.1|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in ten days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2015 |title=Baahubali All India First Week Territorial Breakdown |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubalifirstweekallindiaterritorybreakdown |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726034440/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubalifirstweekallindiaterritorybreakdown |archive-date=26 July 2015 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> The Hindi version grossed over {{INRConvert|39.5|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in the Mumbai circuit.<ref name="baahubalihindi90">[https://web.archive.org/web/20151101154540/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Details/art_detail/baahubalirocksteadymasaanflop Boxoffice]. Boxofficeindia.com (31 July 2015). Retrieved on 28 October 2015.</ref>

The film collected around {{INRConvert|20|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} in its first day from the international markets.<ref name="FDOBO">{{Cite web |last=Malvania |first=Urvi |date=11 July 2015 |title=Bahubali displays might at box office, becomes highest opener of 2015 |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bahubali-displays-might-at-box-office-becomes-highest-opener-of-2015-115071100857_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714215300/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bahubali-displays-might-at-box-office-becomes-highest-opener-of-2015-115071100857_1.html |archive-date=14 July 2015 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> The film opened on the ninth spot for its weekend, collecting around US$3.5 million with a per-screen average of $15,148.<ref>{{Cite web |title=July 10–12, 2015 Weekend |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2015&wknd=28&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419084024/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2015&wknd=28&p=.htm |archive-date=19 April 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> The film debuted in the ninth position for the US and Canadian box office collecting $4,630,000 for three days and $3,250,000 for the weekend of 10–12 July 2015.<ref name="nytimesweekend">{{Cite news |date=13 July 2015 |title=U.S. and Canada Box Office |url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/boxoffice/us/weekend.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712230633/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/boxoffice/us/weekend.html |archive-date=12 July 2015 |access-date=13 July 2015 |work=The New York Times |location=New York}}</ref> ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' grossed £66,659 from its Telugu version in United Kingdom and Ireland and A$194,405 from its Tamil version in Australia in until its second weekend (17 – 19 July 2015). The film also grossed MYR 663,869 in Malaysia from its Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2015 |title='Bajrangi Bhaijaan' a runaway hitBox Office Overseas Report |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/587 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723024832/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/overseas/id/587 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> The film grossed {{USD|540,000}} on its opening weekend in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=24 July 2016 |title=China Box Office: Jackie Chan's 'Skiptrace' Leaps to $60 Million Opening |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/asia/china-box-office-jackie-chan-skiptrace-1201821902/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160726131410/http://variety.com/2016/film/asia/china-box-office-jackie-chan-skiptrace-1201821902/ |archive-date=26 July 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> It has grossed a total of {{CNY|7.49 million}}({{INR}}77.8 million) in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=巴霍巴利王: 开端(2016) |url=http://www.cbooo.cn/m/633819 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807195920/http://www.cbooo.cn/m/633819 |archive-date=7 August 2016 |access-date=25 July 2016 |website=cbooo.cn |language=zh}}</ref> The film totally earned $10.94 million at the overseas box office.<ref name="ibtimes1">{{Cite web |date=6 August 2016 |title=Kabali box office collections:Rajinikanth starrer beats 7 big records of Baahubali(Bahubali) |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kabali-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-beats-7-big-records-baahubali-bahubali-688964#r9LDzExtdPIPsswR.97 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916022307/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kabali-box-office-collection-rajinikanth-starrer-beats-7-big-records-baahubali-bahubali-688964 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |access-date=20 September 2016 |website=International Business Times}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Main|List of accolades received by Baahubali: The Beginning{{!}}List of accolades received by ''Baahubali: The Beginning''}}

At the [[63rd National Film Awards]], ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]], becoming the first Telugu film to win the award, and [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Best Special Effects]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao, Ch Sushil |date=29 March 2016 |title=Magnum opus Baahubali: Best film of the year |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290316/magnum-opus-baahubali-best-film-of-the-year.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330130407/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/290316/magnum-opus-baahubali-best-film-of-the-year.html |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=5 April 2017 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> At the [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]], the Telugu version won five awards from ten nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]] for Rajamouli and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress]] for Ramya Krishna respectively. Both the Tamil and Telugu versions won several awards in their respective categories, including Best Film, Best Director for Rajamouli, and Best Supporting Actress for Ramya Krishna at the [[1st IIFA Utsavam]]. ''Baahubali: The Beginning'' became the first Indian film to be nominated for [[Saturn Awards]], receiving five nominations at the [[42nd Saturn Awards|42nd ceremony]], including [[Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film|Best Fantasy Film]] and [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] for Tamannaah Bhatia.

== Legacy ==
{{Main|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}

''Baahubali: The Beginning'' is one of the films featured in [[BBC]]'s documentary on 100 Years of Indian Cinema directed by [[Sanjeev Bhaskar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Telugu Director S S Rajamouli in 100 Years of Indian Cinema Documentary |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/telugu-director-s-s-rajamouli-in-100-years-of-indian-cinema-documentary-639451 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811233559/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/telugu-director-s-s-rajamouli-in-100-years-of-indian-cinema-documentary-639451 |archive-date=11 August 2016 |access-date=27 October 2016 |publisher=NDTV Movies}}</ref> Post the success of the film, a film movement was started, i.e. [[Pan-Indian film]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2018 |title=How Baahubali changed the face of Telugu cinema worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203217/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/baahubali-telugu-cinema-abroad-1210757-2018-04-12 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] plays a character named Kattappa in ''[[Selfie Raja]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Selfie Raja Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Selfie Raja by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/selfie-raja/movie-review/53229384.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2017, ''[[Kattappava Kanom]]'' ({{Translation|Kattappa is missing}}), which was named after the character of Kattappa from the film, was released.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Ramakrishnan |date=16 March 2017 |title=Finding Kattappa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sibiraj-takes-the-experimental-route-with-kattappava-kaanom/article17474972.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318165942/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sibiraj-takes-the-experimental-route-with-kattappava-kaanom/article17474972.ece |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=10 September 2020 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> In 2018, Netflix announced that they had ordered a [[streaming television]] prequel series called ''[[Baahubali: Before the Beginning]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2018 |title=Netflix to feature Baahubali prequel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/netflix-to-feature-baahubali-prequel/article24586711.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101084730/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-life/netflix-to-feature-baahubali-prequel/article24586711.ece |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=30 October 2023 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]] |via=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hoad |first=Phil |date=20 July 2015 |title=Salman Khan's Bajrangi Bhaijaan establishes Indian dominance as Baahubali breaks more records |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/20/global-box-office-ant-man-jian-bing-man-bajrangi-bhaijaan-salman-khan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124144906/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/20/global-box-office-ant-man-jian-bing-man-bajrangi-bhaijaan-salman-khan |archive-date=24 January 2017 |access-date=3 August 2018 |work=[[TheGuardian.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Dalton |first=Ben |date=2 August 2018 |title=Netflix orders 'Baahubali' prequel series |url=https://www.screendaily.com/news/netflix-orders-baahubali-prequel-series/5131398.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802161304/https://www.screendaily.com/news/netflix-orders-baahubali-prequel-series/5131398.article |archive-date=2 August 2018 |access-date=3 August 2018 |magazine=[[Screen International]]}}</ref> [[Sathyaraj]] is referred to as Kattappa in a scene from ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' (2018).<ref>{{ulist|{{Cite AV media |title=Kanaa |date=21 December 2018 |type=Motion picture |time=1:18:53 |people=Kamaraj, Arunraja (Director)}}|{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grkp0RnoBiU |title=Not Out (Kanaa) 2021 New Released Hindi Dubbed Movie |date=5 February 2021 |medium=Motion picture |language=hi |time=1:07:35 |people=Kamaraj, Arunraja (Director)}}}}</ref>
== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Portal|India|Film}}
* {{Official website |https://web.archive.org/web/20150717205142/http://baahubali.com}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{Mojo movie}}
* {{BH movie|bahubali-thebeginning}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}
{{National Film Award Best Special Effects|state=collapsed}}
{{Filmfare Best Telugu Film}}{{SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu}}{{Baahubali}}
{{S. S. Rajamouli}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baahubali The Beginning}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Baahubali (franchise)]]
[[Category:2010s action films]]
[[Category:2015 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Indian epic films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:AA Films films]]
[[Category:Fictional-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. S. Rajamouli]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by Studio Green]]

Bundelkhand Medical College

2026-03-25T11:59:14Z

JoyceBpo44: cleanup

{{Short description|Medical college in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Bundelkhand Medical College
| image = Bundelkhand Medical College Building.jpg
| motto = ''Tamaso mā jyotirgamaya''
| mottoeng = Lead us from darkness to light
| type = [[Medical]] [[College]] and [[Hospital]]
| established = {{start date and age|2007}}
| principal =
| dean = Dr. R. S. Verma
| students = 125 per year (undergraduate)
| city = [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| postalcode =
| country = India
| colors =
| affiliations = [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
| logo =
| website = http://bmcsagar.edu.in/
}}

'''Bundelkhand Medical College (BMC)''' is a tertiary government medical college in [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India. S.C. Tiwari, acted as the first dean of this college. The first batch of M.B.B.S was admitted in 2009. This institute is currently being developed as a centre for improving the medical teaching activity as well as higher quality health facilities for the people of Bundelkhand region.

The college imparts the degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery (MBBS). Nursing and para-medical courses are also offered. Post-graduation courses (MD/MS) are offered in 11 subjects currently. The college is affiliated to [[Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]] (from 2014 onwards) and is recognized by [[National Medical Commission]]. Until 2013, it was affiliated to Hari Singh Gour University, Sagar. The selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/centre-approves-proposal-for-increasing-803-pg-seats-in-5-medical-colleges/|title = Centre approves proposal for increasing 803 PG seats in 5 medical colleges|date = 14 December 2019}}</ref>

== Courses ==
The college offers following courses recognized by Medical Council of India:

* MBBS
* MS/MD courses in various subjects
* B.Sc. Nursing
* Paramedical courses

== Establishment ==
In November 2007 Govt. of M.P. decided to start a new medical college for the people of Bundelkhand. Honorable Chief Minister of M.P. Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan and honorable Minister of Medical education Gori Shanker Shejwar decided to start this project. Principal secretary and Director of Medical Education Department were called to search for an officer for this dream project. In Feb 2008, S.C. Tiwari accepted this difficult task and got appointed as a nodal officer and acting Dean for this new project.

First office of Sagar Medical College was started at Satpura Bhavan Bhopal under the supervision of V.K. Saini (DME MP Govt.) and Saraswat (Project Director) another small office was started at Sagar inside the District hospital which was handled by Yadav (A.O.). Later on the staff was increased. The first working team consisted of Bhavna Bhimte, Gaurav Sharma, Ravi Pachori, Mahendra Kumar Bharti, Y. Pawade, Vishal, Mitesh Shah and Rajbhan, Amit Jain, Kusum Patidar and A.K. Mathur. This team worked from a single room at Satpuda Bhavan Bhopal. Another team of doctors was working at Sagar. This team consisted of R. Pandey, Sarvesh Jain, Deepak Shrivastava, Shikha, Amar Gagwani, Anil, Dushyant, Pinkesh, Malti, Anand and Anju Jha.

In May 2009 the officers team was shifted from Bhopal to Sagar and started working for the development of college. Above team members gave their support for the progress of this college. Later on Professor V. M. Agnihotri, Professor Mukul Yadav, Professor R.S. Verma, Annapurna Bose, S.S. Mishra gave their support for the development of college.

S.C. Tiwari, V. M. Agnihotri and M.K. Bharti gave their best support for entire development of this institute. Due to all combined efforts Sagar Medical College came in to existence and got permission by MCI in October 2009. At the time of L.O.P. this was the only recognized Govt. medical college in Madhya Pradesh. On 5 Nov 2009 honorable Chief Minister Shri Shivraj Singh Chauhan inaugurated this college for the first academic session. This was the only project which almost completed in 2 year short duration. District hospital Sagar was the first associated hospital for this college.

== Departments ==

* [[Anatomy]]
* [[Physiology]]
* [[Biochemistry]]
* [[Pharmacology]]
* [[Pathology]]
* [[Microbiology]]
* [[Forensic Medicine]]
* [[Community Medicine]]
* [[Ophthalmology]]
* [[Otolaryngology|Otorhinolaryngology]]
* [[Medicine]]
* [[Surgery]]
* [[Obstetrics & Gynecology]]
* [[Pediatrics]]
* [[Anesthesiology]]
* [[Radiology]]
* [[Dermatology]]
* [[Orthopedics]]
* [[Psychiatry]]

== Campus ==
The campus is spread over a large area consisting of college building, medical auditorium, and associated hospital, UG hostels, nurses hostel and doctor's residential colony. The UG hostel for boys and girls are situated within the campus. The college campus also has a badminton court, games hall and ground for various sports and recreational activities.

'''College building:''' has three floors. Ground floor has Administrative block including Dean office and Departments of Anatomy and Biochemistry. First floor has departments of Physiology and Community Medicine (P.S.M.). Pathology and Forensic Medicine departments are Located on Second floor including fully air conditioned Examination hall. Departments of Pharmacology and Microbiology are located on top floor. The college has a working lift facility. All departments have their own museums and modern amenities required for teaching, training and patients support. The college building is connected to the Central Library & L.T. complex.

'''A Central Library, Lecture Theatres and GYM complex:''' with 4 lecture halls, a central library, reading room for students and staff, an air conditioned Gymnasium, central opened area, Boys & Girls common room (having table tennis, carrom). Besides the LT complex there is mortuary, P.M. room & animal house which is according to MCI norms

'''Hospital:''' Hospital is a 750 bedded, tertiary care teaching hospital having 3 floors. All the Clinical departments are present along with supportive departments, central lab etc. with a canteen, 24 hour casualty services are available.

== Accommodation ==
There are 5 hostels. Each for girls, boys, nursing students, separate female & male junior resident hostels. Mess facility is currently available in boys & girls hostel. Separate bungalow for dean and superintendent. Apartment style accommodation for professors, associate professors, assistant professors, and demonstrators. There is separate accommodation for class three and class four employees nearby.

A guest house with 12 rooms is present for faculty and student's parents.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://bmcsagar.edu.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126093702/http://bmcsagar.edu.in/ |date=26 January 2023 }}

{{coord|23.819|78.755|display=title}}
{{Colleges affiliated to Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University}}

[[Category:2007 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Madhya Pradesh Medical Science University]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2007]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Education in Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]

CGC University, Mohali

2026-03-21T16:43:04Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting A Bio W/ Infobox

{{Infobox university
| name = CGC University, Mohali
| motto = Shaping Tomorrow, Today
|established = {{Start date and age|2025||}}
| type = [[Private university|Private]] [[research university]]
| chancellor = S. Rashpal Singh Dhaliwal
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Vinay Goyal
| students = 15,000+
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| address = State Highway 12A, Chandigarh - Sirhind Road, Mohali, Punjab, 140307
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord| 30.4111|N|76.3953|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| campus_type = [[Rural]]
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) A+
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]], [[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]], [[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]], [[Institute of Engineering and Technology|IET]]
| campus_size = {{convert|70|acre|ha|round=5|abbr=off|order=flip}}
| website = {{URL|www.cgcuniversity.in}}
| logo =
| image_name = CGC University, Mohali.webp
| image_upright = 0.5
| faculty = 1000+
| colors = {{color box|Red}} {{color box| Blue}} {{color box|White}}
| sports_nickname = CGC University
}}
'''CGC University, Mohali''' is a [[private university]] located in Mohali, [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]. The university was established in 2025 by an act of [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|the Punjab State Legislature]]. It is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] under Section 2(f) with the right to confer degrees as per Section 22(1) of the UGC Act, 1956.<ref name="g73">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=University Grants Commission | website= ugc.gov.in | date=2025-08-20 | url=https://www.ugc.gov.in/universitydetails/Private_university_other?id=1405| access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref><ref name="o303">{{cite web | title=Mohali's CGC Group of Colleges becomes CGC University, stresses AI-led education, tech-first learning and innovation | website=The Indian Express | date=2025-08-19 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mohali-cgc-group-of-colleges-university-ai-led-education-10198734/ | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref><ref name="t143">{{cite web | title=CGC Jhanjeri is now CGC University | website=The Tribune | date=2025-08-20 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/cgc-jhanjeri-is-now-cgc-university/ | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>
==History==
CGC University, Mohali, formerly known as Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri (CGC Jhanjeri), was established in 2012 by S. Rashpal Singh Dhaliwal. Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Jhanjeri was a part of the CGC Group which was established in 2002. In August 2025, CGC Jhanjeri announced its transition to CGC University Mohali.<ref name="g473">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=Mohali gets fourth varsity: CGC Jhanjeri is now a university | website=Hindustan Times | date=2025-08-20 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/mohali-gets-fourth-varsity-cgc-jhanjeri-is-now-a-university-101755633981095.html | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref><ref name="k082">{{cite web | last= | first= | title=CGC Jhanjeri announces transition to CGC University, Mohali | website=The Tribune | date=2025-08-19 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/cgc-jhanjeri-announces-transition-to-cgc-university-mohali/ | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>
==Academics==
CGC University, Mohali offers undergraduate, postgraduate, and doctoral programmes in disciplines including engineering, management, law, pharmacy, and allied sciences.
Its academic structure includes the School of Engineering and Technology, School of Management Studies, School of Advanced Computing, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Allied and Health Sciences, School of Liberal Arts and Languages, School of Legal Studies, and School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, which offer programmes such as B.Tech, M.Tech, BBA, B.Com (Hons), MBA, BCA, MCA, D.Pharm, B.Pharm, BPT, BA, B.Sc., LLB, BA LL.B, BBA LL.B, and LLM.<ref name="h841">{{cite web | title=CGC University Industry-Academia Interface – Partnerships & Career Readiness | website=CGC University | url=https://www.cgcuniversity.in/industry-academia-interface | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

==Campus==
The campus of CGC University, Mohali is spread over approximately 70 acres and currently utilized student capacity i.e. 15, 000 students. It is located on State Highway 12A (Chandigarh–Sirhind Road).<ref name="y399">{{cite web | title=CGC University Campus Facilities – Infrastructure, Labs & Amenities | website=CGC University | url=https://www.cgcuniversity.in/campus-facilities | access-date=2026-03-19}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{official|https://www.cgcuniversity.in}}

{{Portal bar|India|Education}}
[[Category:Private universities in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2025]]

Kings Colony, Shastripuram

2026-03-20T11:47:11Z

JoyceBpo44: Added First Stub More To Come

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2017}}
{{No footnotes|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Shastripuram Housing Colony
| type = Society
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad#India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana
| coordinates = {{coord|17.331189|78.446347|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ranga Reddy]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name3 = Rajendar Nagar, Circle No.6
| official_name =
}}

'''Shastripuram Housing Colony''' is an area in the Ranga Reddy District of Telangana, India. It comes under Rajendra Nagar Circle 6 [[Government of Telangana]].

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/tucked-in-the-lap-of-nature-away-from-the-din/article2309794.ece|title=Tucked in the lap of nature away from the din|author=ASIF YAR KHAN|work=The Hindu |date=30 July 2011 }}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/power-shutdown-parts-city-monday|title=Power shutdown in parts of city on Monday|work=siasat.com}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/no-relief-yet-for-kings-colony/article5337459.ece|title=No relief yet for Kings Colony|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu |date=10 November 2013 }}
*https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/2-years-and-counting-no-sign-of-sports-complex-657231

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Hyderabad, India]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Smita Agarwal

2026-03-15T09:33:23Z

JoyceBpo44: stub

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Smita Agarwal
| image = Smita Agarwal.JPG
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1958
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Poet and a Professor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}

'''Smita Agarwal''' (born 1958) is an Indian poet and a professor of [[English literature]] at the [[University of Allahabad]], India.

==Biography==
Smita Agarwal's poetry has appeared in journals and anthologies. In 1999 she was a writer in residence at the [[University of Stirling]] in Scotland, and the [[University of Kent]] in England. Agarwal's doctoral studies were on American poet, novelist and short story writer, [[Sylvia Plath]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kent.ac.uk/alumni/pdf/kent40.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 May 2011 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324203418/https://www.kent.ac.uk/alumni/pdf/kent40.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Agarwal is an editor and translator for Plath Profiles, the Sylvia Plath online journal, [[Indiana University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iun.edu/~nwadmin/plath/ |title=IU Northwest: Plath Profiles |publisher=Iun.edu |access-date=2012-01-28 |archive-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423205514/http://www.iun.edu/~nwadmin/plath/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Agarwal is also a [[vocalist]] for [[All India Radio]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatofindia.com/arists/smita_a.htm |title=Smita Agarwal – Folk Music artiste of India |publisher=Beatofindia.com |access-date=2012-01-28}}</ref>

==Works==
*''Wish-granting Words.'' [[New Delhi]]: Ravi Dayal Publisher, 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vedamsbooks.in/no29554/wishgranting-words-smita-agarwal |title=Wish-Granting Words/Smita Agarwal |publisher=Vedamsbooks.in |access-date=2012-01-28}}</ref>
*''Mofussil Notebook. Poems of Small Town India.'' [[E-book]]: Cooperjal Limited, UK, 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ideaindia.com/product_detail.php?pid=1924 |title=Mofussil Notebook, Poems of Small-Town India |author=Smita Agarwal |publisher=Ideaindia.com |date=2011-09-25 |access-date=2012-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407003303/http://www.ideaindia.com/product_detail.php?pid=1924 |archive-date=7 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Of-love-longing-and-failed-husbands/Article1-749779.aspx |title=Of love, longing and failed husbands |work=Hindustan Times|date=2011-09-24 |access-date=2012-01-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106122926/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Of-love-longing-and-failed-husbands/Article1-749779.aspx |archive-date=6 November 2011 }}</ref>
*''Mofussil Notebook. Poems, '' Print. With an Introduction and New Poems, Calcutta: Sampark, 2016.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mofussil Notebook: Contemporary Indian Poetry in English|author=Smita Agarwal|publisher=Sampark|year=2013|isbn=978-8192684253}}</ref>

===Edited===
*''Marginalized: Indian Poetry in English,'' ed. Smita Agarwal, Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rodopi.nl/ntalpha.asp?BookId=DQR+53&type=new&letter=N |title=Rodopi |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140303210829/http://www.rodopi.nl/ntalpha.asp?BookId=DQR+53&type=new&letter=N |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Poetry anthologies====

Agarwal's poems have been included in anthologies such as:
*''Literature Alive, New Writing from India and Britain, Vol. 2,'' Summer 1996.
*''Nine Indian Women Poets.'' [[Oxford University Press]], 1997<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-toi/view-from-venus/An-ode-to-our-nightingales/articleshow/4504412.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707032427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-10/view-from-venus/28180799_1_poet-laureate-indian-women-women-writers |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-07 |title=An ode to our nightingales |date=2009-05-10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2012-01-28}}</ref>
*''Verse: Special Feature on Indian poetry, UK & USA, Vol. 17 & 18,'' 2001.
*''Reasons for Belonging.'' [[Penguin Publishing|Penguin]], 2002.
* ''Midnight’s Grandchildren.'' Macedonia: Post Independence Poetry From India, Struga Poetry Press, 2003.
*''Confronting Love.'' Penguin, 2005.
*''Fulcrum: Special Issue on Indian Poetry in English, No. 4.'' US: 2005.
*''Sparks, DAV Center for Creative Education.'' Mumbai: [[New Panvel]], 2008.
*''Indian English Women Poets.'' New Delhi: Creative Books, 2009.
*''We Speak in Changing Languages: Indian Women Poets, 1990-2007.'' New Delhi: [[Sahitya Akademi]], 2009.
*''The HarperCollins Book of English Poetry,'' 2012.
*''These My Words: The Penguin Book of Indian Poetry,'' 2012.
* ''A New Book of Indian Poems in English'' (2000) ed. by [[Gopi Kottoor]] and published by [[Poetry Chain]] and [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]
*''[[The Dance of the Peacock]]: An Anthology of English Poetry from India'',<ref name=brook>{{cite news|last1=Grove|first1=Richard|title=The Dance of the Peacock:An Anthology of English Poetry from India|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|access-date=5 January 2015|issue=current|publisher=Hidden Brook Press, Canada|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929050126/http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> featuring 151 Indian English poets, edited by Vivekanand Jha and published by Hidden Brook Press,<ref name=press>{{cite web|last1=Press|first1=Hidden Brook|title=Hidden Brook Press|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com|publisher=Hidden Brook Press|access-date=5 January 2015}}</ref> Canada.

==See also==
*[[Indian English Poetry]]
*{{section link|List of Indian poets|English}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agarwal, Smita}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Allahabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women writers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Nutrition

2026-03-08T17:54:39Z

JoyceBpo44: enhance references per standard format

{{Short description|Provision to cells and organisms to support life}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use American English|date=September 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=3}}

[[File:Close wing posture of Amblypodia anita (Hewitson, 1862) - Purple Leaf Blue (Male) gathering nutrients from bird dropping WLB.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|alt=see caption|A purple leaf blue butterfly (''[[Amblypodia anita]]'') gathering [[nutrient]]s from [[guano]]]]

'''Nutrition''' is the [[biochemistry|biochemical]] and [[physiology|physiological]] process by which an [[organism]] uses [[food]] and [[water]] to support its [[life]]. The intake of these substances provides organisms with [[nutrient]]s (divided into [[Macronutrient|macro-]] and [[Micronutrient|micro-]]) which can be [[Metabolism|metabolized]] to create [[Food energy|energy]] and chemical structures; too much or too little of an essential nutrient can cause [[malnutrition]]. [[Nutritional science]], the study of nutrition as a [[hard science]], typically emphasizes [[human nutrition]].

The type of organism determines what nutrients it needs and how it obtains them. Organisms obtain nutrients by consuming [[organic matter]], consuming inorganic matter, absorbing light, or some combination of these. Some can produce nutrients internally by consuming basic elements, while others must consume other organisms to obtain pre-existing nutrients. All forms of life require [[carbon]], [[Biological thermodynamics|energy]], and [[water]] as well as various other [[molecule]]s. Animals require complex nutrients such as [[carbohydrate]]s, [[lipid]]s, and [[protein]]s, obtaining them by consuming other organisms. Humans have developed [[agriculture]] and [[cooking]] to replace [[foraging]] and advance human nutrition. Plants acquire nutrients through the [[soil]] and the atmosphere. Fungi absorb nutrients around them by breaking them down and absorbing them through the [[mycelium]].

== History ==
{{Main|Nutritional science}}
Scientific analysis of food and nutrients began during the [[chemical revolution]] in the late 18th century. Chemists in the 18th and 19th centuries experimented with different elements and food sources to develop theories of nutrition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carpenter |first=Kenneth J. |date=1 March 2003 |title=A Short History of Nutritional Science: Part 1 (1785–1885) |journal=The Journal of Nutrition |volume=133 |issue=3 |pages=638–645 |doi=10.1093/jn/133.3.638 |pmid=12612130 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Modern nutrition science began in the 1910s as individual micronutrients began to be identified. The first vitamin to be chemically identified was [[thiamine]] in 1926, and vitamin C was identified as a protection against scurvy in 1932.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stafford |first=Ned |date=December 2010 |title=History: The changing notion of food |journal=Nature |volume=468 |issue=7327 |pages=S16–S17 |doi=10.1038/468S16a |pmid=21179078 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2010Natur.468S..16S }}</ref> The role of vitamins in nutrition was studied in the following decades. The first recommended dietary allowances for humans were developed to address fears of disease caused by food deficiencies during the [[Great Depression]] and the Second World War.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mozaffarian |first1=Dariush |last2=Rosenberg |first2=Irwin |last3=Uauy |first3=Ricardo |date=13 June 2018 |title=History of modern nutrition science—implications for current research, dietary guidelines, and food policy |journal=[[BMJ]] |volume=361 |article-number=k2392 |doi=10.1136/bmj.k2392 |pmc=5998735 |pmid=29899124 }}</ref> Due to its importance in human health, the study of nutrition has heavily emphasized human nutrition and agriculture, while [[ecology]] is a secondary concern.{{Sfn|Simpson|Raubenheimer|2012|p=2}}

== Nutrients ==
{{main|Nutrient}}

{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Abr horta Antonio Cruz.jpg
| width1 = 200px
| image2 = Compost-dirt.jpg
| width2 = 175
| image3 = HomeComposting Roubaix Fr59.JPG
| width3 = 175
| image4 = Pastoral-barn.jpg
| width4 = 200
| footer = [[Composting]] within [[agricultural systems]] capitalizes upon the natural services of nutrient recycling in ecosystems. [[Bacteria]], [[fungi]], [[insects]], [[earthworms]], [[Hemiptera|bugs]], and other creatures dig and digest the compost into fertile soil. The minerals and nutrients in the soil are recycled back into the production of crops.
}}
Nutrients are substances that provide energy and physical components to the organism, allowing it to survive, grow, and reproduce. Nutrients can be basic elements or complex [[macromolecule]]s. Approximately 30 elements are found in [[organic matter]], with [[nitrogen]], [[carbon]], and [[phosphorus]] being the most important.{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|pp=70–72}} [[Macronutrient]]s are the primary substances required by an organism, and [[micronutrient]]s are substances required by an organism in trace amounts. Organic micronutrients are classified as [[vitamin]]s, and inorganic micronutrients are classified as [[mineral (nutrition)|minerals]]. Over-nutrition of macronutrients is a major cause of obesity and increases the risk of developing various non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including type 2 diabetes, stroke, hypertension, coronary heart disease, osteoporosis, and some forms of cancer.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gibney |first=Michael J. |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Introduction_to_Human_Nutrition/Pn7J9JbE4g0C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Introduction to Human Nutrition |last2=Lanham-New |first2=Susan A. |last3=Cassidy |first3=Aedin |last4=Vorster |first4=Hester H. |date=2013-03-14 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-68470-2 |pages=350 |language=en}}</ref> Nutrients can also be classified as essential or nonessential, with essential meaning the body cannot synthesize the nutrient on its own.{{Sfn|Wu|2017|pp=2–4}}

Nutrients are absorbed by the cells and used in metabolic biochemical reactions. These include fueling reactions that create precursor [[metabolite]]s and energy, biosynthetic reactions that convert precursor metabolites into building block molecules, [[polymerization]]s that combine these molecules into macromolecule [[polymer]]s, and assembly reactions that use these polymers to construct cellular structures.{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|pp=70–72}}

=== Nutritional groups ===
{{main|Primary nutritional groups}}
Organisms can be classified by how they obtain carbon and energy. [[Heterotroph]]s are organisms that obtain nutrients by consuming the carbon of other organisms, while [[autotroph]]s are organisms that produce their own nutrients from the carbon of inorganic substances like [[carbon dioxide]]. [[Mixotroph]]s are organisms that can be heterotrophs and autotrophs, including some [[plankton]] and [[carnivorous plant]]s. [[Phototroph]]s obtain energy from light, while [[chemotroph]]s obtain energy by consuming chemical energy from matter. [[Organotroph]]s consume other organisms to obtain electrons, while [[lithotroph]]s obtain electrons from inorganic substances, such as [[water]], [[hydrogen sulfide]], [[dihydrogen]], [[iron(II)]], [[sulfur]], or [[ammonium]].{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|pp=72–79}} Prototrophs can create essential nutrients from other compounds, while [[auxotroph]]s must consume preexisting nutrients.{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|p=93}}

=== Diet ===
{{main|Diet (nutrition)}}In nutrition, the [[Diet (nutrition)|diet]] of an organism is the sum of the foods it eats.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diet |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/diet |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> A healthy diet improves the physical and mental health of an organism. This requires ingestion and absorption of [[vitamin]]s, [[Dietary mineral|minerals]], [[essential amino acid]]s from protein and [[essential fatty acid]]s from fat-containing food. [[Carbohydrates]], protein and fat play major roles in ensuring the [[quality of life]], [[health]] and [[longevity]] of the organism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-16 |title=Benefits of Healthy Eating |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/resources-publications/benefits-of-healthy-eating.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> Some cultures and religions have restrictions on what is acceptable for their diet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-09-19 |title=Religion and dietary choices |url=https://www.independentnurse.co.uk/content/clinical/religion-and-dietary-choices/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Independent Nurse |language=en}}</ref>

=== Nutrient cycle ===
{{main|Nutrient cycle}}A [[nutrient cycle]] is a [[biogeochemical cycle]] involving the movement of inorganic matter through a combination of soil, organisms, air or water, where they are exchanged in organic matter.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Allaby |first=Michael |year=2015 |encyclopedia=A Dictionary of Ecology |title=Nutrient cycle |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |edition=5th |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191793158.001.0001/acref-9780191793158-e-3868 |isbn=978-0-19-179315-8 |url-access=subscription}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Energy flow is a unidirectional and noncyclic pathway, whereas the movement of [[mineral nutrients]] is cyclic. Mineral cycles include the [[carbon cycle]], [[sulfur cycle]], [[nitrogen cycle]], [[water cycle]], [[phosphorus cycle]], and [[oxygen cycle]], among others that continually recycle along with other mineral nutrients into [[Productivity (ecology)|productive]] ecological nutrition.<ref name=":0" />

[[Biogeochemical cycle]]s that are performed by living organisms and natural processes are [[Water cycle|water]], [[Carbon cycle|carbon]], [[Nitrogen cycle|nitrogen]], [[Phosphorus cycle|phosphorus]], and [[sulfur cycle]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Intro to biogeochemical cycles (article) |url=https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/ecology/biogeochemical-cycles/a/introduction-to-biogeochemical-cycles |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Khan Academy |language=en}}</ref> Nutrient cycles allow these essential elements to return to the environment after being absorbed or consumed.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Botany/Botany_(Ha_Morrow_and_Algiers)/Unit_3%3A_Plant_Physiology_and_Regulation/15%3A_Nutrition_and_Soils/15.03%3A_Nutrient_Cycles#:~:text=Nutrient%20cycles%2C%20also%20known%20as,to%20plants%20and%20other%20organisms | title=4.3.3: Nutrient Cycles | date=29 May 2020 }}</ref> Without proper nutrient cycling, there would be a risk of change in oxygen levels, climate, and ecosystem function.{{fact|date=November 2024}}

=== Foraging ===
{{Main|Foraging}}
[[File:BonoboFishing04.jpeg|thumb|A [[bonobo]] fishing for [[termite]]s with a prepared stick]]
Foraging is the process of seeking out nutrients in the environment. It may also be defined to include the subsequent use of the resources. Some organisms, such as animals and bacteria, can navigate to find nutrients, while others, such as plants and fungi, extend outward to find nutrients. Foraging may be random, in which the organism seeks nutrients without method, or it may be systematic, in which the organism can go directly to a food source.{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|pp=83–85}} Organisms are able to detect nutrients through [[taste]] or other forms of [[nutrient sensing]], allowing them to regulate nutrient intake.{{Sfn|Simpson|Raubenheimer|2012|p=36}} [[Optimal foraging theory]] is a model that explains foraging behavior as a [[cost–benefit analysis]] in which an animal must maximize the gain of nutrients while minimizing the amount of time and energy spent foraging. It was created to analyze the foraging habits of animals, but it can also be extended to other organisms.{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|p=16}} Some organisms are specialists that are adapted to forage for a single food source, while others are generalists that can consume a variety of food sources.{{Sfn|Andrews|2017|p=98}}

== Nutrient deficiency ==
{{See also|Malnutrition}}
Nutrient deficiencies, known as [[malnutrition]], occur when an organism does not have the nutrients that it needs. A deficiency is not the same as a nutrient inadequacy which occurs when the intake of nutrients is above the level of deficiency, but below the recommended dietary level. This may lead to hidden symptoms of nutrient deficiency that are difficult to identify.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiani |first=Aysha Karim |last2=Dhuli |first2=Kristjana |last3=Donato |first3=Kevin |last4=Aquilanti |first4=Barbara |last5=Velluti |first5=Valeria |last6=Matera |first6=Giuseppina |last7=Iaconelli |first7=Amerigo |last8=Connelly |first8=Stephen Thaddeus |last9=Bellinato |first9=Francesco |last10=Gisondi |first10=Paolo |last11=Bertelli |first11=Matteo |date=2022 |title=Main nutritional deficiencies |journal=Journal of Preventive Medicine and Hygiene |volume=63 |issue=2 Suppl 3 |article-number=93 |doi=10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2022.63.2S3.2752 |issn=2421-4248 |pmc=9710417 |pmid=36479498}}</ref> Nutrient deficiency may be caused by a sudden decrease in nutrient intake or by an inability to absorb essential nutrients. Not only is malnutrition the result of a lack of necessary nutrients,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mora |first1=Rafael J.F. |title=Malnutrition: Organic and Functional Consequences |journal=World Journal of Surgery |date=June 1999 |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=530–535 |doi=10.1007/PL00012343 |pmid=10227920 }}</ref> but it can also be a result of other illnesses and health conditions. When this occurs, an organism will adapt by reducing energy consumption and expenditure to prolong the use of stored nutrients. It will use stored energy reserves until they are depleted.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=Rafael J.F. |date=1 June 1999 |title=Malnutrition: Organic and Functional Consequences |journal=[[World Journal of Surgery]] |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=530–535 |doi=10.1007/PL00012343 |pmid=10227920 }}</ref>

A balanced diet includes appropriate amounts of all essential and non-essential nutrients. These can vary by age, weight, sex, physical activity levels, and more. A lack of just one essential nutrient can cause bodily harm, just as an overabundance can cause toxicity. The Daily Reference Values keep the majority of people from nutrient deficiencies.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/dietary-reference-values#:~:text=DRVs%20are%20key%20concepts%20in,at%20population%20and%20individual%20level | title=Dietary reference values | EFSA | date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> DRVs are not recommendations but a combination of nutrient references to educate professionals and policymakers on what the maximum and minimum nutrient intakes are for the average person.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/dietary-reference-values | title=Dietary reference values | EFSA | date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> Food labels also use DRVs as a reference to create safe nutritional guidelines for the average healthy person.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nutrition |first=Center for Food Safety and Applied |date=2024-03-13 |title=Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001072833/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 October 2023 |journal=FDA |language=en}}</ref>

== In organisms ==

=== Animal ===
{{main|Animal nutrition}}
[[File:Alcedo atthis eating a tadpole.jpg|alt=see caption|thumb|A [[kingfisher]] eating a [[tadpole]] near the [[Ariège (river)|Ariège river]], France]]
Animals are heterotrophs that consume other organisms to obtain nutrients. [[Herbivore]]s are animals that eat plants, [[carnivore]]s are animals that eat other animals, and [[omnivore]]s are animals that eat both plants and other animals.{{Sfn|Wu|2017|p=1}} Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to create digestible nutrients from indigestible plant cellulose, while obligate carnivores must eat animal meats to obtain certain vitamins or nutrients their bodies cannot otherwise synthesize. Animals generally have a higher requirement of energy in comparison to plants.<ref>{{cite web |last1=National Geographic Society |date=21 January 2011 |title=Herbivore |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/herbivore/ |access-date=1 May 2017 |website=[[National Geographic Society]] |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225044420/http://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/herbivore/ |url-status=live|author1-link=National Geographic Society }}</ref> The macronutrients essential to animal life are carbohydrates, [[amino acid]]s, and [[fatty acid]]s.{{Sfn|Wu|2017|pp=2–4}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nutrition: What Plants and Animals Need to Survive {{!}} Organismal Biology |url=https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and-homeostasis/nutrition-needs-and-adaptations/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu}}</ref>

All macronutrients except water are required by the body for energy, however, this is not their sole physiological function. The energy provided by macronutrients in food is measured in kilocalories, usually called Calories, where 1 Calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 kilogram of water by 1 degree Celsius.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-21 |title=4.2: Nutrients |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/04%3A_Nutrition/4.2%3A_Nutrients |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=Biology LibreTexts |language=en}}</ref>

Carbohydrates are molecules that store significant amounts of energy. Animals digest and metabolize carbohydrates to obtain this energy. Carbohydrates are typically synthesized by plants during metabolism, and animals have to obtain most carbohydrates from nature, as they have only a limited ability to generate them. They include [[sugar]]s, [[oligosaccharide]]s, and [[polysaccharide]]s. [[Glucose]] is the simplest form of carbohydrate.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|pp=21–26}} Carbohydrates are broken down to produce glucose and [[short-chain fatty acid]]s, and they are the most abundant nutrients for herbivorous land animals.{{Sfn|Wu|2017|pp=193–194}} Carbohydrates contain 4 calories per gram.

Lipids provide animals with fats and oils. They are not soluble in water, and they can store energy for an extended period of time. They can be obtained from many different plant and animal sources. Most dietary lipids are [[triglyceride]]s, composed of [[glycerol]] and fatty acids. [[Phospholipid]]s and [[sterol]]s are found in smaller amounts.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|pp=49–55}} An animal's body will reduce the amount of fatty acids it produces as dietary fat intake increases, while it increases the amount of fatty acids it produces as carbohydrate intake increases.{{Sfn|Wu|2017|p=271}} Fats contain 9 calories per gram.

Protein consumed by animals is broken down to amino acids, which would be later used to synthesize new proteins. Protein is used to form cellular structures, fluids,{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|pp=70–73}} and [[enzyme]]s (biological [[catalyst]]s). Enzymes are essential to most [[Metabolism|metabolic]] processes, as well as [[DNA replication]], [[DNA repair|repair]], and [[Transcription (genetics)|transcription]].<ref name="EXPASY2000">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bairoch A |date=January 2000 |title=The ENZYME database in 2000 |journal=[[Nucleic Acids Research]] |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=304–05 |doi=10.1093/nar/28.1.304 |pmc=102465 |pmid=10592255 }}</ref> Protein contains 4 calories per gram.

Much of [[Ethology|animal behavior]] is governed by nutrition. [[Animal migration|Migration patterns]] and [[Seasonal breeder|seasonal breeding]] take place in conjunction with food availability, and [[courtship display]]s are used to display an animal's health.{{Sfn|Simpson|Raubenheimer|2012|pp=3–4}} Animals develop positive and negative associations with foods that affect their health, and they can instinctively avoid foods that have caused [[toxic injury]] or nutritional imbalances through a [[conditioned food aversion]]. Some animals, such as rats, do not seek out new types of foods unless they have a nutrient deficiency.{{Sfn|Simpson|Raubenheimer|2012|pp=39–41}}

==== Human ====
{{main|Human nutrition|Cooking}}
Early human nutrition consisted of foraging for nutrients, like other animals, but it diverged at the beginning of the [[Holocene]] with the [[Neolithic Revolution]], in which humans developed agriculture to produce food. The Chemical Revolution in the 18th century allowed humans to study the nutrients in foods and develop more advanced methods of [[food preparation]]. Major advances in economics and technology during the 20th century allowed [[mass production]] and [[food fortification]] to better meet the nutritional needs of humans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Trüeb |first=Ralph M. |title=Nutrition for Healthy Hair |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-3-030-59920-1 |pages=3–15 |chapter=Brief History of Human Nutrition |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-59920-1_2 }}</ref> [[Human behavior]] is closely related to human nutrition, making it a subject of [[social science]] in addition to biology. Nutrition in humans is balanced with eating for pleasure, and optimal diet may vary depending on the demographics and health concerns of each person.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|p=1|2012}} Social determinants of health (SDOH) and structural factors drive nutrition and diet-related health disparities.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kahlon |first=Maninder |date=2024-04-01 |title=Understanding and Intervening in Nutrition-Related Health Disparities |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2161831324000292 |journal=Advances in Nutrition |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=2 |doi=10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100195 |issn=2161-8313|pmc=11031373 }}</ref>

Humans are omnivores that eat a variety of foods. Cultivation of [[cereal]]s and production of [[bread]] has made up a key component of human nutrition since the beginning of agriculture. Early humans hunted animals for meat, and modern humans domesticate animals to consume their meat and eggs. The development of [[animal husbandry]] has also allowed humans in some cultures to consume the [[milk]] of other animals and process it into foods such as [[cheese]]. Other foods eaten by humans include nuts, seeds, fruits, and vegetables. Access to domesticated animals as well as [[vegetable oil]]s has caused a significant increase in human intake of fats and oils. Humans have developed advanced methods of [[food processing]] that prevent contamination of pathogenic microorganisms and simplify the production of food. These include drying, freezing, heating, milling, pressing, packaging, refrigeration, and irradiation. Most cultures add [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s to foods before eating to add flavor, though most do not significantly affect nutrition. Other additives are also used to improve the safety, quality, flavor, and nutritional content of food.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|pp=409–437|2012}}

Humans obtain most carbohydrates as starch from cereals, though sugar has grown in importance.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|pp=21–26}} Lipids can be found in [[animal fat]], [[butterfat]], vegetable oil, and [[leaf vegetable]]s, and they are also used to increase flavor in foods.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|pp=49–55}} Protein can be found in virtually all foods, as it makes up cellular material, though certain methods of food processing may reduce the amount of protein in a food.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|p=86}} Humans can also obtain energy from [[ethanol]], which is both a food and a drug, but it provides relatively few essential nutrients and is associated with nutritional deficiencies and other health risks.{{Sfn|Mann|Truswell|2012|pp=109–120}}

In humans, poor nutrition can cause deficiency-related diseases, such as [[blindness]], [[anemia]], [[scurvy]], [[preterm birth]], [[stillbirth]] and [[cretinism]],<ref name="Whitney-Rolfes-lead">{{cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=Ellie |title=Understanding Nutrition |last2=Rolfes |first2=Sharon Rady |publisher=Wadsworth, [[Cengage Learning]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-133-58752-1 |edition=13 |pages=667, 670}}</ref> or nutrient-excess conditions, such as [[obesity]]<ref>{{cite web |date=7 June 2021 |title=Defining Adult Overweight and Obesity |url=https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html |website=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928174006/https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[metabolic syndrome]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Metabolic syndrome – PubMed Health |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004546 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110205042451/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004546 |archive-date=5 February 2011 |url-status=dead |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> Other conditions possibly affected by nutrition disorders include [[cardiovascular disease]]s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm |title=Omega-3 fatty acids |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080709084934/http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/omega-3-000316.htm |archive-date=9 July 2008 |website=Umm.edu |date=5 October 2011 |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> [[diabetes]],<ref>{{cite book |url=https://permanent.fdlp.gov/lps125227/Eating_Diabetes.pdf |title=What I need to know about eating and diabetes |date=2007 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse |oclc=656826809 |access-date=22 September 2021 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808135741/https://permanent.fdlp.gov/lps125227/Eating_Diabetes.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpguide.org/life/healthy_diet_diabetes.htm |title=Diabetes Diet and Food Tips: Eating to Prevent and Control Diabetes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520045538/http://www.helpguide.org/life/healthy_diet_diabetes.htm |archive-date=20 May 2011 |website=Helpguide.org |access-date=17 October 2011}}</ref> and [[osteoporosis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ |title=Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin D |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706053514/http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/ |archive-date=6 July 2011 |website=[[Office of Dietary Supplements]], [[US National Institutes of Health]] |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> Undernutrition can lead to [[wasting]] in acute cases, and [[stunted growth|stunting]] of [[marasmus]] in chronic cases of malnutrition.<ref name="Whitney-Rolfes-lead" />

==== Domesticated animal ====
In [[domesticated animal]]s, such as [[pet]]s, [[livestock]], and [[working animal]]s, as well as other [[Captivity (animal)|animals in captivity]], nutrition is managed by humans through [[animal feed]]. [[Fodder]] and [[forage]] are provided to livestock. Specialized [[pet food]] has been manufactured since 1860, and subsequent research and development have addressed the nutritional needs of pets. [[Dog food]] and [[cat food]] in particular are heavily studied and typically include all essential nutrients for these animals. Cats are sensitive to some common nutrients, such as [[taurine]], and require additional nutrients derived from meat. Large-breed puppies are susceptible to overnutrition, as small-breed dog food is more energy dense than they can absorb.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Mark B. |title=Caring for Family Pets: Choosing and Keeping Our Companion Animals Healthy |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-313-38527-8 |editor-last=Davis |editor-first=Radford G. |pages=177–194 |chapter=Pet Nutrition}}</ref>

=== Plant ===
{{Main|Plant nutrition}}
[[File:Photosynthesis en.svg|thumb|Schematic of photosynthesis in plants. The carbohydrates produced are stored in or used by the plant.]]
Most plants obtain nutrients through inorganic substances [[Plant nutrients in soil|absorbed from the soil]] or the atmosphere. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are essential nutrients that make up organic material in a plant and allow enzymic processes. These are absorbed ions in the soil, such as [[bicarbonate]], [[nitrate]], [[ammonium]], and [[sulfate]], or they are absorbed as gases, such as carbon dioxide, water, oxygen gas, and [[sulfur dioxide]]. Phosphorus, boron, and silicon are used for [[esterification]]. They are obtained through the soil as [[phosphate]]s, [[boric acid]], and [[silicic acid]], respectively. Other nutrients used by plants are potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, chlorine, iron, copper, zinc, and molybdenum.{{Sfn|Mengel|Kirkby|Kosegarten|Appel|2001|pp=1–3}}

Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their [[root]]s and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their [[Leaf|leaves]]. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by [[cation exchange]], wherein [[root hair]]s pump [[hydrogen ion]]s (H+) into the soil through [[proton pump]]s. These hydrogen ions displace [[cation]]s attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, [[stomata]] open to take in carbon dioxide and expel [[oxygen]].{{Sfn|Mengel|Kirkby|Kosegarten|Appel|2001|pp=111–135}} Although [[nitrogen]] is plentiful in the Earth's atmosphere, very few plants can use this directly. Most plants, therefore, require nitrogen compounds to be present in the soil in which they grow. This is made possible by the fact that largely inert atmospheric nitrogen is changed in a [[nitrogen fixation]] process to biologically usable forms in the soil by bacteria.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindemann |first1=W.C. |last2=Glover |first2=C.R. |date=2003 |url=http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A129/welcome.html |title=Nitrogen Fixation by Legumes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517232720/http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_a/A129/welcome.html |archive-date=17 May 2013 |website=[[New Mexico State University]]}}</ref>

As these nutrients do not provide the plant with energy, they must obtain energy by other means. [[Green plant]]s absorb energy from [[sunlight]] with [[chloroplasts]] and convert it to usable energy through [[photosynthesis]].{{Sfn|Mengel|Kirkby|Kosegarten|Appel|2001|pp=136–137}}

=== Fungus ===
{{See also|Fungiculture}}
Fungi are chemoheterotrophs that consume external matter for energy. Most fungi absorb matter through the root-like mycelium, which grows through the organism's source of nutrients and can extend indefinitely. The fungus excretes [[Fungal extracellular enzyme activity|extracellular enzymes]] to break down surrounding matter and then absorbs the nutrients through the cell wall. Fungi can be parasitic, saprophytic, or symbiotic. Parasitic fungi attach and feed on living hosts, such as animals, plants, or other fungi. Saprophytic fungi feed on dead and decomposing organisms. Symbiotic fungi grow around other organisms and exchange nutrients with them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Charya |first=M. A. Singara |title=Plant Biology and Biotechnology |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-81-322-2286-6 |editor1-last=Bahadur |editor1-first=Bir |pages=197–215 |chapter=Fungi: An Overview |doi=10.1007/978-81-322-2286-6_7 |editor2-last=Rajam |editor2-first=Manchikatla Venkat |editor3-last=Sahijram |editor3-first=Leela |editor4-last=Krishnamurthy |editor4-first=K. V.}}</ref>

=== Protist ===
[[Protist]]s include all [[eukaryote]]s that are not animals, plants, or fungi, resulting in great diversity between them. [[Algae]] are photosynthetic protists that can produce energy from light. Several types of protists use mycelium similar to those of fungi. [[Protozoa]] are heterotrophic protists, and different protozoa seek nutrients in different ways. [[Flagellate]] protozoa use a [[flagellum]] to assist in hunting for food, and some protozoa travel via infectious spores to act as parasites.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of the Protists |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-319-28149-0 |editor1-last=Archibald |editor1-first=John M. |edition=2nd |pages=2–4 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0 |lccn=2017945328 |editor2-last=Simpson |editor2-first=Alastair G. B. |editor3-last=Slamovits |editor3-first=Claudio H.}}</ref> Many protists are mixotrophic, having both phototrophic and heterotrophic characteristics. Mixotrophic protists will typically depend on one source of nutrients while using the other as a supplemental source or a temporary alternative when its primary source is unavailable.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Harriet |date=1997 |title=A classification of mixotrophic protists based on their behaviour |journal=Freshwater Biology |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=35–43 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2427.1997.00138.x |bibcode=1997FrBio..37...35J }}</ref>

=== Prokaryote ===
{{Further|Microbial metabolism}}
[[File:Metabolism-en.svg|thumb|Simplified view of [[Metabolism|cellular metabolism]]]]
[[Prokaryote]]s, including [[bacteria]] and [[archaea]], vary greatly in how they obtain nutrients across nutritional groups. Prokaryotes can only transport soluble compounds across their cell envelopes, but they can break down chemical components around them. Some lithotrophic prokaryotes are [[extremophile]]s that can survive in nutrient-deprived environments by breaking down inorganic matter.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1016/B978-044452748-6.00164-4 |chapter=Geology, Life and Habitability |title=Treatise on Geophysics |date=2007 |last1=Southam |first1=G. |last2=Westall |first2=F. |pages=421–437 |isbn=978-0-444-52748-6 |chapter-url=https://elib.dlr.de/97967/1/10-14-Geology-Life-and-Habitability_2015_Treatise-on-Geophysics-Second-Edition-.pdf }}</ref> Phototrophic prokaryotes, such as [[cyanobacteria]] and [[Chloroflexia]], can engage in photosynthesis to obtain energy from sunlight. This is common among bacteria that form in mats atop geothermal springs. Phototrophic prokaryotes typically obtain carbon from assimilating carbon dioxide through the [[Calvin cycle]].<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/0-387-30742-7_3 |chapter=The Phototrophic Way of Life |title=The Prokaryotes |date=2006 |last1=Overmann |first1=Jörg |last2=Garcia-Pichel |first2=Ferrau |pages=32–85 |isbn=978-0-387-25492-0 }}</ref>

Some prokaryotes, such as ''[[Bdellovibrio]]'' and [[Ensifer (bacterium)|''Ensifer'']], are predatory and feed on other single-celled organisms. Predatory prokaryotes seek out other organisms through [[chemotaxis]] or random collision, merge with the organism, degrade it, and absorb the released nutrients. Predatory strategies of prokaryotes include attaching to the outer surface of the organism and degrading it externally, entering the cytoplasm of the organism, or by entering the [[Periplasm|periplasmic space]] of the organism. Groups of predatory prokaryotes may forgo attachment by collectively producing [[Hydrolysis|hydrolytic]] enzymes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martin |first1=Mark O. |title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity |journal=Journal of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology |date=September 2002 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=467–477 |pmid=12432957 }}</ref>

==See also==
* {{annotated link|Liebig's law of the minimum}}
* {{annotated link|Nutrient density}}
* {{annotated link|Nutrition analysis}}
* {{annotated link|Resource (biology)}}
* {{annotated link|Substrate (biology)}}
* [[Milan Charter]] 2015 Charter on Nutrition

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Andrews |first=John H. |title=Comparative Ecology of Microorganisms and Macroorganisms |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=New York |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4939-6897-8 |edition=2nd}}
* {{cite book |last1=Callahan |first1=Alice |last2=Leonard |first2=Heather |last3=Powell |first3=Tamberly |title=Nutrition: Science and Everyday Application |url=https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/nutritionscience2e/ |year=2022 |publisher=[[Pressbooks]]}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Mann |editor1-first=Jim |title=Essentials of Human Nutrition |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-956634-1 |edition=4th |editor2-last=Truswell |editor2-first=A. Stewart}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Mengel |editor1-first=Konrad |title=Principles of Plant Nutrition |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |location=New York |year=2001 |isbn=978-94-010-1009-2 |edition=5th |doi=10.1007/978-94-010-1009-2 |editor2-last=Kirkby |editor2-first=Ernest A. |editor3-last=Kosegarten |editor3-first=Harald |editor4-last=Appel |editor4-first=Thomas}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Stephen J. |title=The Nature of Nutrition: A Unifying Framework from Animal Adaptation to Human Obesity |last2=Raubenheimer |first2=David |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4008-4280-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wu |first=Guoyao |title=Principles of Animal Nutrition |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-351-64637-6}}

{{wiktionary|nutrition}}
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[[Category:Nutrition| ]]

Ministry of Home Affairs (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T01:08:52Z

JoyceBpo44: new initial details w/ infobox...

{{Short description|Ministry of Government of Maharashtra}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Home Affairs
 [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| nativename = '''गृह मंत्रालय, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 100px
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width = 250px
| logo_caption = Home Department (Government of Maharashtra)
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_width =
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of Home Affairs
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| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[State of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
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| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Yogesh Kadam]]''' ''(Urban)''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| deputyminister2_name = '''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar|Pankaj Bhoyar]]'''
''(Rural)''
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| chief1_name = -
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = -
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name = -
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
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}}

{{Renewable energy}}
The '''Ministry of Home Affairs''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Gṛha Mantrālaya'', also known as the '''Home Department'''), or simply the '''Home Ministry''', is a [[Ministry (government department)|ministry]] of the [[Government of India|Government of]] Maharashtra. It is headed by Minister of Home Affairs, currently [[Devendra Fadnavis]] since 14 August 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html |title= Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069 |title= महाराष्ट्र मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>

It is responsible for the internal affairs of the state of Maharashtra, including [[Maharashtra Police]], Home Guard and fire services.

==List==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!#
!Portrait
!Minister
![[List of constituencies of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" |Term of office
![[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao_Chavan_2010_stamp_of_India.jpg|center|100x100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karad North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karad North]]
|1 May 1960
|7 March 1962
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|1 May 1960|20 November 1962}}
| rowspan="2" |'''''himself'''''
| rowspan="10" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="10" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|8 March 1962
|20 November 1962
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Sawant]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chiplun (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chiplun]]
|20 November 1962
|24 November 1963
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|20 November 1962|5 December 1963}}
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|25 November 1963
|5 December 1963
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|3
|
|[[Balasaheb Desai]]
|[[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan]]
|5 December 1963
|1 March 1967
|{{age in years and days|5 December 1963|1 March 1967}}
|[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|4
|[[File:Vasantrao_Naik_portrait.jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|[[Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pusad]]
|1 March 1967
|27 October 1969
|{{age in years and days|1 March 1967|27 October 1969}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|5
|[[File:Shankarrao_Chavan_2007_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]]
|27 October 1969
|13 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|27 October 1969|13 March 1972}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|6
|[[File:Vasantdada_Patil_2012_stamp_of_India.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|
|13 March 1972
|21 February 1975
|{{age in years and days|13 March 1972|21 February 1975}}
|-
|(5)
|[[File:Shankarrao_Chavan_2007_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhokar]]
|21 February 1975
|17 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|21 February 1975|17 May 1977}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|7
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Baramati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
|17 May 1977
|7 March 1978
|{{age in years and days|17 May 1977|7 March 1978}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|8
|
|[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]
|
|7 March 1978
|18 July 1978
|{{age in years and days|7 March 1978|18 July 1978}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|-
|(7)
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Baramati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
|18 July 1978
|17 February 1980
|{{age in years and days|18 July 1978|17 February 1980}}
|'''''himself'''''
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|-
|9
|[[File:A._R._Antulay_with_Shivraj_Patil_(cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
|[[Shrivardhan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shrivardhan]]
|9 June 1980
|21 January 1982
|{{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
|'''''himself'''''
| rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-
|10
|[[File:Babasaheb_Bhosale.png|97x97px]]
|[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|[[Kurla (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nehrunagar]]
|21 January 1982
|2 February 1983
|{{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(6)
|[[File:Vasantdada_Patil_2012_stamp_of_India.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|[[Sangli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
|2 February 1983
|3 June 1985
|{{age in years and days|2 February 1983|3 June 1985}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|11
|
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|[[Nilanga (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nilanga]]
|3 June 1985
|12 March 1986
|{{age in years and days|3 June 1985|12 March 1986}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(5)
|[[File:Shankarrao_Chavan_2007_stamp_of_India_(cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|12 March 1986
|26 June 1988
|{{age in years and days|12 March 1986|26 June 1988}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
| rowspan="2" |(7)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The_Union_Minister_for_Agriculture_and_Food_Processing_Industries,_Shri_Sharad_Pawar_addressing_at_the_launch_of_the_Sahana_Group’s_New_Marathi_Channel_“Jai_Maharashtra”,_in_Mumbai_on_April_27,_2013_(cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharad Pawar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Baramati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Baramati]]
|26 June 1988
|4 March 1990
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|26 June 1988|25 June 1991}}
| rowspan="2" |'''''himself'''''
|-
|4 March 1990
|25 June 1991
|-
|12
|
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|[[Pusad (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pusad]]
|25 June 1991
|6 March 1993
|{{age in years and days|25 June 1991|6 March 1993}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
|(7)
|[[File:The_Union_Minister_for_Agriculture_and_Food_Processing_Industries,_Shri_Sharad_Pawar_addressing_at_the_launch_of_the_Sahana_Group’s_New_Marathi_Channel_“Jai_Maharashtra”,_in_Mumbai_on_April_27,_2013_(cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|6 March 1993{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|14 March 1995
|{{age in years and days|6 March 1993|14 March 1995}}
|'''''himself'''''
|-
| rowspan="2" |13
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Gopinath Ji Munde.jpg|83x83px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gopinath Munde]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Renapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Renapur]]
|14 March 1995
|1 February 1999
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|14 March 1995|18 October 1999}}
|[[Manohar Joshi]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|1 February 1999
|18 October 1999
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|14
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|125x125px]]
|[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|18 October 1999
|18 January 2003
|{{age in years and days|18 October 1999|18 January 2003}}
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |15
| rowspan="2" |[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|75x75px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[R. R. Patil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|18 January 2003
|1 November 2004
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|18 January 2003|8 December 2008}}
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|1 November 2004
|8 December 2008
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|16
| [[File:Jayant Patil (cropped).jpg|75x75px]]
|[[Jayant Patil]]
|[[Walva Assembly constituency|Walva]]
|8 December 2008
|7 November 2009
|{{age in years and days|8 December 2008|7 November 2009}}
|[[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |(15)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|75x75px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[R. R. Patil]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]
|7 November 2009
|11 November 2010
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|7 November 2009|28 September 2014}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|11 November 2010
|28 September 2014
|-
|17
| [[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|31 October 2014
|12 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|31 October 2014|12 November 2019}}
|'''''himself'''''
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|18
|[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi attends the Swearing-in Ceremony of the Government of Maharashtra at Mumbai, in Maharashtra on December 05, 2024 (3) (cropped).jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|28 November 2019
|30 December 2019
|{{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 December 2019}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|-
|19
|[[File:Anil Deshmukh.png|75x75px]]
|[[Anil Deshmukh]]
|[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
|30 December 2019
|5 April 2021
|{{age in years and days|30 December 2019|5 April 2021}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}" |
|-
|20
|[[File:Dilip Walse Patil.png|75x75px]]
|[[Dilip Walse Patil]]
|[[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon]]
|5 April 2021
|30 June 2022
|{{age in years and days|5 April 2021|30 June 2022}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |(17)
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|30 June 2022
|5 December 2024
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|30 June 2022|}}
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|5 December 2024
|''incumbent''
|'''''himself'''''
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Home Affairs
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant''''' ''(Urban)'' & ''(Rural)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01 ''(Urban)''
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="3" |
*[[Anil Deshmukh]] (2019- 2021)
*[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] (2021 - 2022)
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02 ''(Rural)''
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Shambhuraj Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|03 ''(Rural)''
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Shri._Sanjay_Bansode.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sanjay Bansode]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Udgir Assembly constituency|Udgir Constituency No. 237]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant ''''' ''(Urban)'' & ''(Rural)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2022 - 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|04 (Urban)
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Yogesh Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dapoli Assembly constituency|Dapoli Constituency No. 263]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
|rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|05 (Rural)
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Pankaj Rajesh Bhoyar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Wardha Assembly constituency|Wardha Constituency No. 47]]- [[Wardha District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|}

==Cabinet Ministers (Jails) 1977 to 1995==
17 May 1977 – 14 March 1995
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Jails
|-
!colspan="10"| Starting on 17 May 1977
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baburao Kale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ghansavangi Jalna Constituency No. 190]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Nashikrao Tirpude]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandara Assembly constituency|Bhandara Constituency No. 61]]- [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Baburao Kale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ghansavangi Jalna Constituency No. 190]]- [[Jalna District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kalameshwar Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''S. M. I. Aseer''' br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282 ]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Padamsinh Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Arun Mehta''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|30|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
!colspan="10"| Ending on 14 March 1995
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

China Burma India theater

2026-03-06T14:34:46Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting Basic Article From Scratch!

{{Short description|U.S. military designation for U.S. forces in Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox military conflict
|conflict = China Burma India Theater
|image = [[File:China Burma India Seal.svg|center|150px]]
|caption = Insignia of the CBI Theater
|partof = the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Second Sino-Japanese War]] and the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] of [[World War II]]
|place = [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[Japanese occupation of Burma|Burma]], [[British Raj|India]] (also [[Thailand in World War II|Thailand]], [[French Indochina in World War II|French Indochina]])
}}

'''China Burma India Theater''' ('''CBI''') was the [[United States Armed Forces|United States military]] designation during [[World War II]] for the '''[[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]]''' and '''[[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|Southeast Asian]]''' or '''India–Burma''' (IBT) [[theater (warfare)|theaters]]. Operational command of [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces (including U.S. forces) in the CBI was officially the responsibility of the [[Supreme Allied Commander|Supreme Commander]]s for [[South East Asia Command|South East Asia]] or China. In practice, U.S. forces were usually overseen by General [[Joseph Stilwell]], the Deputy Allied Commander in China; the term "CBI" was significant in logistical, material, and personnel matters; it was and is commonly used within the US for these theaters.

U.S. and Chinese fighting forces in the CBI included the [[Chinese Expeditionary Force]], the [[Flying Tigers]],<ref>{{cite web |last = Rossi |first = J.R. |url = http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm |title= The Flying Tigers – American Volunteer Group – Chinese Air Force |year=1998 |work=AVG}}</ref> transport and bomber units flying [[the Hump]], including the [[Tenth Air Force]], the [[1st Air Commando Group]], the engineers who built the [[Ledo Road]], the [[Merrill's Marauders|5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)]], popularly known as "Merrill's Marauders", and the 5332d Brigade, Provisional or 'Mars Task Force', which assumed the Marauders' mission.

== U.S. strategy for China ==
Japanese policy towards China had long been a source of international controversy. Western powers had exploited China through the [[open door policy]], advocated by United States diplomat [[William Woodville Rockhill]], while Japan intervened more directly, creating the puppet-state of [[Manchukuo]]. By 1937, Japan was engaged in a [[Second Sino-Japanese War|full-scale war of conquest in China]]. The infamous [[Rape of Nanking]] galvanized Western opinion and led to direct financial aid for the [[Kuomintang]] (Nationalists) and increasing economic sanctions against Japan.

In 1941, the U.S. made a series of decisions to support China in its war with Japan: [[Lend Lease]] supplies were provided after President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] announced the defense of China to be vital to the defense of the United States. Over the summer, as Japan moved south into [[French Indo-China]], the U.S., Britain and the Netherlands instituted an oil embargo on Japan, cutting off 90% of its supplies. The embargo threatened the operations of the [[Kwantung Army]], which had over a million soldiers deployed in China. Japan responded with a tightly co-ordinated offensive on 7/8 December, simultaneously attacking [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]], [[Philippines campaign (1941–1942)|the Philippines]], [[Japanese invasion of Malaya|Malaya]], [[Bombing of Singapore (1941)|Singapore]], [[Battle of Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Battle of Guam (1941)|Guam]], [[Battle of Wake Island|Wake Island]], and [[Japanese invasion of Thailand|Thailand]].

Japan cut off Allied supplies to China that had been coming through [[Burma]]. China could be supplied only by flying over the [[Himalaya]] mountains ("[[The Hump]]") from India,<ref>Bliss K. Thorne, ''The Hump: The Great Military Airlift of World War II'' (1965)</ref> or capturing territory in Burma and building a new road—the [[Ledo Road]].<ref>Evan Mawdsley, ''World War II: A New History,'' Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2020, 162. ISBN 9781108496094, 1108496091</ref>

== Burma ==
[[File:Brig Gen Merrill and Lt Gen Stilwell meet near Naubum Burma.jpg|thumb|Merrill and Stilwell meet near Naubum, Burma.]]
In 1941 and 1942, Japan was overextended. Its naval base could not defend its conquests, and its industrial base could not strengthen its navy. To cut off China from Allied aid, it went into Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] on 8 March 1942, cutting off the [[Burma Road]]. Moving north, the Japanese took Tounggoo and captured [[Lashio]] in northern Burma on 29 April. The British, primarily concerned with India, looked to Burma as the main theater of action against Japan and wanted Chinese troops to fight there.<ref name="Donovan Webster 2003">Donovan Webster, ''The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China–Burma–India Theater in World War II'' (2003)</ref> The United States conjured up visions of millions of Chinese soldiers who would hold the Japanese then throw them back, while providing close-in airbases for a systematic firebombing of Japanese cities. Chinese Nationalist leader [[Chiang Kai-shek]] realized it was all fantasy. On the other hand, there were vast sums of American dollars available if he collaborated. He did so and managed to feed his starving soldiers, but they were so poorly equipped and led that offensive operations against the Japanese in China were impossible. However, Chiang did release the [[Chinese Expeditionary Force]] of two Chinese armies for action in Burma under [[Joseph Stilwell|Stilwell]]. Due to conflicts between Chiang, the British, Stilwell, and American General [[Claire Chennault]], as well as general ill-preparedness against the more proficient Japanese army, the Burma defense collapsed. Stilwell escaped to India, but the recovery of Burma and construction of the Ledo Road to supply China became a new obsession for him.<ref>Tuchman, ''Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45'' (1971) ch. 12–14</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bernstein |first1=Richard |title=China 1945 : Mao's revolution and America's fateful choice |date=2014 |location=New York |isbn=9780307595881 |pages=39–44 |edition=First}}</ref>

<blockquote>"On April 14, 1942, [[William J. Donovan|William Donovan]], as Coordinator of Information (forerunner of the [[Office of Strategic Services]]), activated [[Detachment 101]] for action behind enemy lines in [[Burma]]. The first unit of its kind, the Detachment was charged with gathering intelligence, harassing the Japanese through [[Guerrilla tactics|guerrilla actions]], identifying targets for the Army Air Force to bomb, and rescuing downed Allied airmen. Because Detachment 101 was never larger than a few hundred Americans, it relied on support from various tribal groups in Burma. In particular, the vigorously anti-Japanese [[Kachin people]] were vital to the unit's success."<ref>Central Intelligence Agency. [https://web.archive.org/web/20070613111914/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/fall_winter_2001/article07.html ''Behind Japanese Lines in Burma: The Stuff of Intelligence Legend (2001)'']. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</ref></blockquote> Detachment 101's efforts opened the way for Stilwell's Chinese forces, [[Orde Wingate|Wingate's]] Raiders, [[Merrill's Marauders]], and the counter-attack against the Japanese Imperial life-line.<ref>[[William R. Peers|Peers, William R.]] and [[Dean Brelis]]. ''[[Behind the Burma Road|Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America’s Most Successful Guerrilla Force]]''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963, back cover.</ref>

==Allied command structure==

===U.S. and Allied land forces===
[[File:Chinese Sherman.jpg|thumb|left|Chinese M4A4 Sherman in the CBI Battlefield]]
US forces in the CBI were administered by General [[Joseph Stilwell|Joseph "Vinegar Joe" Stilwell]]. However, unlike other combat theaters, for example the [[European Theater of Operations]], the CBI was never a "[[theater of operations]]" and did not have an overall operational command structure. Initially U.S. land units were split. Those in China were technically commanded by [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]],{{sfn|Matloff|1990|page=442}} as Stillwell was Chief of Staff to the Supreme Allied Commander in China. When the GALAHAD force (later to become the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)) arrived in Bombay in October 1943, it came under the British-led [[South East Asia Command]] (SEAC) and Admiral [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Mountbatten]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Romanus |first1=Charles F. |last2=Sutherland |first2=Riley |date=1987 |title=United States Army in World War II China-Burma-India Theater: Stillwell's Command Problems [Chapter 1] |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/USA-CBI-Command-1.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=www.ibiblio.org |publisher=Center of Military History |place=Washington, DC. |page=34-35}}</ref> However, Stilwell often broke the [[command hierarchy|chain of command]] and communicated directly with the US [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] on operational matters.

When joint allied command was agreed upon, it was decided that the senior position should be held by a British officer because the British had the greatest number of forces in India and Burma (in much the same way as the US did in the [[Pacific War]]). Admiral Lord Mountbatten was appointed as the Supreme Allied Commander of South-East Asia forces in October 1943. Chiang however later objected to deferring to Mountbatten on matters related to operations in China.<ref>{{cite book |author=U.S. Department of State Bureau of Public Affairs Historical Office |date=1961 |title=Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers: The Conferences at Cairo and Tehran 1943 |url=https://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/DFRXSHIYSKS2S8Z |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}</ref>

General Stilwell, who also had operational command of the [[Northern Combat Area Command]] (NCAC), a US-Chinese formation, was to report in theory to Gen. [[George Giffard]] – commander of [[British 11th Army Group|Eleventh Army Group]] – so that NCAC and the [[British Fourteenth Army]], under the command of General [[William Slim]], could be co-ordinated. However, in practice, Gen. Stilwell never agreed to this arrangement. Stilwell was able to do this because of his multiple positions within complex command structures, including especially his simultaneous positions of Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia, and Chief of Staff to Chinese leader Generalissimo [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. As SEAC's deputy leader, Stilwell was Giffard's superior, but as operational commander of NCAC, Giffard was Stilwell's superior. As the two men did not get on, this inevitably lead to conflict and confusion.
{{quote|Stilwell, however, bitterly resisted [taking orders from Giffard] ... To watch Stilwell, when hard pressed, shift his opposition from one of the several strong-points he held by virtue of his numerous Allied, American and Chinese offices, to another was a lesson in mobile offensive-defence.|William Slim{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=205–207}} }}

Eventually at a SEAC meeting to sort out the chain of command for NCAC, Stilwell astonished everyone by saying "I am prepared to come under General Slim's operational control until I get to [[Kamaing]]".{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=205–207}} Although far from ideal, this compromise was accepted.{{sfn|Slim|1956|pp=205–207}}

Although Stilwell was the control and co-ordinating point for all command activity in the theater, his assumption of personal direction of the advance of the Chinese Ledo forces into north Burma in late 1943 meant that he was often out of touch with both his own headquarters and with the overall situation.{{sfn|Matloff|1990|page=442}}

Not until late 1944, after Stilwell was recalled to Washington, was the chain of command clarified. His overall role, and the CBI command, was then split among three people: Lt Gen. [[Raymond Albert Wheeler|Raymond Wheeler]] became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia; Major-General [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer|Albert Wedemeyer]] became Chief of Staff to Chiang Kai-shek, and commander of US Forces, China Theater (USFCT). Lt Gen. [[Daniel Isom Sultan|Daniel Sultan]] was promoted, from deputy commander of CBI to commander of US Forces, India–Burma Theater (USFIBT) and commander of the NCAC. The 11th Army Group was redesignated [[Allied Land Forces South East Asia]] (ALFSEA), and NCAC was decisively placed under this formation. However, by the time the last phase of the [[Burma Campaign]] began in earnest, NCAC had become irrelevant, and it was dissolved in early 1945.

=== Training the Chinese Army ===
Ramgarh Training Center, in Bihar Province, India, an American-staffed, American-operated organisation, was established on 30 June 1942 by General Stilwell, the Commanding General, USAF, CBI, for the training of Chinese troops in India. The Supreme Commander, China Theater, General Chiang Kai-Shek, had approved [[Ramgarh Cantonment]], as the site for a training center to train, equip, and reinforce the Chinese troops that had retreated into India from Burma.{{sfn|Office of the Chief of Military History|1959}}

The first Chinese troops arrived on 17 July 1942.

Headquarters RTC and Hq Camp Ramgarh combined and CG RTC assumed command on 1 February 1943. (These two organizations and Hq [[Chinese Army in India]] were the three original command organizations at Ramgarh.) Headquarters Ramgarh Training Center was responsible for the training of Chinese Army in India, and Headquarters Chinese Army in India was responsible for the activation, organization, administration, and command of Chinese units.{{sfn|Office of the Chief of Military History|1959}}

===U.S. Army and Allied Air Forces===
After consultation among the Allied governments, [[Air Command South-East Asia]] was formed in November 1943 to control all Allied air forces in the theater, with Air Chief Marshal Sir [[Richard Peirse]] as Commander-in-Chief.<ref>{{cite web|first=Klemen |last=L |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/peirse.html |title=Air Chief Marshal Sir Richard Edmund Charles Peirse |date=1999–2000 |work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942}}</ref> Under Peirse's deputy, [[United States Army Air Forces|USAAF]] Major General [[George E. Stratemeyer]], '''Eastern Air Command''' (EAC) was organized in 1943 to control Allied air operations in Burma, with headquarters in [[Calcutta]].<ref name="roll-of-honour.org.uk">Roll of Honour, Britain at War, ''The Air Forces in Burma'' http://www.roll-of-honour.org.uk/Cemeteries/Rangoon_Memorial/html/air_forces_in_burma.htm</ref> Unlike the strained relations and confusion with Allied ground force commands, air force operations in the CBI were relatively smooth. Relations improved even further after new U.S. military aid began arriving, together with capable USAAF officers such as Brigadier General [[William D. Old]] of CBI Troop Carrier Command,<ref>Air Supply Operations in the China-Burma-India Theater - http://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA536643.pdf</ref> and Colonels [[Philip Cochran]] and [[John R. Alison]] of the [[1st Air Commando Group]].<ref>Masters, John. ''The Road Past Mandalay'', Bantam Press (1979), pp. 146–148 and 308–309</ref> Within Eastern Air Command, Air Marshal Sir [[Jack Baldwin (RAF officer)|John Baldwin]] commanded the Third Tactical Air Force, originally formed to provide close air support to the Fourteenth Army. Baldwin was later succeeded by Air Marshal Sir [[Alec Coryton]]. U.S. Brigadier-General [[Howard C. Davidson]] and later Air Commodore [[F. J. W. Mellersh]] commanded the Strategic Air Force. In the new command, various units of the Royal Air Force and the U.S. [[Tenth Air Force]] worked side-by-side. In the autumn of 1943 SEAAC had 48 RAF and 17 USAAF squadrons; by the following May, the figures had risen to 64 and 28, respectively.<ref name="roll-of-honour.org.uk"/>

At Eastern Air Command, Gen. Stratemeyer had a status comparable to that of Stilwell.<ref>[http://www.rafweb.org/Cmd_O3.htm Air of Authority – A History of RAF Organisation: Overseas Commands – Iraq, India and the Far East] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806113118/http://www.rafweb.org/Cmd_O3.htm |date=6 August 2008 }}</ref> Coordinating the efforts of the various allied air components while maintaining relations with diverse command structures proved a daunting task. Part of Stratemeyer's command, the Tenth Air Force, had been integrated with the [[RAF Third Tactical Air Force]] in India in December 1943 and was tasked with a number of roles in support of a variety of allied forces. Another component, the US [[Fourteenth Air Force]] in China, was under the jurisdiction of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek as China theater commander. Although the [[India-China Division]] of the AAF's [[Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)|Air Transport Command]] received its tonnage allocations from Stratemeyer as Stilwell's deputy, ICD reported directly to Headquarters ATC in Washington, D.C.

In the spring of 1944, the arrival of [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]]es in the theater, presaged a major offensive against Japan. [[XX Bomber Command]] of the [[Twentieth Air Force]] was tasked with the strategic bombing of Japan under [[Operation Matterhorn]]. It engaged in very-long-range [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress]] bombardment operations against Japan, [[Taiwan|Formosa]], China, [[Indochina]] and [[Burma]]. It reported directly to the [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] in Washington, D.C., and had no command relationship with any authority in India. However, XX Bomber Command remained totally dependent on Eastern Air Command for supplies, bases, ground staff, and infrastructure support.

The B-29 force included the [[1st Photo Squadron (Detachment C)|1st Photo Squadron]], and the [[58th Bombardment Wing]] at [[Chakulia]], [[Kharagpur]], with the [[40th Bombardment Group|40th]] ([[Chakulia Airport]]), [[444th Bombardment Group|444th]], [[462d Bombardment Group|462nd]], and [[468th Bombardment Group]]s.

While in India, XX BC was supported logistically by [[Tenth Air Force]] and the [[India-China Division, Air Transport Command]]. The B-29 groups moved to West Field, [[Tinian]], in early 1945.

After a period of reshuffling, Eastern Air Command's air operations began to show results. In August 1944, Admiral Mountbatten said to a press conference that EAC fighter missions had practically swept the Japanese air force from Burmese skies. Between the formation of ACSEA in November 1943, and the middle of August 1944, American and British forces operating in Burma destroyed or damaged more than 700 Japanese aircraft with a further 100 aircraft probably destroyed.<ref name="burmastar.org.uk">Mountbatten, Admiral Lord Louis, ''Address to the Press, August 1944'' http://www.burmastar.org.uk/aug44mountbatten.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929143719/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/aug44mountbatten.htm |date=29 September 2008 }}</ref> This achievement considerably reduced dangers to Air Transport Command cargo planes flying in support of [[the Hump]] airlift operation. By May 1944, EAC resupply missions in support of the Allied ground offensive had carried 70,000 tons of supplies and transported a total of 93,000 men, including 25,500 casualties evacuated from the battle areas. These figures did not include tonnage flown in the Hump airlift missions to China.<ref name="burmastar.org.uk"/>

==== USAAF Order of Battle ====
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''[[Tenth Air Force]]'''
* '''[[1st Air Commando Group]]''' (1944–1945) Burma, India (B-25, P-51, P-47, C-47)
* '''[[1st Combat Cargo Group]]''' (1944–1945) Burma, India, China (C-47, C-46).
* '''[[2nd Air Commando Group]]''' (1944–1945) Burma, India (P-51, C-47)
* '''[[3d Combat Cargo Group]]''' (1944–1945) Burma, India (C-47).
* '''[[4th Combat Cargo Group]]''' (1944–1945) Burma, India (C-47, C-46).
* '''[[7th Bomb Wing|7th Bombardment Group]]''' (1942–1945) India (B-17, B-24).
* '''[[12th Flying Training Wing|12th Bombardment Group]]''' (1944–1945) India (B-25).
* '''[[33d Fighter Wing|33d Fighter Group]]''' (1944–1945) India (P-38, P-47)
* '''[[80th Flying Training Wing|80th Fighter Group]]''' (1943–1945) India, Burma (P-38, P-40, P-47)

'''Transferred in 1944 to Fourteenth Air Force:'''
* '''[[311th Fighter Group]]''' (1943–1944) India, Burma (A-36, P-51)
* '''[[341st Bombardment Group]]''' (1943–1944) India, Burma (B-25)
* '''[[443d Troop Carrier Group]]''' (1944–1945) India (C-47/C-53)
* '''[[426th Night Fighter Squadron]]''' (1944) India (P-61)
* '''[[427th Night Fighter Squadron]]''' (1944) India (P-61)
{{col-break}}
'''[[Fourteenth Air Force]]'''
* '''68th Composite Wing'''
** [[23d Fighter Group]] (1942–1945) (P-40, P-51) Formerly [[American Volunteer Group]] (AVG) "Flying Tigers".
* '''69th Composite Wing'''
** [[51st Fighter Group]]: 1942–1945 (P-40, P-38, P-51).
** [[341st Bombardment Group]] 1944–1945 (B-25).
* '''312th Fighter Wing'''
** [[33rd Fighter Group]]: 1944 (P-38, P-47).
** [[81st Fighter Group]]: 1944–1945 (P-40, P-47).
** [[311th Fighter Group]]: 1944–1945 (A-36, P-51).
* [[Chinese-American Composite Wing (Provisional)]] (1943–1945)
** '''3rd Fighter Group (Provisional)''' (P-40, P-51)
** '''5th Fighter Group (Provisional)''' (P-40, P-51)
** '''1st Bombardment Group (Medium, Provisional)''' (B-25)
* Other assigned units:
** '''[[402d Fighter Group]]''': May – July 1943. Assigned but never equipped.
** '''476th Fighter Group''': May – July 1943. Assigned but never equipped.
** '''[[308th Bombardment Group]]''':(B-24) March 1943 – February 1945
* From Tenth Air Force in 1944–1945:
** '''[[341st Bombardment Group]]''': (B-25) January 1944 – November 1945
** '''[[443d Troop Carrier Group]]''': (C-47/C-54) Aug – November 1945
** '''[[426th Night Fighter Squadron]]''': P-61) 1944 – 1945
** '''[[427th Night Fighter Squadron]]''': (P-61) 1944 – 1945
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

==Timeline==
{{Prose|section|date=April 2019}}
* Early 1942 Stilwell was promoted to lieutenant general and tasked with establishing the CBI.
* 25 February 1942 Stilwell arrived in India by which time Singapore and [[Burma]] had both been invaded by the Japanese Army.
* 10 March 1942 Stilwell is named Chief of Staff of Allied armies in the Chinese theatre of operations.
* 19 March 1942 Stilwell's command in China is extended to include the Chinese 5th and 6th Armies operating in Burma after Chiang Kai-shek gave his permission.
* 20 March 1942 Chinese troops under Stilwell engage Japanese forces along the Sittang River in Burma.
* 9 April 1942 [[Claire Chennault]] inducted into U.S. Army as a colonel, bringing the AVG [[Flying Tigers]] squadrons under Stilwell's nominal authority.
* 16 April 1942 7,000 British soldiers, and 500 prisoners and civilians were encircled by the [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|Japanese 33rd Division]] at Yenangyaung.
* 19 April 1942 The 113th Regiment of the Chinese Expeditionary Force's New 38th Division led by General [[Sun Li-jen]] attacked and defeated the encircling Japanese troops rescuing the encircled British troops and civilians. This is historically called [[Battle of Yenangyaung]].
* 2 May 1942 The commander of Allied forces in Burma, General [[Harold Alexander]], ordered a general retreat to India. Stilwell left his Chinese troops and began the long evacuation with his personal staff (he called it a "walk out") to India.
* Most of the Chinese troops, who were supposed to be under Stilwell's command, were deserted in Burma without knowledge of the retreat. Under Chiang Kai-shek they made a hasty and disorganised retreat to India. Some of them tried to return to Yunnan through remote mountainous forests and out of these, at least half died.
* 24 May 1942 Stilwell arrived in Delhi.
* New Delhi and Ramgarh became the main training centre for Chinese troops in India. Chiang Kai-shek gave Stilwell command of what was left of the 22nd and 38th Divisions of the Chinese Army.
* 1 December 1942 British General Sir [[Archibald Wavell]], as Commander-in-Chief, India, agreed with Stilwell to make the [[Ledo Road]] an American operation.<ref>Adrian Fort, ''Archibald Wavell: The Life and Death of the Imperial Servant'' (2009)</ref>
* August 1943 US creates a jungle [[commando]] unit, similar to the [[Chindits]], to be commanded by Major General [[Frank Merrill]]; it is informally called "Merrill's Marauders".<ref>Edward Young, ''Merrill's Marauders'' (2009)</ref>
* Exhaustion and disease led to the early evacuation of many Chinese and American troops before the coming assault on Myitkyina.<ref>[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Bjorge/BJORGE.asp assault on Myitkyina town] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609232526/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Bjorge/BJORGE.asp |date=9 June 2007 }}</ref>
* 21 December Stilwell assumed direct control of operations to capture [[Myitkyina]], having built up forces for an offensive in Northern Burma.
* 24 February 1944 [[Merrill's Marauders]], attacked the Japanese 18th Division in Burma. This action enabled Stilwell to gain control of the [[Hakawing Valley]].
* 17 May 1944 British general [[William Slim|Slim]] in command of the [[Burma Campaign]] handed control of the Chindits to Stilwell.
* 17 May 1944 Chinese troops, with the help of Merrill's Marauders, captured Myitkina airfield.
* 3 August 1944 Myitkina fell to the Allies. The Marauders had advanced 750 miles and fought in five major engagements and 32 skirmishes with the Japanese Army. They lost 700 men, only 1,300 Marauders reached their objective and of these, 679 had to be hospitalized. This included General Merrill who had suffered a second-heart attack before going down with malaria.
* Some time before 27 August 1944, [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Mountbatten]] supreme allied commander (SEAC) ordered General Stilwell to evacuate all the wounded Chindits.
* During 1944 the Japanese in [[Operation Ichi-Go]] overran US air bases in eastern China. Chiang Kai-shek blamed Stilwell for the Japanese success, and pressed the US high command to recall him.
* October 1944 Roosevelt recalled Stilwell, whose role was split (as was the CBI):
** Lieutenant General [[Raymond Albert Wheeler|Raymond Wheeler]] became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia.
** Major General [[Albert Coady Wedemeyer|Albert Wedemeyer]] became Chief of Staff to ''Chiang Kai-shek'' and commander of the U.S. Forces, China Theater (USFCT).<ref>{{cite book | first=Albert C. | last=Wedemeyer | title=Wedemeyer Reports! Autobiography | year=1958}}</ref>
** Lieutenant General [[Daniel Isom Sultan|Daniel Sultan]] was promoted from deputy commander to become commander of US Forces India-Burma Theater (USFIBT) and commander of the [[Northern Combat Area Command]]
*12 January 1945, the first convoy over the [[Ledo Road]] of 113 vehicles led by General [[Lewis A. Pick|Pick]] from [[Ledo, Assam|Ledo]] reached [[Kunming]], China on 4 February 1945. Over the next seven months 35,000 tons of supplies in 5,000 vehicles were carried along it.<ref name="Donovan Webster 2003"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Japan|China|India}}
* [[India-China Division]]
* [[Burma campaign]]
* [[Philip Cochran]]
* [[Dixie Mission|The Dixie Mission]]
* [[U.S. theaters of operations in World War II#China Burma India Theater|U.S. campaigns in World War II – China Burma India Theater]]
* [[OSS Detachment 101]]
* [[Charles Newtown Hunter|Charles N. Hunter]]
* [[Chinese Expeditionary Force (Burma)]]

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
* {{citation |first=Maurice |last=Matloff |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412023525/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/sp1943-44/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2008 |title=Strategic planning for coalition warfare 1943–1944 |publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]] |year=1990 |lccn=53-61477 |orig-year=1959 |access-date=7 April 2024 }}
* {{cite web |author=Office of the Chief of Military History |title=Order of Battle of the United States Army Ground Forces In World War II : Pacific Theater of Operations : administrative and logistical commands, armies, corps, and divisions |url=https://archive.org/details/OrderOfBattleUsArmyPtoWw2/page/n3/mode/2up |publisher=Department of the Army |place=Washington DC |access-date=11 April 2024 |year=1959}}{{source-attribution}}
** China-Burma-India section replicated at https://cbi-theater.com/cbi-history/cbi_history.html
* {{citation |last=Slim |first=William |author-link=William Slim |year=1956 |title = Defeat into Victory |location=London |publisher=Cassell }} a first hand account by the British commander.
* {{cite book|last1=Romanus |first1=Charles F. |last2=Sunderland |first2=Riley |date=1953|title=Stilwell's Mission to China |publisher=Government Printing Office|id=Library of Congress 35-603349 | url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Mission/USA-CBI-Mission-1.html}}

; Additional source
* {{in lang|zh}}[http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/chapter_100738_63681.html 寻找少校梅姆瑞]

== Further reading ==
* Bidwell, Shelford. ''The Chindit War: Stilwell, Wingate, and the Campaign in Burma, 1944''. (1979)
* Forbes, Andrew and Henley, David (2011). ''China's Ancient Tea Horse Road''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. {{ASIN|B005DQV7Q2}}
* Edwards, Roderick (2020). ''Should've Been With Me: The Wilfred Scull Story''. United States: KDP Books. {{ASIN|B095BG9N18}}
* Hogan, David W. ''India-Burma'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-India/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Kraus, Theresa L. '' China Offensive'' (1999) Brief official US Army history; 24 pp [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaO/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Latimer, Jon. ''Burma: The Forgotten War''. London: John Murray, 2004.
* Morley, James, ed. ''The Fateful Choice: Japan's Advance into Southeast Asia, 1939–1941''. (1980).
* Lewin, Ronald. ''The Chief: Field Marshal Lord Wavell, Commander-in-Chief and Viceroy, 1939–1947''. (1980).
* MacGarrigle, George L. ''Central Burma'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma45/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Newell, Clayton R. ''Burma, 1942'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet. [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Burma/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* [[William R. Peers|Peers, William R.]] and [[Dean Brelis]]. ''[[Behind the Burma Road|Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America’s Most Successful Guerrilla Force]]''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
* Romanus, Charles F. and Riley Sunderland. ''Stilwell's Command Problems'' (1956) [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706101820/http://ibiblio.net/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Command/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]; and ''Time Runs Out in CBI'' (1958) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724111516/http://www.ibiblio.net/hyperwar/USA/USA-CBI-Time/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]. Official U.S. Army history
* Sherry, Mark D. '' China Defensive,'' (1999) Official US Army history pamphlet [http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-C-ChinaD/index.html Ibiblio.org online edition]
* Tuchman, Barbara. ''Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45''. (1972) (The British edition is titled ''Against the Wind: Stilwell and the American Experience in China 1911–45,'') [https://www.amazon.com/Stilwell-American-Experience-China-1911-45/dp/0802138527/ excerpt and text search]
* Webster, Donovan. ''The Burma Road: The Epic Story of the China-Burma-India Theater in World War II''. (2003)
* Yu, Maochun. ''The Dragon's War: Allied Operations and the Fate of China, 1937–1947''. (2006).

===Historiography===
* Lee, Lloyd, ed. ''World War II in Asia and the Pacific and the War's aftermath, with General Themes: A Handbook of Literature and Research''. (1998) [https://www.questia.com/library/book/world-war-ii-in-asia-and-the-pacific-and-the-wars-aftermath-with-general-themes-a-handbook-of-literature-and-research-by-loyd-e-lee.jsp online edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429070704/http://www.questia.com/library/book/world-war-ii-in-asia-and-the-pacific-and-the-wars-aftermath-with-general-themes-a-handbook-of-literature-and-research-by-loyd-e-lee.jsp |date=29 April 2009 }}
* Resor, Eugene. ''The China-Burma-India Campaign, 1931–1945: Historiography and Annotated Bibliography'' (1998) [https://www.questia.com/library/120080325/the-china-burma-india-campaign-1931-1945-historiography online]

== External links ==
{{Commons category|China Burma India Theater}}
* [http://www.cbi-theater.com CHINA-BURMA-INDIA – Remembering the Forgotten Theater of World War II]
* [http://www.cbi-history.com CBI Order of Battle: Unit Lineages and History]
* [https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/493.html Records of U.S. Theaters of War, World War II:332.3.2 Records of Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, China-Burma-India (HQ USAF CBI)]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/11-9/CBI.htm The China-Burma-India Theater] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608105502/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/11-9/CBI.htm |date=8 June 2010 }}, three volumes in the United States Army in World War II: Reader's Guide series, by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm ''Burma, 1942''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828045431/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/burma42/burma42.htm |date=28 August 2011 }}, a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm ''Central Burma'' (29 January – 15 July 1945)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708140801/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/centburma/centburma.htm |date=8 July 2011 }}, a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm ''India-Burma'' (2 April 1942 – 28 January 1945)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719212652/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/indiaburma/indiaburma.htm |date=19 July 2011 }}, a publication of the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041015212334/http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/CrisisFleeting/frameindex.html ''Crisis Fleeting: Original Reports on Military Medicine in India and Burma in the Second World War'']: Office of the US Surgeon General: Office of Medical History (USOMH)
* [http://www.cbi-theater.com/dad/links.html China-Burma-India Theater on the Internet]—List of links
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040624212907/http://www.nimitz-museum.org/cbiprimer.htm Forgotten Warriors: China-Burma-India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090720142132/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/WW2Timeline/detachment101.html OSS Detachment 101 in Burma]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010724174025/http://www.oss-101.com/history.html Detachment 101 Office of Strategic Services Burma - April 14, 1942 to July 12, 1945 "The American-Kachin Rangers"]
* [https://www.warbirdforum.com/avg.htm Annals of the Flying Tigers]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120204180911/http://www.historyanimated.com/BurmaPage.html Animated History of The Burma Campaign]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821214710/http://www.nightfighter.info/ Night Fighter by J R Smith]

; Photographs
* [http://collections.lib.uwm.edu/cdm4/results.php?CISORESTMP=results.php&CISOVIEWTMP=item_viewer.php&CISOMODE=thumb&CISOGRID=thumbnail,A,1;title,A,1;captio,A,0;para,200,0;none,A,0;20;relevancy,none,none,none,none&CISOBIB=title,A,1,N;captio,A,0,N;para,200,0,N;none,A,0,N;none,A,0,N;20;relevancy,none,none,none,none&CISOTHUMB=20%20(4x5);subjec,subjea,none,none,none&CISOTITLE=20;title,none,none,none,none&CISOHIERA=20;para,title,none,none,none&CISOSUPPRESS=0&CISOTYPE=link&CISOOP1=all&CISOFIELD1=title&CISOBOX1=&CISOOP2=all&CISOFIELD2=para&CISOBOX2=1943-1945+Bert+Krawczyk+Photos+of+China+during+World+War+II&CISOOP3=all&CISOFIELD3=data&CISOBOX3=&CISOOP4=all&CISOFIELD4=CISOSEARCHALL&CISOBOX4=&c=all&CISOROOT=%2Fagsphoto 1943–1945 Bert Krawczyk Photos of China during World War II] – University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Libraries Digital Collections

[[Category:20th century in India]]
[[Category:Burma campaign]]
[[Category:China in World War II]]
[[Category:Japan in World War II]]
[[Category:India in World War II]]
[[Category:Military units and formations of the United States Army in World War II]]
[[Category:South-East Asian theatre of World War II]]
[[Category:Thailand in World War II]]

Thandai

2026-03-06T00:30:44Z

JoyceBpo44: further rework lead as per guidelines additionally and fixed typos for clarity

{{Short description|Indian cold drink}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Thandai
| image = Thandai (Spiced Indian Milk Drink).JPG
| caption =
| alternate_name = Sardai
| country = [[India]]
| creator =
| course = Beverage
| served = Chilled or sometimes hot
| main_ingredient = [[Milk]] key ingredient, [[cardamom]], [[almonds]], [[sugar]], and [[saffron]], [[cannabinoid]]s (bhang thandai only)
| variations = Rose thandai, Mango thandai, Badaam kesar thandai, Bhang thandai
| calories =
| other =
}}

'''Thandai''', '''sardai''' or '''thanday''' ({{IPA|ʈʰəɳ.ɖɑːiː}}) is an [[Indian cuisine|Indian]] cold drink prepared with a mixture of [[almond]]s, [[fennel]] seeds, [[watermelon]] kernels, [[rose]] petals, [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[Papaver somniferum|poppy seeds]], [[cardamom]], [[saffron]], [[milk]] and [[sugar]]. It is native to [[Indian subcontinent|Indian Subcontinent]]. It is mainly used in summer. In Northern Indian Hindu culture, it is often associated with the [[Holi]] or [[Hola Mohalla|Holla mahalla]] festival. It is most commonly consumed in hot areas of North India and Punjab. There are variants of thandai and the most common are ''badam'' (almonds) thandai and ''[[bhang]]'' (cannabis) thandai.

Thandai is a centerpiece of Holi celebrations where other snacks like [[dahi vada]], [[gujiya]] and other savory snacks called [[chaat]] are served alongside the cold, sweet beverage.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thandai: An ancient cannabis drink for celebrating Holi |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20240325-thandai-an-ancient-cannabis-drink-for-celebrating-holi |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=BBC}}</ref>

== Variations ==
Though thandai refers to a traditional festival drink made with various spices and nuts, this versatile drink can also be prepared in many different ways.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Types of Thandai
! Name
! Description

|-
| Thandai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tiphero.in/holi-special-thandai-drink-recipe-drink-of-festivals/|title=Recipe: Thandai|work=TipHero|access-date=2017-03-08|archive-date=2019-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608011155/http://tiphero.in/holi-special-thandai-drink-recipe-drink-of-festivals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> || It is also known as ''badaam thandai'', which is a traditional recipe of drink prepared with exotic nuts and spices.
|-
| Rose thandai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/beverage/non-alcoholic/rose-thandai/rs57409118.cms|title=Recipe: Rose Thandai|work=The Times of India}}</ref> || This version of thandai is made with rose petals and rose essence.
|-
| Mango thandai<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ranveerbrar.com/recipes/rose-mango-thandai|title=Recipe: Mango Thandai|work=[[Ranveer Brar]]}}</ref> || This version of thandai with added mango puree makes a perfect summer cooler drink.
|-
| Badaam kesar thandai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Badam Kesar Thandai recipe by Shipra Khanna on Times Food |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/recipes/badam-kesar-thandai-by-shipra-khanna/rs53114785.cms |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref>|| Made with ''badaam'' ([[almonds]]) and ''kesar'' ([[saffron]]), this drink is often consumed during hot summers.
|-
| Bhang thandai<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aggarwal |first=Madhuri |title=Bhang Thandai Recipe |url=https://www.archanaskitchen.com/bhang-thandai-recipe |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=Archana's Kitchen |language=en}}</ref>|| This variation is a [[Cannabis edible#Drink|cannabis-infused drink]] that includes [[bhang]], a preparation of [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], and thus contains [[THC]] and other [[cannabinoid]]s, causing an intoxicating effect when consumed. Whole milk is often used because its fat content, along with ground nuts', help dissolve the fat-soluble cannabinoids.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Cannabis and Hinduism]]

COVID-19 apps

2026-03-05T07:14:19Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting Basic Article Needs Work!

{{short description|Mobile apps designed to aid contact tracing}}
{{distinguish|Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation|List of COVID-19 simulation models | Vaccine passports during the COVID-19 pandemic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024|cs1-dates=y}}
{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc|display-authors=6}}
{{Infobox software
| name = COVID-19 apps
| logo = 
| logo alt =
| logo caption =
| screenshot = A schematic of app-based COVID-19 contact tracing (Fig. 4 from Ferretti et al. 2020).jpg
| screenshot size =
| screenshot alt =
| caption = Example proposal for a location-based COVID-19 contact tracing app: Contacts of individual A (and all individuals using the app) are traced using GPS co-localizations with other app users, supplemented by scanning [[QR codes]] displayed on high-traffic public amenities where GPS is too coarse. Individual A requests a SARS-COV-2 test (using the app) and their positive test result triggers an instant notification to individuals who have been in close contact. The app advises isolation for the case (individual A) and quarantine of their contacts.<ref name="Ferretti et al 2020"/>
| collapsible = 
| author =
| developer =
| released = 
| discontinued = 
| ver layout = 
| latest release version =
| latest release date = 
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date = 
| repo = 
| programming language =
| engine = 
| operating system =
| platform =
| included with =
| size =86*a4
| language =
| language count = 
| language footnote =arabic
| genre = Mobile software applications
| license =TASNEF(F-R4+5)
| alexa =
| website = 
| standard =1000 point
| AsOf =TASNEF(F-R4+5)
}}

'''COVID-19 apps''' include [[mobile applications|mobile-software applications]] for [[digital contact tracing|digital contact-tracing]]—i.e. the process of identifying persons ("contacts") who may have been in contact with an infected individual—deployed during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Apps for COVID-19 Information|url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-apps|access-date=20 February 2022|website=WebMD|language=en|archive-date=23 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220823023300/https://www.webmd.com/lung/coronavirus-apps|url-status=live}}</ref>

Numerous tracing applications have been developed or proposed, with official government support in some territories and jurisdictions. Several frameworks for building contact-tracing apps have been developed. Privacy concerns have been raised, especially about systems that are based on tracking the geographical location of app users.

Less overtly intrusive alternatives include the co-option of [[Bluetooth]] signals to log a user's proximity to other cellphones. (Bluetooth technology has form in tracking cell-phones' locations.)<ref>{{cite news
|last1 = Kwet
|first1 = Michael
|title = In Stores, Secret Surveillance Tracks Your Every Move
|url = https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/14/opinion/bluetooth-wireless-tracking-privacy.html
|work = The New York Times
|date = 14 June 2019
|publication-date = 14 June 2016
|access-date = 12 November 2021
|quote = Recent reports have noted how companies use data gathered from cell towers, ambient Wi-Fi, and GPS. But the location data industry has a much more precise, and unobtrusive, tool: Bluetooth beacons.
|archive-date = 26 August 2022
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220826230000/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/14/opinion/bluetooth-wireless-tracking-privacy.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>)
On 10 April 2020, [[Google]] and [[Apple, Inc.|Apple]] jointly announced that they would integrate functionality to support such Bluetooth-based apps directly into their [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] [[operating system]]s. India's COVID-19 tracking app ''[[Aarogya Setu]]'' became the world's fastest growing application—beating [[Pokémon Go]]—with 50 million users in the first 13 days of its release.

== Rationale ==
{{See also|COVID-19 surveillance}}
Contact tracing is an important tool in infectious disease control, but as the number of cases rises time constraints make it more challenging to effectively control transmission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/29/contact-tracing-can-it-help-avoid-more-lockdowns/|title=Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?|date=29 May 2020|access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814025001/https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/29/contact-tracing-can-it-help-avoid-more-lockdowns/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/contact-tracing-metrics/2020/07/04/da7d2812-bae4-11ea-bdaf-a129f921026f_story.html|title=Contact tracing is a race. But few U.S. states say how fast they're running.|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519095745/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/contact-tracing-metrics/2020/07/04/da7d2812-bae4-11ea-bdaf-a129f921026f_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Digital contact tracing]], especially if widely deployed, may be more effective than traditional methods of contact tracing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Richard |title=Coronavirus tracing apps prevalent outside the US, fail to gain foothold stateside |url=https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-tracing-apps-prevalent-outside-the-us-fail-to-gain-foothold-stateside/509-225174c3-40d9-4f64-b556-c3c2c3eab50c |access-date=6 November 2021 |work=CBS News |agency=CBS8 |date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022193157/https://www.cbs8.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/coronavirus-tracing-apps-prevalent-outside-the-us-fail-to-gain-foothold-stateside/509-225174c3-40d9-4f64-b556-c3c2c3eab50c |url-status=live }}</ref> In a March 2020 model by the [[University of Oxford]] [[Big Data Institute]]'s [[Christophe Fraser]]'s team, a coronavirus outbreak in a city of one million people is halted if 80% of all smartphone users take part in a tracking system; in the model, the elderly are still expected to self-isolate ''en masse'', but individuals who are neither symptomatic nor elderly are exempt from isolation unless they receive an alert that they are at risk of carrying the disease.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelion|first=Leo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52294896|title=NHS coronavirus app to target 80% of smartphones|date=16 April 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=16 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813035216/http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52294896|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ferretti et al 2020"/> Some proponents advocate for legislation exempting certain COVID-19 apps from general privacy restrictions.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Servick |first1=Kelly |title=Cellphone tracking could help stem the spread of coronavirus. Is privacy the price? |journal=Science |date=22 March 2020 |doi=10.1126/science.abb8296 |s2cid=216518303 |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/cellphone-tracking-could-help-stem-spread-coronavirus-privacy-price |access-date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901044931/https://www.science.org/content/article/cellphone-tracking-could-help-stem-spread-coronavirus-privacy-price |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Issues==
===Uptake===
[[Ross J. Anderson|Ross Anderson]], professor of security engineering at Cambridge University, listed a number of potential practical problems with app-based systems, including false positives and the potential lack of effectiveness if takeup of the app is limited to only a small fraction of the population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2020/04/12/contact-tracing-in-the-real-world/|title=Contact Tracing in the Real World {{!}} Light Blue Touchpaper|date=12 April 2020|language=en|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901055848/https://www.lightbluetouchpaper.org/2020/04/12/contact-tracing-in-the-real-world/|url-status=live}}</ref> In Singapore, only one person in three had downloaded the TraceTogether app by the end of June 2020, despite legal requirements for most workers;<ref name="SGtrace">{{cite web|url=https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/|title=Tracetogether|date=2 July 2020|access-date=2 July 2020|publisher=Singapore Government|archive-date=8 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108204741/https://support.tracetogether.gov.sg/hc/en-sg/articles/360044860414-Can-I-say-no-to-uploading-my-TraceTogether-data-when-contacted-by-the-Ministry-of-Health-|url-status=live}}</ref> the app was also underused, as it required users to keep it open at all times on [[iOS]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Stokel-Walker |first1=Chris |title=Can mobile contact-tracing apps help lift lockdown? |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200415-covid-19-could-bluetooth-contact-tracing-end-lockdown-early |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=www.bbc.com |date=15 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924064354/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200415-covid-19-could-bluetooth-contact-tracing-end-lockdown-early |url-status=live }}</ref>

A team at the [[University of Oxford]] simulated the effect of a contact tracing app on a city of 1 million. They estimated that if the app was used in conjunction with the shielding of over-70s, then 56% of the population would have to be using the app for it to suppress the virus.<ref name="oxfordmodel" /> This would be equivalent to 80% of smartphone users in the United Kingdom. They found that the app could still slow the spread of the virus if fewer people downloaded it, with one infection being prevented for every one or two users.<ref name="oxfordmodel">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52294896|title=Coronavirus: NHS contact tracing app to target 80% of smartphone users|date=16 April 2020|access-date=1 May 2020|work=BBC News|first=Leo|last=Kelion|archive-date=15 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815143659/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52294896|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2020, the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) argued that there were disparities in smartphone use between demographics and minority groups, and that "even the most comprehensive, all-seeing contact tracing system is of little use without social and medical systems in place to help those who may have the virus — including access to medical care, testing, and support for those who are quarantined."<ref>[https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/tracking-apps-are-unlikely-to-help-stop-covid-19/ Tracking Apps are Unlikely to Help Stop COVID-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710125350/https://www.aclu.org/news/privacy-technology/tracking-apps-are-unlikely-to-help-stop-covid-19 |date=10 July 2022 }} ACLU, 6 August 2020</ref>

=== App store restrictions ===
Addressing concerns about the spread of misleading or harmful apps, Apple, Google and Amazon set limits on which types of organizations could add coronavirus-related apps to its App Store, limiting them to only "official" or otherwise reputable organizations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-google-amazon-block-nonofficial-coronavirus-apps-from-app-stores/|title=Apple, Google, Amazon block nonofficial coronavirus apps from app stores|last=Sherr|first=Ian|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620223425/https://www.cnet.com/tech/mobile/apple-google-amazon-block-nonofficial-coronavirus-apps-from-app-stores/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/14/21179993/apple-restrictions-coronavirus-app-store|title=Apple puts restrictions on coronavirus-themed apps in its App Store|last=Lyons|first=Kim|date=14 March 2020|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=28 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128054720/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/14/21179993/apple-restrictions-coronavirus-app-store|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Ethical principles of mass surveillance using COVID-19 contact tracing apps ===
The advent of COVID-19 contact tracing apps has led to concerns around privacy, the rights of app users, and governmental authority. The [[European Convention on Human Rights]], the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] (ICCPR) and the United Nations and the Siracusa Principles have outlined 4 principles to consider when looking at the ethical principles of [[mass surveillance]] with COVID-19 contact tracing apps.<ref name="Morley et al 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Morley |first1=Jessica |last2=Cowls |first2=Josh |last3=Taddeo |first3=Mariarosaria |last4=Floridi |first4=Luciano |title=Ethical guidelines for COVID-19 tracing apps |journal=Nature |date=June 2020 |volume=582 |issue=7810 |pages=29–31 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01578-0 |pmid=32467596 |bibcode=2020Natur.582...29M |s2cid=218912521 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/MOREGF |doi-access=free |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804025451/https://philpapers.org/rec/MOREGF |url-status=live }}</ref> These are ''necessity, proportionality, scientific validity, and time boundedness''.

''Necessity'' is defined as the idea that governments should only interfere with a person's rights when deemed essential for public health interests.<ref>Wiewiórowsk W. EU digital solidarity: A call for a pan-European approach against the pandemic. 2020.</ref><ref>Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology (European Commission), European Commission. Commission recommendation (EU) 2020/518 of 8 April 2020 on a common union toolbox for the use of technology and data to combat and exit from the COVID-19 crisis, in particular concerning mobile applications and the use of anonymized mobility data. Publications Office of the EU. 2020.</ref> The potential risks associated with infringements of personal privacy must be outweighed by the possibility of reducing significant harm to others.<ref>Nuffield Council on Bioethics. Guide to the ethics of surveillance and quarantine for novel coronavirus.</ref> Potential benefits of contact-tracing apps that may be considered include allowing for blanket population-level [[quarantine]] measures to be lifted sooner and the minimization of people under quarantine.<ref name="Parker et al 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Michael J |last2=Fraser |first2=Christophe |last3=Abeler-Dörner |first3=Lucie |last4=Bonsall |first4=David |title=Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Journal of Medical Ethics |date=July 2020 |volume=46 |issue=7 |pages=427–431 |doi=10.1136/medethics-2020-106314 |pmid=32366705 |pmc=7231546 |s2cid=218505908 }}</ref> Hence, some contend that contact-tracing apps are justified as they may be less intrusive than blanket quarantine measures.<ref name="Parker et al 2020"/> Furthermore, the delay of an effective contact-tracing app with significant health and economic benefits may be considered unethical.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

''Proportionality'' refers to the concept that a contact tracing app's potential negative impact on a person's rights should be justifiable by the severity of the health risks that are being addressed.<ref>Electronic Frontier Foundation. Necessary & proportionate: International principles on the application of human rights law to communications surveillance. 2014. https://necessaryandproportionate.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022150420/https://necessaryandproportionate.org/ |date=22 October 2021 }}</ref> Apps must use the most privacy-preserving options available to achieve their goals, and the selected option should not only be a logical option for achieving the goal but also an effective one.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kinlaw |first1=Kathy |last2=Barrett |first2=Drue H. |last3=Levine |first3=Robert J. |title=Ethical Guidelines in Pandemic Influenza: Recommendations of the Ethics Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |journal=Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness |date=December 2009 |volume=3 |issue=S2 |pages=S185–S192 |doi=10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181ac194f |pmid=19675459 |s2cid=23266111 }}</ref>

''Scientific validity'' evaluates whether an app is effective, timely and accurate.<ref name="Morley et al 2020"/> Traditional manual contact-tracing procedures are not efficient enough for the COVID-19 pandemic, and do not consider [[asymptomatic]] transmission.<ref name="Ferretti et al 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Ferretti |first1=Luca |last2=Wymant |first2=Chris |last3=Kendall |first3=Michelle |last4=Zhao |first4=Lele |last5=Nurtay |first5=Anel |last6=Abeler-Dörner |first6=Lucie |last7=Parker |first7=Michael |last8=Bonsall |first8=David |last9=Fraser |first9=Christophe |title=Quantifying SARS-CoV-2 transmission suggests epidemic control with digital contact tracing |journal=Science |date=8 May 2020 |volume=368 |issue=6491 |article-number=eabb6936 |doi=10.1126/science.abb6936 |pmid=32234805 |pmc=7164555 }}</ref> Contact-tracing apps, on the other hand, can be effective COVID-19 contact-tracing tools that reduce [[Basic reproduction number|R value]] to less than 1, leading to sustained epidemic suppression.<ref name="Ferretti et al 2020"/> However, for apps to be effective, there needs to be a minimum 56-60% uptake in the population.<ref name="Ferretti et al 2020"/><ref>Hinch R, Probert W, Nurtay A, et al. Effective configurations of a digital contact tracing app: A report to NHSX. NHSX. 2020.</ref> Apps should be continually modified to reflect current knowledge on the diseases being monitored.<ref>World Health Organization. International health regulations. 2008.</ref> Some argue that contact-tracing apps should be considered societal experimental trials where results and adverse effects are evaluated according to the stringent guidelines of [[social experiment]]s.<ref>{{Cite SSRN |title=COVID-19 and Contact Tracing Apps: Technological Fix or Social Experiment? |last=Lucivero |first=Federica |last2=Hallowell |first2=Nina |date=10 April 2020 |ssrn=3590788 |last3=Johnson |first3=Stephanie |last4=Prainsack |first4=Barbara |last5=Samuel |first5=Gabrielle |last6=Sharon |first6=Tamar}}</ref> Analyses should be conducted by independent research bodies and published for wide dissemination. Despite the current urgency of our pandemic situation, we should still adhere to the standard rigors of scientific evaluation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=London |first1=Alex John |last2=Kimmelman |first2=Jonathan |title=Against pandemic research exceptionalism |journal=Science |date=1 May 2020 |volume=368 |issue=6490 |pages=476–477 |doi=10.1126/science.abc1731 |pmid=32327600 |bibcode=2020Sci...368..476L |s2cid=216111208 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

''Time boundedness'' describe the need for establishing legal and technical [[sunset clause]]s so that they are only allowed to operate as long as necessary to address the pandemic situation. Apps should be withdrawn as soon as possible after the end of the pandemic. If the end of the pandemic cannot be predicted, the use of apps should be regularly reviewed and decisions about continued use should be made at each review. Collected data should only be retained by public health authorities for research purposes with clear stipulations on how long the data will be held for and who will be responsible for security, oversight, and ownership.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McGraw |first1=Deven |last2=Mandl |first2=Kenneth D. |title=Privacy protections to encourage use of health-relevant digital data in a learning health system |journal=npj Digital Medicine |date=December 2021 |volume=4 |issue=1 |page=2 |doi=10.1038/s41746-020-00362-8 |pmid=33398052 |pmc=7782585 }}</ref>

=== Privacy, discrimination and marginalisation concerns ===
The [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) has published a set of principles for technology-assisted contact tracing and<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gillmor |first1=Daniel K. |title=Principles for Technology-Assisted Contact Tracing |url=https://www.aclu.org/report/aclu-white-paper-principles-technology-assisted-contact-tracing |website=ACLU |access-date=8 May 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507192752/https://www.aclu.org/report/aclu-white-paper-principles-technology-assisted-contact-tracing |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Amnesty International]] and over 100 other organizations issued a statement<ref name="AI100_human_rights" /> calling for limits on this kind of surveillance.<ref name="nbcnews.com">{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/behind-global-efforts-make-privacy-first-coronavirus-tracking-app-n1177871 |title=Behind the global efforts to make a privacy-first coronavirus tracking app |last1=Ingram |first1=David |last2=Ward |first2=Jacob |date=7 April 2020 |work=[[NBC News]] |language=en |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508190537/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/behind-global-efforts-make-privacy-first-coronavirus-tracking-app-n1177871 |url-status=live }}</ref> The organisations declared eight conditions on governmental projects:<ref name="AI100_human_rights" />
# surveillance would have to be "lawful, necessary and proportionate";
# extensions of monitoring and surveillance would have to have [[sunset provision|sunset clauses]];
# the use of data would have to be limited to COVID-19 purposes;
# data security and anonymity would have to be protected and shown to be protected based on evidence;
# digital surveillance would have to address the risk of exacerbating discrimination and marginalisation;
# any sharing of data with third parties would have to be defined in law;
# there would have to be safeguards against abuse and the rights of citizens to respond to abuses;
# "meaningful participation" by all "relevant stakeholders" would be required, including that of public health experts and marginalised groups.

The German [[Chaos Computer Club]] (CCC)<ref>{{cite web |title=10 Prüfsteine für die Beurteilung von "Contact Tracing"-Apps |date=6 April 2020 |editor-first=Linus |editor-last=Neumann |editor-link=:de:Linus Neumann |language=de |publisher=[[Chaos Computer Club]] (CCC) |url=https://www.ccc.de/de/updates/2020/contact-tracing-requirements |access-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411072407/https://www.ccc.de/de/updates/2020/contact-tracing-requirements |archive-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> and [[Reporters Without Borders]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Corona-App in Deutschland - Anonymität und Quellenschutz gewährleisten |language=de |date=6 April 2020 |publisher=[[Reporter ohne Grenzen]] |url=https://www.reporter-ohne-grenzen.de/pressemitteilungen/meldung/anonymitaet-und-quellenschutz-gewaehrleisten/ |access-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411072450/https://www.reporter-ohne-grenzen.de/pressemitteilungen/meldung/anonymitaet-und-quellenschutz-gewaehrleisten/ |archive-date=11 April 2020}}</ref> also issued checklists.

The [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notification service]] intends to address the problem of persistent surveillance by removing the tracing mechanism from their device operating systems once it is no longer needed.<ref name="newton-2020-04-14">{{cite web|last=Newton|first=Casey|date=14 April 2020|title=Apple and Google have a clever way of encouraging people to install contact-tracing apps for COVID-19|url=https://www.theverge.com/interface/2020/4/14/21219289/apple-google-contact-tracing-app-android-ios-pros-cons-quarantine-testing|access-date=15 April 2020|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-date=5 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705072402/https://www.theverge.com/interface/2020/4/14/21219289/apple-google-contact-tracing-app-android-ios-pros-cons-quarantine-testing|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 April 2020, it was reported that over 300 academics had signed a statement favouring decentralised proximity tracing applications over centralised models, given the difficulty in precluding centralised options being used "to enable unwarranted discrimination and surveillance."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/sites/contact-tracing-joint-statement/|title=Contact Tracing Joint Statement|language=en|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804053550/https://www.esat.kuleuven.be/cosic/sites/contact-tracing-joint-statement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hern|first=Alex|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/20/coronavirus-digital-contact-tracing-will-fail-unless-privacy-is-respected-experts-warn|title=Digital contact tracing will fail unless privacy is respected, experts warn|date=20 April 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=23 April 2020|language=en|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420123233/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/20/coronavirus-digital-contact-tracing-will-fail-unless-privacy-is-respected-experts-warn|url-status=live}}</ref> In a centralised model, a central database records the ID codes of meetings between users. In a decentralised model, this information is recorded on individual phones, with the role of the central database being limited to identifying phones by their ID code when an alert needs to be sent.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19|url=https://hsfnotes.com/data/tag/covid-19/|access-date=10 October 2020|website=Data notes|language=en|archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117120458/https://hsfnotes.com/data/tag/covid-19/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In Moscow use of the tracking app was made mandatory during the lockdowns in April 2020 when most Muscovites were mostly required to stay indoors. [[Vladimir Putin]] signed laws introducing criminal penalties, including up to seven years imprisonment, for quarantine violations that led to others being infected. Moscow also implemented government-issued [[QR codes]] that were made mandatory. It was not disclosed what information the codes contain, but they must be shown to police when requested. Opposition members were uncomfortable with the Russian government's introduction of COVID surveillance tools.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/01/825329399/moscow-launches-new-surveillance-app-to-track-residents-in-coronavirus-lockdown|title = Moscow to Launch New Surveillance App to Track Residents in Coronavirus Lockdown|newspaper = NPR|date = April 2020|last1 = Maynes|first1 = Charles|access-date = 22 July 2021 |archive-date = 22 July 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210722165400/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/01/825329399/moscow-launches-new-surveillance-app-to-track-residents-in-coronavirus-lockdown|url-status = live}}</ref> In May 2020 [[Human Rights Watch]] reported that the authorities in [[Moscow]] had wrongly fined hundreds of Muscovites for breaching self-quarantine. The dubious behavioral interpretations recorded by the social monitoring tracking application led to the mistaken fining of hundreds of people in Moscow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/21/russia-intrusive-tracking-app-wrongly-fines-muscovites|title=Russia: Intrusive Tracking App Wrongly Fines Muscovites|access-date=21 May 2020|website=Human Rights Watch|date=21 May 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524111132/https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/21/russia-intrusive-tracking-app-wrongly-fines-muscovites|url-status=live}}</ref>

Contact-tracing apps were deployed rapidly by governments and other organisations in spring and summer 2020. Initial releases were found to come with incongruent privacy policies, hidden built-in surveillance and location-tracing functions, and generally contained few cues about a proper specification and quality assurance process.<ref>{{cite book |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-70852-8_13 |chapter=Privacy Analysis of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps in the EU |title=Secure IT Systems |series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science |year=2021 |last1=Wairimu |first1=Samuel |last2=Momen |first2=Nurul |volume=12556 |pages=213–228 |isbn=978-3-030-70851-1 |s2cid=232144961 |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21237 |access-date=12 October 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726194530/https://bth.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1537157&dswid=6648 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Nadeem |last2=Michelin |first2=Regio A. |last3=Xue |first3=Wanli |last4=Ruj |first4=Sushmita |last5=Malaney |first5=Robert |last6=Kanhere |first6=Salil S. |last7=Seneviratne |first7=Aruna |last8=Hu |first8=Wen |last9=Janicke |first9=Helge |last10=Jha |first10=Sanjay K. |title=A Survey of COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps |journal=IEEE Access |date=2020 |volume=8 |pages=134577–134601 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3010226 |doi-access=free|arxiv=2006.10306 |bibcode=2020IEEEA...8m4577A |s2cid=219792991 }}</ref> Code quality in several apps was found to be poor, while hardly any of 28 apps surveyed in May and June 2020 managed to address all privacy principles laid forth in the EU's GDPR.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hatamian |first1=Majid |last2=Wairimu |first2=Samuel |last3=Momen |first3=Nurul |last4=Fritsch |first4=Lothar |title=A privacy and security analysis of early-deployed COVID-19 contact tracing Android apps |journal=Empirical Software Engineering |date=May 2021 |volume=26 |issue=3 |page=36 |doi=10.1007/s10664-020-09934-4 |pmid=33776548 |pmc=7978168 }}</ref>

===Accuracy of proximity reports===
According to ''[[ZDNet]]'', Bluetooth-based proximity detection carries a risk of over-reporting interactions and leading to "a huge amount of false positives"; hypothetically, a system could flag an interaction with "(a) person waiting for the bus on the (opposite) side of the road". One problem is that using Bluetooth signal strength to infer distance can be unreliable; the range of a given Bluetooth device can vary due to the environment or the way the device is held. False positives could result in needless self-isolation, or could cause users to ignore warnings if the warnings are perceived as unreliable.<ref name="zdnet nhs no">{{cite news |last1=Leprince-Ringuet |first1=Daphne |title=Contact-tracing apps: Why the NHS said no to Apple and Google's plan |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/contact-tracing-apps-why-the-nhs-said-no-to-apple-and-googles-plan/ |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=ZDNet |date=28 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327053017/https://www.zdnet.com/article/contact-tracing-apps-why-the-nhs-said-no-to-apple-and-googles-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[GPS]]-based proximity detection can also be unreliable: according to the United States' GPS.gov, "GPS-enabled smartphones are typically accurate to within a 4.9 meter (16 ft.) radius under open sky", with accuracy decreasing further in the presence of signal blockage. In contrast, [[social distancing]] guidelines are usually 2 m (6 ft).<ref>{{cite news |first1=Andrew |last1=Crocker |first2=Kurt |last2=Opsahl |first3=Bennett |last3=Cyphers |title=The Challenge of Proximity Apps For COVID-19 Contact Tracing |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/04/challenge-proximity-apps-covid-19-contact-tracing |access-date=30 May 2020 |work=Electronic Frontier Foundation (Deeplinks blog) |date=10 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230911193422/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2020/04/challenge-proximity-apps-covid-19-contact-tracing |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GPS.gov: GPS Accuracy |url=https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/ |website=www.gps.gov |access-date=30 May 2020 |archive-date=4 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104171609/https://www.gps.gov/systems/gps/performance/accuracy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the Google/Apple mechanism, a log entry is only added on the phone if Bluetooth proximity persists for five minutes (or possibly longer, depending on app configuration). Logs are retained for 14 days.<ref>{{cite news |title=Your phone could track the spread of coronavirus. Here's what you should know. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/how-contact-tracing-could-use-bluetooth-track-coronavirus-your-smartphone-n1187796 |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=NBC News |date=20 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613133421/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/how-contact-tracing-could-use-bluetooth-track-coronavirus-your-smartphone-n1187796 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bluetooth tracking is prone to false negatives; for example, unlike time-stamped GPS matching, Bluetooth cannot detect that a user has entered a possibly-infected space that an infected person has just left.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Touw |first1=Steve |title=How COVID-19 is changing the way we think about privacy |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90499499/how-covid-19-is-changing-the-way-we-think-about-privacy |access-date=15 June 2020 |work=Fast Company |date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=15 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615035927/https://www.fastcompany.com/90499499/how-covid-19-is-changing-the-way-we-think-about-privacy |url-status=live }}</ref>

== General approaches ==
[[File:ITU - AI for Good Webinar Series - COVID-19 Respecting Personal Privacy in Contact Tracing.webm|thumb|thumbtime=0:02|[[International Telecommunication Union]]]]

=== Centralized contact tracing ===
Some countries used network-based location tracking instead of apps, eliminating both the need to download an app and the ability to avoid tracking. Israel authorized its secret service ([[Shin Bet]]) to use its surveillance measures for network-based tracking.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Holmes |first1=Oliver |title=Israel to track mobile phones of suspected coronavirus cases |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/17/israel-to-track-mobile-phones-of-suspected-coronavirus-cases |work=The Guardian |date=17 March 2020 |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221059/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/17/israel-to-track-mobile-phones-of-suspected-coronavirus-cases |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite SSRN |title=Israel's SIGINT Oversight Ecosystem: COVID-19 Secret Service Location Tracking as a Test Case |last=Cahane |first=Amir |date=2020 |ssrn=3748401}}</ref> Network-based solutions that have access to raw location data have significant potential privacy problems.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/report/aclu-white-paper-limits-location-tracking-epidemic |title=ACLU White Paper: The Limits of Location Tracking in an Epidemic |publisher=American Civil Liberties Union |language=en |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410204838/https://www.aclu.org/report/aclu-white-paper-limits-location-tracking-epidemic |url-status=live }}</ref> However, not all systems with central servers need to have access to personal location data; a number of privacy-preserving systems have been created that use central servers only for intercommunication (see section below).<ref>{{cite arXiv|last1=Cho|first1=Hyunghoon|last2=Ippolito|first2=Daphne|last3=Yu|first3=Yun William|date=30 March 2020|title=Contact Tracing Mobile Apps for COVID-19: Privacy Considerations and Related Trade-offs|class=cs.CR|eprint=2003.11511}}</ref>

In South Korea, a non-app-based system was used to perform contact tracing. Instead of using a dedicated app, the system gathered tracking information from a variety of sources including mobile device tracking data and card transaction data, and combined these to generate notices via text messages to potentially-infected individuals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ackerman|first=Spencer|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/too-late-to-use-south-koreas-coronavirus-tracking-technique|title=It's Probably Too Late to Use South Korea's Trick for Tracking Coronavirus|date=26 March 2020|work=The Daily Beast|access-date=15 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410005131/https://www.thedailybeast.com/too-late-to-use-south-koreas-coronavirus-tracking-technique|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition to using this information to alert potential contacts, the government has also made the location information publicly available, something permitted because of far-reaching changes to information privacy laws after the [[MERS]] outbreak in that country.<ref name="Zastrow2020">{{cite journal |last1=Zastrow |first1=Mark |title=South Korea is reporting intimate details of COVID-19 cases: has it helped? |journal=Nature |date=18 March 2020 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00740-y |pmid=32203363 |s2cid=214630521 }}</ref> This information is available to the public via a number of apps and websites.<ref name="Zastrow2020" />

Countries including Germany considered using both centralized and privacy-preserving systems. {{As of|2020|04|06}}, the details had not yet been released.<ref name="Lomas_20200406" />

=== Decentralized contact tracing ===
==== Development ====
[[File:Nicky Case contact tracing one-page en.png|thumb|A simplified explanation of how [[Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|DP-3T]] and [[TCN Protocol]] (and similar protocols, such as the [[Exposure Notification API]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=DP-3T/documents|url=https://github.com/DP-3T/documents|access-date=11 July 2020|website=GitHub|language=en|quote=Apple and Google released a joint specification describing their system support for a privacy-preserving exposure notification system on iOS and Android. Their proposal is very similar to our early proposal "Low-cost decentralized proximity tracing".|archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606142449/https://github.com/DP-3T/documents|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nicky Case Comic Website|url=https://ncase.me/contact-tracing/|access-date=12 July 2020|website=ncase.me|language=en|quote=Sources cited: DP^3T Documents and TCN Protocol GitHub.|archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409131629/https://ncase.me/contact-tracing/|url-status=live}}</ref>) can anonymously warn users about contact with an infected person.]]

Privacy-preserving contact tracing is a well-established concept, with a substantial body of research literature dating back to at least 2013.<ref>
{{cite arXiv|last1=Bell|first1=James|last2=Butler|first2=David|last3=Hicks|first3=Chris|last4=Crowcroft|first4=Jon|date=8 April 2020|title=TraceSecure: Towards Privacy Preserving Contact Tracing|class=cs.CR|eprint=2004.04059}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book |doi=10.1109/ICC.2018.8422886 |chapter=EPIC: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for Infection Detection |title=2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) |year=2018 |last1=Altuwaiyan |first1=Thamer |last2=Hadian |first2=Mohammad |last3=Liang |first3=Xiaohui |pages=1–6 |isbn=978-1-5386-3180-5 |s2cid=51878832 }}
</ref><ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Rui |last2=Zhang |first2=Jinxue |last3=Zhang |first3=Yanchao |last4=Sun |first4=Jinyuan |last5=Yan |first5=Guanhua |title=Privacy-Preserving Profile Matching for Proximity-Based Mobile Social Networking |journal=IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications |date=September 2013 |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=656–668 |doi=10.1109/JSAC.2013.SUP.0513057 |bibcode=2013IJSAC..31..656Z |s2cid=6694460 }}
</ref>

On 17 March 2020 the CEN protocol developed by [[Covid Watch]], later renamed the [[TCN Protocol]], was first released.<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 April 2020|title=What privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps need to succeed|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/13/what-privacy-preserving-coronavirus-tracing-apps-need-to-succeed/|access-date=18 April 2020|website=VentureBeat|language=en|archive-date=16 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416100043/https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/13/what-privacy-preserving-coronavirus-tracing-apps-need-to-succeed/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 March 2020|title=One victim of COVID-19 pandemic may be privacy rights|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/29/world/coronavirus-pandemic-privacy-rights//|access-date=31 March 2020|website=JapanTimes|language=en|archive-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200330161044/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/03/29/world/coronavirus-pandemic-privacy-rights/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shendruk|first=Amrita Khalid, Amanda|title=How Bluetooth could bring digital contact tracing for Covid-19 to billions|url=https://qz.com/1838625/how-bluetooth-could-power-a-global-experiment-in-contact-tracing/|access-date=19 April 2020|website=Quartz|date=16 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417190116/https://qz.com/1838625/how-bluetooth-could-power-a-global-experiment-in-contact-tracing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Covid Watch]] was the first organization to develop<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Covid Watch iOS TCN Testflight App|url=https://testflight.apple.com/join/gtAh2Xeu|access-date=17 March 2020|website=Apple TestFlight|language=en|archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603101641/https://testflight.apple.com/join/gtAh2Xeu|url-status=live}}</ref> and open source<ref>{{Cite web|title=First implementation of anonymous exposure alert protocol|url=https://github.com/covid19risk/covidwatch-ios/commit/b520d1486d9d898dadeb15dd94fbbb16c0e1d6a1|access-date=17 March 2020|website=GitHub|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726194524/https://github.com/covidwatchorg/covidwatch-ios-tcn/commit/b520d1486d9d898dadeb15dd94fbbb16c0e1d6a1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=17 March 2020|title=Covid Watch GitHub|url=https://github.com/covid19risk/|access-date=17 March 2020|website=GitHub|language=en|archive-date=25 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325193839/https://github.com/covid19risk|url-status=live}}</ref> an anonymous, decentralized Bluetooth digital contact tracing protocol, publishing their white paper on the subject in March 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krellinst.org/csgf/about-doe-csgf/news-events/white-covid-watch/|title=Fellow Working to Devise COVID-19 Alert Application|last=CSGF|first=DOE|date=31 March 2020|website=DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship|language=en|access-date=31 March 2020|archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410061117/https://www.krellinst.org/csgf/about-doe-csgf/news-events/white-covid-watch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2020|title=Private Contact Tracing Protocols Compared: DP-3T and CEN|url=https://www.zfnd.org/blog/private-contact-tracing-protocols-compared/|website=Zcash Foundation|language=en|access-date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=27 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627200235/https://www.zfnd.org/blog/private-contact-tracing-protocols-compared/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=20 March 2020|title=Covid Watch White Paper|url=https://www.covid-watch.org/article/|access-date=20 March 2020|website=Covid Watch|language=en|archive-date=15 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015150522/https://blog.covidwatch.org/en/covid-watch-whitepaper-using-crowdsourced-data-to-slow-virus-spread}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Rivest|first=Ron|title=MIT PACT|url=https://pact.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-PACT-protocol-specification-ver-0.1.pdf|access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409130335/https://pact.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-PACT-protocol-specification-ver-0.1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Case|first=Nicky|title=Comic|url=https://ncase.me/contact-tracing/|website=ncase.me|access-date=13 July 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409131629/https://ncase.me/contact-tracing/|url-status=live}}</ref> The group was founded as a research collaboration between [[Stanford University]] and the [[University of Waterloo]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=University|first=Stanford|date=9 April 2020|title=Stanford researchers help develop privacy-focused coronavirus alert app|url=https://news.stanford.edu/2020/04/09/stanford-researchers-help-develop-privacy-focused-coronavirus-alert-app/|access-date=9 April 2020|website=Stanford News|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409223628/https://news.stanford.edu/2020/04/09/stanford-researchers-help-develop-privacy-focused-coronavirus-alert-app/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=CSGF|first=DOE|date=31 March 2020|title=Fellow Working to Devise COVID-19 Alert Application|url=https://www.krellinst.org/csgf/about-doe-csgf/news-events/white-covid-watch/|access-date=31 March 2020|website=DOE Computational Science Graduate Fellowship|language=en|archive-date=10 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410061117/https://www.krellinst.org/csgf/about-doe-csgf/news-events/white-covid-watch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Waterloo|first=University of|date=20 April 2020|title=Coming into contact with COVID|url=https://uwaterloo.ca/stories/coming-contact-covid/|access-date=20 April 2020|website=Waterloo Stories|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425025953/https://uwaterloo.ca/stories/coming-contact-covid|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 April 2020, the [[TCN Protocol|CEN Protocol]] was presented at Stanford HAI's COVID-19 and AI virtual conference.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hai.stanford.edu/resources-covid-19-and-ai-virtual-conference/|title=Stanford HAI COVID-19 and AI Virtual Conference|date=1 April 2020|website=Stanford HAI|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509173258/https://hai.stanford.edu/resources-covid-19-and-ai-virtual-conference|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>
{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5q8HuH82WE&list=PLYLBSCrrqNXxhUFJJtKauxr5HItq4a3gu&index=16&t=0s/| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/l5q8HuH82WE| archive-date=14 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=Tracking COVID-19 Using Crowdsourced Data: Tina White|date=1 April 2020|website=Stanford HAI|language=en|access-date=1 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/02/surveillance-ai-and-saving-lives-top-agenda-at-coronavirus-conference/|title=Surveillance, AI, and saving lives top agenda at coronavirus conference|date=2 April 2020|website=Stanford HAI|language=en|access-date=2 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403001252/https://venturebeat.com/2020/04/02/surveillance-ai-and-saving-lives-top-agenda-at-coronavirus-conference/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 1 April 2020, a group of European researchers, including from the [[Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute]] and [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne]] (EPFL), were under the umbrella of the [[Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing]] (PEPP-PT) project,<ref>
{{cite web |title=Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing |url=https://www.pepp-pt.org/ |access-date=6 April 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221119/https://www.pepp-pt.org/ }}
</ref> developing a BLE-based app to serve this purpose that is designed to avoid the need for intrusive surveillance by the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=Europe shares code for new coronavirus warning app |last1=Delcker |first1=Janosch |last2=Brown |first2=Stephen |date=1 April 2020 |work=POLITICO |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-cracks-code-for-coronavirus-warning-app/ |access-date=1 April 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221120/https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-cracks-code-for-coronavirus-warning-app/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In Germany, High Hopes For New COVID-19 Contact Tracing App That Protects Privacy |last=Schmitz |first=Rob |date=2 April 2020 |newspaper=NPR |language=en |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/02/825860406/in-germany-high-hopes-for-new-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-that-protects-privacy |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221121/https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/02/825860406/in-germany-high-hopes-for-new-covid-19-contact-tracing-app-that-protects-privacy |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web |title=An EU coalition of techies is backing a 'privacy-preserving' standard for COVID-19 contacts tracing |author-first=Natasha |author-last=Lomas |date=1 April 2020 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/an-eu-coalition-of-techies-is-backing-a-privacy-preserving-standard-for-covid-19-contacts-tracing/ |access-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200410221354/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/an-eu-coalition-of-techies-is-backing-a-privacy-preserving-standard-for-covid-19-contacts-tracing/ |archive-date=10 April 2020}}
</ref> However, PEPP-PT is a co-ordination effort which contains both centralised and decentralised approaches.<ref>{{cite web |author=DP-3T |url=https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/blob/master/README.md |title=documents/README.md at master · DP-3T/documents · GitHub |publisher=Github.com |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411001158/https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/blob/master/README.md |url-status=live }}</ref>

As of 7 April 2020, over a dozen expert groups were working on privacy-friendly solutions, such as using [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] (BLE) to log a user's proximity to other cellphones.<ref name="nbcnews.com" /> Users then receive a message if they've been in close contact with someone who has tested positive for COVID-19.<ref name="nbcnews.com" />

On 9 April 2020, the Singaporean government announced that it had open-sourced a reference implementation of the [[BlueTrace]] protocol, used by [[TraceTogether]], its official government app.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-spore-contact-tracing-app-now-open-sourced-1-in-5-here-have-downloaded|title=Coronavirus: S'pore contact tracing app now open-sourced, 1 in 5 here have downloaded|last=Baharudin|first=Hariz|date=10 April 2020|website=The Straits Times|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=19 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019203108/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/coronavirus-spore-contact-tracing-app-now-open-sourced-1-in-5-here-have-downloaded|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theregister-apps-who-when-what-work">{{cite news |title=COVID-19 contact tracing apps: Who did what and did it work? |url=https://www.theregister.com/2022/04/15/contact_tracing_apps_assessed/ |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[theregister.com]] |date=15 April 2022 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418030042/https://www.theregister.com/2022/04/15/contact_tracing_apps_assessed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 23 March 2020, [[Mary-Louise McLaws]], professor at the University of New South Wales' School of Public Health and Community Medicine in Australia, a technical adviser to the World Health Organization's Infection Prevention and Control Global Unit and a member of European, US and UK epidemiology and infection control bodies recommended the idea for wider adoption.<ref name="theregister-apps-who-when-what-work"/><ref name="theregister-who-boffin-track-self-isolate">{{cite news |last1=Sharwood |first1=Simon |title=It's time to track people's smartphones to ensure they self-isolate during this global pandemic, says WHO boffin |url=https://www.theregister.com/2020/03/23/track_phones_coronavirus_who/ |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[theregister.com]] |date=23 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419044631/https://www.theregister.com/2020/03/23/track_phones_coronavirus_who/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Aggressive tracing, lessons from Sars: a look at Singapore's coronavirus fight |url=https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3076268/aggressive-tracing-lessons-sars-how-singapore |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=22 March 2020 |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419044629/https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/health-environment/article/3076268/aggressive-tracing-lessons-sars-how-singapore |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 17 April 2020, EPFL and the ETH Zurich pulled out of [[Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|PEPP-PT]], criticizing PEPP-PT for a lack of transparency and openness, and for not respecting personal privacy enough.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/coronavirus-science_swiss-pull-out-of-european-contact-tracing-app-project/45699230|title=Swiss pull out of European contact tracing App project|date=18 April 2020|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419180216/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/coronavirus-science_swiss-pull-out-of-european-contact-tracing-app-project/45699230|url-status=live}}</ref> Later it was reported that [[KU Leuven]], the CISPA Helmholz Center for Information Security, the [[European Laboratory for Learning and Intelligent Systems]] and the [[Technical University of Denmark]], also withdrew from the project.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2020/04/20/coronavirus-contact-tracing-privacy-europe-pepp-pt-dp3t-covid-19-tracking/|title=Controversy around privacy splits Europe's push to build COVID-19 contact-tracing apps|website=Fortune|language=en|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421154141/https://fortune.com/2020/04/20/coronavirus-contact-tracing-privacy-europe-pepp-pt-dp3t-covid-19-tracking/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/suneman/status/1253254633981644800|title=Hej. Jeg mener at D3PT er den utvetydigt bedste løsning. (Når det er sagt, synes jeg dog at PEPP-PT stadig er bedre end mange andre implementationer af proximity tracing.)|last=Lehmann|first=Sune|date=23 April 2020|website=@suneman|language=da|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503075242/https://twitter.com/suneman/status/1253254633981644800|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2020-04-22/pepp-pt-hans-christian-boos-apps-coronavirus-covid19_2557724/|title=El alemán al que acusan de engañar a media Europa con 'apps' contra el coronavirus|date=22 April 2020|website=El Confidencial|language=es|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424095520/https://www.elconfidencial.com/tecnologia/2020-04-22/pepp-pt-hans-christian-boos-apps-coronavirus-covid19_2557724/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-europe-tech-idUKKBN2221U6|title=Rift opens over European coronavirus contact tracing apps|date=20 April 2020|work=Reuters|access-date=23 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424112105/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-health-coronavirus-europe-tech-idUKKBN2221U6}}</ref> On 26 April 2020, Germany switched to decentralised approach to support solutions like DP-3T.<ref>{{cite web |title=Germany flips to Apple-Google approach on smartphone contact tracing |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-tech/germany-flips-on-smartphone-contact-tracing-backs-apple-and-google-idUSKCN22807J |website=Reuters |language=en |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=27 April 2020 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526153714/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-europe-tech/germany-flips-on-smartphone-contact-tracing-backs-apple-and-google-idUSKCN22807J |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Methods====
Decentralised protocols include [[Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-PPT/DP-3T)]],<ref name="Lomas_20200406">
{{cite web |title=EU privacy experts push a decentralized approach to COVID-19 contacts tracing |author-first=Natasha |author-last=Lomas |date=6 April 2020 |work=[[TechCrunch]] |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/06/eu-privacy-experts-push-a-decentralized-approach-to-covid-19-contacts-tracing/ |access-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200410221510/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/06/eu-privacy-experts-push-a-decentralized-approach-to-covid-19-contacts-tracing/ |archive-date=10 April 2020}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=DP-3T |url=https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/blob/master/DP3T%20White%20Paper.pdf |title=documents/DP3T White Paper.pdf at master · DP-3T/documents · GitHub |publisher=Github.com |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421123719/https://github.com/DP-3T/documents/blob/master/DP3T%20White%20Paper.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Coalition Network|Coalition Network's]] [[Whisper Tracing Protocol]],<ref name="sfchronicle.com">{{cite news|title=Latest weapon in tracing and tracking coronavirus infections: your smartphone|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Latest-weapon-in-tracing-and-tracking-coronavirus-15219887.php|date=23 April 2020|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|access-date=6 May 2020|last1=Said|first1=Carolyn|archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430195501/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Latest-weapon-in-tracing-and-tracking-coronavirus-15219887.php|url-status=live}}</ref> the global [[TCN Coalition]]'s [[TCN Protocol|TCN ("Temporary Contact Numbers") Protocol]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Is Apple and Google's Covid-19 Contact Tracing a Privacy Risk? |url=https://www.wired.com/story/apple-google-contact-tracing-strengths-weaknesses/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |magazine=Wired |date=2020 |language=en |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418020625/https://www.wired.com/story/apple-google-contact-tracing-strengths-weaknesses/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://tcn-coalition.org/|title=TCN Coalition · A Global Coalition for Privacy-First Digital Contact Tracing Protocols to Fight COVID-19|website=tcn-coalition.org|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704122756/https://www.lfph.io/tcn-coalition/}}</ref> and the [[MIT Media Lab]]'s SafePaths.<ref name="fortune welcome">{{cite news |title=Researchers working on 'contact tracing' say they welcome Apple and Google's help |url=https://fortune.com/2020/04/17/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-privacy/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=Fortune |date=2020 |language=en |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417194018/https://fortune.com/2020/04/17/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-privacy/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SafePaths |date=9 April 2020 |url=http://safepaths.mit.edu/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409070549/https://safepaths.mit.edu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The goal of decentralization is to reduce the loss of privacy, by exchanging anonymous keys that do not include identifiable information.<ref>{{cite news |title=Apple and Google are working together on an ambitious plan to alert people who have come in contact with coronavirus patients — here's how it will work |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-google-tracking-coronavirus-contact-tracing-how-it-works-2020-4#heres-how-apple-and-googles-system-will-work-4 |access-date=18 April 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418112559/https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-google-tracking-coronavirus-contact-tracing-how-it-works-2020-4#heres-how-apple-and-googles-system-will-work-4 |url-status=live }}</ref>

COCOVID<ref>{{cite web |title=COCOVID |url=https://www.cocovid.info/ |access-date=1 May 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506101042/https://cocovid.info/ |url-status=live }}</ref> is being developed as a common effort of several European companies and institutions. The Mobile Application, the Big Data and the Artificial Intelligence components will be available to any government. The COCOVID app is Open Source and the backend is based on a highly scalable solution that is already used by several of the largest financial institutions in Europe. COCOVID will support the coordination of tests at medical institutions, allowing users with a high infection risk to book a test slot directly from the app. This will reduce the effort and increase the efficiency of the medical test processes. COCOVID will use both location and Bluetooth contact data, allowing a high level of effectiveness. The solution is designed following the EU data privacy recommendations.
The team working on the project includes persons from Orange, Ericsson, Proventa AG, Stratio, TH Köln and Charta digitale Vernetzung.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

==== Apple / Google Exposure Notification protocol ====
{{main|Exposure Notification API}}
On 10 April 2020, [[Google]] and [[Apple, Inc.|Apple]], the companies that control the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] mobile platforms, announced an initiative for contact tracing, which they stated would preserve privacy, based on a combination of [[Bluetooth Low Energy]] technology and privacy-preserving [[cryptography]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/10/apple-and-google-are-launching-a-joint-covid-19-tracing-tool/ |title=Apple and Google are launching a joint COVID-19 tracing tool for iOS and Android |work=[[TechCrunch]] |date=10 April 2020 |language=en |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522033457/http://techcrunch.com/2020/04/10/apple-and-google-are-launching-a-joint-covid-19-tracing-tool/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNET 4-10-2020">{{cite web |title=Apple and Google are building coronavirus tracking tech into iOS and Android – The two companies are working together, representing most of the phones used around the world. |publisher=[[CNET]] |date=10 April 2020 |author-last1=Sherr |author-first1=Ian |author-first2=Richard |author-last2=Nieva |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-and-google-are-building-coronavirus-tracking-tech-into-ios-and-android/ |access-date=10 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410202158/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-and-google-are-building-coronavirus-tracking-tech-into-ios-and-android/ |archive-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> They also published specifications of the core technologies used in the system.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing/ |title=Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing |date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Apple |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=17 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417231038/https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Tracing – Bluetooth Specification |date=10 April 2020 |edition=Preliminary |url=https://covid19-static.cdn-apple.com/applications/covid19/current/static/contact-tracing/pdf/ContactTracing-BluetoothSpecification.pdf |access-date=10 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410171559/https://covid19-static.cdn-apple.com/applications/covid19/current/static/contact-tracing/pdf/ContactTracing-BluetoothSpecification.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2020}}</ref> According to Apple and Google, the system is intended to be rolled out in three stages:<ref name="applegoogle">{{cite news |url=https://blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/apple-and-google-partner-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/ |title=Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology |newspaper=Google |date=10 April 2020 |language=en |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520171149/https://www.blog.google/inside-google/company-announcements/apple-and-google-partner-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/ |title=Apple and Google partner on COVID-19 contact tracing technology |date=10 April 2020 |publisher=Apple |language=en |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007081201/https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2020/04/apple-and-google-partner-on-covid-19-contact-tracing-technology/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* API specification and publication
* rollout of tools to enable governments to create official privacy-preserving coronavirus tracing apps
* integration of this functionality directly into iOS and Android

Google and Apple plan to address the take-up and persistent surveillance problems by first distributing the system through operating system updates, and later removing it in the same way once the threat has passed.<ref name="newton-2020-04-14" />

The [[ACLU]] stated the Google and Apple's approach "appears to mitigate the worst privacy and centralization risks, but there is still room for improvement".<ref>{{cite news |title=ACLU Comment On Apple/Google COVID-19 Contact Tracing Effort |url=https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-comment-applegoogle-covid-19-contact-tracing-effort |access-date=22 April 2020 |work=ACLU |date=2020 |language=en |archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424090325/https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-comment-applegoogle-covid-19-contact-tracing-effort |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 20 April 2020, Google and Apple described the systems as "[[Exposure Notification]]" rather than "contact tracing", stating the system should be "in service of broader contact tracing efforts by public health authorities".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Brandom |first1=Russell |title=Apple and Google pledge to shut down coronavirus tracker when pandemic ends |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/24/21234457/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-tracker-exposure-notification-shut-down |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=The Verge |date=24 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628121826/https://www.theverge.com/2020/4/24/21234457/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-tracker-exposure-notification-shut-down |url-status=live }}</ref> The name change was received positively by journalists in ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]/[[Recode]]''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Morrison |first1=Sara |title=The Apple-Google contact tracing tool gets a beta release and a new risk level feature |url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/24/21234420/apple-google-contact-tracing-exposure-notification-update |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=Vox |date=24 April 2020 |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626044150/https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/4/24/21234420/apple-google-contact-tracing-exposure-notification-update |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Salon (website)|Salon]]'', who stated "Exposure notification schemes like the Apple-Google system aren't true contact tracing systems because they don't allow public health authorities to identify people who have been exposed to infected individuals."<ref>{{cite news |title=Now your iPhone can warn you if you've been exposed to the coronavirus |url=https://www.salon.com/2020/05/01/now-your-iphone-can-warn-you-if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus_partner/ |access-date=28 June 2020 |work=Salon |date=1 May 2020 |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628020028/https://www.salon.com/2020/05/01/now-your-iphone-can-warn-you-if-youve-been-exposed-to-the-coronavirus_partner/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== List of frameworks ==
{{external links|section|date=September 2020}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name !! Centralized / Decentralized !! Author/promoter !! Licence !! Homepage !! Ref
|-
| ViraTrace Biohazard Containment Tools
| Partially-Centralized w/ SGX backend
| ViraTrace, LLC (Wayne Thornton, Andrei Taranu, Ivan Bestvina, Anjana Pai)
| Restricted Public Source License (ViraTrace Public Source License 1.0.1)
| https://www.viratrace.org/ https://github.com/ViraTrace/
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.total-croatia-news.com/made-in-croatia/43538-coronavirus |title=Could Croatian Startup Rescue Tourism from Coronavirus Consequences? |website=Total Croatia News |language=en |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111211433/https://www.total-croatia-news.com/made-in-croatia/43538-coronavirus }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://github.com/ViraTrace/License/blob/main/VPSL%201-0-1.pdf |title=ViraTrace Public Source License v. 1.0.1 |website=GitHub |language=en |access-date=10 January 2021 |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413192558/https://github.com/ViraTrace/License/blob/main/VPSL%201-0-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing]] (PEPP-PT) project
| partially-centralized
| [[Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications]], [[Robert Koch Institute]], [[Technische Universität Berlin]], [[TU Dresden]], [[University of Erfurt]], [[Vodafone Germany]]
| multiple protocols, closed source, private specifications, MPL
| https://www.pepp-pt.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221119/https://www.pepp-pt.org/ |date=9 April 2020 }} https://github.com/pepp-pt/pepp-pt-documentation https://nadim.computer/res/pdf/PEPP-PT_NTK_High_Level_Overview.pdf
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/an-eu-coalition-of-techies-is-backing-a-privacy-preserving-standard-for-covid-19-contacts-tracing/ |title=An EU coalition of techies is backing a 'privacy-preserving' standard for COVID-19 contacts tracing |website=TechCrunch |date=April 2020 |language=en |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=4 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704122847/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/01/an-eu-coalition-of-techies-is-backing-a-privacy-preserving-standard-for-covid-19-contacts-tracing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Coalition Network]]
|
|[[Coalition Foundation]], [[Nodle]], [[French Institute for Research in Computer Science and Automation]], [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], California
|[[GPL 3]]
|{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200419050416/https://www.coalitionnetwork.org/ Article title]}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Latest weapon in tracing and tracking coronavirus infections: your smartphone|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Latest-weapon-in-tracing-and-tracking-coronavirus-15219887.php|date=23 April 2020|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|language=en|access-date=7 May 2020|last1=Said|first1=Carolyn|archive-date=30 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200430195501/https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/Latest-weapon-in-tracing-and-tracking-coronavirus-15219887.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The StopCovid project-team and the ecosystem of contributors are working together to develop a mobile contact tracing app for France {{!}} Inria|url=https://www.inria.fr/en/stopcovid|website=www.inria.fr|date=26 April 2020|language=en|access-date=7 May 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502205925/https://www.inria.fr/en/stopcovid|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Google / Apple privacy-preserving tracing project|Exposure Notifications System]]
| decentralized
| [[Google]], [[Apple Inc.]]
| public specification
| https://www.apple.com/covid19/contacttracing
| <ref name="Sam Schechner and Rolfe Winkler">{{Cite news|first1=Sam|last1=Schechner|first2=Rolfe|last2=Winkler|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/heres-how-apple-and-google-plan-to-track-the-coronavirus-through-your-phone-11586618075|title=Here's How Apple and Google Plan to Track the Coronavirus Through Your Phone|date=11 April 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411180601/https://www.wsj.com/articles/heres-how-apple-and-google-plan-to-track-the-coronavirus-through-your-phone-11586618075|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing]] (DP-3T)
| decentralized
| [[École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne|EPFL]], [[ETH Zurich|ETHZ]], [[KU Leuven]], [[Delft University of Technology|TU Delft]], [[University College London]], [[CISPA – Helmholtz-Zentrum für Informationssicherheit|CISPA]], [[University of Oxford]], [[University of Turin|University of Torino]] / [[ISI Foundation]]
| publicly developed [[Apache 2.0]] reference implementation, [[Mozilla Public License|MPL 2.0]] iOS/Android code.
| https://github.com/DP-3T
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/08/call-for-common-eu-approach-to-apps-and-data-to-fight-covid-19-and-protect-citizens-rights/|title=Call for common EU approach to apps and data to fight COVID-19 and protect citizens' rights|date=8 April 2020|website=TechCrunch|language=en|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411124812/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/08/call-for-common-eu-approach-to-apps-and-data-to-fight-covid-19-and-protect-citizens-rights/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[BlueTrace]] / [[OpenTrace]]
| partially-centralized
| [[Government Technology Agency|Singapore Government Digital Services]]
| public specification, [[GPL 3]] code
| [https://bluetrace.io bluetrace.io] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411200704/https://bluetrace.io/ |date=2020-04-11 }} https://github.com/opentrace-community
| <ref name="computerweekly.com">{{cite web|title=Singapore government to open source contact-tracing protocol|url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252480501/Singapore-government-to-open-source-contact-tracing-protocol|access-date=13 April 2020|website=ComputerWeekly.com|language=en|archive-date=6 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506121056/https://www.computerweekly.com/news/252480501/Singapore-government-to-open-source-contact-tracing-protocol|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Privacy-Sensitive Protocols And Mechanisms
for Mobile Contact Tracing (PACT) / CovidSafe
| 
| [[Microsoft]] volunteers, [[University of Washington]]
| public specification, [[MIT License]] code
| https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.03544 https://github.com/covidsafe
| <ref>{{cite arXiv
|first1=Justin
|last1=Chan
|first2=Dean
|last2=Foster
|first3=Shyam
|last3=Gollakota
|first4=Eric
|last4=Horvitz
|first5=Joseph
|last5=Jaeger
|first6=Sham
|last6=Kakade
|first7=Tadayoshi
|last7=Kohno
|first8=John
|last8=Langford
|first9=Jonathan
|last9=Larson
|first10=Sudheesh
|last10=Singanamalla
|first11=Jacob
|last11=Sunshine
|first12=Stefano
|last12=Tessaro
|date=2020
|title=PACT: Privacy Sensitive Protocols and Mechanisms for Mobile Contact Tracing
|eprint=2004.03544
|class=cs.CR}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Privacy and the pandemic: UW and Microsoft researchers present a "PACT" for using technology to fight the spread of COVID-19 |url=https://news.cs.washington.edu/2020/04/08/privacy-and-the-pandemic-uw-researchers-present-a-pact-for-using-technology-to-fight-the-spread-of-covid-19/ |website=UW CSE News |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=28 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428233904/https://news.cs.washington.edu/2020/04/08/privacy-and-the-pandemic-uw-researchers-present-a-pact-for-using-technology-to-fight-the-spread-of-covid-19/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=McQuate |first1=Sarah |title=A contact-tracing app that helps public health agencies and doesn't compromise your privacy |url=https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/04/22/a-contact-tracing-app-that-helps-public-health-agencies-and-doesnt-compromise-your-privacy/ |website=UW News |access-date=5 May 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503215920/https://www.washington.edu/news/2020/04/22/a-contact-tracing-app-that-helps-public-health-agencies-and-doesnt-compromise-your-privacy/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing
| 
| [[MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]], [[Massachusetts General Hospital]], [[MIT Lincoln Laboratory]], [[MIT Media Lab]], [[Boston University]], [[Weizmann Institute of Science]], [[Brown University]]
| public specification, [[MIT License]] code
| https://pact.mit.edu
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Rivest |first1=Ronald L. |last2=Ivers |first2=Louise C. |last3=Weitzner |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Zissman |first4=Marc A. |title=PACT: Private Automated Contact Tracing |publisher=MIT |url=https://pact.mit.edu/ |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=20 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520143305/https://pact.mit.edu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rivest |first1=Ronald L. |last2=Callas |first2=Jon |last3=Canetti |first3=Ran |last4=Esvelt |first4=Kevin |last5=Gillmor |first5=Daniel Kahn |last6=Kalai |first6=Yael Tauman |last7=Lysyanskaya |first7=Anna |last8=Norige |first8=Adam |last9=Raskar |first9=Ramesh |last10=Shamir |first10=Adi |last11=Shen |first11=Emily |last12=Soibelman |first12=Israel |last13=Specter |first13=Michael |last14=Teague |first14=Vanessa |last15=Trachtenberg |first15=Ari |last16=Varia |first16=Mayank |last17=Viera |first17=Marc |last18=Weitzner |first18=Daniel |last19=Wilkinson |first19=John |last20=Zissman |first20=Marc |title=The PACT protocol specification |url=https://pact.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-PACT-protocol-specification-ver-0.1.pdf |publisher=MIT |access-date=10 May 2020 |archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409130335/https://pact.mit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/The-PACT-protocol-specification-ver-0.1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foy |first1=Kylie |title=Bluetooth signals from your smartphone could automate Covid-19 contact tracing while preserving privacy |url=http://news.mit.edu/2020/bluetooth-covid-19-contact-tracing-0409 |website=MIT News |publisher=MIT |access-date=10 May 2020 |date=8 April 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511143643/http://news.mit.edu/2020/bluetooth-covid-19-contact-tracing-0409 |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dwinell |first1=Joe |title=MIT team races to perfect cellphone tracing of coronavirus |url=https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/04/26/mit-team-races-to-perfect-cellphone-tracing-of-coronavirus/ |website=Boston Herald |access-date=10 May 2020 |date=26 April 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506043102/https://www.bostonherald.com/2020/04/26/mit-team-races-to-perfect-cellphone-tracing-of-coronavirus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Covid Watch]] / [[TCN Coalition]] / [[TCN Protocol]]
| decentralized
| [[Covid Watch]], [[CoEpi]], ITO, Commons Project, [[Zcash]] Foundation, [[Openmined]], [[Coalition Network]]
| public developed specification, [[MIT License]] code
| https://tcn-coalition.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210704122756/https://www.lfph.io/tcn-coalition/ |date=4 July 2021 }} https://github.com/TCNCoalition/TCN
| <ref name="Sam Schechner and Rolfe Winkler" />
|-
| [[OpenCovidTrace]]
| decentralized
| Nebula Ventures, open source community,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/OpenCovidTrace|title=Open Covid Trace|website=GitHub|access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=29 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200529051454/https://github.com/OpenCovidTrace|url-status=live}}</ref> Quantstellation, MLM Holdings, Evocativideas, 1Checkin
| public developed specification, [[GNU Lesser General Public License|LGPL]] iOS/Android code.
| https://opencovidtrace.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513174414/https://opencovidtrace.org/ |date=13 May 2020 }} https://github.com/OpenCovidTrace
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@OpenTrace/opencovidtrace-fully-private-open-source-contact-tracing-96b47e7635a3|title=OpenCovidTrace — fully private open source contact tracing|date=28 April 2020|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=28 April 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523072201/https://medium.com/@OpenTrace/opencovidtrace-fully-private-open-source-contact-tracing-96b47e7635a3|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[ReCoVer]]
| Centralized, Hybrid
| 
Stefano Piotto, Luigi Di Biasi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://luigidibiasi.it/index.php/2021/03/01/sm-covid-19-open-data/|title=Contact Tracing Open data from Sm-Covid-19|website=luigidibiasi.it|date=March 2021|access-date=15 March 2021 |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316032926/https://luigidibiasi.it/index.php/2021/03/01/sm-covid-19-open-data/|url-status=live}}</ref> Softmining, Minervas, PushApp, NexusTlc, University of Salerno, dibiasi.it Materiale Electrico,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dibiasi.it/|title=materiale elettrico|website=dibiasi.it|access-date=10 March 2021 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726212005/https://www.dibiasi.it/|url-status=live}}</ref> BiTS Community beta volunteers
| multiple protocols, partially closed source, partially private specifications, MPL
| https://smcovid19.org/recover/
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://smcovid19.org/recover/|title=ReCoVer Contact Tracing Protocol|date=10 March 2021|website=Softmining|language=it |access-date=10 March 2021}}</ref>
|}

== List of countries/territories with official contact tracing apps ==
;[[Australia]]
:[[COVIDSafe]] is a digital [[contact tracing]] app announced by the [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] on 14 April 2020 to help combat the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The app is based on the [[BlueTrace]] protocol developed by the [[Government of Singapore|Singaporean Government]], and was first released on 26 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Privacy concerns as Australia's controversial coronavirus tracing app nears launch|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/privacy-concerns-as-australia-s-controversial-coronavirus-tracing-app-nears-launch|date=26 April 2020|website=SBS News|access-date=26 April 2020|language=en-AU|archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220165337/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/more-than-two-million-australians-download-covidsafe-contact-tracing-app/wo4hzxfv0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The coronavirus tracing app has been released. Here's what it looks like and what it wants to do|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-26/coronavirus-tracing-app-covidsafe-australia-covid-19-data/12186068|date=26 April 2020|access-date=26 April 2020|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220165404/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-26/coronavirus-tracing-app-covidsafe-australia-covid-19-data/12186068|url-status=live}}</ref> The efficacy of the app was questioned over its lifetime, ultimately identifying just 2 confirmed cases by the time it was decommissioned on 16 August 2022.<ref name="COVIDSafe1">{{cite news|last=Black|first=Jessica|title=In its lifetime, $21 million COVIDSafe app detected just two confirmed cases|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-10/covidsafe-app-scrapped-what-went-wrong/101317746|date=10 August 2022|website=ABC News|access-date=10 August 2022|language=en-AU|archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220170940/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-10/covidsafe-app-scrapped-what-went-wrong/101317746|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="COVIDSafe2">{{cite web|last=Butler|first=Mark|title=Failed COVIDSafe app deleted|url=https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/failed-covidsafe-app-deleted|date=10 August 2022|website=[[Department of Health and Aged Care|health.gov.au]]|access-date=10 August 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221030532/https://www.health.gov.au/ministers/the-hon-mark-butler-mp/media/failed-covidsafe-app-deleted|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Austria]]
:Stopp Corona is the [[contact tracing]] app published by the Austrian red cross on behalf of the Federal Ministry of Health. The app is supported both on Android and IOS platforms. The source code was released on 24 April 2020 as open source on GitHub.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

;[[Azerbaijan]]
:e-Tabib is an official contact tracing and informational mobile app, prepared by Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan. 'e-Tabib' is designed to be an application which will inform the users in real-time about the number of patients (both sick and recovered from COVID-19) in Azerbaijan. The app will provide daily updates on the status of COVID-19 from the Force Task under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan (or other applicable authorities designed in the Republic of Azerbaijan). 'e-Tabib' application was created with the assistance of "The Association for the Management of Medical Territorial Units" public entity (TƏBİB), which was established by the decree of the president of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated 20 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title="E-TƏBİB" mobil tətbiqini yükləyin|url=https://koronavirusinfo.az/az/page/haqqimizda/e-tebib-mobil-tetbiqini-yukleyin|access-date=19 June 2020|website="E-TƏBİB" mobil tətbiqini yükləyin - koronovirusinfo.az|language=az|archive-date=20 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620123916/https://koronavirusinfo.az/az/page/haqqimizda/e-tebib-mobil-tetbiqini-yukleyin|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=You'll be notified if people around you are virus carriers|work=abc.az|url=http://abc.az/en/news/49349|access-date=19 June 2020|archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728231348/http://abc.az/en/news/49349|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Bahrain]]
:BeAware Bahrain is the official mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by The Information & eGovernment Authority (iGA), in collaboration with the National Taskforce for Combating the Coronavirus (COVID-19). The application aims to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 by implementing contact tracing efforts to identify and keep track of all active cases and their contacts. It also uses location data of citizens to alert individuals in the event they approach an active case or a location an active case has visited, as well as track the movement of quarantine cases for a duration of 14 days. It also posts health recommendations and live data of global COVID-19 developments; iGA Chief Executive Mohammed Ali Al Qaed said: "The application deploys a tamper-proof GPS Tracking Bracelet to share real time-tracking information with health workers. Health workers are notified when quarantine cases exit their pre-set area by 15 meters, in which case the team will respond by reminding individuals of the importance of following procedures to safeguard the well-being of citizens and residents."<ref>{{cite web|last=MGZN|first=Startup|date=31 March 2020|title=Startup MGZN – 'BeAware Bahrain' app officially launched by iGA|url=https://www.startupmgzn.com/english/news/beaware-bahrain-app-officially-launched-by-iga/|access-date=29 April 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601044522/https://www.startupmgzn.com/english/news/beaware-bahrain-app-officially-launched-by-iga/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Bangladesh]]
:People's Republic of Bangladesh Government announced & launched a mobile app named Corona Tracer BD in May 2020 in [[Google Play Store]].

;[[Brazil]]
:The public ministry of RN launched "Tô de Olho", a multipurpose app (including contact tracing, agglomeration denunciation, selective infectious testing), released in [[Rio Grande do Norte]] starting 4 April 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coronavírus: IMD e MP criam site para denunciar aglomerações durante isolamento no RN|url=https://g1.globo.com/rn/rio-grande-do-norte/noticia/2020/04/07/coronavirus-imd-e-mp-criam-site-para-denunciar-aglomeracoes-durante-isolamento-no-rn.ghtml|access-date=10 September 2020|website=G1|date=7 April 2020|language=pt|archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414183919/https://g1.globo.com/rn/rio-grande-do-norte/noticia/2020/04/07/coronavirus-imd-e-mp-criam-site-para-denunciar-aglomeracoes-durante-isolamento-no-rn.ghtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The "Tô de Olho" research paper has more details on platform's design.<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=de Araújo|display-authors=etal|date=2020|title=A Platform for Citizen Cooperation during the COVID-19 Pandemic in RN|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344176000|conference=Conference: 6th IEEE International Smart Cities Conference 2020|access-date=10 September 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726194531/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344176000_A_Platform_for_Citizen_Cooperation_during_the_COVID-19_Pandemic_in_RN|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Canada]]
:On 31 July 2020, the Canadian federal government launched their voluntary, "private, and anonymous" COVID-19 [[Exposure Notification|exposure notification]] app, called COVID Alert which was developed along with [[Shopify]] and [[BlackBerry]] as technology partners, and has both an [[iOS]] and an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] version.<ref name="GOV_CA">{{cite web |title=Download COVID Alert today |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/covid-alert.html |website=a |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada |date=4 August 2020 |access-date=10 November 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801022441/https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/covid-alert.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mobilesyrup_Malik_20200723">{{Cite news| last = Malik| first = Aiisha| title = Here's a first look at the government's 'COVID Alert' exposure notification app| work = MobileSyrup| access-date = 10 November 2020| date = 10 November 2020| url = https://mobilesyrup.com/2020/07/23/heres-a-first-look-at-the-governments-covid-alert-contact-tracing-app/| archive-date = 11 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201111030102/https://mobilesyrup.com/2020/07/23/heres-a-first-look-at-the-governments-covid-alert-contact-tracing-app/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| last = Aiello| first = Rachel| title = COVID-19 exposure notification app now available| work = CTV News| access-date = 10 November 2020| date = 31 July 2020| url = https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/covid-19-exposure-notification-app-now-available-1.5046868| archive-date = 4 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210604040554/https://www.ctvnews.ca/health/coronavirus/covid-19-exposure-notification-app-now-available-1.5046868}}</ref> The federal COVID Alert exposure notification app is not a [[contact tracing app]] and does not have access to information such as user names, health information, addresses, smartphone contacts, or GPS location.<ref name="mobilesyrup_Malik_20200723"/> The app uses Bluetooth technology to check and share a random list of codes from any nearby smartphones held by people who have tested positive.<ref name="mobilesyrup_Malik_20200723"/> By mid-November, all the provinces except Alberta and British Columbia had access to the app.<ref name="calgaryherald_Herring_20201031">{{Cite news| last = Herring| first = Jason| title = Alberta government blocking federal COVID Alert app, Trudeau says| work = Calgary Herald| access-date = 10 November 2020| date = 31 October 2020| url = https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/alberta-government-blocking-federal-covid-alert-app-trudeau-says| archive-date = 16 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201116002614/https://calgaryherald.com/news/local-news/alberta-government-blocking-federal-covid-alert-app-trudeau-says| url-status = live}}</ref> The Alberta government had launched their own app in May and in October said that the delay in signing on to the federal COVID Alert app, was to ensure all the existing 247,000 ABTraceTogether app accounts could be "transitioned" to the federal app.<ref name="calgaryherald_Herring_20201031"/> On 28 September 2021, [[the Citizen Lab]] published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name="citizenlab/pandemic-privacy">{{cite journal |title=Pandemic Privacy Explained |url=https://citizenlab.ca/2021/09/pandemic-privacy-explained/ |website=[[The Citizen Lab]] |access-date=5 January 2023 |date=28 September 2021 |last1=Kenyon |first1=Miles |archive-date=5 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105093253/https://citizenlab.ca/2021/09/pandemic-privacy-explained/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[China]]
:The Chinese government, in conjunction with [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat]], has deployed an app that allows citizens to check if they have been in contact with people that have COVID-19. It is in use across more than 200 Chinese cities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mehta|first=Ivan|date=3 March 2020|title=China's coronavirus detection app is reportedly sharing citizen data with police|url=https://thenextweb.com/china/2020/03/03/chinas-covid-19-app-reportedly-color-codes-people-and-shares-data-with-cops/|access-date=1 April 2020|work=The Next Web|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221100/https://thenextweb.com/china/2020/03/03/chinas-covid-19-app-reportedly-color-codes-people-and-shares-data-with-cops/|url-status=live}}</ref>
:In China, within these apps pose three colors as a result of the risk they pose. For example, green is good and can go about normal activities. On the other hand, yellow indicates the user they have been in contact with someone who tested positive with the virus and should exercise precaution. Lastly, red indicates to the user they have the virus and should remain quarantined to not expose others. These tests and colors are shared with the local police. So every QR code is central to a city/district.<ref name="Mozur Zhong & Krolik 2020">{{cite news |last1=Mozur |first1=Paul |last2=Zhong |first2=Raymond |last3=Krolik |first3=Aaron |title=In Coronavirus Fight, China Gives Citizens a Color Code, With Red Flags |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html |work=The New York Times |date=2 March 2020 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414105315/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/01/business/china-coronavirus-surveillance.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
;[[Colombia]]
:CoronApp is the mobile app for Android and iOS –and available for the Huawei AppGallery– developed by the Colombian government. The app, downloaded more than 12 million users (March 2021), is a free application, which does not consume data; it helps detect affected areas and nearby people with a positive diagnosis for COVID-19. CoronApp facilitates the real-time monitoring of data collected to the Emergency Operations Center of the Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Health Institute, INS). It incorporates technologies such as those developed by the Governments of Singapore and South Korea, as well as Apple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronapp|url=https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/test/aislamiento-saludable/coronapp.html|access-date=19 April 2020|website=coronaviruscolombia.gov.co|language=es|archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504074818/https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/test/aislamiento-saludable/coronapp.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Privacy, the major concern with these applications from organizations around the world, has not been the exception for Colombia: Fundación Karisma points out some vulnerabilities of CoronApp.<ref>{{cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=CoronApp: what are the objections to the government's app to handle the pandemic?|url=https://web.karisma.org.co/coronapp-muchos-datos-pocos-beneficios/|access-date=21 May 2020|website=Fundación Karisma|publisher=karisma.org.co|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602095140/https://web.karisma.org.co/coronapp-muchos-datos-pocos-beneficios/ |archive-date=2 June 2020 }}</ref> Along with the criticisms, there were analysis that found strengths and weaknesses in it.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Impacto TIC|date=17 May 2020|title=CoronApp: what are the objections to the Government's app to handle the pandemic? • Impacto TIC|url=https://impactotic.co/en/coronapp-what-are-the-objections-to-the-government-app-to-manage-the-pandemic/|access-date=9 March 2021|website=Impacto TIC|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818170846/https://impactotic.co/en/coronapp-what-are-the-objections-to-the-government-app-to-manage-the-pandemic/ |archive-date=18 August 2021 }}</ref> As an additional benefit of the app, the Colombian Government financed 1 gigabyte per month and 100 minutes for users of prepaid lines that install it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Sandra Defelipe Díaz|title=Nuevas disposiciones para garantizar un mínimo de conectividad y acceso a recursos • Impacto TIC|date=16 April 2020|url=https://impactotic.co/nuevas-disposiciones-para-garantizar-un-minimo-de-conectividad-y-acceso-a-recursos/|access-date=30 April 2020|publisher=Impactotic.co|archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505000256/https://impactotic.co/nuevas-disposiciones-para-garantizar-un-minimo-de-conectividad-y-acceso-a-recursos/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Croatia]]
:Stop COVID-19 is a mobile app for Android and iOS, developed by an agency of the Croatian government.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

;[[Czech Republic]]
:The government launched a Singapore-inspired tracing app called eRouška (eFacemask). The app was developed by the local IT community, released as [[open-source software]] and will be handed over to the government.<ref name="czechcrunch1">{{cite web|date=11 April 2020|title=V Česku se spouští aplikace eRouška. Staví na ochraně soukromí a upozorní, pokud jste přišli do kontaktu s nakaženým - CzechCrunch|url=https://www.czechcrunch.cz/2020/04/v-cesku-se-spousti-aplikace-erouska-stavi-na-ochrane-soukromi-a-upozorni-pokud-jste-prisli-do-kontaktu-s-nakazenym/|access-date=13 April 2020|publisher=Czechcrunch.cz|language=cs|archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411124438/https://www.czechcrunch.cz/2020/04/v-cesku-se-spousti-aplikace-erouska-stavi-na-ochrane-soukromi-a-upozorni-pokud-jste-prisli-do-kontaktu-s-nakazenym/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Denmark]]
:[https://smittestop.dk/ Smittestop] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225101517/https://smittestop.dk/ |date=2021-02-25 }} is a digital contact tracing app developed by the Ministry of Health and the Elderly, the Danish Agency for Patient Safety, the National Board of Health, the Danish Serum Institute, the National Board of Digitization and Netcompany. It was released on 18 June 2020 to help combat the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The app uses Bluetooth technology to alert the user if they have been within one meter for more than fifteen minutes of a person who tested positive. Available on the Google Play store and Apple store.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

;[[Fiji]]
:The Fijian government launched the country's contact tracing app which is known as [[careFIJI]]. The app uses Bluetooth Low Energy Technology and is based on the [[BlueTrace]] protocol developed by the [[Government of Singapore|Singaporean Government]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fijivillage|title=careFIJI COVID-19 tracing app now available to download|url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/careFIJI-COVID-19-tracing-app-now-available-to-download-5f4xr8/|access-date=1 December 2020|website=www.fijivillage.com|language=en|archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621060529/https://www.fijivillage.com/news/careFIJI-COVID-19-tracing-app-now-available-to-download-5f4xr8/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Finland]]
:The Finnish app [[Koronavilkku]] launched on 31 August 2020 with Finnish and Swedish localizations. An English translation was released later on.<ref name="koronavilkku-faq-en">{{cite web|access-date=5 September 2020|title=FAQ Koronavilkku|url=https://koronavilkku.fi/en/faq/|archive-date=2 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902004719/https://koronavilkku.fi/en/faq/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[France]]
:The [[National Assembly (France)|French National Assembly]] approved the release of "StopCovid" on 27 May 2020 to help combat the COVID-19 pandemic. StopCovid is a digital [[contact tracing]] app based on a bluetooth tracing protocol developed specially for the app. It was released on 2 June 2020.<ref name="le-monde-stop-covid-release">{{cite news|date=2 June 2020|title=L'application StopCovid est désormais disponible au téléchargement|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2020/06/02/l-application-stopcovid-est-desormais-disponible-au-telechargement_6041536_4408996.html|access-date=2 June 2020|publisher=Czechcrunch.cz|language=fr|archive-date=2 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602214801/https://www.lemonde.fr/pixels/article/2020/06/02/l-application-stopcovid-est-desormais-disponible-au-telechargement_6041536_4408996.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The app was later renamed [[TousAntiCovid]].<ref>{{cite web|date=26 October 2020|title=France launches new contact tracing app, TousAntiCovid|author=Sara Mageit|url=https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/emea/france-launches-new-contact-tracing-app-tousanticovid|access-date=27 January 2021|publisher=Healthcare IT News|language=en|archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126053343/https://www.healthcareitnews.com/news/emea/france-launches-new-contact-tracing-app-tousanticovid|url-status=live}}</ref> Updates have also included the addition of a "News" section with daily information about the state of the pandemic in France, as well as a "Forms" section to generate the travel declaration forms needed to go outside during the various lockdowns and curfews.

;[[Germany]]
:The official app called "[[Corona-Warn-App]]" was made available for download on 16 June 2020 and presented in a press conference the same day. It was developed as [[open-source software]] jointly by [[Deutsche Telekom]] and [[SAP]] with scientific advice from the federal [[Robert Koch Institute]] and uses the Exposure Notification APIs from Google and Apple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veröffentlichung der Corona-Warn-App|url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/veroeffentlichung-der-corona-warn-app-1760892|access-date=16 June 2020|website=bundesregierung.de|date=16 June 2020|language=de|archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616103545/https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/veroeffentlichung-der-corona-warn-app-1760892|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Greece]]
:The official platform in Greece against covid, called Covid Checker, is one of the first solution in Europe against COVID-19 pandemic that was approved and made available on 29 March 2020. Covid Checker is a mobile & web solution designed to identify coronavirus symptoms and associated risk, provide reliable guidance, & connect qualified patients with a doctor for further assistance. Covid Checker powered by Docandu was first released as a widget attached to the governmental websites such as the patt.gov.gr while few weeks later was released as an app in Google Playstore. It was developed jointly by DOCANDU, the Region of Attica and the Medical Association of Athens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Μια ακόμα καινοτόμα υπηρεσία που αξιολογεί τις πιθανότητες μόλυνσης από τον κορωνοϊό, θέτει στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο Ιατρικός Σύλλογος Αθηνών|url=http://www.patt.gov.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34832%3Amia-akoma-kainotoma-ypiresia-pou-aksiologei-tis-pithanotites-molynsis-apo-ton-koronoio-thetei-sti-diathesi-ton-politon-i-perifereia-attikis-kai-o-iatrikos-syllogos-athinon&catid=3%3A2008-09-06-21-42-59&Itemid=709|access-date=6 February 2021|website=patt.gov.gr|date = 29 March 2020|language=el}}</ref>

;[[Ghana]]
:The government launched "GH COVID-19 Tracker App", an Android and IOS app equipped with location tracking technology to provide detailed information about people who have been at the same event, location, country or other defined locations in order to provide accurate information to health authorities overtime to know who to screen and provide needed assistance. The app was developed by the [[Ministry of Communication and Technology (Ghana)|Ministry of Communication and Technology]] and [[Ministry of Health (Ghana)|Ministry of Health]].<ref name="ghanaweb.com">{{cite web|title=Bawumia launches GH COVID-19 Tracker App|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bawumia-launches-GH-COVID-19-Tracker-App-922885|access-date=14 April 2020|website=www.ghanaweb.com|date=14 April 2020|language=en|archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504222500/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Bawumia-launches-GH-COVID-19-Tracker-App-922885|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020|04|14}}, the app was awaiting approval by the [[Google Play Store]] and the [[App Store (iOS)|Apple App Store]].<ref name="BBC News Pidgin">{{Cite news|date=14 April 2020|title=Why Ghana govment do virtual concert take launch COVID-19 app wey people no fit download?|language=en|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-52267513|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306020331/https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-52267513|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Gibraltar]]
:The "BEAT Covid Gibraltar" App, based on the App from Ireland, was launched on 18 June<ref name="beatcovid">{{cite web |url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/beat-covid-gibraltar-app-4092020-5976 |title=Beat Covid Gibraltar App - 409/2020 |publisher=HM Government of Gibraltar |date=18 June 2020 |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225214210/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/beat-covid-gibraltar-app-4092020-5976 |url-status=live }}</ref> with downloads of 15,000 by 8 August, from an estimated 20,000 phone users.

;[[Hong Kong]]
:The government launched [[LeaveHomeSafe]] on 16 November 2020. It was initially not compulsory for people to use but starting from 18 February 2021, customers are required to scan the QR code with the app or register their contact details before entering some of the restaurants.<ref name="info.gov.hk-2020-11-11" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3121942/are-hong-kongs-restaurants-ready-eased-covid-19 |title=Are Hong Kong's restaurants ready for eased Covid-19 curbs? 100,000 staff to be tested, operators see app rule as recipe for conflict |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |first1=Cannix |last1=Yau |first2=Nadia |last2=Lam |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=19 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218234730/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3121942/are-hong-kongs-restaurants-ready-eased-covid-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, the government refused to open the source code for peer-review by using an excuse of protecting the intellectual property of the program.<ref>{{cite web |title=安心出行錄逾250萬次下載不開放原始碼稱「尊重知識產權」 |url=https://m.mingpao.com/pns/%E8%A6%81%E8%81%9E/article/20210222/s00001/1613931845636/%E5%AE%89%E5%BF%83%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%8C%E9%8C%84%E9%80%BE250%E8%90%AC%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%8B%E8%BC%89-%E4%B8%8D%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A2%BC%E7%A8%B1%E3%80%8C%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A%E3%80%8D |website=Ming Pao |language=zh-hk |access-date=30 April 2021 |archive-date=30 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430025432/https://m.mingpao.com/pns/%E8%A6%81%E8%81%9E/article/20210222/s00001/1613931845636/%E5%AE%89%E5%BF%83%E5%87%BA%E8%A1%8C%E9%8C%84%E9%80%BE250%E8%90%AC%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%8B%E8%BC%89-%E4%B8%8D%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%A2%BC%E7%A8%B1%E3%80%8C%E5%B0%8A%E9%87%8D%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E7%94%A2%E6%AC%8A%E3%80%8D |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Hungary]]
:[[VírusRadar]], an Android app, was launched on 13 May and an iOS version on 30 May 2020. The app uses Bluetooth technology to track unique, random application IDs within a proximity of 2 meters for more than 20 minutes in the previous 14 days. The system has been developed by Nextsense, based on the company's contact tracing technology.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 May 2020|title=Nextsense Contact Tracing Technology|url=https://nextsense.com/contact-tracing-technology.nspx|access-date=24 May 2020|publisher=Nextsense.com|archive-date=30 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530002831/https://www.nextsense.com/contact-tracing-technology.nspx|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the developer, a version of the application integrating Google and Apple's API is currently under testing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Megjelent a hazai, hivatalos VírusRadar app iOS-re is|date=30 May 2020|url=https://szifon.com/2020/05/30/megjelent-a-hazai-hivatalos-virusradar-app-ios-re-is/|access-date=1 June 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726212008/https://szifon.com/2020/05/30/megjelent-a-hazai-hivatalos-virusradar-app-ios-re-is/|url-status=live}}</ref> The app is operated under the umbrella of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology of Hungary, operated by the Governmental Agency for IT Development and supported by Biztributor.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kaszás|first=Fanni|date=14 May 2020|title=Coronavirus: New App to Track Nearby Positive Cases Available to Download|url=https://hungarytoday.hu/coronavirus-hungary-app-virusradar/}}</ref>

;[[Iceland]]
:[[Rakning C-19]] route tracking is a [[GPS]] logger app for Android and iOS, with a [[user interface]] and content from the national COVID-19 web page. When infection is confirmed the route data is used to support more traditional contact tracing. According to ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' as of 11 May 2020 it had the largest national [[market penetration]] rate of contact trackers in the world, having been downloaded by 38% of Icelanders.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nearly 40% of Icelanders are using a covid app—and it hasn't helped much|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/11/1001541/iceland-rakning-c19-covid-contact-tracing/|website=MIT Technology Review|language=en|access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522132948/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/11/1001541/iceland-rakning-c19-covid-contact-tracing/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[India]]
:The [[Aarogya Setu]] app is developed by the [[National Informatics Centre]] that comes under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.<ref>{{cite web|date=5 April 2020|title=Download:Aarogya Setu App|url=https://navtechy.com/home/download-aarogya-setu-app-on-android-and-ios/|website=navtechy.com|access-date=28 April 2020 |archive-date=16 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516234445/https://navtechy.com/home/download-aarogya-setu-app-on-android-and-ios/|url-status=live}}</ref>
:The [[MyGov.in|MyGov app]] is developed by the [[National Informatics Centre]] that comes under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], Government of India. The app is available on Google Play Store and Apple's App Store for download.

;[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
: The official [[COVID Tracker Ireland|COVID Tracker]] app was launched by the [[Government of Ireland|Irish government]] on 7 July 2020. Within two days of launch, the app had been downloaded by one million people.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sarah Burns |author2=Martin Wall |date=8 July 2020 |title=One million people have now downloaded Ireland's Covid-19 tracker app |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/one-million-people-have-now-downloaded-ireland-s-covid-19-tracker-app-1.4299056 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |access-date=9 July 2020 |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709215420/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/one-million-people-have-now-downloaded-ireland-s-covid-19-tracker-app-1.4299056 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Health Service Executive]] subsequently made the code behind the app available to other countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/health-pharma/hse-donates-contact-tracing-app-to-global-public-health-project-1.4308955|title=HSE donates contact tracing app to global public health project|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=22 January 2021 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306020410/https://www.irishtimes.com/business/health-pharma/hse-donates-contact-tracing-app-to-global-public-health-project-1.4308955|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Israel]]
:On 22 March 2020 the [[Ministry of Health (Israel)|Ministry of Health]] launched "[[HaMagen (app)|HaMagen]]" (המגן,"the shield"), an iOS and Android contact tracing app.<ref>{{cite news|title=Health Ministry launches phone app to help prevent spread of coronavirus|language=en|website=timesofisrael.com|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/health-ministry-launches-phone-app-to-help-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425052301/https://www.timesofisrael.com/health-ministry-launches-phone-app-to-help-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hamagen tracks a user's whereabouts using standard location [[application programming interface|APIs]] and then compares them to known movements of those diagnosed with COVID-19, in order to check if their paths crossed within the previous 14 days. The Hamagen app was specifically designed with a privacy-first approach where information about locations and times is cross-referenced on the user's device, and not transmitted on to the [[cloud database]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Privacy Policy and Information Security|url=https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/magen-privacy-en/|access-date=23 April 2020|website=אפליקציית|language=en|archive-date=1 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501210909/https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/magen-privacy-en/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Italy]]
:On 1 June 2020 the [[Ministry of Health (Italy)|Ministry of Health]] launched the Italian Government's exposure notification solution, "[[Immuni]]", an iOS and Android contact tracing app build on top of the Google/Apple API. The solution was realized by the Special Commissioner for the COVID-19 emergency (Presidency of the Council of Ministers), in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and the [[Italian Minister for Technological Innovation|Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization]]. It only uses public infrastructures located within the national borders. It is exclusively managed by the public company Sogei S.p.A. The source code has been developed for the [[Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)|Presidency of the Council of Ministers]] by [[Bending Spoons|Bending Spoons S.p.A.]], and it is released under a [[GNU Affero General Public License]] version 3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Immuni documentation|url=https://github.com/immuni-app/immuni-documentation|access-date=1 June 2020|website=github.com|language=en|archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128110202/https://github.com/immuni-app/immuni-documentation|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Al via test su app Immuni, c'è anche l'ok del Garante Privacy|url=https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/tecnologia/software_app/2020/06/01/lapp-immuni-sugli-store-da-oggi_a14044b9-b933-4a98-be78-ce60e4c007e3.html|access-date=29 June 2020|website=ansa.it|date=June 2020|language=en|archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621195940/https://www.ansa.it/sito/notizie/tecnologia/software_app/2020/06/01/lapp-immuni-sugli-store-da-oggi_a14044b9-b933-4a98-be78-ce60e4c007e3.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Japan]]
:On 19 June 2020 the [[Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare]] released {{Nihongo|[[COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application]]|新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ|Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri|COCOA}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ(COCOA) COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html|access-date=19 June 2020|website=www.mhlw.go.jp|language=ja|archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703173430/https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It is available on [[iOS 13.5]] or above and [[Android Marshmallow|Android 6]] or above.<ref name=":2" />

;[[Jersey]]
:Jersey COVID Alert is the official contact tracing mobile app for Jersey that was released on 14 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jersey|first=States of|title=Government of Jersey|url=http://www.gov.je/Health/Coronavirus/CovidAlert/Pages/JerseyCOVIDAlertAppTermsofUse.aspx|access-date=3 October 2020|website=gov.je|language=en}}</ref>

;[[Jordan]]
:The AMAN App - Jordan app is developed for Jordan's Ministry of Health. AMAN is a privacy-conscious exposure detection App. The App was released on 21 May 2020 and is currently available on Google Play Store and App Store.<ref>{{cite news|date=20 May 2020|title=Health Ministry rolls out app alerting users to possible COVID-19 exposure|website=Jordan Times|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/health-ministry-rolls-out-app-alerting-users-possible-covid-19-exposure|access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524012117/http://jordantimes.com/news/local/health-ministry-rolls-out-app-alerting-users-possible-covid-19-exposure|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Latvia]]
:A consortium of IT companies and volunteers launched decentralized proximity tracing Apturi Covid application on 29 May 2020. It is Android and Apple compatible. The county's president and government ministers installed the application on their phones on the launch day. Application developers hoped to reach 400 000 users, approximately 20% of the country's population.<ref>{{cite web|title=Latvian 'Stop Covid' app first of its kind in the world|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/health/latvian-stop-covid-app-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world.a361746/|access-date=20 May 2020|website=lsm.lv|language=en|archive-date=4 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104130117/https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/health/latvian-stop-covid-app-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world.a361746/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Malaysia]]
:The government launched [[MySejahtera]] on 16 April 2020,<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2020|title=Putrajaya unveils contact-tracing app for Covid-19, assures data is confidential|work=[[MalaysiaKini]]|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/523824|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=9 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509094216/https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/523824|url-status=live}}</ref> one of three tracing app that released alongside MyTrace and Gerak Malaysia. MySejahtera is a contact tracing app introduced by the [[National Security Council (Malaysia)|National Security Council]] and the Ministry of Health on 16 April 2020 to retrieve updated information and statistics of the pandemic. MyTrace is a tracing app that utilizes Bluetooth to detect how long a user smartphone are in close proximity with other smartphone users with a similar app installed, and is currently available on [[Android OS|Android]].<ref name="MalaysMail1">{{cite news|last=Bunyan|first=John|date=5 May 2020|title=Gerak Malaysia, MySejahtera, MyTrace: Apps to get you through the MCO|work=[[Malay Mail]]|url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/05/05/gerak-malaysia-mysejahtera-mytrace-apps-to-get-you-through-the-mco/1863069|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505041254/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2020/05/05/gerak-malaysia-mysejahtera-mytrace-apps-to-get-you-through-the-mco/1863069|url-status=live}}</ref> Gerak Malaysia is a tracing app which allows police and the [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|Ministry of Health]] to track and analyze users movement, and register for permission to allow state [[border crossing]].

;[[Nepal]]
:[[Nepal Engineers Association]] Launched COVIRA app, developed by Science Hub on 22 June 2020.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 May 2020|title=Covira app launched to measure COVID risk|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/covira-app-launched-to-measure-covid-risk/|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716194939/https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/covira-app-launched-to-measure-covid-risk/|url-status=live}}</ref> COVIRA has been developed on a multidisciplinary framework where several facctors are considered to provide the risk level.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multidisciplinary Approach to COVID-19 Risk Communication: A Framework and Tool for Individual and Regional Risk Assessment|first1=Rishi Ram|last1=Parajuli|first2=Bhogendra|last2=Mishra|first3=Amrit|last3=Banstola|first4=Bhoj Raj|last4=Ghimire|first5=Shobha|last5=Poudel|first6=Kusum|last6=Sharma|first7=Sameer|last7=Dixit|first8=Sunil|last8=Shah|first9=Padam|last9=Simkhada|first10=Edwin|last10=Van Teijlingen|journal=Scientific Reports|date=23 June 2020|volume=10|issue=1|page=21650|ssrn=3634190|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0|pmid=33303910|pmc=7729931|bibcode=2020NatSR..1021650P|doi-access=free}}</ref> It can be used for individual risk assessment which can be assessed from all over the world, and regional risk are provided for Nepal in palika level.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Multidisciplinary approach to COVID-19 risk communication: A framework and tool for individual and regional risk assessment|first1=Rishi Ram|last1=Parajuli|first2=Bhogendra|last2=Mishra|first3=Amrit|last3=Banstola|first4=Bhoj Raj|last4=Ghimire|first5=Shobha|last5=Poudel|first6=Kusum|last6=Sharma|first7=Sameer Mani|last7=Dixit|first8=Sunil Kumar|last8=Shah|first9=Padam|last9=Simkhada|first10=Edwin van|last10=Teijlingen|date=14 July 2020|journal= Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=21650|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0|pmid=33303910|pmc=7729931|bibcode=2020NatSR..1021650P}}</ref> This is available on web application platform.<ref name="COVIRA">{{cite web |url=https://www.covira.info/ |title=Home |website=covira.info |access-date=16 July 2020 |archive-date=16 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716235903/https://www.covira.info/ }}</ref>

;[[Netherlands]]
:The official contract tracing app by the Dutch government is called CoronaMelder.

;[[New Zealand]]
:The [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Health Ministry]] launched the [[NZ COVID Tracer]] on 20 May, though some users reported being able to access the App on 19 May.<ref name="RNZ COVID Tracer">{{cite news|date=19 May 2020|title=Covid-19 tracing app launched earlier than expected|work=[[Radio New Zealand]]|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/417045/covid-19-tracing-app-launched-earlier-than-expected|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520005813/https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/417045/covid-19-tracing-app-launched-earlier-than-expected|archive-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> The app is available on Apple's [[App Store]] and [[Google Play]]. NZ COVID Tracer allows users to scan their own [[QR code]]s at businesses, public buildings and other organisations to track where they have been for contract tracing purposes.<ref name="NZ COVID Tracer">{{cite web|title=NZ COVID Tracer app|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-health-advice-general-public/contact-tracing-covid-19/nz-covid-tracer-app|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200519204422/https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-health-advice-general-public/contact-tracing-covid-19/nz-covid-tracer-app|archive-date=19 May 2020|access-date=20 May 2020|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]]}}</ref><ref name="NZH COVID app">{{cite news|date=20 May 2020|title=Covid 19 coronavirus: 'Digital diary' tracing app trips up; users unable to log on, 'can't use it'|work=[[New Zealand Herald]]|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12333297|access-date=20 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520010326/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=12333297|archive-date=20 May 2020}}</ref> Bluetooth Exposure Notification System was added in December 2020.

;[[North Macedonia]]
:The government launched "StopKorona!" on 13 April 2020, becoming the first country in the [[Western Balkans]] to launch a COVID-19 tracing app. The Bluetooth-based app traces exposure with potentially infected persons and is designed to help healthcare authorities provide a fast response. The app was developed and donated by Skopje-based Software company Nextsense. To comply with laws on [[Information privacy|data protection]], the app does not use the users' locations nor personal information. The users' mobile phone numbers are the only user-related data, stored on servers managed by the Ministry of Health.<ref name="stop.koronavirus.gov.mk">{{cite web|title=StopKorona! – tracing of Coronavirus exposure and protection from COVID-19|url=https://stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/|access-date=13 April 2020|website=stop.koronavirus.gov.mk|language=mk|archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418235116/https://stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=16 April 2020|title=North Macedonia Leads Region in COVID-19 Tracing App|url=https://balkaninsight.com/2020/04/16/north-macedonia-leads-region-in-covid-19-tracing-app/|access-date=21 April 2020|website=Balkan Insight|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616190013/https://balkaninsight.com/2020/04/16/north-macedonia-leads-region-in-covid-19-tracing-app/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=StopKorona|url=https://www.nextsense.com//stopkorona.nspx|access-date=21 April 2020|website=www.nextsense.com|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505080755/https://www.nextsense.com//stopkorona.nspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Norway]]
:The Smittestopp app is developed by the Norwegian government, and uses Bluetooth and GPS signals.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus: Norwegen veröffentlicht die App Smittestopp, um Infektionen aufzuspüren|url=https://www.watson.ch/!577023851|access-date=19 April 2020|website=[[Watson (newspaper)|Watson]]|language=de|archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424015858/https://www.watson.ch/!577023851|url-status=live}}</ref> On 15 June 2020 the country halted the app over privacy concerns after the Norwegian Data Protection Authority said low infections could no longer justify the risk of privacy invasion by the end user. The app ceased collecting new data and plans to delete all data collected so far with any additional collections effectively paused indefinitely.<ref>{{cite web|title=Norway halts coronavirus app over privacy concerns|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/15/1003562/norway-halts-coronavirus-app-over-privacy-concerns/|access-date=15 June 2020|website=technologyreview.com|language=en|archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616012202/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/06/15/1003562/norway-halts-coronavirus-app-over-privacy-concerns/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Philippines]]
:Staysafe is the official contact tracing app for the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PH government launches StaySafe.ph as official contact tracing program – Palace|url=https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ph-government-launches-staysafe-ph-as-official-contact-tracing-program-palace/|access-date=2 September 2021|website=pcoo.gov.ph|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902134313/https://pcoo.gov.ph/news_releases/ph-government-launches-staysafe-ph-as-official-contact-tracing-program-palace/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Portugal]]
:Stayaway COVID is the official contact tracing mobile app for Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EstamosON - Informação Oficial COVID19|url=https://covid19estamoson.gov.pt/|access-date=3 October 2020|website=EstamosON|language=pt|archive-date=17 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200317191526/https://covid19estamoson.gov.pt/}}</ref>

;[[Qatar]]
:Ehteraz application (app) has allowed Qatar citizens and residents to move with ease and responsibly in the country while helping the authorities prevent the spread of coronavirus (COVID-19). A Cabinet decision, which came into effect on 22 May, requires citizens and residents to mandatorily install and activate the mobile app on their smartphones when leaving the house for any reason. Since then, more and more entities in the country have made it compulsory for clients and visitors to show the green status on the Ehteraz app to be allowed entry into their premises. Apart from hypermarkets and other retail outlets, banks, as well as several commercial buildings and offices, in Qatar have put in place similar measures to help prevent the spread of COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=24 June 2020|title=Green status on Ehteraz, the new normal|website=Gulf Times|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/story/665052/Green-status-on-Ehteraz-the-new-normal/|archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726213011/https://www.gulf-times.com/story/665052/Green-status-on-Ehteraz-the-new-normal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Saudi Arabia]]
:Tabaud is the official mobile app for Web, Android and iOS, developed by the National Health Information Center (NHIC). It allows users to track and trace via Apple/Google Exposure Notification API. More than 1,000,000 users have downloaded the app.<ref>{{cite web |title=Apps for your health |url=https://covid19awareness.sa/en/apps-for-your-health-2 |website=Protect against COVID-19 |access-date=28 September 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022100321/https://covid19awareness.sa/en/apps-for-your-health-2 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;'''[[Scotland]]'''
:Protect Scotland is the official contact tracing app for Scotland. Scotland uses the Test and Protect method. Throughout the country they test people with symptoms, isolate people who were in close contact with positive testers, and limit exposure to as many people as possible.

;[[Singapore]]
:An app called [[TraceTogether]] is being used.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kharpal|first=Arjun|date=26 March 2020|title=Use of surveillance to fight coronavirus raises concerns about government power after pandemic ends|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-surveillance-used-by-governments-to-fight-pandemic-privacy-concerns.html|access-date=1 April 2020|work=[[CNBC]]|language=en|archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523034615/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/27/coronavirus-surveillance-used-by-governments-to-fight-pandemic-privacy-concerns.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It uses a digital contact tracing protocol called [[BlueTrace]], developed with an [[open source]] reference implementation called [[OpenTrace]].<ref>{{Citation|title=opentrace-community/opentrace-android|date=20 April 2020|url=https://github.com/opentrace-community/opentrace-android|publisher=OpenTrace|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=19 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419135939/https://github.com/opentrace-community/opentrace-android|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[South Africa]]
:[[COVID AlertSA]] is a digital [[contact tracing]] app announced by the [[Government of South Africa]] on 8 August 2020 to help combat the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

;[[Spain]]
:The official app called Radar COVID has been released by the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation for Android and iOS for a pilot test in [[La Gomera]]. The app is based on the DP-3T protocol and uses the Apple/Google API for contact tracing and it is expected to be rolled out to further Spanish regions in September. In its first year, it only notified 74.280 out of more of 4 million infections. Less than 20% of citizens had installed it. Bugs and battery exhaustion discouraged further usage.<ref name="Rincón">{{cite news |last1=Rincón |first1=Sara |title='Radar COVID' fracasa, la aplicación solo ha notificado 74.000 contagios de coronavirus |url=https://www.antena3.com/noticias/salud/fracaso-radar-covid-aplicacion-que-solo-notificado-74000-contagios-covid19-ano_20210820611fe4d1b6749a0001af4764.html |access-date=1 November 2021 |work=Antena 3 Noticias |date=20 August 2021 |language=es-ES |archive-date=1 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101205316/https://www.antena3.com/noticias/salud/fracaso-radar-covid-aplicacion-que-solo-notificado-74000-contagios-covid19-ano_20210820611fe4d1b6749a0001af4764.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Slovenia]]
:ZVem is a e-government platform for public health in the Republic of Slovenia. Citizens can access the web based platform and associated mobile app via SI-PASS, a secure authorization software developed for public platforms. Users of the service can make a doctor's appointment with few simple clicks. They can see their prescriptions and e-documents. During COVID-19 pandemic, e-documents were usable for the COVID-19 vaccination certificates. Health insurance information is available via the platform as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Domov |url=https://zvem.ezdrav.si/domov |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=zvem.ezdrav.si |archive-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606193053/https://zvem.ezdrav.si/domov |url-status=live }}</ref> The solution was developed by National Institute for Public Health and the Ministry for Health. And the mobile application for protecting public health and lives, #OstaniZdrav (#StayHealthy), is a tool that informs you if you have been in contact with an infected person. With its use and the observance of recommendations, each person contributes their share to restricting the spread of the virus and the protection of our own health, the health of our loved ones and that of society as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The #OstaniZdrav mobile application {{!}} GOV.SI |url=https://www.gov.si/en/topics/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/the-ostanizdrav-mobile-application/ |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=Portal GOV.SI |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726213022/https://www.gov.si/en/topics/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/the-ostanizdrav-mobile-application/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Switzerland]]
:An app called [[SwissCovid]] which uses the [[Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|DP-3T protocol]] and is built top of Apple/Google bluetooth API. Application is licensed under [[Mozilla Public License]] 2.0.<ref name="github-SwissCovid">{{cite web|date=27 May 2020|title=DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch|url=https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch|website=github.com|publisher=DP^3T|access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515091739/https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SwissCovid-bbc">{{cite web|last1=Kelion|first1=Leo|date=26 May 2020|title=First Google/Apple-based virus-trace app launched|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52807635|website=BBC News|access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=27 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527183509/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52807635|url-status=live}}</ref>

;[[Taiwan]]
:Taiwan AILabs in conjunction with the [[Taiwan Centers for Disease Control]] on 12 March 2021 released the Taiwan Social Distancing app for Android and iOS.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Taiwan launches social distancing app |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4193136 |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=Taiwan News |date=2 May 2021 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518085836/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/4193136 |url-status=live }}</ref>

;[[Turkey]]
:Security was ensured by checking the HES codes received by the users at the entrances to closed areas. The HES codes of people who were in contact or became ill were processed as "sick" and kept in quarantine for 14 days. With this separate application, citizens could control the health status of people's immediate environment (mother, father, sibling). If someone with covid positive is too close to you, you can see this in the application and take precautions. It also counts how many people you have come into contact with who are covid positive.

;[[United Kingdom]]
[[File:A day in the life of the COVID-19 app.webm|thumb|left|A brief video, showing the [[Wales]] and [[England]] app in action, produced by the [[Welsh Government]].]]
:The [[NHS COVID-19]] contact tracing app for England and Wales was released on 24 September 2020. The NHS app uses Google/Apple exposure notification technology. (The NHS previously tried a centralised system rather than a decentralised approach). Scotland and Northern Ireland contact tracing apps were launched in the weeks prior to England & Wales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-launches-across-england-and-wales|title=NHS COVID-19 app launches across England and Wales|access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023747/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-launches-across-england-and-wales|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.scot/news/protect-scotland-app-launches/|title=Protect Scotland app launches - gov.scot|access-date=1 October 2020 |archive-date=4 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004205955/https://www.gov.scot/news/protect-scotland-app-launches/|url-status=live}}</ref> To aid contract tracing, the NHS COVID-19 contact tracing app for England and Wales<ref>{{cite news|date=24 September 2020|title=NHS COVID-19 app launches across England and Wales|work=[[Department of Health and Social Care]]|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-launches-across-england-and-wales|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001023747/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-launches-across-england-and-wales|url-status=live}}</ref> allows users to scan official NHS [[QR code]] posters at businesses, venues and transport hubs.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 October 2020|title=Create a coronavirus NHS QR code for your venue|url=https://www.gov.uk/create-coronavirus-qr-poster|access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014200500/https://www.gov.uk/create-coronavirus-qr-poster|url-status=live}}</ref> To ensure data integrity, the QR code is constructed from a [[JSON Web Signature]] (JWS).<ref>{{cite web|date=18 September 2020|title=How not to QR (NHS COVID-19 App)|author=Rev Adrian Kennard|url=https://www.revk.uk/2020/09/how-not-to-qr-nhs-c19-app.html|access-date=14 October 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021104428/https://www.revk.uk/2020/09/how-not-to-qr-nhs-c19-app.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On 28 September 2021, [[the Citizen Lab]] published an analysis of COVID-19 data collection practices in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States.<ref name="citizenlab/pandemic-privacy"/>
:As of 27 April 2023 the NHS COVID-19 App was discontinued.<ref name="Withdrawn NHS COVID-19 app">{{Cite web |title=[Withdrawn] NHS COVID-19 app |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/nhs-covid-19-app |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=GOV.UK |date=27 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425091052/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/nhs-covid-19-app |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Countries considering deployment ==

=== Centralized approaches ===
In the United Kingdom, [[Matthew Gould]], chief executive of [[NHSX]], the government body responsible for policy regarding technology in the [[NHS]], said in late March 2020 that the organisation was looking seriously at an app that would alert people if they had recently been in contact with someone testing positive for the virus after scientists advising the government suggested it "could play a critical role" in limiting lockdowns.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kelion|first=Leo|date=31 March 2020|title=UK considers virus-tracing app to ease lockdown|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52095331|access-date=1 April 2020|website=www.bbc.co.uk|archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221107/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52095331|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April, the government announced that [[alpha testing]] of a prototype of the app was in progress at [[RAF Leeming]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelion|first=Leo|date=22 April 2020|title=NHS coronavirus-tracing app is tested at RAF base|language=en|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52381103|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422182643/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52381103|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Beta testing]] began on the [[Isle of Wight]] on 5 May for council staff and NHS workers before a wider rollout to all residents on 7 May.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelion|first=Leo|date=4 May 2020|title=Coronavirus: UK contact-tracing app is ready for Isle of Wight downloads|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52532435|access-date=5 May 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507165415/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-52532435|url-status=live}}</ref> By 15 May, over 72,000 had downloaded the app, equivalent to more than half of the island's population.<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 May 2020|title=More than half of IOW downloads Covid-19 contact tracing app|language=en|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-hampshire-52662257|access-date=15 May 2020|archive-date=9 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609112101/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/amp/uk-england-hampshire-52662257|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 18 June, following reports that the app was only detecting 75% of contacts on Android devices and 4% of contacts on iPhones,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnston|first=John|date=19 June 2020|title=NHS Covid-19 app to be scrapped after only detecting 4% of contacts on iPhones|url=https://civilserviceworld.com/articles/news/nhs-covid-19-app-be-scrapped-after-only-detecting-4-contacts-iphones|access-date=19 June 2020|website=Civil Service World|archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621141350/https://civilserviceworld.com/articles/news/nhs-covid-19-app-be-scrapped-after-only-detecting-4-contacts-iphones|url-status=live}}</ref> the UK government announced that it would cease the development of its centralized system, and move to a decentralized system based on the [[Apple/Google Exposure Notification system]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Menendez|first=Elisa|date=18 June 2020|title=NHS track and trace app ditched for new model focused on better privacy|url=https://metro.co.uk/2020/06/18/nhs-track-trace-app-ditched-new-model-focused-better-privacy-12871208/|access-date=18 June 2020|website=Metro|language=en|archive-date=18 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618200630/https://metro.co.uk/2020/06/18/nhs-track-trace-app-ditched-new-model-focused-better-privacy-12871208/|url-status=live}}</ref> This was later scheduled for release in England and Wales on 24 September;<ref name="launchdate">{{Cite web|date=11 September 2020|title=Coronavirus: England and Wales' contact-tracing app gets launch date|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54118022|access-date=11 September 2020|website=BBC News|language=en|archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911110202/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54118022|url-status=live}}</ref> by this date, the devolved administrations in Scotland and Northern Ireland had already released their own apps.<ref name="downloaded">{{Cite web|date=11 September 2020|title=Scotland's Covid contact tracing app downloaded more than 600,000 times|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-54098960|access-date=11 September 2020|website=BBC News|language=en|archive-date=10 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200910195135/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-54098960|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2020|title=Covid-19: Tracing app is released for NI|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-53599514|access-date=30 July 2020|website=BBC News|language=en}}</ref>

=== Decentralized approaches ===
Both Australia and New Zealand are considering apps based on Singapore's [[TraceTogether]] app and [[BlueTrace]] protocol as of April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Barbaschow|first=Asha|title=Australia looks to 'go harder' with use of COVID-19 contact tracing app|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/australia-looks-to-go-harder-with-use-of-covid-19-contact-tracing-app/|access-date=15 April 2020|website=ZDNet|language=en|archive-date=15 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415083126/https://www.zdnet.com/article/australia-looks-to-go-harder-with-use-of-covid-19-contact-tracing-app/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many countries have announced the official development, trial or adoption of [[Decentralized computing|decentralized]] proximity tracing systems, where the matching of proximity encounters happens [[Edge computing|locally]] on individuals' devices, such as the [[Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing (DP-3T)]] protocol or the [[Google / Apple contact tracing project|Google-Apple Exposure Notification API]]. These include [[Austria]],<ref name="weiterentwicklung1">{{cite web|title=Stopp Corona-App: Weiterentwicklung mit Hilfe der Zivilgesellschaft|url=https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20200422_OTS0052/stopp-corona-app-weiterentwicklung-mit-hilfe-der-zivilgesellschaft|access-date=23 April 2020|website=OTS.at|language=de|archive-date=24 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424132353/https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20200422_OTS0052/stopp-corona-app-weiterentwicklung-mit-hilfe-der-zivilgesellschaft|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Switzerland]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=swissinfo.ch|first1=S. W. I.|last2=Corporation|first2=a branch of the Swiss Broadcasting|title=Contact tracing app could be launched in Switzerland within weeks|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/digital-solution_contact-tracing-app-could-be-launched-in-switzerland-within-weeks/45706296|access-date=23 April 2020|website=SWI swissinfo.ch|language=en|archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421172823/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/sci-tech/digital-solution_contact-tracing-app-could-be-launched-in-switzerland-within-weeks/45706296|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Estonia]],<ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=How do you trace Covid-19 while respecting privacy?|url=https://e-estonia.com/trace-covid-19-while-respecting-privacy/|access-date=14 May 2020|website=e-Estonia|language=en|archive-date=15 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515125347/https://e-estonia.com/trace-covid-19-while-respecting-privacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Latvia]],<ref name="Criddle">{{Cite news|last1=Criddle|first1=Cristina|last2=Kelion|first2=Leo|date=7 May 2020|title=World split between two types of virus-tracing app|language=en|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52355028|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514061928/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52355028|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Canada]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 May 2020|title=Montreal AI lab develops 'privacy-first' contact tracing app to track COVID-19 cases|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/spark/montreal-ai-lab-develops-privacy-first-contact-tracing-app-to-track-covid-19-cases-1.5552857|access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510002925/https://www.cbc.ca/radio/spark/montreal-ai-lab-develops-privacy-first-contact-tracing-app-to-track-covid-19-cases-1.5552857|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Italy]],<ref>{{Cite news|date=7 May 2020|title=Coronavirus contact-tracing: World split between two types of app|language=en|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52355028|access-date=14 May 2020|archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514061928/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52355028|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cazzullo|first=Aldo|date=29 April 2020|title=Colao: "Un'apertura a ondate per testare il sistema. L'app entro maggio oppure servirà a poco"|url=https://www.corriere.it/politica/20_aprile_29/coronavirus-colao-un-apertura-ondate-testare-sistema-l-app-entro-maggio-oppure-servira-poco-731741c6-8993-11ea-8073-abbb9eae2ee6.shtml|access-date=14 May 2020|website=Corriere della Sera|language=it|archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514171731/https://www.corriere.it/politica/20_aprile_29/coronavirus-colao-un-apertura-ondate-testare-sistema-l-app-entro-maggio-oppure-servira-poco-731741c6-8993-11ea-8073-abbb9eae2ee6.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Pressemitteilung des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit, des Bundesministeriums des Innern, für Bau und Heimat und des Bundeskanzleramts zum Projekt "Corona-App" der Bundesregierung|url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/pressemitteilung-des-bundesministeriums-fuer-gesundheit-des-bundesministeriums-des-innern-fuer-bau-und-heimat-und-des-bundeskanzleramts-zum-projekt-corona-app-der-bundesregierung-1747916|access-date=14 May 2020|website=Startseite|date=28 April 2020|language=de|archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514165001/https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/pressemitteilung-des-bundesministeriums-fuer-gesundheit-des-bundesministeriums-des-innern-fuer-bau-und-heimat-und-des-bundeskanzleramts-zum-projekt-corona-app-der-bundesregierung-1747916|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Finland]],<ref name="Criddle"/> [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]],<ref>{{cite web|date=2020|title=Tweede Kamer, vergaderjaar 2019–2020, 25 295, nr. 315|url=https://www.tweedekamer.nl/downloads/document?id=fdce19d7-5d74-4970-b93b-09ebc6913e01&title=COVID-19%20Update%20stand%20van%20zaken.docx|website=Tweedekamer (House of Representatives of the Netherlands)|access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523215409/https://www.tweedekamer.nl/downloads/document?id=fdce19d7-5d74-4970-b93b-09ebc6913e01&title=COVID-19%20Update%20stand%20van%20zaken.docx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ireland]]<ref>{{cite web|date=30 April 2020|title=Dáil Statement and Briefing for Minister Harris National app for Covid-19 30th April 2020|url=https://assets.gov.ie/73783/abfa8656b38f4a0ea9fab9c74d569ab8.pdf|access-date=14 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522172806/https://assets.gov.ie/73783/abfa8656b38f4a0ea9fab9c74d569ab8.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Denmark]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Efter kritik sadler regeringen om: Ny corona-app skifter til Apple og Googles teknologi|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/penge/efter-kritik-sadler-regeringen-om-ny-corona-app-skifter-til-apple-og-googles-teknologi|access-date=14 May 2020|website=DR|date=14 May 2020|language=da|archive-date=14 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514192915/https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/penge/efter-kritik-sadler-regeringen-om-ny-corona-app-skifter-til-apple-og-googles-teknologi|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the United States, as of 10 June 2020, three states, Alabama, South Carolina, and North Dakota, have committed to using the Google-Apple Exposure Notification API. In May 2020, the U.S. state of Arizona began testing the [[Covid Watch]] app developed with the Apple/Google protocol.<ref name="reopening">{{cite news |last1=Haggin |first1=Rolfe Winkler and Patience |title=America Is Reopening. Coronavirus Tracing Apps Aren't Ready. |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-is-reopening-coronavirus-tracking-apps-arent-ready-11592845646 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=22 June 2020 |access-date=24 June 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726213015/https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-is-reopening-coronavirus-tracking-apps-arent-ready-11592845646 |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2020, the app launched publicly for a phased roll-out in the state of Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 August 2020|title=UArizona and Covid Watch Launch COVID-19 Exposure Notification App|url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-and-covid-watch-launch-covid-19-exposure-notification-app|access-date=20 August 2020|website=University of Arizona News|language=en|archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818160526/https://news.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-and-covid-watch-launch-covid-19-exposure-notification-app|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid Watch Arizona|url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/covid-watch-arizona/id1521655110|access-date=20 August 2020|website=App Store|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512153722/https://apps.apple.com/us/app/covid-watch-arizona/id1521655110|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Covid Watch Arizona - Apps on Google Play|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.azdhs.covidwatch.android&hl=en_US|access-date=20 August 2020|website=play.google.com|language=en|archive-date=13 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913165558/https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.azdhs.covidwatch.android&hl=en_US|url-status=live}}</ref> At least nineteen states have not yet decided, and at least seventeen other states stated there were no plans to use smartphone-based contact tracing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Apple and Google's ambitious COVID-19 contact-tracing tech can help contain the pandemic if used widely. But so far only 3 states have agreed — and none has started to use it. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-tech-states-dont-plan-using-2020-6 |access-date=25 June 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=25 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625053906/https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-google-coronavirus-contact-tracing-tech-states-dont-plan-using-2020-6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Geofencing ===
[[Russia]] introduced a geofencing app, Social Monitoring, for patients diagnosed with COVID-19 living in Moscow, designed to ensure they do not leave home.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelion|first=Leo|date=1 April 2020|title=Moscow coronavirus app raises privacy concerns|language=en|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52121264|access-date=1 April 2020|archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221057/https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52121264|url-status=live}}</ref>

== List of apps by country ==
{{Main|List of COVID-19 apps}}

''Note:'' This table should list only apps that are either supported by citations from third-party reliable sources or are from or supported by independently notable organizations such as national governments, industrial collaborations, major universities, NGOs, or one of the framework collaborations listed above. ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' also maintained a Google spreadsheet listing of contact tracing and exposure notification apps that are being used around the world.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2020|title=Google spreadsheet listing Covid Tracing Tracker|url=https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ATalASO8KtZMx__zJREoOvFh0nmB-sAqJ1-CjVRSCOw/edit#gid=0|website=Google Docs|access-date=16 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=9 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209223634/https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1ATalASO8KtZMx__zJREoOvFh0nmB-sAqJ1-CjVRSCOw/edit#gid=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=7 May 2020|title=A flood of coronavirus apps are tracking us. Now it's time to keep track of them|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1000961/launching-mittr-covid-tracing-tracker/|website=MIT Technology Review|access-date=16 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216005446/https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/05/07/1000961/launching-mittr-covid-tracing-tracker/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !!Name !! Functionality !! Platform !! Author/supporter !! Status !! Licence
!Protocol!! Homepage !! Downloads !! Ref
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|ASAN
|information,
tracking
|Web
|Ministry of Public Health,
Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Technology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|| {{flag|Angola}}
|  COVID-19 AO
|  self diagnostic, information and quarantine enforcement
|  Web
|  Ravelino de Castro
| 
|  Proprietary
| 
|  https://covid19ao.com/
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/saude/2020/3/15/COVID-Student-creates-self-diagnosis-application,1f601718-0b2d-418a-ad86-390dc1b04cf6.html|title=COVID-19: Student creates self-diagnosis application|date=8 April 2020|website=Angop|language=en|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418085644/http://www.angop.ao/angola/en_us/noticias/saude/2020/3/15/COVID-Student-creates-self-diagnosis-application,1f601718-0b2d-418a-ad86-390dc1b04cf6.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voaportugues.com/a/angolano-lan%C3%A7a-aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-para-alertar-sobre-sintomas-da-covid-19/5380654.html|title=Angolano lança aplicação para alertar sobre sintomas da Covid-19|date=20 April 2020|website=VOA Português|language=pt|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505050712/https://www.voaportugues.com/a/angolano-lan%C3%A7a-aplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o-para-alertar-sobre-sintomas-da-covid-19/5380654.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://platinaline.com/estudante-ciencias-da-computacao-cria-aplicativo-autodiagnostico-da-covid-19/|title=Estudante de Ciências da Computação cria aplicativo de autodiagnóstico da covid-19|date=9 April 2020|website=PlatinaLine|language=pt|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505080755/http://platinaline.com/estudante-ciencias-da-computacao-cria-aplicativo-autodiagnostico-da-covid-19/|archive-date=5 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.menosfios.com/covid-19-lancado-aplicativo-que-permite-fazer-auto-diagnostico-em-angola/|title=COVID-19: Lançado aplicativo que permite fazer auto-diagnóstico em Angola|date=11 April 2020|website=Menos Fios|language=pt|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504064123/https://www.menosfios.com/covid-19-lancado-aplicativo-que-permite-fazer-auto-diagnostico-em-angola/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Argentina}}
|CUIDAR
|tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health of the Argentine Republic
|in use
|
|QR code
|https://www.argentina.gob.ar/aplicaciones/coronavirus {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926041504/https://www.argentina.gob.ar/aplicaciones/coronavirus |date=26 September 2021 }}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Armenia}}
|ArMed eHealth
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|SYLEX SA National Centralized eHealth System of Armenia
|in use
|
|
|https://www.gov.am/en/covid-travel-restrictions/
|
|
|-
|COVID-19 Armenia
|information
|iOS, Android
|Office of the Prime Minister of Armenia
|in use
|
|
|https://apps.apple.com/am/app/covid-19-armenia/id1505830061
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Australia}}
|  [[Coronavirus Australia]]
|  information, isolation registration
| iOS, Android (discontinued)
|  Delv Pty Ltd / [[Australian Department of Health]]
|  Discontinued as of 26 August 2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Australia app|url=https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/coronavirus-australia-app|date=26 August 2022|website=[[Department of Health and Aged Care|Health.gov.au]]|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413152548/https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/coronavirus-australia-app|url-status=live}}</ref>
|  Proprietary, source code released
| 
|  [https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/coronavirus-australia-app health.gov.au]
|  27/04, 1.89 million; 26/04: 1 million
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-29/federal-government-launches-coronavirus-australia-app/12100680|title=Government launches Coronavirus Australia app, WhatsApp feature|date=29 March 2020|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006160122/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-03-29/federal-government-launches-coronavirus-australia-app/12100680/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-52433340|title=Million Australians download virus tracing app|work=BBC News|date=26 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507114023/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-52433340|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[COVIDSafe]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android (discontinued)
|  [[Australian Department of Health]]
|  Discontinued as of 16 August 2022<ref name="COVIDSafe1" /><ref name="COVIDSafe2" /><ref>{{cite web|title=COVIDSafe app|url=https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/covidsafe-app|date=10 November 2022|website=[[Department of Health and Aged Care|Health.gov.au]]|access-date=21 December 2022|archive-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221030533/https://www.health.gov.au/resources/apps-and-tools/covidsafe-app|url-status=live}}</ref>
|  Proprietary, source code released
| [[BlueTrace]]
| [https://www.covidsafe.gov.au/ covidsafe.gov.au]
| 07/05, 4 million
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/govt-to-release-source-code-of-forthcoming-covid-trace-app-546884|title=Govt to release source code of forthcoming 'COVID trace' app|website=iTnews|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=20 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420224710/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/govt-to-release-source-code-of-forthcoming-covid-trace-app-546884|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-04-17/5-questions-the-governments-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app/12151264|title=Five questions we need answered about the government's coronavirus contact tracing app|last=Bogle|first=Ariel|date=17 April 2020|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020|archive-date=20 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220165538/https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2020-04-17/5-questions-the-governments-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app/12151264|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itnews.com.au/news/health-minister-now-unsure-if-source-code-for-covid-contact-tracing-app-is-safe-to-release-546981|title=Health minister now unsure if source code for COVID contact tracing app is safe to release|website=iTnews|access-date=26 April 2020|archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426041026/https://www.itnews.com.au/news/health-minister-now-unsure-if-source-code-for-covid-contact-tracing-app-is-safe-to-release-546981|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=As the day unfolded: Australians download COVIDSafe app more than 4.5 million times, global COVID-19 cases climb past 3.5 million as nation's death toll stands at 96|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/coronavirus-updates-live-global-covid-19-cases-surpass-3-4-million-western-sydney-nursing-home-under-investigation-as-australia-s-death-toll-stands-at-95-20200503-p54pg9.html|last=Bourke|first=Sarah|author2=Keoghan, Mary|author3=Ward, Latika|date=4 May 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|language=en|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505122115/https://www.smh.com.au/national/coronavirus-updates-live-global-covid-19-cases-surpass-3-4-million-western-sydney-nursing-home-under-investigation-as-australia-s-death-toll-stands-at-95-20200503-p54pg9.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Austria}}
| {{Interlanguage link|Stopp Corona|lt=|de||WD=}}
|  contact tracing, medical reporting
| iOS, Android
| Federal Ministry of Health,
Austrian Federal Government
|  in use
|  [[Apache License 2.0]]
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|https://www.austria.info/en/service-and-facts/coronavirus-information/app
| 
|<ref name="weiterentwicklung1" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2020/04/02/covid-19-thousands-download-coronavirus-tracking-app-in-austria|title=Covid-19: Thousands download coronavirus tracking app in Austria {{!}} The Star Online|website=www.thestar.com.my|date=2 April 2020 |access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413074012/https://www.thestar.com.my/tech/tech-news/2020/04/02/covid-19-thousands-download-coronavirus-tracking-app-in-austria|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|e-Tabib
|information
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Communications and High Technologies,
Administration of the Regional Medical Divisions
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://etabib.az/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220112195909/https://etabib.az/ |date=12 January 2022 }}
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Bahrain}}
|BeAware Bahrain
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Information and eGovernment Authority
|in use
|
|
|https://healthalert.gov.bh/en/category/beaware-bahrain-app
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|Corona Tracer BD
|contact tracing
|Android
|Directorate General of Health Services & ICT Division
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://macademy.gov.bd/2020/11/25/govt-urges-to-use-corona-tracer-bd-app-to-curb-virus-spread/
|
|
|-
|Surokkha
|Vaccination,
Contact Tracing
|Android
|DGHS
|in use
|
|
|https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.codersbucket.surokkha_app&hl=en&gl=US
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|Druk Trace
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry Of Health
|in use
|
|QR code
|https://www.moh.gov.bt/contact-tracing-app/

[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/druk-trace/id1508351048 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=bt.gov.moh.druktrace&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|Belgium}}
|  [[Coronalert]]
|  contact tracing, medical reporting
| iOS, Android
|  Belgian government, [[Sciensano]]
| in use
| [[GPL3]]
| [[Decentralized Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|DP-3T]] / [[Exposure Notification|ENS]]
|  [https://coronalert.be coronalert.be]
|  30/10: 1.7m
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=CoronAlert bundelt lokale en regionale coronamaatregelen|date=7 July 2020|url=https://openstate.eu/nl/2020/07/coronalert-zet-lokale-en-regionale-coronamaatregelen-op-een-rij/|access-date=30 September 2020|language=nl|archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021070028/https://openstate.eu/nl/2020/07/coronalert-zet-lokale-en-regionale-coronamaatregelen-op-een-rij/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=FAQ - Does Coronalert also work abroad?|url=https://coronalert.be/en/faq/#faq-17|access-date=30 September 2020|website=Coronalert|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=@CoronalertBe on Twitter |url=https://twitter.com/CoronalertBe/status/1322076520077287424 |access-date=2 November 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726200557/https://twitter.com/CoronalertBe/status/1322076520077287424 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}
|Unidos Contra el Covid
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Education
|in use
|
|
|https://www.minedu.gob.bo/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4534:descarga-la-app-coronavirus-bolivia-covid19&catid=182&Itemid=854
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|Brazil}}
|Coronavírus - SUS
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://www.gov.br/saude/pt-br/vacinacao/
|
|
|-
|VirusMapBR (formerly The Spread Project)
|contact tracing, medical reporting
|iOS, Android
|Manoel Lemos
|APK file released, code released
|[[BSD-3]]
|
|https://github.com/mlemos/virusmapbr
|
|
|-
|Tô de Olho
|Contact tracing, Individual and regional risk assessment, Selective infectious testing, Isolation levels monitoring
|iOS, Android
|MPRN/IMD
|in use
|Proprietary
|
|https://todeolho.mprn.mp.br/
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Brunei}}
|BruHealth
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|MOH & HMS Brunei
|in use
|
|Bluetooth & GPS
|http://www.moh.gov.bn/SitePages/bruhealth.aspx
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}
|ViruSafe
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://virusafe.info/

AppStore [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=bg.government.virusafe PlayStore]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}
|Khmer Vacc
|Vaccination,
Medical Response
|iOS, Android
|Ministry Of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50820744/health-ministry-launched-mobile-app-for-c-19-vaccination-management/
https://cambodia-vaccine.gov.kh/login
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Canada}}
| [[COVID Alert]]
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[Shopify]], [[BlackBerry Limited|Blackberry]], [[Government of Canada|Canadian Government]]
| in use
| [[Apache License 2.0]]
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
| http://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/coronavirus-disease-covid-19/covid-alert.html
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://betakit.com/group-of-shopify-volunteers-create-free-covid-19-contact-tracing-app/|title=Group of Shopify volunteers create free COVID-19 contact tracing app|website=betakit.com|access-date=23 April 2020|archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524030611/https://betakit.com/group-of-shopify-volunteers-create-free-covid-19-contact-tracing-app/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ottawasun.com/news/local-news/oph-contact-tracing-tech-on-hold-while-province-and-feds-develop-their-own/wcm/85a48d0f-1c08-4279-a072-64e60479f33e|title=TRACKING THE VIRUS: OPH contact tracing tech on hold while province and feds develop their own|access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 July 2020|title=Here's a first look at the government's 'COVID Alert' exposure notification app|url=https://mobilesyrup.com/2020/07/23/heres-a-first-look-at-the-governments-covid-alert-contact-tracing-app/|access-date=27 July 2020|website=MobileSyrup|language=en|archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111030102/https://mobilesyrup.com/2020/07/23/heres-a-first-look-at-the-governments-covid-alert-contact-tracing-app/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=18 June 2020|title=Prime Minister announces new mobile app to help notify Canadians of COVID-19 exposure|url=https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/06/18/prime-minister-announces-new-mobile-app-help-notify-canadians-covid|access-date=27 July 2020|archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727145722/https://pm.gc.ca/en/news/news-releases/2020/06/18/prime-minister-announces-new-mobile-app-help-notify-canadians-covid|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|ABTraceTogether
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Alberta Government
|in use
|
|
| https://www.alberta.ca/ab-trace-together.aspx
|
|
|-
|TeamSense
|COVID screening app for employees pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard
|Web
|TeamSense
|In Use
|Proprietary
|
|https://www.teamsense.com
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|CoronApp - Chile
|information
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Housing and Urbanism of Chile
|in use
|
|
|https://www.minvu.gob.cl/coronapp/
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|China}}
|  "[[Health Code]]"
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  integrated into [[Alipay]] and [[WeChat]] apps
| 
|  Proprietary
| 
| 
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/china/2020/03/03/chinas-covid-19-app-reportedly-color-codes-people-and-shares-data-with-cops/|title=China's coronavirus detection app is reportedly sharing citizen data with police|last=Mehta|first=Ivan|date=3 March 2020|website=The Next Web|language=en|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=9 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409221100/https://thenextweb.com/china/2020/03/03/chinas-covid-19-app-reportedly-color-codes-people-and-shares-data-with-cops/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Mozur Zhong & Krolik 2020"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Davidson |first1=Helen |title=China's coronavirus health code apps raise concerns over privacy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/01/chinas-coronavirus-health-code-apps-raise-concerns-over-privacy |work=The Guardian |date=1 April 2020 |access-date=14 April 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523173315/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/01/chinas-coronavirus-health-code-apps-raise-concerns-over-privacy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}
|CoronApp - Colombia
|information
|iOS, Android
|National Institute of Health (INS)
|in use
|
|
|https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/Covid19/aislamiento-saludable/coronapp.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022233657/https://coronaviruscolombia.gov.co/Covid19/aislamiento-saludable/coronapp.html |date=22 October 2021 }}
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|Czech Republic}}
|  [[eRouška]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of Health (Czech Republic)|Czech Ministry of Health and Hygiene]]
|  in use
|  [[MIT License]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://erouska.cz/ erouska.cz]
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://erouska.cz/ |title=eRouška - Chráním sebe, chráním tebe |publisher=Erouska.cz |access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414043322/https://erouska.cz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="czechcrunch1"/><ref name="eRouska_iOS_licence">{{cite web | title= erouska-ios/LICENSE | website= [[GitHub]] |date =26 March 2020 | url = https://github.com/covid19cz/erouska-ios/blob/master/LICENSE | access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200415013711/https://github.com/covid19cz/erouska-ios/blob/master/LICENSE |archive-date= 15 April 2020 |url-status=live  |url-access = }}</ref><ref name="eRouska_android_licence">{{cite web | title= erouska-android/LICENSE | website= [[GitHub]] |date =26 March 2020 | url = https://github.com/covid19cz/erouska-android/blob/develop/LICENSE | access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200415013856/https://github.com/covid19cz/erouska-android/blob/develop/LICENSE |archive-date= 15 April 2020 |url-status=live  |url-access = }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|CovTracer
|contact tracing and warning
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health,
Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://covtracer.dmrid.gov.cy/dmrid/covtracer/covtracer.nsf/covtracer04_en/covtracer04_en?OpenDocument
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|Denmark}}
| <nowiki>smitte|stop</nowiki>
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of Health (Denmark)]]
|  in use
| Proprietary
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://smittestop.dk/ smittestop.dk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225101517/https://smittestop.dk/ |date=2021-02-25 }}
| 
| 
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Ecuador}}
|  ASI
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Society (Ecuador)
|  in use
|  [[Mozilla Public License|MPL 2.0]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://asiecuador.com/ asiecuador.com]
| 
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minka.gob.ec/asi-ecuador|website=minka.gob.ec|title=ASI Ecuador Source Code|language=es|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726213024/https://minka.gob.ec/asi-ecuador|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/tecnologia/asi-ecuador-aplicacion-rastrear-covid/|website=www.primicias.ec|title=ASÍ Ecuador, la aplicación para rastrear casos de Covid-19 en el país|date=8 August 2020 |language=es|access-date=4 October 2020|archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929203111/https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/tecnologia/asi-ecuador-aplicacion-rastrear-covid/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|CovidEC
|information
|Android
|Ministry of Telecommunications and the Information Society
|in use
|
|
|https://www.gobiernoelectronico.gob.ec/como-instalar-app-covidec/
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Egypt}}
|Egypt Health Passport app
|information
|iOS, Android
|Minister of Health and Population
|announced on 31 July
|
|QR code
|https://egyptindependent.com/health-ministry-to-launch-health-passport-for-travel/
|
|
|-
|Sehet Misr
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Minister of Health and Population
|in use
|
|GPS
|https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/367263/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-health-ministry-launches-coronavirus-mobile.aspx
|
|
|-
| {{flag|Fiji}}
|  [[careFIJI]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Government of Fiji
| in use
|  Open Source
|  [[BlueTrace]]
| [https://carefiji.digitalfiji.gov.fj/ carefiji.digitalfiji.gov.fj]
| 
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Fijivillage|title=careFIJI COVID-19 tracing app now available to download|url=https://www.fijivillage.com/news/careFIJI-COVID-19-tracing-app-now-available-to-download-5f4xr8/|access-date=29 January 2021|website=www.fijivillage.com|language=en|archive-date=21 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200621060529/https://www.fijivillage.com/news/careFIJI-COVID-19-tracing-app-now-available-to-download-5f4xr8/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CARE Fiji app critical to containing any future spread of COVID-19|url=https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/care-fiji-app-critical-to-containing-any-future-spread-of-covid-19/|access-date=29 January 2021|website=Fiji Broadcasting Corporation|archive-date=3 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703030720/https://www.fbcnews.com.fj/news/care-fiji-app-critical-to-containing-any-future-spread-of-covid-19/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
|  [[Koronavilkku]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of Social Affairs and Health]], [[Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare|THL]], Solita, [[Kela (Finnish institution)|Kela]], SoteDigi
|  Released on 31 August 2020
|  European Union Public License 1.2
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://koronavilkku.fi/ koronavilkku.fi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200831095216/https://koronavilkku.fi/ |date=31 August 2020 }}
|  05/11: 2.5M, representing 45% of population
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/coronavirus-app-has-been-named-koronavilkku-trials-to-continue-until-the-end-of-this-week|title=Coronavirus app has been named Koronavilkku - trials to continue until the end of this week|language=en|access-date=12 August 2020|publisher=THL|archive-date=18 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818153340/https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/coronavirus-app-has-been-named-koronavilkku-trials-to-continue-until-the-end-of-this-week|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/THLfi/koronavilkku-backend|title=Koronavilkku at Github|language=en|access-date=31 August 2020|publisher=THL|archive-date=26 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726213020/https://github.com/THLfi/koronavilkku-backend|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/koronavilkku-has-been-downloaded-more-than-2.5-million-times-widespread-use-increases-the-app-s-effectiveness|title=Koronavilkku has been downloaded more than 2.5 million times – widespread use increases the app's effectiveness|language=en|access-date=17 November 2020|publisher=THL|archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109061704/https://thl.fi/en/web/thlfi-en/-/koronavilkku-has-been-downloaded-more-than-2.5-million-times-widespread-use-increases-the-app-s-effectiveness|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|France}}
|  [[TousAntiCovid]] (formerly "StopCovid")
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[Government of France]] / [[INRIA]], [[Agence nationale de la sécurité des systèmes d'information|ANNSI]], [[Capgemini]], [[Dassault Systèmes]], [[INSERM]], Lunabee studio, [[Orange Group|Orange]], Santé publique France, [[Withings]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.inria.fr/fr/lequipe-projet-stopcovid-et-lecosysteme-des-contributeurs-se-mobilisent-pour-developper-une |title=L'équipe-projet StopCovid et l'écosystème des contributeurs se mobilisent pour développer une application mobile de contact tracing pour la France | Inria |date=26 April 2020 |language=fr |publisher=Inria.fr |access-date=30 April 2020 |archive-date=26 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200426203133/https://www.inria.fr/fr/lequipe-projet-stopcovid-et-lecosysteme-des-contributeurs-se-mobilisent-pour-developper-une |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Coalition Network]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The StopCovid project-team and its ecosystem of contributors are working together to develop a mobile contact tracing app for France.|url=https://www.inria.fr/sites/default/files/2020-04/Press%20release%20STOPCOVID_1.pdf|date=26 April 2020|access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=8 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508230338/https://www.inria.fr/sites/default/files/2020-04/Press%20release%20STOPCOVID_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|  in use since 2 June 2020
|  [[MPL-2.0]] and [[ad hoc]]
|  ROBERT
|  {{URL|https://gitlab.inria.fr/stopcovid19}}
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2020/04/08/stopcovid-l-application-sur-laquelle-travaille-le-gouvernement-pour-contrer-l-epidemie_6035927_3244.html|title=" L'application StopCovid retracera l'historique des relations sociales ": les pistes du gouvernement pour le traçage numérique des malades|date=8 April 2020|work=Le Monde.fr|access-date=14 April 2020|language=fr|archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413143837/https://www.lemonde.fr/planete/article/2020/04/08/stopcovid-l-application-sur-laquelle-travaille-le-gouvernement-pour-contrer-l-epidemie_6035927_3244.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/08/france-is-officially-working-on-stop-covid-contact-tracing-app/|title=France is officially working on 'Stop Covid' contact-tracing app|website=TechCrunch|date=8 April 2020|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213175416/https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/08/france-is-officially-working-on-stop-covid-contact-tracing-app/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  ROBERT (ROBust and privacy-presERving proximity Tracing protocol)
|  contact tracing
|  ''unknown''
|  [[INRIA]]
| 
| 
| [[Pan-European Privacy-Preserving Proximity Tracing|PEPP-PT]]
|  {{URL|https://github.com/ROBERT-proximity-tracing}}
| 
| ,{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}
|-
|  CheckYourMask
|  Checking the correct mask wearing by selfie
|  Android
|  Université de Haute-Alsace, Normandie Univ., Lille Univ.
|  Concept
| 
| 
| 
| 
| ,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hammoudi |first1=Karim |last2=Cabani |first2=Adnane |last3=Benhabiles |first3=Halim |last4=Melkemi |first4=Mahmoud |title=Validating the Correct Wearing of Protection Mask by Taking a Selfie: Design of a Mobile Application 'CheckYourMask' to Limit the Spread of COVID-19 |journal=Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences |date=2020 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=1049–1059 |doi=10.32604/cmes.2020.011663 |doi-access=free |hdl=20.500.12210/55251 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Georgia}}
|  [[Stop Covid]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Novid20]] / [[Georgian Ministry of Health]]
|  in use
|  [[GPL]]
|  [[PEPP-PT]]
|  {{URL|https://novid20.org}}
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://stopcov.ge/en/News/Article/Innovative_STOP_COVID_App_Created_at_Healthcare_Ministry%27s_Initiative |title=Ministry of Health |publisher=Georgia |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523162817/https://stopcov.ge/en/News/Article/Innovative_STOP_COVID_App_Created_at_Healthcare_Ministry%27s_Initiative }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://novid20.org/ |title=Novid20 Association |publisher=Novid20 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=1 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601154712/https://www.novid20.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="novid20_github">{{cite web | title= Novid20-Github | website= [[GitHub]] | date= 12 April 2020 | url= https://github.com/novid20org | access-date= 12 May 2020 | archive-date= 23 May 2020 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200523040258/https://github.com/novid20org | url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | {{flag|Germany}}
| [[Ito App|Ito]]
| contact tracing
| Android
| [https://www.ito-app.org/about/#cooperation Partners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505045023/https://www.ito-app.org/about/#cooperation |date=2020-05-05 }} like [[Technical University of Munich|TUM]]
|  APK file released
|  [[GPL3]]
|  [[TCN Protocol|TCN]]
| {{URL|https://www.ito-app.org}}
| 
| <ref name="Ito-App">{{cite web|url=https://www.ito-app.org/|title=Track infections not people|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413163644/https://www.ito-app.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[OHIOH-Research-App|OHIOH Research]]
| contact tracing, scientific research
|  Browser compatible devices
| [https://ohioh.de/ OHIOH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416112051/https://ohioh.de/ |date=16 April 2020 }} at [[University of Applied Sciences Kiel|FH Kiel]]
|  progressive web app
|  [[OHIOH Copyright@ Tjark Ziehm]]
|  [[TCN Protocol|TCN]]
| {{URL|https://ohioh.de}}
| 
| <ref name="OHIOH-APP">{{cite web|url=https://www.ohioh.de/|title=Our Health In Our Hands|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=23 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423123802/https://ohioh.de/}}</ref><ref name="OHIOH @ FH Kiel">{{cite web|url=https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=20530&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=15218&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=a4e1982567d6ded46aac01ec9bbdba0b|title="Our Health in Our Hands": FH-Student arbeitet an Corona-App mit|access-date=22 April 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523162615/https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=20530&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=15218&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=a4e1982567d6ded46aac01ec9bbdba0b}}</ref><ref name="OHIOH LAB & FH Kiel">{{cite web|url=https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=96&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=15279&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=2af88910ae4e2f16b6326b6cf43d2c32|title=Our Health In Our Hands|access-date=8 May 2020|archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523220607/https://www.fh-kiel.de/index.php?id=96&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=15279&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=2af88910ae4e2f16b6326b6cf43d2c32|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Corona-Warn-App]]
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[Robert Koch Institute]]
|  published
|  [[Apache License]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  https://coronawarn.app/
| 17/06: 6.5m, 18/06: 8m, 20/06: 10.6m, 25/06: 13.0m, 02/07: 14.4m
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The Corona-Warn-App Helps us in the fight against corona |url=https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/corona-warn-app/corona-warn-app-englisch/helps-us-in-the-fight-against-corona-1759110 |website=The Federal Government of German Federal Republic / Bundesregierung |date=14 June 2020 |access-date=16 June 2020 |archive-date=19 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619011251/https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/themen/corona-warn-app/corona-warn-app-englisch/helps-us-in-the-fight-against-corona-1759110 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Gibraltar}}
|  [[BEAT Covid Gibraltar]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[Health Service Executive]] (HSE) / NearForm
|  in use (2020-06-18)
| [[MIT License]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  {{URL|https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/beatcovidapp}}
|  13/07: 9,000, 08/08: 15,000
| <ref name="beatcovid"/>
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
| [[DOCANDU Covid Checker]]
| self diagnostic, information and 24/7 online doctor
| Android, Web-based / Web-site Widget
| [[DOCANDU]], Region of Attica (Greece), Athens Medical Association (Greece)
|  in use (2020-03-26)
| 
| 
| https://www.docandu.com/en
|  27/04, 18,000 users
| <ref name="docandu">{{cite web|url=https://docandu.com/|title=Docandu Covid Checker|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=7 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507005553/https://www.docandu.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Athens Medical Association & Docandu against COVID">{{cite web|url=https://www.isathens.gr/syndikal/9021-docandu-isa-efarmogi.html|title=Μια ακόμα καινοτόμα υπηρεσία που αξιολογεί τις πιθανότητες μόλυνσης από τον κορωνοϊό, θέτει στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο Ιατρικός Σύλλογος Αθηνών|date=29 March 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504231304/https://www.isathens.gr/syndikal/9021-docandu-isa-efarmogi.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="12.000 πολίτες μπήκαν στην πλατφόρμα αυτοελέγχου για τον κορωνοϊό της DOCANDU που έθεσε στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο ΙΣΑ">{{cite web|url=https://www.patt.gov.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34951:12-000-polites-bikan-stin-platforma-aftoelegxou-gia-ton-koronoio-tis-docandu-pou-ethese-sti-diathesi-ton-politon-i-perifereia-attikis-kai-o-isa&catid=3:2008-09-06-21-42-59&Itemid=709|title=12.000 πολίτες μπήκαν στην πλατφόρμα αυτοελέγχου για τον κορωνοϊό της DOCANDU που έθεσε στη διάθεση των πολιτών η Περιφέρεια Αττικής και ο ΙΣΑ|date=9 April 2020|access-date=24 April 2020|archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418093811/http://www.patt.gov.gr/site/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34951:12-000-polites-bikan-stin-platforma-aftoelegxou-gia-ton-koronoio-tis-docandu-pou-ethese-sti-diathesi-ton-politon-i-perifereia-attikis-kai-o-isa&catid=3:2008-09-06-21-42-59&Itemid=709|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Ghana}}
|  GH COVID-19 Tracker App
| 
|  Android, iOS: ''awaiting app store approvals''
|  [[Ministry of Communication and Technology (Ghana)|Ministry of Communication and Technology]], [[Ministry of Health (Ghana)|Ministry of Health]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="BBC News Pidgin"/><ref name="ghanaweb.com"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |  {{flag|Hong Kong}}
|  StayHomeSafe
|  quarantine enforcement
|  Unknown
|  The Government Of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| 
|  Proprietary
| 
| 
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.coronavirus.gov.hk/eng/stay-home-safe.html |title=StayHomeSafe Mobile App User Guide |website=Hong Kong Government Coronavirus Site |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=21 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200421215324/https://www.coronavirus.gov.hk/eng/stay-home-safe.html }}</ref>
|-
|  [[LeaveHomeSafe]]
| contact tracking
| iOS, Android
|  The Office of the Government Chief Information Officer
| in-use
| Proprietary
|  QR-Code, Self-developed
| https://www.leavehomesafe.gov.hk/en/
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3121949/coronavirus-can-hong-kong-law-enforcers-access |title=Coronavirus: can Hong Kong law enforcers access data on city's official Covid-19 contact-tracing app? |publisher=[[South China Morning Post]] |first1=Natalie |last1=Wong |first2=Christy |last2=Leung |date=17 February 2021 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222172114/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3121949/coronavirus-can-hong-kong-law-enforcers-access |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="info.gov.hk-2020-11-11">{{cite web |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202011/11/P2020111100367.htm |title=Launch of "LeaveHomeSafe" COVID-19 exposure notification mobile app (with photos) |publisher=The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Press Releases |date=11 November 2020 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126101621/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202011/11/P2020111100367.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-

| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Hungary}}
|  VírusRadar
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Ministry of Innovation and Technology and [[NextSense]]
|  in use (2020-05-13-)
| 
| 
|  https://virusradar.hu
| 
| 
|-
|EESZT Covid Control
|information
|iOS, Android
|National Hospital Directorate General
|in use
|
|QR code
|https://e-egeszsegugy.gov.hu/
[https://apps.apple.com/pl/app/eeszt-covid-control/id1545742300 AppStore] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=hu.gov.eeszt.mgw.covidpassportcontrol&hl=en_US&gl=US PlayStore]
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|Iceland}}
|  [[Rakning C-19]]
|  route tracking
| iOS, Android
|  Iceland's Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management and Directorate of Health
|  in use (2020-04-01)
|  [[MIT License]]
|  [[GPS]]
|  https://www.covid.is/app/en {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200427194920/https://www.covid.is/app/en |date=27 April 2020 }}
|  26/04, 50%
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icelandreview.com/sci-tech/icelanders-can-download-app-to-help-with-coronavirus-contact-tracing/ |title=Icelanders Can Download App to Help With Coronavirus Contact Tracing |website=icelandreview.com |date=2 April 2020 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200407175512/https://www.icelandreview.com/sci-tech/icelanders-can-download-app-to-help-with-coronavirus-contact-tracing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.technadu.com/iceland-open-sourced-its-coronavirus-tracking-app/98503/ |title=Iceland Has Open-Sourced Its Coronavirus Tracking App |website=technadu.com |access-date=25 April 2020 |date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=4 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504222557/https://www.technadu.com/iceland-open-sourced-its-coronavirus-tracking-app/98503/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="11" |  {{flag|India}}
|[[Aarogya Setu]]([[Sanskrit]]: ''the bridge to health)''
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] / [[National Informatics Centre]]
| 

([https://github.com/nic-delhi/AarogyaSetu_Android Android version] open-sourced)
|  Apache License
| 
| [https://www.mygov.in/aarogya-setu-app/ mygov.in/aarogya-setu-app]
|  50million +
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/aarogya-setu-covid-19-tracker-app-coronavirus-launch-indian-government-android-ios-2204804 |title=Government Launches Aarogya Setu COVID-19 Tracker App on Android, iOS |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=2 April 2020 |language=en |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402185045/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/news/aarogya-setu-covid-19-tracker-app-coronavirus-launch-indian-government-android-ios-2204804 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|  COVA Punjab
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/>
|-
|  COVID-19 Feedback
|  feedback
|  Android
|  [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] / [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/>
|-
|  COVID-19 Quarantine Monitor
|  contact tracing, geofencing
|  TBA
|  [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] / Pixxon AI Solutions
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/>
|-
|  Corona Kavach
|  information
|  Android (discontinued)
|  [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Union Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]] / [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/features/central-state-governments-launch-coronavirus-mobile-app-list-2204286 |title=Government Launches Coronavirus-Tracker Apps: The List So Far |website=NDTV Gadgets 360 |date=April 2020 |language=en |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401223343/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/apps/features/central-state-governments-launch-coronavirus-mobile-app-list-2204286 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/govt-discontinues-corona-kavach-aarogya-setu-is-now-indias-go-to-covid-19-tracking-app/1919378/|title=Govt discontinues Corona Kavach, Aarogya Setu is now India's go-to COVID-19 tracking app|date=5 April 2020|website=The Financial Express|language=en|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=17 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517015028/https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/govt-discontinues-corona-kavach-aarogya-setu-is-now-indias-go-to-covid-19-tracking-app/1919378/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  [[GoK Direct]]
|  information
| iOS, Android
|  [[Government of Kerala]] / [[Qkopy]] (for Android), [[MuseON Communications]] (for iOS)
| 
|  Proprietary
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/><ref name="english.mathrubhumi.com">{{cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/kerala-govt-launches-mobile-app-for-details-of-covid-19-1.4608234 |title=Kerala govt launches mobile app for details of COVID-19 |website=MathrubhumI English |language=en |access-date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=6 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406185433/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/technology/tech-news/kerala-govt-launches-mobile-app-for-details-of-covid-19-1.4608234 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/kerala-step-ahead-fighting-covid-19|title=Kerala step ahead in fighting COVID-19|website=www.investindia.gov.in|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402003932/https://www.investindia.gov.in/team-india-blogs/kerala-step-ahead-fighting-covid-19|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  Mahakavach
|  contact tracing
|  Android
|  [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/>
|-
|  Quarantine Watch
|  contact tracing
|  Android
|  [[Government of Karnataka]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/>
|-
|  Test Yourself Goa
|  self diagnostic
|  Android
|  [[Government of Goa]] / [[Innovaccer]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/><ref name="fortuneindia.com-104294">{{cite web|url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/goa-to-use-innovaccers-app-for-covid-19-screening/104294|title=Goa and Puducherry to use Innovaccer's app for Covid-19 screening|website=www.fortuneindia.com|date=3 March 2020|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505025916/https://www.fortuneindia.com/venture/goa-to-use-innovaccers-app-for-covid-19-screening/104294|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  Trackcovid-19.org
|  self diagnostic, syndromic surveillance
|  Web
|  Trackcovid-19.org
|  In Use
|  Open
| 
|  https://www.trackcovid-19.org/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521221352/https://www.trackcovid-19.org/ |date=21 May 2020 }}
| 
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/doctors-team-up-to-build-a-covid-19-tracker-to-tackle-community-infection|title=Doctors team up to build a Covid-19 tracker to tackle community infection|website=Udayavani|access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=22 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200522194201/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/doctors-team-up-to-build-a-covid-19-tracker-to-tackle-community-infection|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|  Test Yourself Puducherry
|  self diagnostic
|  Android
|  [[Government of Puducherry]] / [[Innovaccer]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="gadgets.ndtv.com"/><ref name="fortuneindia.com-104294"/>
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}
| [[PeduliLindungi]]
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Indonesia)|Indonesian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology]]
|  in use (2020-06-16)
| 
| 
| {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200328200625/https://www.pedulilindungi.id/ Article title]}}
| 
| 
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|AC19
|contact tracing
|android
|Minister of Information and Communications Technology
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|[[COVID Tracker Ireland]]
|contact tracing, health info, EU Digital Vaccination Certificate, EU Digital Recovery Certificate
|iOS, Android
|[[Health Service Executive]] (HSE) / NearForm
| in use (2020-07-07)
|[[MIT License]]
|[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|https://covidtracker.gov.ie https://github.com/HSEIreland/covid-tracker-app
| 2,190,000+
|
|-
|  {{flag|Israel}}
|  Hamagen ({{langx|he|המגן}} "the shield")
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Israeli Health Ministry]]
|  in use, open source
|  [[MIT License]]
| 
|  https://govextra.gov.il/ministry-of-health/hamagen-app/download-en/
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The Ministry of Health launches "HaMagen" - an App to Prevent the Spread of Coronavirus |website=GOV.IL |language=en |url=https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/22032020_04 |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=4 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404183203/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/news/22032020_04 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="indiatimes_hamagen">{{cite web |title=How Israeli apps are helping check corona |date=1 April 2020 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/how-israeli-apps-are-helping-check-corona/testing/slideshow/74925731.cms |access-date=2 April 2020 |archive-date=1 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901060901/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/software/how-israeli-apps-are-helping-check-corona/testing/slideshow/74925731.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/health-ministry-launches-phone-app-to-help-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/|title=Health Ministry launches phone app to help prevent spread of coronavirus|last=Winer|first=Stuart|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|date=22 March 2020 |language=en|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=25 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425052301/https://www.timesofisrael.com/health-ministry-launches-phone-app-to-help-prevent-spread-of-coronavirus/|url-status=live |issn=0040-7909}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.grahamcluley.com/shield-israeli-coronavirus-app/|title=The Shield: the open source Israeli Government app which warns of Coronavirus exposure|date=23 March 2020|website=Graham Cluley|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020|archive-date=14 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414134129/https://www.grahamcluley.com/shield-israeli-coronavirus-app/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{flag|Italy}}
|  Covid Community Alert
|  CovidApp for citizens (proximity tracing and exposure notification, optional GPS location sharing), CovidDoc for doctors (scan patient QR code, log patient health status), web dashboard for epidemiologists (set parameters that trigger notifications)
| iOS, Android, web
|  [[Coronavirus Outbreak Control]]
|  Released
|  Open source, unclear
|  [[TCN Protocol|TCN]]
|  https://coronavirus-outbreak-control.github.io/web/
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus Outbreak Control |website=med-technews.com |date=14 April 2020 |language=en |url=https://www.med-technews.com/features/developing-an-app-to-help-covid-19-contagion-control/ |access-date=25 April 2020 |archive-date=5 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200505054505/https://www.med-technews.com/features/developing-an-app-to-help-covid-19-contagion-control/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|  diAry "Digital Arianna"
|  GPS location tracing, exposure notification, awareness raising
| iOS, Android
|  [[University of Urbino]] / [[DIGIT srl]]
|  Released, open beta
|  [[MIT License]]
|  GPS, own
|  https://covid19app.uniurb.it/
| 
| <ref>{{cite arXiv |title=Digital Ariadne: Citizen Empowerment for Epidemic Control|date=16 April 2020 |language=en |eprint=2004.07717 |author1=Lorenz Cuno Klopfenstein |last2=Delpriori |first2=Saverio |author3=Gian Marco Di Francesco |last4=Maldini |first4=Riccardo |author5=Brendan Dominic Paolini |last6=Bogliolo |first6=Alessandro |class=cs.CY }}</ref>
|-
| [[Immuni]]
| Exposure Notifications
| iOS, Android
| [[Bending Spoons]] / [[Ministero della Salute|Ministry of Health (Italy)]] / [[Presidency of the Council of Ministers (Italy)]] / {{Interlanguage link|Dipartimento per la trasformazione digitale|lt=Ministry for Technological Innovation and Digitalization|it||WD=}}
|  Released
|  [[GNU Affero General Public License|GNU AGPLv3]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  https://www.immuni.italia.it/
| 21/10: 9.229.190<ref>{{Cite web|title=Immuni - I numeri di Immuni|url=https://www.immuni.italia.it/dashboard.html|access-date=23 October 2020|website=www.immuni.italia.it|language=it}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Contact tracing: Arcuri firma ordinanza per app italiana |website=salute.gov.it |language=it |url=http://www.salute.gov.it/portale/nuovocoronavirus/dettaglioNotizieNuovoCoronavirus.jsp?lingua=italiano&menu=notizie&p=dalministero&id=4513 |access-date=17 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Contact tracing: Developers Italia - Immuni |website=developers.italia.it |language=en |url=https://developers.italia.it/en/software/pcm-immuni-app-immuni |access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Immuni - Domande Frequenti|url=http://www.immuni.italia.it/|access-date=16 September 2020|website=www.immuni.italia.it|language=it, en, de, fr, es}}</ref>
|-
|  SM-COVID-19
|  Contact Tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[SoftMining]]
|  Released
|  Closed source, private specifications
|  {{URL|https://www.smcovid19.org/recover|ReCoVer}}
|  {{URL|https://smcovid19.org}}
| 
| <ref>{{cite news |website=repubblica.it |language=it |title=Coronavirus, le polemiche su Immuni lanciano la app concorrente: boom di download per Sm-Covid-19 |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2020/04/21/news/coronavirus_le_polemiche_su_immuni_lanciano_la_app_concorrente_boom_di_download_per_sm-covid-19-254589755/ |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{Nihongo|[[COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application]]|新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ|Shingata Koronauirusu Sesshoku Kakunin Apuri}}
|Contact Tracing
|iOS, Android
|[https://lp-covid-19radarjapan.studio.design/ COVID-19 Radar Japan]<ref>{{Cite web|last=日経クロステック(xTECH)|title=政府の接触確認アプリ、厚労省がパーソルプロセス＆テクノロジーに発注|url=https://xtech.nikkei.com/atcl/nxt/news/18/08122/|access-date=19 June 2020|website=日経クロステック(xTECH)|date=16 June 2020 |language=ja}}</ref>
|Released
|Proprietary<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Confirmation Application Terms and Conditions of Use|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/english_rk_00031.html|access-date=19 June 2020|website=www.mhlw.go.jp|language=ja}}</ref>
Core: [[MPL 2.0]]<ref>{{Citation|title=Covid-19Radar/Covid19Radar|date=19 June 2020|url=https://github.com/Covid-19Radar/Covid19Radar|publisher=Project Covid19Radar|access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>
|[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html
|  25/08: 14,790,000
| <ref>{{cite web |title=新型コロナウイルス接触確認アプリ(COCOA) COVID-19 Contact-Confirming Application |language=ja|url=https://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/seisakunitsuite/bunya/cocoa_00138.html |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Jersey}}
|  Jersey COVID Alert
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Digital Jersey
|  Released
|  Apache-2.0 License
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notification System]]
| {{URL|https://covidalert.gov.je}}
| 
| <ref>{{Cite web|last=Jersey|first=States of|title=Government of Jersey|url=http://www.gov.je:80/Health/Coronavirus/CovidAlert/Pages/JerseyCOVIDAlertAppTermsofUse.aspx|access-date=3 October 2020|website=gov.je|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Jordan}}
|  AMAN ({{lang|ar|أمان}} "Safety")
|  Exposure Detection
| iOS, Android
|  [[Jordan's Ministry of Health]]
|  Released
| 
|  GPS
|[https://www.amanapp.jo/en <nowiki>https://www.amanapp.jo/en</nowiki>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524013853/http://www.amanapp.jo/en |date=24 May 2020 }}
|  600,000
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Jordan Health Ministry rolls out app alerting users to possible COVID-19 exposure|language=en|url=https://www.zawya.com/mena/en/life/story/Jordan_Health_Ministry_rolls_out_app_alerting_users_to_possible_COVID19_exposure-SNG_175020810/ |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|Ashyq
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android, Web
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|QR code
|https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/prilozhenie-ashyq
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|Shlonik
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|'''Ministry of Health,'''
Central Agency of Information Technology
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://www.moh.gov.kw/en/pages/MOHApp.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416014025/https://www.moh.gov.kw/en/pages/MOHApp.aspx |date=16 April 2021 }}

[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.healthcarekw.app&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|STOP COVID-19
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|State Committee for IT and Communications,
|in use
|
|
|<nowiki>https://t.me/COVID19_KyrgyzstanBot</nowiki>
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|LaoKYC
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Lao National Taskforce for COVID-19 Prevention and Control,
Ministry of Post and Telecommunications,

Ministry of Health,

Ministry of Technology and Communications
|Released
|
|QR code
|https://www.covid19.gov.la/index.php
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Latvia}}
| Apturi Covid
| Exposure Detection
| iOS, Android
| Consortium of volunteers, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Latvia
| Released
| Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|[https://apturicovid.lv/#en apturicovid.lv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531040431/https://www.apturicovid.lv/#en |date=2020-05-31 }}
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/health/latvian-stop-covid-app-first-of-its-kind-in-the-world.a361746/|title=Latvian 'Stop Covid' app first of its kind in the world|website=lsm.lv|language=en|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}
|MOPH
|information
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://www.moph.gov.lb/en/Pages/127/28140/download-the-official-moph-mobile-app-new-version-
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|CovidCheck.lu
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|The Luxembourg Government
|in use
|
|QR code
|https://covid19.public.lu/en/covidcheck/app.html
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|Malaysia}}
| Gerak Malaysia
| [[Border control]], contact tracing
| Android, iOS, HarmonyOS
| [[Royal Malaysia Police|RMP]], [[Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission|MCMC]]
| Discontinued as of 31 July 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/536821|title=Gerak Malaysia app to be discontinued tomorrow|website=[[Malaysiakini]]|date=30 July 2020|language=en|access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref>
| Proprietary
| 
| 
| 
| <ref name="MalaysMail1" /><ref name="MyTrace1">{{cite news
| last = Ker
| first = Nic
| date = 4 May 2020
| title = MyTrace: Does Malaysia's contact tracing app track your location?
| url = https://www.soyacincau.com/2020/05/04/government-mytrace-app-contact-tracing-skg-malaysia-covid-19-khairy-jamaluddin/
| work = SoyaCincau
| access-date = 8 May 2020
}}</ref>
|-
| [[MySejahtera]]
| Contact tracing, self-quarantine, vaccination
| Android, iOS, HarmonyOS
| Entomo (formerly KPISoft), [[National Security Council (Malaysia)|MKN]], [[Ministry of Health (Malaysia)|MOH]], [[MAMPU]], MCMC, [[Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Malaysia)|MOSTI]]
| In use
| Proprietary
| QR code, Bluetooth
| {{URL|https://mysejahtera.moh.gov.my/en/}}
| 
| <ref name="MalaysMail1" />
|-
| MyTrace
| Contact tracing
| Android, iOS, HarmonyOS
| MOSTI
| Discontinued
| Proprietary
| [[Bluetooth]]
| {{URL|https://www.malaysia.gov.my/portal/content/30955}}
| 
| <ref name="MalaysMail1" /><ref name="MyTrace1" />
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|TraceEkee
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry Of Health
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://trace.hpa.gov.mv/

[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/traceekee/id1509409459 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=mv.gov.mohiru&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Malta}}
|COVID Alert Malta
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Federal Ministry of Health,
Austrian Federal Government
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://covidalert.gov.mt/
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Monaco}}
|Safe Pass
|information
|web
|Monaco Government
|in use
|
|
|https://vaccination-covid19.gouv.mc/en/request-your-health-pass {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917154521/https://vaccination-covid19.gouv.mc/en/request-your-health-pass |date=17 September 2021 }}
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|Ersdel
|Exposure Detection
|iOS, Android
|State Emergency Committee, Communications and Information Technology Authority,
Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=gov.mn.enx&hl=en&gl=US
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Morocco}}
| Wiqaytna ({{lang|ar|وقايتنا}} "Our prevention")
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| Ministry of Interior
| In use
| [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPLv3]] compatible with open source [[OpenTrace]]
| Bluetooth
|[https://www.wiqaytna.ma <nowiki>https://www.wiqaytna.ma</nowiki>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606100630/https://www.wiqaytna.ma/ |date=6 June 2020 }}
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Morocco Launches COVID-19 Tracking Application 'Wiqaytna'
|date=June 2020 |language=en|url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/06/304540/morocco-launches-covid-19-tracking-application-wiqaytna/ |access-date=2 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|Saw Saw Shar
|information
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Transport and Communication (MOTC), Ministry of Health and Sports (MOHS)
|in use
|
|
|[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/saw-saw-shar/id1509744168 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=mm.org.mcf.app001&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Netherlands}}
| [[PrivateTracer]]
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| Milvum, YES!Delft, Odyssey, [[The Hague]]
|
| [[MIT Licence]]
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
| {{URL|https://privatetracer.org/}}
|
|
|-
| [[CoronaMelder]]
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport]]
|
| [[European Union Public Licence]]
|
| [https://coronamelder.nl coronamelder.nl]
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|Nepal}}
|  COVIRA ("COVID-19 Risk Assessment tool")
|  Individual and regional risk assessment
|  web
|  Science Hub
|  In use
|  [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPLv3]] compatible with open source [[OpenTrace]]
| 
|[https://www.covira.info <nowiki>https://www.covira.info</nowiki>] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716235903/https://www.covira.info/ |date=16 July 2020 }}
| 
| <ref>{{cite journal |title=Multidisciplinary Approach to COVID-19 Risk Communication: A Framework and Tool for Individual and Regional Risk Assessment
|year=2020|ssrn=3634190|language=en|last1=Parajuli|first1=Rishi Ram|last2=Mishra|first2=Bhogendra|last3=Banstola|first3=Amrit|last4=Ghimire|first4=Bhoj Raj|last5=Poudel|first5=Shobha|last6=Sharma|first6=Kusum|last7=Dixit|first7=Sameer M.|last8=Shah|first8=Sunil|last9=Simkhada|first9=Padam|last10=Van Teijlingen|first10=Edwin|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|page=21650|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-78779-0|pmid=33303910|pmc=7729931|bibcode=2020NatSR..1021650P}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|New Zealand}}
|  [[NZ COVID Tracer]]
| Point-of-interest journal, contact tracing, medical reporting, information
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]]
|  in use
|  [[GNU Affero General Public License|AGPLv3]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.health.govt.nz/our-work/diseases-and-conditions/covid-19-novel-coronavirus/covid-19-resources-and-tools/nz-covid-tracer-app/open-source-release-nz-covid-tracer|title=Open source release of NZ COVID Tracer|publisher=[[Ministry of Health (New Zealand)|Ministry of Health]]|date=9 December 2020}}</ref>
| [[QR code]] and
[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]

|  https://tracing.covid19.govt.nz/
| 1,940,080 registered users<ref>{{Cite web|last=McElnay|first=Caroline|date=30 August 2020|title=Covid-19 update: Healthcare worker one of two new community cases in NZ|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/424797/covid-19-update-healthcare-worker-one-of-two-new-community-cases-in-nz|access-date=30 August 2020|website=[[RNZ]] |language=en}}</ref>
| <ref name="NZ COVID Tracer" /><ref name="RNZ COVID Tracer" /><ref name="NZH COVID app" />
|-
|  {{flag|North Macedonia}}
|  StopKorona!
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of Health (North Macedonia)]], Nextsense
| 
|  Proprietary
| Bluetooth
|  {{URL|https://stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/en}}
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/|title=StopKorona! – следење на изложеноста и заштита од COVID-19|website=stop.koronavirus.gov.mk|access-date=13 April 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418235116/https://stop.koronavirus.gov.mk/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nextsense.com/stopkorona.nspx |title=StopKorona |publisher=Nextsense.com |date=14 April 2020 |access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Norway}}
|  Smittestopp
|  contact tracing, route tracking
| iOS, Android
|  [[Simula Research Laboratory]] / [[Norwegian Institute of Public Health]] (FHI)
|  in use
|  Proprietary
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  https://helsenorge.no/smittestopp
|  20 April, 1.2m
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2020/appen-smittestopp-skal-bli-trygg-i-bruk/|title=Appen Smittestopp skal bli trygg i bruk|website=Folkehelseinstituttet|date=10 April 2020|language=no|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413062650/https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2020/appen-smittestopp-skal-bli-trygg-i-bruk/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digi.no/artikler/60-prosent-sier-de-har-lastet-ned-smitteappen/490316 |title=60 prosent sier de har lastet ned smitteappen |publisher=Digi.no |date= 20 April 2020|access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2020/fhi-har-svart-datatilsynet-om-smittestopp/|title=FHI har svart Datatilsynet om Smittestopp|website=Folkehelseinstituttet|date=24 June 2020|access-date=29 September 2020|archive-date=2020-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922081638/https://www.fhi.no/nyheter/2020/fhi-har-svart-datatilsynet-om-smittestopp/}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Oman}}
|Tarassud
|information
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://tarassud.moh.gov.om/#/login {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916200830/https://tarassud.moh.gov.om/#/login |date=16 September 2021 }}

[https://apps.apple.com/om/app/tarassud/id1502105746 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=om.gov.moh.tarassudapplication&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|Pakistan}}
|COVID-19 Gov PK
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of IT and Telecommunication
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://moitt.gov.pk/NewsDetail/NjQ3NWQyMDMtYTBlYy00ZWE0LWI2YjctYmFmMjk4MTA1MWQ0

[https://apps.apple.com/pk/app/covid-19-gov-pk/id1504847114 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.govpk.covid19&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
|PAK COVID-19 Vaccination Pass
|information
|iOS, Android
|NCOC & NADRA
|in use
|
|QR Code
|https://nims.nadra.gov.pk/nims/privacyPolicy

[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pak-covid-19-vaccination-pass/id1568161682 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=pk.gov.nadra.nims.certificate Android]
|
|
|-
|PassTrack
|assessment
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Information Technology & Telecom, Ministry of Health, National Command and Control Center
|in use
|
|
|https://covid.gov.pk/intl_travellers/current_policies

[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/pass-track/id1531996732 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.passtrack.nitb.gov.pk&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|COVID-19 PY
|information
|Android
|Ministry of Public Health and Social Welfare,
Ministry of Information Technologies and Communications
|in use
|
|
|https://apps.paraguay.gov.py/covid-19-py/
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|Perú en tus manos (Peru in your hands)
|information
|iOS, Android
|Presidency of the Council of Ministers,
Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://www.gob.pe/institucion/pcm/noticias/150943-gobierno-lanza-nueva-version-de-app-peru-en-tus-manos-para-advertir-a-los-ciudadanos-sobre-las-zonas-con-mayor-probabilidad-de-contagio

https://apps.apple.com/ve/app/peru-en-tus-manos/id1506397362
|
|
|-
|rowspan=2|  {{flag|Philippines}}
|  [[SafePass]]
|  contact tracing, employee management, business capacity management
|  Web
|  authors: Talino Venture, Amihan supporters: [[Department of Tourism (Philippines)|Department of Tourism]], [[Department of Trade and Industry (Philippines)|Department of Trade and Industry]], [[Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases|IATF-EID]]
|  in use
|  Proprietary
| 
|  https://www.safepass.asia/about {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814150958/https://www.safepass.asia/about |date=14 August 2021 }}
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Resolution No. 42, s.2020 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2020/06jun/20200601-IATF-RESOLUTION-NO-42.pdf |website=Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines |publisher=Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=1 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  [[StaySafe.ph|StaySafe]]
|  contact tracing, self diagnostic
| iOS, Android, Web
|  author: Multisys Technologies Corporation supporters: [[Department of the Interior and Local Government]], [[Department of Health (Philippines)|Department of Health]], [[Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases|IATF-EID]]
|  in use
|  Proprietary
|  [[Exposure Notifications System]]
|  https://www.staysafe.ph/
| 
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Patrick |first1=De Jesus |title=Government launches StaySafe.PH |url=https://ptvnews.ph/government-launches-staysafe-ph/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |work=PTV News |date=3 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Poland}}
|  ProteGO Safe
|  contact tracing, medical reporting, information
| iOS, Android
|  authors: Jakub Lipinski, Karol Kostrzewa, Dariusz Aniszewski; supporter: [[Ministry of Digital Affairs]] of Poland
|  in use
|  [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPLv3]] + [[GNU Affero General Public License|GNU AGPLv3]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  {{URL|https://github.com/ProteGO-safe}}
| 
| <ref name="MinDigAffairs_ProteGO">{{cite web| language =pl | title= Życie po kwarantannie – przetestuj ProteGO |trans-title = Life after quarantine – test ProteGO | website= [[Ministry of Digital Affairs]] |date =3 April 2020 | url = https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/zycie-po-kwarantannie--przetestuj-protego | access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200415003757/https://www.gov.pl/web/cyfryzacja/zycie-po-kwarantannie--przetestuj-protego |archive-date= 15 April 2020 |url-status=live  |url-access = }}</ref><ref name="ProteGO_specs_licence">{{cite web | title= ProteGO-app/specs/LICENSE | website= [[GitHub]] |date =3 April 2020 | url = https://github.com/ProteGO-app/specs/blob/master/LICENSE | access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200415003733/https://github.com/ProteGO-app/specs/blob/master/LICENSE |archive-date= 15 April 2020 |url-status=live  |url-access = }}</ref><ref name="ProteGO_backend_licence">{{cite web | title= ProteGO-app/backend/LICENSE | website= [[GitHub]] |date =3 April 2020 | url = https://github.com/ProteGO-app/backend/blob/master/LICENSE | access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200415005053/https://github.com/ProteGO-app/backend/blob/master/LICENSE |archive-date= 15 April 2020 |url-status=live  |url-access = }}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|Portugal}}
|  STAYAWAY COVID
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| [[INESC TEC]] / ISPUP / Keyruptive / Ubirider
|  in use
| European Union Public License 1.2
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notification System]]
| {{URL|https://stayawaycovid.pt/}}
| 
| <ref>{{Cite web|title=STAYAWAY COVID - Perguntas Frequentes|url=https://covid19estamoson.gov.pt/stayaway-covid-faqs/|access-date=3 October 2020|website=EstamosON|language=pt}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|EHTERAZ
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Public Health,
Ministry of Interior
|in use
|
|GPS
Bluetooth

QR code
|[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/ehteraz/id1507150431 Apple]

[https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.moi.covid19&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | {{flag|Russia}}
| StopCoronaVirus My Contacts
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| Ministry of Digital Development, Communications and Mass Media
| in use
| 
| Bluetooth
| https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/11/17/russia-develops-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app-a72068
| 
| <ref>{{Cite news|last=Kelion|first=Leo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52121264|title=Moscow coronavirus app raises privacy concerns|date=1 April 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=13 April 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.com/economy/1138481|title=COVID-19 patients tracking smartphone app enters testing in Moscow|website=TASS|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  Contact Tracer
|  Digital Contact Tracing and Alerting
| iOS, Android
|  SoftTree
| in use
| 
| GPS
Bluetooth
| https://contacttracer.ru/app
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/8251765|title=В России создали мобильное приложение, определяющее угрозу заражения коронавирусом
|trans-title=In Russia, a mobile app determining the threat of coronavirus infection was created|website=TASS|language=ru|access-date=15 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|Tawakkalna
|Contact Tracing
|iOS, Android
|Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://ta.sdaia.gov.sa/en/index {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030091550/https://ta.sdaia.gov.sa/en/index |date=2021-10-30 }}
|
|
|-
| Corona Map
| Self Diagnostic Information
| iOS, Android, Web
| [[National Health Information Center]]
| in use
|
|
| https://coronamap.sa/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200320185730/https://coronamap.sa/ |date=20 March 2020 }} [https://apps.apple.com/sa/app/corona-map/id1503046302 Apple Store] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=co.covid.coronavirus&hl=en_US Google Play]
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://saudigazette.com.sa/article/591740/pdf/Tawakkalna-a-new-app-in-Saudi-Arabia-to-manage-movement-permits|title="Tawakkalna".. a new app in Saudi Arabia to manage movement permits|date=11 April 2020|website=Saudigazette|language=en|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Tabaud - تباعد
|Contact Tracing
|iOS, Android
|Saudi Data and Artificial Intelligence Authority (SDAIA)
|in use
|
|[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|[https://apps.apple.com/sa/app/tabaud-covid-19-ksa/id1514704802 App Store]
|
|
|-
|  {{flag|Singapore}}
|  [[TraceTogether]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Government Digital Services agency of [[Government Technology Agency]] of Singapore
|  Closed down on 10 January 2024
|  GNU GPLv3 compatible with open source [[OpenTrace]] / [[BlueTrace]] framework
| [[BlueTrace]]
|  https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108204741/https://support.tracetogether.gov.sg/hc/en-sg/articles/360044860414-Can-I-say-no-to-uploading-my-TraceTogether-data-when-contacted-by-the-Ministry-of-Health- |date=2021-01-08 }}
| 2 million (4 Jan 2021)<ref group="note">Excludes users who use both the physical token and the app, or the physical token exclusively.</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web|last=Tham|first=Yuen-C|date=4 January 2021|title=More than 4.2m people using TraceTogether, token distribution to resume soon: Lawrence Wong|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/parliament-more-than-42m-people-using-tracetogether-token-distribution-to-resume|access-date=4 January 2021|website=The Straits Times|language=en|quote=Of these people, about two million use only the app on their phone.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracetogether.gov.sg/|title=TraceTogether|website=www.tracetogether.gov.sg|access-date=2020-04-25 |archive-date=2021-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108204741/https://support.tracetogether.gov.sg/hc/en-sg/articles/360044860414-Can-I-say-no-to-uploading-my-TraceTogether-data-when-contacted-by-the-Ministry-of-Health-}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Slovakia}}
|OverPass
|information
|Android, Web
|Ministry Of Health
|in use
|
|QR code
|https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22726609/state-app-to-check-green-covid-passes-is-now-available.html
https://automat.gov.sk/
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}
|#Ostanizdrav
|Contact Tracing
|Android, iOS
|Ministry Of Health
|in use
|
|Exposure Notification System
|https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=si.gov.ostanizdrav&hl=sl&gl=US
|over 100.00 (8 Jun 2022)
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=#OstaniZdrav – Aplikacije v Googlu Play |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=si.gov.ostanizdrav&hl=sl&gl=US |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=play.google.com |language=sl}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |  {{flag|South Korea}}
|  [[Corona 100m]]
|  contact tracing
|  Android (no longer available)
|  Bae Won-Seok / TINA3D
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Dudden |first1=Alexis |last2=Marks |first2=Andrew |title=South Korea took rapid, intrusive measures against Covid-19 – and they worked |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/mar/20/south-korea-rapid-intrusive-measures-covid-19 |work=The Guardian |date=20 March 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/28/tech/korea-coronavirus-tracking-apps/index.html|title=Coronavirus mobile apps are surging in popularity in South Korea|author=Ivan Watson and Sophie Jeong|website=CNN|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2020-03-06-apple-cracks-down-coronavirus-apps-misinformation.html|title=Apple is rejecting coronavirus apps to limit virus misinformation|website=Engadget|date=6 March 2020 |language=en|access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  Self-Diagnosis app
|  self-diagnostic
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of Health and Welfare (South Korea)|Ministry of Health and Welfare]]
| 
| 
| 
|  {{URL|http://ncov.mohw.go.kr/selfcheck}}
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.mohw.corona&hl=en_US |title=Self-Diagnosis - Ministry of Health and Welfare - Apps on Google Play |date=26 February 2020 |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200324002352320?section=search|title=Stricter containment steps necessary for U.S. arrivals: experts|website=Yonhap News Agency|date=24 March 2020|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  Self-Quarantine app
|  isolation registration
| iOS, Android
|  [[Ministry of the Interior and Safety (South Korea)|Ministry of the Interior and Safety]]
| 
| 
| 
|  {{URL|http://www.safekorea.go.kr}}
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=kr.go.safekorea.sqsm&hl=en_US|title=자가격리자 안전보호 - Apps on Google Play|date=5 March 2020|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20200326012400315?section=search|title=Full text of President Moon Jae-in's remarks at G-20 summit|website=Yonhap News Agency|date=27 March 2020|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  {{flag|South Africa}}
| [[COVID AlertSA|COVID Alert South Africa]]
| Contact tracing, Exposure Notifications
| iOS, Android
| [[Department of Health (South Africa)|Department Of Health]]
| In Use Nation Wide
|
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://sacoronavirus.co.za/ Homepage] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=za.gov.health.covidconnect&hl=en_ZA&gl=US Google Play] [https://apps.apple.com/za/app/covid-alert-south-africa/id1524618326 App Store] [https://appgallery.huawei.com/#/app/C102889329 App Gallary]
| Android - 1,000,000+ AppGallary 250,000+
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/covid-tech-app-developed-to-help-trace-those-infected-by-covid-19/ |title=COVID Tech Part I: Government, UCT partner for tracing app |last=Moche |first=Tshepiso |date=29 April 2020 |website=sabcnews |language=en |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://coviid.me/ |title=Covi-id - COVID-19 risk management to protect privacy |website=www.coviid.me |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511043654/https://coviid.me/ }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
|  Radar COVID
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation, [[Indra Sistemas]]
|  Available in Play Store and App Store
|  MPL-2.0
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://apps.apple.com/ie/app/radar-covid/id1520443509 Apple Store], [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=es.gob.radarcovid&hl=en_US Google Play]
| 7,666,168
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/mineco/menuitem.ac30f9268750bd56a0b0240e026041a0/?vgnextoid=def69a0baa0e2710VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&vgnextchannel=864e154527515310VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD|title=El Gobierno aprueba el desarrollo del piloto para una aplicación móvil de notificación de contactos de riesgo por COVID-19|date=23 June 2020|language=es|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="Rincón"/>
|-
| {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
|  Self Shield (Formerly COVID Shield)
|  Self-Health Checking and monitoring, AI driven breathing performance assessment, Quarantine Monitoring and Support, reporting test state, demographic mapping
|  Android
|  Commonwealth Centre for Digital Health
|  Available in Play Store
|  Proprietary
| 
|  https://sshield.org
| 
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyE_KRWLtC8| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/ZyE_KRWLtC8| archive-date=14 November 2021 | url-status=live|title=COVID Shield Webinar|date=9 April 2020|website=YouTube|language=en|access-date=21 April 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}
|COVID Symptom Study
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Faculty of Medicine Lunds University
|in use
|
|
|http://www.covid19app.lu.se/
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |  {{flag|Switzerland}}
|  TrackCorona
|  contact tracing
| Web
|  University of Lugano, Oxylabs
|  in use
| 
| 
|  https://coronamapper.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304094209/https://coronamapper.com/ |date=4 March 2020 }}
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Tech Companies Extend Research Support and Funding for COVID-19 Research Projects |url=https://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2020-04/49276794-oxylabs-becomes-global-leader-in-big-data-extraction-services-extends-research-support-and-funding-for-covid-19-research-projects-200.htm |website=Finanznachrichten |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|  [[SwissCovid]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  Ubique, EPFL, ETH Zurich
|  in use
|  [[Mozilla Public License|MPL 2.0]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  https://github.com/DP-3T/dp3t-app-android-ch
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |title=EPFL launches pilot for the Google and Apple-based decentralised tracing app |url=https://sciencebusiness.net/network-updates/epfl-launches-pilot-google-and-apple-based-decentralised-tracing-app |website=ScienceBusiness |language=en}}</ref>

|-
|{{Flag|Taiwan}}
|Taiwan Social Distancing
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Taiwan AI Labs, [[Taiwan Centers for Disease Control]]
|in use
|
|[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|[https://apps.apple.com/tw/app/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%A4%E8%B7%9D%E9%9B%A2/id1554431836 App Store], [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tw.gov.cdc.exposurenotifications Google Play]
|1 million+ (18 May)
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|{{Flag|Tajikistan}}
|CoronaCheck
|assessment
|iOS, Android
|Digital Health Resource Centre
|in use
|
|
|https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/society/20200610/coronavirus-self-assessment-mobile-app-launched-for-tajikistan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |{{flag|Thailand}}
|Mor Prom
|vaccination data
|iOS, Android
|Ministry Of Public Health
|in use
|
|QR Code
|https://www.moph.go.th/index.php/COVID_19_privacy_notice {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916143833/https://www.moph.go.th/index.php/COVID_19_privacy_notice |date=16 September 2021 }}
|
|
|-
|[[Thai Chana|Mor Chana]]
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Digital Government Development Agency
|in use
|
|GPS, Bluetooth
|https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.thaialert.app&hl=en&gl=US
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Timor Leste}}
|COVID-19 Timor-Leste
|information
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://covid19.gov.tl/en/covid-mobile-apps-apple-and-android/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916175902/https://covid19.gov.tl/en/covid-mobile-apps-apple-and-android/ |date=16 September 2021 }}
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|Turkey}}
|HES Code
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health
|in use
|
|
|https://hayatevesigar.saglik.gov.tr/hes-eng.html

[https://apps.apple.com/us/app/hayat-eve-s%C4%B1%C4%9Far/id1505756398 App Store] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=tr.gov.saglik.hayatevesigar&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
|{{Flag|UAE}}
|ALHOSN
|digital tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health and Prevention
|in use
|
|Bluetooth
|https://www.ncema.gov.ae/alhosn/index.html
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|Act at Home
|assessment
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Digital Transformation of Ukraine
|in use
|
|
|https://www.kmu.gov.ua/en/news/yak-pracyuye-zastosunok-dij-vdoma

[https://apps.apple.com/ua/app/%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0/id1504695512 Apple] [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=ua.gov.diia.quarantine&hl=en&gl=US Android]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | {{flag|United Kingdom}}
| [[NHS COVID-19]]
| multipurpose
| iOS, Android
| Zühlke Engineering for [[NHSX]]
| Released on 24 September for users in England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/nhs-contact-tracing-app-released-in-england-and-wales/|title=NHS contact-tracing app released in England and Wales|website=BBC Science Focus Magazine |date=24 September 2020 }}</ref> Closed Down as of 27 April 2023 <ref name="Withdrawn NHS COVID-19 app"/>
| MIT License
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
| [https://covid19.nhs.uk/ covid19.nhs.uk]
| 10 million+<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-has-been-downloaded-over-10-million-times|title=NHS COVID-19 app has been downloaded over 10 million times|website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pocket-lint.com/apps/news/151807-how-the-nhs-coronavirus-contact-tracing-app-will-work |title=How the NHS coronavirus contact-tracing app will work |last=Tillman |first=Maggie |date=14 April 2020 | website=Pocket-lint |language=en | access-date=14 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="launchdate" />
|-
| Protect Scotland
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android
| NearForm for NHS Scotland Test and Protect
| In use; released on 10 September for users in Scotland.
| [[Apache License 2.0]]
|[[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|[https://protect.scot/ protect.scot]
| 1,080,699 (20 September)
|<ref name="downloaded" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=12 September 2020|title=Protect Scotland source code|url=https://github.com/NES-Digital-Service/protect-scotland|access-date=12 September 2020|website=Github|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| StopCOVID NI
| multipurpose
| iOS, Android
| NearForm
| In use; released on 30 July for users in N. Ireland.
| MIT License
| [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
| [https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/coronavirus-covid-19-stopcovid-ni-proximity-app/ nidirect.gov.uk]
| 250,000 (14 August)
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 August 2020|title=250,000 downloads of StopCOVID NI app|url=https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/news/250000-downloads-stopcovid-ni-app/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=Department of Health, Northern Ireland|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[COVID Symptom Study]], formerly Covid Symptom Tracker
| self-diagnostic
| iOS, Android
| [[King's College London]], [[Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals]], Zoe Global Limited
|
|
|
| https://covid.joinzoe.com/
| 4 May 3 million
| <ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://www.elle.com/uk/life-and-culture/g31895943/coronavirus-apps/ |title=16 Apps Everyone Should Have On Their Phone During Coronavirus |last=O'Malley |first=Katie |date=27 March 2020 |website=ELLE |language=en |access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Three million download app to track coronavirus symptoms|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/techandgadgets/three-million-download-app-to-track-symptoms-a4431271.html|last=Lydall|first=Ross|date=4 May 2020|website=Evening Standard|language=en|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14" | {{flag|United States}}
| [https://www.apple.com/covid19 COVID-19 Screening Tool]
|  self-diagnostic
|  Web
|  [[Apple Inc.]] / [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/s0327-statement-covid-19-apple-app.html |title=CDC Statement on COVID-19 Apple App |date=27 March 2020 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en |access-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  CovidSafe
|  self-diagnostic, contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Microsoft]] volunteers, [[University of Washington]]
| 
|  [[MIT License]]
|  PACT
|  https://covidsafe.cs.washington.edu/
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |author-first=Lisa |author-last=Stiffler |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/uw-microsoft-release-contact-tracing-app-aiming-battle-covid-19-preserving-privacy/ |title=UW and Microsoft release contact-tracing app, aiming to battle COVID-19 while preserving privacy |publisher=GeekWire |date=22 April 2020 |access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  [[Covid Watch]]
|  exposure alerts / anonymous contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[Covid Watch]]
|  piloting
|  [[Apache 2.0]]
|  [[Exposure Notification|Exposure Notifications System]]
|  [https://www.covidwatch.org/faq https://www.covidwatch.org/]
| 
| <ref name="fortune welcome"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.covidwatch.org/|title=Covid Watch|website=www.covidwatch.org|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="reopening"/><ref>{{cite news |title=UArizona Testing App to Alert Students, Employees Exposed to COVID-19. |url=https://uanews.arizona.edu/story/uarizona-testing-app-alert-students-employees-exposed-covid19 |work=UANews |date=18 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UArizona team testing app that will notify those exposed to COVID-19. |url=https://www.kgun9.com/news/coronavirus/uarizona-team-testing-app-that-will-notify-those-exposed-to-covid-19 |work=kgun 9 |date=18 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  coEpi
|  self-reporting
| iOS, Android
|  coEpi
| 
| 
|  [[TCN Protocol|TCN]]
| 
| 
| <ref name="fortune welcome"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://coepi.org/https://coepi.org/|title=CoEpi: Community Epidemiology in Action|last=CoEpi|website=CoEpi|language=en|access-date=16 April 2020}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|  How We Feel
|  self-diagnostic
| iOS, Android
|  [[Pinterest]] and others
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |author-first=Avery |author-last=Hartmans |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/coronavirus-symptoms-tracking-app-pinterest-how-we-feel-ios-android-2020-4 |title=Pinterest CEO launches How We Feel app to track coronavirus symptoms |work=Business Insider |date=3 April 2020 |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|NOVID
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|[https://www.expii.com/ Expii], [[Carnegie Mellon University|CMU]]
|
|
|[[TCN Protocol|TCN]]
|[https://www.novid.org https://www.novid.org/]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|title=CMU Professor Creates Innovative App to Anonymously Trace Exposure to COVID-19|url=http://www.cmu.edu/mcs/news-events/2020/0417_novid-app.html|date=2020|website=www.cmu.edu|language=en|access-date=4 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|Preworkscreen
|Employee pre-shift screening, reporting, and documenting
|iOS, Android, Web
|[https://preworkscreen.com/ Preworkscreen]
|Released on [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/preworkscreen/id1517912375?ls=1 App Store] and [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.infobeyond.preworkscreen Play Store]
|Proprietary
|
|[https://preworkscreen.com/ https://preworkscreen.com/]
|
|
|-
|  Private Kit: Safe Paths
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[MIT]]
| 
|  [[MIT License]]
| 
|  [http://safepaths.mit.edu/ safepaths.mit.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409070549/https://safepaths.mit.edu/ |date=2020-04-09 }}
| 
| <ref name="safepaths_homepage">{{cite web |url=http://safepaths.mit.edu/ |title=Private Kit: Safe Paths; Privacy-by-Design Contact Tracing using GPS+Bluetooth | safepaths |publisher=Safepaths.mit.edu |date=27 March 2020 |access-date=10 April 2020 |archive-date=2020-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409070549/https://safepaths.mit.edu/ }}</ref>
|-
|  [[PathCheck]]
|  contact tracing
| iOS, Android
|  [[MIT]]
| 
|  [[MIT License]]
| 
|  [http://pathcheck.org/ pathcheck.org]
| 
| <ref name="pathcheck_homepage">{{cite web |url=http://pathcheck.org/ |title=PathCheck Foundation {{!}} COVID-19 Technology & Research; pathcheck |publisher=pathcheck.org |date=27 March 2020 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  TeamSense
| Covid screening app for employees. Pre-shift symptom screening, reporting and compliance dashboard
|  Web
|  TeamSense
|  In Use
|  Proprietary
| 
| https://www.teamsense.com
| 
| 
|-
|  ProjectCovid
|  self diagnostic, information, HIPAA Compliant
| iOS, Android
|  [[LFR International]]
|  Released
| 
| 
|[https://project-covid.lfrinternational.org/]
| 
| <ref name="irdirect.net">{{cite web |url=https://irdirect.net/prviewer/release_only/id/4603792 |title=TPT MedTech and its Distributor AllStar Health Brands Complete a $338k Transaction with Baywest Wellness Ltd Hospital and Clinics to Launch Its "QuikLAB" Testing and "QuikPASS" Check and Verify Passport in Jamaica Airport|website=irdirect.net |language=en |access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="QuikPASS on CNBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/video/2021/02/05/getting-fans-back-to-live-events-with-rapid-testing.html |title=QuikPASS on CNBC |website=CNBC |date=5 February 2021 |language=en |access-date=5 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|  QuikLAB™
|  medical reporting, test tracking, HIPAA compliant, lab patient log-in and reporting.
| iOS, Android, web
|  https://tptmedtech.com/
|  in-use
|  Proprietary
| 
|[https://tptmedtech.com/]
| 
| <ref name="irdirect.net"/><ref name="QuikPASS on CNBC"/>
|-
|  QuikPASS™
|  COVID-19 check and verify passport, HIPAA compliant
| iOS, Android, web
|  https://tptmedtech.com/
|  in-use
|  Proprietary
| 
|[https://tptmedtech.com/]
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://irdirect.net/prviewer/release_only/id/4608243 |title=TPT MedTech "QuikPASS" and "QuikLAB" Will Provide COVID-19 Testing for NBA Legend Shaquille O'Neal's Televised Big Game Event "Shaq Bowl" in Tampa, FL |website=TPT Global Tech |language=en |access-date=29 January 2021}}</ref><ref name="QuikPASS on CNBC"/>
|-
|  We-Care
|  anonymous contact tracing
|  web
|  https://we-care.world/
|  in-use
|  [[University of California, Davis]]
| 
|[https://we-care.world/]
| 
| <ref>{{cite news |title=UC Davis professor releases free Covid-19 contact-tracing app |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/sacramento/news/2020/05/26/uc-davis-professor-releases-free-covid-19-contact.html |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=www.bizjournals.com |agency=Sacramento Business Journals |publisher=The Business Journals |date=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=UC Davis Computer Scientists Launch App To Help Slow Spread Of COVID-19 |url=https://sacramento.cbslocal.com/2020/05/27/uc-davis-app-covid-19-contact-tracing/ |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=CBS News |agency=CBS |date=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=States Ramp Up Contact Tracing Amidst Privacy Concerns - State Net |url=https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/products/state-net/news/2020/05/28/States-Ramp-Up-Contact-Tracing-Amidst-Privacy-Concerns.page |access-date=7 November 2021 |work=www.lexisnexis.com |agency=Lexis Nexis |publisher=Capitol Journal |date=28 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|Self-Safety
|contact tracing
|iOS, Android
|Ministry of Health,
Ministry for the Development of Information Technologies and Communications
|in use
|
|GPS
Bluetooth
|https://coronavirus.uz/ru/self-safety {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024095518/https://coronavirus.uz/ru/self-safety |date=24 October 2021 }}
|
|
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|Nezha
|logging and reporting
|iOS, Android
|Technovation Girls
|under development
|
|
|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=paOCnfaTgKc
|
|
|-
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
| PC-Covid
| contact tracing, medical reporting
| iOS, Android
| [[Ministry of Health (Vietnam)|Ministry of Health]], [[Ministry of Information and Communications (Vietnam)|Ministry of Information and Communications]]
| Available in Play Store and App Store
| GNU License {{clarify|date=August 2020|reason=there are many gnu licenses}}
|
| https://pccovid.gov.vn/
|
|
|-
|  global
|  World Health Organization COVID-19 App
|  information
| iOS, Android
|  [[World Health Organization]]
|  under development
|  [[MIT Licence]]
| 
| [https://github.com/WorldHealthOrganization/app WorldHealthOrganization/app]
| 
| <ref>{{cite web |last1=Strickland |first1=Eliza |title=An Official WHO Coronavirus App Will Be a "Waze for COVID-19" |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/who-official-coronavirus-app-waze-covid19 |website=IEEE Spectrum |date=20 March 2020 |access-date=25 April 2020}}</ref>
|-
|  global
| Coalition App
| contact tracing
| iOS, Android, third party hardware
| [[Coalition Foundation|Coalition Network]]
| Live
|  [[GPL 3]]
| [[Whisper Tracing Protocol]]
| {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20200419050416/https://www.coalitionnetwork.org/ Article title]}}
| 
| <ref name="sfchronicle.com"/>

|}

== See also ==
* [[General Data Protection Regulation]] (GDPR)
* [[Government by algorithm]]
*[[SM-COVID-19]]

== References ==
{{reflist|group=note}}
<references>
<ref name="AI100_human_rights">{{cite web | title= Joint civil society statement: States use of digital surveillance technologies to fight pandemic must respect human rights | website= [[Amnesty International]] |date =2 April 2020 | url =https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL3020812020ENGLISH.pdf | access-date = 15 April 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200415022423/https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/POL3020812020ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date= 15 April 2020 |url-status=live  |url-access = }}</ref>
</references>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=Contact Tracing in Post-Covid World: A Cryptologic Approach |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Pranab |first2=Subhamoy |last2=Maitra |first3=Mridul |last3=Nandi |first4=Suprita |last4=Talnikar |year=2021 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-15-9726-8 |url=https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789811597268 }}
* {{cite journal |title=Big data, privacy and COVID-19 – learning from humanitarian expertise in data protection |last1=Zwitter |first1=Andrej |last2=Gstrein |first2=Oskar |year=2020 |journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Action |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=4 |doi=10.1186/s41018-020-00072-6 |s2cid=218674781 |doi-access=free |pmid=38624331 |pmc=7232912 }}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Projects using personal data to combat SARS-CoV-2 |date=April 2020 |work=GDPR Hub |publisher=[[NOYB – European Center for Digital Rights]] |url=https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Projects_using_personal_data_to_combat_SARS-CoV-2 |access-date=11 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410221136/https://gdprhub.eu/index.php?title=Projects_using_personal_data_to_combat_SARS-CoV-2 |archive-date=10 April 2020}}
* {{cite web |title=Mobile applications to support contact tracing in the EU's fight against COVID-19 Common EU Toolbox for Member States |date=26 April 2020 |publisher=[[European Commission]] |url=https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/ehealth/docs/covid-19_apps_en.pdf |access-date=26 April 2020 }}
* {{cite web |author1=AmnestyTech |title=COVID-19 Contact Tracing Apps |url=https://github.com/AmnestyTech/covid19-apps |website=[[GitHub]] |publisher=[[Amnesty International]] }}

[[Category:Mobile applications]]
[[Category:Software associated with the COVID-19 pandemic|*]]
[[Category:Scientific and technical responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|apps]]
[[Category:Privacy]]
[[Category:Mass surveillance]]
[[Category:Government by algorithm]]
[[Category:COVID-19 contact tracing apps|*]]

Loyola Industrial Training Institute, Bengaluru

2026-03-02T12:42:45Z

JoyceBpo44: new a stub first draft...

{{Multiple issues|
{{One source|date=March 2026}}
{{Only primary sources|date=March 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Loyola Industrial Training Institute, Bangalore
| native_name =
| image = LoyIndusInst.png
| image_size = 175px
| alt =
| caption =
| motto = ''Fide et Labore'' {{small|(Latin)}}
| mottoeng = ''Faith and Toil''
| type = [[Private school|Private]] [[Roman Catholic]] Non-profit [[Coeducation]]al technical education institution
| established = {{start date and age|1992}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]] ([[Jesuit]])
| academic_affiliations =
| president = Rev. Fr. Dionysius Vaz SJ
| vice-president = Fr. Anthony Joseph, SJ
| rector =
| principal = Mrs. Mary Veronika. P <ref>[http://www.loyolaitiblr.com/faculty/ Faculty. Accessed 23 November 2016.]</ref>
| dean =
| director = Rev. Fr. Winnifred Denzil Lobo SJ
| faculty =
| staff =
| enrollment =
| city = Kalenaagrahara, [[Bannerghatta Road]], [[Bangalore]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| country = India
| campus =
| colors =
| athletics =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| free_label =
| free =
| website = [http://www.loyolaitiblr.com Loyola Industrial Training Institute]
| logo =
| logo_size =
}}

'''Loyola Industrial Training Institute, Bangalore''' in [[India]] offers two-year programs as well as an array of shorter courses to prepare technicians for private practice and for industry. The [[Jesuits]] began this work among disadvantaged youth and it has grown into a trade school with diverse offerings.

==Courses==
* Electronics Mechanic
* Fitter Mechanic
* Mechanic Motor Vehicle
* Computers and Computer applications
* Hardware and Networking
* Auto Mobiles
* Tailoring / Sewing Technology

==See also==
* [[List of Jesuit sites]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|12|52|10.26|N|77|35|33.3|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Jesuit universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:1992 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1992]]

Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute

2026-02-24T13:05:28Z

JoyceBpo44: cleanup

{{Short description|Cancer treatment and research institution in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute
| logo = Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute Logo.svg
| logo_size = 150px
| image = Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute.jpg
| beds = 660<ref>{{Cite web|date=23 Dec 2019|title=Govt Review on the Working of CNCI, Kolata, During the Year 2OI8-19.|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/government%20review%20and%20delay%20statement%20CNCI%20%281%29_Part1.pdf|access-date=23 Dec 2019|website=[[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]}}</ref>
| founded = {{Start date and age|1950|1|2}}
| type = Specialist
| speciality = [[Cancer]]
| standards = [[NABH]] recognised [[Regional Cancer Centre]]
| emergency = Oncologic emergency center
| affiliation = {{hlist|[[West Bengal University of Health Sciences|WBUHS]] | [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences|NBEMS]] | [[Jadavpur university]]}}
| funding = {{INRConvert|162.26|c|1|lk=on}} {{small|(2023{{ndash}}24)}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2024 |title=Budget Estimates 2023-24 Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute Kolkata |url=https://cnci.ac.in/backend/public/uploads/2024/08/20/RTI_11.pdf |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=CNCI, Kolkata}}</ref>
| location = * '''Old Campus:'''
37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, near Jatindas Park Metro Station and Hazra Crossing, Kolkata-700026;
* '''New Town Campus:'''
DJ Block, Action Area I, Street Number 299, New Town
| region = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.5670173|N|88.464506|E|format=dms|region:IN-WB_type:hospital|display=title, inline}}
| healthcare = [[Public hospital|Public]]
| website = {{official URL}}
{{Bulleted list|{{ric|Kolkata Metro|blue}} '''[[Jatin Das Park metro station|JD Park]]'''}}
| other_links =
}}

'''Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute''' '''(CNCI)''' is a cancer care hospital and research institute and one of the 27 [[Regional Cancer Centre (India)|regional cancer centre]]s in [[India]].<ref name="cnci-hospital_main">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnci.org.in/hospital/hospital_main.html |title=Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute Official Website. |access-date=27 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000413/http://www.cnci.org.in/hospital/hospital_main.html |archive-date=29 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf WHO India.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426005109/http://www.whoindia.org/LinkFiles/Cancer_resource_pg281to282.pdf |date=26 April 2012 }}</ref><ref>[http://india.gov.in/sectors/health_family/index.php?id=11 Government of India. 'National Cancer Control Programme'.] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018014423/http://india.gov.in/sectors/health_family/index.php?id=11 |date=18 October 2011 }}</ref> It is located in [[Kolkata]] near [[Jatin Das Park metro station]] at Hazra crossing. It was formally inaugurated by [[Irène Joliot-Curie]] on 12 January 1950, as ''Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital'', named after [[Chittaranjan Das]], who donated land and property for the cause.<ref name="cnci-hospital_main" /> This campus (first campus) also serves as a cancer research centre.<ref name="PM-Mint"/>

== History ==
The origins of CNCI trace back to the establishment of the Chittaranjan Cancer Hospital (CCH), which was formally inaugurated on January 12, 1950, by Nobel laureate Irène Joliot-Curie. The hospital was founded with the support of Dr. B.C. Roy, an eminent physician and then Chief Minister of West Bengal, and named in honor of Chittaranjan Das, who donated land and property for the cause. Initially focused on cancer treatment, the hospital expanded its scope to include basic and clinical research with funding from government organizations.

In 1957, the Chittaranjan National Cancer Research Centre (CNCRC) was established, funded by the Government of India, to focus on cancer biology research, particularly for prevalent cancers such as oral cavity and cervical cancers. The CCH and CNCRC operated as separate entities in adjacent buildings until 1987, when they merged to form the Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI). This merger aimed to create a premier Regional Cancer Centre for Eastern India, combining advanced treatment facilities with cutting-edge research. The first director of CNCI was Dr. Jayashree Roychoudhury

== Campuses ==
=== Hazra Campus (First Campus) ===
Location Near Jatin Das Park metro station at Hazra Crossing, Kolkata. A 200-bed hospital with advanced diagnostic and treatment services, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. This campus also serves as a hub for cancer research. The original campus remains a critical facility for patient care and research, despite being under significant patient load due to its central location.

=== Rajarhat Campus (Second Campus) ===
In February 2014 [[Union Government]] cabinet approved expansion of the state-of-the-art institutes second campus estimated cost of ₹ 530 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 Feb 2014 |title=Centre approves Kolkata-based cancer institute at Rs.534 crore |work=[[India TV]] February 06, 2014 22:43 IST |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-centre-approves-kolkata-based-cancer-institute-33322.html |url-status=live |access-date=6 Feb 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708172224/https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/latest-news-centre-approves-kolkata-based-cancer-institute-33322.html |archive-date=8 Jul 2023}}</ref>
In 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire Rajarhat campus was temporarily converted into a dedicated COVID-19 hospital to support West Bengal’s preparedness efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 March 2020 |title=Bengal to turn two big hospitals into corona facilities |work=[[The Asian Age]] Mar 29, 2020, 9:56 pm IST |url=https://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/290320/west-bengal-to-turn-two-big-hospitals-into-corona-facilities.html |url-status=live |access-date=29 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401033858/https://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/290320/west-bengal-to-turn-two-big-hospitals-into-corona-facilities.html |archive-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> On 19 August 2020 the institute started its OPD{{clarify|What is OPD?|date=March 2023}} services from its 460 bedded campus at Rajarhat.<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 August 2020|title=Central Government's Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI) starts its OPD services from its new campus at Rajarhat, Kolkata|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|location=New Delhi|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647332|access-date=20 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201054922/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1647332|archive-date=1 December 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>
The campus at [[New Town, Kolkata|Newtown]] was built under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Union Ministry of Health]]. The building is equipped with all the latest facilities for cancer treatment including nuclear medicine, endoscopy suite, modern brachytherapy units,<ref name="PM-Mint"/> 650 beds (or 460 beds),<ref name="PM-Mint"/><ref name="PM-ANI">{{cite news |author= |date=6 January 2021 |title=PM Modi to virtually inaugurate second CNCI campus in Kolkata tomorrow |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/pm-modi-to-virtually-inaugurate-second-cnci-campus-in-kolkata-tomorrow20220106123629/ |work= [[Asian News International|ANI]]|location= |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref> accommodations for relatives of patients, and for doctors. Rs 1,000 crore was spent for this project and it was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 7 January 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=6 January 2021 |title=Narendra Modi: শুক্রবার শহরে 'হাজির' মোদী, করবেন ক্যানসার হাসপাতালের দ্বিতীয় ক্যাম্পাসের উদ্বোধন |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/india/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-the-second-campus-of-chittaranjan-national-cancer-institute-in-kolkata-tomorrow-dgtl/cid/1322245 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |access-date=6 January 2021 |language=bn }}</ref>
More than ₹530 crore has been spent, out of which around ₹400 crore have been provided by the Union government and the rest by the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name="PM-ANI"/><ref name="PM-Mint">{{cite news |last=Luthra |first= Swati |date=6 January 2021 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate second CNCI campus in Kolkata|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-second-cnci-campus-in-kolkata-11641453274787.html |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |location=[[New Delhi]] |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>
In June 2023, the Rajarhat campus became the first cancer care center under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to receive NABH (National Accreditation Board for Hospitals) certification, ensuring high standards of patient care and safety.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengkhom |first=Sumati |date=27 June 2023 |title=CNCI Rajarhat bags NABH recognition for cancer care |work=[[The Times of India]] Jun 27, 2023, 10:35 am IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cnci-rajarhat-bags-nabh-recognition-for-cancer-care/articleshow/101293333.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708165334/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cnci-rajarhat-bags-nabh-recognition-for-cancer-care/articleshow/101293333.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=8 July 2023}}</ref>

== Medical Services ==
CNCI provides a wide range of oncology services, focusing on affordability and accessibility, particularly for underprivileged and lower-middle-class patients.
Surgical Oncology advanced procedures, including stereotactic radiosurgery, which was performed for the first time in a West Bengal government hospital in February 2023 to remove a brain tumor in a septuagenarian patient.
Radiation Oncology equipped with high-energy linear accelerators and modern brachytherapy units.
Medical Oncology chemotherapy and immunotherapy, with research indicating the need for patient screening before administering costly immunotherapy treatments.
Advanced imaging (MRI, CT, X-ray), pathology, and nuclear medicine. Community outreach programs for cancer prevention and early detection. Palliative Care Support for patients with advanced cancer to improve quality of life.

== Administration and Governance ==
CNCI operates as an autonomous body under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of India]], with a governing body chaired by the Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare. The [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]], [[Government of West Bengal]], serves as the alternate chairman.

== Education & training ==
CNCI is a leading institution for oncology education, offering a variety of accredited courses under affiliations with the [[West Bengal University of Health Sciences]] (WBUHS), [[National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences]] (NBEMS), and [[Jadavpur University]].

=== Postgraduate Courses ===
MD in Lab Medicine and Radiation Oncology (recognized by the National Medical Commission, started in 2022).
DNB (Diplomate of National Board) in Head & Neck Oncology, Pathology, and Gynecological Oncology.

=== Super-Specialty Courses ===
M.Ch in Surgical Oncology (started in 2022).
Post-Doctoral Fellowship in Onco-Anesthesia.

=== Diploma and Certificate Courses ===
Post M.Sc. Diploma in Medical Physics (in collaboration with Jadavpur University, started in 2022).
Diploma in Radiological Technology and Radio Diagnosis. Post Basic Diploma in Oncology Nursing.

=== Admission ===
Admissions to MD, MS, and super-specialty courses are based on NEET PG and NEET SS scores, with counseling conducted by the Medical Counselling Committee (MCC) and West Bengal state authorities.
The institute has a total seat intake of seven for its MD, M.Ch, and Ph.D. programs, focusing on quality education in medicine and health sciences.

=== Academic Units ===

{| style="border:1px solid #ddd; background:#fefefe; padding:3px; margin:0; margin:auto;"
|+ style="font-size: 100%" | '''Departments of CNCI Kolkata'''
|- style="vertical-align:top; font-size:90%;"
|
* [[Anesthesiology]] and [[Intensive care medicine|Criticial care]]
* [[Medical oncology]]
* [[Laboratory medicine]]
|
* [[Head and neck cancer|Head & Neck Oncology]]
* [[Gynecologic oncology|Gynaecological Oncology]]
* [[Radiation Oncology]]
|
* [[Surgical oncology]]
* [[Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues|Hemato-Oncology]]
* [[Radiology|Radio-Diagnosis]]
|
* [[Medical physics]]
* [[Cancer research]]
* [[Pathology]]

|}

== Recognition and Achievements ==
First Stereotactic Radiosurgery in a Government Hospital Performed in February 2023, this procedure marked a historic achievement for West Bengal’s public healthcare system.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yengkhom |first=Sumati |date=22 Feb 2023 |title=West Bengal hospital conducts rare surgery on cancer patient |work=[[The Times of India]] Feb 25, 2023, 05:55 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-hospital-conducts-rare-surgery-on-cancer-patient/articleshow/98221510.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |access-date=25 Feb 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225192137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/west-bengal-hospital-conducts-rare-surgery-on-cancer-patient/articleshow/98221510.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=25 Feb 2023}}</ref>

CNCI’s research on [[Immunotherapy]] screening and nanotechnology has gained national and international recognition.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bose |first1=Anamika |last2=Baral |first2=Rathindranath |date=1 June 2023 |title=Terminally Exhausted CD8+ T Cells Resistant to PD-1 Blockade Promote Generation and Maintenance of Aggressive Cancer Stem Cells |url=https://aacr.figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Supplementary_Table_from_Terminally_Exhausted_CD8_sup_sup_T_Cells_Resistant_to_PD-1_Blockade_Promote_Generation_and_Maintenance_of_Aggressive_Cancer_Stem_Cells/22929969/1/files/40664568.pdf |journal=[[Cancer Research (journal)|Cancer Research]]v |volume=83 |issue=11 |pages=1815–1833 |doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-3864 |pmid=36971604 |issn=0008-5472 |eissn=1538-7445 |via=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Health Sciences}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 1950]]
[[Category:Regional Cancer Centres in India]]
[[Category:Cancer hospitals]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Research institutes in West Bengal]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Medical research institutes in India]]
[[Category:1950 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Cancer research organizations]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Maritime Silk Road

2026-02-19T04:37:15Z

JoyceBpo44: new a stub first draft

{{Short description|Ancient and medieval maritime trade route}}
{{About|the historic Maritime Silk Road|the Chinese sea route infrastructure initiative|21st Century Maritime Silk Road|other uses}}
[[File:Austronesian maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean.png|thumb|right|300px|[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] [[Spice trade|proto-historic]] and historic (Maritime Silk Road) maritime trade network in Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean<ref name="Manguin2016">{{cite book|first1=Pierre-Yves |last1=Manguin|editor1-first=Gwyn |editor1-last=Campbell|title =Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World |chapter =Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|publisher =Palgrave Macmillan|year =2016|pages=51–76|isbn =978-3-319-33822-4|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref>]]

The '''Maritime Silk Road''' or '''Maritime Silk Route''' is the [[Maritime history|maritime]] section of the historic [[Silk Road]] that connected [[Southeast Asia]], [[East Asia]], the [[Indian subcontinent]], the [[Arabian Peninsula]], eastern [[Africa]], and [[Europe]]. It began by the 2nd century BCE and flourished until the 15th century CE.<ref>{{cite web| title = Maritime Silk Road| work = SEAArch| url = https://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/| access-date = 2017-09-11| archive-date = 2014-01-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140105043328/http://www.southeastasianarchaeology.com/tag/maritime-silk-route/| url-status = dead}}</ref> The Maritime Silk Road was primarily established and operated by [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] sailors in Southeast Asia who sailed large long-distance ocean-going [[sewn-plank]] and [[lashed-lug boat|lashed-lug]] [[Austronesian vessels|trade ships]].<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|page=11}}<ref name="Manguin1980"/> The route was also utilized by the [[dhow]]s of the [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Arab people|Arab]] traders in the [[Arabian Sea]] and beyond,<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|page=13}} and the [[Tamils|Tamil]] merchants in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|page=13}} [[China]] also started building their own trade ships (''[[junk (ship)|chuán]]'') and followed the routes in the later period, from the 10th to the 15th centuries CE.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Flecker |first=Michael |date=August 2015 |title=Early Voyaging in the South China Sea: Implications on Territorial Claims |journal=Nalanda-Sriwijaya Center Working Paper Series |volume=19 |pages=1–53}}</ref><ref name="BilleINTRO"/>

The network followed the footsteps of older Austronesian [[Lingling-o|jade maritime networks]] in Southeast Asia,<ref name="Tsang2000">{{cite journal |last1=Tsang |first1=Cheng-hwa |title=Recent advances in the Iron Age archaeology of Taiwan |journal=Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association |date=2000 |volume=20 |pages=153–158 |doi=10.7152/bippa.v20i0.11751 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025 |issn=1835-1794}}</ref><ref name="Turton2021">{{cite news |last1=Turton |first1= M. |title=Notes from central Taiwan: Our brother to the south |url=https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2021/05/17/2003757527 |access-date=24 December 2021 |work=Taipei Times |date=17 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Everington 2017a">{{cite news |last1=Everington |first1= K. |title=Birthplace of Austronesians is Taiwan, capital was Taitung: Scholar |url=https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3247203 |access-date=24 December 2021|work=Taiwan News |date=6 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="BellwoodHung2011">{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |last2=Hung |first2=H. |last3=Lizuka |first3=Yoshiyuki |chapter=Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction |year=2011 |editor-last=Benitez-Johannot |editor-first=P. |title=Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage in the Collections of the National Museum of the Philippines, the Museum Nasional Indonesia, and the Netherlands Rijksmuseum voor Volkenkunde |publisher=ArtPostAsia |isbn=978-971-94292-0-3}}</ref> as well as the maritime [[spice trade|spice networks]] between Southeast Asia and [[South Asia]], and the [[Indo-Roman trade relations|West Asian]] maritime networks in the [[Arabian Sea]] and beyond, coinciding with these ancient maritime trade roads by the current era.<ref name="Bellina2014">{{cite book|first1=Bérénice|last1= Bellina |editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Guy|title =Lost Kingdoms of Early Southeast Asia: Hindu-Buddhist Sculpture 5th to 8th century|chapter =Southeast Asia and the Early Maritime Silk Road|publisher =Yale University Press|year =2014|pages=22–25|isbn =978-1-58839-524-5|url =https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263007720}}</ref><ref name="Mahdi1999">{{cite book|first1= Waruno|last1=Mahdi|editor1-last =Blench|editor1-first= Roger |editor2-last=Spriggs|editor2-first=Matthew|title =Archaeology and Language III: Artefacts languages, and texts|chapter =The Dispersal of Austronesian boat forms in the Indian Ocean|volume = 34|publisher =Routledge|series =One World Archaeology |year =1999|pages=144–179|isbn =978-0-415-10054-0}}</ref><ref name="Saxce"/>

The term "Maritime Silk Road" is a modern name, acquired from its similarity to the overland [[Silk Road]]. Overland Silk Road was itself a modern name, the idea of which was invented as late as 1877 by Prussian geographer [[Ferdinand von Richthofen|Baron von Richthofen]] while he engaged in a geological survey of China for connecting China with Germany through railways; the term "Silk Road" only entered the English language in 1938 with the publication of a popular book by Swedish explorer [[Sven Hedin]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-4088-6444-9 |edition=First |location=London |publication-date=2024 |language=English}}</ref> The ancient maritime routes through the [[Indo-West Pacific]] (Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean) had no particular name for the majority of its very long history.<ref name="Guan"/> Despite the modern name, the Maritime Silk Road involved exchanges in a wide variety of goods over a very wide region, not just silk or Asian exports.<ref name="BilleINTRO">{{cite book |last1=Billé |first1=Franck |last2=Mehendale |first2=Sanjyot |last3=Lankton |first3=James |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=11–26 |chapter=The Maritime Silk Road: An Introduction |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Lankton">{{cite book |first1=James W. |last1=Lankton |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=71–96 |chapter=From Regional to Global: Early Glass and the Development of the Maritime Silk Road |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

==History==
{{see | Spice trade| Austronesian expansion }}

===Precursor prehistoric maritime networks===
{{See also|Lingling-o|Austronesian maritime trade network|Indo-Roman trade relations}}

[[File:Earings - Gem, Sa Huynh culture.JPG|thumb|[[Jade]] [[lingling-o]] pendants from the [[Austronesians|Austronesian]] [[Sa Huỳnh culture]] of southern [[Vietnam]] ({{circa|2,500-2,200 BP}}). These were traded in ancient maritime trade routes from 2000 BCE to 1000 BCE, largely between the [[Philippines]], southern [[Vietnam]], [[Borneo]], and [[Taiwan]], across the [[South China Sea]]<ref name="HungJade2007">{{cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=11 December 2007 |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104|doi-access=free |pmc=2148369 }}</ref>]]
The Maritime Silk Road developed from the earlier [[Neolithic]] [[lingling-o]] [[jade]] [[Austronesian maritime trade network|maritime trade networks]] established by [[Austronesians]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. This extensive ancient maritime trade network in Southeast Asia, covering a 3000-kilometer area around the [[South China Sea]], existed long before the Maritime Silk Road.<ref name="HungJade2007"/> It lasted for around 3,000 years, partially overlapping with the Maritime Silk Road, from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE. It was initially established by the indigenous peoples of [[Taiwanese Aborigines|Taiwan]] and the northern [[Philippines]]. Raw [[nephrite]] jade (Fengtian jade) was sourced from deposits in eastern Taiwan and worked into ornaments and tools in the Philippines (the most notable and most numerous of are double-headed pendants and penannular earrings known as [[lingling-o]]). This network later included southern [[Vietnam]] (the [[Sa Huỳnh culture]]), [[Borneo]], eastern [[peninsular Malaysia]], eastern [[Cambodia]], peninsular [[Thailand]], and other areas in Southeast Asia where these jade ornaments, along with other trade goods, were manufactured and exchanged (also known as the [[Sa Huỳnh culture|Sa Huynh]]-[[Kalanay Cave|Kalanay]] Interaction Sphere). Taiwan-sourced jade declined in use after around 500 BCE, and non-Taiwanese jade and other materials became more common.<ref name="HungJade2007"/><ref name="Tsang2000" /><ref name="Turton2021"/><ref name="Everington 2017a"/><ref name="BellwoodHung2011"/> The distribution of these jade artifacts were also accompanied by other evidence of maritime trade and shared material culture particularly between the Austronesians of the Neolithic Philippines, southern Vietnam, and Borneo.<ref name="HungJade2007"/>

The wide distribution throughout [[Island Southeast Asia]] of the ceremonial [[Dong Son drums|bronze drums]] ({{circa|600 BCE to 400 CE}}) sourced from the [[Dong Son culture]] of northern Vietnam is also evidence of the antiquity and density of this prehistoric Southeast Asian maritime network.<ref name="Guan"/>

During the operation of the maritime trade in jade artifacts, the Austronesian [[spice trade]] networks were also established by [[Islander Southeast Asians]] with [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Southern India]] by around 1500 to 600 BCE.<ref name="Zumbroich2007"/><ref name="Fuller2015"/><ref name="Bellina2014"/><ref name="Mahdi1999"/> These early contacts resulted in the introduction of Austronesian crops and material culture to South Asia,<ref name="Fuller2015">{{cite book |editor=Tripati, Sila |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |last2=Boivin |first2=Nicole |last3=Castillo |first3=Cristina Cobo |last4=Hoogervorst |first4=Tom |last5=Allaby |first5=Robin G. |title=Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities |date=2015 |publisher=Kaveri Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-926244-3-3 |pages=1–23 |chapter=The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272434953}}</ref> including [[betel nut chewing]], [[coconuts]], [[sandalwood]], domesticated [[banana]]s,<ref name="Fuller2015"/><ref name="Zumbroich2007">{{cite journal |last1=Zumbroich |first1=Thomas J. |date=2007–2008 |title=The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |url-status=live |journal=eJournal of Indian Medicine |volume=1 |pages=87–140 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323014003/https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162 |archive-date=23 March 2019 }}</ref> [[sugarcane]],<ref name="danielsmenzies1996">{{cite book|editor1-first=Joseph|editor1-last=Needham|first1=Christian|last1=Daniels|first2=Nicholas K.|last2=Menzies|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 3, Agro-Industries and Forestry|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1996|pages=177–185|isbn=978-0-521-41999-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzqPvHlFkV4C&pg=PR8}}</ref> [[clove]]s, and [[nutmeg]].<ref name="Olivera">{{cite journal |last1=Olivera |first1=Baldomero |last2=Hall |first2=Zach |last3=Granberg |first3=Bertrand |title=Reconstructing Philippine history before 1521: the Kalaga Putuan Crescent and the Austronesian maritime trade network |journal=SciEnggJ |date=31 March 2024 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=71–85 |doi=10.54645/2024171ZAK-61}}</ref> It also introduced Austronesian sailing technologies like [[outrigger boat]]s which are still utilized in Sri Lanka and southern India.<ref name="Mahdi1999"/><ref name="Fuller2015"/> Semi-precious stone and glass ornaments showing northern [[India]]n designs have also been recovered from the [[Khao Sam Kaeo]] ({{circa|400-100 BCE}}) and [[Prehistoric Thailand|Ban Don Ta Phet]] ({{circa|24 BCE to 276 CE}}) archaeological sites in [[Thailand]], along with trade goods from the Austronesian Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere. Both sites are coastal settlements and part of the jade trade network, indicating that the maritime routes of Austronesians had already reached [[South Asia]] by this period.<ref name="Guan"/><ref name="Glover2011">{{cite book |last1=Glover |first1=Ian C. |last2=Bellina |first2=Bérénice |title=Early Interactions between South and Southeast Asia: Reflections on Cross-Cultural Exchange |date=2011 |publisher=ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute |isbn=978-981-4311-17-5 |pages=17–46 |chapter=Ban Don Ta Phet and Khao Sam Kaeo: The Earliest Indian Contacts Re-assessed |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/early-interactions-between-south-and-southeast-asia/ban-don-ta-phet-and-khao-sam-kaeo-the-earliest-indian-contacts-reassessed/DE7A8037FF8B50870077C3EDF4865A4E|editor1=Manguin, Pierre-Yves|editor2=Mani, A.|editor3=Wade, Geoff}}</ref><ref name="Lankton"/> South Asian crops like the [[mung bean]] and [[horsegram]] were also present in Khao Sam Kaeo, indicating the exchange was reciprocal.<ref name="Fuller2015"/> There is also indirect evidence of very early Austronesian contacts with [[Africa]], based on the presence and spread of Austronesian domesticates like bananas, [[taro]], [[chicken]]s, and [[purple yam]] in Africa in the first millennium BCE.<ref name="Fuller2015"/>

The western circuit of the Maritime Silk Road also developed from earlier [[Indo-Roman trade relations|maritime trade routes]] in West Asia. These linked [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Malabar Coast]] of [[India]], [[Persia]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Arabia]], [[Egypt]], the [[Horn of Africa]], and the [[Greco-Roman]] civilizations in the [[Mediterranean]]. These trade routes (initially only near-coastal, short-range, and small-scale) has existed since the [[Neolithic]], from at least the [[Ubaid period]] ({{circa|5000 BCE}}) of [[Mesopotamia]]. They became regular trade routes between urban centers in West Asia by the first millennium BCE.<ref name="BilleINTRO"/><ref name="Fuller2015"/><ref name="Saxce">{{cite book |first1=Ariane |last1=de Saxcé |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=129–148 |chapter=Networks and Cultural Mapping of South Asian Maritime Trade |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

===Maritime Silk Road===
By around the 2nd century BCE, the prehistoric Austronesian jade and spice trade networks in Southeast Asia fully connected with the [[Indo-Roman trade relations|maritime trade routes]] of [[South Asia]], the [[Middle East]], eastern [[Africa]], and the [[Mediterranean]], becoming what is now known as the Maritime Silk Road. Prior to the 10th century, the eastern part of the route was primarily used by Southeast Asian Austronesian traders using distinctive [[sewn-plank]] and [[lashed lug boat|lashed-lug]] ships, although [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Tamil people|Tamil]] traders also sailed the western parts of the routes.<ref name="Guan">{{cite journal |last1=Guan |first1=Kwa Chong |title=The Maritime Silk Road: History of an Idea |journal=NSC Working Paper |date=2016 |issue=23 |pages=1–30 |url=https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps23.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Saxce"/> It allowed the exchange of goods from [[East Asia|East]] and Southeast Asia on one end, all the way to [[Europe]] and eastern Africa on the other.<ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref name="Saxce"/>

[[File:Mỹ Sơn B5.jpg|thumb|Ruins of the [[Mỹ Sơn]] [[Hindu]] temple complex ({{circa|4th century CE}}) of the Austronesian [[Champa]] polities of central and southern [[Vietnam]], along the main route of the Maritime Silk Road]]
Austronesian [[thalassocracies]] controlled the flow of trade in the eastern regions of the Maritime Silk Road, especially the [[polities]] around the [[straits]] of [[Malacca Strait|Malacca]] and [[Bangka Strait|Bangka]], the [[Malay Peninsula]], and the [[Mekong Delta]]; through which passed the main routes of the Austronesian trade ships to [[Jiaozhi|Giao Chỉ]] (in the [[Tonkin Gulf]]) and [[Guangzhou]] (southern [[China]]), the endpoints (later also including [[Quanzhou]] by the 10th century CE). Chinese records misidentified these kingdoms as being "Indian" due to the [[Greater India|Indianization]] of these regions.<ref name="Guan"/> Secondary routes also passed through the coastlines of the [[Gulf of Thailand]];<ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Li |first1=Tana |editor1-last=Cooke |editor1-first=Nola |editor2-last=Li |editor2-first=Tana |editor3-last=Anderson |editor3-first=James A. |title=The Tongking Gulf Through History |date=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-0502-2 |pages=39–44 |chapter=Jiaozhi (Giao Chỉ) in the Han period Tongking Gulf}}</ref> as well as through the [[Java Sea]], [[Celebes Sea]], [[Banda Sea]], and the [[Sulu Sea]], reconnecting with the main route through the northern Philippines and Taiwan. The secondary routes also continue onward to the [[East China Sea]] and the [[Yellow Sea]] for a limited extent.<ref name="Manguin2016"/> Glass artifacts from [[India]] and [[Egypt]] that passed through glassworkers in Southeast Asian and South Asian ports have been recovered from graves in the [[Korean peninsula]] ({{circa|2nd-6th centuries CE}}), showing the furthest northeastern extent of the Maritime Silk Road.<ref name="Lankton"/>

The main route of the western regions of the Maritime Silk Road directly crosses the [[Indian Ocean]] from the northern tip of [[Sumatra]] (or through the [[Sunda Strait]]) to [[Sri Lanka]], southern [[India]] and [[Bangladesh]], and the [[Maldives]]. It branches from here into routes through the [[Arabian Sea]] entering the [[Gulf of Oman]] (into the [[Persian Gulf]]), and the [[Gulf of Aden]] (into the [[Red Sea]]). Secondary routes also pass through the coastlines of the [[Bay of Bengal]], the Arabian Sea, and southwards along the coast of [[East Africa]] to [[Zanzibar]], the [[Comoros Islands|Comoros]], [[Madagascar]], and the [[Seychelles]].<ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref name="Chirikure"/> The Maldives was of particular importance as a major hub for Austronesian sailors venturing through the western routes.<ref name="Manguin2016"/>

The route was influential in the early spread of [[Hinduism]] and [[Buddhism]] to the east.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sen |first1=Tansen |title=Maritime Southeast Asia Between South Asia and China to the Sixteenth Century |journal=TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia |date=3 February 2014 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=31–59 |doi=10.1017/trn.2013.15|s2cid=140665305 }}</ref><ref name="Bopearachchi">{{cite book |first1=Osmund |last1=Bopearachchi |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=243–266 |chapter=Indian Ocean Trade through Buddhist Iconographies |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref> The close links of these religions to trade with South Asia led to the widespread adoption of [[Sanskrit]] as the trade [[lingua franca]] in the early Maritime Silk Road by the 4th century CE.<ref name="Guan"/> [[Han dynasty|Han]] and [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] dynasty Chinese records also indicate that the early Chinese Buddhist [[pilgrim]]s to South Asia booked passage with the Austronesian ships (which they called the ''[[k'un-lun po]]'') that traded in the Chinese port city of [[Guangzhou]]. Books written by Chinese monks like Wan Chen and Hui-Lin contain detailed accounts of the large trading vessels from Southeast Asia dating back to at least the 3rd century CE.<ref name="McGrail">{{cite book |last1=McGrail |first1=Seán |title=Boats of the World: From the Stone Age to the Medieval Times |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-927186-3 |pages=289–293 |url=https://www.academia.edu/39591350}}</ref>

Austronesians were already sailing as far as [[East Africa]] and the [[Arabian Peninsula]] even during the earlier period.<ref name="Herrera"/> Austronesians colonized the island of [[Madagascar]] off the coast of Africa some time in between the 1st century CE to the 6th or 7th centuries CE.<ref name="Herrera">{{cite journal |last1=Herrera |first1=Michael B. |last2=Thomson |first2=Vicki A. |last3=Wadley |first3=Jessica J. |last4=Piper |first4=Philip J. |last5=Sulandari |first5=Sri |last6=Dharmayanthi |first6=Anik Budhi |last7=Kraitsek |first7=Spiridoula |last8=Gongora |first8=Jaime |last9=Austin |first9=Jeremy J. |title=East African origins for Madagascan chickens as indicated by mitochondrial DNA |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=March 2017 |volume=4 |issue=3 |article-number=160787 |doi=10.1098/rsos.160787 |doi-access=free|pmid=28405364 |pmc=5383821 |bibcode=2017RSOS....460787H |hdl=2440/104470 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Tofanelli">{{cite journal |last1=Tofanelli |first1=S. |last2=Bertoncini |first2=S. |last3=Castri |first3=L. |last4=Luiselli |first4=D. |last5=Calafell |first5=F. |last6=Donati |first6=G. |last7=Paoli |first7=G. |title=On the Origins and Admixture of Malagasy: New Evidence from High-Resolution Analyses of Paternal and Maternal Lineages |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |date=1 September 2009 |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=2109–2124 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msp120|pmid=19535740 }}</ref><ref name="Adelaar">{{cite journal |last1=Adelaar |first1=Alexander |title=Malagasy Phonological History and Bantu Influence |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=June 2012 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=123–159 |doi=10.1353/ol.2012.0003|hdl=11343/121829 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It remained a part of the Maritime Silk Road, along with the nearby African, Arab, and Persian trading ports of [[Kilwa Kisiwani]] and [[History of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]] ([[Tanzania]]), and other ports along the mainland coasts of modern [[Somalia]], [[Kenya]], and [[Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Did You Know? Madagascar on the Maritime Silk Roads |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/did-you-know-madagascar-maritime-silk-roads |website=Silk Roads Programme, UNESCO |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref> Records from Portuguese explorers in the late 15th and early 16th centuries indicate that direct maritime links between Indonesia and Madagascar persisted up until shortly before the colonial period.<ref name="Manguin2016"/>

[[File:Srivijaya Empire.svg|thumb|The [[thalassocratic]] [[Srivijaya]] empire at its maximum extent in the 8th to 11th centuries, showing their control of the straits of [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait|Sunda]]]]
[[Srivijaya]], a [[Hindu]]-[[Buddhist]] Austronesian polity founded at [[Palembang]] in 682 CE, rose to dominate the trade in the region around the straits of [[Strait of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[Sunda Strait|Sunda]] and the South China Sea [[emporium (antiquity)|emporium]] by controlling the trade in luxury aromatics and Buddhist artifacts from West Asia to a thriving Tang market.<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|page=12}} It emerged through the conquest and subjugation of neighboring thalassocracies. These included [[Melayu Kingdom|Melayu]], [[Kedah]], [[Tarumanagara]], and [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], among others. These polities controlled the sea lanes in Southeast Asia and exploited the spice trade of the [[Maluku islands|Spice Islands]], as well as maritime trade-routes between [[India]] and [[China]].<ref name="Sulistiyono">{{cite journal |last1= Sulistiyono |first1= Singgih Tri |last2= Masruroh |first2= Noor Naelil |last3= Rochwulaningsih |first3= Yety |title= Contest For Seascape: Local Thalassocracies and Sino-Indian Trade Expansion in the Maritime Southeast Asia During the Early Premodern Period |journal= Journal of Marine and Island Cultures |date= 2018 |volume= 7 |issue= 2 |doi= 10.21463/jmic.2018.07.2.05 |url= http://jmic.online/issues/v7n2/5/|doi-access= free }}</ref>

[[File:Borobudur ship.JPG|thumb|left|One of the [[Borobudur ship]]s from the 8th century, they were depictions of large [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[outrigger vessel]]s. Shown with the characteristic [[tanja sail]] of Southeast Asian [[Austronesians]]]]
By the 7th century CE, [[Arab people|Arab]] [[dhow]] traders also ventured into the routes earlier pioneered by Persian traders to [[Sri Lanka]], coinciding with the [[spread of Islam]] throughout [[West Asia]]. They pushed deeper east into [[Srivijaya]] and [[Guangzhou]], leading to the earliest spread of [[Islam]] into Southeast Asian polities. During this period, the [[Persian language]] (''Fārsī''), became the dominant lingua franca of both the Maritime and overland [[Silk Road]].<ref name="Guan"/><ref name="Park">{{cite book |first1=Hyunhee |last1=Park |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=45–70 |chapter=Open Space and Flexible Borders: Theorizing Maritime Space through Premodern Sino-Islamic Connections |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Balangay|Butuan boat burials]] of the [[Philippines]], which feature eleven [[lashed-lug boat]] remains of the [[Austronesian vessels|Austronesian boatbuilding traditions]] (individually dated from 689 CE to 988 CE), were found in association with large amounts of trade goods from [[China]], [[Cambodia]], [[Thailand]] ([[Haripunjaya]] and [[Sathing Phra district|Satingpra]]), [[Vietnam]], and as far as [[Persia]], indicating they traded as far as the [[Middle East]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title=Butuan Archeological Sites |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/2071/ |website=UNESCO |access-date=16 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="clark">{{Cite journal|title = The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines|last1 = Clark|first1 = Paul|date = 1993|journal = The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x|last2 = Green|first2 = Jeremy|last3 = Santiago|first3 = Rey|last4 = Vosmer|first4 = Tom|volume=22|issue = 2|pages=143–159| bibcode=1993IJNAr..22..143C }}</ref><ref name="Lacsina2014"/>

By the 10th to 13th centuries, there was an economic boom in maritime trade, led primarily by the fact that the [[Song dynasty]] of China started building its own trading ships (''[[Junk (ship)|chuán]]'') capable of sailing sea routes. The Song court also loosened restrictions on private trade, despite the traditional Chinese [[Confucian]] disdain for trade.<ref name="Guan"/> This was partly due to the loss of access by the Song dynasty to the overland [[Silk Road]].<ref name="Guan"/> [[Junk ship#Etymology and history of the term|Song maritime technology]] was developed from observing Southeast Asian [[Austronesian vessels|Austronesian ships]]. Before this, Chinese ships were essentially fluvial (riverine) in nature and operation and were not seaworthy.<ref name="Minh-Hà 2012">{{Cite book |last=L. Pham |first=Charlotte Minh-Hà |url=https://archive.org/details/unit-14-unesco/page/n11/mode/2up?view=theater&q=sail |title=Asian Shipbuilding Technology |publisher=UNESCO Bangkok Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education |year=2012 |isbn=978-92-9223-413-3 |location=Bangkok |pages=20–21 |access-date=15 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="Manguin1980"/>

The Song started sending trading expeditions to the region they referred to as ''Nan hai'' ({{zh|t=|poj=|l=South Seas|c=南海|s=|p=Nánhǎi}}), mostly still dominated by [[Srivijaya]], venturing as far south as the [[Sulu Sea]] and the [[Java Sea]]. This led to the establishment of new trading ports in Southeast Asia (like in [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]) that specifically catered to the Chinese demand for goods like "dragon's brain perfume" ([[camphor]]) and other exotica. [[Quanzhou]] also became a major Chinese trading port during this period, joining the older trading port of [[Guangzhou]]. Both became tightly linked to their Southeast Asian counterparts, leading historians to characterize the distinct trading circuit in this region as the "Asian Mediterranean", from its similarity to the [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean Sea Trade]].<ref name="Guan" /> However, the Song enacted a 9-month limit on how long trade ships can stay at sea, limiting the range of Chinese trade ships to Southeast Asia.<ref name=":4"/><ref name="Heng"/>

Arab and Tamil traders also increased their participation with direct trade to Chinese ports through the [[Strait of Malacca]] in the 10th to 13th centuries. The surprise [[Chola invasion of Srivijaya|naval expeditions]] in 1025 of [[Rajendra I]] of the Tamil [[Chola Empire]] against [[Srivijaya]]'s ports along the strait, may have been motivated by Srivijaya's attempt to regulate or block Tamil trading guilds.<ref name="Guan"/> The Chola invasions ended Srivijaya's monopoly on the Strait of Malacca routes for around a century, during which many of the Srivijayan cities were occupied by the Chola. Srivijaya was left greatly weakened and was eventually subjugated by [[Singhasari]] by around 1275, before finally being absorbed by the successor thalassocracy of [[Majapahit]] (1293–1527).<ref name="Kulke">{{cite journal |last1= Kulke |first1= Hermann |title= Śrīvijaya Revisited: Reflections on State Formation of a Southeast Asian Thalassocracy |journal= Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient |date= 2016 |volume= 102 |pages= 45–95 |issue=1|doi= 10.3406/befeo.2016.6231 |url= https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_2016_num_102_1_6231}}</ref><ref name="Munoz">{{cite book |last=Munoz|first=Paul Michel|title=Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula|publisher=Editions Didier Millet|year=2006|location=Singapore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NqwuAQAAIAAJ |isbn= 981-4155-67-5}}</ref>

[[File:Asia in 1335.svg|thumb|Asia in the 14th century showing the maximum extent of [[Majapahit]] and its relative position to other participants of the Maritime Silk Road]]
China was invaded by the [[Mongol Empire|Mongol]] [[Yuan dynasty]] in the 13th century. Chinese shipping during this period was monopolized by the state, via foreign Muslim merchants partnered with the Yuan government in ''[[ortogh]]'' relationships. Though unlike the Song, the Yuan lifted the 9-month limit, allowing Chinese trade to venture as far as South Asia. The Yuan also attempted naval invasions on [[Mongol invasions of Japan|Japan]], [[Mongol invasion of Java|Majapahit]], and [[Mongol invasions of Vietnam|Vietnam]] (Austronesian [[Champa]], and [[Vietnamese people|Kinh]] [[Đại Việt]]). All of which failed.<ref name=":4"/><ref name="Heng"/> China itself was later devastated by floods, drought, and famine. Concurrently, the [[Black Death]] was sweeping through Europe and Western Asia. All of these factors led to a slump in trade along the Maritime Silk Road in the 14th century.<ref name="Guan"/>

In the late 14th century, the city-state of [[Palembang]] (the former capital of Srivijaya, which has since [[Spread of Islam in Indonesia|Islamized]]) sent an envoy to the [[Hongwu Emperor]], the first emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]] (which overthrew the Yuan), to reestablish trade routes. The ruler of Palembang was hoping to regain the city's former wealth, independent of the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit. [[Hayam Wuruk]] of Majapahit, angry at the actions of the vassal state, sent a punitive naval attack on Palembang in 1377, causing a diaspora of princes and nobles to the [[Kingdom of Singapura]]. Singapura, in turn, was attacked and sacked in 1398. [[Parameswara of Malacca|Parameswara]], originally from Palembang and the last ruler of Singapura, fled to the western coast of the [[Malay Peninsula]] and founded the Muslim [[Sultanate of Malacca]] in the early 15th century.<ref name="tme">{{cite web |title=The Majapahit era |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Indonesia/The-Majapahit-era |website=Britannica |access-date=12 June 2024}}</ref>

During the same period in the early 15th century, the Ming dynasty launched [[Ming treasure voyages|the expeditions]] of [[Zheng He]], with the goal of forcing the "barbarian kings" of Southeast Asia to resume sending "tribute" (i.e. regular trade routes) to the Ming court. This was typical of the [[Sinocentric]] views at the time of viewing "[[Tributary system of China|trade as tribute]]". Zheng He's expeditions were short-lived, as the drain in imperial funds and the threat of invasion from the north led the [[Xuande Emperor]] to cease the expeditions. He enacted the ''hai jin'' laws shortly after, and banned outgoing trade altogether. Although ultimately, Zheng He's expeditions were successful in their goal of restoring trade relations with Southeast Asia (in this case, [[Sultanate of Malacca|Malacca]]) and the Ming dynasty.<ref name="Guan"/> By the mid-15th century, the Sultanate of Malacca had gained effective control of the Strait of Malacca. Further weakening Majapahit's influence greatly, which was already suffering from internal rebellions.<ref name="Leyden">Leyden, John (1821), [https://books.google.com/books?id=J9JAAAAAYAAJ ''Malay Annals (translated from the Malay language)''], Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown.</ref> Trade from Malacca continued to arrive in Chinese ports in the brief period prior to the fall of Majapahit, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] invasion of [[Malacca Sultanate|Malacca]], and the fall of the Ming dynasty to the [[Transition from Ming to Qing|Manchu invasions]].<ref name="Guan"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name="Heng">{{cite journal|last1=Heng|first1=Derek|date=2019|title=Ships, Shipwrecks, and Archaeological Recoveries as Sources of Southeast Asian History|url=https://www.academia.edu/38930786|journal=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History|pages=1–29|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.97|isbn=978-0-19-027772-7}}</ref><ref name="Tata">Tan Ta Sen & al. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=vIUmU2ytmIIC&pg=PA221 Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia]''. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2009. {{ISBN|978-981-230-837-5}}.</ref>

===Decline===
[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|Global Trade Routes of the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] and [[Portuguese Empire]]]]
The Maritime Silk Route was disrupted by the [[Western imperialism in Asia|colonial era]] in the 16th century, essentially being replaced with European trade routes. Shipbuilding of the formerly dominant Southeast Asian trading ships (''[[djong|jong]]'', the source of the English term "junk") declined until it ceased entirely by the 17th century. Although Chinese-built ''[[Junk (ship)|chuán]]'' survived until modern times.<ref name="Guan" /><ref name="jong">{{cite book |last1=Manguin |first1=Pierre-Yves |editor1-last=Reid |editor1-first=Anthony |chapter=The Vanishing Jong: Insular Southeast Asian Fleets in Trade and War (Fifteenth to Seventeenth Centuries) |date=1993 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=197–213 |title=Southeast Asia in the Early Modern Era |jstor=10.7591/j.ctv2n7gng.15 |isbn=978-0-8014-8093-5 }}</ref><ref name="Manguin1980">{{cite journal |last1=Manguin |first1=Pierre-Yves |title=The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |date=September 1980 |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=266–276 |doi=10.1017/S002246340000446X}}</ref> There was new demand for spices from Southeast Asia and textiles from India and China, but these were now linked with direct trade routes to the European market, instead of passing through regional ports.<ref name="Guan" />

By the 16th century, the [[Age of Exploration]] had begun. The [[Portuguese Empire]]'s capture of [[Malacca City|Malacca]] led to the transfer of the trade centers to the [[sultanates]] of [[Sultanate of Aceh|Aceh]] and [[Sultanate of Johor|Johor]]. The [[Spanish Empire]] in the [[Captaincy General of the Philippines|Philippines]] established the [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade]], which acquired trade goods like [[Chinese ceramics|Chinaware]] and silk from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou, and spices (mostly from the [[Maluku Islands|Spice Islands of Moluccas]]) for the markets in Latin America and Europe. All of which were traded over the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] to [[Acapulco]] in [[New Spain|Mexico]] and throughout the Spanish Americas; and also later traded via the ''Flota de Indias'' ([[Spanish treasure fleet]]) from [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] in Mexico to [[Seville]] in Spain and onward throughout Europe. The Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade route was the first permanent trade route across the Pacific. Similarly, the [[West Indies]] Spanish treasure fleet was the first permanent transatlantic trade route in history. Both bypassed the [[Indian Ocean]] Maritime Silk Road entirely.<ref name="Guan" />

==Archaeology==
{{See also|| K'un-lun po | Djong | Dhow | Junk (ship)}}
[[File:Planks of a Butuan balangay in the Butuan National Museum.jpg|thumb|Planks from one of the [[Balangay|Butuan ship burials]] ({{circa|689 to 988 CE}}) from the [[Philippines]], showing protruding lugs and holes where [[dowel]]s were inserted in the distinctively [[Austronesian vessels|Austronesian]] [[lashed-lug boat|lashed-lug]] shipbuilding tradition]]
The archaeological evidence of the Maritime Silk Road include numerous shipwrecks recovered along the route carrying (or associated with) trade goods sourced from various far-flung ports. The origins of these early ships are readily identifiable by a combination of distinctive features and shipbuilding techniques used (such as [[lashed-lug boat|lashed-lug]] and [[sewn boat]] traditions).<ref name="Heng"/><ref name="Manguin1980"/> These include the [[Pontian boat]] ({{circa|260–430 CE}}),<ref name="Guan"/> the [[Punjulharjo boat]] ({{circa|660-780 CE}}),<ref name="Kimura"/> the [[Balangay|Butuan ship burials]] (multiple boats ranging from {{circa|689 to 988 CE}}),<ref name="Lacsina2014">{{cite book |last1=Lacsina |first1=Ligaya |title=Re-examining the Butuan Boats: Pre-colonial Philippine watercraft |date=2014 |publisher=National Museum of the Philippines |url=https://www.academia.edu/31015958}}</ref><ref name="Lacsina">{{cite book |last1=Lacsina |first1=Ligaya |chapter=Boats of the Precolonial Philippines: Butuan Boats |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2016 |pages=948–954 |doi=10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_10279|isbn=978-94-007-7746-0 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314373335}}</ref> the [[Chau Tan shipwreck]] ({{circa|late 8th to early 9th century CE}}),<ref name="Kimura"/> the [[Intan wreck]] ({{circa|early to mid-10th century CE}}),<ref name="Guan"/> the [[Karawang shipwreck]] ({{circa|10th century CE}}),<ref name="Kimura"/> and the [[Cirebon shipwreck|Cirebon wreck]] ({{circa|late 10th century CE}}), among others.<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|page=12}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Did You Know? The Butuan Archaeological Sites and the Role of the Philippines in the Maritime Silk Roads |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/content/did-you-know-butuan-archaeological-sites-and-role-philippines-maritime-silk-roads |website=UNESCO |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title = The Butuan Two boat known as a balangay in the National Museum, Manila, Philippines|last1 = Clark|first1 = Paul|date = 1993|journal = The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology|doi = 10.1111/j.1095-9270.1993.tb00403.x|last2 = Green|first2 = Jeremy|last3 = Santiago|first3 = Rey|last4 = Vosmer|first4 = Tom|volume=22|issue = 2|pages=143–159| bibcode=1993IJNAr..22..143C }}</ref><ref name="Flecker2002">{{cite book |doi=10.30861/9781841714288 |title=The Archaeological Excavation of the 10th Century Intan Shipwreck |date=2002 |last1=Flecker |first1=Michael |isbn=978-1-84171-428-8 }}</ref><ref name="Minh-Hà 2012"/>

[[File:Samudra Raksa dari depan, dengan layar terkembang seperti sayap angsa.jpg|thumb|left|The ''[[Samudra Raksa]]'', a modern replica of the 8th century [[Javanese people|Javanese]] [[double outrigger]] [[Borobudur ship|trade ships]] found in the [[Borobudur temple]]]]
Almost all of the ships recovered from Southeast Asia before the 10th century belong to the [[Austronesian vessels|Austronesian shipbuilding traditions]], displaying variations and combinations of sewn-plank and lashed-lug techniques. Another early partial shipwreck, the [[Pak Klong Kluay shipwreck]] ({{circa|2nd century CE}}), uniquely joined planks using pegged [[mortise and tenon]] joints. Though this is similar to [[Phoenicia]]n and later [[Greco-Roman]] shipbuilding techniques, the ship is also Austronesian, with timber sourced locally from Southeast Asian trees and evidence of lashed-lug techniques on the inner surface. Some authors have pointed to this as evidence that the Phoenician mortise and tenon shipbuilding techniques originally developed outside of the Mediterranean.<ref name="Kimura"/>

Only two shipwrecks recovered from Southeast Asia prior to the 10th century CE are not Austronesian and exhibit early Arab [[dhow]] shipbuilding techniques: the [[Phanom-Surin ship]] ({{circa|7th century CE}}) and the [[Belitung shipwreck]] ({{circa|826 CE}}),<ref name="Minh-Hà 2012"/><ref name="Kimura"/> Dhows similarly use sewn-plank techniques, but differ from Austronesian sewn-plank techniques in which the stitches are only visible from the inner surfaces and are discontinuous. They also did not originally use lashed-lug techniques, though later ships like the Belitung shipwreck adopted it from contact with Austronesian shipbuilders.<ref name="Minh-Hà 2012"/> Some of the timber used on the major components of the Phanom-Surin ship is also sourced from Southeast Asian trees, despite its West Asian construction.<ref name="Kimura"/> Similarly, some of the later Austronesian ships display elements of West Asian shipbuilding techniques (like cross-armed [[anchor]]s) suggesting that the merchants and crew of the ships had multinational origins, regardless of where the ships were originally built.<ref name="Kimura"/>

China did not start building sea-going ships that ventured into the Maritime Silk Road until the [[Song dynasty]] ({{circa|10th century CE}}).<ref name="Guan"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name="Minh-Hà 2012"/><ref name="Kimura"/> The earliest known Chinese shipwrecks found along the Maritime Silk Road are the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]]-era [[Turiang wreck]] ({{circa|1305-1370 CE}}) and the [[Bakau wreck]] ({{circa|early 15th century CE}}).<ref name="Guan"/><ref name="Flecker2001">{{cite journal |last1=Flecker |first1=Michael |title=The Bakau wreck: an early example of Chinese shipping in Southeast Asia |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=October 2001 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=221–230 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2001.tb01369.x|bibcode=2001IJNAr..30..221F }}</ref><ref name="Coppola">{{cite web |last1=Coppola |first1=Brian P. |title=The Turiang Shipwreck (ca. 1370) |url=https://sites.lsa.umich.edu/bcoppola/turiang1370/ |website=College of Literature, Science, and the Arts |publisher=University of Michigan |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Chinese-built ships (''chuán'') are also readily identifiable by being built with iron nails and clamps, in contrast to Austronesian and Western Asian ships which were built entirely with wood joining and fiber lashings. Other distinctive features of Chinese ships which developed from their earlier fluvial (riverine) ship technologies include a flat-bottomed design (the [[keel]] was absent), a central [[rudder]] (instead of two side-mounted quarter rudders), and the division of the hull into water-tight compartments.<ref name="Manguin1980"/> By around the end of the Maritime Silk Road in the 14th and 15th century, ships that combined features of both Chinese and Austronesian boatbuilding traditions also start to appear, even reaching as far as India.<ref name="Minh-Hà 2012"/><ref name="Kimura"/>

[[File:Changsha bowls from the Belitung shipwreck, ArtScience Museum, Singapore - 20110319-02.jpg|thumb|[[Tang dynasty|Tang]]-era [[Changsha]] ware recovered from the [[Belitung shipwreck]] ({{circa|826 CE}})]]
Indian ships are similarly absent in the archaeological context in the eastern routes of the Maritime Silk Road prior to the 10th century CE.<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|10}} The [[Godavaya#Shipwreck|Godavaya shipwreck]] ({{circa|2nd century CE}}) is the earliest evidence of maritime networking in the [[Indian Ocean]], but it only involved local exchanges in raw materials along the [[South India]]n coast.<ref name="Kimura">{{cite book |first1=Jun |last1=Kimura |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=97–128 |chapter=Archaeological Evidence of Shipping and Shipbuilding Along The Maritime Silk Road|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

The archaeological evidence demonstrates that the trading ships in the [[South China Sea]] and the [[Indian Ocean]] were Austronesian [[sewn-plank]] and [[lashed-lug]] vessels and Arab [[dhow]]s prior to the 10th century CE. Austronesian vessels dominated the long-distance maritime trade for much of the history of the Maritime Silk Road.<ref name="Guan"/>{{rp|10}}<ref name="jong"/>

[[Chinese ceramics]] are also valuable archaeological markers of the Maritime Silk Road due to their relative indestructibility and the fact that they can be precisely dated. They first entered Southeast Asia via the ancient Austronesian maritime networks in the 2nd century BCE but were not initially a major export of China. They became exported by the [[Tang dynasty]] (618-907 CE), rapidly increased in volume during the [[Song dynasty|Song]] (960-1279 CE) and [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan]] dynasties (1279-1367 CE), before declining in the [[Ming Dynasty]] (1368-1643 CE), and ceasing entirely in the 15th century. Their distribution throughout the Southeast Asian trade network is uneven, reflecting differences in local demand, buying power, and trade specialization. The largest concentrations of Chinese ceramics are found along the [[Strait of Melaka]] and [[Java]], with other significant concentrations in [[Sulawesi]], [[Borneo]], the [[Riau Archipelago]], and the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Miksic">{{cite book |first1=John N. |last1=Miksic |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=179–213 |chapter=Chinese Ceramics on the Maritime Silk Road |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

==Extent==
Although usually spoken of in modern times in the context of the [[Eurocentric]] and [[Sinocentric]] [[Sino-Roman relations|demand for luxury goods and exotica]] by the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and [[History of China|Chinese]] empires (hence the fixation on [[silk]] in its name), the goods carried by the trading ships varied by which product was in demand by region and port.<ref name="Guan" /><ref name="BilleINTRO"/> They included ceramics, glass, beads, gems, ivory, fragrant wood, metals (both raw and finished goods), textiles (including silk), food (including grain, wine, and spices), aromatics, and animals, among others.<ref name="BilleINTRO"/> [[Ivory]], in particular, was a significant export of east Africa (originating from overland trade routes through the African interior), leading Chirikure (2022) to label the western leg of the trade route as the "'''Maritime Ivory Route'''".<ref name="Chirikure">{{cite book |first1=Shadreck |last1=Chirikure |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=149–176 |chapter=Southern Africa and the Indian Ocean World |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

It was also not small-scale trade or high value-low volume trade as some earlier historians had assumed. The goods carried by recovered shipwrecks show that they engaged in [[merchant capitalism]]. A very large number of goods, often mass-produced, were traded along the route.<ref name="Guan"/><ref name="Heng2022">{{cite book |first1=Derek |last1=Heng |editor1=Billé, Franck|editor2=Mehendale, Sanjyot|editor3=Lankton, James|title=The Maritime Silk Road: Global Connectivities, Regional Nodes, Localities |date=2022 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=978-90-4855-242-9 |series=Asian Borderlands |pages=215–241 |chapter=Urban Demographics along the Asian Maritime Silk Road |url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/689adfe3-2dfa-4a0d-b04b-3a5f60cb7fad/9789048552429.pdf}}</ref>

The trade route encompassed numbers of seas and ocean; including [[South China Sea]], [[Strait of Malacca]], [[Indian Ocean]], [[Gulf of Bengal]], [[Arabian Sea]], [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Red Sea]]. The maritime route overlaps with historic Southeast Asian maritime trade, spice trade, [[Indian Ocean trade]] and after 8th century—the Arabian naval trade network. The network also extend eastward to the [[East China Sea]] and the [[Yellow Sea]] to connect China with the [[Korean Peninsula]] and the [[Japanese archipelago]].<ref name="Manguin2016"/><ref name="Guan"/>

The Maritime Silk Road differed significantly in several aspects from the overland [[Silk Road]], from where it acquired its name, and thus should not be viewed as a mere extension of it. Traders traveling through the Maritime Silk Road could span the entire distance of the maritime routes, instead of through regional relays as with the overland route. Ships could carry far larger amounts of goods, creating greater economic impact with each exchange. Goods carried by the ships also differed from goods carried by caravans. Traders on the maritime route faced different perils like weather and [[piracy]], but they were not affected by political instability and could simply avoid areas in conflict.<ref name="BilleINTRO"/>

==World Heritage nomination==
In May 2017, experts from various fields held a meeting in London to discuss the proposal to nominate "Maritime Silk Route" as a new [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web | title = UNESCO Expert Meeting for the World Heritage Nomination Process of the Maritime Silk Routes | work = [[UNESCO]] | url =https://whc.unesco.org/en/events/1378}}</ref>

==Politicization==
{{Main|21st Century Maritime Silk Road | Project Mausam}}
The academic research on the ancient Maritime Silk Road has been appropriated and mythologized by modern countries for political reasons. [[China]], in particular, uses a mythologized image of the Maritime Silk Road for its [[Belt and Road Initiative]], first proposed by [[General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party]] [[Xi Jinping]] during a [[List of international trips made by Xi Jinping|visit]] to [[Indonesia]] in 2015. It attempts to reconnect the old trade routes between the port cities of Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean, and assumes erroneously that Chinese sailors played a major role in developing the route.<ref name="Guan"/>

[[India]] has also mythologized the Maritime Silk Road with [[Project Mausam]], launched in 2014, which similarly attempts to reconnect old trade links with surrounding countries in the Indian Ocean. India also portrays itself as playing a central role in the Maritime Silk Road, and early Indian nationalist historians like [[R. C. Majumdar]] often depicted its trade connections and the overwhelmingly one way cultural diffusion ("overwhelmingly one way"<ref name=":0" /> according to leading historian [[William Dalrymple]], and the overall process is generally accepted as "[[Indianisation]]."<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H7L-JLRWKBA |title=Khmer Empire: Rise, Glory and Fall |date=2025-12-09 |last=Kings and Generals |access-date=2025-12-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref>) as "Indian colonization" under the vision of a [[Greater India]].<ref name="Guan"/><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trade Routes and the Diffusion of Artistic Traditions in South and Southeast Asia {{!}} Silk Roads Programme |url=https://en.unesco.org/silkroad/knowledge-bank/trade-routes-and-diffusion-artistic-traditions-south-and-southeast-asia |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=en.unesco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |title=How India Influenced Southeast Asian Civilization |url=https://thediplomat.com/2018/10/how-india-influenced-southeast-asian-civilization/ |access-date=2025-05-19 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The old theories about "colonization" has been replaced by an understanding of complexities in South and South-east Asian interactions. The process occurred through the movement of priests, artisans, merchants, and scholars, along with the initiatives of local people.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mabbett |first=I. W. |date=1977 |title=The 'Indianization' of Southeast Asia: Reflections on the Historical Sources |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20070221 |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=143–161 |issn=0022-4634}}</ref> Even though the cross-cultural exchange might be asymmetrical, historians have tried to identify the westward movement of ideas from South-east Asia to India through the route, such as musical instruments, ceramic and ship building techniques.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |title=A HISTORY OF ANCIENT AND EARLY MEDIEVAL INDIA From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |publisher=Pearson |year=2024 |isbn=978-93-570-5148-4 |edition=Second}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Oceans}}
{{columnslist|colwidth=22em|
*[[Ancient maritime history]]
*[[Belitung shipwreck]]
*[[Cirebon shipwreck]]
*[[Indian Ocean trade]]
** [[Indo-Mediterranean]]
*''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]''
*[[List of ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean]]
*[[Maritime Silk Route Museum]], Guangdong Province, China
*[[Tapayan]]
*[[Spice trade]]
*[[Indian Ocean slave trade]]
*[[String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)]]
*[[21st Century Maritime Silk Road]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Trade route 2}}
{{Austronesian ships}}
{{Ancient seafaring}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2nd-century BC establishments]]
[[Category:15th-century disestablishments]]
[[Category:Maritime Silk Road|*]]
[[Category:Silk Road]]
[[Category:Ancient roads and tracks]]
[[Category:Medieval Asia]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:History of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:History of Imperial China]]
[[Category:History of foreign trade in China]]
[[Category:History of international relations]]
[[Category:Ancient international relations]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Economic history of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of ancient Rome]]
[[Category:Economic history of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Economic history of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Economic history of Singapore]]
[[Category:Economic history of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Economic history of Africa]]
[[Category:Austronesian culture]]
[[Category:Economic history of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Economic history of Iran]]

Hōonkō

2026-02-14T07:48:43Z

JoyceBpo44: Expanded content with additional details

{{Short description|Holiday in the Jodo Shinshu tradition of Buddhism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[file:Tsukiji Honganji Temple Inside 20251113 Ho-onko.jpg|thumb|Hōonkō at [[Tsukiji Hongan-ji|Tsukiji Honganji Temple]]]]
{{Nihongo|'''Hōonkō'''|報恩講}} is a holiday in the [[Jodo Shinshu]] tradition of Buddhism which commemorates the death of its founder, [[Shinran]] Shonin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Sharf |first1=Robert H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PTXqBdtVk9EC |title=Living Images: Japanese Buddhist Icons in Context |last2=Sharf |first2=Elizabeth Horton |date=2001 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-3989-4 |pages=35–47 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Morioka |first=Kiyomi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyoPAQAAIAAJ |title=Religion in Changing Japanese Society |date=1975 |publisher=University of Tokyo Press |isbn=978-0-86008-131-9 |pages=85–87 |language=en}}</ref> Depending on whether the old Japanese lunar calendar is used, or the western [[Gregorian calendar]], typically this holiday is observed either in around 28 November (as in the Higashi Honganji) or early January from the 9th to the 16th (as in the Nishi Honganji) respectively. This holiday is among the most important observed in the Jodo Shinshu tradition. The observance began after Shinran's youngest daughter, [[Kakushinni]] {{Nihongo|2=覚信尼|4=1224-1283}}, assumed administration of Shinran's mausoleum, a duty later inherited by her descendants, who ultimately became the [[Monshu]] of Jodo Shinshu.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Amstutz |first=Galen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RlTqDwAAQBAJ |title=Critical Readings on Pure Land Buddhism in Japan: Volume 2 |date=2020-06-08 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-40151-8 |pages=355 |language=en}}</ref> In the word ''hōonkō''; 'hōon' means "return of gratitude" and 'ko' means "to clarify the meaning of" or "gathering"'.

A typical service for Hoonko will consist of reciting Shinran's hymn, the [[Shoshinge]], and a reading from the life of Shinran. Followers will sometimes observe a strict diet that day, preferring to eat ''shōjin ryōri'' or "[[Buddhist cuisine]]", though this is entirely optional. Temple services will often serve Buddhist cuisine after service, including vegetarian [[Zōni|ozōni]], [[adzuki]], and [[mochi]].

== History ==
In the first decade after the death of Shinran, his grave in the eastern hills of Kyoto known as Otani (now [[Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto|Higashiyama-ku]]) was marked by a simple stone monument with the six [[kanji]] of the ''[[nenbutsu]]''.<ref name=":0" /> At the initiative of Kakushinni, the ashes were moved in 1272.<ref name=":0" /> The new location in Otani was further west, near the original grave of [[Hōnen]], and a small hexagonal chapel was built on land donated by Kakushinni that had belonged to her deceased husband. Yearly ceremonies were celebrated by Shin followers from the beginning of this mausoleum. Shinran's great grandson [[Kakunyo]] was instrumental in establishing the Hōonkō rituals.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoonko}}
[[Category:Buddhist holidays]]
[[Category:January observances]]
[[Category:November observances]]
[[Category:Shinran]]
[[Category:Observances set by the traditional Japanese calendar]]
[[Category:Buddhist festivals in Japan]]

{{buddhism-stub}}

Kalaignar Centenary Park

2026-02-13T06:24:13Z

JoyceBpo44: Added New Pg W/ Sources

{{Short description|Park in Chennai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox park
| name = Kalaignar Centenary Park
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| map = India Chennai
| map_width =
| type =
| location = [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]]
| nearest_city = [[Chennai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0506|N|80.2541|E|display=inline,title}}
| area = 13.29 acre
| created = Department of Horticulture and Plantation crops
| operator =
| visitation_num =
| status = Open
| designation = Park
| open = 7 October 2024
}}

'''Kalaignar Centenary Park''' is a world class park situated at [[Gopalapuram, Chennai|Gopalapuram]] neighbourhood in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]].

== Location ==
This park is located with the [[Geographic coordinate system|coordinates]] of ({{coord|13.0506|N|80.2541|E}}), on
Cathedral road (opposite to [[Semmozhi Poonga|Semmozhi Park]]) a few metres from the [[Anna Flyover]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM Stalin to inaugurate Kalaignar Centenary Park in Chennai on Oct 6 to commerate Muthuvel Karunanidhi's 100 years
|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1233056 |access-date=7 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

{{Location map many | India Chennai
| width = 200
| float = middle
| label1 = Kalaignar Centenary Park
| pos1 = left
| bg1 = gold
| label1_width = 8
| mark1size = 6
| coordinates1 = {{coord|13.0506|N|80.2541|E}}
}}

== Foundation and opening ==
Foundation stone for the construction of the park was unveiled on 27 February 2024 by [[M. K. Stalin|M.K Stalin]] [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]. And the park is opened for public on 7 October 2024 to commemorate [[M. Karunanidhi]]'s 100 years.<ref>{{Cite web |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=7 October 2024 |title=Stalin inaugurates Kalaignar Centenary Park, Chennai's latest green space |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-inaugurates-kalaignar-centenary-park-chennais-latest-green-space/article68729306.ece |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=DTNEXT Bureau |date=8 October 2024 |title=CM Stalin inaugurates Kalaignar Centenary park on Chennai's Cathedral Road |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/chennai/cm-stalin-inaugurates-kalaignar-centenary-park-on-chennais-cathedral-road-806714 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=CM unveils glitzy green hangout on Cathedral Road |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennais-new-kalaignar-centenary-park-a-green-oasis-with-zipline-and-musical-fountain/articleshow/114022144.cms |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2024 |title=Chennai unveils Kalaignar Centenary Park: A green oasis with thrilling features |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/tamil-nadu/chennai-unveils-kalaignar-centenary-park-a-green-oasis-with-thrilling-features-2716021 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=DTNEXT Bureau |date=6 October 2024 |title=Kalaignar Super Tree Tower Park to open gates to public on 7.10.2024; here's all you need to know |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/kalaignar-super-tree-tower-park-to-open-gates-to-public-on-7102024-heres-all-you-need-to-know-806503 |access-date=7 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Establishment ==
The park has been established on a 13.29-acre land. The land was the property of Agri Horticultural society, a private firm, from which the property was recovered by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]. Now, the value of the property is at about ₹1,000 crore and it now belongs to the Department of Horticulture and Plantation crops for which the property was transferred by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |author=The Hindu Bureau |date=6 October 2024 |title=T.N. CM Stalin to inaugurate Kalaignar Centenary Park in Chennai on October 7 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tn-cm-stalin-to-inaugurate-kalaignar-centenary-park-in-chennai-on-october-7/article68724308.ece |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The park is developed at a cost of about ₹46 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Chennai: Get ready for the Inauguration of World Class Kalaignar Centenary Park in Chennai today!!, Get ready for the Inauguration of World Class Kalaignar Centenary Park in Chennai today!!, Kalaignar Centenary Park, Entertainment features, Department of Horticulture, Urban development, Senganthal Poonga |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=72358 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref>

== Surroundings ==
On its northern side is situated the Senganthal park and on its southern side is located the Semmozhi Poonga. This park and the Semmozhi Poonga will be connected by a footbridge.

== Fees ==
Different fee structures inside the park are implemented. An entry fee, a zipline adventure ticket, an entry ticket for the aviary, a ticket for the musical fountain show, a ticket for entry into the glass garden that houses rare flora, a charge for taking photographs inside the park, separately for camera and video camera are the entry fee descriptions in this park. Entry fee is Rs.100 for elders and Rs.50 for kids.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Chennai: Kalaignar Centenary Park: A New Attraction with Exciting Activities and Affordable Fees, Kalaignar Centenary Park: A New Attraction with Exciting Activities and Affordable Fees, Kalaignar Centenary Park, family destination, horticultural museum, children's rides, camera fees, entry fee |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=72374 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://tnhorticulture.in/kcpetickets/

[[Category:Botanical gardens in Chennai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Parks in Chennai]]

Manmohan (actor)

2026-02-08T12:08:32Z

JoyceBpo44: new some pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Distinguish|Manmohan Krishna}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manmohan
| image = Manmohan (actor).png
| alt =
| caption = Manmohan in the movie Purab Aur Pachhim
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1933|1|28}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1979|08|26|1933|1|28}}
| death_place = [[Jamshedpur]], India
| other_names =
| years_active = 1963–1979
| known_for = ''[[Gumnaam]]'', ''[[Aandhi]]''
| occupation = Actor, producer
| children = [[Nitin Manmohan]] ([[Film Producer|Producer]])
}}
'''Manmohan''' was an [[Indian people|Indian]] actor of [[Bollywood]], well known for his role as a villain. He also worked in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films.
He also acted in Movie Raja Rani, released in 1973.
He was a regular in Rajesh Khanna's movies.

== Early life ==
He was born and brought up in [[Jamshedpur]]. Manmohan came from a well-to-do family, who had their own business. Totally different from his other three brothers, he was very keen on becoming an actor from childhood. His son Nitin Manmohan was a producer, who produced films like ''[[Bol Radha Bol]]'' (1992), ''[[Laadla (1994 film)|Laadla]]'' (1994), ''[[Deewangee]]'' (2001) and ''[[Bhoot (film)|Bhoot]]'' (2003) etc.

== Film career ==
He moved to Bombay in 1950 and got acquainted with then personalities like [[Shankar-Jaikishen]], [[Bhappi Sonie]] and [[G. P. Sippy]]. His close association with Jaikishen got him known to Keval Kayshap who cast him in his first film ''Shaheed''. He was also in all of Bhappi Sonie's films. Through Bhappi Sonie, he met Shakti Samanta, Pramod Chakravarty and [[Manoj Kumar]]. Then he got N. N. Sippy's film ''[[Gumnaam]]''. He was at the top of his acting career in the '70s.

== Death ==
While filming a movie in a village in Maharashtra alongside actor Manoj Kumar, the crew encountered a lack of electricity in the area. The entire team was residing in the village during the shoot. Due to the absence of electric power, Manmohan relied on a petromax lamp at night. The lamp exploded while he was asleep, causing a fire in which Manmohan sustained severe burn injuries covering 80% of his body. He was immediately rushed to the hospital, where doctors performed surgery. However, he never recovered from his injuries and died on 26 August 1979.

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 1963 || ''Yeh Rastey Hain Pyar Ke'' || Vendor ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1965 || ''Zindagi Aur Maut'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]'' || [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]] ||
|-
| ''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' || Traffic Police ||
|-
| ''[[Gumnaam]]'' || Kishan ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1966 || ''[[Mera Saaya]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| ''Yeh Zindagi Kitni Haseen Hai'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare (1966 film)|Neend Hamari Khwab Tumhare]]'' || Nawab Shaukat Hamid Khan ||
|-
| ''[[Mohabbat Zindagi Hai (1966 film)|Mohabbat Zindagi Hai]]'' || Preetam ||
|-
|rowspan="4" | 1967 || ''[[Upkar]]'' || Kavita's Brother ||
|-
|''[[Parivar (1967 film)|Parivar]]'' || Bashir, Bengali Taxi Driver
|-
| ''[[Naunihal]]'' || Ustad Mansharam ||
|-
| ''Aag'' || Police Inspector ||
|-
|rowspan="6" | 1968 || ''[[Brahmachari (1968 Hindi film)|Brahmachari]]'' || Basant ||
|-
| ''[[Baazi (1968 film)|Baazi]]'' || Poor Man Supported by Da Silva ||
|-
| ''[[Shikar (1968 film)|Shikar]]'' || Robbie ||
|-
| ''[[Parivar (1967 film)|Parivar]]'' || Bashir ||
|-
| ''Kahin Din Kahin Raat'' || Jack ||
|-
| ''[[Aulad (1968 film)|Aulad]]'' || Suraj / Arun ||
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1969 || ''Bandish'' || Shanker ||
|-
| ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' || Shyam ||
|-
| ''[[Vishwas (film)|Vishwas]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Tumse Achha Kaun Hai (1969 film)|Tumse Acha Kaun Hai]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Satyakam]]'' || Kunver Vikram Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Pyar Hi Pyar]]'' || Shyam Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[Do Bhai (1969 film)|Do Bhai]]'' || Ramesh ||
|-
| ''Dharti Kahe Pukar Ke'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="8" | 1970 || ''[[Prem Pujari]]'' || Chinese Army Officer ||
|-
| ''Heer Raanjha'' || ||
|-
| ''Yaadgaar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Purab Aur Pachhim]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Pardesi (1970 film)|Pardesi]]'' || Tikora ||
|-
| ''Maharaja'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Humjoli]]'' || Manmohan ||
|-
| ''[[Aansoo Aur Muskan]]'' || Mahesh's boss ||
|-
|rowspan="9" | 1971 || ''Upaasna'' || ||
|-
| ''Ek Din Aadhi Raat'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Preetam]]'' || Pyare ||
|-
| ''[[Naya Zamana]]'' || Ashok ||
|-
| ''Mera Gaon Mera Desh'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ladki Pasand Hai]]'' || Kundan ||
|-
| ''[[Kathputli (1971 film)|Kathputli]]'' || Nisha's Boss ||
|-
| ''[[Duniya Kya Jaane]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Balidaan (1971 film)|Balidaan]]'' || Vijay Singh ||
|-
|rowspan="10" | 1972 || ''Manavata'' || Rangili's Father ||
|-
| ''Kanch Aur Heera'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Amar Prem]]'' || Ram Ratan ||
|-
| ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'' || Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Lalkaar]]'' || Japanese Army Officer ||
|-
| ''Ek Nazar'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yaar Mera]]'' || Manmohan / Man ||
|-
| ''[[Shor (film)|Shor]]'' || Kabrastan Ke Raja ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Jani]]'' || Latpat Seth ||
|-
| ''[[Double Cross (1972 film)|Double Cross]]'' || Card-sharp ||
|-
|rowspan="13" | 1973 || ''[[Raja Rani (1973 film)|Raja Rani]]'' || Shankar Dada ||
|-
| ''[[Loafer (1973 film)|Loafer]]'' || Singh's Agent ||
|-
| ''[[Anhonee (1973 film)|Anhonee]]'' || Dr. Mathur ||
|-
| ''[[Daag (1973 film)|Daag: A Poem of Love]]'' || Prisoner in van ||
|-
| ''[[Jugnu (1973 film)|Jugnu]]'' || Mike ||
|-
| ''[[Namak Haraam]]'' || Jai Singh || <ref>{{Cite news |last=Lokapally |first=Vijay |date=26 June 2014 |title=Namak Haraam (1973) |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/namak-haraam-1973/article6151274.ece |url-status=live |access-date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830093329/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/namak-haraam-1973/article6151274.ece |archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shareef Budmaash]]'' || Gulab Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Jalte Badan]]'' || Drugs Seller ||
|-
| ''[[Heera Panna]]'' || Veeru ||
|-
| ''[[Gaddaar (1973 film)|Gaddaar]]'' || Mohan ||
|-
| ''[[Gaai Aur Gori]]'' || Mohini's Brother ||
|-
| ''[[Chhalia (1973 film)|Chhalia]]'' || Mac ||
|-
| ''[[Anokhi Ada (1973 film)|Anokhi Ada]]'' || Shambhu ||
|-
|rowspan="11" | 1974 || ''[[Nirmaan]]'' || Manmohan Khanna ||
|-
| ''[[Geetaa Mera Naam]]'' || Man who betrays Johnny ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' || Lata's boss ||
|-
| ''Anjaan Raahen'' || Rajoo ||
|-
| ''[[Ajanabee (1974 film)|Ajanabee]]'' || Sinha ||
|-
| ''[[Roti Kapada Aur Makaan]]'' || Senior police officer ||
|-
| ''Raja Kaka'' || ||
|-
| ''Jeevan Sangram'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Humshakal (1974 film)|Humshakal]]'' || Street Rowdy ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Diwana]]'' || Pyarelal ||
|-
| ''Charitraheen'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="5" | 1975 || ''[[Rafoo Chakkar]]'' || #4 Duo ||
|-
| ''[[Aandhi]]'' || S. K. Agarwal ||
|-
| ''[[Amanush (1975 film)|Amanush]]'' || Sanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Vandana (film)|Vandana]]'' || Smuggler ||
|-
| ''[[Umar Qaid]]'' || Actor || Uncredited
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1976 || ''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (1976 film)|Ek Se Badhkar Ek]]'' || Tony ||
|-
| ''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'' || Manjit Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Maha Chor]]'' || Prem's goon ||
|-
| ''[[Barood (1976 film)|Barood]]'' || Jagdish ||
|-
| ''[[Aaj Ka Mahaatma]]'' || Shankar ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1977 || ''Dhoop Chhaon'' || Mangal ||
|-
| ''[[Chhailla Babu]]'' || Group #2 ||
|-
| ''[[Kotwal Saab]]'' || Inspector Thakur ||
|-
| ''[[Chalta Purza]]'' || Manmohan ||
|-
| ''[[Hatyara (1977 film)|Hatyara]]'' || Bankelal 'Banke' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1978 || ''Jalan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chor Ke Ghar Chor]]'' || Mac ||
|-
| ''Chowki No.11'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979 || ''[[Sarkari Mehmaan]]'' || Somi ||
|-
| ''Jaandaar'' || ||
|-
| ''Bebus'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1980 || ''[[Be-Reham]]'' || Ghanshyam ||
|-
| ''[[Neeyat (1980 film)|Neeyat]]'' || Mohanlal's Associate ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Kranti]]'' || Darmiyan Singh ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Daulat Ke Dushman]]'' || Mac Mohan ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Teesra Kinara'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Jaan-E-Wafa'' || || (final film role)
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=0542623|name=Manmohan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manmohan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:1933 births]]

2010 Commonwealth Games

2026-02-04T20:42:11Z

JoyceBpo44: small fix

{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Delhi, India}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox games
| name = XIX Commonwealth Games
| logo = 2010 Commonwealth Games Logo.svg
| size = 200px
| caption = Logo of the 2010 Commonwealth Games
| host_city = [[Delhi]], India
| nations = 71 [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Teams
| athletes = 4,352
| events = 272 events in 21 disciplines<ref>{{cite news|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/News.mvc/Background |title=XIX Commonwealth Games competition information |publisher=XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi Official Website |access-date=5 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006102830/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/News.mvc/Background| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status=usurped}}</ref>
| opening = 3 October 2010
| closing = 14 October 2010
| opened_by = [[Charles III|Charles, Prince of Wales]] and [[Pratibha Patil]], [[President of India]]
| closed_by = [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex]]
| Queens_Baton = [[Sushil Kumar (wrestler)|Sushil Kumar]]
| athlete_oath = [[Abhinav Bindra]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| anthem = [[Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto]] ([[AR Rahman]])
| motto = ''Come out and play''
| previous = [[2006 Commonwealth Games|XVIII]]
| next = [[2014 Commonwealth Games|XX]]
| website = {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070517045549/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/ www.CWGDelhi2010.org]}}
}}

{{2010 Commonwealth Games}}

The '''2010 Commonwealth Games''', officially known as the '''XIX Commonwealth Games''' and commonly known as '''Delhi 2010''',<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Indian Version of 2010 Commonwealth Games Logo|url=https://www.idiom.co.in/cwg|access-date=16 January 2021|website=}}</ref> were an international [[multi-sport event]] for the members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] that was held in [[Delhi]], [[India]], from 3 to 14 October 2010. A total of 4352 athletes from 71 [[The Commonwealth|Commonwealth nations and dependencies]] competed in 21 sports and 272 events, making it the largest [[Commonwealth Games]] to date. It was also the largest international [[multi-sport event]] to be staged in Delhi and India, eclipsing the [[Asian Games]] in [[1951 Asian Games|1951]] and [[1982 Asian Games|1982]]. The [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|opening]] and [[2010 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|closing]] ceremonies were held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], the main stadium of the event.

It was the first time that the Commonwealth Games were held in India and the second time they were held in Asia after [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysia in [[1998 Commonwealth Games|1998]]. The official mascot of the Games was
Shera and the official song of the Games, "[[Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto]]", was composed by [[81st Academy Awards|Academy]] and [[51st Annual Grammy Awards|Grammy]] awardee Indian recording artist [[A.R. Rahman]].

Preparation for the Games received widespread international media attention, with criticism being levelled against the organisers for the [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|slow pace of work]], as well as issues related to security and hygiene. In spite of threats of boycotts and athlete withdrawals however, all member nations of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] participated in the event, with the exceptions of [[Fiji]], which is [[Suspension from the Commonwealth of Nations|suspended from the Commonwealth]], and [[Tokelau]], which didn't send a team.

The internationally acclaimed [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|opening ceremony]] improved the image of the Games,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/oct/03/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-delhi-india |title='India has arrived': spectacular ceremony opens Commonwealth Games |publisher=The Guardian, UK |date= 3 October 2010|access-date=5 October 2010 | location=London | first=Jason | last=Burke| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006004503/http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2010/oct/03/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-delhi-india| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/8039988/Commonwealth-Games-2010-India-opens-doors-to-the-world-at-opening-ceremony.html |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: India opens doors to the world at opening ceremony |work=The Telegraph |date=3 October 2010|access-date=5 October 2010 | location=London | first=Simon | last=Hart| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045221/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/8039988/Commonwealth-Games-2010-India-opens-doors-to-the-world-at-opening-ceremony.html| archive-date= 6 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref> and dispelled negative notions surrounding them, with many observers remarking that they began on an apprehensive note, but were an exceptional experience with a largely positive ending.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/101015/sports/cgames2010_aus|title=Australia praises India's 'exceptional' Games|date=15 October 2010|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]| access-date=14 February 2011 }}{{dead link|date=July 2014}}</ref> The President of the [[International Olympic Committee]], [[Jacques Rogge]], said that India had made a good foundation for a future [[Olympic Games|Olympics]] bid, which was reiterated by the Australian Minister of Sports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/india-should-aim-for-olympics-australian-sports-minister-57139|title=India should aim for Olympics: Australian Sports Minister|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=5 October 2010|access-date=16 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101008222034/http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/india-should-aim-for-olympics-australian-sports-minister-57139| archive-date= 8 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/news/Games-good-foundation-for-Olympic-bid-by-India-Rogge/articleshow/6680736.cms|title=Games good foundation for Olympic bid by India: Rogge|work=The Times of India|date=4 October 2010|access-date=16 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005081624/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/news/Games-good-foundation-for-Olympic-bid-by-India-Rogge/articleshow/6680736.cms|archive-date=5 October 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Commonwealth games Federation chief Mike Fennell stated that "Delhi delivered a fantastic Games".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/sports/cwg-2010/Delhi-delivered-a-fantastic-Games/newdelhi/SP-Article10-613055.aspx |title=Delhi delivered a fantastic Games |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 October 2010 |access-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513170054/http://www.hindustantimes.com/specials/sports/cwg-2010/Delhi-delivered-a-fantastic-Games/newdelhi/SP-Article10-613055.aspx |archive-date=13 May 2013 }}</ref> Some observers accused sections of the media of bias, unfair expectations, and negative reporting.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/commonwealth-games-2010/comm-games-news/its-time-to-reflect-on-how-delhi-got-it-right-20101014-16ltt.html|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=15 October 2010|access-date=16 October 2010|first=Peter|last=Hanlon|title=It's time to reflect on how Delhi got it right| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017152227/http://www.smh.com.au/commonwealth-games-2010/comm-games-news/its-time-to-reflect-on-how-delhi-got-it-right-20101014-16ltt.html| archive-date= 17 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The final [[2010 Commonwealth Games medal table|medal tally]] was led by [[Australia at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Australia]] with 74 golds and 177 most medals overall. The host nation India achieved its [[India at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|best performance ever at the Commonwealth Games]], finishing second overall by winning 38 golds and 101 total medals.

==Host selection==
Delhi was selected as the host city of the 2010 Commonwealth Games on 14 November 2003 during the [[Commonwealth Games Federation|CGF]] General Assembly in [[Montego Bay]], Jamaica, defeating bid from [[Hamilton, Ontario]], Canada.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/15/stories/2003111507551800.htm|title=India to host 2010 Commonwealth Games|access-date=2017-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085317/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/15/stories/2003111507551800.htm|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=dead|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 November 2003}}</ref> India's bid motto was ''New Frontiers and Friendships''.<ref name="dailytimes">[http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C04%5C13%5Cstory_13-4-2010_pg2_8 Commonwealth Games 2010 in New Delhi: Pakistan played important role]. (13 April 2010). Retrieved 23 April 2010. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111172659/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C04%5C13%5Cstory_13-4-2010_pg2_8|date=11 January 2012}}</ref>

India shifted the balance in its favour in the second round of voting with a promise that it would provide US$100,000 to each participating country, along with air tickets, boarding, lodging and transport.<ref name="Theworldreporter.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/09/commonwealth-games-corruption-and-pride.html |title=Commonwealth Games: Corruption and Pride, a debate |publisher=Theworldreporter.com |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=14 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231234037/http://www.theworldreporter.com/2010/09/commonwealth-games-corruption-and-pride.html |archive-date=31 December 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> The successful [[2003 Afro-Asian Games]] held in [[Hyderabad]] was also seen as having shown that India has the resources, infrastructure and technical know-how to stage a big sporting event.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/15/stories/2003111507551800.htm|title=2010 Commonwealth Games bidding results|date=15 November 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221085317/http://www.thehindu.com/2003/11/15/stories/2003111507551800.htm|archive-date=21 December 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> Meanwhile, Hamilton struggled with the notion a country would not be awarded two major multi-sport events in the same year, after [[Vancouver]] was awarded the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] earlier in the year.<ref>{{cite news|last=Radley|first=Scott|date=20 February 2020|title=Déjà vu: Commonwealth Games bid feels awfully familiar|url=https://www.hamiltonnews.com/sports-story/9860426-d-j-vu-commonwealth-games-bid-feels-awfully-familiar/|work=Hamilton News|location=Hamilton, Ontario, Canada|access-date=6 July 2022}}</ref>

Delhi bid for the [[1990 Commonwealth Games|1990]] and [[1994 Commonwealth Games]] but lost to [[Auckland]] and [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] respectively. The Hamilton bid was Canada's attempt to hold the games for the fifth time.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/14/1068674368167.html?from=storyrhs New Delhi to host 2010 Commonwealth Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210202208/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/14/1068674368167.html?from=storyrhs |date=10 December 2010 }}. ''[[The Age]]'' (14 November 2003). Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref><ref>[http://www.thecgf.com/media/games/2010/2010_eval_report.pdf The Report of the Commonwealth Games Evaluation Commission for the 2010 Commonwealth Games] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331213706/http://www.thecgf.com/media/games/2010/2010_eval_report.pdf |date=31 March 2010 }}. [[Commonwealth Games Federation]]. Retrieved 2 April 2010.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+2010 Commonwealth Games bidding results
|-
!City
!Country
!Votes
|-
|'''[[Delhi]]'''
|[[File:India-flag-a4.jpg|21x21px]] India
|'''46'''
|-
|[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]
|[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|21x21px]] Canada
|22
|}

== Development and preparation ==

===Organising committee===
[[File:Delhi 2010 commonwealth games organizing committee head office.jpg|thumb|Main Building of the Organising Committee of the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]The organisation of 2010 Commonwealth Games was beset by delays: in January 2010, the Indian Olympic Association vice-chairman [[Randhir Singh (sport shooter)|Raja Randhir Singh]] expressed concern that Delhi was not up to speed in forming and organising its games committee and, following a 2009 [[Indian Government]] report showing two-thirds of venues were behind schedule, [[Commonwealth Games Federation]] president Mike Fennell stated that the slow progress of preparations represented a serious risk to the event.<ref name="bbc_cg">{{cite news|title=India admits 2010 Games problems|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8256127.stm|publisher=BBC|date=15 September 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231070123/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8256127.stm|archive-date=31 December 2009|url-status=live}}</ref> Singh also called for a revamp of the games' organising committees:<ref name="reuters_cg">{{cite news|title=Olympic official calls for revamp of Delhi Games committee|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-42471320090915|work=Reuters|date=15 September 2009|access-date=14 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312103410/http://in.reuters.com/article/topNews/idINIndia-42471320090915|archive-date=12 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jarnail Singh, a former Secretary of the Government of India, was appointed as the chief executive officer and [[Indian Olympic Association]] president [[Suresh Kalmadi]] was appointed as head of the committee. In spite of delays and the corruption cases levied on the organisers, commentators stated that they were confident that India will successfully host the games and do so on time.<ref name="telegraph_cg">{{cite news|title=Delhi Commonwealth Games 'at grave risk of collapse'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6190118/Delhi-Commonwealth-Games-at-grave-risk-of-collapse.html|author=Dean Nelson|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=UK|date=15 September 2009|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204154126/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/6190118/Delhi-Commonwealth-Games-at-grave-risk-of-collapse.html|archive-date=4 February 2010|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="guardian_cg">{{cite news|title=Only a year to run–and Delhi is losing race to host Commonwealth Games|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article6834446.ece|author=Jeremy Page|work=The Times |location=UK | date=15 September 2009 | access-date=23 April 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

At the launch of the Queen's Baton Relay in October 2009, the Business Club of India (BCI) was formed through the partnership of the organising committee, the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]] and the [[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]]. The BCI was formed to both market the Games and promote Indian business interests internationally.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100218050557/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/dcwg/index.php?q=node/685 Business at the Games]}}. 2010 Commonwealth Games. Retrieved 21 July 2010. </ref>

===Venues===
{{Main|Venues of the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium CWG opening ceremony.jpg|thumb|alt=Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi|The main venue of the Games, the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]]]
[[File:IndianHockeyGameSnapshot.jpg|thumb|[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]]]
Events took place at 12 competition venues. A total of 20 training venues were used in the Games. Of these 20, one was used for archery; three for aquatics; two for lawn bowls; two for netball; eight for rugby sevens, including seven venues within [[Delhi University]]; two for shooting; one for squash; two for table tennis; one for weightlifting, three for wrestling and two for tennis.<ref name="Non-Competition Venues">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/non_competition_venues|title=Non-Competition Venues|publisher=Commonwealth Games Organising Committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927033237/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/non_competition_venues|archive-date=27 September 2010|url-status=usurped|access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref>

A total of five venues were newly constructed for the event; the [[Dr. Karni Singh Shooting Range]], the [[Siri Fort Sports Complex]], the [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]], the [[Yamuna Sports Complex]] as well as a [[rugby sevens]] facility in [[Delhi University Stadium]]. This does not include the two venues—the [[Indira Gandhi Arena|Indira Gandhi Sports Complex]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, New Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]—that received major renovations or an uplift. All other venues had existed prior to the event. The largest venue was the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, with a capacity of 60,000, was the main venue of the event, hosting both [[2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|the opening]] and the [[2010 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|closing ceremonies]]. On the other hand, the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] (CRPF) Shooting Range located in Kadarpur had the smallest seating capacity, at 345.

There were three main non-competition venues in the event, besides the Commonwealth Games Village; namely the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games Organising Committee Headquarters, the Main Media Centre, and the Games Family Hotel, Hotel Ashok.

=== Commonwealth Games Village ===
{{Main|2010 Commonwealth Games Village}}
[[File:The Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr. M.S. Gill meeting the members of North Ireland, during his visit to the Commonwealth Games Village, in New Delhi on September 29, 2010.jpg|thumb|Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports, Dr. [[M. S. Gill|M.S. Gill]] meeting the members of Northern Ireland at the Games Village]]
The Commonwealth Games Village provided accommodation and training for athletes of the Games, and was opened from 23 September to 18 October 2010. It is located along the east bank of the River Yamuna, in proximity to competition and training venues as well as city landmarks, and is spread over an area of {{convert|63.5|ha|acre}}. Comprising five main zones—the Residential Zone, the International Zone, the Training Area, the Main Dining and the Operational Zone—the Games Village, which was a non-smoking zone,<ref name="Other Features">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/other_features|title=Other Features|publisher=Commonwealth Games Organising Committee|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927051008/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/other_features|archive-date=27 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref> was universally accessible particularly to accommodate [[disabled sports|para-sport]] athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/games_village|title=Games Village|publisher=Commonwealth Games Organising Committee|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927033142/http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/games_village|archive-date=27 September 2010|access-date=1 October 2010}}</ref> Free accommodation for all athletes at the Games Village, as well as free transport and other benefits, such as a free trip to the famed [[Taj Mahal]] and a reserved lane for participants on selected highways were provided.<ref name="Commonwealth Games, India">{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgvisit.com/|title=Commonwealth Games, India|date=4 October 2010|publisher=Cwgvisit.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011122451/http://www.cwgvisit.com/|archive-date=11 October 2010|access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> The Games Village accommodated over 8,000 athletes and officials for the Games.

===Budget===
The initial total budget estimated by the [[Indian Olympic Association]] in 2003 for hosting the Games was {{INRConvert|16.2|b}}. In 2010, however, the official total budget soon escalated to an estimated {{INRConvert|115|b}}, a figure which excluded non-sports-related infrastructure development.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Ravi Shankar |author2=Mihir Srivastava |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/sport/story/20100816-payoffs-bribes-cast-a-shadow-on-cwg-743744-2010-08-06 |title=Payoffs & bribes cast a shadow on CWG: Sport : India Today |work=India Today |date=7 August 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710055421/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/108072/Sport/payoffs-&-bribes-cast-a-shadow-on-cwg |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] magazine estimated that the Games cost {{INRConvert|700|b}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/delhi-commonwealth-games-organiser-arrested|title=Delhi Commonwealth Games organiser arrested in corruption investigation|agency=Associated Press|date=25 April 2011|website=The Guardian|access-date=2016-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921204444/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/25/delhi-commonwealth-games-organiser-arrested|archive-date=21 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2010 Commonwealth Games was reportedly the most expensive Commonwealth Games ever.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |date=2010-08-03 |title=Delhi battling human and financial cost of hosting Commonwealth Games |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2010/aug/04/commonwealth-games-delhi-preparations |access-date=2023-05-21 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

===Transport===
{{further|Transport in Delhi}}
[[File:Delhi2.jpg|thumb|[[Delhi Metro|Delhi metro]]]]
[[File:Delhi Terminal 3 Side View.jpg|thumb|Terminal 3 of [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]]]
A four-lane flyway, {{convert|2.2|km|abbr=on}} stretch from [[Lodi Road]] to trans-Yamuna, linking the [[Commonwealth Games Village 2010|Games Village]] to the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] was constructed which reduced the travelling time between the [[Commonwealth Games Village 2010|village]] and the Stadium to six minutes.

In response to concerns over the large number of trains that pass by the Delhi metropolitan region daily, construction of road under-bridges and over-bridges along railway lines have been completed. To expand road infrastructure, flyovers, cloverleaf flyovers, and bridges were built to improve links for the Games and city in general. Road-widening projects were finished with an emphasis being placed on expanding national highways. To improve traffic flow on existing roads, plans were made to make both the inner and outer Ring roads signal free.

To support its commitment to mass transport, nine corridors have been identified and were constructed as High Capacity Bus Systems (for example, one from Ambedkar Nagar to [[Red Fort]]). Six of these corridors were expected to be operational in 2010. Additionally, The [[Delhi Metro]] was expanded to accommodate more people and boost the use of public transport during the event. The metro has extended to [[Gurgaon]] and the [[Noida]] area. For this large increase in the size of the network, Delhi Metro had deployed 14 [[tunnel boring machine]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/business/20080318/105062.htm|title=Delhi Metro deploys 'record' 14 tunnel boring machines|access-date=14 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320041143/http://www.indiaenews.com/business/20080318/105062.htm|archive-date=20 March 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> [[Radio Frequency Identification]] (RFID) was used to tag vehicles in venue parking lots to help organise mass parking and increase security.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rfidworld.ca/delhi-commonwealth-games-2010-using-rfid-tags/189|title=Delhi Commonwealth Games 2010 using RFID tags
|access-date=10 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013155432/http://www.rfidworld.ca/delhi-commonwealth-games-2010-using-rfid-tags/189| archive-date= 13 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] was modernised, expanded, and upgraded. Costing nearly $1.95 billion, [[Indira Gandhi International Airport#Terminal 3|Terminal 3]] has increased airport passenger capacity to more than 37 million passengers a year by 2010. A new runway has been constructed, allowing for more than 75 flights an hour. At more than 4400 metres long, it is one of Asia's longest. The airport has been connected to the city via a six-lane expressway ([[Delhi–Gurgaon Expressway]]) and the $580 million [[Delhi Airport Metro Express]] line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdelhiairport.in/ |title=Indira Gandhi International Airport |publisher=Newdelhiairport.in |access-date=14 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015118/http://www.newdelhiairport.in/ | archive-date=14 March 2009| url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:CWGGreenGamesLogo.jpg|thumb|Logo for the Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games being recognised as the first ever "Green Commonwealth Games"|right]]

===Green Games===
The organisers signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the United Nations Environment Programme to show the intention to host a "sustainable games" and to take the environment into consideration when constructing and renovating venues. [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex|Thyagaraj Stadium]] is intended to be a key example of environmentally considered construction.

In opposition to this intention, a number of environmental controversies arose and the adverse ecological impact of various aspects of the games have been protested by city residents.<ref>[http://delhigreens.com/tag/trees/ Trees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215203801/http://delhigreens.com/tag/trees/ |date=15 December 2010 }}. Delhi Greens. Retrieved 6 July 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://delhigreens.com/tag/trees/|title=Students protest against felling of trees eating of footpath space/| access-date=14 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101215203801/http://delhigreens.com/tag/trees/| archive-date= 15 December 2010| url-status=live}}</ref> City residents filed a public interest petition to the [[Supreme Court of India]] against the felling of 'heritage' trees in the [[Siri Fort]] area to make way for Games facilities. The court appointed architect [[Charles Correa]] to assess the impact and he severely criticised the designs on ecological grounds.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/correa-slams-dda-for-siri-fort-mess/431931/ Correa slams DDA for Siri Fort mess]. Express India (7 March 2009). Retrieved 6 July 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729165855/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/correa-slams-dda-for-siri-fort-mess/431931/ |date=29 July 2010 }}</ref> In spite of this, in April 2009 the Supreme Court allowed the construction on the grounds that "much time had been lost" and "the damage already caused to the environment could not be undone".<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/siri-fort-games-project-gets-scs-okay/451941/ Siri Fort Games project gets SC’s okay]. Express India (28 April 2009). Retrieved 6 July 2010. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010102429/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/siri-fort-games-project-gets-scs-okay/451941/ |date=10 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/siri-fort-games-project-gets-scs-okay/451941/ |title=Supreme Court Clears Siri Fort Complex, ''The Indian Express'', 28 April 2009 |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010102429/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/siri-fort-games-project-gets-scs-okay/451941/ |archive-date=10 October 2012 }}</ref>

The Commonwealth Games village, located on the flood plains of the [[Yamuna]], has also been the subject of controversies about the flouting of ecological norms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/games-village-flouting-ecological-norms/52071-3.html|title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates|website=News18|access-date=5 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111190324/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/games-village-flouting-ecological-norms/52071-3.html|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> After a prolonged legal battle between city residents and the state, construction was permitted to continue on the basis of an order of the Supreme Court of India in July 2009, which held that the government had satisfied the requirements of "due process of the law" by issuing public notice of its intention to begin construction work in September 1999 (a date four years prior to the acceptance of Delhi's bid for the games).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ifs_news/hi/newsid_8175000/8175954.stm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219161732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/mobile/ | url-status=dead | archive-date=19 December 2010 | work=BBC News | title=Court allows Indian Games village | date=30 July 2009 | access-date=23 April 2010 }}</ref>

=== Queen's baton relay ===
[[File:Pratibha Devisingh Patil witnessing the starting of Baton Relay by Olympian Shri Abhinav Bindra with the Chairman of Organising Committee, Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi.jpg|thumb|The 2010 Queen's Baton Relay inauguration at [[Buckingham Palace]] in [[London]], United Kingdom]]
[[File:The President of the Commonwealth Games Federation, Mr. Mike Fennel hands over the Queen`s Baton Delhi 2010 to the Chief Minister of Delhi, Smt. Sheila Dikshit at Wagah Border, Punjab on June 25, 2010.jpg|thumb|Mr. Mike Fennel, President of the [[Commonwealth Games Federation|CGF]] hands over the Baton to [[Sheila Dikshit]], Chief Minister of Delhi at [[Wagah border|Wagah Border]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]]]
The [[Queen's Baton Relay]] began when the baton, which contains [[Elizabeth II]]'s message to the athletes, left [[Buckingham Palace]] on 29 October 2009. The baton arrived at the 2010 Games opening ceremony on 3 October 2010, after visiting the other 54 nations of the Commonwealth and travelling throughout India, reaching millions of people to join in the celebrations for the Games. The baton arrived in India on 25 June 2010 through the Wagah Border crossing from Pakistan.<ref>[http://english.samaylive.com/nation/676466754.html CWG 2010 Queen's baton arrives in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142051/http://english.samaylive.com/nation/676466754.html|date=11 January 2012}} CWG 2010 Queen's baton arrives in India</ref>

The baton was designed by Michael Foley of Foley Designs and a graduate of the [[National Institute of Design]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games-2010/top-stories/Relay-baton-depicts-Indias-diverse-culture-tradition/articleshow/5178236.cms|title=Relay baton depicts India's diverse culture & tradition|date=30 October 2009|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518231439/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games-2010/top-stories/Relay-baton-depicts-Indias-diverse-culture-tradition/articleshow/5178236.cms|archive-date=18 May 2013|access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> It is a triangular section of aluminium twisted into a [[helix]] shape and then coated with coloured soils collected from all the regions of India. The coloured soils are a first for the styling of a Queen's Baton. A jewel-encrusted box was used to house the Queen's message, which was laser-engraved onto a miniature 18 carat gold leaf—representative of the ancient Indian 'patras. The Queen's baton is ergonomically contoured for ease of use. It is {{convert|664|mm}} high, {{convert|34|mm}} wide at the base, and {{convert|86|mm}} wide at the top and weighs {{convert|1900|g}}.

The Queen's baton has a number of technological features including:

* The ability to capture images and sound
*[[Global positioning system]] (GPS) technology so the baton's location can be tracked
* Embedded [[light emitting diodes]] (LEDs) which changed into the colours of that country's flag whilst in that country
* A text messaging capability so that people can send messages of congratulations and encouragement to the baton bearers throughout the relay

===Other preparation===
In preparation for an influx of English-speaking tourists for the Games, the Delhi government implemented a program to teach English, and the necessary skills for serving tourists, to key workers—such as cab drivers, [[security guard|security workers]], waiters, porters, and service staff. In the two years prior to the Games 2000 drivers were taught English. In addition to Delhi, the Indian Government plans to expand the program to teach people in local tourist destinations in other parts of India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/travel/20080330/107541.htm|title=Lessons in English and etiquette ahead of Commonwealth Games|last=Roy|first=Rajeev Ranjan|date=30 March 2008|access-date=13 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411211929/http://www.indiaenews.com/travel/20080330/107541.htm| archive-date= 11 April 2008 | url-status=usurped}}</ref>

[[File:HOHO DELHI.jpg|thumb|HOHO Delhi Bus Inauguration in Delhi]]
To facilitate hassle-free sightseeing in Delhi, [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation|Delhi Tourism]] undertook the launch of India's very first Hop on Hop Off bus known as [https://web.archive.org/web/20111012192333/http://delhitourism.nic.in/delhitourism/transport/hoho.jsp HOHO DELHI], modelled on popular concept of transport facilities in Western countries. The bus, which is equipped with state-of-the-art technologies like digital video screens and GPS systems, also had trained guides who were responsible for giving information about the sites.

To prepare for the energy-usage spike during the games and to end chronic [[power cuts]] in [[Delhi]], the government undertook a large power-production initiative to increase power production to 7000 MW (from the previous 4500 MW). To achieve this the government streamlined the power distribution process, directed additional energy to Delhi, and constructed new power plants.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20080321/105643.htm|title=Delhi will have surplus power...|date=21 March 2008|access-date=13 May 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504194524/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20080321/105643.htm| archive-date= 4 May 2008 | url-status=usurped}}</ref>
[[File:The Ministry of Railways run a special Commonwealth Express train for foreign delegates and participants of Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi to visit Taj Mahal, at Agra during the XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] run a special Commonwealth Express train for foreign delegates and participants to visit [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]] during the Games]]
Indian states trained state police forces to handle tourist-related issues and deploy them prior to the Games. A large-scale construction and "beautification" project has resulted in the demolition of hundreds of homes and the displacement of city dwellers—at least 100,000 of New Delhi's 160,000 homeless people have removed from shelters, some of which have been demolished.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/14/india.slums/index.html |title=India razes slums, leaves poor homeless |access-date=4 March 2010 |publisher=CNN |date=14 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001222024/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/asiapcf/01/14/india.slums/index.html |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100116/BUSINESS/701169964/1005 |title=Poor lose before Games begin |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105034650/http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20100116%2FBUSINESS%2F701169964%2F1005 |archive-date=5 November 2013 }}</ref> Bamboo screens have been erected around city slums to separate visitors from the sights of the slums,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/6043719/New-Delhi-to-hide-slums-with-bamboo-curtains-during-2010-Commonwealth-Games.html | access-date=4 March 2010 | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=New Delhi to hide slums with bamboo 'curtains' during 2010 Commonwealth Games | location=London | first=Dean | last=Nelson | date=17 August 2009 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715093006/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/6043719/New-Delhi-to-hide-slums-with-bamboo-curtains-during-2010-Commonwealth-Games.html | archive-date=15 July 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref> a practice which human rights campaigners have deemed dishonest and immoral.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/all-aboard-delhis-beggar-express-1914922.html|title=Aboard Delhi's beggar express|access-date=5 March 2010 | work=The Independent | location=London | first=Andrew | last=Buncombe | date=3 March 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304140523/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/all-aboard-delhis-beggar-express-1914922.html| archive-date= 4 March 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Delhi High Court]] implemented a series of "mobile courts" to be dispatched throughout Delhi to relocate migrant beggars from Delhi streets. The mobile courts would consider each beggar on a case-by-case basis to determine whether the beggar should be sent back to his/her state of residence, or be permitted to remain in government-shelters.<ref name="indiaenews.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20080507/116544.htm|title=Mobile courts suggested to make Delhi beggar-free|date=4 May 2008|access-date=13 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108234411/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20080507/116544.htm|archive-date=8 January 2009|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

=== Opening ceremony ===
{{Main|2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony}}
[[File:A spectacular view of Jawahar Lal Nehru stadium during the opening ceremony of the 19th Commonwealth Games 2010-Delhi, in New Delhi on October 03, 2010.jpg|thumb|The 2010 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Delhi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]]]
The opening ceremony was held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], the main stadium of the event, in New Delhi, India. It began at 19:00  ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 3 October.<ref>{{cite news|author=PTI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Biggest-ever-Commonwealth-Games-begins-in-Delhi/articleshow/6678262.cms|title=Biggest ever Commonwealth Games begins in Delhi|date=3 October 2010|access-date=14 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103150529/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-03/delhi/28248198_1_cheers-and-jeers-commonwealth-games-federation-federation-president-mike-fennell|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> The opening ceremony was directed by [[Ganapathy Bharat]], known commonly as [[Bharat Bala]], an acclaimed Tamil film director, screenwriter and film producer based in Kodambakkam, [[Chennai]]. The ceremony featured over 8,000 performers, and lasted for two-and-a-half hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2010/10/03/cwg-8000-artists-to-show-5000-year-old-culture.html|title=CWG: 8,000 artists to show 5,000-year-old culture|date=3 October 2010|publisher=One India News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104153835/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/10/03/cwg-8000-artists-to-show-5000-year-old-culture.html|archive-date=4 January 2012|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> It is estimated that {{Indian Rupee}} 3.50 billion (US$77 million) were spent to produce the ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/randomaccess/entry/the-cwg-opening-show-reality-rs-350-crore|title=The CWG opening show reality: Rs 350 crore|date=5 October 2010|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 September 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319040638/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/randomaccess/entry/the-cwg-opening-show-reality-rs-350-crore|archive-date=19 March 2011}}</ref>[[File:Commonwealth games Delhi 2010 opening ceremony swagatham mehndi.png|thumb|Swagatham presentation at the opening ceremony]]

The ceremony was divided into six separate segments, each showcasing the rich, ancient and diverse cultures of India, including art, traditions, dances, music and colours. It began with a showcase of a variety of drummers from all parts of India, accompanied by seven-year-old [[tabla]] player Keshav. The countdown took place on a screen in the stadium, and was accompanied by fireworks. The centerpiece of the ceremony was the helium [[aerostat]], which acted as a giant 360° screen for spectators. The ceremony showcased a fusion of various classical dances from all parts of India, [[mehendi]] decorations, sand paintings and [[yoga]]. The title song was performed by [[A R Rahman]]. Singer [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] sang the welcome song for the Games, titled "Swagatam", with thousands of school children.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/2010-commonwealth-games/commonwealth-opening-ceremony.html|title=Commonwealth Games, 2010, Opening Ceremony|publisher=Maps of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903030937/http://www.mapsofindia.com/2010-commonwealth-games/commonwealth-opening-ceremony.html|archive-date=3 September 2011|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>

The Prince of Wales (now [[Charles III]]; representing [[Elizabeth II]] as [[Head of the Commonwealth]]) and [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] officially declared the Games open.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/4189179/At-Her-Majestys-service|title=At Her Majesty's service|author=ANTHONY HUBBARD|publisher=Stuff.co.nz|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20101008092602/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sunday-star-times/features/4189179/At-her-majestys-service|archive-date=8 October 2010|access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] of the host nation, India, attended the opening ceremony as well. A total of three [[heads of state]] from outside India attended the opening ceremony; two from [[List of members of the Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]] and one from a non-Commonwealth nation. The three head of states were [[Mohamed Nasheed]], [[President of the Maldives]], [[Marcus Stephen]], [[President of Nauru]] and a multiple Commonwealth gold medallist, and [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco]], representing the [[International Olympic Committee]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/four-heads-of-state-to-attend-cwg-opener-56334|title=Four heads of state to attend CWG opener|date=1 October 2010|access-date=2 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005015417/http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/four-heads-of-state-to-attend-cwg-opener-56334|archive-date=5 October 2010|publisher=[[NDTV]]|location=New Delhi}}</ref> As well, [[Anand Satyanand|Sir Anand Satyanand]], the [[Governor General of New Zealand]], attended the ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz/the-governor-general/biogg|title=Biography of The Right Honourable Sir Anand Satyanand|publisher=[[Government of New Zealand]]|format=biography|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602152957/http://www.gov-gen.govt.nz/the-governor-general/biogg|archive-date=2 June 2010|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Closing ceremony ===
{{Main|2010 Commonwealth Games closing ceremony}}
[[File:Laser Show on display, at the closing ceremony of XIX Commonwealth Games-2010 Delhi, at Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, in New Delhi on October 14, 2010.jpg|thumb|Closing ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
The closing ceremony featuring both Indian and Scottish performers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/more-sport/cwg-spectacular-closing-ceremony-1.686264|title=CWG: Spectacular closing ceremony|date=13 November 2010|access-date=5 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017133607/http://www.iol.co.za/sport/more-sport/cwg-spectacular-closing-ceremony-1.686264|archive-date=17 October 2010|publisher=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|Independent Online]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hodge|first1=Amanda|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/chaos-and-confusion-but-games-played-on/story-fn66fst6-1225938954091|title=Chaos and confusion, but Games played on|date=15 October 2010|newspaper=[[The Australian]]|access-date=5 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101022150916/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/chaos-and-confusion-but-games-played-on/story-fn66fst6-1225938954091|archive-date=22 October 2010}}</ref> The closing ceremony was not as well received as the opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cwg-closing-ceremony-a-big-dampener/697743/|title=CWG closing ceremony a big dampener|work=The Indian Express|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218071541/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/CWG-closing-ceremony-a-big-dampener/697743|archive-date=18 December 2010|access-date=19 May 2011}}</ref> The Commonwealth Games flag was handed over to representatives of [[Glasgow]], Scotland, which hosted the [[2014 Commonwealth Games|XX Commonwealth Games]] in 2014. At the closing ceremony, the President of the Commonwealth Games Federation declared that Delhi had hosted a "truly exceptional Games".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/delhi-has-delivered-a-truly-exceptional-games-fennell/cwgarticleshow/6750365.cms|title=Delhi has delivered a truly exceptional Games: Fennell|date=14 October 2010|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=5 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629203951/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/delhi-has-delivered-a-truly-exceptional-games-fennell/cwgarticleshow/6750365.cms|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> A day after the ceremony, Scotland's First Minister [[Alex Salmond]] stated that
{{blockquote|Scotland is highly impressed with Delhi's success in holding the multi-sport event, Delhi hosted a very successful Commonwealth Games. It will be a challenge to emulate.
| source = [[Alex Salmond]], First Minister of Scotland<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/delhis-cwg-success-tough-to-emulate-says-scotland-59968?cp|title=Delhi's CWG success tough to emulate, says Scotland|publisher=NDTV|date=15 October 2010|access-date=1 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111183453/http://www.ndtv.com/article/commonwealth%20games/delhis-cwg-success-tough-to-emulate-says-scotland-59968?cp|archive-date=11 January 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

== The Games ==

===Participating Commonwealth Games Associations===
There were 71 participating nations at the 2010 Commonwealth Games. As [[Fiji]] was suspended from the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], it was banned from participating in the Games.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games-2010/Fiji-to-appeal-Commonwealth-Games-ban/articleshow/5287098.cms "Fiji to appeal Commonwealth Games ban"], ''The Times of India'', 1 December 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091204132352/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games-2010/Fiji-to-appeal-Commonwealth-Games-ban/articleshow/5287098.cms |date=4 December 2009 }}</ref> Rwanda fielded a team for the games for the first time after becoming a Commonwealth member in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=RWA |title=Commonwealth Games Federation – Commonwealth Countries – Introduction |publisher=Thecgf.com |date=25 January 1984 |access-date=23 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130063104/http://thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=RWA |archive-date=30 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The numbers of athletes from each country is shown in brackets.
{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating Commonwealth countries and territories
|-
|
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagCGF|AIA|2010|12}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=AIA |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|ANT|2010|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=ANT |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|AUS|2010|377}}<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/novices-aim-to-top-games-medal-tally-20100924-15pe2.html | work=The Sydney Morning Herald | title=Novices aim to top Games medal tally | date=24 September 2010 | access-date=14 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011092919/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/novices-aim-to-top-games-medal-tally-20100924-15pe2.html | archive-date=11 October 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BAH|2010|24}}<ref>{{cite web|title= cwgdelhi2010.org |url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=BAH |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126181650/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=BAH |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BAN|2010|70}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=175050&cid=19 |title=CW GAMES OPENING Ratna to carry Bangladesh flag | Sport |publisher=bdnews24.com |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722134652/http://bdnews24.com/details.php?id=175050&cid=19 |archive-date=22 July 2011 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BAR|2010|39}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&competitionId=&countryId=BAR |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BIZ|2010|9}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reporter.bz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sports&article=4650 |title=The Reporter – Team Belize travels to XIX Commonwealth Games |publisher=Reporter.bz |date=28 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163807/http://www.reporter.bz/index.php?mod=article&cat=Sports&article=4650 |archive-date=6 July 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BER|2010|14}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bernews.com/2010/09/commonwealth-team-named-14-athletes/ | title=Commonwealth Team Named: 14 Athletes 2010 | publisher=Bernews.com |date=16 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009230201/http://bernews.com/2010/09/commonwealth-team-named-14-athletes/| archive-date= 9 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BOT|2010|49}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thevoicebw.com/?p=4582 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914091835/http://www.thevoicebw.com/?p=4582 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 September 2012 |title=COLLAPSING | The Voice Botswana NewsBlog |publisher=Thevoicebw.com |date=25 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|IVB|2010|2}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=IVB |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|BRU|2010|12}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brudirect.com/index.php/2010093030176/Sports-News/3-more-leave-for-delhi-games.html |title=3 More Leave For Delhi Games | Sports News |publisher=Brudirect.com |access-date=3 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003090140/http://brudirect.com/index.php/2010093030176/Sports-News/3-more-leave-for-delhi-games.html| archive-date= 3 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|CMR|2010|20}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crtv.cm/cont/nouvelles/nouvelles_sola_fr.php?idField=8009&table=nouvelles&sub=sport|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804031930/http://www.crtv.cm/cont/nouvelles/nouvelles_sola_fr.php?idField=8009&table=nouvelles&sub=sport|url-status=dead|title=Nouvelles - CRTV|date=4 August 2012|archive-date=4 August 2012|website=crtv.cm}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|CAN|2010|251}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.commonwealthgames.ca/games2/index_e.aspx?ArticleID=2152 |title=Changes to List of Canadian Athletes at 2010 Commonwealth Games |publisher=Commonwealthgames.ca |date=30 September 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|CAY|2010|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caymannewsservice.com/sports/2010/09/23/cayman-athletes-ready-delhi-2010 |title=Cayman Islands News |publisher=Caymannewsservice.com |access-date=3 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926213451/http://www.caymannewsservice.com/sports/2010/09/23/cayman-athletes-ready-delhi-2010| archive-date= 26 September 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|COK|2010|31}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-3844-0-0-0&sID=47038&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=13257400&sectionID=47038 |title=Cook Islands Sports and National Olympic Committee |publisher=SportingPulse |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110092047/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-3844-0-0-0&sID=47038&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=13257400&sectionID=47038 |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|CYP|2010|56}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=CYP |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|DMA|2010|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=DMA |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|ENG|2010|365}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics/englands-commonwealth-team-warned-over-risk-of-dengue-fever-2074056.html | location=London | work=The Independent | title=England's Commonwealth team warned over risk of dengue fever | first=Simon | last=Turnbull | date=9 September 2010 | access-date=14 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010170255/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/general/athletics/englands-commonwealth-team-warned-over-risk-of-dengue-fever-2074056.html | archive-date=10 October 2010 | url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|FAI|2010|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=FLK |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|GAM|2010|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=GAM |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|GHA|2010|64}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=GHA |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|GIB|2010|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cga.gi/en/news/?id=21 |title=News – News |publisher=Cga.gi |access-date=3 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|GRN|2010|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=GRN |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|GUE|2010|43}}<ref name="telegraph.co.uk">{{cite news|last=Gilmour |first=Rod |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/8030068/Commonwealth-Games-2010-preview.html |title=Commonwealth Games 2010: preview |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 | location=London| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003110547/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/commonwealthgames/8030068/Commonwealth-Games-2010-preview.html| archive-date= 3 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|GUY|2010|34}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/sports/08/22/goa-to-sponsor-42-member-contingent-to-commonwealth-games/ |title=GOA to sponsor 42 member contingent to Commonwealth Games |publisher=Stabroek News |date=22 August 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20100824020740/http://www.stabroeknews.com/2010/sports/08/22/goa-to-sponsor-42-member-contingent-to-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|IND|2010|495}} '''(host)'''
* {{flagCGF|IOM|2010|33}}<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>
* {{flagCGF|JAM|2010|48}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sport/JOA-makes-final-preparations-ahead-of-Commonwealth-Games_7982795 |title=JOA makes final preparations ahead of Commonwealth Games – Jamaica Sports & Athletics: Football, Track, Cricket, Netball & More |publisher=JamaicaObserver.com |date=21 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924150001/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/sport/JOA-makes-final-preparations-ahead-of-Commonwealth-Games_7982795 |archive-date=24 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|JER|2010|33}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/8839500.stm |work=BBC News | title=Jersey name Games team for Delhi | date=20 July 2010| access-date=14 January 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202145538/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/front_page/8839500.stm| archive-date= 2 December 2010| url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|KEN|2010|136}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/news/Kenyan-hopes-high-for-Delhi-despite-no-shows/articleshow/6648805.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Kenyan hopes high for Delhi despite no shows |date=27 September 2010 |access-date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521062129/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games-2010/news/Kenyan-hopes-high-for-Delhi-despite-no-shows/articleshow/6648805.cms |archive-date=21 May 2013 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|KIR|2010|17}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=KIR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127130038/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=KIR |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 November 2024 |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|LES|2010|10}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lestimes.com/?p=4541 |title=Shame Games : Lesotho Times |publisher=Lestimes.com |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713201930/http://www.lestimes.com/?p=4541 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MAW|2010|43}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=MAW |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126173004/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=MAW |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 November 2024 |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MAS|2010|203}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.bettor.com/Malaysian-delegation-to-assess-situation-in-Delhi-a29260 |title=Malaysian delegation to assess situation in Delhi | Bettor.com |publisher=Blogs.bettor.com |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100927183825/http://blogs.bettor.com/Malaysian-delegation-to-assess-situation-in-Delhi-a29260 |archive-date=27 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MDV|2010|28}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=MDV |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MLT|2010|22}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Valhmor Camilleri |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20100904/sport/moc-with-a-contingent-of-22-for-new-delhi |title=MOC with a contingent of 22 for New Delhi |work=The Times|location=Malta |date=16 February 2006 |access-date=3 October 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MRI|2010|55}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=MRI |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MNT|2010|5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=MSR |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|MOZ|2010|10}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=MOZ |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NAM|2010|30}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/article.php?title=Namibia_sends_30_to_Delhi_Games&id=4968 |title=Southern Times – Namibia sends 30 to Delhi Games |publisher=Southerntimesafrica.com |access-date=3 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112815/http://www.southerntimesafrica.com/article.php?title=Namibia_sends_30_to_Delhi_Games&id=4968 |archive-date=16 July 2011 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NRU|2010|6}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lifting-weight-of-a-nation-s-expectations/Article1-606653.aspx |title=Lifting weight of a nation's expectations |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005020129/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Lifting-weight-of-a-nation-s-expectations/Article1-606653.aspx |archive-date=5 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NZL|2010|192}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org.nz/nzoc/news/late-addition-cycling-team |title=Late Addition to the Cycling Team |publisher=Olympic.org.nz |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611115528/http://www.olympic.org.nz/nzoc/news/late-addition-cycling-team |archive-date=11 June 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NGR|2010|101}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/sports/10834-commonwealth-games-nigerias-athletes-officials-leave-for-china |title=Commonwealth Games: Nigeria's athletes, officials leave for China |publisher=Tribune.com.ng |date=9 September 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724144216/http://tribune.com.ng/index.php/sports/10834-commonwealth-games-nigerias-athletes-officials-leave-for-china |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NIU|2010|24}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2010/September/09-15-16.htm |title=NIUE TO JOIN COMMONWEALTH GAMES IN INDIA |date=15 September 2010 |publisher=Pidp.eastwestcenter.org |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007083119/http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2010/September/09-15-16.htm |archive-date=7 October 2010 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NFI|2010|22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/index.php |title=Welcome to Norfolk Online |publisher=Norfolkonlinenews.com |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100910071029/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/index.php |archive-date=10 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|NIR|2010|80}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-dcal/news-dcal-october-2010/news-dcal-201010-mccausland-hails-achievements.htm |title=McCausland hails achievements of Commonwealth athletes |publisher=[[Northern Ireland Executive]] |access-date=20 December 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018151836/http://www.northernireland.gov.uk/news/news-dcal/news-dcal-october-2010/news-dcal-201010-mccausland-hails-achievements.htm |archive-date=18 October 2015 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|PAK|2010|54}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sport/07-pakistan-s-commonwealth-games-squad-departs-for-india-ha-10 |title=Sport | Pakistan's Commonwealth Games squad departs |work=Dawn |location=Pakistan |date=29 September 2010 |access-date=3 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101001235924/http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/sport/07-pakistan-s-commonwealth-games-squad-departs-for-india-ha-10 |archive-date=1 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|PNG|2010|79}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=PNG |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|RWA|2010|22}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201009300303.html |title=Rwanda: Team Moves into Games Village |publisher=allAfrica.com |access-date=3 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000226/http://allafrica.com/stories/201009300303.html| archive-date= 2 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SHN|2010|4}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=SHN |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SKN|2010|7}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=SKN |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|LCA|2010|13}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stluciastar.com/content/archives/15743/comment-page-1 |title=Thirteen for Commonwealth Games |publisher=St. Lucia STAR |access-date=3 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SVG|2010|14}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=SVG |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=3 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SAM|2010|53}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/top/news?slug=ap-samoa-team |title=Samoa team named for Commonwealth Games |publisher=Yahoo! |access-date=14 October 2010 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SCO|2010|191}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=79748 |title=South Asia Mail |access-date=7 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112134/http://www.southasiamail.com/news.php?id=79748 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SEY|2010|26}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=SEY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127112219/http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=SEY |url-status=usurped |archive-date=27 November 2024 |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SLE|2010|31}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=SLE |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SIN|2010|68}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Sport/Story/STIStory_582698.html |title=Team S'pore to go for Games |work=Straits Times |location=Singapore |date=24 September 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101009210946/http://www.straitstimes.com/BreakingNews/Sport/Story/STIStory_582698.html| archive-date= 9 October 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SOL|2010|12}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.solomonstarnews.com/sports/national/7817-team-solomon-announced-cwg |title=Team Solomon announced CWG |publisher=Solomonstarnews.com |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101018062326/http://www.solomonstarnews.com/sports/national/7817-team-solomon-announced-cwg |archive-date=18 October 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|RSA|2010|113}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sascoc.co.za/2010/07/team-sa-named-for-commonwealth-games/ |title=SA's Commonwealth team | SASCOC – Road to London 2012 |publisher=SASCOC |date=21 July 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723144310/http://www.sascoc.co.za/2010/07/team-sa-named-for-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=23 July 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SRI|2010|94}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.srilankaolympic.org/2010/09/19th-commonwealth-games-delhi-india-2/ |title=19th Commonwealth Games–Delhi, India {{!}} National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka |access-date=29 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412204342/http://www.srilankaolympic.org/2010/09/19th-commonwealth-games-delhi-india-2/ |archive-date=12 April 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|SWZ|2010|11}}<ref>[http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=16319] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209015101/http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=16319 |date=9 December 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|TAN|2010|40}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201009030266.html |title=Tanzania: Six Likely to Miss Out in Club Games Team |publisher=allAfrica.com |date=2 September 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100912084045/http://allafrica.com/stories/201009030266.html| archive-date= 12 September 2010 | url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|TKL|2010|1}}
* {{flagCGF|TON|2010|22}}<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games/top-stories/Tonga-to-send-22-athletes-to-Commonwealth-Games/articleshow/6328486.cms |title=Tonga to send 22 athletes to Commonwealth Games – Top Stories – Commonwealth Games – Events & Tournaments – Sports |work=The Times of India |date=18 August 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820045616/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/commonwealth-games/top-stories/Tonga-to-send-22-athletes-to-Commonwealth-Games/articleshow/6328486.cms |archive-date=20 August 2010 }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|TRI|2010|82}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Pouchet |first=Mark |url=http://www.trinidadexpress.com/sports/Daniel__Borel-Brown_on_Commonwealth_team-102199319.html |title=Daniel, Borel-Brown on Commonwealth team | Sports |work=Trinidad Express |date=3 September 2010 |access-date=7 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906115731/http://www.trinidadexpress.com/sports/Daniel__Borel-Brown_on_Commonwealth_team-102199319.html |archive-date=6 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|TCI|2010|8}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=TCA |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|TUV|2010|3}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.cwgdelhi2010.org/en/Participant.mvc/List?isRelay=False&isAnimal=False&lastNameStarts=&sportId=&countryId=TUV |title=Info System |publisher=Results.cwgdelhi2010.org |access-date=14 October 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|UGA|2010|65}}<ref>"Indians in Uganda Promise to Reward CWG Meddalists{{sic|hide=y}}." India News | Indian Business, Finance News | Sports: Cricket India | Bollywood, Tamil, Telugu Movies | Astrology, Indian Recipes. Indo-Asian News Service, 23 September 2010. Web. 25 September 2010. <[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811165950/http://www.sify.com/news/indians-in-uganda-promise-to-reward-cwg-meddalists-news-international-kjxsuccebdc.html] >.</ref>
* {{flagCGF|VAN|2010|14}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-3858-0-0-0&sID=39729&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=13350186&sectionID=39729 |title=Vanuatu Association of Sports And National Olympic Committee – VASANOC |publisher=SportingPulse |date=21 September 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110054856/http://www.sportingpulse.com/assoc_page.cgi?client=2-3858-0-0-0&sID=39729&&news_task=DETAIL&articleID=13350186&sectionID=39729 |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flagCGF|WAL|2010|175}}<ref name="telegraph.co.uk"/>
* {{flagCGF|ZAM|2010|22}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukzambians.co.uk/?p=4352 |title=22 Zambian Member squad to participate in 2010 Commonwealth games in Indi | UKZAMBIANS MAGAZINE, WEBSITE, VIDEOS, TV |publisher=Ukzambians.co.uk |date=21 September 2010 |access-date=14 October 2010 |archive-date=9 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109152625/http://ukzambians.co.uk/?p=4352 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{div col end}}
|}

=== Sports ===
There were events in 21 disciplines across 17 sports for the 2010 Commonwealth Games.
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Aquatic sports|Aquatics]] ({{detailslink|Aquatics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}})
** [[File:Diving pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Diving (sport)|Diving]]
** [[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Swimming (sport)|Swimming]]
** [[File:Synchronized swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Synchronised swimming]]
* {{GamesSport|Archery|Events=8}}
* {{GamesSport|Athletics|Events=46}}
* {{GamesSport|Badminton|Events=6}}
* {{GamesSport|Boxing|Events=10}}
* Cycling ({{detailslink|Cycling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}})
** [[File:Cycling (road) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Road bicycle racing|Road]]
** [[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Track cycling|Track]]
* Gymnastics ({{detailslink|Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}})
** [[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Artistic gymnastics]]
** [[File:Gymnastics (rhythmic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Rhythmic gymnastics]]
* {{GamesSport|Field hockey|Events=2}}
* {{GamesSport|Lawn bowls|Events=6}}
* {{GamesSport|Netball|Events=1}}
* {{GamesSport|Rugby sevens|Events=1}}
* {{GamesSport|Shooting|Events=44}}
* {{GamesSport|Squash|Events=5}}
* {{GamesSport|Table tennis|Events=7}}
* {{GamesSport|Tennis|Events=5}}
* {{GamesSport|Weightlifting|Events=15}}
* {{GamesSport|Wrestling|Events=21}}
{{div col end}}

[[Kabaddi]] was a demonstration sport at the Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/910987.cms|title=India wants kabaddi at Olympics|date=23 December 2006|work=The Times of India|access-date=15 November 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126020451/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/910987.cms|archive-date=26 January 2009}}</ref>

[[Triathlon]] was excluded from the games as there was no suitable location for the swimming stage.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-183090979.html|title=No Triathlon at Delhi Games|date=10 February 2007|newspaper=Isle of Man Newspapers|access-date=14 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510153132/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-183090979.html|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref> The organisers have also removed basketball, but included [[archery]], tennis and [[wrestling]]. [[Cricket]], although in strong demand, did not make a comeback as the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] were not keen on a [[Twenty20]] tournament, and the organisers did not want a [[one day tournament]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/234191.html|title=Cricket unlikely at 2010 Games|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515131804/http://content.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/234191.html|archive-date=15 May 2009|access-date=14 January 2011}}</ref>

===Calendar===
{| class=wikitable style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;position:relative;width:60%;"
|-
|style="width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;"|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony
|style="width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff;text-align:center;"|●||Event competitions
|style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00;text-align:center;"|'''1'''||Gold medal events
|style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;"|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony
|}

{| class=wikitable style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;width:75%;"
|-
!style="width:18%;" colspan=2|October
!style="width:4%;"|3 Sun
!style="width:4%;"|4 Mon
!style="width:4%;"|5 Tue
!style="width:4%;"|6 Wed
!style="width:4%;"|7 Thu
!style="width:4%;"|8 Fri
!style="width:4%;"|9 Sat
!style="width:4%;"|10 Sun
!style="width:4%;"|11 Mon
!style="width:4%;"|12 Tue
!style="width:4%;"|13 Wed
!style="width:4%;"|14 Thu
!style="width:6%;"|Events
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|Ceremonies|| style="background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;" |'''OC''' || || || || || || || || || || ||style="background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;" |'''CC'''||{{n/a}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Archery_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Archery]]
|
| style="background:#39f;"|●
| style="background:#39f;"|●
| style="background:#39f;"|●
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|2|Men's, Women's compound team}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|2|Men's, Women's recurve team}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|2|Men's, Women's compound individual}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|2|Men's, Women's recurve individual}}'''
|
|
|
|
|'''8'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|
|
|
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|2|Women's shot put (F32–34/52/53), Men's 5000 metres}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|7|Men's shot put (F32/34/52), Women's hammer throw, Men's shot put, Women's 100 metres (T37), Women's 100 metres, Men's 100 metres (T46), Men's 100 metres}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|8|Women's 1500 metres (T54), Men's 110 metres hurdles, Women's triple jump, Women's 400 metres, Women's 1500 metres, Men's hammer throw, Men's decathlon, Women's 10,000 metres}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|9|Men's 20 kilometres walk, Women's 20 kilometres walk, Women's shot put, Men's high jump, Men's long jump, Women's 3000 metres steeplechase, Women's javelin throw, Men's 400 metres, Women's heptathlon}}'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''8'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''7'''
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''9'''
|
| style="background:#fc0;"|'''{{abbr|2|Men's marathon, Women's marathon}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''52'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Badminton_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Badminton at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Badminton]]
|
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''1'''
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''6'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Boxing_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Boxing at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]
|
|
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|
|style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''10'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''10'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2| [[Cycling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Cycling]] ||style="text-align:left;|[[File:Cycling (road)_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] Road cycling
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''2'''
|
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''2'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''4'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
|style="text-align:left;|[[File:Cycling (track)_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] Track cycling
|
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''3'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''14'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Diving_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Aquatics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Diving]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''10'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" rowspan=2| [[Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics]] ||style="text-align:left;|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic)_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] Artistic
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''1'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''5'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"|'''5'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''14'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;|[[File:Gymnastics (rhythmic)_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] Rhythmic
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''6'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Hockey_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Hockey at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Hockey]]
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''2'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Lawn bowls_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Lawn bowls]]
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''6'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Netball_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Netball at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''1'''
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Rugby sevens pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Rugby sevens at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Rugby sevens]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''1'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''1'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Shooting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Shooting]]
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''3'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''4'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''6'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''36'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Squash pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''2'''
|
|
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#39f; text-align:center;"| ●
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''3'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''5'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Swimming_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Aquatics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]
|
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''9'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''5'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''11'''
| style="background:#fc0; text-align:center;"| '''9'''
|
|
|
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|'''44'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Synchronized_swimming_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Synchronised swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Synchronised swimming]]
|
|
|
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|'''2'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Table tennis_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Table tennis]]
|
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#fc0;|'''1'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''1'''
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#fc0;|'''1'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''3'''
|'''8'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Tennis_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Tennis]]
|
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#39f;"|●
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''3'''
|
|
|
|
|'''5'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Weightlifting_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]
|
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''1'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''2'''
|
|
|'''17'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=2|[[File:Wrestling_pictogram.svg|20px|alt=|link=]] [[Wrestling at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Wrestling]]
|
|
|style="background:#fc0;|'''3'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''4'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''4'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''3'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''3'''
|style="background:#fc0;|'''4'''
|
|
|
|
|'''21'''
|-
! colspan=2|Daily medal events
!
! 8
! 18
! 27
! 35
! 43
! 32
! 29
! 14
! 21
! 29
! 16
!rowspan=2| 272
|-
! colspan=2|Cumulative total
!
! 8
! 26
! 53
! 88
! 131
! 163
! 192
! 206
! 227
! 256
! 272
|-
!style="width:18%;" colspan=2|October
!style="width:4%;"|3 Sun
!style="width:4%;"|4 Mon
!style="width:4%;"|5 Tue
!style="width:4%;"|6 Wed
!style="width:4%;"|7 Thu
!style="width:4%;"|8 Fri
!style="width:4%;"|9 Sat
!style="width:4%;"|10 Sun
!style="width:4%;"|11 Mon
!style="width:4%;"|12 Tue
!style="width:4%;"|13 Wed
!style="width:4%;"|14 Thu
!style="width:6%;"|Events
{{S-end}}

=== Medal table ===
[[File:2010 CWG Badminton Mixed team.JPG|thumb|Medalists of the Badminton mixed team competition at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. From left: India (silver), Malaysia (gold), and England (bronze).]]
[[File:2010 CWG 10 metre air pistol pairs women.png|thumb|Medalists of the 10-metre air pistol pairs women at the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi. From left: Dina Aspandiyarova, Pamela McKenzie, Heena Sidhu, Annu Raj Singh, Dorothy Ludwig, and Lynda Hare.]]
{{Main|2010 Commonwealth Games medal table}}

Only the top ten nations by medal rank are shown in this medal table. Nations are ranked first by count of gold medals, then silver medals, then bronze medals.
{{:2010 Commonwealth Games medal table}}

===Podium sweeps===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Date
!Sport
!Event
!Team
!Gold
!Silver
!Bronze
|-
|6 October
|[[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]
|[[Swimming at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 200 metre breaststroke|Women's 200 metre breaststroke]]
|{{flagCGF|AUS|2010}}
|[[Leisel Jones]]
|[[Tessa Wallace]]
|[[Sarah Katsoulis]]
|-
|6 October
|[[Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Gymnastics]]
|[[Gymnastics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's artistic individual all-around|Women's artistic individual all-around]]
|{{flagCGF|AUS|2010}}
|[[Lauren Mitchell]]
|[[Emily Little]]
|[[Georgia Bonora]]
|-
|8 October
|[[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Squash]]
|[[Squash at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's singles|Men's singles]]
|{{flagCGF|ENG|2010}}
|[[Nick Matthew]]
|[[James Willstrop]]
|[[Peter Barker (squash player)|Peter Barker]]
|-
|8 October
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 110 metres hurdles|Men's 110 metres hurdles]]
|{{flagCGF|ENG|2010}}
|[[Andy Turner (athlete)|Andy Turner]]
|[[William Sharman]]
|[[Lawrence Clarke (hurdler)|Lawrence Clarke]]
|-
|9 October
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 3000 metres steeplechase|Women's 3000 metres steeplechase]]
|{{flagCGF|KEN|2010}}
|[[Milcah Chemos Cheywa]]
|[[Mercy Wanjiku|Mercy Wanjiru Njoroge]]
|[[Gladys Kipkemoi|Gladys Jerotich Kipkemoi]]
|-
|10 October
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 800 metres|Men's 800 metres]]
|{{flagCGF|KEN|2010}}
|[[Boaz Lalang]]
|Richard Kiplagat
|Abraham Kiplagat
|-
|11 October
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's 3000 metres steeplechase|Men's 3000 metres steeplechase]]
|{{flagCGF|KEN|2010}}
|[[Richard Mateelong]]
|[[Ezekiel Cheboi]]
|[[Brimin Kipruto]]
|-
|11 October
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's discus throw|Women's discus throw]]
|{{flagCGF|IND|2010}}
|[[Krishna Poonia]]
|[[Harwant Kaur]]
|[[Seema Antil]]
|-
|12 October
|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Powerlifting]]
|[[Powerlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's Open bench press|Women's Open bench press]]
|{{flagCGF|NGR|2010}}
|[[Esther Oyema]]
|Ganiyatu Onaolapo
|Osamwenyobor Araspmwan
|-
|12 October
|[[Weightlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Powerlifting]]
|[[Powerlifting at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Men's Open bench press|Men's Open bench press]]
|{{flagCGF|NGR|2010}}
|[[Yakubu Adesokan]]
|[[Anthony Ulonnam]]
|[[Ikechukwu Obichukwu]]
|-
|12 October
|[[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Table tennis]]
|[[Table tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's singles|Women's singles]]
|{{flagCGF|SGP|2010}}
|[[Feng Tianwei]]
|[[Yu Mengyu]]
|[[Wang Yuegu]]
|-
|12 October
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]
|[[Athletics at the 2010 Commonwealth Games – Women's 5000 metres|Women's 5000 metres]]
|{{flagCGF|KEN|2010}}
|[[Vivian Cheruiyot]]
|[[Sylvia Kibet]]
|[[Ines Chenonge]]
|}

== Broadcasting ==
The host broadcast activities were provided by SIS Live, the production house,<ref>{{cite web|title=Host Broadcasting Services |url=http://www.sislive.tv/outside-broadcasts-host-broadcast.php |work=SIS Live |publisher=Sislive.tv |access-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517172445/http://www.sislive.tv/outside-broadcasts-host-broadcast.php |archive-date=17 May 2013 }}</ref> in partnership with [[Prasar Bharati]], the host broadcaster, which includes [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Prasar Bharti appoints SIS as production house for Delhi2010|url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/prasar_bharti_appoints_sis_production_house_delhi2010|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Delhi 2010|date=25 October 2009}}</ref>

In [[New Zealand]], the rights were first won by [[Television New Zealand|TVNZ]].<ref>{{cite news|title=TVNZ Wins Delhi Commonwealth Games Rights|url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/CU0801/S00145.htm|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Scoop|date=18 January 2008|author=Television New Zealand}}</ref> In September 2009, it was reported that TVNZ were seeking to offload the rights to [[SKY TV (New Zealand)|SKY TV]] to avoid a NZ$5 million loss in the event,<ref>{{cite news|title=TVNZ seeking to offload Commonwealth Games coverage|url=http://www.geekzone.co.nz/ockel/6807|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=23 September 2009}}</ref> and the deal was confirmed in January 2010, backed by the country's government.<ref name="New Zealand">{{cite news|title=TVNZ sells 2010 Commonwealth Games rights to Sky|url=http://www.insidethegames.biz/714-news/latest-news/8677-tvnz-sells-2010-commonwealth-games-rights-to-sky|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Inside the Games|date=5 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt backs TVNZ decision not to show Games|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10599222|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=24 September 2009}}</ref> Although Sky is a [[pay television]] broadcaster, they still promised that the coverage would be broadcast [[free-to-air]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Nick|title=Commonwealth Games TV would be free – Sky|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10599068|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=The New Zealand Herald|date=23 September 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Territory
!Broadcaster
!Ref
|-
|{{noflag}}[[Asia]]
|[[Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union|APBU]]
|<ref name=coverage/>
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[Network Ten]]
*[[Foxtel]]
*[[ABC Local Radio]]
}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Foxtel Secures Australian Broadcast Rights to Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games|url=http://www.foxtel.com.au/about-foxtel/communications/foxtel-secure-australian-broadcast-rights-to-delhi-2010-comm-2453.htm|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Foxtel|date=16 January 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Australian Commonwealth Games Team Handbook 3-14 October |url=http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/templates/Games_PastGames_Delhi2010_TeamHandbook.pdf |work=Australian Commonwealth Games Association Inc. |publisher=Commonwealthgames.org |access-date=14 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503195215/http://www.commonwealthgames.org.au/templates/Games_PastGames_Delhi2010_TeamHandbook.pdf |archive-date= 3 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Canada}}
|[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Canada to telecast 2010 Commonwealth Games live|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/others/canada-to-telecast-2010-commonwealth-games-live_619259.html|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=15 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{noflag}}[[Caribbean]]
|[[Caribbean Media Corporation|CMC]]
|<ref name=coverage/>
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|[[Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|CyBC]]
|<ref name=coverage>{{cite news|title=High definition coverage for Commonwealth Games|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/sports/high-definition-coverage-for-commonwealth-games_100418153.html|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=ThaIndian News|date=26 August 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{noflag}}[[Europe]]
|[[EBU]]
|
|-
|{{flag|India}}
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[All India Radio]]
*[[Doordarshan]]
}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Asiad coloured Indian TV, now CWG to spur HDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/topic/doordarshan-to-telecast-commonwealth-games-in-high-definition-hdtv|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[Radio Televisyen Malaysia|RTM]]
*[[Astro (Malaysian satellite television)|Astro]]
}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=RTM plays host to FIFA World Cup|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/146225|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=The Sun Daily|date=10 February 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Astro Adds Seven Channels For Commonwealth Games|url=http://www.mediaresearchasia.com/view.php?type=press&id=1155|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Media Research Asia|date=1 October 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Namibia}}
|[[Namibian Broadcasting Corporation|nbc]]
|<ref name=coverage/>
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[SKY TV (New Zealand)|SKY TV]]
*[[Prime (New Zealand)|Prime]]
}}
|<ref name="New Zealand"/>
|-
|{{flag|Nigeria}}
|[[Broadcasting Organisation of Nigeria|BON]]
|<ref name=coverage/>
|-
|{{noflag}}[[Pacific Islands]]
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[SKY TV (New Zealand)|SKY TV]]
*[[Prime (New Zealand)|Prime]]
}}
|<ref name="New Zealand"/>
|-
|{{flag|Papua New Guinea}}
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[SKY TV (New Zealand)|SKY TV]]
*[[Prime (New Zealand)|Prime]]
}}
|<ref name="New Zealand"/>
|-
|{{flag|Seychelles}}
|[[Seychelles Broadcasting Corporation|SBC]]
|<ref name=coverage/>
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|[[MediaCorp]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=MediaCorp TV to broadcast "live" key events of Commonwealth Games|url=http://news.xin.msn.com/en/singapore/article.aspx?cp-documentid=4363443|access-date=14 April 2013|publisher=Channel NewsAsia|date=28 September 2010}}{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|South Africa}}
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[South African Broadcasting Corporation|SABC]]
*[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]
}}
|<ref name=coverage/><ref name=SuperSport/>
|-
|{{noflag}}[[Sub-Saharan Africa]]
|{{flatlist|1=
*[[South African Broadcasting Corporation|SABC]]
*[[SuperSport (South African broadcaster)|SuperSport]]
}}
|<ref name=coverage/><ref name=SuperSport>{{cite news|title=SuperSport Outlines Delhi Coverage|url=http://www.sportindustry.co.za/news/view/2344/supersport-outlines-delhi-coverage|access-date=14 April 2013|newspaper=Sport Induatry Group South Africa|date=27 September 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Tanzania}}
|[[Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation|TBC]]
|<ref name=coverage/>
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|[[BBC]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=BBC to broadcast 2010 Commonwealth Games from Delhi|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/8639753.stm|access-date=14 April 2013|publisher=BBC Sport|date=23 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
|{{flag|United States}}
|Video Sound Inc.
|<ref name=coverage/>
|}

==Marketing==
===Motto===

The official motto for the 2010 Commonwealth Games was "Come out and play". It was chosen to represent the invitation of the athletes from the Commonwealth member countries to participate in the games and achieve success as well as the call of the Indian people to support their country's hosting of the games.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/games_look|title=The Games 'look' {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|website=d2010.thecgf.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403174734/http://d2010.thecgf.com/games_look|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Logo===

The logo of the 2010 Commonwealth Games is an image of Chakra, India's national symbol of freedom, unity, power and progress. The silhouette of the figures spiralling upwards from the Chakra, represents the growth of India into a vibrant nation and the games motto, Come out and play. The logo consists of six colours which are green, red, yellow, blue, purple and pink. Green represents life, energy, high spirits, the 2010 games as a green games and determination in overcoming challenges, purple represents reassurance, mystery and excitement, red represents unity, yellow represents destiny, blue represents equality while pink represents luxury and surprise.<ref name=":0" />

===Mascot===
[[File:Shera, the Mascot of the Commonwealth Games Delhi 2010 takes a pleasant ride in the Dal Lake of the Srinagar, in Jammu and Kashmir on June 29, 2010.jpg|thumb|Shera, mascot of the Commonwealth Games in Delhi taking a ride on [[Dal Lake]] in Srinagar.]]
The official mascot for the 2010 Commonwealth Games was ''Shera'', an [[anthropomorphic|anthropomorphised]] tiger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/shera-is-2010-cwealth-games-mascot/145419/|title=Shera—the friendly tiger will be the mascot for the 2010 Commonwealth Games, ''The Financial Express'', 9 March 2006|access-date=5 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715171610/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/Shera-is-2010-Cwealth-Games-mascot/145419|archive-date=15 July 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> His name comes from "Sher", a [[Hindi]] word meaning tiger (Hindi "Bagh" means tiger, however, Sher can be colloquially used for both lion and tiger). Shera is described as being the older brother of Jigrr, the mascot of the [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]]. The logo and the look for the games were designed by Idiom Design and Consulting. There is one song for Shera also composed by the popular composer of India the song contains initiative "Shera Shera"<ref>[http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2008/newsfullstory.php?id=1199878113 Idiom designs logo for Commonwealth Games] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620202248/http://www.televisionpoint.com/news2008/newsfullstory.php?id=1199878113|date=20 June 2008}}. Television Point (9 January 2008). Retrieved 31 March 2010.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/shera_mascot|title=Shera - The Mascot - XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|website=d2010.thecgf.com|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180403174053/http://d2010.thecgf.com/shera_mascot|archive-date=3 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sponsors ===
[[File:The Chairman of Organising Committee, Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi, Shri Suresh Kalmadi and MD & CEO, Hero Honda.jpg|thumb|[[Suresh Kalmadi]], Chairman of Organising Committee of 2010 Commonwealth Games and Mr. [[Pawan Munjal]], MD & CEO of [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Honda]] signing an MoU on the major private sector partner for the Games]]
[[Indian Railways]] served as the lead partner of the 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/24/budget-2010-railways-lead-partner-for-commonwealth-games.htm|title=Railways to be lead partner for Commonwealth Games|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427122008/http://business.rediff.com/report/2010/feb/24/budget-2010-railways-lead-partner-for-commonwealth-games.htm|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Central Bank of India]], [[Air India]] and [[NTPC Limited]] served as the official partners for banking,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/.central-bank-of-india-is-official-banking-partner-to-delhi-2010-commonwealth-games-4767176568_1.html|title=.Central Bank of India is Official Banking Partner to Delhi 2010 Commonwealth Games|last=indiainfoline.com|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427183722/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/.central-bank-of-india-is-official-banking-partner-to-delhi-2010-commonwealth-games-4767176568_1.html|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> airline<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/TazhtNzOFSVTwBlyXa5zDJ/Air-India-to-be-official-carrier-of-Commonwealth-Games.html|title=Air India to be official carrier of Commonwealth Games - Livemint|website=livemint.com|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120936/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/TazhtNzOFSVTwBlyXa5zDJ/Air-India-to-be-official-carrier-of-Commonwealth-Games.html|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and power<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/media/press-releases/details/organising-committee-commonwealth-games-2010-delhi-ntpc-limited-form-partnership-games|title=Press Releases {{!}} NTPC {{!}} Organising Committee Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi & NTPC Limited form partnership for the games|website=ntpc.co.in|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427121020/http://www.ntpc.co.in/en/media/press-releases/details/organising-committee-commonwealth-games-2010-delhi-ntpc-limited-form-partnership-games|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> respectively. [[Hero Honda]] was the official motorcycle partner as well as the presenting partner of the [[Queen's Baton Relay#Delhi 2010|Queen's Baton Relay]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-hero-honda-to-be-official-partner-for-2010-commonwealth-games-1322735|title=Hero Honda to be official partner for 2010 Commonwealth Games {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=11 December 2009|work=dna|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427122932/http://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-hero-honda-to-be-official-partner-for-2010-commonwealth-games-1322735|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=CAP/2010/11/05&ID=Ar04201|title=HERO HONDA'S 'PASSION' FOR THE GAMES!|website=epaper.timesofindia.com|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120517/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_TOINEW&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=CAP%2F2010%2F11%2F05&ID=Ar04201|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/delhi_2010_sponsorship_family_recognition_page|title=Delhi 2010 Sponsorship Family Recognition Page {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|website=d2010.thecgf.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120336/http://d2010.thecgf.com/delhi_2010_sponsorship_family_recognition_page|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tata Motors]] served as the vehicle transport sponsor by providing vehicles and its maintenance services during the Queen's Baton Relay.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-provides-complete-transport-solution-to-queens-baton-relay-2010-delhi/|title=Tata Motors provides complete Transport Solution to Queen's Baton Relay 2010 Delhi|work=Tata Motors Limited|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428011621/https://www.tatamotors.com/press/tata-motors-provides-complete-transport-solution-to-queens-baton-relay-2010-delhi/|archive-date=28 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news-sector-automobiles-ancillaries/cwg-delhi-2010-signs-mou-with-tata-motors-for-commonwealth-games-113101402432_1.html|title=CWG Delhi 2010 signs MoU with Tata Motors for Commonwealth Games|last=indiainfoline.com|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807032659/https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/print/news-sector-automobiles-ancillaries/cwg-delhi-2010-signs-mou-with-tata-motors-for-commonwealth-games-113101402432_1.html|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Swiss watchmaker [[Tissot]] was the official timekeeper sponsor of the games.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-cwg-will-increase-brand-awareness-for-tissot-1453274|title='CWG will increase brand awareness for Tissot' {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=16 October 2010|work=dna|access-date=2018-04-27|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427123358/http://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-cwg-will-increase-brand-awareness-for-tissot-1453274|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable collapsible " style="float:center; margin:10px;"
|-
! Sponsors of the 2010 Commonwealth Games<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://d2010.thecgf.com/delhi_2010_sponsorship_family_recognition_page_0|title=Delhi 2010 Sponsorship Family Recognition Page {{!}} XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|website=d2010.thecgf.com|language=en|access-date=2018-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180427120325/http://d2010.thecgf.com/delhi_2010_sponsorship_family_recognition_page_0|archive-date=27 April 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Lead Partner
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Indian Railways]]
{{div col end}}
|-
| Partners
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Central Bank of India]]
* [[Air India]]
* [[NTPC Limited]]
* [[Hero Honda]]
{{div col end}}
|-
| Sponsors
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Tissot]]
* [[Tata Motors]]
{{div col end}}
|-
| Co-Sponsors
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Coca-Cola]]
* [[Amity University, Noida]]
* [[Reebok]]
* [[Agility Logistics]]
{{div col end}}
|}

=== Official song ===
{{Main|Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto}}
The official song of the 2010 Commonwealth Games "[[Jiyo Utho Badho Jeeto]]" was composed and performed by the Indian musician [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20100829/1252/tsp-jiyo-utho-badho-jeeto.html|title=Jiyo, Utho, Bado, Jeeto...|access-date=29 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20100902181202/http://in.news.yahoo.com/48/20100829/1252/tsp-jiyo-utho-badho-jeeto.html|archive-date=2 September 2010|publisher=Yahoo!}}</ref> The song's title is based on the slogan of the games, "Come out and play". The song was written by [[Mehboob Kotwal|Mehboob]] in Hindi with a sprinkling of English words. It was released on 28 August 2010. The music video, directed by [[Bharath Bala]] was released on 23 September and featured a shorter version of the song. A. R. Rahman also gave a live concert for the theme song in Gurgaon, Haryana, which was previewed on various news channels. The official video of the song has been released on YouTube. However this song was not much appreciated by the people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ar-rahman-s-commonwealth-games-song-flops-but-he-won-t-redo-it_1436560|title=AR Rahman's Commonwealth Games song flops, but he won't redo it – Sport – DNA|date=11 September 2010|work=Daily News and Analysis|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508091617/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_ar-rahman-s-commonwealth-games-song-flops-but-he-won-t-redo-it_1436560|archive-date=8 May 2012|access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> as it was being compared with [[2010 FIFA World Cup]] South Africa's official song [[Waka Waka (This Time for Africa)]] of [[Shakira]].

==Concerns and controversies==
{{Main|Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}

Several concerns were raised over the preparations of the Games and these included excessive [[cost overrun|budget overruns]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/sports/commonwealth-games-2010-the-ballooning-budget-19366.php|title=Commonwealth Games 2010: The ballooning budget|date=7 April 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|publisher=NDTV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229023602/http://www.ndtv.com/news/sports/commonwealth-games-2010-the-ballooning-budget-19366.php|archive-date=29 December 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> likelihood of floods in Delhi due to heavy [[monsoon]] rains, infrastructural compromise, poor living conditions at the [[2010 Commonwealth Games Village|Games Village]], delays in construction of the [[Venues of the 2010 Commonwealth Games|main Games' venues]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9028263.stm|title=Commonwealth Games 2010: England urge more Delhi work|date=24 September 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924044207/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9028263.stm|archive-date=24 September 2010|url-status=live|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9029049.stm|title=Australia say India should not host Commonwealth Games|date=24 September 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926213230/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/9029049.stm|archive-date=26 September 2010|url-status=live|work=BBC News}}</ref> the withdrawal of prominent athletes,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/8825573.stm|title=Geraint Thomas pulls out of Commonwealth Games in Delhi|date=24 September 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924044456/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/commonwealth_games/delhi_2010/8825573.stm|archive-date=24 September 2010|url-status=live|work=BBC News}}</ref> widespread corruption by officials of the Games' Organising Committee<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-22/delhi-faces-filth-security-fears-bridge-collapse-at-commonwealth-games.html|title=Bridge Collapse Adds Safety to Terror Fears Before Delhi Games|last=Rossingh|first=Danielle|date=22 September 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925214120/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-09-22/delhi-faces-filth-security-fears-bridge-collapse-at-commonwealth-games.html|archive-date=25 September 2010|url-status=live|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> and the possibility of a terrorist attack.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/world/delhi-on-terror-alert-for-commonwealth-games-closing-ceremony/story-e6frfkyi-1225938435194#ixzz2AtFO051J|title=Delhi on terror alert for Commonwealth Games closing ceremony|date=14 October 2010|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014135333/http://www.news.com.au/world/delhi-on-terror-alert-for-commonwealth-games-closing-ceremony/story-e6frfkyi-1225938435194|archive-date=14 October 2010|url-status=live|publisher=news.com.au}}</ref>

The negative pre-event publicity and heavy security presence played a part in low spectator attendance during the initial events. However the numbers picked up as the Games progressed.{{cn|date=April 2010}}

===Formation of investigation committee===
The day after the conclusion of the Games, the Indian Government announced the formation of a special committee to probe the allegations of corruption and mismanagement against the Organising Committee. The probe committee will be led by former [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] VK Shunglu. This probe will be in addition to the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], [[Enforcement Directorate]], and [[Central Vigilance Commission]] investigations already underway. The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh|Dr Manmohan Singh]] had promised in mid-August, when reports of the bungling first surfaced, that corrupt officials will be given "severe and exemplary" punishment after the Games. The probe committee is tasked with looking into "all aspects of organising and conducting" the Games, and "to draw lessons from it." It was given three months to submit its report, but the report was never publicly released.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CWG-Probe-panel-to-report-in-3-months/articleshow/6756414.cms|title=CWG: Probe panel to report in 3 months|date=16 October 2010|access-date=16 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065243/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-10-16/india/28259235_1_probe-panel-oc-bosses-alleged-misappropriation|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article832511.ece|title=Centre orders probe into CWG issues|last=Balaji|first=J.|date=16 October 2010|work=The Hindu|access-date=16 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017141103/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article832511.ece|archive-date=17 October 2010|url-status=live|location=India}}</ref> The [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Indian Sports Ministry]] directed the Organising Committee of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, to not release any staffer from their positions until the probe committee's work is finished.{{cn|date=April 2024}}

==Legacy==
One of the aims of hosting the Commonwealth Games was to build world-class athletics infrastructure within the country, expose audiences to top-level non-cricket competition and encourage the youth to "Come out and play" (the official theme of the games).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cwgdelhi2010.org/come_out_and_play|title=Come Out and Play | XIX Commonwealth Games 2010 Delhi|publisher=Cwgdelhi2010.org|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214162005/http://cwgdelhi2010.org/come_out_and_play|archive-date=14 December 2010|access-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Building a sporting culture that looks beyond cricket is seen as an important task for a country which won its first ever [[India at the 2008 Summer Olympics|individual Olympic gold medal]] in [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing 2008]], despite having the world's second-largest population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/gordonfarquhar/2010/10/sporting_legacy_for_india.html|title=Will India take next steps to secure sporting legacy?|date=14 October 2010|access-date=14 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125061611/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/gordonfarquhar/2010/10/sporting_legacy_for_india.html|archive-date=25 January 2011|publisher=BBC}}</ref>

[[Sebastian Coe]], former Olympic gold medalist and chairman of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] [[London Organising Committee for the Olympic Games|Organising Committee]], was at the stadium during the 4 × 400 metre women's relay and described the audience's cheers for the racers as "potentially the moment that could change the course of athletics in Asia, the moment that could inspire thousands of people who'd never even seen an athletics track before to get involved... To build a truly global capacity in sport, you have to take it round the world – out of your own backyard. That means taking risks and facing challenges, but it has to be done."

The country will again stage the Commonwealth Games in [[2030 Commonwealth Games|2030]], this time held in [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/jamespearce/2010/10/did_delhi_live_up_to_expectati.html|title=Did Delhi live up to expectations?|last=Pearce|first=James|date=14 October 2010|publisher=BBC|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222093345/http://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/jamespearce/2010/10/did_delhi_live_up_to_expectati.html|archive-date=22 December 2011|access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2030 Commonwealth Games]], also to be celebrated in India
* Commonwealth Youth Games celebrated in India
** [[2008 Commonwealth Youth Games]] – Pune
* Asian Games celebrated in India
** [[1951 Asian Games]] – Delhi
** [[1982 Asian Games]] – Delhi

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.commonwealthsport.com/commonwealth-games/delhi-2010 "Delhi 2010"]. ''Commonwealthsport.com''. Commonwealth Sport.
* [https://thecgf.com/results/games/3046 "Results and Medalists—2010 Commonwealth Games"]. ''Thecgf.com''. Commonwealth Games Federation.
* [https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/D2010-Post-Games-Report.pdf "Post Games Report—2010 Commonwealth Games"]. ''Thecgf.com''. Commonwealth Games Federation.
* [http://d2010.thecgf.com/ "Official Website"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809001807/http://d2010.thecgf.com/ |date=9 August 2011 }}. ''D2010.thecgf.com''. Delhi 2010
{{Sequence
| prev=[[2006 Commonwealth Games|Melbourne]]
| list= ''[[Commonwealth Games]]'' '''Delhi''' XIX Commonwealth Games
| next=[[2014 Commonwealth Games|Glasgow]]
}}
{{Commonwealth Games years}}
{{Commonwealth Games Associations at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
{{Commonwealth Games Medal Counts}}
{{Commonwealth Games results}}
{{Sports at the 2010 Commonwealth Games}}
{{Portal bar|Sports|India}}

[[Category:2010 Commonwealth Games| ]]
[[Category:2010 in Indian sport|Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2010 in multi-sport events|Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Delhi|Commonwealth Games 2010]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India|Commonwealth Games 2010]]
[[Category:2010s in Delhi]]
[[Category:Multi-sport events in India]]
[[Category:October 2010 sports events in India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games in India]]

Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi

2026-01-31T21:04:35Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting A Pg V1!

{{Short description|Diplomatic mission in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
| name = Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi
| image = Coat of arms of Sweden.svg
| image_size = 100px
| caption =
| image_caption =
| location =
| address = 4-5 Nyaya Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]] 110021
| coord = {{coord|28.59435|N|77.18494|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates =
| opened = 1949
| closing =
| closing_date =
| ambassador = [[Jan Thesleff]]
| jurisdiction = {{IND}} {{BHU}} {{NEP}} {{MDV}} {{LKA}}
| chargé_d'affaires =
| website = {{Official website|https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-new-delhi/}}
}}

The '''Embassy of Sweden in New Delhi''' is [[List of diplomatic missions of Sweden|Sweden's diplomatic mission]] in [[India]]. The embassy is headed by the ambassador of Sweden to India. The embassy is situated in [[Chanakyapuri]], the diplomatic enclave of New Delhi, where most of the embassies in India are located. The Swedish embassy is responsible for the honorary consulates in India, located in [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]], and the Swedish consulate general in [[Mumbai]]. The ambassador of New Delhi is also accredited to Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives.<ref name="embassypage">{{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-new-delhi/about-us/ |publisher=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |title=About us |accessdate=4 May 2023}}</ref>

==History==
A Swedish [[legation]] in New Delhi was established in early 1949. The tasks that previously rested with the former [[Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai|Consulate General in Bombay]] were taken over by the legation.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1949-01-20/SVNY/4 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Beskickningen i New Delhi |trans-title=The mission in New Delhi |page=4A |date=1949-01-20 |access-date=22 August 2023 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The legation was then located at the Cecil Hôtel in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/64333/1/gupea_2077_64333_1.pdf |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1949 |year=1949 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Uppsala |language=sv |page=277}}</ref> From 1950, it was located at 11 Ratendone Road (later renamed Amrita Shergil Marg) in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/statskal/1950/0282.html |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1950 |year=1950 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Stockholm |language=sv |page=282}}</ref> In August 1956, an agreement was reached between the Swedish and Indian governments on the mutual elevation of the respective countries' legations to embassies. In connection with this, the then envoy Mrs. [[Alva Myrdal]] was appointed Sweden's ambassador in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.svd.se/arkiv/1956-08-21/SVNY/7 |newspaper=[[Svenska Dagbladet]] |title=Tre nya ambassadörer |page=A7 |date=1956-08-21 |access-date=13 November 2023 |language=sv |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

In 1956, the mission was still located at 11 Ratendone Road and the [[Chancery (diplomacy)|chancery]] was located at 27 [[Prithviraj Road]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/64334/1/gupea_2077_64334_1.pdf |title=Sveriges statskalender för skottåret 1956 |year=1956 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Stockholm |language=sv |page=317}}</ref> In 1957, the mission was located at 22 Hardinge Avenue and the chancery was still located at 27 Prithviraj Road.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/64222/1/gupea_2077_64222_1.pdf |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1957 |year=1957 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Stockholm |language=sv |page=292}}</ref> From 1 June 1959, the address was [[Chanakyapuri|Diplomatic Enclave]], New Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/64194/1/gupea_2077_64194_1.pdf |title=Sveriges statskalender för året 1959 |year=1959 |publisher=Fritzes offentliga publikationer |location=Stockholm |language=sv |page=300}}</ref>

The current embassy building was inaugurated in November 1959 in the presence of the then Prime Minister of India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="embassypage" /> The embassy building was designed by Swedish architects [[Sune Lindström]] and {{ill|Jöran Curman|sv}}.<ref name="embassypage"/> The 40,000 square meters of greenspace surrounding the embassy was landscaped by [[Walter Bauer]]. Once the embassy building, including the ambassador's residence reception rooms, staff housing and recreational areas were completed, it was formally handed over to the first Swedish ambassador [[Alva Myrdal]]. The Swedish organization [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency|SIDA]] moved into a new extension in the embassy area in 1988–89. The [[National Property Board of Sweden]] replaced the windows and doors in the accommodation buildings in 2005-06. In 2009, the [[Swedish Trade Council]] got new, larger offices and separate entrance in the embassy area.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfv.se/en/fastigheter/utrikes/asien/new-delhi-india-embassy-compound/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330171903/https://www.sfv.se/en/fastigheter/utrikes/asien/new-delhi-india-embassy-compound/ |publisher=[[National Property Board of Sweden]] |title=New Delhi, India. Embassy compound |access-date=6 September 2018 |archive-date=30 March 2018}}</ref>

==Staff and tasks==

===Staff===
{{Further|List of ambassadors of Sweden to India}}

Around 40 employees work at the Swedish Embassy in New Delhi. The ambassador is [[Dual accreditation|also accredited]] to the [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Bhutan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/sv/utlandsmyndigheter/indien-new-delhi/om-oss/personal/ |publisher=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |title=Ambassadens personal |trans-title=Embassy staff |date=7 April 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |language=sv}}</ref>

===Tasks===
The work at the embassy is carried out across six different sections: the Political Section, Economic Section, Administrative and Consular Section, Migration Section, Office of Innovation and Science, and the Defence Attaché's Office.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-new-delhi/about-us/embassy-staff/ |publisher=Embassy of Sweden, New Delhi |title=Embassy Staff |date=21 August 2023 |access-date=22 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[India–Sweden relations]]
*[[Consulate General of Sweden, Mumbai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

*{{Official website|https://www.swedenabroad.se/en/embassies/india-new-delhi/}} {{lang in|en|sv}}

{{Diplomatic missions of Sweden}}
{{Diplomatic missions in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Diplomatic missions of Sweden|New Delhi]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in New Delhi|Sweden]]
[[Category:India–Sweden relations]]

Deewani

2026-01-30T11:36:09Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting New Info Needs Work!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Long plot|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Deewani TV series poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Abhishek Sharma
| story = {{unbulleted list|Pearl Grey|Divya Nayyar|Lakshmi Jaykumar|}}
| screenplay = Gautham Hegde
| director = {{unbulleted list|Amit D. Malik|Devendra Pandey}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Aditi Sanwal]]| Nitin Goswami| Sehrish Ali}}
| theme_music_composer =
| composer = Prakash Jaykawad
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 234
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Shyamsheesh Bhattacharya|Nilima Vajpayee}}
| cinematography = Pradeep M Gupta
| editor = {{unbulleted list|Afzal Khan|Mithilesh}}
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22-24 minutes
| company = Shakuntalam Telefilms
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|03|18}}
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2024|12|14}}
}}
'''''Deewani''''' ({{translation|Crazy lover}})<ref>{{Cite web|title=दंगल टीवी पर नया धारावाहिक 'दीवानी'|url=https://kolkatahindinews.com/new-serial-deewani-on-dangal-tv/|work=Kolkatahindinews|date=19 March 2024|accessdate=19 March 2024|archive-date=2 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201529/https://kolkatahindinews.com/new-serial-deewani-on-dangal-tv/|url-status=live}}</ref> is an Indian Hindi-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series that airs on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]] under the banner of Shakuntalam Telefilms and stars [[Aditi Sanwal]], [[Nitin Goswami]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-12 |title=Nitin Goswami On The Shift From TV To Films And OTT: While Pursuing Opportunities Is Essential, Abandoning One For Another Isn't Advisable |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nitin-goswami-on-the-shift-from-tv-to-films-and-ott-while-pursuing-opportunities-is-essential-abandoning-one-for-another-isnt-advisable |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Outlook India |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201528/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/nitin-goswami-on-the-shift-from-tv-to-films-and-ott-while-pursuing-opportunities-is-essential-abandoning-one-for-another-isnt-advisable |url-status=live }}</ref> and Sehrish Ali.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-01 |title='Deewani' coming soon on Dangal TV, promo out now! {{!}} Hot News |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/deewani-coming-soon-on-dangal-tv-promo-out-now-hot-news-1668758 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201531/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/deewani-coming-soon-on-dangal-tv-promo-out-now-hot-news-1668758 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-02 |title=Dangal TV to launch new show 'Deewani' |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/dangal-tv-to-launch-new-show-deewani/ |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.bizasialive.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709112352/https://www.bizasialive.com/dangal-tv-to-launch-new-show-deewani/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered from 18 March 2024 to 14 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=दंगल टीवी पर नया धारावाहिक 'दीवानी'|url=https://gaubharatbharati.com/new-serial-eewani-on-dangal-tv/|work=gaubharatbharati|date=19 March 2024|accessdate=19 March 2024}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Confusing section|date=November 2024}}
Meera is a teenager who lives with her family in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. She has a secret crush / obsession with Parth. Parth does not know who she is. Parth is the son of a famous businessman, Madan Thakur. Parth has a bad relationship with his father but is close to his grandma and brother. Parth is in love with Payal and Meera looks at Parth as a guide on how to love someone. Meera's parents think badly of Parth and advise her to stay away from him. Meera and Parth become friends despite her parents's rules. Meera helps Parth with his relationship with Payal but discovers Payal is using Parth after she learns about her affair towards her friend, Tharun so she exposes Payal's truth to Parth.

Parth, after discovering Payal's truth and confronts her at on the terrace of a building and she reveals how she never loved him. Due to their altercation, Parth's brother, Garv, accidentally pushes Payal from the terrace which leads to her death. To avoid Garv's arrest and the damage to the family’s reputation, Parth takes the blame and is arrested. Meera is shocked to learn this but her parents blackmail her and she is sent away to complete her further education.

Parth is then released from jail after 7 years as Meera has completed her education. Parth and Meera meet each other and Meera proposes to Parth. He rejects it as he hates love due to the prior incident. Meanwhile, Garv falls for Meera as Meera's family and the Thakur family has fixed Garv and Meera's marriage, unaware of the truth. Meanwhile, Parth's grandmother and Sheela discover Parth and Meera's relationship. Manju also discovers their relationship and exposes them on their wedding day as Garv fights with Parth. Meera blames the family members causing Parth's grandmother to suffer a panic attack. She then asks Meera to marry Parth and they agree and get married but her family disowns her and doesn't accept Parth, while Sheela doesn't accept Meera and starts to hate her alongside Garv, Manju, Sahil, and Mr. Thakur, Manju's husband, while Madan, Parth's grandmother, Manju's daughter, Pragya, and her husband, Nachiket, support her. Sheela and Manju then start to humiliate Meera and Garv decides to take revenge against the couple.

Parth and Meera start to fall for each other as Manju's son, Sahil, falls for Meera's younger sister, Smriti "Bittu". However, Priyal, Payal's twin sister, seeks revenge against Parth for her sister's death and she poses herself as Payal. Parth mistakes Priyal for Payal so he decides to marry her by divorcing Meera as Priyal falls for Parth. Meera discovers the truth and exposes Priyal to Parth by bringing Priyal's family. Meera reveals Parth's innocence to Priyal but Priyal doesn't believe this and pushes Parth off of a cliff. He survives but is injured and is hospitalized and Garv gives money for his treatment.

Parth returns after his injuries heal and does odd jobs as some companies reject him due to his murder charges with respect to Payal. Devika Basu, a modeling photographer, is attracted to Parth and offers him a job as a model. Meera encourages him and then he agrees to work with her as Garv continues trying to separate Parth and Meera. It is then revealed that Devika is suffering from a mental illness and she becomes obsessed with Parth and decides to separate the couple. Meera discovers Devika's intention and decides to save her relationship. However, Devika hires Rudra, a hitman, to separate Meera and Parth as Rudra falls for Meera and himself becomes obsessed. Meanwhile, Sahil impregnates Smriti and cheats on her, and he refuses to accept her child as his. Meera and Parth discover this and lash out at him but Smriti tries to commit suicide as Meera stops her. Garv takes this as an opportunity to separate Meera and Parth by using her sister and he marries Smriti.

Garv forces Smriti to miscarry her child and makes Smriti believe that Meera caused her [[miscarriage]]. Smriti starts to blame Meera while Devika and Rudra create many problems. Smriti finally discovers the truth exposes Garv and leaves. On [[Janmashtami]], Devika and Rudra separate Parth and Meera. Rudra causes an explosion and kidnaps Meera. Meera then discovers the truth about Rudra. Rudra then forces Meera by blackmailing her, and she has no choice but is forced to live with him as Parth and the entire family assume that Meera is dead. Meera's father, Sanjeev, blames them for the loss of his daughter.

Meera lives with Rudra for one year as Rudra keeps and tortures Meera. Parth, who misses Meera, lives with her memories, even though his family has fixed his marriage with Devika. It is then revealed that Rudra forced Meera to write the fake letter to Parth. Devika is unaware that Meera is still alive. Meera's mother, Chhaya, is killed in an accident. Parth and Meera meet each other at Chhaya's funeral. However, Parth believes Meera cheated on him and chose to marry Rudra so he decides to marry Devika. Smriti returns to the family to seek revenge against them as Garv and Sahil defamed her. Smriti teaches Garv, Sahil, Manju, and Sheela a good lesson.

Meera escapes from Rudra's trap and returns to stop Parth and Devika's marriage. Meera made Rudra believe that Devika kidnapped her. He kidnaps Devika, but Meera brings Parth and exposes Devika and Rudra's truth. Smriti reveals the truth to the family thus reuniting Meera and Parth as Devika is sent to a [[Lunatic asylum|mental asylum]] while Rudra is sent to jail. However, they still plot to separate the couple.

Rudra discovers Madan is his father and he had caused his mother, Vrinda's, and his sister, Varsha's, death. It is revealed that Madan had a marital affair with Vrinda when he was married to Sheela. Madan marries Vrinda whom is later unaware of the truth, When Vrinda gives birth to Varsha and Rudra. Vrinda then discovers the truth but Sheela finds out this and then forces Madan to break his relationship with Vrinda which causes Vrinda to kill their children's by poisoning them and commit suicide, but Rudra survives the incident. Madan, Sheela, and his mother had kept this a secret from everyone. Rudra exposes his identity to everyone as Madan and Sheela discover Rudra is Madan's son and therefore Parth and Garv's half-brother. The entire family is shocked to learn this truth.

Parth lashes out at Madan for keeping the secret, while Rudra decides to take revenge against the family members. Rudra creates many problems to destroy the family. Later on, Meera finds out she is pregnant. Rudra instigates the family by saying Meera is carrying his child. Meera does a paternity test, but Rudra switches the report. Everyone, including Parth, believes that Meera is carrying Rudra's child. Eventually, Meera finds proof against Rudra that he is not Madan's son Rudra, but used the fact that they shared the same name to enter the family. She also shows the real paternity reports and proves that she did not cheat Parth. Parth, in his anger, decides to confront Rudra. They fight and Rudra falls down a cliff. While trying to help pull Rudra up, Rudra instead pulls Parth down and both falls down to the cliff as the family presumes Parth to being dead.

The family hides the truth from Meera as to not stress her out since she is carrying Parth's baby and his last memento. By chance, Dadi finds Krishna, a petty thief, at a temple. She requests him to become Parth for a year, until Meera delivers the baby, in exchange for money. Krishna then agrees and then pretends himself as Parth, inside the family and Meera while Garv, whom wants to get rid of Smriti makes the family to believe that Smriti is mentally ill after Garv makes Smriti mixes a medicine on her food. But Meera discovers and exposes Garv to the family and gets him arrested thus ending Garv's evilness while the family decided to get Meera to marry Parth / Krishna as Krishna falls for Meera. Parth, who is revealed to be alive returns and stops Meera from marrying Krishna thus exposing Krishna's truth as Dadi reveal's the entire truth to everyone that how she helped Krishna to save Meera's relationship thus the family forgives Krishna. But Devika, who is escaped from the mental asylum seeks revenge, she then tries to shoot Parth but Krishna saves him gets shot and dies as Devika gets arrested for Krishna's murder and gets her jailed. The family then performs Krishna's last rites while the show ends with both Meera, Parth and the entire family living happily ever after.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Aditi Sanwal]] as Meera Thakur: Sanjeev and Chhaya's elder daughter; Smriti's elder sister; Parth's wife (2024)
* Nitin Goswami<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-17 |title=Nitin Goswami returns to TV after five years with Deewani, says he was eager to return to the medium |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nitin-goswami-returns-to-tv-after-five-years-with-deewani-says-he-was-eager-to-return-to-the-medium/articleshow/108566632.cms |access-date=2024-03-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/nitin-goswami-returns-to-tv-after-five-years-with-deewani-says-he-was-eager-to-return-to-the-medium/articleshow/108566632.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Nitin Goswami On Being Part Of A Daily Soap After 5 Years: I Didn't Want To Wait Anymore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nitin-goswami-on-being-part-of-a-daily-soap-after-5-years-i-didnt-want-to-wait-anymore/articleshow/108883733.cms |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=31 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331075337/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/v/s/timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-nitin-goswami-on-being-part-of-a-daily-soap-after-5-years-i-didnt-want-to-wait-anymore/amp_articleshow/108883733.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17118711749386&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Ftv%2Fnews%2Fhindi%2Fexclusive-nitin-goswami-on-being-part-of-a-daily-soap-after-5-years-i-didnt-want-to-wait-anymore%2Farticleshow%2F108883733.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> as [[double role]]
** Parth Thakur: Madan and Sheela's younger son; Vrinda's stepson; Varsha and Rudra's younger half-brother; Garv's younger brother; Pragya and Sahil's cousin; Meera's husband (2024)
** Krishna Tyagi: Parth's lookalike; Gudiya's brother (2024) (Dead)
* Sehrish Ali<ref>{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Sehrish Ali to play a double role in Dangal's Deewani?|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-sehrish-ali-to-play-a-double-role-in-dangals-deewani/2024/03/30/amp|work=IWMBuzz|date=30 March 2024 |accessdate=30 April 2024|archive-date=20 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520180122/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/exclusive-sehrish-ali-to-play-a-double-role-in-dangals-deewani/2024/03/30/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> as [[double role]]
** Payal Sharma: Priyal's elder twin sister; Parth's ex-girlfriend; Tharun's lover (2024) (Dead)
** Priyal Sharma: Payal's younger twin sister; Parth's one-sided obsessive lover turned enemy (2024)

===Recurring===
* Rupa Divetia as Shakuntala Thakur / Dadi: Madan and Swaraj's mother; Varsha, Rudra, Garv, Parth, Sahil, and Pragya's grandmother (2024)
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Madan Thakur: Shakuntala's elder son; Swaraj's elder brother; Vrinda's widower; Sheela's husband; Varsha, Rudra, Garv and Parth's father (2024)
* Charul Bhavsar as Sheela Thakur: Madan's first wife; Garv and Parth's mother; Varsha and Rudra's stepmother (2024)
* Anjali Gupta as Vrinda Thakur: Madan's second wife; Varsha and Rudra's mother; Garv and Parth's stepmother (2024) (Dead)
* Vijay Tilani as Garv Thakur: Madan and Sheela's elder son; Parth's elder brother; Varsha and Rudra's younger half-brother; Pragya and Sahil's cousin; Payal's murderer; Meera's ex-fiancé; Smriti's husband (2024)
* Zeel Takkar as Smriti "Bittu" Thakur: Sanjeev and Chhaya's younger daughter; Meera's younger sister; Sahil's ex-lover; Garv's wife (2024)
* Siraj Mustafa Khan as Swaraj Thakur: Shakuntala's younger son; Madan's younger brother; Manju's husband; Sahil and Pragya's father; Varsha, Rudra, Garv and Parth's uncle (2024)
* Mona Mokhha as Manju Thakur: Swaraj's wife; Sahil and Pragya's mother; Varsha, Rudra, Garv and Parth's aunt (2024)
* Viplove Sharma as Sahil Thakur: Swaraj and Manju's son; Pragya's elder brother; Varsha, Rudra, Garv, and Parth's cousin; Smriti's ex-lover (2024)
* Palak Rana as Pragya Thakur: Swaraj and Manju's daughter; Sahil's younger sister; Varsha, Rudra, Garv and Parth's cousin; Nachiket's wife (2024)
* Unknown as Nachiket Thakur: Pragya's husband (2024)
* Junaid Ahmad as Sanjeev Tiwari: Chhaya's widower; Meera and Smriti's father (2024)
* Ishrat Khan as Chhaya Tiwari: Sanjeev's wife; Meera and Smriti's mother (2024) (Dead)
* Unknown as Dev: Parth's friend (2024)
* Unknown as Shiv: Parth's friend (2024)
* Pankaj Pandey as Ravi: Parth's friend (2024)
* Mayank Ronyy as Pradeep: Parth's friend (2024)
* [[Hunar Hali|Hunar Hali Gandhi]] as Devika Basu: Anurag's daughter; Parth's one-sided obsessive lover and ex-fiancée; Rudra's accomplice; Krishna's murderer (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-04 |title=Exclusive! Hunar Gandhi set to enter Deewani; actress says, 'I relate to my role' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-hunar-gandhi-set-to-enter-deewani-actress-says-i-relate-to-my-role/articleshow/111459054.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201529/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-hunar-gandhi-set-to-enter-deewani-actress-says-i-relate-to-my-role/articleshow/111459054.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Rohit Choudhary]] as Rudra Yadhav/ Fake Rudra Thakur: Mr. Yadhav and Ms. Yadhav's son; Neha's elder brother; Meera's one-sided obsessive lover; Devika's accomplice (2024) (Dead)
* Unknown as Gudiya Tyagi: Krishna's younger sister (2024)

==Production==
===Development and casting===
The series was announced by Shakuntalam Telefilms in July 2023 and was confirmed in February 2024 by [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]. Initially, [[Sonal Vengurlekar]] and Saumya Saraswat<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Aqsa Akbani |date=2023-08-07 |title=Breaking! Sonal Vengurlekar Opts Out Of Dangal TV Show; 'Imlie' Fame Saumya Saraswat Roped In |url=https://www.fridayrelease.com/tv-news-adda/breaking-sonal-vengurlekar-opts-out-of-dangal-tv-show-imlie-fame-saumya-saraswat-roped-in |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Friday Release |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404073505/https://www.fridayrelease.com/tv-news-adda/breaking-sonal-vengurlekar-opts-out-of-dangal-tv-show-imlie-fame-saumya-saraswat-roped-in |url-status=live }}</ref> were in talks to play the female negative lead, but they later declined due to unspecified reasons. In August 2023, Nitin Goswami, Sanchita Ugale, Jyothi Mukherjee<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Aqsa Akbani |date=2023-07-22 |title=Exclusive: Jyoti Mukherjee To Join Nitin Goswami And Sanchita Ugale In Dangal TV's Upcoming Show |url=https://www.fridayrelease.com/tv-news-adda/exclusive-jyoti-mukherjee-to-join-nitin-goswami-and-sanchita-ugale-in-dangal-tv-s-upcoming-show |access-date=2024-04-04 |website=Friday Release |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201639/https://www.fridayrelease.com/tv-news-adda/exclusive-jyoti-mukherjee-to-join-nitin-goswami-and-sanchita-ugale-in-dangal-tv-s-upcoming-show |url-status=live }}</ref> and Veronica Talreja<ref name=":0" /> joined the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Aqsa Akbani |date=2023-07-11 |title=BREAKING! Nitin Goswami and Sanchita Ugale to Play Lead Roles in Shakuntalam's Next |url=https://www.fridayrelease.com/tv-news-adda/breaking-nitin-goswami-and-sanchita-ugale-to-play-lead-roles-in-shakuntalam-s-next |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=Friday Release |language=en |archive-date=2 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002201615/https://www.fridayrelease.com/tv-news-adda/breaking-nitin-goswami-and-sanchita-ugale-to-play-lead-roles-in-shakuntalam-s-next |url-status=live }}</ref> Many of them later backed out due to late production development. In January 2024, [[Aditi Sanwal]], Nitin Goswami and Sehrish Ali were signed as the leads.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-07-22 |title=Exclusive! Kumkum Bhagya's Veronica Talreja set to be part of upcoming show Deewani |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kumkum-bhagyas-veronica-talreja-set-to-be-part-of-upcoming-show-deewani/articleshow/102036796.cms |access-date=2024-04-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403080553/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kumkum-bhagyas-veronica-talreja-set-to-be-part-of-upcoming-show-deewani/articleshow/102036796.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 28 February 2024 featuring [[Aditi Sanwal]], Nitin Goswami and Sehrish Ali.<ref name=":1" /> It was Launched on 18 March 2024.<ref>{{Citation |title=Deewani {{!}} New Show {{!}} Coming Soon {{!}} दीवानी {{!}} Promo {{!}} Dangal TV |date=28 February 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEFpWj7YbvQ |access-date=2024-03-12 |language=en |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312122328/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEFpWj7YbvQ |url-status=live }}</ref> It replaced the television series ''[[Sasumaa Ne Meri Kadar Na Jaani]]''.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

==See also==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
*{{imdb title|31698794}}
*[https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/deewani ''Deewani''] on ''Dangal Play''
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]

Saramati

2026-01-29T14:02:28Z

JoyceBpo44:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{for|the mountain|Mount Saramati}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Carnatic}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Saramati
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}

'''Saramati''' is a [[raga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a ''[[janya]]'' rāgam (derived scale) from the 20th ''[[melakarta]]'' scale [[Natabhairavi]].<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref> It is a ''janya'' scale, as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes) in the descending scale.

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[Image:Natabhairavi scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Natabhairavi'' scale]]
[[Image:Hindolam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Descending scale with ''shadjam'' at C, which is same as ''Hindolam'' scale]]

''Saramati'' is an asymmetric rāgam that does not contain ''panchamam'' or ''rishabham'' in the descending scale. It is a combination of the ''[[sampurna raga]]'' scale ''Natabhairavi'' and pentatonic scale ''[[Hindolam]]''. It is an ''sampurna-audava'' rāgam (or ''owdava'' rāgam, meaning pentatonic descending scale).<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows:

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|G2|M1|P|D1|N2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N2|D1|M1|G2|S|foot=yes}}

The notes used in this scale are ''shadjam, chathusruthi rishabham, sadharana gandharam, panchamam, shuddha dhaivatham'' and ''kaisiki nishadham'' in ascending scale, with ''panchamam'' and ''rishabham'' dropped in descending scale. For the details of the notations and terms, see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]].

==Popular compositions==
A few compositions have been set to ''Saramati'' rāgam.

* ''Mokshamugalada'' by [[Tyagaraja]]
* ''Narasimhana Pada'' by [[Purandara Dasa]]
* ''Sarasadala Nayane'' by [[Muthiah Bhagavatar]]
* ''Enna Thunivai'' by [[Marimutha Pillai|Marimuthu Pillai]]
* ''Sri Ramabadhra'' by [[Papanasam Sivan]]
* ''Manasaramati'' by Thanjavur Shankara Iyer
* ''Sri Saradamba Bhaje'' by H. H. Sri [[Bharathi Tirtha]] Mahaswamigal
* ''Unnata Venkata'' by Thulaseevanam
* ''Arula Vendum Thaaye'' by [[M. M. Dandapani Desikar]]
* ''Sharade Namaste'' and ''Saramati Saraswati'' by [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]
* ''Unnai Anri'' by Dr. [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]]
*''Nadamadum Deivame'' by [[Maharajapuram Santhanam]]
* ''Bharatha Nannaadu'' by [[N. S. Chidambaram]]
*''Ramam Bhaje'' by Y. K. Srikantaiah

Music composer [[Ilaiyaraaja]] has set the [[Tyagaraja]] krithi "Mari Mari Ninne" to this Raga in the movie [[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]], even though the actual [[Kriti (music)|Krithi]] is in the [[Raga]] [[Kambhoji]].

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Unai Allaal OIru
|[[Raja Mukthi]]
|[[C. R. Subbaraman]]
|[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
|Kaathiruppan Kamalakannan(Ragamalika)
|[[Uthama Puthiran (1958 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]
|[[G. Ramanathan]]
|[[P. Leela]]
|-
|Mari Mari Ninne
|rowspan="2"|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Paadariyen Padipariyen
|rowspan="2"|[[K. S. Chithra]] (Won National Award for Paadariyen)
|-
|Ettadukku Maligayil
|Aadi Viradham
|rowspan=4|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|-
|Eduda Melam
|[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Maasi Maasam Than
|rowspan=2|[[Oorkavalan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Edutha Sabadam
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|}

=== Language:[[Kannada]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Bharatha Bhooshira
|[[Upasane]]
|[[Vijaya Naarasimha]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Yellellu Sangeetave
|[[Malaya Marutha]]
||[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|}

== Related rāgams ==
This section covers the theoretical and scientific aspect of this rāgam.

=== Scale similarities ===
*''Hindolam'' has a symmetric pentatonic scale, with the notes same as the descending scale of ''Saramati''. Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is S G2 M1 D1 N2 S : S N2 D1 M1 G2 S

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Jharkhand women's football team

2026-01-27T13:35:56Z

JoyceBpo44:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Jharkhand football team}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Jharkhand
| current =
| image = Jharkhand Football Association.png
| image_size = 300px
| fullname = Jharkhand women's football team
| nickname =
| motto =
| founded =
| ground = [[Birsa Munda Football Stadium]], [[Ranchi]] [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]] [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]], [[Jamshedpur]]
| capacity = 40,000 35,000 24,424
| owner = [[Jharkhand Football Association]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Paras Karmali
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = First round
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 = _upper_orange
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 = _orangebottom
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = 138808
| body1 = 138808
| rightarm1 = 138808
| shorts1 = 138808
| socks1 = 138808
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = 960018
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = 960018
| socks2 = 960018
| website =
}}

The '''Jharkhand women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Jharkhand]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/509|title=Jharkhand Football Association}}</ref>

==History==
Their best performance at the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]] was the semi-final appearance at the [[2013–14 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2013–14]] edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom2014.html |title=India (Women) 2014 |publisher=Rsssf.com |access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>

Jharkhand's junior team were the runners-up of the National Junior Girls' Football tournament 2019–20 held at Kolhapur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/5047 |title=Hero Junior Girls National Football Championship 2019-20, Jharkhand vs Himachal Pradesh |access-date=2021-12-30 }}</ref> while, their sub-junior team were the champions of the National Sub-Junior Girls' Football tournament 2019–20 held in [[Cuttack]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/5211 |title=Hero Sub-Junior Girls National Football Championship 2019-20, Jharkhand vs Arunachal Pradesh |access-date=2021-12-30 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Women’s football in Jharkhand – What are they doing right? |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/womens-football-in-jharkhand-scouting-development/ |website=The Bridge |date=25 February 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=How Jharkhand became the hotbed of women's football in India? |url=https://thebridge.in/featured/womens-football-in-jharkhand-scouting-development/ |website=The Bridge |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Soham |date=12 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (youth)===
* '''[[Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Runners-up (2): 2019–20, 2024–25

* '''[[Sub–Junior Girl's National Football Championship]]'''
** Winners (3): 2019–20, 2023–24, 2025–26
** Runners-up (1): 2024–25

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Bids for the 2014 Asian Games

2026-01-24T23:57:57Z

JoyceBpo44: Created New Info

{{short description|none}}
{{Infobox Asian Games bid|2014|
|main = Yes
|logo = File:Incheon 2014 Asian Games bid logo.png
|logo-size =
|winner = Incheon
|votes1 = 32
|runner-up = New Delhi
|votes2 = 13
|1stBid = 30 June 2005
|decision = 17 April 2007
|notes =
|Election venue= [[Kuwait City]], [[Kuwait]] 26th OCA General Assembly
}}
{{2014 Asian Games}}

Two cities submitted bids to host the '''[[2014 Asian Games]]''' that were recognized by the [[Olympic Council of Asia]] (OCA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocasia.org/new74.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071022151424/http://www.ocasia.org/new74.asp |archive-date=2007-10-22 |title=2014 Asian Games 27-10-2005|website=ocasia.org}}</ref> OCA selected [[Incheon]], South Korea over [[New Delhi]], India as the host for 17th Asian Games on 17 April 2007, at its 26th General Assembly held in [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait by a vote of 32 to 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ocasia.org/new150.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020013001/http://www.ocasia.org/new150.asp |archive-date=2007-10-20 |title=26th OCA General Assembly 16 April 2007|website=ocasia.org}}</ref> The host city election was originally scheduled to be held during the 25th OCA General Assembly in [[Doha]], [[Qatar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaittimes.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=2717|title=Korea Seeks to Host 17th Asian Games in Incheon in 2014|agency=Korea IT Times|date=1 August 2006}}</ref>

== Bidding process ==

* Submission of letters of intent (31 March 2005)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-meets-asian-games-bid-deadline/articleshow/1067269.cms|title=Delhi meets Asian Games bid deadline - Times of India|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=1 April 2005}}</ref>
* Deadline for the submission of bids (30 June 2005)
* OCA Evaluation Committee visit to New Delhi (9–11 November 2006)
* OCA Evaluation Committee visit to Incheon (12–14 November 2006)
* Election of the host city during the 26th OCA General Assembly at the [[Marriott International|Marriott Hotel]] in [[Kuwait City]], Kuwait (17 April 2007)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="7" | 2014 Asian Games bidding results
|-
! City
! NOC
| bgcolor="silver" |'''Round 1'''
|-
|'''[[Incheon]]'''||{{KOR}}
|'''32'''
|-
|[[New Delhi]]||{{IND}}
|13
|}

==Candidate cities==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! style="background-color: #BFD7FF" | Logo [[File:Transparent bar.svg|125px|link=]]
!style="background-color:#BFD7FF" width="20%"|City
!style="background-color:#BFD7FF" width="20%"|Country
!style="background-color:#BFD7FF" width="40%"|National Olympic Committee
!style="background-color:#BFD7FF" width="20%"|Result
|-
| style="text-align:center" scope="row" rowspan="2" |
!style="text-align:center" scope="row" | '''[[Incheon]]'''
! scope="row" | {{flag|South Korea}}
!style="text-align:center" scope="row" | [[Korean Sport & Olympic Committee]] (KOC)
!style="text-align:center" scope="row" | Winner
|-
|colspan=4|Incheon, the third largest city in South Korea with a population of 2.74 million, submitted the bid after receiving approval from the central government. It was planning to build 21 new sports facilities by 2008, including an indoor swimming pool near [[Incheon Munhak Stadium|Munhak Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.donga.com/en/article/all/20070103/251183/1|title=Incheon vs. Delhi for Asian Games Bid|date=3 January 2007|website=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]]}}</ref>

The city was bidding for the games on the basis of the expected economic benefits it could get from hosting the games, which included induced production of 13 trillion [[South Korean won|won]] (10.6 trillion won for Incheon), induced added-value of 5.6 trillion won (4.5 trillion won for Incheon) and [[Direct, indirect, and induced employment|induced employment]] of 270,000 people (200,000 for Incheon). At the same time, it was hoping that a special support law will pass the [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] to help renew its infrastructure such as roads, transportation and communication facilities. Many member states of the OCA who voted for Incheon were convinced of its advantage over New Delhi in terms of municipal infrastructure, overall environment, venue facilities, marketing capabilities and information technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_international/203363.html|title=Incheon confident on bid for 2014 Asian Games with Chinese premier's support|website=[[The Hankyoreh]]|date=16 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2022/09/600_2027.html|title=Preparations Get Under Way in Full|agency=[[The Korea Times]]|website=[[The Korea Times]]|date=29 April 2007}}</ref>

The Bidding Committee stated that of the expected games cost of 4.9 trillion won ([[United States dollar|US$]]5.3 trillion), more than 54 percent of the funding or 2.7 trillion won of the total will come from the Incheon municipal government, while the rest will be covered by central government grants and corporate sponsorships.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2874829|title=Will Incheon’s win come at cost of Olympics bid and heavy taxes?|website=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|date=24 April 2007}}</ref> A 7-year program named the OCA-Incheon Vision 2014 program and costed US$20 million was established as part of the bid to support the countries that have not yet won a medal at the Games, by providing athletes training facilities, courses, coaches and the opportunity to train in South Korea.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20101110000930|title=Incheon being readied for 2014 Asian Games|agency=[[The Korea Herald]]|date=11 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pure.ed.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/31871304/4.JW_LEE_Open_.pdf|title=Mega-event scepticism in South Korea: Lessons from the 2014 Incheon Asian Games|website=pure.ed.ac.uk}}</ref>

Incheon previously hosted many international sports competitions including [[2005 Asian Athletics Championships]] and was one of the host cities of the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]]. South Korea last hosted the Games back in [[1986 Asian Games|1986]] in the capital city of [[Seoul]] and [[2002 Asian Games|2002]] in [[Busan]], in addition to a Winter edition in [[1999 Asian Winter Games|1999]] in [[Gangwon Province, South Korea|Gangwon Province]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.incheon2014ag.org/menu/22.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070106021543/http://english.incheon2014ag.org/menu/22.asp |archive-date=2007-01-06 |url-status=usurped |title=2014 Incheon Asian Games Bidding Committee}}</ref> The bid logo was an image of Waves, Sun and Green Field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.incheon2014ag.org/menu/14.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114100058/http://english.incheon2014ag.org/menu/14.asp |archive-date=2007-11-14 |url-status=usurped |title=Emblem}}</ref>
|-
|colspan=5 style="background-color:#BFD7FF"|
|-
| style="text-align:center" scope="row" rowspan="2" | [[File:New Delhi 2014 Asian Games bid logo.png|125px]]
!style="text-align:center" scope="row" | '''[[New Delhi]]'''
!scope="row" | {{flag|India}}
!style="text-align:center" scope="row" | [[Indian Olympic Association]] (IOA)
!style="text-align:center" scope="row" | First runner-up
|-
|colspan=4|On 15 May 2004, IOA president [[Suresh Kalmadi]] announced New Delhi's candidacy during the Indian leg of the Doha [[2006 Asian Games]] Fun Run.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/may/15asian.htm|title=New Delhi to bid for 2014 Asian Games|website=rediff.com|date=15 May 2004}}</ref> The capital city of India had previous experience of hosting the Asian Games in [[1951 Asian Games|1951]] and [[1982 Asian Games|1982]] and recently won the rights to host the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] on 14 November 2003.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050330/sports.htm#1|title=Cabinet backs New Delhi’s bid for 2014 Asian Games|website=tribuneindia.com|date=29 March 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-clears-delhis-bid-for-2014-asiad/articleshow/1900731.cms|title=Govt clears Delhi’s bid for 2014 Asiad|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=13 April 2007}}</ref> Therefore, much of the venues and infrastructures would have been in place and required only renovation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/Delhi%202010%20Games%20Bid.pdf|title=Delhi 2010 Games bid|website=thecgf.com|access-date=2022-10-06|archive-date=2022-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006034727/https://thecgf.com/sites/default/files/2018-03/Delhi%202010%20Games%20Bid.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2006/dec/02dohalead03.htm|title=India bids for 2014 Asian Games|date=2 December 2006|website=rediff.com}}</ref> This was the city's second consecutive time to bid for its third Asian Games, with its first being for the [[Bids for the 2006 Asian Games|2006 edition]], which were awarded to [[Doha]], [[Qatar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India-makes-formal-bid-for-2014-Asiad/articleshow/685742.cms|title=India makes formal bid for 2014 Asiad|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=2 December 2006}}</ref>
|}

==Showed preliminary interest==
Two countries expressed interest in bidding and submitted letter of intent, but failed to submit bids when applications were due.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2005/nov/21games.htm|title=Delhi likely to bag 2014 Asian Games|website=rediff.com|date=21 November 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationalgames.net/october2005.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060203094658/http://www.internationalgames.net/october2005.html |archive-date=2006-02-03 |title=International Games News October 2005}}</ref>
* [[Amman]] {{flag|Jordan}}
* [[Hanoi]] {{flag|Vietnam}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071024155356/http://english.incheon2014ag.org/index.asp Incheon Bid Website (archived)]}}

{{Asian Games bids}}

[[Category:2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bids]]
[[Category:2007 in Kuwait]]
[[Category:April 2007 in Asia]]

Munger Lok Sabha constituency

2026-01-19T06:22:10Z

JoyceBpo44:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Munger
| state = [[Bihar]]
| assembly_cons = [[Munger (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Munger]] [[Jamalpur, Munger (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamalpur]] [[Suryagarha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suryagarha]] [[Lakhisarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhisarai]] [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]] [[Barh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
| established = 1951
| mp = [[Lalan Singh]] {{Small|[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj|Union Minister of Panchayati Raj]]}}
| incumbent_image = Shri Rajiv Ranjan Singh alias Lalan Singh interacting with media after taking charge as the Union Minister for Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| preceded_by = [[Veena Devi (born 1976)|Veena Devi]] {{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party}}
}}

'''Munger Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]]. [[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]] and [[Barh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barh]] are also part of Munger Lok Sabha constituency which fall under [[Patna district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/14-segments-in-Patna-dist-this-time/articleshow/6684796.cms|title=14 segments in Patna dist this time|access-date=17 October 2015|archive-date=29 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229234656/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/14-segments-in-Patna-dist-this-time/articleshow/6684796.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It shares border with [[Patna Sahib Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Munger Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|165
|[[Munger (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Munger]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Munger district|Munger]]
|[[Pranav Kumar Yadav]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|166
|[[Jamalpur, Munger (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jamalpur]]
|Nachiketa Mandal
|{{party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|167
|[[Suryagarha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suryagarha]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Lakhisarai district|Lakhisarai]]
|Ramanand Mandal
|-
|168
|[[Lakhisarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lakhisarai]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Sinha]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
|178
|[[Mokama (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mokama]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Patna district|Patna]]
|[[Anant Kumar Singh]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}" |
| [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|-
|179
|[[Barh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barh]]
|Siyaram Singh
| style="background-color :{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
The following is the list of the Members of Parliament elected from this Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>[http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm "Election Commission of India"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131061850/http://archive.eci.gov.in/GE2004/States/index_fs.htm |date=2009-01-31 }}</ref><ref>[http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx "Lok Sabha Former Members"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616190202/http://164.100.47.134/newls/lokprev.aspx |date=2008-06-16 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html |access-date=23 June 2020 |archive-date=27 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727181825/https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Mathura Prasad Mishra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|Suresh Chandra Mishra
|-
|Banarsi Pd. Sinha
|-
|Nayan Tara Das
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Banarsi Prasad Sinha]]
|-
|[[Nayan Tara Das]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Banarsi Prasad Sinha]]
|-
|1964^
| rowspan="2" |[[Madhu Limaye]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Deonandan Prasad Yadava|Deonandan Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|Shrikrishna Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Deonandan Prasad Yadava|Deonandan Prasad Yadav]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Dhanraj Singh (politician)|Dhanraj Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Brahmanand Mandal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Vijay Kumar Yadav (Bihar Legislative Assembly)|Vijay Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Brahmanand Mandal]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Jay Prakash Narayan Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Lalan Singh]]
| style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
| [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Veena Devi (born 1976)|Veena Devi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Lalan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Munger]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Munger Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/munger-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0428.htm |website=ECI}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh ]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 5,50,146
|percentage = 48.30
|change = {{down}}2.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kumari Anita|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=4,69,270|percentage=41.20|change={{up}}6.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above]]|party=NOTA|votes=21,951|percentage=1.93|change=N/A}}
{{Election box majority||votes=80,870|percentage=7.10|change={{down}}9.11}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,39,184|percentage=55.52|change={{up}}0.62}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Munger]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalan Singh|Rajiv Ranjan Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 5,28,762
|percentage = 51.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Nilam Devi
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 3,60,825
|percentage = 34.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Amarjit Patel
|party =Independent politician
|votes = 18,646
|percentage = 1.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dina Saw
|party = Independent politician
|votes = 15,893
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,67,937
|percentage = 16.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,36,441
|percentage = 54.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser=Lok Janshakti Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Munger]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Veena Devi (born 1976)|Veena Devi]]
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 3,52,911
|percentage =36.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalan Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 2,43,827
|percentage = 26.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pragati Mehta
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 1,82,917
|percentage =20.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 50,469
|percentage =5.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,09,084
|percentage =11.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =9,14,442
|percentage = 53.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|winner =Lok Janshakti Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Munger]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Lalan Singh]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 3,74,317
|percentage = 57.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Badan Roy
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 1,84,956
|percentage =28.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Lakhan Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 27,929
|percentage =4.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mannu Mahto
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 10,827
|percentage =1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =1,89,361
|percentage =29.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =6,51,597
|percentage = 41.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Munger]]
* [[Munger Fort]]
* [[Munger district]]
* [[Munger division]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Munger Division topics}}

{{coord|25.4|86.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Munger district]]
[[Category:Politics of Lakhisarai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Patna district]]

India's Got Talent season 11

2026-01-11T17:46:54Z

JoyceBpo44:

{{Short description|Indian TV show}}
{{Infobox television season
| bg_colour = #00B9B3
| season_number = 11
| image = IGT11 Poster.png
| image_size = 150
| image_alt =
| caption =
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = {{Plainlist|
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]
* [[Malaika Arora]]
* [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
}}
| host = [[Aditya Narayan]](Ep. 25-) 
[[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]](Ep.1-24)

| winner = The Amazing Apsaras
| runner_up = Sound of Souls x Gaurash
}}
| num_episodes =
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|10|04|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|01|04|df=yes}}
| prev_season = [[India's Got Talent season 10|Season 10]]
| next_season =
}}
The eleventh season of the Indian talent competition programme '''''[[India's Got Talent]]''''' aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] from 4 October 2025, 9:30 pm [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], with the finale held on 4 January 2026. The season was won by The Amazing Apsaras, Sound of Souls x Gaurash finishing as the runners-up, and Hidden Fire Crew securing third place..<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's Got Talent Gears Up for New Season, Expected By THIS Month: Source |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/indias-got-talent-new-season-to-go-on-air-by-august-end-source-ws-l-9436792.html |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |date=2025-10-03 |title=OTT releases this weekend: India’s Got Talent Season 11, The Game, Dakuaan Da Munda 3 on Netflix, Prime Video, Hotstar |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/ott-releases-this-weekend-india-s-got-talent-season-11-the-game-dakuaan-da-munda-3-on-netflix-prime-video-hotstar-11759457407580.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Production ==
On 10 September 2024, a promo was shared on SET's social media handles starring [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] with the tagline "''Jo Ajab Hai, Wohi Gajab Hai''", along with revealing the name plaques of the new and returning judges, which include, Navjot Singh Sidhu, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] and the veteran judge, [[Malaika Arora]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DObVdIDiMyE/?hl=en |access-date=2025-09-10 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-13 |title=India’s Got Talent new season: Navjot Singh Sidhu expresses excitement as he joins the judges panel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/indias-got-talent-new-season-navjot-singh-sidhu-expresses-excitement-as-he-joins-the-judges-panel/articleshow/123868693.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Season overview ==
This year, shooting took place at [[Yash Raj Studios]]. The show was hosted by [[Haarsh Limbachiyaa]], husband of the former host [[Bharti Singh]]. This year the judge panel was revamped as [[Kirron Kher]] bid farewell to the series after completing her ten seasons, [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] had commitments for the ''[[Indian Idol]]'' season 16 auditions and [[Shilpa Shetty]] also parted her ways.

After two years of being shifted to Sony Entertainment Television, the original format of the show was brought back, with auditions, judge cuts'','' semi-finals and the finale.

=== Golden Buzzer Summary ===
Golden buzzer returned for its seventh season. Golden Buzzer acts straight away went to the semi-finals, as the show returns to its original format.

==== Auditions 1-6 ====
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Shaan
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''''Nepal Tigers '''Taekwondo Group''
|'''The Hidden Fire Crew''' ''Dance Group''
|'''Rainbow Dance Troupe '''''Theatrical Act''
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''Afla Tunes '''''Acapella Music Group''
|'''Akash and Abhishek '''''Body Balancing Duo''
|'''Dhanraj & Gayatri '''''Duo Hair Aerial Act''
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''Anwar's Little Flames '''''Dance Group''
|'''Swaavlambi Foundation '''''Salsa Duo''
|'''The Royal Symphony and Choir '''Choir
|- bgcolor="gold"
| colspan="3" |'''Parineeti Bishnoi '''''Yoga Act''
|- bgcolor="gold"
| colspan="3" |'''Hardol Mallakhamb Academy '''''Mallakhamb Act''
|- bgcolor="gold"
| colspan="3" |'''R.D. Warriors '''Dance Group
|}

==== Auditions 7-12 ====
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Shaan
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''SSP Academy''' ''Balancing Act''
|'''K. Vignesh '''''Magician''
|'''AA Crew''' ''Dance Group''
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''Ismail Khan Langa & Group''' ''Folk Band''
|'''Yo Highness''' ''Dance Group''
| rowspan="2" |'''The Amazing Apsaras''' ''Dance Group''
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''Sabri Brothers''' ''Kawali Group''
|'''Riju and Raju Sarkar''' ''Dance and Balance Duo''
|- bgcolor="gold"
| colspan="3" |'''Maada Squad''' ''Aerial Act''
|- bgcolor="gold"
| colspan="3" |'''Chibi Unity''' ''Dance Group''
|}

==== Auditions 13-14 ====
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" style="width:15em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" style="width:18em;" |Shaan
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''Beat Plus''' ''Mirror Dance Group''
|'''V Company''' ''Dance Group''
| rowspan="2" |'''Harshad & Duhita Golesar''' ''Singing Duo''
|- bgcolor="gold"
|'''Devote Art''' ''Folk Dance Group''
|'''The Evokers''' ''Variety Fusion Dance Group''
|}
=== Judge Cuts Summary ===
: [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|alt=Buzzed Out|20x20px]] Buzzed Out
: '''[[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]''' Judge Cuts Golden Buzzer
: {{legend2|gold|Advanced to Semi-Finals (Golden Buzzer)|border=1px solid #aaa}}
: {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Advanced to Semifinals|border=1px solid #aaa}}
: {{legend2|#c96|Eliminated}}

==== ''Aar ya Paar 1:'' Spotlight (25–26 October) ====
15 acts selected from the auditions had to compete for three spots in the semi-finals. After each performance, the judges could award a spot to an act and were allowed to replace previously selected acts as the competition progressed. Ultimately, two acts advanced through the spotlight selection, along with one act that received the Golden Buzzer from the judges.
*Guest Performance: Maahi and Soham (Shaan's sons) - "[[Kuch Kam]]"
*Special Guests: Raadhika Mukherjee, [[Salim Merchant]]
*Special Performance: Shaan and Salim - "Tum Jo Kaho Toh"

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;"|Participant
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
!scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:25em;"|Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Shaan
|-
! scope="row" | Akash and Gaglina
| 1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|- bgcolor="#c96"
! scope="row" | Akhtar Hindustani
| 2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Was Given the Spot; Replaced by Himanshu
|- bgcolor="#c96"
! scope="row" | Sushil Jaiswal
| 3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Was Given the Spot; Replaced by Rashid Khan
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" | '''Hillphonics'''
| '''4'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| '''{{sort|1|Advanced to Semi-finals}}'''
|- bgcolor="#c96"
! scope="row" | Rashid Khan
| 5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Was Given the Spot; Replaced by Anil Ventriloquist
|-
! scope="row" | Laxmikant Kaje
| 6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row"| The Punjabi Boys
| 7
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
|style="text-align:center;"|
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" | A Lycans India
| 8
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|- bgcolor="#c96"
! scope="row" | Anil Ventriloquist
| 9
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Was Given the Spot; Replaced by Vivek Patil
|- bgcolor="#c96"
! scope="row" | Vivek Patil
| 10
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Was Given the Spot; Replaced by Cali Boys
|- bgcolor="navajowhite"
! scope="row" |'''Himanshu Shekhar'''
|'''11'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| '''{{sort|2|Advanced}}'''
|- bgcolor="navajowhite"
! scope="row" |'''Cali Boys'''
|'''12'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| '''{{sort|2|Advanced}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |The Rising Duo
|13
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Mohit Chopra Live Band
|14
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Joel Kaden Sasi Pereira
|15
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|}

==== ''Aar ya Paar 2'' (22–23 November) ====
12 acts selected from the auditions had to compete for spots in the semi-finals. In the end, one act that received the Golden Buzzer and two acts selected by the judges advanced to the semi-finals.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Participant
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:25em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Shaan
|- bgcolor="navajowhite"
! scope="row" |'''Sakshi and Kapil'''
|'''1'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| '''{{sort|2|Advanced}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |Skippers Crew
| 2
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Takshvi Vaghani
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" | '''Krish and Kishore'''
|'''4'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| '''{{sort|1|Advanced to Semi-finals}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |Prashanth Mani
|5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Nischal Gante Nethrananda
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Wentertainers
|7
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Pramod Patel and Shruti Upmanya
|8
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|- bgcolor="navajowhite"
! scope="row" |'''Rahul Singh'''
|'''9'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| '''{{sort|2|Advanced}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |Praveen Prajapat
|10
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |8 Wonders
|11
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Kapow!
|12
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|}

==== ''Aar ya Paar 3:'' Knockout (13-14 December) ====
Acts were called to perform against each other in batches, out of which one act would stay while the other was eliminated immediately. However, in the end, only the two best acts chosen by the judges advanced to the semi-finals.

* Guest Performances: [[Divyansh and Manuraj]], Ishita Vishwakarma and Rishabh Chaturvedi from [[India's Got Talent season 9|season 9]] and Zero Degree Crew from [[India's Got Talent season 10|season 10]].

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Participant
! rowspan="2" |Batch
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:25em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Shaan
|-
! scope="row" |Pranay and Nikhil
| rowspan="2" |1
|1
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated''' '''Won the Batch Challenge
|-
! scope="row" |Prokash and Minarui
|2
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Naadsaad
| rowspan="2" |2
|3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Won the Batch Challenge
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" | '''Sound of Souls x Gauransh'''
|'''4'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| '''{{sort|1|Advanced to Semi-finals}}'''
|-
! scope="row" |Prankul
| rowspan="3" |3
| 5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Sudesh Sharma
|6
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Tulsi Molparia
|7
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated''' '''Won the Batch Challenge
|- bgcolor="navajowhite"
! scope="row" |'''Classic Queens'''
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="white" |4
|'''8'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| '''{{sort|2|Advanced}} '''Won the Batch Challenge
|-
! scope="row" |Mahi Krishna Leela
|9
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Jawahar Mallakamb
| rowspan="2" |5
|10
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated''' '''Won the Batch Challenge
|-
! scope="row" |Niyoshi Marfatia
|11
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Pathania Sky Force
| rowspan="2" |6
|12
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |We are one
|13
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated''' '''Won the Batch Challenge
|}

=== Top 36 Acts ===
The golden buzzer auditionees, and the qualified contestants of the judge-cuts performed in two semi-finals. The list of semi-finalists of this season is given as follows:

: {{legend2|gold|Winner|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|silver|Runner-up|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|#c96|Third place|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Finalist|border=1px solid #aaa}}
: [[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]] Golden Buzzer | [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]] Semi-Final Golden Buzzer 

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; width:90%; text-align:center;"
|-
!Participant
!Genre
! class="unsortable" |Performance Type
!From
!Semi-final
!Finished
|-
|''AA Crew''
|Dance
|Dance Group
|[[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|2
|Eliminated
|-
|''Afla Tunes''
|Music
|Singing (Acapella) Group
|[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''''Akash and Abhishek'''''
|'''Variety'''
|'''Body Balancing Duo'''
|'''[[Delhi]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|Ankit Kanaujia
|Variety
|Calisthenics
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|Eliminated
|-
|''Anwar's Little Flames''
|Dance
|Dance Group
|[[Siliguri]], West Bengal
|2
|Eliminated
|-
|Beat Plus
|Dance
|Mirror Dance Group
|[[Indore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''Cali Boys'''
|'''Variety'''
|'''Calisthenics Act'''
|'''[[Delhi]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Chibi Unity''
|Dance
|Dance Group
|[[Niigata (city)|Niigata]], [[Japan]]
|1
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''Classic Queens'''
|'''Dance'''
|'''Folk & Modern Dance Group'''
|'''[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Devote Art''
|Dance
|Folk Dance Group
|[[Gangtok]], Sikkim
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''''Dhanraj & Gayatri'''''
|'''Variety'''
|'''Duo Hair Aerial Act'''
|'''[[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Hardol Mallakhamb Academy''
|Variety
|Mallakhamb Act
|[[Kota, Rajasthan]]
|2
|Eliminated
|-
|''Harshad & Duhita Golesar''
|Music
|Singing Duo
|[[Nashik]], Maharashtra
|2
|Eliminated
|- style="background:#c96"
|'''''Hidden Fire Crew [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''''
|'''Dance'''
|'''Dance Group'''
|'''[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''Third place'''
|-
|Himanshu Shekhar
|Magic
|Psychic Magician
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|Eliminated
|-
|''Ismail Khan Langa & Group''
|Music
|''Folk Fusion Band''
|[[Rajasthan]]
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''''K. Vignesh'''''
|'''Magic'''
|'''Magician'''
|'''[[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''Finalist'''
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''Krish and Kishore [[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|'''Music'''
|'''Singing Brother Duo'''
|'''[[Mumbai]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Maada Squad''
|Dance
|Aerial Act
|[[Navi Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''''Nepal Tigers'''''
|'''Variety'''
|'''Taekwondo Act'''
|'''[[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Parineeti Bishnoi and Rupa Bishnoi''
|Variety
|Yoga Act
|[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]
|1
|Eliminated
|-
|''R.D. Warriors''
|Dance
|Acro Dance Group
|[[Dombivli]], Maharashtra
|1
|Eliminated
|-
|Rahul Singh
|Magic
|Math-Magician
|[[Noida]], Uttar Pradesh
|1
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''''Rainbow Dance Troupe [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''''
|'''Drama/ Dance'''
|'''Theatrical Act'''
|'''[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''Finalist'''
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''''Riju and Raju Sarkar [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''''
|'''Dance'''
|'''Dance and Balance Duo'''
|'''[[Cooch Behar]], [[West Bengal]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Sabri Brothers''
|Music
|Kawali Group
|[[Delhi]]
|1
|Eliminated
|-
|Sakshi and Kapil
|Variety
|Balancing Duo
|[[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]]
|2
|Eliminated
|- style="background:silver"
|'''Sound of Souls x Gaurash [[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]] ''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.png|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''''
|'''Music'''
|'''Music Band'''
|'''''Various'''''
|'''1'''
|'''Runner-up'''
|-
|''SSP Academy''
|Variety
|Balancing Duo
|[[Nabadwip]], [[West Bengal]]
|1
|Eliminated
|-
|''Swaavlambi Foundation''
|Dance
|Salsa Duo
|Kolkata, West Bengal
|1
|Eliminated
|- style="background:gold"
|'''''The Amazing Apsaras'''''
|'''Dance'''
|'''Dance Group'''
|'''Kolkata, West Bengal'''
|'''2'''
|'''Winner'''
|-
|''The Evokers''
|Dance
|Variety Fusion Dance Group
|''Various parts on India''
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''The Hillphonics [[File:Yellow_ffff00_pog.svg|alt=Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|'''Music'''
|'''Singing and Dance Group'''
|'''[[Sikkim]]'''
|'''1'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''The Royal Symphony and Choir''
|Music
|Choir
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|2
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor=navajowhite
|'''V Company'''
|'''Dance'''
|'''Dance Group'''
|'''[[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]'''
|'''2'''
|'''Finalist'''
|-
|''Yo Highness''
|Dance
|All Girls Dance Group
|[[Dombivli]], Maharashtra
|1
|Eliminated
|}

=== Semi-finals Summary ===

:[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_button_cancel.svg|alt=Buzzed Out|20x20px]] Buzzed Out
: [[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]] Golden Buzzer
: {{legend2|gold|Advanced to Finals (Golden Buzzer)|border=1px solid #aaa}}
: {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Won Judges' Choice|border=1px solid #aaa}}
: {{legend2||Eliminated}}

==== Semi-final 1 (20-21 December) ====
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Participant
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:25em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Shaan
|-
! scope="row" | Swaavlambi Foundation
| 1
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" | '''Rainbow Dance Troupe'''
| '''2'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| '''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|-
! scope="row" | Ankit Kanaujia
| 3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Sabri Brothers
| 4
| style="text-align:center;" |
|
|
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Parineeti Bishnoi and Rupa Bishnoi
| 5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''Sound of Souls x Gaurash'''
| '''6'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|-
! scope="row" |Chibi Unity
| 7
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Himanshu Shekhar
|8
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''Riju and Raju Sarkar'''
| '''9'''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|-
! scope="row" |SSP Academy
|10
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |'''Krish and Kishore Mondal'''
|'''11'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|'''Won Judges' Choice'''
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''Hidden Fire Crew'''
|'''12'''
|'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|-
! scope="row" |RD Warriors
|13
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Yo Highness
|14
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |'''The Hillphonics'''
|'''15'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|'''Won Judges' Choice'''
|- bgcolor="NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |'''Dhanraj and Gayatri'''
|'''16'''
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|'''Won Judges' Choice'''
|-
! scope="row" |Rahul Singh
|17
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|}

==== Semi-final 2 (27-28 December) ====
Guest Host: [[Aditya Narayan]]
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Participant
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:1em;" |Order
! colspan="3" scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:24em;" |Buzzes
! rowspan="2" scope="col" style="width:25em;" |Result
|-
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Sidhu
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Malaika
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:6em;" |Shaan
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''Akash and Abhishek'''
| 1
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|
|
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" | '''Classic Queens'''
| 2
| style="text-align:center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| '''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|-
! scope="row" | Devote Art
| 3
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Beat Plus
| 4
| style="text-align:center;" |
|
|
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Sakshi and Kapil
| 5
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''Nepal Tigers'''
| 6
| style="text-align:center;" |
|'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|-
! scope="row" |Harshad & Duhita Golesar
| 7
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" | Hardol Mallakhamb Academy
| 8
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Anwar's Little Flames
|9
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |Afla Tunes
|10
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''V Company'''
|11
|
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|- bgcolor="NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |'''K. Vignesh'''
|12
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|'''Won Judges' Choice'''
|- bgcolor="gold"
! scope="row" |'''Cali Boys'''
|13
| colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" |'''[[File:Crystal_Clear_action_bookmark.svg|alt=Live Golden Buzzer|20x20px]]'''
|'''Golden Buzzer Advancement'''
|- bgcolor="NavajoWhite"
! scope="row" |'''The Amazing Apsaras'''
|14
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|'''Won Judges' Choice'''
|-
! scope="row" |''AA Crew''
|15
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |''The Evokers''
|16
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |''The Royal Symphony and Choir''
|17
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |''Maada Squad''
|18
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|-
! scope="row" |''Ismail Khan Langa & Group''
|19
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |
|Eliminated
|}

=== Finale Summary ===
{{legend2|gold|Winner|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|silver|Runner-up|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|#c96|3rd place|border=1px solid #aaa}} | {{legend2|NavajoWhite|Top 6|border=1px solid #aaa}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="width:17em;" |Finalist
!Order
! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Result (4 January)
|-
! scope="row" |'''Riju and Raju Sarkar'''
|1
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''Classic Queens'''
|'''2'''
| bgcolor="Navajowhite" |'''Top 6'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Nepal Tigers'''
|3
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''Akash and Abhishek'''
|'''4'''
| bgcolor="Navajowhite" |'''Top 6'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Rainbow Dance Troupe'''
|'''5'''
| bgcolor="Navajowhite" |'''Top 6'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Krish and Kishore Mondal'''
|6
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''The Amazing Apsaras'''
|'''7'''
| bgcolor="gold" |'''1st'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Hidden Fire Crew'''
|'''8'''
| bgcolor="#c96" |'''3rd'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Sound of Souls x Gaurash'''
|'''9'''
| bgcolor="silver" |'''2nd'''
|-
! scope="row" |'''Cali Boys'''
|10
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''Dhanraj and Gayatri'''
|11
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''V Company'''
|12
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''K. Vignesh'''
|13
|Top 14
|-
! scope="row" |'''The Hillphonics'''
|14
|Top 14
|}

== Episodes ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:99%;"
!Ep. No.
!Title
!Event
!Air date
!Guest(s)
|-
|1
|"Hindustan Ka Hunar"
|Auditions 1
|4 October 2025
| rowspan="6" {{N/A}}
|-
|2
|"India's Incredible Talent"
|Auditions 2
|5 October 2025
|-
|3
|"Spine-Chilling Acts
|Auditions 3
|11 October 2025
|-
|4
|"Heartwarming Performances"
|Auditions 4
|12 October 2025
|-
|5
|"Where Talent Meets Magic"
|Auditions 5
|18 October 2025
|-
|6
|"Exceptional Skills, Remarkable Talent"
|Auditions 6
|19 October 2025
|-
|7
|"Aar Ya Paar - Part 1"
| rowspan="2" |Spotlight (Judge Cuts)
|25 October 2025
|Maahi, Soham and Raadhika Mukherjee (Shaan's family)
|-
|8
|"Aar Ya Paar - Part 2"
|26 October 2025
|[[Salim Merchant]]
|-
|9
|"Josh Aur Junoon"
|Auditions 7
|1 November 2025
| rowspan="2" |[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|10
|"Himmat Aur Sahas"
|Auditions 8
|2 November 2025
|-
|11
|"Tadakte Bhadakte Acts"
|Auditions 9
|8 November 2025
|{{N/A}}
|-
|12
|"Kuch Anokha Karne Ka Junoon"
|Auditions 10
|9 November 2025
|[[Shehnaaz Gill]]
|-
|13
|"Record Breaking Performances"
|Auditions 11
|15 November 2025
|[[Mika Singh]]
|-
|14
|"Aaj Tutenge Records"
|Auditions 12
|16 November 2025
|[[Riteish Deshmukh]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Aftab Shivdasani]]
|-
|15
|"Sunhere Sapno Ka Shikhar"
| rowspan="2" |Judge Cuts
|22 November 2025
| rowspan="2" |[[Ravi Dubey|Ravie Dubey]] and [[Sargun Mehta]]
|-
|16
|"A Showcase Of Sheer Mastery"
|23 November 2025
|-
|17
|"Chunky Panday Special"
|Auditions 13
|29 November 2025
|[[Chunky Panday]]
|-
|18
|"Kriti Sanon Special"
|Auditions 14
|30 November 2025
|[[Chunky Panday]] and [[Kriti Sanon]]
|-
|19
|"Sur Aur Talent Ka Mahasangam - Part 1"
|Auditions 15
|6 December 2025
| rowspan="2" |[[Vishal Dadlani]] and [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|20
|"Sur Aur Talent Ka Mahasangam - Part 2"
|Auditions 16
|7 December 2025
|-
|21
|"Battle Of Existence - Part 1"
| rowspan="2" |Knockout (Judge Cuts)
|13 December 2025
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
|22
|"Battle Of Existence - Part 2"
|14 December 2025
|-
|23
|"Semi-Final Ki Jung - Part 1"
| rowspan="2" |Semi-final 1
|20 December 2025
| rowspan="2" {{N/A}}
|-
|24
|"Semi-Final Ki Jung - Part 2"
|21 December 2025
|-
|25
|"Dhamakedar Saat Din"
| rowspan="2" |Semi-final 2
|27 December 2025
| rowspan="2" |[[Pulkit Samrat]], [[Shalini Pandey]] and [[Varun Sharma]]
|-
|26
|"Sangharsh Se Shoharat"
|28 December 2025
|-
|27
|"Ajab Gazab Finale"
|Final
|4 January 2026
|[[Karishma Kapoor]], [[Emran Hashmi]], [[Sharad Kelkar]], [[Zoya Afroz]], [[Kunal Kapur]], [[Ranveer Brar]], [[Vikas Khanna]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{India's Got Talent}}
[[Category:Got Talent]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Ellis Bridge (neighbourhood)

2026-01-04T03:36:19Z

JoyceBpo44: Starting Basic Stub V1!

{{Hatnote|This article is about neighbourhood in [[Ahmedabad]]. For the bridge of the same name, see [[Ellis Bridge]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ellis bridge
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Ahmedabad##India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{Coord|23.023421|N|72.564857|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 380006
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91 79
| registration_plate =GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]] West
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ellis Bridge (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ellis bridge]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ellis Bridge''' is an area located in [[Ahmedabad]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_will-ahmedabad-s-ellisbridge-polices-tn-be-sacrificed-for-brts_1670519|title = Will Ahmedabad's Ellisbridge polices tn be sacrificed for BRTS?|date = 2 April 2012}}</ref>

== location ==
The Ellis Bridge neighborhood is located in the central part of the city of Ahmedabad in the state of Gujarat, western India. The area lies on the eastern bank of the Sabarmati River, near the bridge of the same name, which connects the eastern and western parts of the city.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Ahmedabad]]

{{ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency

2025-12-09T11:31:02Z

JoyceBpo44: fixed issues

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bindrawagarh
| mla = Janak Dhruw
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mahasamund (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mahasamund]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = ST
| electors = {{formatnum:226593}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 55
| map_image= Bindrawagarh Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Bindrawagarh''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref> It is part of [[Gariaband district|Gariaband]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2 | Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |''Before 1956: Constituency did not exist''
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shyama Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Kham Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Komarra
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Parwati K. P. Shah
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Balram Jugsay
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ishwarsingh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Balram Pujari
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Omkar Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Charan Singh Manjhi
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name="election2003">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3882-chhattisgarh-2003/ |url-access=limited |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Omkar Shah]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3883-chhattisgarh-2008/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Damarudhar Pujari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2013">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3884-chhattisgarh-2013/ |accessdate=31 December 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| Govardhan Singh Manjhi
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
| [[Damarudhar Pujari]]
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Janak Dhruw]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bindrawagarh<ref name="election2023"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Janak Dhruw]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 92,639
|percentage = 47.48
|change = +9.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gowardhan Singh Manjhi|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=91,823|percentage=47.06|change=+2.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jeevan Lal Dhruw|party=Bharatiya Shakti Chetna Party|votes=2,619|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=3,710|percentage=1.90|change=-1.15}}
{{Election box majority|votes=816|percentage=0.42|change=-5.36}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=195,124|percentage=86.11|change=+0.41}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bindrawagarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Damarudhar Pujari]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 79,619
|percentage = 44.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjay Netam
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 69,189
|percentage = 38.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Onkar Shah
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|votes = 19,022
|percentage = 10.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Devendra Thakur
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,752
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Siyaram Nagesh
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,378
|percentage = 1.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bhojlal Netam
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 2,083
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 5,515
|percentage = 3.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,430
|percentage = 5.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 180,558
|percentage = 85.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gariaband district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|19.98|82.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Gariaband district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]

Kuninda kingdom

2025-12-03T13:28:50Z

JoyceBpo44: Added New Info First Draft

{{Short description|Ancient Hindu dynasty of India}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox former country
| common_name = Kingdom of Kuninda
| conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Kuninda
| image_map=
{{South Asia in 150 BCE|center|Location on the Kunindas and contemporary South Asian polities circa 150 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (d) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|133|67|[[File:Long Rectangle (plain).png|35px]]}}||none}}
| image_map2=Indian tribes between the Indus and the Ganges.jpg
| map_caption2 =Location of Kuninda relative to other groups: the [[Audumbaras]], the [[Vemaka]]s, the [[Vrishni]]s, the [[Yaudheya]]s, the [[Paurava]]s and the [[Arjunayana]]s.
| year_start = Before 2nd century BCE
| year_end = 3rd century
| government_type = [[Monarchy]]
| capital =
| p1 =
| today = [[India]]
|image_coat = KunindaCoin.JPG
|coa_size = 300px
|symbol_type = Silver coin of the Kuninda kingdom, {{Circa|1st century BCE}}. These coins followed the [[Indo-Greek]] module.<ref>"A Maharaja named Amoghabhuti, who was the Raja of the Kunindas, is known from coins of the Indo-Greek module with legends sometimes in both Brahmi and Kharoshthi, but in some cases in Brahmi only." in ''The History and Culture of the Indian People'', Volume 2 by Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, 1951, page 161</ref> '''Obv:''' Deer standing right, crowned by two cobras, attended by [[Lakshmi]] holding a [[Sacred lotus|lotus]] flower. Legend in [[Prakrit]] ([[Brāhmī script|Brahmi]] script, from left to right): ''Rajnah Kunindasya Amoghabhutisya maharajasya'' ("Great King [[Amoghabhuti]], of the Kunindas"). '''Rev:''' [[Stupa]] surmounted by the [[Buddhist]] symbol [[triratna]], and surrounded by a [[swastika]], a "Y" symbol, and a tree in railing. Legend in [[Kharoshti]] script, from right to left: ''Rana Kunidasa Amoghabhutisa Maharajasa'', ("Great King Amoghabhuti, of the Kunindas").
|s1 = Gupta Empire
}}

The '''Kingdom of Kuninda''' (or '''Kulinda''' in ancient literature) was an ancient central [[Himalaya]]n kingdom documented from around the 2nd century BCE to the 3rd century CE, located in the southern areas of modern Himanchal, Uttarakhand and western Nepal.

==Kingdom==
The first mention of Kuninda appears in [[Pāṇini]]'s ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī|Ashtadhyay]]'' where he mentions it as an Ayudhajivi Sangha, meaning a warrior republic. Though, the kingdom may have existed earlier as it is also mentioned in [[Mahabharat]] to be situated in the north of [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agrawala |first=V. S. |url=http://library.bjp.org/jspui/handle/123456789/150 |title=India as Known to Panini - VS Agrawala |date=1953 |publisher=University of Lucknow |language=en}}</ref> The history of the kingdom is documented from around the 2nd century BCE. They are mentioned in Indian epics and [[Purana]]s.

One of the first kings of the Kuninda was Amoghbhuti, who ruled in the mountainous valley of the [[Sutlej]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers.

The Greek historian [[Ptolemy]] linked the origin of the Kuninda to the country where the rivers [[Beas]], [[Sutlej]], [[Yamuna]], [[gangas]].<ref>Ptolemy, ''Geography'' 7.1.42: ὑπὸ δὲ τὰς Βιβάσιος καὶ τοῦ Ζαράδρου καὶ τοῦ Διαμούνα καὶ τοῦ Γάγγου ἡ Κυλινδρινή, "and enclosed by the [[Beas River|Bibasis]], the [[Sutlej|Zaradros]], the [[Yamuna|Diamuna]], and the [[Ganges]] is Kylindrinē."</ref>

One of the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] on a pillar is also present at [[Kalsi, Dehradun]], in the region of [[Garhwal Kingdom|Garhwal]], indicating the spread of Buddhism to the region from the 4th century BCE.

The Kuninda kingdom disappeared around the 3rd century, and from the 4th century, it seems the region shifted to [[Shaivite]] beliefs.

==Coinage==
There are two types of Kuninda coinage, the first one issued around the 1st century BCE, and the second around the 2nd century CE. The first coins of the Kuninda were influenced by the numismatic model of their predecessor [[Indo-Greek kingdom]]s, and incorporated Buddhist and Hindu symbolism such as the [[triratna]] and images of [[Lakshmi]]. These coins typically follow the [[Indo-Greek]] weight and size standards ([[drachm]]s, of about 2.14 g in weight and 19 mm in diameter), and their coins are often found together with Indo-Greek coins in hoards, such as those of the [[Yaudheyas]], or the [[Audumbaras]].

The finds of Kuninda coins have often been associated with finds of Indo-Greek coins, particularly those of [[Apollodotus I|Appolodotus]].<ref name="Bhattacharyya">[https://books.google.com/books?id=8EJw6O4VFFsC&pg=PA156 ''A pageant of Indian culture: art and archaeology'' by Asoke Kumar Bhattacharyya p.156''ff'']</ref>

A very large portion of the Kuninda coins are in the name of king [[Amoghabhuti]], and it is believed that coinage under his name continued after his death.<ref name="Bhattacharyya"/>

Some later coins of the 2nd century CE bear the symbol of the Hindu god [[Shiva]].<ref name="Bhattacharyya"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center" widths="300px" heights="150px" perrow="4">
File:Kunindas with Shiva.jpg|Coin of the Kunindas. '''Obv''' [[Shiva]] standing with battle-axe trident in right hand and leopard skin in left hand. Legend ''Bhagavato Chatreswara Mahatana''. '''Rev''' Deer with symbols.
File:Shiva with trident Kuninda 2nd century.jpg|Shiva with trident, Kuninda, 2nd century CE.
</gallery>

==Rulers==
* [[Amoghabhuti]] (late 2nd century-1st century BCE)

==See also==
* [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vohuman.org/Article/Kharoshti%20Script.htm Scripts in Kuninda coinage]
{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

{{Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:History of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Kingdoms in the Puranas]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 2nd century BC]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchies]]

Tourism in Tamil Nadu

2025-11-18T11:51:30Z

JoyceBpo44: quick update

{{Short description|none}} 
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}

[[Tamil Nadu]] is the southernmost [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[India]] located on south-eastern coast of the [[Indian peninsula]]. The state is straddled by [[Western Ghats]] and [[Eastern Ghats]] to the west and north and the waters of [[Bay of Bengal]] and [[Andaman Sea]] on the other two sides. It is the home of the [[Tamil people]], who speak [[Tamil language]], one of the oldest surviving languages. The capital and largest city is [[Chennai]] which is known as the "Gateway to South India". {{As of|2021}}, the state is the most visited and has received the most number of tourists amongst all states of India.

[[Archaeological evidence]] points to Tamil Nadu being inhabited for more than 400 millennia and has more than 5,500 years of continuous cultural [[History of Tamil Nadu|history]]. The [[Tamilakam]] region has been ruled over by many kingdoms, major of which are the [[Sangam era]] (300 BC{{ndash}}300 CE) rulers of the [[Chera dynasty|Cheras]], [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyas]], the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] dynasty (3rd–9th century CE), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century CE) followed by [[Colonial India|European colonization]] from the 17th century till the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947. Hence, [[Tamil culture|culture]], [[Tamil cuisine|cuisine]] and [[Architecture of Tamil Nadu|architecture]] have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely. With its diverse culture and architecture, long coastline with beaches, dense forests and mountains of Western and Eastern ghats, Tamil Nadu has a robust tourism industry which contributes significantly to the [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] of the state.

[[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]] was established by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] in 1971 and is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of tourism and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state. The tag line "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" is used in the tourism promotions by Government of Tamil Nadu.

==Background and history==
{{Main|History of Tamil Nadu}}
[[History of Tamil Nadu|Historically]], Tamil Nadu had been inhabited by hominids more than 400 millennia ago and has more than 5,500 years of continuous cultural [[History of Tamil Nadu|history]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|title=The Washington Post : Very old, very sophisticated tools found in India. The question is: Who made them?|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210201237/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/speaking-of-science/wp/2018/02/01/very-old-very-sophisticated-tools-found-in-india-the-question-is-who-made-them/|archive-date=10 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution|access-date=11 June 2008|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 January 2006|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124105726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1354201,prtpage-1.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is the home of the [[Tamils|Tamil people]], who speak [[Tamil language]], one of the oldest surviving languages.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|title=A rare inscription|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=1 July 2005|access-date=11 June 2008|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922154651/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30205148.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tamilakam]] region has been ruled over by many kingdoms, major of which are the [[Sangam era]] (300 BC–AD 300) rulers of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] clans, the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] dynasty (3rd–9th century), and the later [[Vijayanagara Empire]] (14th–17th century).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|title=Three Crowned Kings of Tamilakam|publisher=National Geographic Society|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224093728/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/three-crowned-kings-tamilakam/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Colonial India|European colonization]] began with establishing trade ports in the 17th century, with the [[British Raj|British controlling]] much of the territory for two centuries before the [[India's Independence|Indian Independence]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite news|title=Danish flavour|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|access-date=5 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 November 2009|archive-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060423/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2622/stories/20091106262211800.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wagret|first=Paul|title=Nagel's encyclopedia-guide|publisher=Nagel Publishers|location=Geneva|year=1977|series=India, Nepal|page=556|isbn=978-2-8263-0023-6|oclc=4202160}}</ref> When India became independent in 1947, erstwhile [[Madras presidency]] became [[Madras State]], comprising present-day Tamil Nadu and parts of other states which was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1969, Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil country".<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sundari|first1=S.|year=2007|title=Migrant women and urban labour market: concepts and case studies|page=105|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|isbn=978-8-1762-9966-4|access-date=20 October 2020|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822035218/https://books.google.com/books?id=uMlVGtjbcSIC&q=madras+state+became+Tamilnadu&pg=PA105|url-status=live }}</ref>

After independence, the economy of Tamil Nadu conformed to a [[socialism|socialist]] framework, with strict governmental control over [[private sector]] participation, [[foreign trade]], and [[foreign direct investment]]. In the 1970s while the economy of Tamil Nadu consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to [[Economic reforms in India|reform-oriented]] economic policies and the tourism industry started to develop subsequently.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|title=Economic Growth in Indian States|publisher=ICRIER|first=K.L.|last=Krishna|date=September 2004|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032647/http://www.icrier.org/pdf/wp144.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1971, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] established the [[Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation]], which is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of [[tourism]] and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|title=Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002075336/https://www.tn.gov.in/department/32|url-status=live}}</ref> It is managed by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department|Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|title=Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation Limited|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130115242/https://www.tn.gov.in/rti/proactive/inftour/handbook_ttdc.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The tag line "Enchanting Tamil Nadu" was adopted in the tourism promotions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|title=Enchanting Tamil Nadu|publisher=Government of India|access-date=1 October 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090225/https://tourism.gov.in/webcast/enchanting-tamil-nadu-culture|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EC">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|title=Tamil Nadu ranks first for domestic tourism: Official|date=10 November 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090231/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/travel/tamil-nadu-ranks-first-for-domestic-tourism-official/articleshow/44713716.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In the 21st century, the state has been amongst the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.<ref name="EC"/><ref>{{cite report|title=India Tourism Statistics 2020|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|access-date=10 August 2023|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608163829/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-05/INDIA%20TOURISM%20STATISTICS%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2021}}, Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls.<ref name="CR">{{cite report|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|title=India Tourism statistics-2021|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922083717/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2022-09/India%20Tourism%20Statistics%202022%20%28English%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Culture and heritage==
{{Main|Tamil culture}}

===Clothing===
Tamil women traditionally wear a ''[[sari]]'', a garment that consists of a drape varying from {{convert|5|yd|}} to {{convert|9|yd|}} in length and {{convert|2|ft|}} to {{convert|4|ft|}} in breadth that is typically wrapped around the waist, with one end draped over the shoulder, baring the midriff, as according to Indian philosophy, the navel is considered as the source of life and creativity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Boulanger|first=Chantal|title=Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping|year=1997|publisher=Shakti Press International|location=New York|isbn=0-9661496-1-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lynton|first=Linda|title=The Sari|year=1995|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8109-4461-9}}</ref> Ancient Tamil poetry such as the ''[[Silappadhikaram]]'', describes women in exquisite drapery or sari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Parthasarathy|first=R.|year=1993|title=The Tale of an Anklet: An Epic of South India – The Cilappatikaram of Ilanko Atikal, Translations from the Asian Classics|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-2310-7849-8}}</ref> Women wear colourful [[silk saree]]s on special occasions such as marriages.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sociology of Religion|first1=Susanne|last1=C. Monahan|first2= William|last2= Andrew Mirola|first3=Michael|last3= O. Emerson|publisher=Prentice Hall|year=2001|isbn=978-0-1302-5380-4|page=83}}</ref> The men wear a ''[[dhoti]]'', a {{convert|4.5|m}} long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|title=About Dhoti|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=13 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313150055/http://www.britannica.com/topic/dhoti|url-status=live}}</ref> A colourful ''[[lungi]]'' with typical [[batik]] patterns is the most common form of male attire in the countryside.<ref name="Cloth">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|title=Clothing in India|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=12 January 2016|archive-date=17 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074255/http://www.britannica.com/place/India/Clothing|url-status=live}}</ref> People in urban areas generally wear tailored clothing, and western dress is popular. Western-style school uniforms are worn by both boys and girls in schools, even in rural areas.<ref name="Cloth"/>

===Cuisine===
[[File:South Indian food cuisine.jpg|thumb|200px|A traditional meal served on a banana leaf]]
[[Rice]] is the diet staple and is served with ''[[Sambar (dish)|sambar]]'', ''[[Rasam (dish)|rasam]]'', and ''[[poriyal]]'' as a part of a Tamil meal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://faostat.fao.org/site/616/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=616#ancor|title=Food Balance Sheets and Crops Primary Equivalent|publisher=[[FAO]]|access-date=17 August 2012|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003034113/http://faostat.fao.org/site/616/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=616#ancor|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Coconut]] and spices are used extensively in South Indian cuisine. The region has a rich cuisine involving both traditional non-vegetarian and vegetarian dishes comprising rice, [[legume]]s, and [[lentil]]s. Its distinct aroma and flavour is achieved by the blending of [[flavouring]]s and spices.<ref>{{cite book|last=Czarra|first=Fred|year=2009|title=Spices: A Global History|url=https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar|url-access=registration|publisher= Reaktion Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/spicesglobalhist0000czar/page/128 128]|isbn=978-1-8618-9426-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Dalby|first=Andrew|title=Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices|publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-5202-3674-5}}</ref> The traditional way of eating a meal involves being seated on the floor, having the food served on a [[banana leaf]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Advancing banana and plantain R & D in Asia and the Pacific|page=84|last1=Molina|first1=A.B.|last2=Roa|first2=V.N.|last3=Van den Bergh|first3=I.|last4=Maghuyop|first4=M.A.|publisher=Biodiversity International|year=2000|isbn=978-9-7191-7513-1}}</ref> and using clean fingers of the right hand to take the food into the mouth.<ref>{{cite book|title=India: The Culture|first=Bobbie|last=Kalman|publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company|year=2009|page=29|isbn=978-0-7787-9287-1}}</ref> ''[[Idli]]'', ''[[Dosa (food)|dosa]]'', ''[[uthappam]]'', ''[[Pesarattu]]'', ''[[appam]]'', ''[[Pongal (dish)|pongal]]'', and ''[[paniyaram]]'' are popular breakfast dishes in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|first=K.T.|last=Achaya|title=The Story of Our Food|date=1 November 2003|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-8-1737-1293-7|page=80}}</ref>

===Music and dance===
Tamil Nadu is home to [[Bharata Natyam|Bharatanatyam]], a distinct dance form.<ref>{{cite book|title=India's Dances Their History, Technique, and Repertoire|last=Massey|first=Reginald|year=2004|isbn=978-8-1701-7434-9|publisher=Abhinav|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Samson|first=Leela|title=Rhythm in Joy: Classical Indian Dance Traditions|year=1987|publisher=Lustre Press|location=New Delhi|page=29|isbn=978-9-9919-4155-4}}</ref> Other regional folk dances include [[Karakattam]], [[Kavadi]], [[Kerala Natanam]], [[Koodiyattam]], [[Oyilattam]] and [[Poikkaal Kuthirai Aattam|Puravaiattam]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Handbook of Tamil Culture and Heritage|year=2000|publisher=International Tamil Language Foundation|location=Chicago|page=1201}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Projesh|title=Indian Ballet Dancing|date=1 February 1989|publisher=Abhinav Publications|location=New Jersey|page=43|isbn=978-8-1701-7175-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last= Bowers|first=Faubion|title=The Dance in India|date=June 1953|publisher=AMS Press|location=New York|pages=13–15|isbn=978-0-4040-0963-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Fairs and Festivals of India|volume=2|first1=Madan Prasad|last1=Bezbaruah|first2=Krishna|last2=Gopal|year=2003|isbn=978-8-1212-0809-3|page=286|publisher=Gyan Publishing House}}</ref> The dance, clothing, and sculptures of Tamil Nadu exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beck|first=Brenda|year=1976|title=The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology|volume=10|issue=2|pages=213–243|doi=10.1177/006996677601000202|s2cid=143220583}}</ref> The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as [[Carnatic music]], which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such as [[Purandara Dasa]], [[Kanaka Dasa]] and [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/01/13/stories/2005011300111500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050331184754/https://www.hindu.com/seta/2005/01/13/stories/2005011300111500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 March 2005|title=The music of we primates:Nada Brahmam|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 January 2013|access-date=19 March 2016}}</ref> [[Nadaswaram]], a [[reed instrument]] that is often accompanied by the [[thavil]], a type of [[drum instrument]] are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sound of Indian Music|first=Ganavya|last=Doraisamy|author-link=Ganavya Doraiswamy|date=5 August 2014|isbn=978-1-3045-0409-8|publisher=Lulu|page=35}}</ref> [[Melam]] is a group of [[Madhalam|Maddalam]]s and other similar percussion instruments from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events.<ref name="AA"/> [[Tamil cinema]] has a chequered history with the first cinema of South India being established in [[Coimbatore]] and the production of first silent film in South India in 1916.<ref name=RANDOR>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|title=From silent films to the digital era – Madras' tryst with cinema|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=30 August 2020|access-date=29 June 2021|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108035615/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/from-silent-films-to-the-digital-era-madras-tryst-with-cinema/article32476615.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Literature===
Tamil Nadu has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years from the [[Sangam literature|sangam era]]. [[Tamil literature]] was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as [[Tamil Sangams]], the earliest of which, according to ancient tradition, were held on a now vanished [[Kumari Kandam|continent]] far to the south of India.<ref>{{cite book|author=Zvelebil, Kamil|year= 1973|title=The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India|publisher= Leiden|quote=Zvelebil dates the ''Ur-Tolkappiyam'' to the 1st or 2nd century BCE}}</ref> This Tamil literature includes the oldest grammatical treatise, ''[[Tholkappiyam]]'', and the epics ''Silappatikaram'' and ''[[Manimekalai]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Women and Farm Work in Tamil Folk Songs|year=1993|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|volume=21|issue=9/11|pages=113–129|doi= 10.2307/3520429|quote=As early as the Tolkappiyam (which has sections ranging from the 3rd century BCE to the 5th century CE) the eco-types in South India have been classified into|journal=Social Scientist|jstor=3520429}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:Andal Temple.jpg|thumb|200px|The large ''[[gopuram]]'' is a hallmark of [[Dravidian architecture]]]]
[[Dravidian architecture]] is the distinct style of rock architecture in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite book|last=Harman|first=William P.|title=The sacred marriage of a Hindu goddess|date=9 October 1992|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|page=6|isbn=978-8-1208-0810-2}}</ref> In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of porches or ''Mantapas'' preceding the door leading to the sanctum, Gate-pyramids or ''[[Gopuram]]s'' in quadrangular enclosures that surround the temple and ''Pillared halls'' used for many purposes and are the invariable accompaniments of these temples. Besides these, a South Indian temple usually has a tank called the ''Kalyani'' or ''Pushkarni''.<ref>{{cite book|last= Fergusson|first= James|title= History of Indian and Eastern Architecture|orig-date= 1910|edition= 3rd|year= 1997|publisher=Low Price Publications|location= New Delhi|page= 309}}</ref> The [[Gopuram]] is a monumental tower, usually ornate at the entrance of the temple forms a prominent feature of [[Koil]]s and [[Hindu temple architecture|Hindu temples]] of the Dravidian style.<ref name="Gopuram">{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 2007|title= A Global History of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4712-6892-5|page= 762|display-authors=etal}}</ref> They are topped by the ''kalasam'', a bulbous stone [[finial]] and function as gateways through the walls that surround the temple complex.<ref>{{cite book|first=Francis D.K.|last= Ching|year= 1995|title= A Visual Dictionary of Architecture|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|location=New York|isbn=978-0-4712-8451-2|page= 253}}</ref> The gopuram's origins can be traced back to the [[Pallava art and architecture|Pallavas]] who built the group of monuments in [[Mahabalipuram]] and [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=3 April 2022|archive-date=2 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202145914/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chola art and architecture|Cholas]] later expanded the same and by the [[Pandyan art and architecture|Pandya]] rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=George|title=The Hindu Temple|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|location=Chicago|pages= 151–153|isbn=978-0-2265-3230-1}}</ref><ref name="Brit">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037402/gopura|title=Gopuram|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=20 January 2008|archive-date=19 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200819003114/https://www.britannica.com/technology/gopura|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanam]]'' are similar structures built over the ''[[garbhagriha]]'' or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]].<ref>{{citation|author=S.R. Balasubrahmanyam|title = Middle Chola Temples|publisher=Thomson Press|year=1975|isbn = 978-9-0602-3607-9|pages=16–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Neela|first1=N.|last2=Ambrosia|first2=G.|title=Vimana architecture under the Cholas|journal=Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science & Humanities|date=April 2016|volume=3|issue=4|page=57|url=https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|access-date=5 July 2019|issn=2321-788X|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705140824/https://www.shanlax.com/wp-content/uploads/SIJ_ASH_V3_N4_008.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

With the [[Mugal Empire|Mugal]] influence in medieval times and the [[British Empire|British]] later, a rise in the blend of [[Hindu]], [[Islam]]ic and [[Gothic revival]] styles, resulting in the distinct [[Indo-Saracenic]] architecture with several institutions during the British era following the style.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Metcalfe|first=Thomas R.|title=A Tradition Created: Indo-Saracenic Architecture under the Raj|journal=History Today|volume=32|issue=9|url=http://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|access-date=28 December 2012|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618230153/https://www.historytoday.com/thomas-r-metcalfe/tradition-created-indo-saracenic-architecture-under-raj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indo-saracenic Architecture|work=Henry Irwin, Architect in India, 1841–1922|publisher=higman.de|url=http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|access-date=28 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730131008/http://www.higman.de/Henry%20Irwin/indo-saracenic.htm|archive-date=30 July 2020}}</ref> By the early 20th century, the [[art deco]] made its entry upon in the urban landscape.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Art Deco Style Remains, But Elements Missing|date=2 September 2014|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/art-deco-style-remains-but-elements-missing-655242.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132502/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/sep/02/Art-Deco-Style-Remains-But-Elements-Missing-655242.html|url-status=live}}</ref> After [[Partition of India|Independence]], the architecture witnessed a rise in the [[Modernism]] with the transition from lime-and-brick construction to [[concrete]] columns.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chennai looks to the skies|location=Chennai|date=31 October 2014|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 December 2022|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208132503/https://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/Five-years-after-the-CMDA-allowed-buildings-to-go-above-60-metres-Chennai%E2%80%99s-skyline-finally-begins-to-look-up-finds-Vishal-Menon/article60348870.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Festivals==
[[File:Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jallikattu]], a traditional bull taming event held during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festivities, attracts huge crowds]]
[[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] is a major and multi-day [[harvest festival]] celebrated by [[Tamils]].<ref name="CushRobinson2008p610">{{cite book|author1=Denise Cush|author2=Catherine A. Robinson|author3=Michael York|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|year=2008|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7007-1267-0|pages=610–611|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115354/https://books.google.com/books?id=i_T0HeWE-EAC|url-status=live}}</ref> It is observed in the month of Thai according to the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil solar calendar]] and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.<ref name=Beteille73>{{cite journal|last=Beteille|first=Andre|title=89. A Note on the Pongal Festival in a Tanjore Village|journal=Man|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=64|year=1964|issue=2 |issn=0025-1496|doi=10.2307/2797924|pages=73–75|jstor=2797924 }}</ref> It is dedicated to the [[Surya]], the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with [[jaggery]] offered to Surya.<ref>{{cite book|author=R Abbas|editor=S Ganeshram and C Bhavani|title=History of People and Their Environs|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|year=2011|publisher=Bharathi Puthakalayam|isbn=978-93-80325-91-0|pages=751–752|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115350/https://books.google.com/books?id=crxUQR_qBXYC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=J. Gordon Melton|title=Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD_2J7W_2hQC|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-206-7|pages=547–548}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Roy W. Hamilton|author2=Aurora Ammayao|title=The art of rice: spirit and sustenance in Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|pages=156–157|access-date=30 October 2019|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421115348/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of [[cattle]] when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Food for the Gods in South India: An Exposition of Data|author= G. Eichinger Ferro-Luzzi|journal= Zeitschrift für Ethnologie|volume = Bd. 103, H. 1|year= 1978|issue= 1|pages= 86–108|publisher= Dietrich Reimer Verlag GmbH|jstor=25841633}}</ref> [[Jallikattu]] is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|title=Governor clears ordinance on 'jallikattu'|last=Ramakrishnan|first=T.|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=26 February 2017|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520145353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Governor-clears-ordinance-on-%E2%80%98jallikattu%E2%80%99/article17074093.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:2019 kolam decoration for Pongal festival, South India.jpg|thumb|200px|Tamils decorate their homes with colorful geometric designs called [[Kolam]] made from rice powder<ref name=mercer22>{{cite book|author=Abbie Mercer|title=Happy New Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3AnvD5jeDMC|year=2007|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4042-3808-4|page=22}}</ref>]]
[[Puthandu]] is known as Tamil New Year which marks the first day of year on the [[Tamil calendar]]. The festival date is set with the solar cycle of the solar [[Hindu calendar]], as the first day of the Tamil month ''Chithirai'' and falls on or about 14 April every year on the [[Gregorian calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC|year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=406}}</ref> [[Karthika Deepam|Karthikai Deepam]] is a festival of lights that is observed on the [[Amavasya|full moon day]] of the [[Kārtika (month)|Kartika]] month, called the [[Kartik Purnima|Kartika Pournami]], falling on the [[Gregorian calendar|Gregorian]] months of November or December.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Spagnoli|first1=Cathy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|title=Jasmine and Coconuts: South Indian Tales|last2=Samanna|first2=Paramasivam|date=1999|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-56308-576-5|pages=133|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930150136/https://books.google.com/books?id=6_Aci8KA7JEC&dq=karthigai+deepam+november+december&pg=PA133|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Gajrani|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|title=History, Religion and Culture of India|date=2004|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8205-061-7|pages=207|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930145221/https://books.google.com/books?id=zh6z0nuIjAgC&dq=karthigai+deepam&pg=PA207|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Thaipusam]] is a Tamil festival celebrated on the first full moon day of the Tamil month of Thai coinciding with [[Pushya|Pusam]] star and dedicated to lord [[Murugan]]. [[Kavadi Aattam]] is a ceremonial act of sacrifice and offering practiced by devotees which is a central part of Thaipusam and emphasizes debt bondage.<ref>{{cite book|author=Kent, Alexandra|title=Divinity and Diversity: A Hindu Revitalization Movement in Malaysia|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-8-7911-1489-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Portals: Opening Doorways to Other Realities Through the Senses|first=Lynne|last=Hume|year=2020|isbn=978-1-0001-8987-2|publisher=Taylor & Francis}}</ref> [[Aadi Perukku]] is a Tamil cultural festival celebrated on the 18th day of the Tamil month of [[Tamil calendar|Adi]] which pays tribute to [[water]]'s life-sustaining properties. The worship of [[Mariamman|Amman]] and [[Ayyanar]] deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.<ref name="AA">{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|title=An ode to Aadi and Ayyanar|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=26 July 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/26/an-ode-to-aadi-and-ayyanar-2480584.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Panguni Uthiram]] is marked on the [[purnima]] (full moon) of the month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]] and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vijaya|last=Ramaswamy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|date=2017-08-25|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0686-0|pages=131|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104214/https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA131|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tyagaraja Aradhana]] is an annual music festival devoted to composer [[Tyagaraja]]. In [[Tiruvaiyaru]] in [[Thanjavur district]], thousands of music artists congregate every year.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tourism in Tamil Nadu: Growth and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTmbDwAAQBAJ&dq=piranmalai&pg=PA106|page=14|last=Pillai|first=S. Subramania|publisher=MJP Publisher|year=2019|isbn=978-81-8094-432-1}}</ref> [[Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru]] is a music festival which has been conducted from 18 to 25 December every year in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|title=Chennai music season begins with 'Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru' festival|date=5 December 2018|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132957/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/dec/05/music-season-begins-with-chennaiyil-thiruvaiyaru-fest-1907231.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Sangamam]] is a large annual open [[Tamil people|Tamil]] cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|title=Chennai Sangamam to return after a decade|date=30 December 2022|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222132958/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-sangamam-to-return-after-a-decade/articleshow/96609404.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Madras Music Season]], initiated by [[Madras Music Academy]] in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional [[Carnatic music]] by artists from the city.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Knight|first=Douglas M. Jr.|title=Balasaraswati: Her Art and Life|year=2010|publisher=Wesleyan University Press|isbn=978-0-8195-6906-6|page=78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3EsA2NooW4C}}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{Main|Transport in Tamil Nadu}}
Tamil Nadu has a developed, dense, and modern transportation infrastructure, encompassing both public and private transport. Chennai is well-connected by land, sea, and air and serves as a major hub for entry into South India.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Reetu|title=Chennai turns 375: Things you should know about 'Gateway to South India'|newspaper=One India|location=Chennai|date=23 August 2014|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html|access-date=20 March 2021|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032944/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/chennai-turns-375-years-old-things-you-should-know-1507481.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 2.71 lakh km connecting all cities, towns and major villages.<ref name="Policy">{{Cite report|title=Highway policy|url=https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|publisher=[[Department of Highways and Minor Ports (Tamil Nadu)|Highways Department]], [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=15 July 2023|archive-date=16 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616204832/https://www.tnhighways.tn.gov.in/pdf/hw_e_pn_2023_24.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation]] (TNSTC) run by Government of Tamil Nadu is the primary [[public transport]] bus operator in the state.<ref name="TNSTC">{{Cite report|url=https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu STUs|publisher=TNSTC|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331121802/https://www.tnstc.in/innerHtmls/pdf/Tamil%20Nadu%20STUs-pages.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu has a rail network of {{convert|5601|km|0|abbr=on}} and forms a part of [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] of [[Indian Railways]], headquartered in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|title=Southern Railways, about us|publisher=Southern Railway|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=16 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230916104302/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SR">{{Cite report|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|title=System map, Southern Railway|publisher=[[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railway]]|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204063842/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1686894847523-System%20Map%202023%20signed.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are 532 railway stations in the state connecting all major cities and towns with [[Chennai Central]], [[Chennai Egmore railway station|Chennai Egmore]], [[Coimbatore Junction railway station|Coimbatore Junction]] and [[Madurai Junction railway station|Madurai Junction]] amongst the major stations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|title=Railways, plan your trip|publisher=Tamil Nadu tourism|access-date=1 November 2023|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107192152/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/plan-your-trip/railways|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai Suburban Railway|Chennai suburban]], [[Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System|MRTS]] and [[Chennai Metro|Metro]] form a well-established suburban railway network in Chennai.<ref name="CSR">{{cite report|title=Brief History of the Division|work=Chennai Division|publisher=Indian Railways—Southern Railways|url=http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|access-date=26 October 2012|lang=en|archive-date=30 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530085500/http://www.sr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1325745996774-about.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There are three [[international airport|international]], one [[customs airport|limited international]] and six domestic or private airports in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports (NOCAS)|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=22 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102073533/https://nocas2.aai.aero/nocas/AAI_Links/Airports-IFR-VFR-200815.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|title=List of Indian Airports|publisher=[[Airports Authority of India]]|access-date=11 July 2022|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212185132/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai airport]], which is the fourth busiest airport by passenger traffic in India is a major international airport and the main gateway to the state.<ref name="AAI">{{Cite report|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|type=pdf|title=Traffic Statistics, September 2023|publisher=Airport Authority of India|access-date=20 October 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102072028/https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/traffic-news/Sep2k23Annex2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil Nadu has three major ports [[Chennai Port|Chennai]], [[Kamarajar Port Limited|Ennore]] and [[V.O. Chidambaranar Port Authority|Thoothukudi]], intermediate port at [[Nagapattinam Port|Nagapattinam]] and sixteen other minor ports.<ref name=Info>{{Cite web|url=http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|title=Centre for Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt|publisher=Institute for Ocean Management, Anna University|access-date=22 March 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402110439/http://iomenvis.nic.in/index3.aspx?sslid=882&subsublinkid=111&langid=1&mid=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|title=Ports of India|access-date=1 November 2023|publisher=[[Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (India)|Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways]], [[Government of India]]|archive-date=20 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320115121/https://dwiep.ncscm.res.in/images/port.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Major attractions==
===Beaches===
[[File:Chennai - bird's-eye view.ogv|thumb|200px|[[Marina Beach]], one of the longest urban beaches]]
Tamil Nadu has a {{convert|1076|km}} long coastline, with many beaches dotting the coast.<ref name=Info/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches|title=Tamil Nadu beaches|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142050/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/beaches|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Marina Beach]], spanning {{cvt|13|km|abbr=on}}, is the second-longest urban beach in the world and [[Elliot's Beach]] south of the [[Adyar river]] delta, are the major beaches in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|title=Observing our environment from space: new solutions for a new millennium|author=EARSeL|year=2002|isbn=90-5809-254-2|publisher=A. A. Balakema|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603090223/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJfu5vbPbA0C&pg=PA81|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennai.org.uk/beaches/elliot-beach.html|title=Elliot's Beach|access-date=12 October 2015|publisher=chennai.org|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227012841/http://www.chennai.org.uk/beaches/elliot-beach.html|archive-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> [[Covelong|Kovalam beach]], located {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} away from Chennai, offers adventure sports such as [[windsurfing]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/covelong-beach|title=Covelong beach|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142104/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/covelong-beach|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mamallapuram]], known for its Pallava architecture, has a beach spanning a distance of over {{convert|20|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/all-about-the-shore-temple-indias-first-green-heritage-site|title=All About Shore Temple, India's First Green Heritage Site|newspaper=Outlook|date=24 November 2003|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125015814/https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/all-about-the-shore-temple-indias-first-green-heritage-site|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Dhanushkodi]] is an abandoned town at the south-eastern tip of [[Pamban Island]], in [[Gulf of Mannar]], with large beaches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/dhanuskodi-beach|title=Dhanushkodi beach|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Kanniyakumari|Kanyakumari beach]] forms the southernmost tip of mainland India, where the [[Arabian Sea]], the [[Indian Ocean]], and the [[Bay of Bengal]] meet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kanyakumari-beach|title=Kanyakumari beach|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Ariyaman Beach is located about {{convert|21|km|abbr=on}} from [[Rameswaram]], featuring large [[casuarina]] trees and is a center for [[water sports]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ariyaman-beach|title=Ariyaman beach|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142101/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ariyaman-beach|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Poompuhar]] was once the capital of Chola empire and a bustling port city that witnessed many historic events and the ancient beach is dotted with ruins and boulders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/poompuhar-beach|title=Poompuhar beach|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222142055/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/poompuhar-beach|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Forts===
Tamil Nadu has a large number of historical [[fort]]s built across various eras.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/forts|title=Forts|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108171234/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/forts|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Fort St. George, India|Fort St. George]], founded in 1639, was the first [[English overseas possessions|English]] fortress in India around which the modern city of Chennai evolved. The fort currently houses the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] and other official buildings.<ref>{{cite book|author=James Talboys Wheeler|title=The History of India from the Earliest Ages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vk1HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA489|year=1881|publisher=N. Trübner|pages=489–}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/popular-forts-in-tamilnadu-you-must-visit-on-your-tamilnadu-trip/|title=Popular forts you must visit on your Tamil Nadu trip|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> [[Gingee Fort]], originally built in 1190 CE is a large fort and citadel in [[Villupuram District|Villupuram district]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Krishna+Kon&pg=PA90 |title= The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|last= Hiltebeitel |first=Alf|publisher= University of Chicago|year=1991|isbn= 81-208-1000-7|page=450}}</ref> [[Vellore Fort]] is a large 16th-century fort built by the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vellore.nic.in/tourist-place/vellore-fort/|title=Vellore Fort|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026215606/https://vellore.nic.in/tourist-place/vellore-fort/|url-status=live}}</ref> Other forts include [[Alamparai Fort]], [[Dindigul Fort]], [[Tiruchirapalli Rock Fort|Rock Fort]], [[Sadras|Sadras Fort]], [[Sangagiri Fort]], [[Udayagiri Fort]] and [[Vattakottai Fort]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/popular-forts-in-tamilnadu-you-must-visit-on-your-tamilnadu-trip/|title=Popular forts in Tamilnadu|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223084853/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/blog/popular-forts-in-tamilnadu-you-must-visit-on-your-tamilnadu-trip/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hill stations===
[[File:'Kodaikanal'_Upper_Lake_View_Rural_Tamil_Nadu_India_November_2013.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kodaikanal]], one of the major hill stations]]
Tamil Nadu is straddled by the [[Western Ghats|Western]] and [[Eastern Ghats]] and is home to many hill stations.<ref name="hill">{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills|title=Tamil Nadu hill stations|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143609/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hills|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ooty|Udagamandalam]] (Ooty) situated in the [[Nilgiri Hills]], known as "Queen of Hill Stations", is amongst the most popular hill stations in South India and is connected by the [[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]].{{cn|date=May 2025}} [[Doddabetta]], the highest peak in Tamil Nadu is located close to Ooty and host a [[Ooty lake|lake]] and the [[Government Botanical Garden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|title=Ooty|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222143745/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ooty|url-status=live}}</ref> Located in the forests of Palani hills, [[Kodaikanal]] is known as the "Princess of Hill stations" and hosts multiple lakes including [[Kodaikanal lake]] and [[Berijam Lake|Berijam lake]], [[waterfalls]] and [[valleys]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kodaikanal|title=Kodaikanal|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216221734/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/kodaikanal|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Yercaud]], situated at an altitude of {{convert|1515|m|abbr=on}} is a hill station in the Eastern Ghats known for its rich flora and scenic views of the hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/yercaud|title=Yercaud|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222161721/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/yercaud|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Valparai]] is a hill station in the [[Anaimalai Hills]], located {{convert|3500|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level is noted for its rich fauna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/valparai|title=Valparai|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Other popular hill stations include [[Yelagiri]], [[Sirumalai]], [[Kotagiri]], [[Kolli Hills|Kollimalai]], [[Meghamalai]], [[Pachaimalai Hills|Pachaimalai]], [[Javadi Hills|Jawaddhu hills]] and [[Kalrayan Hills|Kalvarayan hills]].<ref name="hill"/>

===Museums and art centers===
[[File:Chennai National Art Gallery.jpg|thumb|200px|[[National Art Gallery, Chennai|National Art Gallery]], one of the oldest art galleries in India]]
Chennai is called the Cultural Capital of South India.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Rina|last=Kamath|title=Chennai|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1378-5|page=66|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603082657/https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA66#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Cultural centers include [[Kalakshetra]] and [[DakshinaChitra]] in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/chennai/kalakshetra.html|title=Kalakshetra|access-date=28 December 2022|publisher=Incredible India|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007021514/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/chennai/kalakshetra.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Established in the early 18th century, [[Government Museum, Chennai|Government Museum]] and [[National Art Gallery, Chennai|National Art Gallery]] in Chennai are amongst the oldest in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/college-and-university/for-a-solid-grounding-in-arts/article2042038.ece|title=For a solid grounding in arts|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 April 2009|access-date=29 December 2022}}</ref> The museum inside the premises of [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] in Chennai maintains a collection of objects of the British era and has in its possession, the first [[Flag of India]] hoisted at after the declaration of India's Independence on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/|title=Fort St. George museum|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|access-date=12 October 2023|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201063923/https://asi.nic.in/museum-fort-st-geroge-chennai/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian tri-colour hoisted at Chennai in 1947 to be on display|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=4 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210407182137/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Indian-tricolour-hoisted-at-Chennai-in-1947-to-be-on-display/article20567638.ece|archive-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]], established during 16th century, is one of the oldest libraries and museum in India with a rare collection of [[Palm leaf manuscripts]] and old paper books.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=80}}</ref>

=== Religious sites ===
;Rock-cut cave-temples
[[File:Mahabalipuram_pano2.jpg|thumb|200px|Descent of the Ganges, one of the largest [[rock relief]]s in the world from [[Mahabalipuram]]]]
There are a number of [[Indian rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave-temples established by the ancient Tamil kings and later by Pandyas and Pallavas.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cave-temples in the Regions of the Pāṇdya, Muttaraiya, Atiyamān̤ and Āy Dynasties in Tamil Nadu and Kerala|first=D.|last=Dayalan|year=2014|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India}}</ref> The [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], built by the Pallavas in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples and monoliths including one of the largest open-air [[rock relief]]s in the world.<ref>{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|page=399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=National Geographic|title=Sacred Places of a Lifetime: 500 of the World's Most Peaceful and Powerful Destinations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jNqDFSxR8-MC&pg=PA154|year=2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|isbn=978-1-4262-0336-7|page=154}}</ref> [[Sittanavasal Cave|Sittanavasal]] is a rock-cut [[monastery]] and temple attributed to Pandyas and Pallavas which consist of [[fresco]]es and murals from the 7th century, painted with vegetable and mineral dyes in over a thin wet surface of lime plaster.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|author=Sudharsanam|title=A centre for Arts and Culture|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Indian Heritage Organization|archive-date=25 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825144451/http://www.indian-heritage.org/swaminathan/sittannavasal/Sittannavasal%20-%20a%20booklet.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|title=Sittanavasal – A passage to the Indian History and Monuments|access-date=26 October 2012|publisher=Puratattva|date=2 May 2011|archive-date=14 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814174527/http://puratattva.in/2011/05/02/sittanavasal-the-legacy-of-chitrasutra-13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Ajanta of TamilNadu|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|newspaper=The Tribune|date=27 November 2005|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240405133236/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20051127/spectrum/main3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kalugumalai]] consist of three rock-cut temples{{ndash}}[[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]], [[Vettuvan Koil]] and [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]], with [[rock relief]] sculptures dating back to Pandya period of 8th to 9th century.<ref>{{cite book|first= K.V. Soundara|last= Rajan|year= 1998|title= Rock-cut Temple Styles'|publisher=Somaily Publications|location=Mumbai, India|isbn= 81-7039-218-7|page= 7}}</ref> [[Chitharal Jain Monuments|Chitharal monuments]] situated on the [[Chitharal|Thiruchanattu malai]] consist of monuments from two distinct periods: rock-cut structure of beads with inscriptions and drip-ledges from first century BC to sixth century AD and temple monuments likely built by [[Digambara]] Jains in the ninth century.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|title=On the southern tip of India, a village steeped in the past|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 November 2011|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=10 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210102314/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/travel/on-the-southern-tip-of-india-a-village-steeped-in-the-past/article2636325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Samanar Hills|Samanar hills]] is a hill rock complex located in Keelakuyilkudi, {{convert|15|km}} from [[Madurai]] consisting of several [[Tamil-Brahmi]] inscriptions, stone beds and sculptures from more than 2,200 years ago.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|title=2,200-year-old Tamil-Brahmi inscription found on Samanamalai|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 March 2012|access-date=19 January 2014|first=T. S.|last=Subramanian|archive-date=1 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101051105/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/2200yearold-tamilbrahmi-inscription-found-on-samanamalai/article3220674.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Hindu temples
{{multiple image
| total_width=250
| align=right
| image1=India Meenakshi Temple.jpg
| image2=Srirangam1.jpg
| footer=[[Gopuram]] of [[Meenakshi Temple]] at [[Madurai]] (left) and [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] hosts the highest [[Gopuram]] in Tamil Nadu
}}
There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2010|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=18 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418203859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Most temples follow the Dravidian architecture, a distinct style of rock architecture.<ref name="Hindu"/> In Dravidian architecture, the temples considered of large porches or ''Mantapas'' with monumental gate-pyramids or ''Gopurams'' and the Gopurams are well-recognized hall marks of the temples in the region with the gopuram being adopted as the symbol of [[Emblem of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Gopuram"/> The origins of large temples with ornate Gopurams can be traced to the Pallavas which were later expanded by the Cholas and Pandyas.<ref name="Brit"/> 84 of the 108 [[Divya Desam]]s, which are [[Vishnu]] and [[Lakshmi]] temples that is mentioned in the [[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|works]] of the [[Alvars]], the poet-saints of the [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnava]] tradition are located in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Sri Divya Desams|publisher=Sarva Sastra Maha Vidyalaya|location=[[Coimbatore]]|last=P.M.|first=Neelakrishnan|journal=Ancient Science of Life|pages=193–7|volume=11|issue=3|date=April 1992|pmc=3336602|pmid=22556587}}</ref> [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]] are 276 [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] temples that are revered in the verses of [[Nayanars]] in the 6th-9th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html|title=A comprehensive description of the 276 Shivastalams glorified by the Tevaram hymns|work=Templenet|access-date=11 January 2011|archive-date=25 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525070846/http://www.templenet.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Four of the ive [[Pancha Bhuta Sthalam]] refers to temples dedicated to [[Shiva]], each representing a manifestation of the five prime elements of nature which include [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambareswarar temple of Kanchi]], [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval|Jambukeshwarar temple of Thiruvanaikaval]], [[Arunachaleswara Temple|Arunachaleswara temple of Thiruvannamalai]] and [[Thillai Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram|Natarajar temple of Chidambaram]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils|year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5}}</ref> [[Six Abodes of Murugan|Arupadaiveedu]] are six temples at [[Thiruparankundram Murugan temple|Thiruparankundram]], [[Tiruchendur Murugan Temple|Tiruchendur]], [[Palani Murugan Temple|Palani]], [[Swaminathaswamy Temple, Swamimalai|Swamimalai]], [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruttani|Tiruttani]], and [[Pazhamudircholai]] which are dedicated to Tamil God [[Murugan]] and mentioned in Sangam literature.<ref>{{cite book|last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA190|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-0-4708-2958-5|pages=191–203|access-date=4 December 2016|archive-date=3 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240603104208/https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA190#v=snippet&q=tiruvannamalai&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Palani_Hill.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Palani Murugan Temple]], one of the [[Six Abodes of Murugan]]]]
[[Madurai]] also called as "Temple city" consists of many temples including the massive [[Meenakshi Amman Temple]] said to originally date back to the 4th century CE.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|title=Meenakshi Amman Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Meenaskshi-Amman-Temple|url-status=live}}</ref> [[List of temples in Kanchipuram|Kanchipuram]], considered as one of the [[Sapta Puri|seven great holy cities]], is a major temple town with many temples including the [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailashnathar temple]], [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi temple]] and [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadharaja Perumal temple]], dating back to the Pallava period.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanchipuram|title=Kanchipuram|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062718/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanchipuram|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kumbakonam]] is another major temple town located {{convert|40|km|abbr=on}} from the erstwhile Chola capital of [[Thanjavur]] and hosts many temples including the [[Adi Kumbeswarar Temple|Adi Kumbeswarar temple]], [[Ramaswamy Temple|Ramaswamy temple]], [[Kasi viswanathar temple, kumbakonam|Kashi Vishwanath temple]], [[Someswar Temple]] and [[Sarangapani Temple|Sarangapani temple]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumbakonam|title=Kumbakonam|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204141022/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kumbakonam|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Srirangam]] [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] is the largest temple complex in India and the biggest functioning Hindu temple in the world with a {{convert|236|ft|m}} tall [[Rajagopuram]], one of the tallest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/|title=Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|publisher=UNESCO|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516231635/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] located at [[Rameswaram]] island forms a part of [[Adam's Bridge|Ram setu]] and is said to be sanctified by the lord [[Rama]] when he crossed the island on his journey to rescue his wife, [[Sita]] from the [[Ravana]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rameswaram|title=Rameswaram|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.britannica.com/place/Rameswaram|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple]] hosts a {{convert|18|ft|m|abbr=on}} tall [[Hanuman]] statue, one of the tallest in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namakkalanjaneyartemple/|title=Namakkal Anjaneyar Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925223828/https://namakkal.nic.in/tourist-place/namakkalanjaneyartemple/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Srivilliputhur Andal Temple]] is a temple dedicated to lord [[Vishnu]], believed to be the birthplace of two of the Alvars, namely [[Periyalvar]] and his foster-daughter, [[Andal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/srivilliputhur-andal-temple|title=Srivilliputhur Andal Temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181836/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/srivilliputhur-andal-temple|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a lot of temples devoted to lord [[Ganesha]], major of which are the [[Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|Uchippillaiyar temple in Tiruchirappalli]], [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple|Eachanari Vinayagar temple in Coimbatore]] hosting a {{convert|6.3|ft|abbr=on}} tall idol and [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Karpaka Vinayakar temple in Pillayarapatti]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/eachanari-vinayagar-temple-coimbatore|title=Eachanari Vinayagar temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062721/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/eachanari-vinayagar-temple-coimbatore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tiruchirappalli-rockfort-temple|title=Ucchi Pillayar Temple, Rockfort|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074239/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/tiruchirappalli-rockfort-temple|url-status=live}}</ref> There are a number of hill temples dedicated to lord Murugan and [[Mariamman|Amman]] temples dedicated to goddess [[Parvati]] are found across the state.<ref name="KK"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|title=Amman temples|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.tamilnadutourism.com/temples/amman-temples.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Dhyanalinga is a yogic temple located at the [[Velliangiri Mountains|Velliangiri]], {{convert|30|km|abbr=on}} from [[Coimbatore]] with a {{convert|13.75|ft|abbr=on}} tall [[Lingam]] and Adiyogi statue, the tallest bust of Shiva in the world.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vJanDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT470|title=Mystic's Musings|last=Sadhguru|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=9788184959840|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=10 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210054323/https://books.google.com/books?id=vJanDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT470|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/240217/coimbatore-narendra-modi-unveils-112-feet-shiva-statue-on-mahashivaratri.html|title=Coimbatore: Narendra Modi unveils 112-feet Shiva statue on Mahashivaratri|date=24 February 2017|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=14 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170514214157/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/240217/coimbatore-narendra-modi-unveils-112-feet-shiva-statue-on-mahashivaratri.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Mosques
{{multiple image
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[[Erwadi]] in [[Ramanathapuram district]] houses an 840-year-old [[mosque]] and the annual [[Erwadi santhanakoodu festival|santhanakoodu festival]] held during the Islamic month of [[Dhul Qidah]] attracts people of all faiths from different regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/ervadi-santhanakoodu-festival-1|title=Erwadi santhanakoodu festival|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=14 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714133236/https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/ervadi-santhanakoodu-festival-1|url-status=live}}</ref> Madurai hosts two big mosques, [[Kazimar Big Mosque]] and [[Madurai Maqbara]]. [[Nagore]], a town north of Nagapattinam, is the home to [[Nagore Dargah]] where the urs festival is celebrated every year and attracts pilgrims from both [[Sufism|Sufi Islam]] and Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Landis|first1=Dan|last2=Albert|first2=Rosita D.|title=Handbook of Ethnic Conflict: International Perspectives|page=150|year=2012|publisher=Springer Science+Business Media, LLC|location=London|isbn=978-1-4614-0447-7}}</ref>
;Churches
The Christian apostle, [[Thomas (apostle)|St. Thomas]], is believed to have preached in the area around Chennai between 52 and 70 CE and the [[Santhome Church]], which was originally built by the Portuguese in 1523, is believed to house the remains of St. Thomas, was rebuilt in 1893 in [[neo-Gothic]] style.<ref>{{cite web|title=Santhome Cathedral|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|access-date=28 December 2022|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130204928/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/santhome-cathedral-and-basilica|url-status=live}}</ref> The 16th-century [[Basilica of Our Lady of Good Health]] is located at [[Velankanni]], about {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} south of Nagapattinam on the Eastern coast. The town declared as a holy city by the [[pope]] is known as the '[[Lourdes]] of the East'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/velankanni|title=Velankanni|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205182654/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/velankanni|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Tirumalai jaintemple 4.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Mahavira]] temple at [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]]]]
;Jain temples
The [[Kalabhra dynasty]], who were patrons of Jainism, ruled over the [[ancient Tamil country]] in the 3rd–7th century CE with the Pallavas and Pandyas also supporting Jainism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar|author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|date=2007|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-4153-2920-0|page=105|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|access-date=7 September 2016|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223185128/https://books.google.com/books?id=RoW9GuFJ9GIC|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|title=The First Spring: The Golden Age of India|isbn=978-0-6700-8478-4|last1=Eraly|first1=Abraham|year=2011|publisher=Penguin Books India|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405183047/https://books.google.com/books?id=te1sqTzTxD8C&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref> Major Jain temples include [[Trilokyanatha Temple|Kanchi Trilokyanatha temple]], [[Chitharal Jain Temple]], [[Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Temple]], [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]], [[Alagramam Jain Temple]], [[Poondi Arugar Temple]], [[Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple, Thanjavur|Thanjavur Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple]] and [[Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Kumbakonam|Kumbakonam Chandraprabha Jain Temple]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|title=Looking for Jina Kanchi|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=February 2016|last1=Jain|first1=Mahima A.|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/article8179948.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chitharal|website=Tamil Nadu Tourism|url=http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanniyakumari2.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s7|access-date=23 March 2017|archive-date=27 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190827113800/http://www.tamilnadutourism.org/places/citiestowns/Kanniyakumari2.aspx?catid=c1&subcat1id=c1s1&subcat2id=c1s1s7|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] is an ancient Jain temple complex in the outskirts of Tirvannamalai that houses caves and [[Jain temples]] and a {{convert|16|ft|m}} high sculpture of [[Neminatha]] dated from the 12th century and the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/tirumalai-arihantagiri/|title=Arihantagiri – Tirumalai|publisher=Jain Heritage centres|access-date=29 December 2022|archive-date=31 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155905/https://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/tirumalai-arihantagiri/|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Maths and memorials
[[Vivekananda Rock Memorial]], located off the coast of Kanniyakumari was built in 1970 in honour of [[Swami Vivekananda]], who is said to have attained [[moksha|enlightenment]] on the rock.<ref name="KK">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanniyakumari|title=Kanniyakumari|access-date=1 December 2023|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223062719/https://www.britannica.com/place/Kanniyakumari|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai]] was established in 1897 by [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] in memory of [[Ramakrishna|Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ramakrishna-temple|title=Ramakrishna temple|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223025510/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/ramakrishna-temple|url-status=live}}</ref>

===World Heritage sites===
[[File:02Thanjavur_PeruvudaiyarKovil.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Brihadisvara Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]], built in 11th century CE]]
There are four [[World Heritage Site]]s declared by [[UNESCO]] in the state.
*[[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], declared in 1984, include rock-cut temples and monuments built during the Pallava period (7th-8th centuries CE).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 November 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104085753/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Great Living Chola Temples]], declared in 1987, include three temples belonging to Chola period (11th-12th centuries CE{{nbsp}}[[Brihadisvara Temple|Brihadisvara temple]] at Thanjavur, [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadisvara temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram]] and [[Airavatesvara Temple]] at [[Darasuram]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|title=Great Living Chola Temples|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912082313/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/250/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nilgiri Mountain Railway]], declared in 2008, a {{track gauge|1000mm|allk=on}} railway in [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]] operated by the [[Southern Railway zone|Southern Railway]] which is the only [[rack railway]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nilgiri Mountain Railway |url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552 |publisher=Indian Railway |access-date=21 August 2019 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206122930/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?fontColor=black&backgroundColor=LIGHTSTEELBLUE&lang=0&id=0,1,304,374,492,552 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|title=Mountain Railways of India|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=19 December 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219024051/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/944/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve]], declared in 1986, a [[biosphere reserve]] and bio-diversity hotspot in the [[Nilgiri Mountains]] of the Western Ghats and the largest protected forest area in India.<ref>{{Cite news|date=27 January 2021|title=Conservationist joins SC panel on elephant corridor case|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|access-date=28 January 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128055024/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/conservationist-joins-sc-panel-on-elephant-corridor-case/article33678554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri|title=Nilgiri biosphere|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 March 2023|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202001705/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/nilgiri|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Waterfalls===
[[File:Hogenakkal Falls Close.jpg|200 px|thumb|[[Hogenakkal Falls]], one of the popular waterfalls]]
With many rivers and streams, there are a number of waterfalls in the state. [[Courtallam]] is a popular waterfall in [[Tenkasi district]] consisting of nine falls of varying volume and height.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls|title=Coutrallam|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074246/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/coutrallam-waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hogenakkal Falls|Hogenakkal]] is a set of waterfalls and rapids where [[Kaveri river]] enters the state from [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hogenakkal-waterfalls|title=Hogenakkal falls|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074243/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/hogenakkal-waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref> Other waterfalls include [[Agaya Gangai]], [[Ayyanar Falls|Ayyanar falls]], [[Catherine Falls|Catherine falls]], [[Kalhatti Falls, Ooty|Kalhatti falls]], [[Katary Falls|Katary falls]], [[Kiliyur Falls|Kiliyur falls]], [[Kumbakkarai Falls|Kumbakkarai falls]], [[Kutladampatti Falls|Kutladampatti falls]], Law's falls, [[Monkey Falls|Monkey falls]], Sengupathi falls, [[Siruvani Waterfalls|Siruvani falls]], [[Suruli Falls|Suruli falls]], [[Thalaiyar Falls|Thalaiyar falls]], [[Tirparappu Waterfalls|Tirparappu falls]], [[Ulakkai Aruvi Waterfalls|Ulakkai falls]], [[Vaideki Falls|Vaideki falls]] and [[Vattaparai Falls|Vattaparai falls]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls|title=Waterfalls|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223074249/https://www.tamilnadutourism.tn.gov.in/destinations/waterfalls|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Wildlife sanctuaries and reserve forests===
{{Main|Protected areas of Tamil Nadu}}
;Protected areas
Protected areas cover an area of {{convert|3305|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the {{convert|22643|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} recorded forest area of the state.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Tamil Nadu Forest Dept.|url=http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/wildbiodiversity_home.html|title=Wild Biodiversity|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206055559/http://www.forests.tn.nic.in/WildBiodiversity/wildbiodiversity_home.html|archive-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> [[Mudumalai National Park]] was established in 1940 and was the first modern [[wildlife sanctuary]] in South India. The protected areas are administered by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] of Government of India and the [[Tamil Nadu Forest Department]].
[[File:Tiger_Drinking_Pond_Mudumalai_Mar21_DSC01310.jpg|thumb|200px|A [[Bengal tiger]] at [[Mudumalai National Park]], the first modern [[wildlife sanctuary]] in South India]]
There are three biosphere reserves in Tamil Nadu{{ndash}}[[Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve|Gulf of Mannar]], [[Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve|Nilgiris]] and [[Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]].<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web |title=Bio-Diversity and Wild Life in Tamil Nadu |url=http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx |publisher=ENVIS |access-date=15 March 2018 |archive-date=10 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410055618/http://tnenvis.nic.in/Database/SoilResources_1171.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Pichavaram]] consists of a number of islands interspersing the [[Vellar River|Vellar]] estuary in the north and [[Coleroon]] estuary in the south with [[mangrove]] forests. The Pichavaram mangrove forests is one of the largest mangrove forests in India covering {{convert|45|km2|abbr=on}} and supports the existence of rare varieties of economically important shells, fishes and migrant birds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/|title=Pichavaram|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003014529/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5446/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-mangrove-and-swamp-forest-in-india|title=Top 5 Largest Mangrove and Swamp Forest in India|publisher=Walk through India|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=16 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816063146/http://www.walkthroughindia.com/walkthroughs/top-5-largest-mangrove-and-swamp-forest-in-india/|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has five [[National parks of India|National Parks]] covering {{convert|307.84|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}{{ndash}}[[Indira Gandhi National Park|Anamalai]], Mudumalai, [[Mukurthi National Park|Mukurthi]], [[Gulf of Mannar Marine National Park|Gulf of Mannar]], a marine national park and [[Guindy National Park|Guindy]], an urban national park within Chennai.<ref name="ENVIS"/> Tamil Nadu has 18 [[Protected areas of India#Wildlife sanctuaries|wildlife sanctuaries]].<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|title=Tamil Nadu's 18th wildlife sanctuary to come up in Erode|date=21 March 2023|access-date=24 August 2023|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=24 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230824135751/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2023/mar/21/tamil-nadus-18th-wildlife-sanctuary-to-come-up-in-erode-2558036.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are five declared elephant sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu as per [[Project Elephant]]{{ndash}}Agasthyamalai, [[Anamalai Tiger Reserve|Anamalai]], [[Coimbatore Elephant Reserve|Coimbatore]], Nilgiris and [[Srivilliputhur-Megamalai Tiger Reserve|Srivilliputtur]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> Tamil Nadu participates in [[Project Tiger]] and has five declared [[tiger reserves of India|tiger reserves]]{{ndash}}Anamalai, [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve|Kalakkad-Mundanthurai]], [[Mudumalai Tiger Reserve|Mudumalai]], [[Sathyamangalam Wildlife Sanctuary|Sathyamangalam]] and Megamalai.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref name="Thousands">{{cite news|url=https://www.planetark.org/enviro-news/item/51067|title=Thousands Protest Against Indian Tiger Reserve|last=Murari|first=S.|date=31 December 2008|work=Planet Ark|agency=Reuters|access-date=2009-10-30|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716234126/https://www.planetark.org/enviro-news/item/51067|archive-date=16 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="MOEF">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|title=Eight New Tiger Reserves|date=13 November 2008|work=Press Release|publisher=Ministry of Environment and Forests, Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India|access-date=2009-10-31|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193258/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=44799|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=B. Aravind|date=6 February 2021|title=Srivilliputhur–Megamalai Tiger Reserve in TN approved|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|access-date=28 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419202157/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/srivilliputhurmegamalai-tiger-reserve-in-tn-approved/article33766578.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There are seventeen declared bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="ENVIS"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Migratory birds flock to Vettangudi Sanctuary|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 November 2004|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825122713/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/migratory-birds-flock-to-vettangudi-sanctuary/article27715325.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazhuveli wetland in Tamil Nadu declared bird sanctuary|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=7 December 2021|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825130556/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tamil-nadu-kazhuveli-wetland-bird-sanctuary-7660209/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There is one conservation reserve at [[Tiruvidaimarudur Conservation Reserve|Tiruvidaimarudur]] in [[Thanjavur district]]. There are two [[List of protected areas in India#Zoos|zoos]] recognised by the [[Central Zoo Authority of India]] namely [[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]] and [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]], both located in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guindy Children's Park upgraded to medium zoo|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/28/guindy-childrens-park-upgraded-to-medium-zoo-2481397.html|date=28 July 2022|access-date=31 October 2022|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|archive-date=31 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831082004/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/28/guindy-childrens-park-upgraded-to-medium-zoo-2481397.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has other smaller zoos run by local administrative bodies such as [[VOC park and zoo|Coimbatore Zoo]] in [[Coimbatore]], [[Amirthi Zoological Park]] in [[Vellore]], Kurumpampatti Wildlife Park in [[Salem district|Salem]], Yercaud Deer Park in [[Yercaud]], Mukkombu Deer Park in [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]] and Ooty Deer Park in [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]].<ref name="ENVIS"/> There are five crocodile farms located at [[Amaravathi Dam#Crocodiles|Amaravati]] in [[Coimbatore district]], [[Hogenakkal (village)|Hogenakkal]] in [[Dharmapuri district]], Kurumbapatti in [[Salem district]], [[Madras Crocodile Bank Trust]] in [[Chennai]] and [[Sathanur Reservoir|Sathanur]] in [[Tiruvannamalai district]].<ref name="ENVIS"/>

==Medical tourism==
Tamil Nadu is a major center for medical tourism and Chennai is termed as "India's health capital".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|title=The medical capital's place in history|date=20 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031054/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/the-medical-capitals-place-in-history/article3796305.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Medical tourism]] forms an important part of the economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite book|title=Medical Tourism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71|page=71|last=Connell|first=John|isbn=978-1-84593-660-0|year=2011|access-date=22 December 2023|archive-date=28 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328173511/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1Un-gGsozMC&pg=PA71#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Economy of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Outline of tourism in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Tourism in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Tourism in Tamil Nadu|Tourism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Economy of Tamil Nadu]]

Tirot Sing

2025-11-14T14:27:58Z

JoyceBpo44:

{{Short description|Khasi chief}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tirot Singh
| office = Chief of Khadsawphra Syiemship, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Artist's rendering of Tirot Sing
| birth_date = c. 1802
| birth_place = [[Mairang]], Meghalaya, India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1835|7|17|1802}}
| death_place = [[Dacca]], British India
| known_for = Freedom struggle against the British
}}

'''Tirot Singh''', also known as '''U Tirot Sing Syiem''', was one of the chiefs of the [[Khasi people]] in the early 19th century. He drew his lineage from the Syiemlieh clan. He was Syiem (king) of ''Nongkhlaw'', part of the [[Khasi Hills]]. His surname was ''Syiemlieh''. He was a constitutional head sharing corporate authority with his Council, general representatives of the leading clans within his territory. Tirot Sing declared war and fought against the [[British India|British]] for attempts to take over control of the [[Khasi Hills]].<ref name="mdg1991">Simon, I. M. (ed.) (1991) [http://meghalaya.nic.in/publications/gazetter/khasi_2.pdf ''Chapter II History''] Meghalaya District Gazetteers, Shillong {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307235146/http://meghalaya.nic.in/publications/gazetter/khasi_2.pdf |date=7 March 2012 }}</ref>

He died on 17 July 1835.<ref name="Eastern Panorama">Eastern Panorama [http://www.easternpanorama.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=342:u-tirot-sing&catid=5:cover-story&Itemid=8 U Tirot Sing]</ref> His death is commemorated in [[Meghalaya]] as U Tirot Sing Day.<ref name="North East Today">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=17 July 2021|title=Heroic Legacy: U Tirot Sing Day|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/07/17/heroic-legacy-u-tirot-sing-day-observed-in-meghalaya/|newspaper=North East Today}}</ref>

==Anglo-Khasi War and martyrdom==
The British had gained control over the [[Brahmaputra]] valley after concluding the [[Treaty of Yandabo]] in 1826.<ref name="Eastern Panorama"/> Between their possessions in [[Sylhet]] and the newly acquired possessions in [[Lower Assam]] intervened the [[Khasi Hills]]. They wanted to construct a road through this area to connect [[Guwahati]] with Sylhet to save weeks of travel and [[Malaria|malarious]] country.

David Scott, the agent to the British Governor-General for the Northern Territory, found out that U Tirot Sing was interested in regaining possessions in the ''[[duars]]'' (passes into Assam) in return for the permission for the road project. After a two-day session of the ''durbar'' (court), the assembly agreed to the proposal of the British. Work on the road started. When Balaram Singh, Raja of Ranee, disputed U Tirot Sing's claims to the duars, he went with a party of armed men in December 1828 to establish his claim. He was confident that the British would support him; instead, he was confronted by a party of [[sepoy]]s who blocked his passage.<ref name="mdg1991" /> When news came that the British were reinforcing forces in Assam, U Tirot Sing convened a Durbar again and passed orders for the British to evacuate Nongkhlaw. The British did not pay any heed,<ref>[http://meghalaya.nic.in/culture/martyrs.htm Immortal Martyrs, Government of Meghalaya Official State Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111628/http://meghalaya.nic.in/culture/martyrs.htm |date=2011-07-16 }}</ref> and the Khasis attacked the British garrison in Nongkhlaw on 4 April 1829.<ref name="Eastern Panorama" /> His men killed at his orders two British officers, Richard Gurdon Bedingfield and Philip Bowles Burlton.<ref>{{cite book |last1=May |first1=Andrew |title=Welsh missionaries and British imperialism: The Empire of Clouds in north-east India |date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-1-5261-1875-2 |pages=73–74 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uW8CEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite DIB|wstitle=Burlton, Philip Bowles}}</ref> In retaliation, British military operations began against U Tirot Sing and other Khasi chiefs.

In the [[Anglo-Khasi War]], the Khasis lacked firearms and had only swords, shields, bows and arrows. They were untrained in the British type of warfare and soon found that it was impossible to engage in open battle against an enemy who could kill from a distance. Therefore, they resorted to [[guerrilla]] activity, which dragged on for about four years.<ref name="mdg1991" />

Tirot Sing fought with native weapons such as a sword and shield. He was shot at by the British and had to hide in a cave and tend for his wound. He was eventually captured by the British in January 1833 and deported to [[Dhaka]]. The location of his hiding place was given by a chief of his who was bribed with gold coins by the British. He died on 17 July 1835. His death anniversary is commemorated every year as a state holiday in [[Meghalaya]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news |last= Dhupkar|first= Alka|date=10 August 2024|title=Why Hindus in Bangladesh continue to feel unsafe|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/why-are-hindus-in-bangladesh-always-at-the-receiving-end/articleshow/112393534.cms|newspaper=Times of India|access-date= 10 August 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Khasi language]]
* [[List of Indian independence activists]]
* [[Meghalaya]]
* [[North-East India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite journal|last=May|first=Andrew J.|title=Homo in Nubibus: Altitude, Colonisation and Political Order in the Khasi Hills of Northeast India|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|date=January 2014|volume=42|issue=1|pages=41–60|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.826458|s2cid=153675514}}
*David R Syiemlieh, "New Light on Tirot Singh: His Last Days and Demise", The NEHU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vol. V, No. 4, October–December 1987.

==External links==
* [http://meghalaya.nic.in/intro/birth.htm Birth of the State, Government of Meghalaya Official State Portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415053249/http://meghalaya.nic.in/intro/birth.htm |date=15 April 2012 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111628/http://meghalaya.nic.in/culture/martyrs.htm Immortal Martyrs, Government of Meghalaya Official State Portal]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirot Sing}}
[[Category:1800s births]]
[[Category:1835 deaths]]
[[Category:Khasi people]]
[[Category:People from Meghalaya]]
[[Category:History of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Asian resistance to colonialism]]

Mahmud Khan of Bengal

2025-11-13T06:51:27Z

JoyceBpo44: new some pg initial version

{{Short description|17th-century Bengali nobleman}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name = Mahmud Khan {{no bold|মাহমূদ খাঁ}}
|image =
|caption =
|succession =
|coronation =
|issue =
|spouses=
|full name =
|house =
|father = [[Isa Khan]]
|mother = [[Syeda Fatima Bibi]]
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place = [[Bhati (region)|Bhati]], [[Baro-Bhuyan|Baro-Bhuyan Confederacy]] (now [[Sarail]], [[Brahmanbaria District]], Bangladesh)
|death_date = 17th-century
|death_place = [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]] (now [[Kapasia]], [[Gazipur]], Bangladesh)
|date of burial =
|place of burial =
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}
'''Mahmud Khan''' ({{langx|bn|মাহমূদ খাঁ}}) was a 17th-century [[Bengalis|Bengali]] nobleman initially associated with the [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] confederacy which challenged [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasions in [[Bengal]]. He was the son of [[Isa Khan]], the confederacy's first chief.

==Biography==
Khan was born into an aristocratic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Sunni Muslim]] ''[[zamindar]]'' family known as the [[Dewan]]s of [[Sarail Upazila|Sarail]] in the [[Bhati (region)|Bhati region]] of Bengal. The family served as ''[[dewan]]s'' to the former [[Sultans of Bengal]]. His father, [[Isa Khan]], was the leader of the [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] confederacy which arose as a result of the fall of the Bengal Sultanate and challenged Mughal invasion. His mother, [[Syeda Fatima Bibi]], was the daughter of [[Ibrahim Danishmand]], a [[Hanafite]] scholar from [[Sonargaon]].<ref>{{Citation|first=Syed Muhammed|last=Taifoor|author-link=Syed Muhammed Taifoor|title=Glimpses of Old Dhaka: a short historical narration of East Bengal and Aassam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=579HAAAAMAAJ|year=1965|publisher=S. M. Perwez|page=94}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|first=Nurul|last=Karim|editor=S. Moinul Haq|journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society|title= Role of 'Isa' Khan in the History of East Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRDjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Probably+these+sons+of+%27Isa%27+Khan+were+the+issues+of+his+first+Muslim+wife,+Fatimah,+Musa%27+Khan+who+succeeded+his+father+%22|year=1954|page=129}}</ref>

After his father's death in 1599, Mahmud pledged allegiance to his elder brother [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]] and fought alongside him in the Battle of Dakchara where they were defeated by the Mughals and fled.<ref name=bahar>{{cite book|title=Baharistan-I-Ghaybi – Volume I|author=Nathan, Mirza|editor=M. I. Borah|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.84864/page/n95/mode/2up|publisher=[[Government of Assam]]|location=[[Gauhati]], [[Assam]], [[British Raj]]}}</ref>{{rp|57}} They challenged the Mughals again shortly after from [[Narayanganj District|Katrabo]] (or Katrapur), which was not far from [[Islam Khan I]]'s capital at [[Jahangir Nagar]]. Mahmud Khan and his force were positioned around [[Demra Thana|Demra]] ''[[khal]]''. A force commanded by Shaykh Rukn was sent against Mahmud in Demra where a clash occurred.<ref name=bahar/>{{rp|77–79}} Despite resisting the Mughals for over a decade, Mahmud eventually surrendered to them after {{circa|1610}} along with many of his family members.<ref>{{cite book |last=Feroz |first=M A Hannan |author-link=M. A. Hannan Feroz |title=400 years of Dhaka |publisher=Ittyadi |year=2009 |pages=12}}</ref><ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=165}}</ref>

The Mughals approved his surrender and later requested his assistance in the Mughal campaign against [[Khwaja Usman]] of [[Gouripur Upazila|Bokainagar]]. Mahmud Khan accepted the request and took his force to Bokainagar along with Shaykh Kamal. On the way to Hasanpur, there was discontent among some Mughal officers which were reported back to the Mughal Subahdar of Bengal [[Islam Khan I]] by Shaykh Kamal, [[Mirak Bahadur Jalair|Mirak Jalair]] and Mahmud Khan. However, Mahmud Khan remained a supporter of the [[Baro-Bhuiyan]] confederacy and kept correspondence with [[Anwar Khan of Baniachong]], who advised Mahmud to ambush the Mughals on arrival to Bokainagar and ally with Usman's forces whilst he advances to [[Jahangir Nagar]] and frees [[Musa Khan of Bengal|Musa Khan]]. Subsequently, Mahmud Khan sent a letter to Khwaja Usman notifying him of Anwar Khan's conspiracy against the Mughals.<ref name=bahar/>{{rp|100–104}} The conspiracy was later found out, and Subahdar Islam Khan called for the imprisonment of allied zamindars and particularly placed the death penalty on Mahmud Khan and [[Bahadur Ghazi]]. On receipt of Islam Khan's letter, Shaykh Kamal discussed with [[Shaykh Abdul Wahid]] regarding what do with Mahmud Khan and Bahadur Ghazi, and decided to imprison them and send them to Islam Khan who was in [[Kapasia Upazila|Tok]] at the time. The plan was successful and Mahmud Khan was imprisoned in Tok under the surveillance of Islam Khan, who allowed him to live.<ref name=bahar/>{{rp|106–107}}

==See also==
*[[History of Bangladesh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Mahmud}}
[[Category:17th-century deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century nobility]]
[[Category:17th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Sarail Upazila]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]

Thirukkavalampadi

2025-10-26T06:01:33Z

JoyceBpo44: new

{{Short description|Perumal temple in Mayiladuthurai district, Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Thirukkavalampadi
| image = Thirukavalambadi2.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates =
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Mayiladuthurai]]
| location = Thirunangur
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Krishna|Gopalakrishna Perumal]] ([[Vishnu]])
[[Rukmini]], [[Satyabhama]] ([[Lakshmi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Vimanam =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Thirukkavalampadi''' also known as the '''Gopalakrishna Perumal Temple''' is a hindu temple located in Thirunangur in [[Sirkazhi taluk|Sirkali taluk]] of [[Mayiladuthurai district]], in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Vishnu]]. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], the temple is glorified in the ''[[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. It is one of the 108 ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desams]]'' dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Gopalakrishnan and his consort [[Lakshmi]] in two forms as [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]].

It is one among the eleven ''Divya Desams'' of [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] and is closely associated with [[Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m and has four daily rituals at various times of the day. The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam celebrated annually during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Thai'' is the major festival of the temple during which the festival images of the eleven Thirunangur Tirupathis are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda [[Vahana]], to Thirunangur.

==Legend==
[[File:Thirukavalambadi1.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Image of the sanctum and the [[vimana (tower)|vimana]]]]
The legend of all the eleven temples of Thirunangur are closely associated with each other. As per legend, the Hindu god [[Shiva]] started dancing in fury at this place after the death of his consort [[Uma (goddess)|Uma]] due to the ''[[yagna]]'' (sacrifice) of Daksha. Each time his lock of hair touched the ground, there were eleven other forms of Shiva who appeared. The celestial deities were worried that if the dance continues, it would result in decimation of entire creations. They prayed to [[Vishnu]] for help, who appeared at this place. On seeing Vishnu, Shiva's anger was reduced and he requested Vishnu to appear in eleven forms like he did. On his request, Vishnu appeared in eleven different forms at Tirunangur. The eleven places where Vishnu appeared are believed to be where the eleven temples in Tirunangur are located.<ref name="R">[[#R.|R. 2001]], pp. 470-1</ref> As per another variant, Shiva requested Vishnu to appear in eleven different forms like him to control the eleven Shiva forms he created.<ref name=Malai>{{cite web|title=திருநாங்கூர் நாராயண பெருமாள் கோவில்|language=Tamil|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2019/10/21070922/1267133/thirunangur-narayana-perumal-temple.vpf|date=21 October 2019|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref> The eleven [[Rudras]], called Ekadas Rudras and king of [[Deva (Hinduism)|devas]], [[Indra]], are believed to have worshiped Vishnu at this temple.<ref>[[#Ayyar|Ayyar 1982]], p. 535</ref>

As per another legend, [[Krishna]], the eighth incarnation of Vishnu and his consort [[Satyabhama]] chose this location for their garden as it was looking like the one in the palace of the king of celestial deities, [[Indra]].<ref name="R"/> ''Kavalam'' indicates elephant and ''padi'' indicates place - it is believed that Krishna saved an elephant at this place leading to the name of the temple. The event is described in the verses of [[Tirumangai Azhwar|Tirumangai Alvar]] in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham]]''.<ref name="T."/>

==Architecture==
Gopalakrishna temple is located in Thirunangur, a small village, 10 km away from [[Sirkali]], on the way to [[Thiruvenkadu]]. The temple has a small shrine with ''[[Vimana (architectural feature)|Vimanam]]''. The shrine houses the granite image of Gopalakrishna and his consorts [[Rukmini]] and Sathya Bhama on either sides.<ref name="T.">[[#T.|T. 2002]], p. 94</ref> Gopalakrishna is sported in standing posture with his consorts Rukmini and Sathyabama.<ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|publisher=Asian Educational Services|page=535|last=Ayyar|first=P. V. Jagadisa|isbn=9788120601512|location=New Delhi|year=1982|ref=Ayyar}}</ref> The name of the consort in a separate shrine is Madavaragal Mangai and Sengamala Nachiar. The temple has a three-tiered [[Gopuram]] and the shrine of [[Garuda]] is located outside the gopuram, axial to the central shrine. There are only two major shrines, one that of Gopalkrishna and one for his consorts.<ref name=A>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Ambujam |last=Anantharaman|pages=65–67|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|year=2006|isbn=978-81-88661-42-8}}</ref>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Thirukavalambadi4.jpg|200x200px|thumb|View of the temple tower]]
The temple is open from 8 a.m. to 10 a.m. and 5 p.m. to 7 p.m. The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple belongs to [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] sect of Vaishnavism. As at other Vishnu temples of Tamil Nadu, the priests belong to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavaite]] community, from the [[Brahmin]] [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]. The temple rituals are performed four times a day: ''Ushathkalam'' at 8 a.m., ''Kalasanthi'' at 10:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 5:00 p.m. and ''Ardha Jamam'' at 7:00 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for both Gopalakrishna, Rukmini and Sathyabama. During the worship, religious instructions in the ''[[Vedas]]'' (sacred text) are recited by priests, and worshippers prostrate themselves in front of the [[Iconography of Shiva temples in Tamil Nadu#Dvajasthamba and Pali Peedam|temple mast]]. There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple.

During the new moon day of the Tamil month ''Thai'', the [[utsavar|festival deity]] of Thirumangai Alvar is brought to the temple from [[Thiruvali-Thirunagari]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|title=Shrine dedicated to Arjuna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/shrine-dedicated-to-arjuna/article3631326.ece|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 July 2012|access-date=2013-09-09|last=S.|first=Prabhu}}</ref> The Thirumangai Alvar Mangalasasana Utsavam is celebrated in the Tamil month of ''Thai'' (January–February). The highlight of the festival is ''Garudasevai'', an event in which the festival images of the eleven [[Thirunangur tirupathi|Thirunangur Tirupathis]] are brought on mount designed like [[Garuda]], called Garuda Vahana, to Thirunangur. The festive image of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought on a ''Hamsa Vahanam'' (palanquin) and his ''pasurams'' (verses) dedicated to each of these eleven temples are recited during the occasion. The festival images of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the eleven temples. The verses dedicated to each of the eleven temples are chanted in the respective shrines. This is one of the most important festivals in the region which draws thousands of visitors.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Garuda Sevai Festival">{{cite news| title=Garuda Sevai| work=Ramanuja.org|
url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf|access-date= 2011-08-19}}</ref>

== Religious significance ==
[[File:Thirukavalambadi3.jpg|200px|thumb|Image of the shrine of Thayar]]
The temple is revered in ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabhandam]]'', the 7th–9th century Vaishnava canon, by [[Periazhwar|Periyalvar]], [[Thirumalisai Alvar]] and [[Thirumangai Azhwar|Thirumangai Alvar]]. The temple is classified as a ''[[Divyadesam|Divya Desam]]'', one of the 108 Vishnu temples that are mentioned in the book. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the temple finds mention in several works like ''108 Tirupathi Anthathi'' by Divya Kavi Pillai Perumal Aiyangar.<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Senganmal Ranganathar temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=306|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref> It is believed that saint Thirumanagai Alvar visits the place every year to the festival to consecrate the eleven deities. As per local belief, the fresh winds which swirl the paddy fields before the day of the festival indicates a good harvest for the season.<ref name=Malai/> As per another legend, the sages Madangar, Domyar, [[Vyaghrapada]] and Udangar set up their hermitages in this place. During the period of [[Mahabharatha]], [[Takshaka]], the mighty snake king who killed king [[Parikshit]], ruled the place called Nagapuri, which eventually became Nangur.<ref>{{cite web|title=அருட்சேவை அருளும் திருநாங்கூர் கருடசேவை|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Others/Devotional/2020/01/24215411/Thirunangur-Garudaseva-of-the-Blessed-Sacrament.vpf|publisher=Daily Thanthi|language=Tamil|date=25 January 2020|accessdate=17 July 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|title=An introduction to religion and Philosophy - Tévarám and Tivviyappirapantam|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZY2lZpy.TVA_BOK_0006115|last=R.|first=Dr. Vijayalakshmy|publisher=International Institute of Tamil Studies| location=Chennai|year=2001|edition=1st|ref=R.}}
* {{cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu |year=2002 |publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-398-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=kavalambadi&pg=PA94|ref=T.}}
{{refend}}

{{commons category}}
{{Thirunangur Tirupathis}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples}}
{{Mayiladuthurai Topics}}

[[Category:Divya Desams| ]]
[[Category:Vishnu temples in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Villages in Mayiladuthurai district]]
[[Category:Krishna temples]]

Rambo in Love

2025-10-08T12:07:51Z

JoyceBpo44: Made New Article - done

{{Short description|Indian romantic drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Rambo in Love.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| genre = [[Romantic comedy]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* KA Creatives Team
* Bheem Sreenivas
* Seetha Ram
* Suresh O
* Venkat Ramji
}}
| director = Ajith Reddy R
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Abhinav Manikanta
* Payal Chengappa
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| music = Saran Raghavan
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 16
| executive_producer = {{plainlist|
* Krishnan Kutty
* Raghava Vaidyula
* Rohith Pisapati
}}
| producer = Gutta Venkat
| location =
| cinematography = Chandu Krrish
| editor = {{plainlist|
* Jayakumar JK
* Tramp Kiran
* Subbu Polishetti
}}
| runtime =
| company = Gagan Teleshow
| budget =
| network = [[JioHotstar]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2025|9|12}}
| last_aired = present
| related =
}}
'''''Rambo in Love''''' is an Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] television series directed by Ajith Reddy R and produced by Gutta Venkat. It stars Abhinav Manikanta and Payal Chengappa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Prabal |date=2025-09-08 |title=Latest OTT releases (September 8-September 14): 12 new movies and TV shows on Netflix, Prime Video, JioHotstar and more |url=https://www.vogue.in/content/latest-ott-releases-streaming-netflix-prime-video-jiohotstar-september-8-september-14-2025 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

It was released on [[JioHotstar]] on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-08 |title=Rambo In Love OTT release date out: When and where to watch Telugu rom-com series |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/rambo-in-love-ott-release-date-out-when-and-where-to-watch-telugu-rom-com-series/articleshow/123768289.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Abhinav Manikanta as Rambabu "Rambo"
* Payal Chengappa as Sukanya
* Bhargav Garampalli as Tarun
* Kavya Kashetti as Mary
* Achuth Nandha JV as Sai
* Pavan Yatagani
* Ananya Jinka
* Devika Evina
* [[Vasu Inturi]] as Venky
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Vinnu
* Keshav Deepak as Anand
* Appaji Ambarisha
* Sujatha
* Sidhu Diwakar
* Manik Reddy as Abothu
* Baby Varshini
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]] as Mouli

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |background=#87CEEB |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Ex Joins In
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Tension at the Top
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Wild Card
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Bending the Knee
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|12|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Flashback Sparks
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Deadline Mismatch
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Overtime
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Code vs Code
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|19|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = The Harsh Truth
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = The Monkey Plan
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Parents in the Picture
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Beta Tested
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|9|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = Bureaucracy Troubles
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|3|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Deal Done
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|3|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Late Night Looks
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|3|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Teamwork Is the Best
|DirectedBy = Ajith Reddy R
|WrittenBy = Various
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|10|3|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #87CEEB
}}
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = VC Vibes
| title1 = The Rage Cage Song
| length1 = 1:08
| lyrics1 = Radhakrishna Goparaju
| extra1 = [[L. V. Revanth]]
}}

== Release ==
The first four episodes of ''Rambo in Love'' were released on [[JioHotstar]] on 12 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rambo in Love OTT release date: When, where to watch Telugu rom-com series that promises to be fun |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rambo-in-love-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-telugu-rom-com-series/8c0e282b30877 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[123Telugu]]'' rated it 1.5 out of 5 and stated, "''Rambo in Love'' is largely a bland and forgettable watch. Payal Chengappa is the only performer who manages to entertain, while the rest of the cast comes across as over-the-top".<ref>{{Cite web |last=123telugu |date=2025-09-14 |title=Rambo In Love Telugu Web Series Review And Rating, |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/rambo-in-love-telugu-series-review.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |language=en-US}}</ref> ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and stated that, "''Rambo in Love'' is a silly, over-the-top, and aimless office romance that does not have anything going its way".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rambo in Love Review: A silly, bland, and over the top series that falters |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rambo-in-love-ott-review-payal-chengappa-shines-in-this-otherwise-silly-bland-and-aimless-series/90413d7782297 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2025 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Telugu-language Disney+ Hotstar original programming]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:2020s romantic comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Shalashah Thana railway station

2025-10-05T12:39:12Z

JoyceBpo44: stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Shalashah Thana railway station
| system = [[Indian Railways]]
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Thana, [[Dungarpur district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23.836427|73.65218|display=inline}}
| line = [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur line]]
| other =
| elevation =
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| platform = 1
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking = Yes
| bicycle =
| opened = 1879
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = SHLT
| zone = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Ajmer}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = North Western Railway
| status = Functioning
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=North Western Railway zone|left=Shri Bhavnath|right=Dungarpur|type=[[Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line]]}}
| map_locator =
}}

'''Shalashah Thana railway station''' is a railway station on [[Ahmedabad–Udaipur Line]] under the [[Ajmer railway division]] of [[North Western Railway zone]]. This is situated at Thana in [[Dungarpur district]] of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shalashah Thana Railway Station Timeline - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/timeline/edits-shalashah-thana-shlt/9054|access-date=2021-08-10|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shalashah Thana Railway Station (SHLT) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/shalashah-thana-shlt-station|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1879]]
[[Category:Ajmer railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dungarpur district]]

Yingkiong–Pangin Assembly constituency

2025-08-22T15:55:55Z

JoyceBpo44: adding

{{Short description|Constituency of the Arunachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Yingkiong–Pangin
| type= SLA
| state = Arunachal Pradesh
| established = 1978
| abolished = 1984<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|format=pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 13,389
| mla = Geogong Apang
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Yingkiong–Pangin Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | [[Gegong Apang]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1984 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yingkiong–Pangin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1984 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2084.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Geogong Apang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,880 |percentage=66.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanung Mize |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=3,510 |percentage=33.78% |change={{increase}}8.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,370 |percentage=32.44% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,390 |percentage=79.86% |change= {{increase}}5.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,389 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}9.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yingkiong–Pangin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106193245/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportArunachal%20Pradesh%201980.pdf|archive-date=6 January 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Geogong Apang |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=4,799 |percentage=56.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bani Danggen |party=People's Party of Arunachal |votes=2,184 |percentage=25.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tagang Taki |party=Independent politician |votes=1,501 |percentage=17.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,615 |percentage=30.82% |change= {{increase}}8.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,484 |percentage=75.92% |change= {{increase}}5.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,685 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] : Yingkiong–Pangin<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613112141/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Arunachal%20Pradesh%2078.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Geogong Apang |party=Janata Party |votes=4,435 |percentage=61.09% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tagang Taki |party=Independent politician |votes=2,825 |percentage=38.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,610 |percentage=22.18% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,260 |percentage=69.52% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,855 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Arunachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yingkiong-Pangin Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Arunachal Pradesh]]

{{ArunachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Nikari People

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