Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Within Seconds

2023-07-20T06:39:31Z

Journal Mail: Created an inspiring manuscript.

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam film}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Within Seconds
| image = Within Seconds 2023 Malayalam film poster.jpeg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Vijesh P. Vijayan
| writer = {{Plain list|
* Sangeeth Dharmmarajan
* Vijesh P. Vijayan
}}
| producer = Sangeeth Dharmmarajan
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
* [[Sudheer Karamana]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
}}
| cinematography = Rajeesh Raman
| editing = Ayoob Khan
| music = [[Ranjin Raj]]
| studio = Ball Entertainment
| distributor = Tantra Media
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|06|02||ref1=<ref>{{Cite web |title=Within Seconds |url=https://spicyonion.com/title/within-seconds-malayalam-movie/ |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=Spicyonion.com |language=en}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 121 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=Within Seconds Malayalam Movie Box Office Collection, Budget, Hit Or Flop |url=https://www.cinefry.co.in/within-seconds-box-office/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=Cinefry |language=en-US}}</ref>
}}

'''''Within Seconds''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime film]] directed by Vijesh P. Vijayan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Within Seconds Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://m.timesofindia.com/movieshow/100124223.cms |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=m.timesofindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It features [[Indrans]], [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], [[Sarayu Mohan]], [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]], [[Seema G. Nair]] and [[Thalaivasal Vijay]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Within Seconds (2023) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/within-seconds/ET00358963 |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref> The film's cinematography is handled by Rajeesh Raman and music is composed by [[Ranjin Raj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Within Seconds - Malayalam Movie Review, Ott, Release Date, Trailer, Budget, Box Office & News - FilmiBeat |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/within-seconds.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=www.filmibeat.com |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Sangeeth Dharmmarajan under the banner of Ball Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trailer Of Indrans' Malayalam Movie Within Seconds Out; Watch Here |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/trailer-of-indrans-malayalam-movie-within-seconds-out-watch-here-7720105.html |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
* [[Sudheer Karamana]]
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]]
* [[Santhosh Keezhattoor]]
* [[Narayanankutty]]
* [[Sarayu Mohan]]
* [[Seema G. Nair]]
* [[Neena Kurup]]
* Anu Nair
* Sidhik
* Sunil Sugatha
* Sandino Mohan
* Sebin Eluvathingal
}}

== Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Within Seconds
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Ranjin Raj]]
| released = {{Start date|2023}}
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=8|s=35}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Saregama]]
| prev_title = [[Kallanum Bhagavathiyum]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
}}
{{Track listing
| all_music = Ranjin Raj
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kasthoori Kattoothi
| length1 = 2:47
| lyrics1 = [[Anil Panachooran]]
| extra1 = [[M.G. Sreekumar]], Ranjin Raj
| title2 = Akasham Thottu
| length2 = 2:50
| lyrics2 = Dr. Sangeeth
| extra2 = [[Niranj Suresh]]
| title3 = Velavane Velayudhane
| length3 = 2:58
| lyrics3 = Murukeshan
| extra3 = Murukeshan
}}

== Release ==
The film was released in theatres on {{Date|Jun 2, 2023|DMY}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Within Seconds (2023) {{!}} Within Seconds Malayalam Movie {{!}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/28023/within-seconds/ |access-date=2023-07-17 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=tt15353450|title=Within Seconds}}

{{Malayalam-film-stub}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2020s Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 crime films]]

Ravinder Singh (general)

2023-06-23T06:47:12Z

Journal Mail: stub

{{Short description|Singaporean army general}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Ravinder Singh
| birth_name = Ravinder Singh s/o Harchand Singh<ref name="New chief for Singapore Army">{{cite web | url=https://www.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110304-266465.html | title=New chief for Singapore Army | publisher=AsiaOne News | date=4 March 2011 | accessdate=3 December 2013 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209132547/http://news.asiaone.com/News/AsiaOne+News/Singapore/Story/A1Story20110304-266465.html | archivedate=9 December 2013 | url-status=live}}</ref>
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1961}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Colony of Singapore|State of Singapore]]
| death_place =
| allegiance = [[Singapore]]
| branch = [[Singapore Army]]
| serviceyears = 1982–2009, 2011–2014
| rank = [[Major-General]]
| commands = [[Singapore Army#List of chiefs of Army|Chief of Army]] (2011–2014) Chief of Staff, Joint Staff Commander, [[6th Division (Singapore)|6th Division]] Commander, 2nd Singapore Infantry Brigade Head, System Development Group Commanding Officer, 3rd Signals Battalion
| spouse = Kohila
| laterwork =
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]]) [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Master of Science in Management|MScM]])
| signature =
| website = 
}}
'''Ravinder Singh s/o Harchand Singh''' {{post-nominals|list=[[Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Tentera)|PPA(E) PPA(P)]]}} is a Singaporean former [[major-general]] who served as [[Singapore Army|Chief of Army]] between 2011 and 2014. He has been serving as the [[chief operating officer]] of [[ST Engineering]] since 2021.

==Education==
Singh received the Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Training Award (Academic) in 1983. He obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (First Class Honours) and a [[Master of Arts]] in engineering science from the [[University of Oxford]] in 1986 and 1992 respectively. He was awarded the Singapore Armed Forces Postgraduate Scholarship in 1995. He graduated from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] in 1996 with a [[Master of Science]] in management.<ref name="SAF Leadership">{{cite web|title=SAF Leadership|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/about_us/biographies/saf_leadership.html#tab-2|publisher=MINDEF|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> He attended the Advanced Management programme in [[Wharton Business School]].

==Military career==
Singh enlisted in the [[Singapore Armed Forces]] (SAF) in December 1982. He was commissioned as a signals officer in December 1986 and served in active duty with the [[United Nations Iraq–Kuwait Observation Mission]] (UNIKOM) in [[Kuwait]] in 1991. In 1995, he attended the [[United States Army Command and General Staff College]] at [[Fort Leavenworth]]. Throughout his military career, he has held various other appointments, including: Head, System Development Group; Commander, 2nd Singapore Infantry Brigade; Commander, [[6th Division (Singapore)|6th Division]]. In 2009, he retired from active military service as Chief of Staff, Joint Staff and transited to a civil servant as Deputy Secretary (Technology), [[Ministry of Defence (Singapore)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="SAF Leadership" />

In 2011, Singh was recalled back to active service and succeeded [[Chan Chun Sing]] as the Chief of Army on 25 March 2011 and held this appointment until 21 March 2014, when he was succeeded by [[Perry Lim]].<ref name="New chief for Singapore Army" /><ref name="New Chief of Army 2014">{{cite web|title=New Chief of Army Takes Over Today|url=http://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/press_room/official_releases/nr/2014/mar/21mar14_nr2.html|publisher=MINDEF|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> Singh, who is of Punjabi Indian descent and a Sikh by religion, is the first non-Chinese Singaporean to serve as the Chief of Army since 1982.<ref>{{cite web|title=Singapore appoints Sikh as Army chief|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/Singapore-appoints-Sikh-as-Army-chief/articleshow/7633837.cms|work=The Times of India|accessdate=3 December 2013|date=5 March 2011}}</ref>

==Post-military career==
Singh served as the president of [[ST Kinetics]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chua|first1=Tony|title=Singapore Technologies Engineering promotes Ravinder Singh to president of Singapore Technologies Kinetics|url=http://sbr.com.sg/building-engineering/people/singapore-technologies-engineering-promotes-ravinder-singh-president-sin|website=Singapore Business Review|access-date=18 August 2015|date=9 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622114146/http://sbr.com.sg/building-engineering/people/singapore-technologies-engineering-promotes-ravinder-singh-president-sin|archive-date=22 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> before his current appointment as the [[chief operating officer]] of [[ST Engineering]], since 1 January 2021.

==Personal life==
Singh is married to Kohila and they have two sons.<ref name="SAF Leadership" />

==Awards and decorations==
* [[File:Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Emas) (Tentera).png|80px]] [[Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Tentera)|Public Administration Medal, (Gold) (Military) - PPA(E)]], in 2012.<ref name="SAF Leadership" />
* [[File:Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Perak) (Tentera).png|80px]] [[Pingat Pentadbiran Awam (Tentera)|Public Administration Medal, (Silver) (Military) - PPA(P)]], in 2005.<ref name="SAF Leadership" />
* [[File:Long Service Medal (Military) ribbon (from 2006).png|80px]] [[Long Service Medal (Military) (Singapore)|Long Service Medal (Military)]], in 2008.<ref name="SAF Leadership" />
* [[File:Singapore Armed Forces Long Service and Good Conduct (10 Years) Medal ribbon with clasp.png|80px]] [[Singapore Armed Forces Long Service and Good Conduct (10 Years) Medal]] with 15 year clasp
* [[File:Singapore Armed Forces Good Service Medal ribbon.png|80px]] [[Singapore Armed Forces Good Service Medal]]
* [[File:Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Service Medal ribbon (from 1999).png|80px]] [[Singapore Armed Forces Overseas Service Medal]], in 1992
* [[File:ONZ Medal w Służbie Pokoju UNIKOM BAR.svg|80px]] [[United Nations Medal]], in 1992.
* [[File:Order of the Crown of Thailand - 1st Class (Thailand) ribbon.svg|80px]] Knight Grand Cross of the Most Noble [[Order of the Crown of Thailand|Order of the Crown]]
* Basic Parachutist Badge
* Combat Skills Badge
* Thailand Airborne Badge

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=Major-General [[Chan Chun Sing]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Chief of the [[Singapore Army]]|years=25 March 2011–21 March 2014}}
{{s-aft|after= Major-General [[Perry Lim]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ravinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singaporean Sikhs]]
[[Category:Singaporean people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the Singapore Army]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:MIT Sloan School of Management alumni]]
[[Category:Non-U.S. alumni of the Command and General Staff College]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Long Service Medal (Military) (Singapore)]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

INS Vikrant (R11)

2023-04-24T06:04:25Z

Journal Mail: Generated a fresh article.

#REDIRECT [[INS Vikrant]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative name}}
}}

The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh

2023-02-15T13:21:07Z

Journal Mail: Added a new release to the platform.

{{Short description|Commands of Guru Gobind Singh Ji}}
{{move to Wikisource}}
{{cleanup lang}}
[[File:52 Hukams Inscribed at Gurudwara Paonta Sahib.jpg|thumb|right|52 Hukams Inscribed at [[Hazur Sahib|Gurudwara Hazur Sahib]], [[Nanded]].]]
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
The 52 [[Hukam]]s are a set of instruction in [[Sikhism]] set by [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in [[Nanded]], [[Maharashtra]], India in 1708.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Balawindara|title=Fifty-Two Commandments Of Guru Gobind Singh|year=2004|publisher=Singh Bros.|page=9|location=Michigan, US}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Satbir|title=Aad Sikh Te Aad Sakhian|year=1991|publisher=New Book Company|location=Jalandhar}}</ref> These edicts sum up the ideal way of life of the [[Khalsa]] and serve as a code of conduct for the Khalsa Panth. Members of the Khalsa (baptized [[Sikh]]s) aim to follow all the 52 edicts.

== List of the commands ==
A list of the 52 commands in [[romanized]] [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] with a faithful English translation is provided as follows:

* 1. Dharam dee kirat karnee – Make an honest living.
* 2. [[Dasvandh|Dasvand]] denaa – Donate a tenth share of your earnings.
* 3. Gurbani kantth karnee – Learn [[Gurbani]] by heart.
* 4. Amrit Velā utthnaa – Arise during [[Amrit Velā|Amrit vela]] (early morning).
* 5. Sikh sevak dee [[Sevā|sevaa]] ruchee naal karnee – Devotedly serve the Sikh who serves others.
* 6. Gurbani de arth Sikh vidhvanaa tuo parrhnae – Study the essence of [[Gurbani]] from learned Sikhs.
* 7. Panj Kakaar dee rehit drirh kar rukhnee – Follow the discipline of [[The Five Ks]] strictly. Adhere resolutely to the five articles of faith.
* 8. [[Shabda|Shabad]] da abhiaas karnaa – Practice the sacred hymns to life.
* 9. Sat Saroop Satgur daa dhian dharnaa – Contemplate and assimilate the beautiful truth of the [[True Enlightener]].
* 10. Guru Granth Sahib Jee noo Guru mananaa – Believe in and accept [[Guru Granth Sahib]] as the Guide to enlightenment.
* 11. Kaarjaan dae arambh vich ardaas karnee – When undertaking any task, first perform the prayer of [[Ardās]].
* 12. Jaman, maran, ja viah mokae jup da paatth kar tihaaval (Karaah Parsaad) kar anand sahib dia punj paurian, ardaas, pratham panj pyaariaan atae hazooree granthee noo vartaa kae oprunth sangat noo vartaaouna – For birth naming, funeral, or marriage ceremonies or devotional reading [[paath]]; recite [[Japji Sahib]] while making [[Karah Parshad]], perform five verses of [[Anand Sahib]], and [[Ardās|ardaas]]; and then distribute Karah Prashad to the [[Panj Pyare]], attending [[Granthi]], and then to the sangat gathered for worship.
* 13. Jad tak Karaah Parshaad vartadaa rahae sadh sangat addol batthee rahae – Until [[Karah Parshad]] has been served to everyone, the congregation ought to be still and remain seated.
* 14. Anand viah binaa grahist nahee karnaa – Without the [[Anand Karaj]] marriage ceremony, [[carnal]] relations should not occur.
* 15. Par istree, ma bhain, dhee bhain, kar jaananee. Par istree da sang nahee karnaa – Other than your wedded wife, consider all women as your mothers and sisters. Do not indulge in carnal marital relationships with them.
* 16. Istree da mooh nahee phitkaarnaa – Do not subject your wife to cursing, or verbal abuse.
* 17. Jagat jootth tambaakoo bikhiaa da tiaag karnaa – Discard worldly ways, falsehoods, and poisonous [[tobacco]].
* 18. Rehitvaan atae naam jupan vaalae gursikhaa dee sangat karnee – Make companions of [[Gursikh]]s who follow the [[Rehat|Rahit]] and recite the [[God in Sikhism#Names for God|Divine Name]].
* 19. Kum karan vich daridar nahee karnaa – Work hard and don't be lazy.
* 20. Gurbanee dee kathaa tae keertan roaz sunanaa atae karnaa – Take part in listening to [[Kirtan]] and discussions of the essence of Gurbani every day.
* 21. Kisae dee ninda, chugalee, atae eirkhaa nahee karnee – Do not gossip nor slander, or be spiteful to anyone.
* 22. Dhan, javaanee, tae kul jaat da abhiman naee karnaa (Nanak daadak tahe duae goath. Saak guroo Sikhan sang hoath) – Do not be proud of riches, youthfulness or lineage. (Regardless of maternal and paternal caste or heritage, all of the Guru's Sikhs are siblings of one family.)
* 23. Mat uchee tae suchee rakhnee – Maintain a high standard of purity in religious discipline.
* 24. Shubh karman tao kadae naa ttarnaa – Do not avoid performing virtuous acts.
* 25. Budh bal da daataa vaheguroo noo jaananaa – Appreciate intellect and power as gifts of the all knowing wondrous Enlightener.
* 26. Sugandh (kasam/saunh) dae kar itbaar janaaoun vaalae tae yakeen nahee karnaa – Have no faith in oaths sworn by one attempting to convince another of sincerity.
* 27.Sutantar Vicharna. Raaj Kaaj dian kamaan tae doosrae mutaa dia purshaan noo huk nahi daenaa - Rule Independently. In the affairs of government, do not give people of other religions authority or power.
* 28. Raajniti vi parhnee – Study/Read about [[politics]].
* 29. Dushman naal saam, daam, bhed, aadik upaao vartnae ate uprant yudh karnaa dharam hai – When dealing with enemies, practice diplomacy (through conciliation, economics, or causing division of the opposing group), and exhaust all of these techniques before justifying battle with the adversary.
* 30. [[Shastar Vidya|Shastar vidya]] te ghorh-savaari da abhiaas karnaa – Train in the skills of [[Weapon|weaponry]] and [[horsemanship]].
* 31. Doosrae mataa dae pustak, vidyaa parhnee. Pur bhrosaa drirh Gurbanee, Akaal Purakh tae karnaa| – Study the books and beliefs of other faiths. But maintain trust in Gurbani and [[Akal Purakh]] [Undying divine personification].
* 32. Guroopdaesaa noo dhaaran karnaa – Follow the [[Sikh gurus|Guru]] teachings.
* 33. Raheraas da paath kar kharae ho kae ardaas karnee – After reciting [[Rehras]] [evening prayers], stand up and perform Ardās.
* 34. Saun valae sohilaa atae ‘paun guru pani pita…’ salok parhnaa – Recite the late evening prayer [[Sohila]] [3 hymns] and the verse "Pavan guru pani pita…" before sleeping.
* 35. [[Kesh (Sikhism)|Kes]] nange nahi rakhne – Do not leave your hair uncovered.
* 36. Singhaa da adhaa naam nahee bulaunaa – Address a [[Singh]] by their entire name including Singh [or [[Kaur]]], do not shorten it by half or call them nicknames.
* 37. Sharaab nahi peeni-piauni – Do not drink or serve [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic]] beverages.
* 38. Sir munae noo kanaiaa nahee daenee. Uos ghar daeve jithae Akal Purukh dee sikhee ha, jo karza-ai naa hovae, bhalae subhaa da hovae, bibaekee atae gyanvaan hovae – Do not given a daughter's hand in marriage to a shaven one. Give her to a household where the Undying divine personification Akal Purakh and tenets of Sikhism are respected, to household without debt, of a pleasing nature, which is disciplined and educated.
* 39. Subh kaaraj Gurbanee anusaar karnae – Maintain all business affairs in accordance with [[Sikh scriptures|scripture]].
* 40. Chugalee kar kisae da kam nahee vigaarnaa – Do not cause ruin by gossiping about other's business.
* 41. Kaurha bachan nahee kahinaa – Do not speak in bitterness.
* 42. [[Darshan (Indian religions)|Darshan]] yaatraa gurdwaaraa dee hee karnee – Make pilgrimages only for seeing [[Gurdwara]]s.
* 43. Bachan karkae paalnaa – Keep all promises made.
* 44. Pardaesee, lorvaan, dukhee, apung manukh dee yataahshkat seva karnee – Do as much possible to serve and aid foreigners, those in need, or in trouble.
* 45. Dhee Putaree da dhan bikh Kar jananaa – Realize that taking the earnings of a daughter is as poison [don't be greedy].
* 46. Dikhaavae da Sikh nahee banana – Do not act a Sikh outwardly only for show.
* 47. Sikhi kesaa-suaasa sang nibhaaounee – Live and die a Sikh with hair intact and unshorn.
* 48. Chori, yaari, tthugi, dhokaa, dagaa nahee karnaa – Abstain from thievery, [[adultery]], cheating, deception, [[Fraud|swindling]], and pillaging.
* 49. Sikh da itbaar karnaa – Have confidence in a Sikh.
* 50. Jhutthi gavaahee nahee daenee – Do not make false testimonies.
* 51. Dhroh nahee karnaa – Do not participate in fraud.
* 52. Langar Parshaad ik ras vartaaunaa – Serve [[Langar (Sikhism)|langar]] [free community kitchen of a [[gurdwara]]] and [[Karah Parshad|prashad]] with impartiality.

== See also ==

* [[Sikh Rehat Maryada]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LL6UXuNIP7A&list=PL5UNLfJ1TsJl_MRE1175gbbrEsUp8ug8s 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh Ji] - ''Basics of Sikhi'' video series
*[https://www.sikhsangat.com/index.php?/topic/23439-52-hukam-of-guru-gobind-singh-ji/ 52 Hukam of Guru Gobind Singh Ji] - English translation

{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
[[Category:Sikh practices]]
[[Category:Sikh beliefs]]
[[Category:Warrior code]]

Whitehouse.gov

2022-12-06T18:00:48Z

Journal Mail: Contributed a new entry to the website.

{{Short description|Official website of the White House}}
{{Use mdy dates}}
{{lowercase title}}{{Use United States English}}

{{multiple issues|{{primary sources|article}}
{{update}}}}
{{Infobox website
| name = whitehouse.gov
| logo = wh-social-share.png
| logo_caption = Monogram of the White House website during the [[presidency of Joe Biden|Biden–Harris administration]] in 2021
| screenshot =
| screenshot_size = 400x400px
| caption =
| url = {{URL|https://whitehouse.gov}} [https://www.wh.gov wh.gov] ([[URL shortening|short link]], a redirect)
| commercial = No
| type = Government
| language = English, Spanish{{ref|a|a}}
| owner = [[Federal government of the United States]]
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|1994|07|29}}
| current_status = Active
}}
[[File:Whitehouse.gov during Clinton administration.gif|thumb|The earlier website during the [[presidency of Bill Clinton]] in 1995]]
[[File:White House.gov opening screen full 1-20-09.jpg|thumb|The modern website following the [[first inauguration of Barack Obama]] in 2009]]
'''whitehouse.gov''' (also simply known as '''wh.gov''') is the official [[website]] of the [[White House]] and is managed by the [[Office of Digital Strategy]]. It was launched in 1994 by the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Clinton White House Web Site |url=http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa012201b.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=August 30, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722064216/http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa012201b.htm |archive-date=July 22, 2011}}</ref> The content of the website is in the [[public domain]] or licensed under [[Creative Commons Attribution]] license.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/copyright/
|title=Copyright Policy
|work=whitehouse.gov
|access-date=2021-10-15}}</ref>

==Content==
The content of the White House website is designed to be an open portfolio for the public to know the current operations of the president during their presidency. The website contains information about the [[President of the United States|president]], the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], their families, press releases, proclamations, [[Executive order (United States)|executive orders]], and a transcript of speeches by White House officials.

The website also provides information about the current issues the president and vice president address (like [[Education in the United States|education]], [[Health care in the United States|healthcare]], etc.), also providing information about the history of the White House building, [[Air Force One]], and [[Camp David]]. The website also reviews the structure of the [[federal government of the United States]], including details about [[U.S. state|state]] and [[Local government in the United States|local government]], along with voting and elections.

The website also offers information about getting involved with the White House. This includes directions on how to write or call the White House, as well as details about the [[White House Internship Program]] and the [[White House Fellows|White House Fellows Program]].

The site also contains information about the current [[Cabinet of the United States]] and the [[Executive Office of the President of the United States]].

=== Site's difference in each administration ===
After a new administration is sworn in on [[United States presidential inauguration|Inauguration Day]], the website is immediately redesigned for the new administration. Past administration websites are archived by the [[National Archives and Records Administration|National Archives]].

List of prior whitehouse.gov websites:
* https://clintonwhitehouse5.archives.gov{{ref|b|b}}
* https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov
* https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov
* https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov

===Civic engagement===
{{Main|We the People (petitioning system)}}
On September 1, 2011, [[David Plouffe]], [[Senior Advisor to the President of the United States]] to [[Barack Obama]], announced in an email that the White House is releasing "[[We the People (petitioning system)|We the People]]", an online platform for the public to create petitions to the US Government. The launch of the petitioning platform was announced by Katelyn Sabochik on September 22, 2011 in a White House blog post.<ref name="White House Blog">{{cite web|date=September 22, 2011|work=whitehouse.gov|title=White House blog press release regarding the new "We the People" petitioning platform|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/09/22/petition-white-house-we-people|access-date=March 2, 2021|archive-date=January 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120180447/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2011/09/22/petition-white-house-we-people|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On December 19, 2017, the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]] announced its intention to temporarily shut down the platform and replace it with a "new platform [that] would save taxpayers more than $1m a year", though ultimately it was retained in its initial form.<ref>{{Cite web |title=White House to 'temporarily' shut petition website |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42409634 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180716132002/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-42409634 |archive-date=July 16, 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref> On January 20, 2021, the day of the [[inauguration of Joe Biden]], the platform started redirecting to the main whitehouse.gov domain, marking the discontinuance of the feature by the incoming administration. It has not been relaunched since.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fact check: Did the Biden administration remove the White House petitioning system? |url=https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-did-biden-administration-remove-white-house-petitioning-system-1570052 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322025544/https://www.newsweek.com/fact-check-did-biden-administration-remove-white-house-petitioning-system-1570052 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |website=Newsweek}}</ref>

== Platform ==
{{see also|List of Linux adopters|Linux adoption}}
In July 2001,<ref name="White House 1">{{cite web
|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2001/07/24/white_house_web_site_moves/
|title=White House Web site moves to Linux
|website=The Register
|first=John|last=Leyden
|access-date=2021-10-15
}}</ref> the [[White House]] started switching their [[web server]]s to an operating system based on [[Red Hat Linux]] and using the [[Apache HTTP Server]].<ref name="White House 2">{{cite web
|url=http://www.linuxpronews.com/2009/1028.html
|title=How Whitehouse.gov Will Bring Open Source To The American Spotlight
|publisher=LinuxProNews.com
|first=Savio
|last=Rodrigues
|access-date=2021-10-15
|archive-date=January 20, 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120033258/https://www.linuxpronews.com/2009/1028.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> The installation was completed in February 2009.<ref name="White House 3">{{cite web
|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/174746/
|title=Obama Invites Open Source into the White House
|publisher=PC World
|first=Steven J.
|last=Vaughan-Nichols
|access-date=2021-10-15
|archive-date=February 17, 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217020023/https://www.pcworld.com/article/174746/obama_invites_open_source_into_the_white_house.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="White House 4">{{cite web
|url=http://uptime.netcraft.com/up/graph?site=whitehouse.gov
|title=OS, Web Server and Hosting History for whitehouse.gov
|publisher=Netcraft
|author=Netcraft
|access-date=2021-10-15
}}</ref>{{not in citation|reason=That just goes to the home page, now}} In October 2009, the White House web servers adopted [[Drupal]], a [[free and open-source]] [[content management system]],<ref name="White House 5">{{cite web
|url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/open/around/eop/ostp/plan
|title=Office of Science & Technology - Open Government Plan
|first=John P.|last=Holdren
|via=[[NARA|National Archives]]
|work=[[Office of Science and Technology Policy]]
|access-date=2021-10-15
}}</ref><ref name="White House 6">{{cite web
|url=http://www.linuxjournal.com/content/oval-office-goes-open-source
|title=Oval Office Goes Open Source
|publisher=Linux Journal
|first=Justin|last=Ryan
|date=2010-04-22
|access-date=2021-10-15}}
</ref> which runs on [[Red Hat Enterprise Linux]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.redhat.com/en/about/blog/red-Hats-decade-of-collaboration-with-government-and-the-open-source-community | title=Red Hat's Decade of Collaboration with Government and the Open Source Community | publisher=[[Red Hat]] | access-date=2021-10-15}}</ref>

In December 2017, the [[Trump administration]] launched a redesigned website which it claimed would save taxpayers "almost $3 million per year".<ref>
{{cite news
|title=White House website redesigned to save taxpayers '$3 million per year' |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/white-house-website-redesigned-to-save-taxpayers-3-million-per-year
|access-date=2021-10-15
|work=[[Washington Examiner]]
|language=en}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Whitehouse.com]], a former adult website
* [[Whitehouse.org]], a parody website
* [[List of websites founded before 1995]]
* [[White House|1600 Pennsylvania Ave]]

==Notes==
{{note|a|a}} A Spanish version of whitehouse.gov is currently available under the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden Administration]] and was also used during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush]] and [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]]s. During the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump Administration]], the Spanish version of whitehouse.gov was removed. There is also archived Spanish versions of the website from the Bush and Obama administrations.

{{note|b|b}} The Clinton version of the site was archived several times during the administration and this is last archive of the site. Other versions can be found by changing the id in the URL between 1 and 5.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.archives.gov/presidential-libraries/archived-websites Archived Presidential White House Websites] from the [[National Archives and Records Administration]]
** [https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/ Archived versions of the site] during the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]]
** [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/ Archived versions of the site] during the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]]
** [https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ Archived versions of the site] during the [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama administration]]
** [https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/ Archived versions of the site] during the [[Presidency of Donald Trump|Trump administration]]
{{White House}}
[[Category:Government services web portals in the United States]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1994]]
[[Category:Presidency of the United States]]
[[Category:Creative Commons-licensed works]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Multilingual websites]]
[[Category:White House]]
__FORCETOC__

Part II of the Constitution of India

2022-02-04T01:09:32Z

Journal Mail: Shaped unique article content.

#REDIRECT [[Indian nationality law]]

Mughal-Sikh Wars

2022-01-17T16:14:09Z

Journal Mail: Finished writing a new addition.

#REDIRECT [[List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Aaron Carroll

2021-05-23T07:18:40Z

Journal Mail: add external links

'''Aaron Edward Carroll''' is an American pediatrician and professor of pediatrics at [[Indiana University School of Medicine]]. At Indiana University, he is also the Vice Chair for Health Policy and Outcomes Research and the Director of the Center for Health Policy and Professionalism Research.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.rwjf.org/en/library/grants/2011/12/examining-public-perceptions-of-the-value-of-human-life-at-diffe.html | title=Examining public perceptions of the value of human life at different ages in assessing costs and value of health care and preventive interventions | work=Robert Wood Johnson Foundation | accessdate=9 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="iu">{{cite web | url=http://pediatrics.iu.edu/chsr/our-team/faculty/bio-carroll/ | title=Aaron Carroll | work=Indiana University School of Medicine | accessdate=7 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511180914/http://pediatrics.iu.edu/chsr/our-team/faculty/bio-carroll/ | archive-date=2016-05-11 | url-status=dead | df= }}</ref>

==Education==
Carroll received his B.A. in chemistry from [[Amherst College]] in 1994 and his M.D. from the [[University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine]] in 1998. After receiving his M.D., he completed his internship and residency in pediatrics at the [[University of Washington]], where he received his M.S. in [[health services research]] in 2003. While there, he was a fellow in the [[Robert Wood Johnson Foundation|Robert Wood Johnson]] Clinical Scholars Program.<ref name=iu/>

==Work==
Carroll's research focuses on [[information technology]] in pediatrics, cost-effectiveness analyses in medicine, and [[health policy]].<ref name=iu/> Along with [[Rachel C. Vreeman]], he co-authored the 2011 book ''Don't Cross Your Eyes ... They'll Get Stuck That Way! And 75 Other Health Myths Debunked'', which debunks medical myths.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.amherst.edu/amherst-story/magazine/issues/2011fall/amherstcreates/carroll | title=Sex, Colds and Croup | work=Amherst Magazine | date=Fall 2011 | accessdate=7 May 2016 | author=Newman, Catherine}}</ref> Along with [[Austin Frakt]], he writes a column for ''[[The New York Times]]'' called "The New Health Care",<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/column/the-new-health-care?action=click&contentCollection=The%20Upshot&module=Collection&region=Marginalia&src=me&version=column&pgtype=article | title=The New Health Care | work=The New York Times | accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> where he gave his own experiences with [[ulcerative colitis]] as an example of the benefits and difficulties of the health care system.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/22/upshot/trapped-in-the-system-a-sick-doctors-story.html Trapped in the System: A Sick Doctor’s Story, Aaron E. Carroll, The New York Times, SEPT. 21, 2015]</ref> He and Frakt are also co-editors-in-chief of the medical blog [[the Incidental Economist]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://theincidentaleconomist.com/wordpress/about/about-aaron/ | title=About Aaron | work=The Incidental Economist | accessdate=7 May 2016}}</ref> Carroll is also the host of the [[YouTube]] series "Healthcare Triage".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://inscopearchive.iu.edu/spotlights-profiles/faculty-staff/2014-08-28-faculty-aaron-carroll-inscope.shtml | title=Aaron Carroll reaches out on YouTube, traditional media to educate public on health | publisher=Indiana University | work=INScope | date=28 August 2014 | accessdate=18 May 2016 | author=Fryling, Kevin}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20170415200659/http://cdmd.indiana.edu/about-us/investigator/aaron-e-carroll/ Faculty page]
{{wikiquote}}
* www.nytimes.com: [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/10/upshot/doubtful-science-behind-arguments-to-restrict-birth-control-access.html ''Doubtful Science Behind Arguments to Restrict Birth Control Access''] (10 10 2017)

Facebook

2021-05-11T17:51:32Z

Journal Mail: ad referance

{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{about|the website|the company that operates it|Facebook, Inc.}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Facebook
| logo = Facebook Logo (2019).svg
| screenshot =
| caption =
| collapsible = no
| type = [[Social networking service]] Publisher
| language = [[Multilingualism|Multilingual]] (166; {{as of|2020|7|16|url=https://www.facebook.com/language.php|post=)|lc=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/language.php|title=Select your language|publisher=Facebook|accessdate= July 16, 2020}}</ref>
| coordinates =
| area_served = United States (2004–present) Worldwide, except [[Censorship of Facebook|blocking countries]] (2005–present)
| url = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/}} ({{Abbr|alt.|alternative}}: {{URL|https://www.fb.com/}})
| alexa = 4 ({{as of|2020|01|30|alt=January 2020}})<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com|title=facebook.com Competitive Analysis, Marketing Mix and Traffic|website=[[Alexa Internet]]|access-date=2020-01-30}}</ref>
| registration = Required
| users = {{increase}} 2.50 billion monthly active users ({{as of|2019|12|31|alt=December 2019|post=)|lc=y}}<ref>https://s21.q4cdn.com/399680738/files/doc_financials/2019/q4/FB-12.31.2019-Exhibit-99.1-r61_final.pdf</ref>
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2004|02|04}}
| parent = [[Facebook, Inc.]]
| current_status = Active
| programming_language= [[C++]], [[PHP]] (as [[HipHop Virtual Machine|HHVM]]), [[D (programming language)|D]]
| footnotes = <ref name="Our History">{{cite web|title=Our History|url=https://newsroom.fb.com/company-info/|website=Facebook|access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref><ref name="alexa">{{cite web|title=Facebook.com Traffic, Demographics and Competitors - Alexa|url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/facebook.com|website=www.alexa.com|accessdate=February 4, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Gavin|last=Clarke|title=Facebook re-write takes PHP to an enterprise past|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/02/facebook_hiphop_unveiled/|website=[[The Register]]|publisher=Situation Publishing|date=February 2, 2010|accessdate=March 23, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.drdobbs.com/mobile/facebook-adopts-d-language/240162694|title=Facebook Adopts D Language|last=Bridgwater|first=Adrian|work=Dr Dobb's|location=San Francisco|date=October 16, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/02/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-platform-publisher-lawsuit|title=Is Facebook a publisher? In public it says no, but in court it says yes|first=Sam|last=Levin|date=July 3, 2018|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref>
}}
'''Facebook''' (sometimes shortened to '''FB''') is a [[social networking service]] and website started in February 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsdellhi.blogspot.com/2021/04/data-leaked-for-free-533-mn-facebook.html|title=Facebook deta|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> It was built by Mark Zuckerberg. It is owned by [[Facebook, Inc.]]<ref name="Growth">{{cite news |accessdate =December 19, 2008 |url=https://venturebeat.com/2008/12/18/2008-growth-puts-facebook-in-better-position-to-make-money/ |title=2008 Growth Puts Facebook In Better Position to Make Money |work=VentureBeat |location =San Francisco |date=December 18, 2008 |author=Eldon, Eric}}</ref> {{As of|September 2012}}, Facebook has over one billion active users.<ref>{{cite news|title=Facebook Tops Billion-User Mark|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443635404578036164027386112.html|date=October 4, 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|publisher=Dow Jones|accessdate=October 4, 2012}}</ref> Users may make a personal [[profile]], add other users as friends, and send messages. Facebook users must [[registration|register]] before using the site. The name of the service comes from the [[Facebook (directory)|name for the book]] given to students at the start of the school year by some universities in the United States. These books help students get to know each other better. Facebook allows any users who are at least 13 years old to become users of the website.

Facebook was started by [[Mark Zuckerberg]] with his college roommates and fellow [[computer science]] students [[Eduardo Saverin]], [[Dustin Moskovitz]] and [[Chris Hughes]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/how-facebook-was-founded-2010-3#we-can-talk-about-that-after-i-get-all-the-basic-functionality-up-tomorrow-night-1 |title=At Last – The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded |work=Business Insider |first=Nicholas |last=Carlson |date=March 5, 2010}}</ref> The website's membership was only for [[Harvard]] students at first. Later it included other colleges in the [[Boston]] area, the [[Ivy League]], and [[Stanford University]]. It eventually opened for students at other universities. After that, it opened to high school students, and, finally, to anyone aged 13 and over. Based on ConsumersReports.org in May 2011, there are 7.5 million children under 13 with accounts. This breaks the website's rules.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/05/five-million-facebook-users-are-10-or-younger.html|title=Five million Facebook users are 10 or younger|date=May 10, 2011|work=ConsumerReports.org|accessdate=May 15, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512212712/http://news.consumerreports.org/electronics/2011/05/five-million-facebook-users-are-10-or-younger.html|archive-date=May 12, 2011|dead-url=}}</ref>

[[File:Facebook f logo (2019).svg|thumb|250px|Facebook f logo]]

A January 2009 [[Compete.com]] study ranked Facebook as the most used [[social networking service]] by worldwide monthly active users.<ref name="Kazeniac">{{cite news|url=http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/|title=Social Networks: Facebook Takes Over Top Spot, Twitter Climbs|author=Kazeniac, Andy|date=February 9, 2009|work=Compete Pulse blog|accessdate=February 17, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211000119/http://blog.compete.com/2009/02/09/facebook-myspace-twitter-social-network/|archive-date=February 11, 2009|dead-url=}}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' put the site on its end-of-the-decade "best-of" list. It said, "How on earth did we stalk our exes, remember our co-workers birthdays, bug our friends, and play a rousing game of [[Lexulous|Scrabulous]] before Facebook?"<ref>{{cite news |author=Geier, Thom |others= Jensen, Jeff; Jordan, Tina; Lyons, Margaret; Markovitz, Adam; et al. |date=December 11, 2009 |title=THE 100 Greatest Movies, TV Shows, Albums, Books, Characters, Scenes, Episodes, Songs, Dresses, Music Videos, and Trends that entertained us over the 10 Years |work=Entertainment Weekly | location = New York |issue=(1079/1080):74-84}}</ref> [[Quantcast]] estimates Facebook had 138.9 million monthly different U.S. visitors in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com|title=facebook.com – Quantcast Audience Profile|last=|first=|date=April 29, 2011|website=Quantcast|publisher=Quantcast.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061107063942/http://www.quantcast.com/facebook.com|archive-date=November 7, 2006|dead-url=|accessdate=May 15, 2011}}</ref> According to ''Social Media Today'', in April 2010 about 41.6% of the U.S. population had a Facebook account. Facebook's growth started to slow down in some areas. The site lost 7 million active users in the United States and Canada in May 2011 relative to previous statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/06/13/facebook.dropping.america/index.html|title=Is Facebook growth stalling in North America?|last=|first=|date=|website=CNN|publisher=CNN|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=June 21, 2011}}</ref>

== Criticism ==
Facebook has been involved in many controversies over [[wikt:privacy|privacy]].<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://mashable.com/2010/08/25/facebook-privacy-infographic/
|title=Facebook Privacy: 6 Years of Controversy [INFOGRAPHIC]
|work=mashable.com
|accessdate=February 24, 2011
}}</ref> Some of these controversies have been about people being able to see personal information that other people post, and others are about companies and [[advertising|advertisers]] being able to see users' personal information. Facebook has sent ads to people based on the persons gender, age, income, national origin and sexual orientation.<ref>[https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/07/01/facebook-make-jobs-credit-advertisements-searchable-all-users/1615939001/?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzRss&utm_campaign=usatodaycommoney-topstories Facebook to make jobs, credit advertisements searchable for all users]</ref>

Research published in the journal ''[[PLOS ONE]]'' has shown that Facebook may be responsible for spreading unhappiness through society as well as keeping people connected.<ref name="smh ">{{cite news|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|title=Not happy: Facebook linked to a decline in wellbeing|page=6|date=August 16, 2013}}</ref> Scientists found that the more time people spent on Facebook over a two-week period, the worse they subsequently felt.<ref name=smh /> "On the surface, Facebook provides an invaluable resource for fulfilling the basic human need for social connection. Rather than enhancing well-being, however, these findings suggest that Facebook may undermine it."<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Kross
| first = Ethan
| others = Philippe Verduyn, Emre Demiralp, Jiyoung Park, David Seungjae Lee, Natalie Lin, Holly Shablack, John Jonides, Oscar Ybarra
| title = Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjective Well-Being in Young Adults
| journal = PLOS ONE
| date = August 14, 2013
| url = http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069841
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0069841
| accessdate = August 17, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Facebook Gaming ===
In 2018, Facebook launched Facebook Gaming officially on June 1, 2018 with a pool of gaming streamers including [[Darkness429]], [[Stonemountain64]], ThePoolshark, and [[Alodia Gosiengfiao]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://social.techcrunch.com/2018/06/07/facebook-launches-fb-gg-gaming-video-hub-to-compete-with-twitch/|title=Facebook launches Fb.gg gaming video hub to compete with Twitch|website=TechCrunch|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/tech/gaming/facebook-is-planning-to-take-on-twitch-with-its-new-gaming-section-and-monetisation-opportunities-for-streamers-4501793.html|title=Facebook is expected to launch its game-streaming platform and Twitch competitor at E3 2018- Technology News, Firstpost|date=2018-06-08|website=Tech2|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-03-14-facebook-announces-new-gaming-tab|title=Facebook launching new Gaming Tab|website=GamesIndustry.biz|language=en|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref>

Facebook Gaming or fb.gg is Facebook's take on gaming livestreams where gamers and fans interact. Facebook launched it as a tab on the Facebook app and a standalone app.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/03/14/in-a-challenge-to-twitch-and-youtube-facebook-adds-gaming-to-its-main-navigation/|title=In a challenge to Twitch and YouTube, Facebook adds ‘Gaming’ to its main navigation|last=Perez|first=Sarah|date=March 15, 2019|website=TechCrunch|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> It also has an In-stream Rewards feature where viewers are gifted in-game rewards while watching streams with ''[[Mobile Legends: Bang Bang]]'' being a part of pioneering the feature as mentioned by Jack Li, a Facebook Gaming representative, on Moonton Epicon held last July 18, 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.abs-cbn.com/esports/news/2019/07/24/world-championship-revealed-moonton-epicon-2019-59372|title=New Game, Major Update - World Championship and more revealed in MOONTON Epicon 2019: The Future Begins Global Conference|last=|first=|date=July 24, 2019|website=ABS-CBN Sports|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, [[Disguised Toast|Jeremy "DisguisedToast" Wang]] was signed to Facebook Gaming in a surprise move from [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/twitch-loses-star-streamer-to-facebook-gaming-2019-11|title=Twitch just lost another star streamer, this time to Facebook Gaming|last=Reyes|first=Mariel Soto|website=Business Insider|access-date=2020-02-19}}</ref> Soon after, Facebook signed ''[[Super Smash Bros.]]'' star streamer [[Gonzalo Barrios (video game player)|Gonzalo "ZerO" Barrios]].

On February 18, 2020 [[Ronda Rousey]] performed her first live stream on Facebook Gaming, announcing that she will stream once per week. The details of her contract were not disclosed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxbusiness.com/sports/ronda-rousey-facebook-gaming-stream|title=Ronda Rousey lands Facebook Gaming streaming deal|last=Barrabi|first=Thomas|date=2020-02-14|website=FOXBusiness|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-22}}</ref>

On April 20, 2020 Facebook launched its gaming app in Playstore, named as Facebook Gaming. This app was actually planned to release in June 2020, but Facebook preponed on witnessing the community demand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.androidical.com/facebook-launch-dedicated-facebook-gaming-app/|title=Facebook launched a dedicated app ‘Facebook Gaming’ to take on Twitch and YouTube|website=Androidical|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/19/technology/facebook-app-gaming.html/|title=Facebook to Introduce an App for Gaming|website=NYTimes|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Other websites ==

* [http://www.facebook.com/ Facebook homepage]

[[Category:2004 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Social networking]]
[[Category:Technology]]

{{tech-stub}}

{{simple-Wikipedia}}

Mamata Banerjee

2021-04-01T06:03:38Z

Journal Mail: minoe changes

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mamata Banerjee মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়
|honorific-suffix = | image = Mamata banerjee.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt = Portrait of Mamata Banerjee
| office = 8th [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 20 May 2011
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
| governor = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
| successor =
| office2 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railway]]
| term_start2 = 13 October 1999
| term_end2 = 16 March 2001 (Resigned)
|term_start3 = 22 May 2009
|term_end3 = 19 May 2011 (After Giving Resignation)
| predecessor3 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| successor3 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]] ([[pro tem]])
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| term_start4 = 1991
| term_end4 = 2011
| predecessor4 = [[Biplab Dasgupta]]<ref>[[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)]]</ref>
| successor4 = [[Subrata Bakshi]]
|office5 = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Jadavpur]]
|term_start5 = 1984
|term_end5 = 1989
|predecessor_5 = Somnath Chatterjee
| successor_5 = Malini Bhattacharya
|office6 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] for [[Bhabanipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhabanipur]]
|term_start6 = 25 September 2011
|term_end6 =
|office7 = [[Councillor]] of [[Bhabanipur]] Area{{cn}}
|term_start7 = 28 April 2015
|term_end7 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1955|1|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| spouse = ''Unmarried''
| party = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (Left In 1/1/1998)
[[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] (1991-Present)
| children =
| residence = Harish Chatterjee Street, [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = [[Jogamaya Devi College]] {{small|(B.A.)}} [[University of Calcutta]] {{small|(M.A.)}} [[Shri Shikshayatan College]] {{small|(B.Ed.)|}} [[Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College]] {{small|(LL.B.)}}
| occupation = [[Political Leader]]
| profession = [[Politician]] [[Advocate]] [[Social Worker]] [[Painter]] [[Singer]] [[Writer]]

| signature =
| website = http://aitcofficial.org/biography/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mamata Banerjee''' ({{lang-bn|মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}) (born 5 January 1955) is the current Chief Minister of the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]]. She is the first woman Chief Minister of the state. She is also the founder and chairperson of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/cabinet.php |title=Council of Ministers - Who's Who - Government: National Portal of India |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=bbc.co.uk>{{cite web| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13465915?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter| title = Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6B8pdsm9l | archivedate = 2012-10-03| url-status=live}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee is also the Minister for Home, Health and Family Welfare, Land and Land Reforms, Information and Cultural Affairs, Hill Affairs, Minority Affairs and Madrassah Education, Agriculture, Power and Personnel and Administrative Reforms departments.<ref>{{cite web |author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2035875.ece |title=News / National : Key Ministers in Mamata's Cabinet |publisher=The Hindu |accessdate=2011-05-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6B8peUk5c?url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2035875.ece |archivedate=2012-10-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/images/21ministry.jpg |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-05-25 |archive-date=2012-10-03 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6B8pfsj8j?url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/images/21ministry.jpg |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Our Special Correspondent |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/jsp/frontpage/story_14010716.jsp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) | Frontpage | Mamata keeps key slots |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=1999-03-01 |accessdate=2011-05-21 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6B8pg0S1y?url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110521/jsp/frontpage/story_14010716.jsp |archivedate=2012-10-03 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html |title=Mamata allots portfolios, keeps key ministries - Politics News - IBNLive |publisher=Ibnlive.in.com |date=2010-02-03 |accessdate=2011-05-21}}</ref> She is a good [[orator]]. Her followers call her "Didi" (meaning the elder sister).

Mamata Banerjee has defeated the 34-year-old the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Front]] government in West Bengal. That government was the world's longest-serving democratically-elected communist government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |title=BBC News - India: Mamata Banerjee routs communists in West Bengal |author=[[BBC News]] |date=13 May 2011 |accessdate=14 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5ye3MnHpT?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |archivedate=13 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/18/india-state-election-kolkata-communist|title=Indian state election expected to end Kolkata's 34-year communist rule|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=18 April 2011|location=London|date=April 18, 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6B8pgNkmq?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/apr/18/india-state-election-kolkata-communist|archivedate=2012-10-03|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|title=The woman taking on India's communists|work=[[BBC World News]]|accessdate=15 April 2011|date=April 15, 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6B8pgukde?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|archivedate=2012-10-03|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the past, she was the [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]] twice, [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]] once, and [[Minister of State]] for Human Resource Development, Department of Youth Affairs and Sports and Women and Child Development once in the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|cabinet]] of the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39|title=Detailed Profile = Km. Mamata Banerjee |publisher=[[Government of India]] |accessdate=11 August 2010}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Banerjee was born in Kolkata (formerly called Calcutta), West Bengal, to a Bengali Hindu family.<ref>https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii70/articles/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall </ref> <ref>https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2014/may/11/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins-611064.html</ref>Her parents were Promileswar Banerjee and Gayetri Devi.<ref>https://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm</ref> Banerjee's father, Promileswar died due to lack of medical treatment, when she was 17.
In 1970, Banerjee completed the higher secondary board examination from Deshbandhu Sishu Sikshalay. She received a Bachelor's degree in History from Jogamaya Devi collage.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210012/</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110425225124/</ref> Later,she earned her master's degree in Islamic history from the University of calcutta.<ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/15-facts-about-mamata-banerjee-that-you-probably-dont-know/education/slideshow/52465489.cms</ref> This was followed by a degree in Education from Shri Shikshayatan Collage and a law degree from Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law Collage, Kolkata.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100726145746/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm</ref>

She also received an honorary doctorate from the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Odisha-varsity-to-confer-doctorate-on-Mamata/articleshow/16443132.cms</ref> She was also honoured with a Doctorate of Literature (D.Litt.) degree by [[Calcutta University]].<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-to-receive-d-litt-degree-calcutta-hc-to-hear-pil-today-5020036/</ref>

Banerjee became involved with politics when she was only 15. While studying at the [[Jogamaya Devi College]], she established [[Chhatra Parishad Unions]], the student wing of the [[Congress (I) Party]], defeating the [[All India Democratic Students Organisation]] affiliated with the Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist).<ref>https://magazine.outlookindia.com/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724</ref> She continued in the [[Congress (I) Party]] in [[West Bengal]], serving in a variety of positions within the party and in other local political organisations.

==Early political career, 1984–2011==
===Political career with Congress===
Banerjee began her political career in the [[Congress party]] as a young woman in the 1970s. In 1975 she gained attention in the press media when she danced on the car of socialist activist and politician Jayaprakash Narayan as a protest against him.<ref>https://www.sify.com/news/mamatas-political-journey-from-a-car-dance-to-chief-ministership--news-national-lfnnQ3hibhhsi.html</ref> <ref>https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/first-show-us-some-mamata</ref> <ref>https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jvRw4QrDrA8yJ5V84gY3OK/From-jumping-on-cars-to-hunger-strikes-Mamata-Banerjee-shak.html</ref> She quickly rose in the ranks of the local Congress group and remained the general secretary of Mahila Congress (Indira), [[West Bengal]], from 1976 to 1980.<ref>https://archive.is/20120714095740/http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mamta-banerjee/</ref> In the 1984 general election, Banerjee became one of India's youngest parliamentarians ever,<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/only-mamata-banerjee-could-defeat-somnath-chatterjee-1312879-2018-08-13</ref> defeating veteran Communist politician Somnath Chatterjee, to win the Jadavpur parliamentary Constituency in West Bengal. She also became the general secretary of the Indian Youth Congress in 1984. She lost her seat to Malini Bhattacharya of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the 1989 general elections in an anti-Congress wave.<ref>https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengal-polls-2016-mamata-banerjee-election-performance-since-1984-2082091.html</ref> She was re-elected in the 1991 general elections, having settled into the Calcutta South constituency. She retained the Kolkata South seat in the 1996, 1998, 1999, 2004 and 2009 general elections.

Banerjee was appointed the Union Minister of State for Human Resources Development, Youth Affairs and Sports, and Women and Child Development in 1991 by prime minister P. V. Narasimha Rao. As the sports minister, she announced that she would resign and protested in a rally at the Brigade Parade Ground in Kolkata, against the Government's indifference towards her proposal to improve sports in the country.<ref>https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/nation.htm#1</ref> She was discharged of her portfolios in 1993. In April 1996, she alleged that Congress was behaving as a stooge of the CPI-M in West Bengal. She claimed that she was the lone voice of reason and wanted a "clean Congress"<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-12</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|}}

== Other websites ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=39 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503030618/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=39 |date=2010-05-03 }}
* [http://www.allindiatrinamulcongress.org/ Official Party website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731150712/http://www.allindiatrinamulcongress.org/ |date=2010-07-31 }}
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13297763 Profile:] by [[BBC News]] dated 13 May 2011

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]]|years=2009–2011}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Dr. Manmohan Singh]] ([[pro tem]])}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]|years=2011–present}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Persondata 
| NAME =Banerjee, Mamata
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় (Bengali)
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =West Bengalese chief minister
| DATE OF BIRTH =5 January 1955
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| DATE OF DEATH =
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerjee, Mamata}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian politicians]]