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Northeast Derby (India)

2026-05-03T11:31:07Z

Joshiankit994: put up new details.

{{Short description|Association football derby in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox sports rivalry
| name = North-East Derby
| other names =
| image = SevenSisterStates.svg
| caption = The North East
| city or region = [[Northeast India]]
| first contested = [[United Sikkim FC|United Sikkim]] 0-0 [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] (8 December 2012)
| teams involved = *All-time:
**[[NorthEast United FC|NEUFC]]
**[[Aizawl FC]]
**[[NEROCA FC]]
**[[TRAU FC]]
**[[Shillong Lajong FC]]
**[[KLASA FC]]
**[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC]]
**[[Southern Sporting Union]]
**[[United Sikkim]]
**[[Gangtok Himalayan SC]]
**[[Royal Wahingdoh FC]]
**[[Rangdajied United FC]]
**[[Langsning SC]]
**[[Ryntih FC]]
**[[Chanmari FC]]
**[[Chhaygaon FC]]
**[[Sikkim Brotherhood FC]]
| most wins = [[Shillong Lajong FC]] (''10 wins'')
| mostrecent = [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] 1-0 [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] (9 February 2021)
| nextmeeting =
| total = {{nowrap|'''Total'''}}: 36 {{nowrap|Competitive}}: 34
| series = '''Shillong Lajong:''' 6 '''NEROCA:''' 6 '''Aizawl:''' 4 '''TRAU:''' 3 '''Royal Wahingdoh:''' 1 '''Rangdajied United:''' 0 '''United Sikkim:''' 0 Drawn: 10
| league = [[I-League]]
| largestvictory = [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] 5-0 [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] ([[I-League]], 8 February 2020) 
[[Royal Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]] 0-5 [[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]] ([[Shillong Premier League]], 26 September 2017)
| broadcasters =
| stadiums = [[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]] [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
}}

'''Northeast Derby or North-East Derby''' is the name given to the [[association football|football]] matches played among the [[Northeast India|northeastern]] teams in the [[Indian football league system|national leagues]] ([[Indian Super League|ISL]], [[Indian Football League|IFL]], [[I-League 2]], and [[I-League 3]]) and cup competitions ([[Durand Cup]] and [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]).

==History==
The first match of a northeast derby in [[I-League]] was played between [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] of [[Meghalaya]] and [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] of [[Sikkim]] in [[Paljor Stadium]], [[Gangtok]] on 8 December 2012 which ended in a goalless draw. United Sikkim got relegated at the end of the [[2012–13 I-League|season]] while Shillong Lajong got relegated in [[2018–19 I-League|2018-19]]. [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] from [[Mizoram]] got promoted in [[2015–16 I-League|2015-16]] but again got relegated at the end. They were promoted once again in the [[2016–17 I-League|next season]] due to some reasons and became the champions. [[2017–18 I-League|2017-18]] season saw the promotion of another [[Northeast India|northeastern]] team [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] from [[Manipur]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/its-so-much-more-than-a-northeastern-derby/articleshow/58442323.cms|title=It's so much more than a northeastern derby - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-21|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419123421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/its-so-much-more-than-a-northeastern-derby/articleshow/58442323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/sports/i-league-neroca-ride-subash-singh-goal-to-beat-shillong-lajong-1613041.html|title=I-League: NEROCA Ride Subash Singh Goal to Beat Shillong Lajong|work=News18|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117190613/http://www.news18.com/news/sports/i-league-neroca-ride-subash-singh-goal-to-beat-shillong-lajong-1613041.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|title=Aizawl, TRAU share spoils|url=https://i-league.org/aizawl-trau-share-spoils/|date=15 November 2022|access-date=17 November 2022|website=i-league.org|publisher=Hero [[I-League]]|location=Aizawl, Mizoram|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115162525/https://i-league.org/aizawl-trau-share-spoils/|archive-date=15 November 2022}}</ref>

===Shillong Derby===
From 2013 to 2015 there were consecutive promotions and relegations of Meghalayan teams [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]] ([[2013–14 I-League|2013-14]]) and [[Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]] ([[2014–15 I-League|2014-15]]). During this short tenure the two teams played against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] respectively in the '''[[Shillong]] Derby'''. The first match of the derby in [[I-League]] to be played was on 22 November 2013 between Shillong Lajong and Rangdajied United that ended in a 1–1 draw. The next season the derby was played between Shillong Lajong and Royal Wahingdoh, with the first meeting in [[I-League]] on 18 January 2015 that ended with Royal Wahingdoh as the winner by 1–2. Both the rivalries continued thereafter in [[Shillong Premier League]] for a brief period until the teams were dissolved.

===[[Imphal Derby]]===
In [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]], another [[Manipur|Manipuri]] team, [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] got promoted, thus the beginning of [[Imphal Derby|'''Imphal''' '''Derby''']].<ref>{{cite web|first=Ritabrata|last=Banerjee|title=TRAU edge out NEROCA FC 2-1 in a closely fought Imphal derby|url=https://www.goal.com/en/match/trau-v-neroca/report/8w46gbqejp4k89alhl00wa3xm|date=8 January 2020|access-date=9 January 2020|website=Goal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109171436/https://www.goal.com/en/match/trau-v-neroca/report/8w46gbqejp4k89alhl00wa3xm|archive-date=9 January 2020}}</ref> The derby is contested between [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] and [[TRAU FC|TRAU]], and was first played on 8 January 2020, in which TRAU emerged as the maiden winner of the derby by the scoreline of 2–1. The derby had already begun even before the inclusion of [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] in [[I-League]], when the two local rivals contested against each other in [[Manipur State League]]. The Imphal Derby gained fame in 2022 during the [[2022 Durand Cup|131st edition]] of [[Durand Cup]] when competitive football returned to the city after [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-preview-prediction|title=Durand Cup 2022: NEROCA FC vs TRAU FC preview, prediction and more|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|first=Azhar|last=Mohamed|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818142049/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/durand-cup-2022-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-preview-prediction|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/rajnath-singh-to-attend-opening-match-of-manipur-edition-of-durand-cup-today-1434174|title=Rajnath Singh to attend opening match of Manipur edition of Durand cup today|website=assamtribune.com|publisher=[[The Assam Tribune]]|first=5:31 AM|last=TAT Correspondent|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818144814/https://assamtribune.com/north-east/rajnath-singh-to-attend-opening-match-of-manipur-edition-of-durand-cup-today-1434174|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> The [[Government of Manipur]] declared a half-holiday for all governmental and educational institutions in build-up to the match on 18 August,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-to-host-first-durand-cup-match-thursday-8096099/|title=Durand Cup: Ahead of Manipur derby between TRAU and Neroca, state government declares half holiday|website=indianexpressews.com|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|first=Jimmy|last=Leivon|date=17 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817162007/https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-to-host-first-durand-cup-match-thursday-8096099/|archive-date=17 August 2022}}</ref> in which TRAU was defeated by NEROCA 3–1 in Group-C opener.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-live-streaming-score-nfc-vs-tfc-when-where-to-watch-india-telecast-highlights/article65782344.ece|title=Highlights Durand Cup, NFC 3-1 TRAU: Neroca beats TRAU FC 3-1 in the Imphal Derby {{!}} Full Time! Neroca beats TRAU FC with a two-goal margin of victory|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=18 August 2022|access-date=18 August 2022|location=Imphal, Manipur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818145621/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/durand-cup-neroca-fc-vs-trau-fc-live-streaming-score-nfc-vs-tfc-when-where-to-watch-india-telecast-highlights/article65782344.ece|archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref>then in 23-24 I-league season NEROCA beat TRAU twice 1-0 and 2-1 then after both clubs got relegated in IFL 2 neroca drew with trau 1-1 and defeated them on the final day 2-1 to survive relegation to IFL 3 and relegate TRAU.

=== [[Aizawl Derby|Mizo Derby]] ===
The promotion of [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]] to IFL in 2025–26 saw them clashing against fellow [[Mizoram|Mizo]] side and former champions [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] on 24 March 2026. Aizawl won the match 3–2 after overturning a two–goal deficit.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-03-24 |title=IFL 2025-26: Aizawl comes from behind to win against Chanmari in Mizo Derby |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/ifl-2025-26-aizawl-fc-vs-chanmari-score-result-latest-news-updates/article70781023.ece |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Current teams ([[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26 season]])
!Team
!City
!State
!Home stadium
!League (Tier)
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Assam]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|Indian Super League]] (I)
|-
|[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Aizawl]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Mizoram]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium, Aizawl|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2025-26 Indian Football League|Indian Football League]] (II)
|-
|[[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
|-
|[[Shillong Lajong FC|Shillong Lajong]]
|[[Shillong]]
|[[Meghalaya]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
|-
|[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]
|[[Imphal]]
|[[Manipur]]
|[[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]]
| rowspan="2" |[[2026 I-League 2|I-League 2]] (III)
|-
|[[Karbi Anglong Morning Star FC|Karbi Anglong Morning Star]]
|[[Diphu]]
|Assam
|[[KASA Stadium]]
|-
|[[TRAU FC|TRAU]]
|Imphal
| rowspan="3" |Manipur
| rowspan="6" |''Not assigned''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Calendar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/calendar?event=67&month=0&year=2026 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
| rowspan="6" |[[2025–26 I-League 3|I-League 3]] (IV)
|-
|[[KLASA FC|KLASA]]
|[[Bishnupur district|Keinou]]
|-
|[[FC Raengdai|Raengdai]]
|[[Noney]]
|-
|[[Chhaygaon FC|Chhaygaon]]
|[[Chaygaon]]
|Assam
|-
|[[Sikkim Brotherhood FC|Sikkim Brotherhood]]
|[[Gangtok]]
|[[Sikkim]]
|-
|[[Meghalaya State League|Mawlai]]
|Shillong
|Meghalaya
|}

==Statistics==

=== Current teams ===

==== Aizawl vs NEROCA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?team_ids%5B%5D=35316&team_ids%5B%5D=20937|title=H2H Comparison - NEROCA vs. Aizawl - Teams - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=19 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419104658/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?team_ids%5B%5D=35316&team_ids%5B%5D=20937|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Aizawl wins
!Draw
!NEROCA wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|2
|3
|2
|-
|Other
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Total
|2
|3
|3
|}

===== Matches =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=20%; font-size: 11px"
|-
! width=12%|Season
! width=15%|Competition
! width=12%|Date
! width=12%|Home team
! width=5%|Result
! width=12%|Away team
|-
|[[2016–17 in Indian football|2016–17]]||Other||3 September 2016||Aizawl||bgcolor=FD5003|'''0–1'''||NEROCA
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2017–18 in Indian football|2017–18]]||rowspan=2|[[I-League]]||20 January 2018||Aizawl||bgcolor=FD5003|'''1–2'''||NEROCA
|-
|10 February 2018||NEROCA||bgcolor=808080|'''0–0'''||Aizawl
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2018–19 in Indian football|2018–19]]||rowspan=2|[[I-League]]||7 November 2018||Aizawl||bgcolor=808080|'''0–0'''||NEROCA
|-
|27 January 2019||NEROCA||bgcolor=808080|'''0–0'''||Aizawl
|-
|[[2019–20 in Indian football|2019–20]]||[[I-League]]||6 December 2019||NEROCA||bgcolor=FD5003|'''1–0'''||Aizawl
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]||rowspan=2|[[I-League]]||30 January 2021||NEROCA||bgcolor=FF0000|'''1–2'''||Aizawl
|-
|11 March 2021||NEROCA||bgcolor=ff0000|'''0–1'''||Aizawl
|}

==== TRAU vs NEROCA (Imphal Derby)<ref>{{Cite web|last=LiveScore|first=SofaScore com|title=Neroca FC TRAU FC live score, video stream and H2H results - SofaScore|url=https://www.sofascore.com/trau-fc-neroca-fc/KLicsgkJc|access-date=2021-01-15|website=www.sofascore.com|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121220151/https://www.sofascore.com/trau-fc-neroca-fc/KLicsgkJc|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!TRAU wins
!Draw
!NEROCA wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|1
|1
|1
|-
!Total
|1
|1
|1
|}

===== Matches =====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=20%; font-size: 11px"
|-
! width=12%|Season
! width=15%|Competition
! width=12%|Date
! width=12%|Home team
! width=5%|Result
! width=12%|Away team
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2019–20 in Indian football|2019–20]]||rowspan=2|[[I-League]]||8 January 2020||TRAU||bgcolor=D92E27|'''2–1'''||NEROCA
|-
|8 February 2020||NEROCA||bgcolor=fd5300|'''5–0'''||TRAU
|-
|[[2020–21 in Indian football|2020–21]]||[[I-League]]||15 January 2021||NEROCA||bgcolor=808080|'''1–1'''||TRAU
|}

==== TRAU vs Aizawl<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aizawl vs TRAU – Head-to-Head statistics|url=https://www.soccerstats247.com/h2h/aizawl-trau-25341-32221/|access-date=2021-01-16|website=www.soccerstats247.com|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122001745/https://www.soccerstats247.com/h2h/aizawl-trau-25341-32221/|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!TRAU wins
!Draw
!AIZAWL wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|2
|0
|1
|-
|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
|0
|0
|0
|-
!Total
|
|
|
|}

==== Shillong Lajong vs Aizawl<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?team_ids%5B%5D=8254&team_ids%5B%5D=20937|title=H2H Comparison - Shillong Lajong vs. Aizawl - Teams - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117132915/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?team_ids%5B%5D=8254&team_ids%5B%5D=20937|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!Aizawl wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|5
|2
|2
|-
|Friendlies
|0
|0
|1
|-
!Total
|5
|2
|3
|}

==== Shillong Lajong vs NEROCA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?team_ids%5B%5D=35316&team_ids%5B%5D=8254|title=H2H Comparison - NEROCA vs. Shillong Lajong - Teams - Soccerway|website=int.soccerway.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-17|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117132858/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/comparison/?team_ids%5B%5D=35316&team_ids%5B%5D=8254|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!NEROCA wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|1
|0
|3
|-
!Total
|1
|0
|3
|}

==== Shillong Lajong vs NorthEast United ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!NorthEast United wins
|-
|[[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Durand Cup]]
|0
|0
|3
|-
!Total
|0
|0
|4
|}

==== Aizawl vs Chanmari ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Competition
!Aizawl wins
!Draw
!Chanmari wins
|-
|[[Indian Football League]]
|1
|0
|0
|-
!Total
|1
|0
|0
|}

==== Shillong Lajong vs Chanmari ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!Chanmari wins
|-
|[[Indian Football League]]
|1
|0
|0
|-
!Total
|1
|0
|0
|}

===Former teams===
Other teams include the teams which played in [[I-League]] in the past, until they were either dissolved or relegated to regional leagues.

==== Shillong Lajong vs United Sikkim<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Compare teams – Shillong Lajong vs United Sikkim – Futbol24 |url=http://www.futbol24.com/teamCompare/India/Shillong-Lajong/vs/India/United-Sikkim/#statTLR-Page=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131910/http://www.futbol24.com/teamCompare/India/Shillong-Lajong/vs/India/United-Sikkim/#statTLR-Page=0 |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=2018-01-17 |website=www.futbol24.com |language=en}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!United Sikkim wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|1
|1
|0
|-
!Total
|1
|1
|0
|}

==== Shillong Lajong vs Royal Wahingdoh (Shillong Derby)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Compare teams – Shillong Lajong vs Royal Wahingdoh – Futbol24 |url=http://www.futbol24.com/teamCompare/India/Shillong-Lajong/vs/India/Royal-Wahingdoh/#statTLR-Page=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419105534/http://www.futbol24.com/teamCompare/India/Shillong-Lajong/vs/India/Royal-Wahingdoh/#statTLR-Page=0 |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=2018-01-17 |website=www.futbol24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=LiveScore|first=SofaScore com|title=Royal Wahingdoh FC Shillong Lajong FC live score, video stream and H2H results - SofaScore|url=https://www.sofascore.com/shillong-lajong-fc-royal-wahingdoh-fc/QzysfRzb|access-date=2021-01-16|website=www.sofascore.com|language=en|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122041903/https://www.sofascore.com/shillong-lajong-fc-royal-wahingdoh-fc/QzysfRzb|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!Royal Wahingdoh wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|0
|1
|1
|-
|[[Federation Cup (India)|Federation Cup]]
|1
|0
|0
|-
!Total
|1
|1
|1
|}

==== Shillong Lajong vs Rangdajied United (Shillong Derby)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Compare teams – Shillong Lajong vs Rangdajied United – Futbol24 |url=http://www.futbol24.com/teamCompare/India/Shillong-Lajong/vs/India/Rangdajied-United/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131853/http://www.futbol24.com/teamCompare/India/Shillong-Lajong/vs/India/Rangdajied-United/ |archive-date=17 January 2018 |access-date=2018-01-17 |website=www.futbol24.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=LiveScore|first=SofaScore com|title=Rangdajied United FC Shillong Lajong FC live score, video stream and H2H results - SofaScore|url=https://www.sofascore.com/shillong-lajong-fc-rangdajied-united-fc/QzysxyX|access-date=2021-01-16|website=www.sofascore.com|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121224733/https://www.sofascore.com/shillong-lajong-fc-rangdajied-united-fc/QzysxyX|url-status=live}}</ref> ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Competition
!Shillong Lajong wins
!Draw
!Rangdajied United wins
|-
|[[I-League]]
|0
|2
|0
|-
!Total
|0
|3
|0
|}

===Head-to-head ranking in I-League / IFL (2009-present)===
{{Color box|00BFFF|US}} - [[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]]; {{Color box|990000|RW}} - [[Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]]; {{Color box|0000FF|RU}} - [[Rangdajied United FC|Rangdajied United]]; {{Color box|FF0000|SL}} - [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]]; {{Color box|EC2029|AZ}} - [[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]]; {{Color box|Orange|NR}} - [[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]]; {{Color box|DC381F|TR}} - [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]; {{Color box|4060FF|CN}} - [[Chanmari FC|Chanmari]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:100%"
! rowspan="2" |{{abbr|R|Rank}}/{{abbr|S|Season}}
| colspan="16" |'''[[I-League|I-League / IFL]] season'''
|-
!'''[[2009–10 I-League|09-10]]'''
!'''[[2011–12 I-League|11-12]]'''
!'''[[2012–13 I-League|12-13]]'''
!'''[[2013–14 I-League|13-14]]'''
!'''[[2014–15 I-League|14-15]]'''
!'''[[2015–16 I-League|15-16]]'''
!'''[[2016–17 I-League|16-17]]'''
!'''[[2017–18 I-League|17-18]]'''
!'''[[2018-19 I-League|18-19]]'''
!'''[[2019-20 I-League|19-20]]'''
!'''[[2020-21 I-League|20-21]]'''{{efn|Only the rank in the Championship stage (group A) is taken account of; [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]] and [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] couldn't qualify, hence they played in the Relegation stage (group B). NEROCA eventually got relegated after finishing at the bottom of the group. NEROCA was reinstated by the AIFF.}}
!'''[[2021–22 I-League|21-22]]'''{{efn|Only the rank in the Championship stage (group A) is taken account of; [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] and [[Aizawl FC|Aizawl]] couldn't qualify, hence they played in the Relegation stage (group B).}}
!'''[[2022–23 I-League|22-23]]'''
!'''[[2022–23 I-League|23-24]]'''
!'''[[2024–25 I-League|24-25]]'''
!'''[[2025-26 Indian Football League|24-25]]'''{{efn|Only the rank in the Promotion Round is taken account of.}}
|-
!1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:Orange;color:#000000;" |'''NR'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!3
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#990000;color:#FFFFFF;" |'''RW'''
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#DC381F;color:#000000;" |'''TR'''
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#DC381F;color:#000000;" |'''TR'''
|
|
|
|-
!5
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!6
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|style="background-color:Orange;color:#000000;" |'''NR'''
|style="background-color:#DC381F;color:#000000;" |'''TR'''
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="9" style="background:#c0c0c0"|
|-
!7
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|
| rowspan="8" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|style="background-color:Orange;color:#000000;" |'''NR'''
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|
|
|-
!8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="7" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|-
!9
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|
|
|
|
|style="background-color:Orange;color:#000000;" |'''NR'''
|
|
|
|-
!10
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|
|
|
| rowspan="5" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|style="background-color:Orange;color:#000000;" |'''NR'''
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|style="background-color:#EC2029;color:#000000;" |'''AZ'''
|-
!11
|
|
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|
|
| rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
| rowspan="4" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|
|
|-
!12
|
|
|
|
| rowspan="3" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| rowspan="3" style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|
|style="background-color:Orange;color:#000000;" |'''NR'''
|
|-
!13
|
|
|
|style="background-color:#0000FF;color:#FFFFFF;" |'''RU'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0"|
|style="background-color:#DC381F;color:#000000;" |'''TR'''
| rowspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0"|
|-
!14
|style="background-color:#FF0000;color:#000000;" |'''SL'''
|
|style="background-color:#00BFFF;color:#000000;" |'''US'''
| style="background:#c0c0c0" |
| style="background:#c0c0c0" |
|}

====Notes====
{{notelist}}
* In [[2010–11 I-League|2010-11]] season, there were no clubs from Northeast India

==Recent meetings==
===2025–26 IFL season===
{{Main article|2025–26 Indian Football League}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Date
! Venue
! Home team
! Result
! Away team
! Attendance
|-
|19 March 2026
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|Chanmari
|'''1–2'''
|'''Shillong Lajong'''
|''NA''
|-
|24 March 2026
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|'''Aizawl'''
|'''3–2'''
|Chanmari
|''NA''
|-
|18 April 2026
|[[SSA Stadium]]
|'''Shillong Lajong'''
|'''6–1'''
|Aizawl
|''NA''
|-
|2 May 2026
|[[SSA Stadium]]
|'''Shillong Lajong'''
|'''4–0'''
|Chanmari
|''NA''
|}

=== 2026 IFL 2 season ===
{{Main article|2026 I-League 2}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
! Date
! Venue
! Home team
! Result
! Away team
! Attendance
|-
|8 May 2026
|[[Rajiv Gandhi Stadium (Aizawl)|Rajiv Gandhi Stadium]]
|NEROCA
|
|Karbi Anglong Morning Star
|
|}
:

==Honours==
*'''I-League / Indian Football League''':
**[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] ([[2016–17 I-League|2016–17]])
*'''I-League 2nd Division / Indian Football League 2''':
**[[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] ([[2011 I-League 2nd Division|2011]])
**[[United Sikkim F.C.|United Sikkim]] ([[2012 I-League 2nd Division|2012]])
**[[Rangdajied United FC|Randajied United]] ([[2013 I-League 2nd Division|2013]])
**[[Wahingdoh FC|Royal Wahingdoh]] ([[2014 I-League 2nd Division|2014]])
**[[Aizawl F.C.|Aizawl]] ([[2015 I-League 2nd Division|2015]])
**[[NEROCA F.C.|NEROCA]] ([[2016–17 I-League 2nd Division|2016–17]])
**[[TRAU FC|TRAU]] ([[2018–19 2nd Division League|2018–19]])
*'''Durand Cup''':
**[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] ([[2024 Durand Cup|2024]], [[2025 Durand Cup|2025]])

==See also==
* [[Imphal Derby]]
* [[Aizawl Derby]]
* [[Kolkata Derby]]
* [[Mini Kolkata Derby]]
* [[I-League]]
* [[Super Cup (India)]]
* [[List of association football rivalries]]
* [[North East Premier League (India)]]

==References==
'''Cited sources'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Further reading'''
*{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-i-league-2018-19-former-champions-aizawl-fc-relegate-shillong-lajong-after-one-sided-northeast-derby/326500|title=I-League 2018–19: Former Champions Aizawl FC Relegate Shillong Lajong After One-Sided Northeast Derby|date=4 March 2019|access-date=11 December 2023|website=outlookindia.com|publisher=Outlook India Web Bureau|location=Shillong|archive-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313154724/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-i-league-2018-19-former-champions-aizawl-fc-relegate-shillong-lajong-after-one-sided-northeast-derby/326500}}
*{{cite web|url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/12/10/lajong-take-on-aizawl/|title=Lajong take on Aizawl|date=10 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|website=theshillongtimes.com|publisher=The Shillong Times|location=Shillong|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211101030/https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/12/10/lajong-take-on-aizawl/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.syllad.com/aizawl-fc-defeats-shillong-lajong-3-0-in-north-east-derby/#:~:text=Shillong%20Lajong%20FC%20were%20beaten,came%20to%20an%20abrupt%20end.|title=Aizawl FC defeats Shillong Lajong 3–0 in North-East Derby|date=10 December 2023|access-date=11 December 2023|website=syllad.com|publisher=The Rising Meghalaya|location=Shillong|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211095629/https://www.syllad.com/aizawl-fc-defeats-shillong-lajong-3-0-in-north-east-derby/}}

[[Category:Football rivalries in India]]
[[Category:NEROCA FC]]
[[Category:Aizawl FC]]
[[Category:TRAU FC]]

Bangabasi College

2026-05-01T22:17:44Z

Joshiankit994:

{{short description|College in Kolkata, India}}
{{Distinguish|Bangabasi Morning College|Bangabasi Evening College|Bangabasi College of Commerce}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}{{Infobox university
| image_name = Bangabasi_College.jpg
| motto = ''प्रणिप्रातेन परिप्रशनेन सेवया''
| motto_lang = Sanskrit
| name = Bangabasi College
| mottoeng = Earn Education & Serve the Humanitarian
| established = {{Start date and age|27 November 1887}}
| founder = [[Girish Chandra Bose]]
| type = Public
| academic_affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
| address = 19, Rajkumar Chakraborty Sarani, [[Sealdah]]
| city = [[Kolkata]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postalcode = 700009
| country = India
| campus = Urban, {{convert|0.60|acre}}
| language = English and [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| president = [[Ashok Kumar Deb]]
| principal = Himadri Bhattacharyya Chakrabarty
| students = 2570 + 410 (self-funded)
| undergrad = 2550
| postgrad = 20
| website = {{url|https://bangabasi.ac.in/}}
}}

'''Bangabasi College''' is a [[Kolkata]]-based [[liberal arts college|liberal arts, commerce and sciences college]].<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20170331212240/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/west_bengal/1978/1978WB72.pdf Article title]}} </ref> It offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses of the [[University of Calcutta]]. It was founded by [[Girish Chandra Bose]], an educationist, social reformer and agriculturist, in 1887.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bangabasi College Centenary Commemoration Volume|chapter=Our Founder|url=https://bangabasi-opac.l2c2.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25517|location=Calcutta|publisher=Bangabasi College|year=1987|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=8 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208135548/https://bangabasi-opac.l2c2.co.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=25517|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the first nationalist college. It played a major role in the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930 and the self-sacrifice of Shri Jatindranath Das, an undergraduate student of the college. The college celebrated its 125th anniversary from November 2011 to October 2012. It has been accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] of India (NAAC) with "B++" certificate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naacindia.org/Colleges.asp?state%3D26 |accessdate=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011091149/http://naacindia.org/Colleges.asp?state=26 |archivedate=11 October 2007 |title=Accredited Colleges }}</ref>

== History ==
[[Girish Chandra Bose|Acharya Girish Chandra Bose]] founded an institution, named Bangabasi School, in a rented house in [[Bowbazar Street]] with six teachers and twelve students in the year 1885. Two years later, the college was established with private management, under the inspiration and guidance of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]]. It started with F.A. course and slowly obtained affiliation for the [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]] and [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] courses to meet the requirements of the college.

In 1930. the college moved into its present premises at 19, Scott Lane (now Raj Kumar Chakraborty Sarani). Honours course in various subjects were introduced.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangabasi.ac.in/en/history-of-the-college|title=Bangabasi College {{!}} History of the College|website=bangabasi.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> During the [[World War II]] another branch of the college was established in [[Kushtia]] (now in [[Bangladesh]]) in 1942, as the people of Kolkata were troubled by the bombing by Japanese troops. After the [[World War II]] it was closed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangabasievening.edu.in/home/anecdotes|title=Bangabasi {{!}} Home|website=bangabasievening.edu.in|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> After Independence in 1947, the college started to see receive huge admissions and thus it created extra-pressure on the existing infrastructure and system. To cope up with the demand, college was divided in morning and evening sections and Acharya Girish Chandra Bose started a new evening section only for commerce. Later in 1964, it emerged as Bangabasi College of Commerce (renamed as [[Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College]] in 2005).<ref name=":0" />

Through phase reduction scheme of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), the shifts were separated and two new colleges, i.e. Bangabasi Morning College and Bangabasi Evening College emerged in the same building and Bangabasi College of Commerce in a separate building on 11 April 1965.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.agcbosecollege.org/#openModal|title=Acharya Girish Chandra Bose College - The Official Website|website=agcbosecollege.org|access-date=2019-12-16}}</ref> With this, four colleges came up: Bangabasi College, Bangabasi Morning College, Bangabasi Evening College and Bangabasi College of Commerce. In 1979 Bangabasi College opened its own Commerce Department, and also became [[Mixed-sex education|co-ed]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://bangabasi.ac.in/assets/myos_editor/fileman/Uploads/prospectus_compressed.pdf|title=Bangabasi College : Prospectus|date=16 December 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828183127/http://bangabasi.ac.in:80/assets/myos_editor/fileman/Uploads/prospectus_compressed.pdf |archive-date=28 August 2019 }}</ref>

== Courses ==
Courses listed below are undergraduate, except zoology. Only zoology department has both undergraduate and postgraduate courses.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangabasi.ac.in/|title=Bangabasi College {{!}} Bangabasi College Home Page|website=bangabasi.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bangabasi.ac.in/en/introduction-to-the-department-of-zoology|title=Bangabasi College {{!}} Introduction to the department [Zoology]|website=bangabasi.ac.in|access-date=2019-12-15|archive-date=15 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215173607/http://www.bangabasi.ac.in/en/introduction-to-the-department-of-zoology|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Language and Literature ===

* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Sanskrit]]

=== Social Science ===

* [[Economics]]
* [[Education]]
* [[Geography]]
* [[History]]
* [[Philosophy]]
* [[Political science|Political Science]]
* [[Psychology]]
* [[Sociology]]

=== Commerce ===

* [[Commerce]]

=== Pure Science ===

* [[Chemistry]]
* [[Computer science|Computer Science]]
* [[Mathematics]]
* [[Physics]]
* [[Statistics]]

=== Biological Science ===

* [[Anthropology]]
* [[Botany]]
* [[Zoology]]
* [[Environmental Studies]]

[[Image:agcbmemo.JPG|thumb|Late Acharya Girish Chandra Bose memorial]]

== Postgraduate studies ==
Postgraduate studies started in Zoology in 2005, under the semester system (CBCS), Department of Zoology, [[University of Calcutta]].

Recently, it was acknowledged by the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], by sanctioning a grants-in-aid to the extent of Rs 20,00,000 for procuring modern equipment and adequate software support.<ref name=":2" />

== Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Department timeline<ref name=":3" />
!Year
!Department
!Note
|-
| rowspan="3" |1885
|[[Mathematics]]
|Honours course in 1940
|-
|[[Philosophy]]
|Honours course in 1944
|-
|[[Physics]]
|Honours course in 1950
|-
|1910
|[[Economics]]
|Honours course in 1950
|-
|1930
|[[History]]
|Honours course in 2000
|-
| rowspan="2" |1934
|[[English language|English]]
|
|-
|[[Sanskrit]]
|
|-
|1936
|[[Anthropology]]
|Degree General course started in 1950 and Honours course in 1978
|-
|1939
|[[Botany]]
|Started with intermediate, Degree and Masters Course, but later discontinued. Honours course started in 1995
|-
|1944
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Supported the nationalist movement for independence
|-
|1950
|[[Chemistry]]
|
|-
|1955
|[[Zoology]]
|MSc started in 2005
|-
|1957
|[[Political science|Political Science]]
|
|-
|1965
|[[Hindi]]
|Minor department with only one full-time faculty member
|-
|1979
|[[Commerce]]
|Own commerce department
|-
|1996
|[[Computer science|Computer Science]]
|Honours course in 2003
|-
|2003
|[[Geography]]
|
|-
|2005
|[[Sociology]]
|Honours course in 2008
|-
|2006
|[[Psychology]]
|As a subsidiary subject in 2006 and in 2007
|-
|2007
|[[Education]]
|Newest department
|}

== Facilities ==
Facilities provided in the college:<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Bangabasi College|url=https://www.bangabasi.ac.in/index.php|access-date=2020-08-02|website=bangabasi.ac.in}}</ref>

=== Student service cell ===

* Student support cell
* Placement cell
* Counselling cell
* Women's cell
* Anti-ragging cell
* Grievance redressal cell
* Equal opportunity cell

=== Academic ===

* [[Laboratories]]
* [[Internet]] and [[Wi-Fi]]
* Educational tours
* Scholarships

== Other activities ==
Other activities include:<ref name=":4" />
* NCC
* Sports and Games
* Students fair
* Cultural activities
* Computer skill development
* Self defense

== Notable alumni ==
The alumni of Bangabasi College have achieved prominence in various fields. Following is the list of notable alumni of this college.


*[[Chitta Basu (director)|Chitta Basu]], film director of Bengal during the sixties
*[[Prabodh Kumar Bhowmick]], Indian academic, author and [[anthropologist]]
*[[Salil Chowdhury]], music composer
*[[Basanta Kumar Das (Pakistani politician)|Basanta Kumar Das]], Pakistani federal minister.
*[[Jatindra Nath Das]], Indian independence activist, revolutionary and martyr.
*[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], [[Chief Justice of India]]
*[[Bishnu Dey]], poet; winner of [[Jnanpith Award]]
*[[Tushar Kanti Ghosh]], recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]], former editor, [[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]
*[[Pankaj Gupta (sports administrator)|Pankaj Gupta]], {{post-nominals|MBE}}, sports administrator
*[[Kansari Halder]], Indian politician
*[[Baby Islam]], Indian and Bangladeshi cinematographer and film director
*[[Hare Krishna Konar]], Indian independence activist, politician
*[[A. T. Kovoor]], professor, rationalist
*[[Swami Lokeshwarananda]], monk of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
*[[Chittabrata Majumdar]], general secretary of [[Centre of Indian Trade Unions|CITU]]
*[[Sreela Majumdar]], actress
*[[Indumadhab Mallick]], Indian polymath who invented the ICMIC cooker
*[[Anantahari Mitra]], Indian freedom fighter and martyr
*[[Ashesh Prosad Mitra]], [[Fellow of the Royal Society]], former director general, [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://naacindia.org/Reports/217%20Bangabasi%20College,%20WB.doc |title=Peer Team Report on the Institutional Assessment and Accreditation of Bangabasi College |accessdate=3 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518072457/http://naacindia.org/Reports/217%20Bangabasi%20College%2C%20WB.doc |publisher=NAAC |date=16-18 March 2007 |archivedate=18 May 2015 }}</ref>
*[[Narendranath Mitra]], writer
*[[Bimal Mukherjee]], globe-trotter on bicycle
*[[Subrata Mukherjee]], politician, Minister
*[[Baishnab Charan Parida]], politician, writer and social activist
*[[Sharat Kumar Roy]], Indian American Geologist, the first person of Indian origin to go in an expedition to [[North Pole]]
*[[Chittaranjan Saha]], Bangladeshi educationist, was awarded [[Ekushey Padak]]
*[[Amal Kumar Sarkar]], chief justice of India
*[[Benudhar Sharma]], recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] and [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], President of [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]]
*[[Swami Yatiswarananda]], vice-president of [[Ramakrishna Order]] whose headquarter is in Belur Math



==Notable faculty==
* [[Pabitra Sarkar]]

== See also ==
*[[Bangabasi Morning College]]
*[[Bangabasi Evening College]]
*[[Bangabasi College of Commerce]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official}}

{{coord|22.5693|88.3683|type:edu_region:IN|display=title}}

{{Calcutta University}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Academic institutions associated with the Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in India]]

Karma Paljor

2026-04-30T00:47:15Z

Joshiankit994: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian journalist and television news anchor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Karma Paljor
|image=Karma Paljor.jpg
|caption=Karma Paljor in 2006
|birth_date=
|birth_place= [[Gangtok]], [[Sikkim]], India
|education = {{ubl|[[Bangalore University]]|[[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai#Institutes|Xavier Institute of Communication]]}}
|occupation = {{Hlist | Journalist | news anchor}}
|years_active = 2001–present
|organization =
|URL =
|children=
}}

'''Karma Paljor''' is an Indian journalist and television news anchor. His career as a media professional began in 2001 and since then he's been associated with some famous news channel and last channel he was with is [[CNN-News18]].<ref name="news18.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/byline/karma-paljor.html|title=Karma Paljor: Exclusive News Stories by Karma Paljor on Current Affairs, Events at News18|work=[[News18.com]]|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/karma-paljor/profile-1914005.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317143157/http://www.in.com/karma-paljor/profile-1914005.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2017|title=Karma Paljor Profile - Photos, Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Karma Paljor Songs, Pics|work=in.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> He has received several awards for his role as a reporter and for his coverage of natural disasters since then. He co-founded Atvi Infotainment, a content creation company in 2018. The business verticals include ''[[EastMojo]]'' and Atvi Studios.

==Early life and education==

After attending school in [[Tashi Namgyal Academy]], at his birthplace [[Sikkim]], India, Karma Paljor headed for graduation from [[Bangalore University]] and then post-graduation diploma from Xavier Institute of Communication, [[Mumbai]].

==Career==

Karma started his career with ''[[The Times of India]]'' in [[Mumbai]] and moved to [[CNBC TV18]] in 2001. Apart from covering national and political stories for the channel, Paljor also anchored the breakfast show on [[CNBC TV18]].<ref name="news18.com"/> He won the [[Chevening Scholarship]] for Broadcast journalism in 2004. He joined [[CNN-IBN]] in 2005 as a founding employee and has hosted every possible show on the channel. He specializes in covering aviation and natural disaster. He has planned and executed several programs like ''Budget Yatra'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w-AsYsK_6gQ|title=Budget Yatra 2013: Ground reports on economy from across the country|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ra4rziUwni4|title=Budget Yatra: The 'Make in India' journey of country's aerospace industry|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSLoYC_j_ss|title=Watch: Budget Yatra in Chattisgarh with Karma Paljor|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFVaNXgfb5I|title=Watch: Budget Yatra with Karma Paljor at 10 pm on CNN-IBN|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jP0dyLVlojU|title=Budget Yatra: Challenges of the tea industry|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> ''Axe the Tax'', and ''Reporters Project''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JkHnDQB5DmA|title=Reporter's Project: Kota's Coaching Industry, a Cauldron|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/paljor.karma/videos/10154439531842641/|title=Karma Paljor|work=facebook.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CmNZP-MVEmY&t=5s|title=Another IIT aspirant commits suicide in Kota|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> Some of his other shows were ''Cash Crisis Yatra'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLieBxlGZ74|title=Watch: Cash Crisis Yatra With Karma Paljor|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> ''Interview with Jeff Bezos'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rKuhxyRrIk8|title=Full Interview -- Jeff Bezos with Karma Paljor -- IBNLive|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> ''India @9'',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hQU77bl_C9Y|title=Watch: India@9 With Karma Paljor|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> ''Big 5 @10''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l2y4ZvMUF8M|title=Watch: Big 5@10 With Karma Paljor|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> He also headed the special features team.

==Awards and honors==

Karma was awarded the reporter of the year in 2010 by [[Indian Television]] at the News Television Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k10/mar/mar187.php|title=NT Awards honours TV news industry|date=26 March 2010|publisher=Indian Television|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> In 2011, he won the prestigious [[Ramnath Goenka]] Award<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2014/09/cnn-ibn-wins-5-awards-at-ramnath-goenka-excellence-in-journalism-awards | title=CNN-IBN wins 5 awards at Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards | date=11 September 2014 | publisher=Best Media Info | accessdate=10 May 2018 }}</ref> for excellence in Journalism in the category for Business and Economic Journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.network18online.com/Awards2.html|title=NETWORK 18|work=network18online.com|accessdate=21 April 2017|archive-date=21 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521110617/http://www.network18online.com/Awards2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/cnn-ibn-wins-three-ramnath-goenka-awards-1167900.html|title=IBN wins five Ramnath Goenka Awards|date=23 November 2015|publisher=News 18|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ramnath-goenka-awards-the-storytellers/|title=Ramnath Goenka Awards: The Storytellers|date=14 September 2014|publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=15 March 2017}}</ref> His teams coverage of the [[2013 North India floods]] in [[Uttrakhand]], and won the award for the Best National News Coverage in English at the Exchange4media News Broadcasting Awards (ENBA) in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Karma Paljor is an award winning journalist and senior anchor with CNN IBN. | url=http://wsds.teriin.org/2015/pdf/speaker/karma.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315001655/http://wsds.teriin.org/2015/pdf/speaker/karma.pdf | archive-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> In 2014, Karma won the ENBA Award<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uJHOgs2d8nk|title=Network18 bags seven ENBA 2014 awards|work=youtube.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> in the Best Spot News Reporting (English) category for his coverage of [[Cyclone Phailin]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/tv/this-award-highlights-how-business-genre-is-becoming-the-mainstreamsanjay-pugalia_58964.html|title=This award highlights how business genre is becoming the mainstream: Sanjay Pugalia|last=www.exchange4media.com|work=exchange4media.com|accessdate=21 April 2017}}</ref> which won him the [[Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Awards|Ramnath Goenka Excellence in Journalism Award]] for on-the-spot reporting in 2014.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite web|url=http://staging.ibnlive.com/byline/karma-paljor.html|title=Karma Paljor: Exclusive News Stories by Karma Paljor on Current Affairs, Events at IBNLive|publisher=IBN Live|accessdate=15 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

==External links==
* {{Facebook | paljor.karma |Karma paljor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paljor, Karma}}
[[Category:Indian television journalists]]
[[Category:CNN people]]
[[Category:Bangalore University alumni]]
[[Category:Journalists from Sikkim|journalist]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television news anchors]]
[[Category:Indian television talk show hosts]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]

Bengal War

2026-04-29T23:24:59Z

Joshiankit994: done

{{short description|1756–1765 Mughal attempt to recapture Bengal from the British East India Company}}
{{other uses|list of wars involving Bengal}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bengal War
| image = Sir Hector Munro by David Martin.jpg
| caption = Portrait of [[Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar|Sir Hector Munro]] with the [[Battle of Buxar]] in the background
| date = {{start and end dates|1763|6|25|1765|8|16|df=yes}} {{nwr|({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=06|day1=25|year1=1763|month2=8|day2=16|year2=1765}})}}
| partof = the [[British conquest of India]]
| place = [[Bengal Subah]]
| result = British victory
* [[Treaty of Allahabad]]
* Formal establishment of [[Company rule in India|Company rule]] over the region of Bengal in 1773.
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name="History of the Freedom Movement in India">{{Google books |id=n_Vi8sSjgYsC |page=2 |title=History of the Freedom Movement in India (1857–1947) }}</ref> {{flagicon image|अवध ध्वज.gif}} [[Awadh Subah]] {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Royal House of Benares.svg}} [[Banaras State|Kashi Kingdom]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
| commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] '''[[Shah Alam II]]'''<ref name="History of the Freedom Movement in India" /> [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|25px]] [[Mirza Najaf Khan|Najaf Khan]] {{flagicon image|अवध ध्वज.gif}} [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Mir Qasim]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Royal House of Benares.svg}} [[Maharaja Balwant Singh of Benares|Balwant Singh]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[John Caillaud]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Thomas Adams (British Army officer)|Thomas Adams]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} William Ellis{{executed}}
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Bengal War|Campaignbox Bangal war}}
}}

The '''Anglo-Bengal War''',<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&dq=bengal+war&pg=PA516 |title = Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O|isbn = 9780313335389|last1 = Jaques|first1 = Tony|year = 2007| publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}</ref> also called the '''second Anglo-Mughal war''',{{sfn|Bayly|2013|p=338}} was a war between a coalition consisting of the [[Mughal Empire]], the [[Oudh State|Awadh Subah]] and the [[Bengal Subah]] against the [[British East India Company]] (EIC) from 1763 and to 1765, {{sfn | Clodfelter | 2017 | p=111}} ending with a British victory and the signing of the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] on 16 August 1765.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=B. L. |last2=Mehta |first2=Alka |year=2014 |title=A New Look at Modern Indian History |url=https://www.schandpublishing.com/books/higher-education/history/a-new-look-at-modern-indian-history/9788121905329/ |edition=30th |publisher=S Chand Publishing |page=364 |isbn=978-8121905329}}</ref>

== Background ==
Under the Mughal Empire, Bengal which was variously described as the 'Paradise of Nations',<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |title=The paradise of nations |last=Steel |first=Tim |date=2014-12-19 |work=Dhaka Tribune |department=Op-ed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517063054/https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2014/12/19/the-paradise-of-nations |archive-date=2019-05-17|access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref> had been one of its wealthiest and most prosperous ''subahs'' (provinces),<ref>{{cite web |title=Bengal ''subah'' was one of the richest ''subahs'' of the Mughal empire |url= http://business.illinois.edu/doogar/www/other/jain/murshid.html |access-date=17 August 2012 |url-status= live |archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120819051449/http://business.illinois.edu/doogar/www/other/jain/murshid.html |archive-date=19 August 2012}}</ref> it alone accounting for 40% of all Dutch exports from Asia <ref name="Prakash">{{cite encyclopedia |author=Om Prakash |author-link=Om Prakash (historian) |editor=John J. McCusker |editor-link=John J. McCusker |encyclopedia=History of World Trade Since 1450 |title=Empire, Mughal |url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CX3447600139/WHIC?u=seat24826&xid=6b597320 |access-date=3 August 2017 |year=2006 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |series=World History in Context |volume=1 |isbn= |pages=237–240 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118051038/https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=WHIC&u=seat24826&id=GALE%7B%7B%21%7D%7DCX3447600139&v=2.1&it=r&asid=6b597320 |url-status=live }}</ref> and was a major exporter of silk and cotton textiles, steel, saltpeter, and agricultural and industrial produce.<ref name="star">{{cite news |last=Khandker |first=Hissam |date=31 July 2015 |title=Which India is claiming to have been colonised? |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |newspaper=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed |access-date=6 May 2016 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328220449/https://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/politics/which-india-claiming-have-been-colonised-119284 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The British East India Company (EIC) had been trading in the East Indies ever since the early 17th century, however following [[Amboyna massacre]] in 1623 which saw an attack on one of their factories in the spice islands by the Dutch, they were compelled to abandon their efforts in South-east Asia and shift their focus almost entirely on to the Indian Subcontinent and Bengal specifically.<ref name="Dalrymple2019">{{Cite book |last=Dalrymple |first=William |title=The anarchy: the relentless rise of the East India Company |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-63557-433-3 |location=London (GB)}}</ref> They had first acquired a lease on the banks of the river Hughli in 1658 and later established their chief fort in the region, [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]] in 1696. Throughout this period their relationship with Mughal authorities was one of imbalance, during this period they mostly acted as Junior partners to Mughal authority and rarely butt heads with them, the only exception to that where they tried using military force ([[Anglo-Mughal war (1686–1690)|the Anglo-Mughal war]]) ended terribly for the company, with them being forced to swear fealty to the Mughals just to get their factories back.<ref name="Dalrymple2019"/>

In Bengal up till this point, the provincial government was separated into two major cabinets, the ''Nizamat'' (governorship) presided over by a [[Subahdar]] who oversaw general administration, justice and defense and the ''Diwani'' (Premiership) presided over by a [[Dewan|Chief Diwan]] who oversaw revenue administration, both positions were to ultimately answer to the Emperor.<ref name=subahdar-Diwan>{{cite web |publisher=Murshidabad.net |date=8 May 2012 |title=Murshidabad History - The Nawabs and Nazims |url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |access-date=9 August 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903091902/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |archive-date=3 September 2012 }}</ref>

In 1704 over a bitter rivalry between the incumbent Subahdar, Royal prince [[Azim-ush-Shan]] and his Chief Diwan [[Murshid Quli Khan]] which led to the former being shifted elsewhere by [[Emperor Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb]], leaving Murshid Quli Khan as sole de-facto governor of all of Bengal Subah, Aurangzeb would die 3 years later. This meant that, aside from the striking of coins in the Mughal Emperor's name and nominal tribute to the court, Bengal became independent under Murshid in all but name, as became the norm in many other Subahs of the Empire following his death and the various succession crises that followed soon after.<ref name="Bengal de-facto independence">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&q=balaji+vishwanath+peshwa&pg=PA11 |title=History Modern India – S. N. Sen – Google Books |access-date=6 July 2012 |isbn=9788122417746 |last1=Sen |first1=S. N. |year=2006|publisher=New Age International }}</ref> This was cemented in 1717 in Bengal when Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] officially granted the title of ''Nawab'' (equivalent to [[Grand duke]]) to him.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |title=Nawab |website=Banglapedia |access-date=2 July 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001213500/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Nawab |url-status=live}}</ref>

This allowed for the English to grow their own influence in this anarchy.<ref name="Dalrymple2019"/> In 1717, Farrukhsiyar also issued a ''Farman'' (decree) which granted the EIC the right to trade within Bengal coupled with some exemptions for taxation. While as per Indian custom, this was but honorary, in the eyes of company officials it had granted them an "encompassing devolved sovereignty over Bengal", making them equals to even the newly christened Nawab and sowed the seeds of tension between the two. {{sfn|Bayly|2013|p=329}}

===Initial Tensions===

With the outbreak of the [[War of the Austrian Succession|Austrian War of Succession]] in Europe the EIC fought [[Carnatic wars|numerous wars against the French]] for control of the south-eastern coast of the subcontinent. Starting in September 1746 when French Navy officer [[Bertrand-François Mahé de La Bourdonnais|Mahé de La Bourdonnais]] landed off [[Chennai|Madras]] with a Naval squadron and [[Battle of Madras|laid siege to the city]] which fell after 3 days. Following a failed counterattack by the British and the [[Carnatic Sultanate|Nawab of Arcot]] [[Anwaruddin Khan]] to retake the city and a failed [[Siege of Pondicherry (1748)|siege of Pondicherry]], the war ended in 1748 with the treaty of [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)|Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] which brought back the ''[[Status quo ante bellum|status-quo ante bellum]]''.

Between the Company's notion of sovereignty over Bengal and the outbreak of the Carnatic wars with France in the south, tensions with the Nawab were high, with the attitude of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] (r. 1740 - 1756) towards the Europeans being described as 'strict', causing friction between him and the British who frequently complained of Alivardi's taxing of them to finance defenses against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] during the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]] and not being allowed to enjoy the full privileges granted to them as per Farrukhsiyar's Decree. {{sfn|Hill|1905|pp=xxx-xxxiii}}

When Nawab [[Siraj ud-Daulah]] ascended to the throne in April of 1756, he was deeply suspicious of the large profits made by the British and troubled by their notion of 'sovereignty' by constructing a [[Fort William, West Bengal|fort]] at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and so began seeking an alliance with France; despite this he still tried to keep the line of negotiation with the EIC open, however negotiations broke down soon after the outbreak of the [[Seven Years' War]], which while largely taking place in the South on the Indian front, prompted both the French and the British to improve their fortifications in Bengal, which Siraj ud-Daulah opposed, while the French yielded the British did not, sparking war between both parties.{{sfn|Bayly|2013|p=338}}{{sfn|Bayly|2013|p=329}}

On June 1st 1756 a column of the Nawab's men marched on the Company factory at [[Cossimbazar]] and seized it easily before setting of towards the other factory at Calcutta which was [[Siege of Calcutta|besieged on June 16th and fell 4 days later]].{{sfn|Hill|1905|pp=lv–lx}} When news of this broke Madras on August 16th, the company sent a detachment under Colonel [[Robert Clive]] to retake Calcutta and restore the Company's previous privileges, the ensuing conflict lasted nearly a full year, culminating at the [[Battle of Plassey]] on June 23rd, 1757. In the aftermath of which, Siraj ud-Daulah was arrested, tried and executed at the behest of the British, and [[Mir Jafar]] would be placed on the throne as a puppet of the British up till his removal in 1760, with his son-in-law [[Mir Qasim]] taking his place.

Upon his ascension, Qasim awarded the company with lavish gifts as did Mir Jafar, though just like his predecessor, he too realized the difficulty of appeasing the company with the royal coffers at [[Murshidabad]] nearly depleted and ran into multiple issues with the company regarding trade. For example, to enrich themselves, the company had passed an enactment in virtue of which country goods that had European passes should be allowed to descend the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly river]], a major artery of trade, without paying the transit duty, whilst goods unprovided with such passes should pay a heavy tax. Even the English flag flying over a boat or a fleet of boats, or the appearance on board of Bengalis dressed as English Sepoys were sufficient to exempt the boats from the search. This system, initially in place to enrich company officials so greatly disorganised local trade that entire cities were left impoverished and Bengali merchants were left destitute.<ref name="Malleson 1885">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/decisivebattleso00malluoft|page=[https://archive.org/details/decisivebattleso00malluoft/page/136 136]|quote=mir qasim company trade.|title=The Decisive Battles of India, from 1746 to 1849 Inclusive|last=Malleson|first=George Bruce|date=1885|publisher=Allen|language=en}}</ref>

When Qasim retaliated, placing a modest 9% duty on European traders' private goods as against a duty of 40% for Indians, the Company revolted against it, even after he reduced it from 9% to 2.5% on salt and they further refused to admit the right of the local [[Faujdar|faujdars]] or police officers to adjudge disputes. Finally, Qasim abolished all custom duties on internal trade all together, the Company objected to this, demanding that that they be reinstated, to which Qasim refused, charting the path towards war.<ref name="Banglapedia">{{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Mir Qasim |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Qasim |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Hostilities==
Hostilities officially began on June 25th, 1763 when Company agent William Ellis, initially sent to as part of a delegation to mediate negotiations with the Nawab Mir Qasim , attacked his capital city of [[Patna]] with a force of some 300 British infantrymen and 2,500 sepoys and was met with a counterattack of some 10,000 Sepoys and rebels loyal to Mir Qasim led by his [[Armenians in India|Armenian]] mercenary general Gurgin Khan soon after, leading to a British defeat and the capture of Ellis. {{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=780}}{{sfn | Clodfelter | 2017 | p=111}}

After the defeat of British forces at the battle, command was put under the command of [[Thomas Adams (British Army officer)|Major Thomas Adams]] who began the campaign on July 2nd, the first major engagement of the campaign was at [[Third Battle of Katwa|Katwa]]. At the onset, Qasim had numerical superiority and superior artillery, led by Gurgin Khan, though it was fraught with internal strife and the column that engaged Liuetenant Glenn's force near the British camp of Agradwip on the morning of the 17th was considerably smaller and led by a band of cavalry irregulars, who after hours of fighting were defeated by the British who continued to press towards the fort at Katwa, which surrendered with feeble resistance.<ref name="Malleson & Bruce 1885">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/decisivebattleso00malluoft|page=[https://archive.org/details/decisivebattleso00malluoft/page/151 151]|quote=mir qasim battle katwa.|title=The Decisive Battles of India, from 1746 to 1849 Inclusive|last=Malleson|first=George Bruce|date=1885|publisher=Allen|language=en}}</ref>

Then, on the 19th of July, Mir Qasim's general, the Faujdar of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]] Mohammed Taki Shah moved the vanguard of his force to Takwa which saw "one of the bloodiest and best-contested battles of the whole war."<ref name="Malleson 1885" /> Ultimately Taki Shah was killed and Qasim was forced to retreat

Mir Qasim set up his defenses near [[Jangipur, Murshidabad|Jangipur]] on [[Suti|Sooty]] on the plain of [[Giria, India|Giria]]. British forces under Major Thomas Adams attacked on 2 August 1763 and, after a bloody battle, forced Mir Quasim to retreat to Udaynala.{{which|date=June 2024}}{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=392}}

Mir Qasim was defeated again at Udaynala,{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=780}} where the British headed by Major Thomas Adams successfully stormed a well-defended [[Ganges]] gorge at [[Teliagarhi]] downstream of [[Rajmahal]] on 5 September 1763. After inflicting heavy losses at the gorge, Adams captured [[Monghyr]].{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=1049}}

After Udaynala, Mir Qasim killed the British soldiers captured in the 1st battle of Patna. Major Thomas Adams besieged Patna and captured the town in the 2nd battle of Patna on 6 November 1763 that saw heavy losses in the Bengal army.{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=780}}

[[Mir Qasim]] forged an alliance against the East India Company with Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] and the [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadhi Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]].{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=177}}

On 3 May 1764 British EIC forces under the command of Colonel John Carnac were victorious in a 3rd battle at Patna{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=177}} against the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula. The British occupied defensive positions outside of Patna and caused heavy losses for the attacking Shuja's forces. After repulsing the attack, Carnac decided against a pursuit, but heavy rains caused Nawab's retreat a month later.{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=780}}

===Battle of Buxar===
{{main|Battle of Buxar}}
On 23 October 1764, following the 3rd Patna battle, British forces under the command of [[Hector Munro, 8th Laird of Novar|Major Hector Munro]], despite their numeric inferiority, carried a decisive victory over Indian allies at [[Buxar]], west of Patna.{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=177}}

After the battle of Buxar, Mir Qasim's and Shujah-ud-Daula's forces retreated into [[Gangetic Doab]] with Major [[John Carnac]] in pursuit. They managed to join forces with a [[Marathas|Marathi]] army headed by [[Malhar Rao Holkar]]. On May 1765 the British successfully defeated them. After the rout that followed, Malhar Rao fled to [[Kalpi]], and Mir Qasim sued for peace.{{sfn | Jaques | 2006 | p=542}}

==Aftermath==
As a result of the war, the EIC became an indispensable military and fiscal instrument for the [[Mughal Emperor]] who was relying on the Company's military protection and financial means.{{sfn|Nadeau|2023|p=17}} While becoming effectively an indespensible power in Bengal and Northern India by controlling the Bengal ''[[Dewan#Mughal empire|diwani]]'' in exchange for a fixed payment, the company was also saddled with a large cost that EIC was forced to continue carrying due to commercial and political reasons.{{sfn|Nadeau|2023|p=216}} The document granting the revenues to the EIC was treated as a proto-constitution, a "[[Magna Carta]]".{{sfn | Bayly| 2013 | p=330}}

In 1773 (Regulating Act of 1773), East India company took complete control of the former Mughal province of Bengal and it marked the beginning of direct British rule in Bengal.{{sfn|Bayly|2013|p=338}}

==See also==
* [[Shah Alam II]]
* [[Mir Jafar]]
* [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation|title=Bengal in 1756–1757|volume=1 |editor1-first=S.C. |editor1-last=Hill |year=1905 |series=Indian Records |publisher=John Murray |location=London |oclc=469357208 |url=https://archive.org/details/bengalin175657se01hilluoft}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Nadeau |first1=Adam |title=Inheriting Empire: Royal proclamations, parliamentary legislation, and imperial integration in British North America and India, 1760-1793 |date=June 2023 |publisher=[[University of New Brunswick]] |url=https://unbscholar.dspace.lib.unb.ca/server/api/core/bitstreams/1c7e1295-50ee-4dff-90cf-8d90e62fad60/content | degree=Doctor of Philosophy}}
* {{cite book | last=Bayly | first=C. A. | title=An Imperial State at War: Britain From 1689-1815 | chapter= The British Military–Fiscal State and Indigenous Resistance India 1750–1820 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-134-54602-2 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zdGNAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA329 | access-date=2024-06-02 | pages = 322–354}}
* {{cite book | last1=Thompson | first1=E. | last2=Garratt | first2=E.T.G.T. | title=History of British Rule in India | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited | year=1999 | isbn=978-81-7156-803-1 | chapter = The Conquistadores | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=93fnssiWvjoC&pg=PA80 | access-date=2024-06-04 | pages = 80–98}}
* {{cite book | last=Jaques | first=Tony | title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 Volumes] | publisher=Greenwood | publication-place=Westport, Conn | date=2006-11-30 | isbn=978-0-313-33536-5 | oclc=ocm68786744}}
* {{cite book | last=Malleson | first=G.B. | title=The Decisive Battles of India: From 1746 to 1849 Inclusive | publisher=W.H. Allen & Company | year=1885 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0w5AQAAMAAJ | access-date=2024-06-12}}
* {{cite book | last=Clodfelter | first=M. | title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015, 4th ed. | publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers | year=2017 | isbn=978-1-4766-2585-0 | chapter=Bengal War: 1763−65 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kNzCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA111 | access-date=2024-07-10}}

{{India topics}}
{{United Kingdom topics}}
{{British colonial campaigns}}

[[Category:Wars involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]

Preetoram Marh

2026-04-24T00:17:28Z

Joshiankit994: put up new article

{{Short description|Indian businessman, merchant and Zamindar (1753–1817)}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Babu (title)|Babu]]
| name = Preetoram Marh
| native_name = প্রীতরাম মাড়
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1753
| birth_place = Khosalpur, [[Bengal Subah|Bengal]] (present-day [[Howrah district]], [[West Bengal]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1817|||1753|||df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| occupation = Businessman, [[Zamindar]], Merchant, [[Dewan]]
| children = Harachandra Das, [[Rajchandra Das]], Dayamayi Dasi, Karunamoyee Dasi
| family = [[Janbazar Raj]]
}}

[[Babu (title)|Babu]] '''Preetoram Marh''' (also spelt '''Pritaram Marh''' or written as '''Pritaram Das''' or '''Pirit Ram Marh''') (1753–1817) was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] businessman, [[merchant]], [[Zamindar]]. He was a leading name in the Indo-British trade and one of the largest landlords of the [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Senapati |first1=Uma |last2=Das |first2=Dulal Krishna |script-title=bn:মাহিষ্য রত্নাবলী-জীবনী শতক |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2018 |isbn=9788194434641 |edition=2nd |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2020 |pages=131 to 132 |language=bn |trans-title=Mahishya Ratnavali-Biographical Century}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Dulal Krishna |script-title=bn:বাংলার নবরত্ন |publisher=Tuhina Publications |year=2021 |edition=1st |location=Kolkata |publication-date=2022 |pages=77 to 103|language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The modern history of the Indian chiefs, rajas, Zamindars, &c.|url=http://archive.org/details/modernhistoryin00unkngoog|publisher=Calcutta : J.N. Ghose|date=1879|others=Oxford University|first=Lokanātha|last=Ghosha|pages=72 to 73}}</ref> He is also credited with the foundation of [[Janbazar Raj]], one of the foremost [[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindar families of Bengal]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Pritaram Marh was born in 1753 in an once prosperous [[Mahishya]] family to Krishnaram Marh. Although, they were once prosperous but the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha invasions]] had greatly affected their livelihoods. He was the eldest among the three brothers. Their ancestral surname was ''Koley'', but his grandfather, Kantaram Marh, had acquired great recognition through the trade of woods and [[Bamboo]], which gained them the title of ''Marh,'' meaning Bamboo trader. Even, nearly all of the other descendants of the family, took the surnames corresponding to their professions. Their ancestral origin was from a village under the [[Bardhaman Raj|Raja of Bardhaman]], called Sonatikhali village, somewhere in Northern [[Howrah district]], but later one of their ancestors had migrated to Khosalpur village in Eastern [[Howrah district|Howrah]]. In 1767, after the sudden demise of his mother, he along with his father and brothers, left Khosalpur for [[Janbazar]], to escape the restlessness which had enveloped Bengal, post the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]. His aunt, elder sister of Krishnaram, Bindubala Dasi had been married to the [[Zamindar]] of Janbazar, [[Babu (title)|Babu]] Akrur Manna.<ref name=":2" /> As his aunt Bindubala was childless, she began to care for the three brothers similar to a mother. His father Krishnaram then left for [[Barrackpore]] in search of work, where he subsequently died in 1770.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Life And Work Of Bengal Zemindars Vol. 1|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.353402|date=1925|first=R. Venkoba|last=Rao|pages=16 to 19}}</ref>

==Career==
After, completing his studies he joined the prosperous salt trade with the [[East India Company|British East India company]], and made a name for himself.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pHeyAAAAIAAJ&q=rajchandra+das |title=Manushi |date=1993 |publisher=Samta |language=en}}</ref> He then met the collector of [[Jessore District|Jessore]], Mr. Williams, who appointed him as his personal secretary and [[Bania (caste)|Banian]]. On the advice of the magistrate he began to purchase large tracts of land in [[Jessore District|Jessore district]] through his income, eventually surpassing even the local [[Zamindar|Zamindars]]. While serving in Jessore, he met Raja Ramkrishna Roy of [[Rajshahi Raj]], the son of [[Rani Bhabani]]. After, Mr. Rylie's retirement Raja Ramkrishna Roy appointed Pritaram as the [[Dewan]] of the [[Rajshahi Raj]], he established a himself as one of the [[Bhadralok|Bhadraloks]] of [[Bengal]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Bengal is ready for BJP's Bhadralok Hindutva. Bhadralok Marxism is on its way out|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/bengal-is-ready-for-bjps-bhadralok-hindutva-bhadralok-marxism-is-on-its-way-out/2003206/|website=ThePrint|date=2024-03-16|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> He returned to Calcutta in 1777, and married Jogmaya Debi, the daughter of Jugal Kishore Manna, the brother of Akrur Manna. After his return, he became a [[Bania (caste)|Banian]] to Mr. Dunkin, one of the largest [[salt]] merchants of the [[East India Company]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Chakraborty and Das |first=Somen and Gopal |title=Rajbarir Itihash |publisher=Bhraman Pipashu Publishers |year=2021 |isbn=978-81-954735-1-9 |edition=1st |location=[[Kolkata]] |pages=23 |language=Bengali}}</ref>

By 1785, he once again resumed his ancestral business of trading bamboos, and along with that he also began trading various [[Spice|spices]], salts and simultaneously he acquired many ships for the newly opened aveneu of [[Maritime transport|maritime trade]], which had arrived [[British occupation of India|along with the British]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=If you knew Calcutta the way I know Calcutta|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/if-you-knew-calcutta-the-way-i-know-calcutta/cid/1976691|access-date=2025-12-02|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250304082458/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/if-you-knew-calcutta-the-way-i-know-calcutta/cid/1976691|archive-date=2025-03-04|language=en}}</ref> He became one of the foremost names in maritime trade, alongside [[Ramdulal Sarkar|Ramdulal Dey]]. Through the acquired money from trade he opened no less than 17 [[Auction house|auction houses]] in [[Calcutta]]. Those auction houses were frequented by not only important British officials and foreign delegates but also, [[Governor-General of India]], themselves. The British overlords, gave him a very lucrative contract to supply stores to [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]]. He also, acquired a [[Calcutta|Calcutta's]] largest rice store, in [[Beliaghata|Beleghata]], and brought huge tracts of land in the neighborhoods of [[Tangra, Kolkata|Tangra]], [[Bhowanipore]] in [[Calcutta]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Being one of the most highly regarded persons of the city, by the [[British Empire|British]], he was the only man of Indian origin to have been allowed to build several houses on the '''''White town''''' of [[Calcutta]], which was henceforth, only reserved for the [[British Raj|British inhabitants]] of [[Calcutta]] or [[Europeans]].<ref name=":0" /> The Mansion that he built in 1792, [[Janbazar#Rani Rashmoni's house|Janbazar Rajbari]], became the seat of the [[Janbazar Raj]].<ref name = "Bandopadyay">Bandopadhyay, Debashis, ''Bonedi Kolkatar Gharbari'', {{in lang|bn}}, Second impression 2002, pp. 45-6, Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7756-158-8}}</ref><ref>Deb, Chitra, ''The 'Great Houses' of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, p. 61</ref>

After the [[Permanent Settlement of Bengal]] in 1793, with the acquired wealth through his business acumen, he began to acquire huge tracts of land in various parts of Bengal, eventually surpassing nearly all of the other [[Zamindar|Zamindars]] and becoming one of the largest landowners of [[Bengal]].<ref name=":3" /> He started the construction of the Marh Palace in [[Janbazar]] in 1785, and started the family's [[Durga Puja]] in 1790.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rani Rashmoni's mansion: Celebrating Durga Puja for more than 230 years|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/rani-rashmonis-mansion-celebrating-durga-puja-for-more-than-230-years-11580091.html|website=Moneycontrol|access-date=2025-12-02|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240606113957/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/real-estate/rani-rashmonis-mansion-celebrating-durga-puja-for-more-than-230-years-11580091.html|archive-date=2024-06-06|language=en-US}}</ref> In 1800, he acquired the [[Gopalganj District, Bangladesh|Makimpur Upazila]] from the [[Zamindars of Natore]] by 19,000 rupees, a huge amount at that time and added it to his own Zamindari. He also, had extensive lands in the [[Hooghly district|District of Hooghly]] and his ancestral [[Howrah district]].<ref name=":0" />

== Death & Legacy ==
The untimely death of his son Harachandra had affected him deeply. He began to groom his second son, [[Rajchandra Das|Rajchandra]] to become his successor, similar to his father Rajchandra also displayed an acumen for business from a young age. Preetoram Marh died in 17 January, 1817 in his house at [[Janbazar]] due to old age and prolonged sickness. Nearly all the eminent personalities of [[Calcutta]] of that time, such as the likes of [[Radhakanta Deb]], [[Gopi Mohan Tagore]], [[Mutty Lall Seal]], [[Ramdulal Sarkar|Ramdulal Dey]] came to pay their tributes. He left behind a huge estate, one of the largest in [[Bengal Presidency]] at that time. His meteoric rise from the lower levels of society to one of the foremost [[Bhadralok|Bhadraloks]] of the city of [[Calcutta]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leach |first=Edmund Ronald |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2u88AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA56 |title=Elites in South Asia |date=1970 |publisher=CUP Archive |language=en}}</ref> to break all sorts of social and caste barriers is still revered and spoken off.<ref name=":4" /> He left behind two daughters who were married in his lifetime and entrusted his estate and business to his son [[Rajchandra Das|Rajchandra]] and his newly married wife [[Rani Rashmoni|Rashmoni]]. His estate, maintained by his descendants, the members of the [[Janbazar Raj]], became one of the leading families of the [[Bengal Renaissance]].<ref name=":0" />

== Family tree ==
Source:<ref name=":1" />
{{Tree list}}Bijoyram Koley
**Dulal Sardar
**Sadashiv Toulakar
**Kantaram Marh
***Bindubala Debi, m. Akrur Manna
***Krishnaram Marh
****Preetoram Marh, m. Jogmaya Debi
*****Harachandra Das
*****[[Rajchandra Das]], m. [[Rani Rashmoni]]
*****Dayamoyi Debi
*****Karunamoyee Debi
****Ramtanu Marh
****Kali Charan Das
**Kandarpa Narayan Das
**Konthiram Khaskel

{{Tree list/end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marh, Preetoram}}
[[Category:1753 births]]
[[Category:1817 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian dewans]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category: Indian social workers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Merchants from British India]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]

Piparwar Area

2026-04-22T04:11:10Z

Joshiankit994: put up new data.

{{short description|Coal mining area in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox mine
| name = Piparwar Area
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label = Piparwar Area
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand
| coordinates = {{coord|23.6911|N|85.0668|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| place = [[North Karanpura Coalfield]]
| owner = [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]]
| official website = {{URL|centralcoalfields.in/cmpny/hstry.php}}
| acquisition year =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| products =
| financial year =
| amount =
| closing year =
}}
'''Piparwar Area''' is one of the operational areas of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] located mainly in the [[Chatra district|Chatra]] district and marginally in the [[Ranchi district]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

The projects of the Piparwar Area are: Piparwar opencast, Ray-Bachra underground, Ashoka opencast, Piparwar coal handling plant/ [[coal preparation plant]]. The Area office is at Piparwar, PO Bachra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/pprwr.php| title= Central Coalfields Limited| work= Areas – Piparwar |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref>

==Overview==
{{OSM Location map
|width=350| height=250| zoom=10
|coord={{coord|23|47|0|N|85|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Collieries in the North Karanpura Coalfield except the North Karanpura Area''' U: Underground colliery, O: Open Cast colliery, A: Administrative headquarters, CT: census town, R: rural/urban centre Location of new mine sites are approximate Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|44|35|N|85|4|30|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Piparwar mine| numbered1=O| mark-title1= Piparwar mine (O)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C42222 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|2|25|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Ashoka mine | numbered2=O| mark-title2= Ashoka Mine (O)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|43|40|N|85|4|0|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Piparwar |labela3= Mangardaha mine | numbered3=U| mark-title3= Piparwar Mangardaha mine (U) |shape-color3=#800000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|42|2|N|85|4|30|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Ray Bachra mine | numbered4=U| mark-title4= Ray Bachra mine (U) |shape-color4=#800000
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|13|N|85|3|8|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= CCL Piparwar Area Office| numbered5=A| mark-title5= Piparwar Area (A)|shape-color5=black| label-size5=13|label-color5=black
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|50|10|N|84|59|12|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Magadh mine | numbered6=O| mark-title6= Magadh mine (O)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|53|28|N|85|0|3|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Amrapali mine | numbered7=O| mark-title7= Amrapali mine (O)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|48|30|N|84|50|43|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Tetariakhar mine | numbered8=O| mark-title8= Tetariakhar mine (O)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|51|22|N|85|1|51|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Tandwa| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Tandwa]] (R)|shape-color9=#C40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|41|19|N|85|4|13|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Bachra| numbered10= CT| mark-title10=[[Bachra]] (CT)|shape-color10=#C40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|39|0|N|84|53|0|E}} |label11= Damodar|labela11= River|label-color11 = #77A1CB| label-angle11= -30| label-pos11=top| label-size11=10| mark-size11=0| mark-title11 =none
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|5|0|E}} |label12= Gerua|labela12= River|label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12= -70| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|51|48|N|84|55|14|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sanghamitra |labela13=mine site | numbered13=O| mark-title13= Sanghamitra mine (O)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|53|39|N|85|3|16|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Chandragupta |labela14=mine site | numbered14=O| mark-title14= Chandragupta mine site (O)
}}

[[North Karanpura Coalfield]] has reserves of 14 billion tonnes of coal (proved, indicated and inferred), around 9% of India's total coal reserves, placing it amongst the biggest [[List of coalfields|coalfields]] in India. Only a small corner of this coalfield was exploited earlier. On the southern side of the Damodar River, there are some long established coal mines – Karkatta, KD Hesalong, Manki, Churi, Bachara and Dakara. Some of these coal mines are part of the [[North Karanpura Area]] of Central Coalfields. On the northern side of the Damodar River, the first mine to be undertaken was the prestigious Piparwar mine. This was followed by the contiguous Ashoka mine and subsequently many others. The entire area is buzzing with activity. However, there is a note of caution: “Throughout the coalfields, it is important to remember that the majority of the population are indigenous people, Oraons, Mundas and Karamalis amongst the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|STs]], Mahatos, Yadavs and Teli Saos among the [[Other Backward Class|BCs]], and Bhuiyas, Ganjhus, Turis, Paswans and Chamars among the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SCs]]. This means that those to be affected are almost totally of the weakest section of Indian society.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |title=The North Karanpura Coalfields |work=Jharkhand |publisher=sinclair-environmental |accessdate=1 January 2021 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |archivedate=16 May 2015 }}</ref>

Future mega projects in the area include: Magadh opencast project expansion with nominal capacity of 51 million tonnes per year and peak capacity of 70 million tonnes per year, Amrapali OCP expansion with nominal capacity of 25 MTY and peak capacity of 35 MTY, Sanghamitra OCP with nominal capacity of 20 MTY and peak capacity of 27 MTY, and Chandragupta OCP with nominal capacity of 15 MTY and peak capacity of 20 MTY.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/cmpny/mgaprjts.php |title=Mega projects |publisher= Central Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://docplayer.net/38769705-Annexure-a-the-extent-of-existing-and-new-mining-projects.html#show_full_text |title = The Extent of Existing and New Mining Projects |publisher = doc player| accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Mining activity==
{{OSM Location map
| width=350| height=400| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|5|0|N|84|59|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Chatra district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious centre, P: power plant, T: tourist centre Abbreviation used - TPS: thermal power station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|17|40|N|85|2|0|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Chiridiri | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chiridiri]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|10|45|N|85|1|27|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Gidhour| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Gidhour]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|25|10|N|84|49|0|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Hunterganj| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Hunterganj]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|17|55|N|85|9|44|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Itkhori| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Itkhori]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|12|35|N|84|39|19|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Kunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Kunda, Chatra]] (R)
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|mark-coord7={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|14|33|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Mayurhand| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Mayurhand]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|7|37|N|85|4|8|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Pathalgada| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Pathalgada]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|42|0|N|85|2|20|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Piparwar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Piparwar, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|17|45|N|84|38|0|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Pratappur| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Pratappur, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|17|35|N|85|0|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Rajpur| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Rajpur, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|3|42|N|84|56|11|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Simaria| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Simaria, Chatra]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|52|45|N|85|1|51|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Tandwa| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Tandwa]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|12|16|N|84|52|37|E}} | label-pos14=bottom|label14=Chatra| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Chatra, Jharkhand]] (M) |label-size14=13 |label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|5|50|E}}| label-pos15=right|label15=Bachra| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Bachra]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|23|34|N|84|51|51|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Kauleshwari |labela16=Temple| numbered16=H| mark-title16=[[Kauleshwari Temple]] (H) | shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|7|30|N|84|39|26|E}} | label-pos17=bottom|label17=Lawalong|labela17=Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary| numbered17=T|shape-color17= #74C365| mark-title17= [[Lawalong Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|51|20|N|85|0|44|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= North Karanpura TPS | numbered18=P| mark-title18= [[North Karanpura Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color18=#967117
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|42|50|N|85|4|0|E}} | label-pos19=top|label19=CCL Piparwar Area |numbered19=0 | mark-title19=Piparwar Area |shape-color19=black| label-size19=13|label-color19=black
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|49|40|N|84|59|0|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=CCL Magadh|labela20= Sanghamitra Area |numbered20=0 | mark-title20=[[Magadh Sanghamitra Area]] | label-size20=12| shape-color20=#AA6666
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|53|50|N|85|0|1|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21=CCL Amrapali |labela21=& Chandragupta Area |numbered21=0 | mark-title21=[[Amrapali & Chandragupta Area]] | label-size21=12| shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|41|30|N|85|17|0|E}} |label22= Damodar|labela22= River|label-color22 = #77A1CB| label-angle22= 0| label-pos22=top| label-size22=10| mark-size22=0| mark-title22 =none
|mark-coord23={{coord|24|16|0|N|84|51|0|E}} |label23= Lilajan|labela23= River|label-color23 = #77A1CB| label-angle23= -90| label-pos23=top| label-size23=10| mark-size23=0| mark-title23 =none
|mark-coord24={{coord|24|19|0|N|85|9|0|E}} |label24= Mohana|labela24= River|label-color24 = #77A1CB| label-angle24= -90| label-pos24=top| label-size24=10| mark-size24=0| mark-title24 =none
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|0|N|84|39|0|E}} |label25= Amanat|labela25= River|label-color25 = #77A1CB| label-angle25= -10| label-pos25=top| label-size25=10| mark-size25=0| mark-title25 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|25|0|N|84|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-60| arc-gapA=12.5| arc-radiusA=0.25}}

===Mines and projects===
{{Barkakana-Son Nagar line|collapse=y}}
Piparwar open cast project was commissioned with Australian collaboration in the 1990s. In 2014, it was expanded from a normative capacity 10 million tonnes per annum to 12.50 MTPA and peak capacity from 11.5 MTPA to 14.375 MTPA. The total geological reserve was 244 million tonnes and mineable reserve was 48.80 million tonnes. The life of the mine was estimated to be 13 years from 2007. A railway siding at Piparwar was provided to avoid coal transportation by road. Ray railway station on the [[Barkakana-Son Nagar line]] is {{cvt|10|km}} away.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Form-1A/EC/052220141Piparwar_EC.pdf |title =Environmental Clearanace – Piparwar Expansion Project |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/cmpny/mgaprjts.php |title = Mega Projects |publisher= Central Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref>

CCL has installed solar plants on the roof of houses, in order to reduce day-time demand. In addition, they have planned to instal an 80 megawatt peak ground-mounted solar power plant at Piparwar.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/coal-india-arm-ccl-plans-to-install-80-mwp-ground-mounted-solar-power-plant-in-fy21/78165098 |title = Coal India arm CCL plans to install 80 MWp ground-mounted solar power plant in FY21 |publisher= The Economic Times 17 September 2020 | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref>

Piparwar Mangardaha underground mine is a new mine that will work in the Piparwar and Mangardaha blocks of the Lower Bachra (bottom section) seam. A major portion of the mining area lies below Piparwar OCP. The area from where coal has been taken out is partly filled up by internal dumps. It is located in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]]. Proposed production from the mine is 1.38 million tonnes per year.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://forestsclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormA/Miningletter/4112112521211E6OFHPPR-MGRSUBSIDENCEPREDICTIONREPORT.pdf |title = Report on Subsidence Prediction and Management at Piparwar Mangardaha Underground Mine |publisher= CMPDI | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref>

Ashoka opencast project in the [[North Karanpura Coalfield]] in [[Chatra district]] commenced operations in 1995. In 2013–14, it produced 7.50 million tonnes of coal. The estimated mineable reserve in the Ashoka block was 121.66 MT as on 01.04.2014. Ashoka block is characterized by more or less flat terrain with gentle undulations. The highest and the lowest elevations in the Ashoka block are {{convert|480| m}} and {{convert|420|m}} (above mean sea level) respectively. In 2014, the production capacity was raised from 6.5 million tonnes per year to 10.00 million tonnes per year. Major efforts have been made by CCL for land restoration/ reclamation and afforestation.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/ashok_ocp.pdf |title = Environmental Statement of Ashoka Open Cast Project for 2013-14 |publisher = Central Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_forest/Ashoka%20OCP.pdf |title = Environmental Clearance ,April 2014-September 2014, Ashoka Project |publisher= Central Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_reclam/Ashok%20OCP-10-11.pdf |title = Ashok OCP 2010-11 | work= Land Restoration / Reclamation Monitoring of Open Cast Coal Mines of Central Coalfields Limited Based on Satellite Data for the Year 2010 |publisher =CMPDI | accessdate = 1 January 2021}}</ref>

The Washery, with a production capacity of 10 million tonnes per year, was 500 m from the mine.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_forest/oct_march/piiparwar/Ashoka%20Washery.pdf|title = Environmental clearance, October '14 – March '15, Integrated Ashok Washery |publisher = Central Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

Ray-Bachra underground project had a planned production capacity of 0.30 million tonnes per year. It is located in Chatra district.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/ray_bachra_ugp.pdf |title = Environmental Statement of Ray-Bachra UGP for 2013-14 |publisher= Central Coalfields Limited | accessdate = 27 December 2020}}</ref>

==Educational facilities for employees’ children==
[[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] provides support for reputed institutions/ trusts for setting up 10+2 pattern CBSE schools for children of CCL employees. It provides 109 buses to employees’ children to schools and back. Among the schools in the North Karanpura Coalfield that receive financial help or structural support is: DAV Bachra.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/education.php |title = Educational facilities |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 12 February 2021}}</ref>

==Medical facilities==
In the North Karanpura Coalfield, CCL has the following facilities:

Central Hospital at Dakra with 50 beds has 11 general duty medical officers and 1 specialist. Among the facilities are: X‐Ray, ECG, Semi auto analyzer, monitor defibrillator, dental chair. It has 2 ambulances.<ref name="hospital">{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/12_06_2018_annexure_A_hospital.pdf |title = Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 January 2021}}</ref>

Piparwar Hospital at [[Bachra]] with 11 beds has 6 general duty medical officers and 1 specialist. Among the facilities it has are: cardiac monitor, suction machine, X-Ray machine and ECG. It has 4 ambulances.<ref name="hospital"/>

There are central facilities in the Central Hospital, Gandhinagar at Kanke Road, Ranchi with 250 beds and in the Central Hospital, Naisarai at Ramgarh with 150 beds.<ref name="hospital"/>

There are dispensaries at Rohini, KDH, Purnadih/ Karkatta in North Karanapura Area, at Amrapali Project, Magadh Project in the Magadh Sanghamitra Area, at Tetariakhad in the Rajhara Area.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/09_08_2019_dispen.pdf |title = Status of Dispensaries |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 19 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Operational Areas of CCL}}

[[Category:Coal mining operational areas in Jharkhand]]

Jay Bhattacharya

2026-04-16T20:29:48Z

Joshiankit994: started new article.

{{Short description|American physician-scientist and health economist (born 1968)}}
{{Use American English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jay Bhattacharya
| image = Jay Bhattacharya, official portrait (2025) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2025
| office = 18th [[Director of the National Institutes of Health]]
| president = [[Donald Trump]]
| term_start = April 1, 2025
| term_end =
| deputy = [[Matthew Memoli]]
| predecessor = [[Monica Bertagnolli]]
| succeessor =
| office1 = Acting [[Director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
| president1 = Donald Trump
| term_start1 = February 18, 2026
| term_end1 = March 26, 2026
| predecessor1 = [[Jim O'Neill (investor)|Jim O'Neill]]
| succeessor1 =
| birth_name = Jayanta Bhattacharya
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1968}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| known_for = [[Great Barrington Declaration]]
| education = [[Stanford University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Medicine|MD]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| module = {{infobox scientist | embed=yes
| doctoral_advisor = [[Thomas MaCurdy]]
| field = [[Biomedicine]], [[econometrics]], [[health economics]]
| thesis_title = Lifetime returns to specialization in medicine
| thesis_url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Lifetime_Returns_to_Specialization_in_Me.html?id=a71EAQAAIAAJ
| thesis_year = 2000
| work_institutions = Stanford University
}}
}}

'''Jayanta Bhattacharya''' (born 1968) is an American [[Health economics|health economist]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stein |first=Rob |date=March 5, 2025 |title=Trump's nominee to run NIH faces Senate scrutiny |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/shots-health-news/2025/03/05/g-s1-51401/nih-director-bhattacharya-nominee |access-date=2025-03-18 |work= |publisher=[[NPR]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Tanne |first=Janice Hopkins |date=2024-12-02 |title=Trump nominates Jay Bhattacharya to head US National Institutes of Health |url=https://www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.q2695 |journal=BMJ |language=en |article-number=q2695 |doi=10.1136/bmj.q2695 |issn=1756-1833 |quote=Bhattacharya, 55, was born in India and is a naturalised American citizen. He received his medical degree and degrees in economics from Stanford University. He is now a professor of medicine, economics, and health research policy at Stanford and director of Stanford's Center for Demography and Economics of Health and Ageing. He does not practise medicine but focuses on the economics of healthcare.|url-access=subscription }}</ref> trained as a physician,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kaiser |first=Jocelyn |date=2024-12-06 |title=Trump picks an 'outsider' and NIH critic to lead agency |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adv0705 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=386 |issue=6726 |pages=1080–1081 |doi=10.1126/science.adv0705 |issn=0036-8075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Science |url=https://www.science.org/action/cookieAbsent |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=AAAS |language=en}}</ref> who has served as the 18th [[director of the National Institutes of Health]] since 2025. Bhattacharya additionally served as the acting director of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] from February to March 2026.

Bhattacharya earned his [[M.D.]] and [[PhD|Ph.D.]] in economics from [[Stanford University]]. He does not practice medicine but specializes in health economics.<ref name=":2" /> Bhattacharya was a professor of medicine, economics, and health research policy at Stanford University until March 2025, when he left his position and became an emeritus professor so that he could start his position at the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH). He also was an investigator at Stanford's Center for Demography and Economics of Health and Aging whose research focused on the economics of health care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile: Jayanta Bhattacharya |url=https://profiles.stanford.edu/jay-bhattacharya |website=Stanford University}}</ref><ref name="stanford"/><ref name="freopp"/> In November 2024, President [[Donald Trump]] named Bhattacharya as his choice to lead the NIH,<ref name="nyt2">{{Cite news |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |author-link=Sheryl Gay Stolberg |date=26 November 2024 |title=Trump Picks Stanford Physician Who Opposed Lockdowns to Head N.I.H. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/26/us/politics/jay-bhattacharya-nih-trump.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241127021952/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/11/26/us/politics/jay-bhattacharya-nih-trump.html |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> and he was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 25, 2025.<ref name=":0" />

Bhattacharya is the first Indian American to lead the NIH.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jay Bhattacharya makes history as first Indian-American NIH Director under Trump |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/world/jay-bhattacharya-makes-history-as-first-indian-american-nih-director-under-trump/article68917207.ece |publisher=[[Business Line]] |access-date=12 April 2025 |language=en |date=27 November 2024}}</ref> He opposed the [[lockdown]]s and [[Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|mask mandates]] imposed in 2020 as a response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="medpage"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maxouris |first=Christina |date=31 July 2021 |title=As Covid-19 cases surge in Florida, governor says parents should decide whether their children wear masks to school |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/30/us/florida-case-surge-school-masks/index.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=CNN}}</ref> With [[Martin Kulldorff]] and [[Sunetra Gupta]], he was a co-author in 2020 of the [[Great Barrington Declaration]], which advocated lifting [[COVID-19]] restrictions on lower-risk groups to develop [[herd immunity]] through widespread infection, while promoting the fringe notion that vulnerable people could be simultaneously protected from the virus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stolberg |first=Sheryl Gay |date=2025-06-11 |title=Kennedy Announces Eight New Members of C.D.C. Vaccine Advisory Panel |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/11/us/politics/rfk-jr-cdc-vaccine-panel.html |access-date=2025-06-19 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Bhattacharya was born in 1968 in [[Kolkata]], India, to a [[Bengali Hindus|Bengali Hindu]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nath |first=Sanstuti |date=November 24, 2024 |title=Jay Bhattacharya, Born In Kolkata, Emerges As Trump's Top Pick To Head US Health Agency |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/jay-bhattacharya-born-in-kolkata-emerges-as-trumps-top-pick-to-head-us-health-agency-7093578 |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=[[NDTV 24x7]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/jayanta-bhattacharya-from-chandannagar-to-become-the-new-director-of-national-institutes-of-health/cid/1563714|title=জয়ন্ত থেকে 'জে' হয়েও ভোলেননি বাংলা|date=29 November 2024|language=Bengali|first=Prakash|last=Paul|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> He later became a [[Citizenship of the United States|naturalized]] American citizen.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1605011463814336512 |user=DrJBhattacharya |title=I remember how proud I was when I became a naturalized American citizen |first=Jay |last=Bhattacharya |access-date=December 22, 2022}}</ref>

Bhattacharya graduated with honors from [[Stanford University]] with both a [[Bachelor of Arts]] and a [[Master of Arts]] degree in economics in 1990, earning membership in [[Phi Beta Kappa]]. While in college, he [[conversion to Christianity|converted]] to [[Christianity]].<ref name="McGrew2024">{{cite web |last1=McGrew |first1=Bethel |date=5 December 2024 |title=A faithful presence in national healthcare |url=https://wng.org/opinions/a-faithful-presence-in-national-healthcare-1733400009 |access-date=12 April 2025 |publisher=[[World (magazine)|WORLD Magazine]] |language=en}}</ref> He then simultaneously pursued a medical degree and a doctorate in economics at Stanford, earning his [[Doctor of Medicine]] (M.D.) from the [[Stanford University School of Medicine]] in 1997 and his [[Ph.D.]] from Stanford in economics, [[econometrics]], and [[health economics]] in 2000.<ref name="freopp">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Kara |date=11 August 2020 |title=Jay Bhattacharya on Understanding the COVID-19 Virus |url=https://freopp.org/jay-bhattacharya-on-understanding-the-covid-19-virus-3ecbee8d6e23 |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=Freopp}}</ref><ref name="cv">{{cite web |title=Jay Bhattacharya, M.D., Ph.D. |url=https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4000&name=Jayanta_Bhattacharya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414195251/https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4000&name=Jayanta_Bhattacharya |archive-date=14 April 2021 |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=cap.stanford.edu |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> His doctoral dissertation, "Lifetime returns to specialization in medicine", was supervised by professor [[Thomas MaCurdy]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Jayanta |date=2000 |title=Lifetime returns to specialization in medicine |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4540845 |access-date=30 March 2025 |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |type=PhD Thesis}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhattacharya began his career at the [[RAND Corporation]] as an economist (1998–2001), while simultaneously serving as a visiting assistant professor in the Department of Economics at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]].<ref name=stanford>{{Cite web |title=Jay Bhattacharya, MD, PhD |url=https://healthpolicy.fsi.stanford.edu/people/jay_bhattacharya |access-date=10 November 2020 |website=Stanford Health Policy |archive-date=November 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127174129/https://healthpolicy.fsi.stanford.edu/people/jay_bhattacharya }}</ref><ref name=medpage>{{Cite web |last=D'Ambrosio |first=Amanda |date=October 19, 2020 |title=Who Are the Scientists Behind the Great Barrington Declaration? |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/89204 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=www.medpagetoday.com |language=en}}</ref> He later held a research fellowship at the [[Hoover Institution]] from 2006 to 2008.

At Stanford University, Bhattacharya held multiple academic appointments. He served as a professor of medicine, with courtesy professorships in both economics and health research and policy. He was also a senior fellow at the [[Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research]] and directed Stanford's Center for Demography and Economics of Health and Aging. Additionally, he maintains positions as a senior fellow by courtesy at the [[Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies]], and as a research associate at both Acumen LLC and the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]].<ref name=stanford/><ref name=cv/>

His research has focused on population health and well-being, with particular attention to the impact of government programs, [[Biomedicine|biomedical]] innovation, and economic factors.<ref name=stanford/><ref name=freopp/>

== COVID-19 pandemic ==
{{Further|Great Barrington Declaration}}
{{close paraphrasing|section|date=February 2026}}
Bhattacharya was an early opponent of [[COVID-19 lockdowns|lockdowns]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and questioned the severity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ([[SARS-CoV-2]]), the virus that causes [[COVID-19]].<ref name=medpage/>

On March 24, 2020, Bhattacharya co-wrote an opinion piece in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' entitled "Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say?" that argued there was little evidence to support [[shelter-in-place order]]s and [[quarantine]]s of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bendavid |first1=Eran |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Jay |date=24 March 2020 |title=Is the Coronavirus as Deadly as They Say |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-the-coronavirus-as-deadly-as-they-say-11585088464 |url-status=live |access-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225231237/https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-the-coronavirus-as-deadly-as-they-say-11585088464 |archive-date=25 December 2021}}</ref> Bhattacharya was a lead author of a [[serology]] study released in April 2020 that suggested that as many as 80,000 residents of [[Santa Clara County, California|Santa Clara County]], California, might have already been infected with SARS-CoV-2.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Vogel |first=Gretchen |date=21 April 2020 |title=Antibody surveys suggesting vast undercount of coronavirus infections may be unreliable |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/antibody-surveys-suggesting-vast-undercount-coronavirus-infections-may-be-unreliable |url-status=live |magazine=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011023449/https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/04/antibody-surveys-suggesting-vast-undercount-coronavirus-infections-may-be-unreliable |archive-date=11 October 2020}}</ref> The study's design, conduct, statistical analysis, and conclusions were widely criticized as flawed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Stephanie M. |date=April 27, 2020 |title=A Stanford Professor's Wife Recruited People For His Coronavirus Study By Claiming It Would Reveal If They Could "Return To Work Without Fear" |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/stephaniemlee/stanford-coronavirus-study-bhattacharya-email |access-date=2024-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Krieger |first=Lisa |date=21 April 2020 |title=Angry statisticians dispute Santa Clara County research that found high infection rates |work=The Mercury News |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/20/feud-over-stanford-coronavirus-study-the-authors-owe-us-all-an-apology/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609041655/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/04/20/feud-over-stanford-coronavirus-study-the-authors-owe-us-all-an-apology/ |archive-date=9 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Krieger |first=Lisa |date=24 May 2020 |title=Stanford coronavirus research: Did politically-motivated scientists hype their speedy study? |work=[[The Mercury News]] |url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/05/24/coronavirus-research-stanford-scientists-accused-of-hyping-covid-19-antibody-study/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604072540/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/05/24/coronavirus-research-stanford-scientists-accused-of-hyping-covid-19-antibody-study/ |archive-date=4 June 2020}}</ref> [[JetBlue]]'s former owner [[David Neeleman]] contributed $5,000 to Stanford University for the research, according to a whistleblower report; however, the researchers said they had no knowledge of this funding.<ref>{{cite news |last=D'Ambrosio |first=Amanda |date=19 October 2020 |title=Who Are the Scientists Behind the Great Barrington Declaration? |journal=MedPage Today |url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/89204 |access-date=26 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JetBlue's Founder Helped Fund A Stanford Study That Said The Coronavirus Wasn't That Deadly |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/stephaniemlee/stanford-coronavirus-neeleman-ioannidis-whistleblower |access-date=6 June 2021 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=15 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

He is a co-author of the [[Great Barrington Declaration]], an [[open letter]] claiming that COVID-19 lockdowns could be avoided via the fringe notion of "focused protection". In it, Bhattacharya and the two other authors thought the virus should be allowed to spread among healthy people, with the aim of achieving [[herd immunity]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maxouris |first=Christina |date=31 July 2021 |title=As Covid-19 cases surge in Florida, governor says parents should decide whether their children wear masks to school |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/30/us/florida-case-surge-school-masks/index.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Bhattacharya wrote the declaration with [[Martin Kulldorff]], at the time a professor of medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]], and [[Sunetra Gupta]], professor of theoretical epidemiology at [[University of Oxford|Oxford University]]. It was published on 5 October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Varadarajan|first=Tunku|date=23 October 2020|title=Epidemiologists Stray From the Covid Herd|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/epidemiologists-stray-from-the-covid-herd-11603477330|access-date=10 November 2020|website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sample|first=Ian|date=6 October 2020|title=Scientists call for Covid herd immunity strategy for young|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/06/scientists-call-for-herd-immunity-covid-strategy-for-young|access-date=20 November 2020|website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

In October 2020, the [[World Health Organization]]'s Director General said that pursuing herd immunity before vaccination would be "scientifically and ethically problematic" and "allowing a dangerous virus that we don't fully understand to run free is simply unethical."<ref>{{cite news|author=Staff and agencies in Geneva|date=12 October 2020|title=WHO chief says herd immunity approach to pandemic 'unethical'|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/12/who-chief-says-herd-immunity-approach-to-pandemic-unethical|access-date=October 12, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---12-october-2020 |title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 |date=12 October 2020 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> In an interview, Bhattacharya said he hoped the declaration would prompt a dialogue about the benefits and harms of public health interventions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lenzer|first=Jeanne|date=7 October 2020|title=Covid-19: Group of UK and US experts argues for "focused protection" instead of lockdowns|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/371/bmj.m3908|access-date=10 November 2020|journal=BMJ|volume=371|article-number=m3908|doi=10.1136/bmj.m3908|pmid=33028622|publisher=[[British Medical Association]]|doi-access=free|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2020|title=Great Barrington declaration and petition|url=https://gbdeclaration.org/|access-date=10 November 2020|website=Great Barrington Declaration Website}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Moffitt|first=Mike|date=13 October 2020|title=Stanford professor's anti-lockdown movement faces fierce resistance|url=https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Stanford-prof-s-anti-lockdown-movement-faces-15644375.php|access-date=10 November 2020|website=sfgate}}</ref> In October 2020, Bhattacharya, Kulldorff and Gupta met with [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]]'s health officials about the declaration.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Hellmann|first=Jessie|date=10 May 2020|title=Trump health official meets with doctors pushing herd immunity|url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/519727-trump-health-official-meets-with-doctors-pushing-herd-immunity|access-date=10 November 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite podcast |host=Jay Bhattacharya|date= |title=Conversations with Jay Bhattacharya: Joomi Kim (scientist)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dLvKXWyZJNg|access-date=3 Nov 2024}}</ref>

At the beginning of 2021, Bhattacharya wrote an op-ed in favor of reserving initially limited vaccine supplies in India for patients who had not been previously infected with COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |first1=Sanjiv |last1=Agarwal |first2=Jay |last2=Bhattacharya |date=January 11, 2021 |title=Majority Indians have natural immunity. Vaccinating entire population can cause great harm |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/majority-indians-have-natural-immunity-vaccinating-entire-population-can-cause-great-harm/582174/ |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In March 2021, Bhattacharya called the COVID-19 lockdowns the "biggest public health mistake we've ever made" and argued that "The harm to people is catastrophic".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Impelli|first=Matthew|date=2021-03-08|title=Jay Bhattacharya, Stanford doctor, calls lockdowns the 'biggest public health mistake we've ever made' |url=https://www.newsweek.com/stanford-doctor-calls-lockdowns-biggest-public-health-mistake-weve-ever-made-1574540|access-date=2021-04-05|work=[[Newsweek]]|language=en}}</ref> In May 2021, Bhattacharya was called as an expert witness for ten applicants who filed a constitutional challenge against [[COVID-19 pandemic in Manitoba|Manitoba's COVID-19 public health orders]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Crabb|first=Josh|date=2021-05-04|title=Vocal critic of pandemic lockdowns defends stance in Manitoba court case|url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg/article/vocal-critic-of-pandemic-lockdowns-defends-stance-in-manitoba-court-case/|access-date=2021-05-12|work=CTV News Winnipeg|language=en}}</ref> The judge determined that the public health restrictions did not violate charter rights, noting that most scientific and medical experts did not support Bhattacharya's views.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manitoba judge rules pandemic restrictions didn't violate charter rights |website=Morning News |date=October 22, 2021 |url=https://morns.ca/2021/10/22/manitoba-judge-rules-pandemic-restrictions-didnt-violate-charter-rights/ |access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> In April, Bhattacharya participated in [[List of governors of Florida|Florida Governor]] [[Ron DeSantis]]' roundtable about "Big Tech censorship and the COVID-19 pandemic".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bellow |first=Heather |title=Those who penned Great Barrington Declaration a year after it sparked worldwide firestorm: 'This is our crucible'|url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/coronavirus/those-who-penned-great-barrington-declaration-a-year-after-it-sparked-worldwide-firestorm-this-is/article_b862f134-2619-11ec-81eb-93dc5df41642.html|access-date=2022-02-12|website=The Berkshire Eagle|date=6 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In August, Bhattacharya provided testimony in defense of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Florida#Prohibition of mask mandates in schools|Florida's ban on mask mandates]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stofan|first=Jake|date=August 25, 2021|title=State pleads case in school masking trial|url=https://www.wctv.tv/2021/08/25/state-pleads-case-school-masking-trial/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=Capitol News Service|language=en}}</ref> The judge ruled against the Florida ban and said that the state's medical experts "are in a distinct minority among doctors and scientists".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://apnews.com/article/lifestyle-health-education-florida-coronavirus-pandemic-1908088a0b5c5b02d89fd7e007822408 |last1=Spencer |first1=Terry |last2=Anderson |first2=Curt |date=August 27, 2021 |title=Judge blocks Florida governor's order banning mask mandates |publisher=Associated Press |access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> Bhattacharya publicly opposed COVID-19 [[Immunity passport|vaccine passports]] and mandates, although he called the vaccines successful.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cutway|first=Adrienne|date=2021-03-18|title=Florida won't require COVID-19 'vaccine passports,' governor says|url=https://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2021/03/18/florida-wont-require-covid-19-vaccine-passports-governor-says/|access-date=2021-08-27|website=WKMG|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2021|title=Stanford doc Jay Bhattacharya calls vaccine mandates "unethical," says patients can choose|url=https://www.newsweek.com/stanford-doc-jay-bhattacharya-calls-vaccine-mandates-unethical-says-patients-can-choose-1611938|access-date=August 27, 2021|website=[[Newsweek]]|language=en}}</ref> In December, with Kulldorff and [[Scott Atlas]], Bhattacharya helped found a program called Academy for Science and Freedom at [[Hillsdale College]], a conservative Christian liberal arts school.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Bragman|first1=Walker|last2=Kotch|first2=Alex|date=2021-12-22|title=How the Koch Network Is Spreading COVID Misinformation|url=https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/12/right-wing-think-tanks-herd-immunity-death|access-date=2022-01-08|website=[[Jacobin]]}}</ref> [[Peter Thiel]] and [[Elon Musk]] have expressed support for Bhattacharya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Kiera |title=He rose to fame as a Covid contrarian, and Trump wants him to be NIH head |url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2024/11/bhattacharya-covid-trump-pick-nih-health-director/ |access-date=November 28, 2024 |website=[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

In a 2021 case about masks in Tennessee schools, judge [[Waverly D. Crenshaw Jr.]] of the [[United States District Court for the Middle District of Tennessee]] criticized Bhattacharya's testimony as "troubling and problematic", said Bhattacharya had oversimplified conclusions of a study, and said he "offered opinions regarding the pediatric effects of masks on children, a discipline on which he admitted he was not qualified to speak."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Timms |first1=Mariah |last2=Mangrum |first2=Meghan |last3=Gang |first3=Duane W. |title=Gov. Bill Lee's mask order violates federal law, remains blocked in Williamson County, judge rules |website=Nashville Tennessean |date=October 22, 2021 |url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/news/politics/2021/10/22/tennessee-gov-bill-lees-mask-opt-out-order-violates-federal-law-judge-rules/8449956002/ |access-date=October 25, 2021}}</ref> He was also named a senior scholar at the Brownstone Institute, a new think tank launched by [[Jeffrey Tucker]] that published articles opposing various measures against COVID-19; Kulldorff and Gupta, his co-authors on the Great Barrington Declaration, have also had roles there.<ref>{{Cite web|last=D'Ambrosio|first=Amanda|date=2021-11-11|title=New Institute Has Ties to the Great Barrington Declaration|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/95601|access-date=2021-11-27|website=www.medpagetoday.com|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2022, Bhattacharya wrote that he experienced racist attacks and death threats during the pandemic. He alleged that "Big tech outlets like Facebook and Google" suppressed "our ideas, falsely deeming them 'misinformation'". He wrote that "I started getting calls from reporters asking me why I wanted to 'let the virus rip,' when I had proposed nothing of the sort."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Jay Bhattacharya: How To Avoid 'Absolutely Catastrophic' COVID Mistakes |url=https://reason.com/podcast/2022/04/20/dr-jay-bhattacharya-how-to-avoid-absolutely-catastrophic-covid-mistakes/ |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Reason.com |date=20 April 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Also in April, in response to California proposing a bill that would discipline physicians for promoting or spreading [[COVID-19 misinformation|false information about COVID-19]], Bhattacharya said that the bill could turn "doctors into agents of state public health rather than advocates for their patients".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Høeg |first=Tracy Beth |date=2022-04-28 |title=California wants to listen in at your next doctor's appointment |url=https://www.sfgate.com/politics-op-eds/article/argument-against-California-AB-2098-17130301.php |access-date=2022-05-19 |website=[[SFGATE]] |language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2022, [[Florida]] governor [[Ron DeSantis]] named Bhattacharya, Kulldorff and several others to his newly formed Public Health Integrity Committee to "offer critical assessments" of recommendations from federal health agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Catherman |first=Caroline |date=2022-12-13 |title=DeSantis announces grand jury to investigate 'wrongdoing' around COVID-19 vaccines |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/coronavirus/os-ne-coronavirus-desantis-grand-jury-covid-vaccines-ladapo-research-20221213-owp55jm45bayzmpwvp3wel6f6y-story.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Orlando Sentinel]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Later in 2022, when COVID boosters for the Omicron variant were available, Bhattacharya made multiple misleading statements about them, including incorrectly describing how they were tested.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Butler |first=Kiera |title=The truth about those viral Tweets questioning the Omicron boosters' safety |url=https://www.motherjones.com/media/2022/09/the-truth-about-those-viral-tweets-questioning-the-omicron-boosters-safety/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Mother Jones |language=en-US}}</ref>

According to a December 2022 release of the [[Twitter Files]], Bhattacharya was placed on a Twitter "Trends blacklist" in August 2021 that prevented his tweets from showing up in trending topics searches. It coincided with his first tweet on the service, which advocated for the Great Barrington Declaration's herd immunity proposal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prokop |first=Andrew |date=2022-12-15 |title=Why the Twitter Files actually matter |url=https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/2022/12/15/23505370/twitter-files-elon-musk-taibbi-weiss-covid |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=Vox |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ensor |first=Josie |date=2022-12-09 |title=Stanford anti-lockdown professor Jay Bhattacharya secretly blacklisted on Twitter, new leak shows |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/12/09/stanford-anti-lockdown-professor-jay-bhattacharya-secretly-blacklisted/ |access-date=2022-12-28 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>[[File:AmericaFest 2025 - Jay Bhattacharya 02.jpg|thumb|Bhattacharya at [[Turning Point USA|AmericaFest]] 2025]]

In June 2024, Bhattacharya was listed as a plaintiff on the [[Supreme Court of the United States|U.S. Supreme Court]] case ''[[Murthy v. Missouri]]'' but ultimately lost the case due to lack of legal standing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Murthy v. Missouri |url=https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/murthy-v-missouri-3/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=SCOTUSblog |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Amy Coney Barrett|Justice Barrett]] delivered the opinion of the majority, stating "plaintiffs failed to show a concrete link between the restrictions that they alleged and conduct of government officials".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weissmann |first=Andrew |date=2024-06-27 |title=Unpacking the Supreme Court's Punt on Alleged Government 'Coercion' of Social Media Companies: What Murthy v. Missouri Did and Did Not Say |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/97268/murthy-missouri-social-media-disinformation/ |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=Just Security |language=en-US}}</ref>

== NIH director ==
[[File:JayBhattacharya.png|thumb|Bhattacharya at his confirmation hearing]]On November 26, 2024, Trump named Bhattacharya as the director of the [[National Institutes of Health]].<ref name="nyt2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson |first=Carla K. |date=2024-11-27 |title=Trump picks Jay Bhattacharya, who backed COVID herd immunity, to lead National Institutes of Health |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-nih-bhattacharya-national-institutes-health-454874e66e842ef8c953ece905c00fe1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127191705/https://apnews.com/article/trump-nih-bhattacharya-national-institutes-health-454874e66e842ef8c953ece905c00fe1 |archive-date=2024-11-27 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=[[AP News]] |language=en}}</ref> His goals included withholding research grants from institutions that are not aligned with conservative views.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gustaf |last=Kilander |access-date=2026-02-19|title=Trump's team looking at withholding massive research grants from 'woke' schools |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/donald-trump-research-grants-woke-b2660318.html|date=December 6, 2024 |work=[[The Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Whyte |first=Liz Essley |title=Exclusive {{!}} The Trump NIH Pick Who Wants to Take On 'Cancel Culture' Colleges |url=https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/jay-bhattacharya-national-institute-health-grants-cancel-culture-645101f5?st=aNyWEE |access-date=2024-12-19 |website=WSJ |date=December 6, 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Berkeley |last=Lovelace Jr. |access-date=2026-02-19|title=Who is Dr. Jay Bhattacharya? Trump's pick to lead the NIH faces Senate confirmation hearing |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/trump-pick-dr-bhattacharya-nih-senate-hearing-research-rcna194524 |date=March 4, 2025|work=NBC News}}</ref> His nomination was confirmed by the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] on March 25, 2025 on a party- line vote, 53 to 47.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Weixel |first=Nathaniel |date=March 25, 2025 |title=Senate confirms Trump's nominee to run NIH |url=https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/5213872-jay-bhattacharya-senate-confirmed-nih/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326182943/https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/5213872-jay-bhattacharya-senate-confirmed-nih/ |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |publisher=}}</ref>

Among the first major actions taken as NIH director was eliminating subcontracting with foreign researchers on May 1, 2025. Rather than subcontracting, the new policy required foreign researchers to have a direct contract with the NIH.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NIH |date=May 1, 2025 |title=NOT-OD-25-104. Updated NIH Policy on Foreign Subawards |url=https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-25-104.html |access-date=May 4, 2025 |website=NIH}}</ref> In a change of NIH policy, no existing NIH awards to domestic institutions would be continued past the current year of funding if any foreign funding was included as a foreign subcontract.<ref name=":1" /> This annual extension of current awards is termed a "non-competing continuation". No new awards would be given this fiscal year that included foreign funding via a subcontract.

Bhattacharya subsequently introduced and championed the [[Trump administration HHS gender dysphoria report]] written by the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] in compliance with [[Executive Order 14187]], which made it illegal for the federal government to advocate in favor of gender-affirming care under the age of 19. The report contradicted the consensus of the mainstream medical community, instead advocating for [[conversion therapy]] as the primary means of treatment for transgender youth.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Mary |last=Kekatos |date=May 2, 2025 |title=Concern after HHS report advocates for therapy for trans kids over gender-affirming care |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/concern-after-hhs-report-advocates-therapy-trans-kids/story?id=121372589 |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |first=Christopher |last=Wiggins |date=December 3, 2025 |title=Controversial Trump HHS report targets care for trans kids |url=https://www.advocate.com/politics/trump-gender-affirming-care-report |access-date=2026-02-07 |magazine=[[The Advocate (magazine)|The Advocate]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Glenza |first=Jessica |date=May 1, 2025 |title=US health agency's 'review' advocates for therapy for youth gender dysphoria |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/01/gender-dysphoria-report-review-nih |access-date=2026-02-07 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

On February 18, 2026, Bhattacharya was concurrently appointed Acting Director of the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stolberg|first=Sheryl Gay|date=2026-02-18|title=N.I.H. Director Will Temporarily Run C.D.C. in Leadership Shake-Up|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/18/us/politics/bhattacharya-kennedy-cdc-director.html|access-date=2026-02-19|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{Cite journal|last1=Bendavid|first1=Eran|last2=Oh|first2=Christopher|last3=Bhattacharya|first3=Jay|last4=Ioannidis|first4=John P.A.|author-link4=John Ioannidis|title=Assessing Mandatory Stay-at-Home and Business Closure Effects on the Spread of COVID-19|journal=European Journal of Clinical Investigation|date=April 2021|volume=51|issue=4|article-number=e13484|doi=10.1111/eci.13484|pmid=33400268|pmc=7883103|issn=0014-2972|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Alsan |first1=Marcella |last2=Atella |first2=Vincenzo |last3=Bhattacharya |first3=Jay|display-authors=etal|title=Technological Progress and Health Convergence: The Case of Penicillin in Post-War Italy |journal=Working Paper |date=February 2019 |issue=25541 |doi=10.3386/w25541 |url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w25541 |access-date=13 June 2021 |series=Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|s2cid=4903383 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Goldhaber-Fiebert |first1=Jeremy D. |last2=Studdert |first2=David M. |last3=Farid |first3=Monica S. |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Jay |title=Will Divestment From Employment-Based Health Insurance Save Employers Money? The Case of State and Local Governments |journal=Journal of Empirical Legal Studies |date=2015 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=343–394 |doi=10.1111/jels.12076 |s2cid=154837009 |url=https://law.stanford.edu/publications/will-divestment-from-employment-based-health-insurance-save-employers-money-the-case-of-state-and-local-governments/ |access-date=13 June 2021 |ref=12 343}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Jay |last2=Gathmann |first2=Christina |last3=Miller |first3=Grant |title=The Gorbachev Anti-Alcohol Campaign and Russia's Mortality Crisis |journal=American Economic Journal: Applied Economics |date=2013 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=232–260 |doi=10.1257/app.5.2.232 |pmid=24224067 |pmc=3818525 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Yoo |first1=Byung-Kwang |last2=Kasajima |first2=Megumi |last3=Bhattacharya |first3=Jay |title=Public Avoidance and the Epidemiology of novel H1N1 Influenza A |journal=Working Paper |date=February 2010 |issue=15752 |doi=10.3386/w15752 |url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w15752 |access-date=13 June 2021 |series=Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|s2cid=128860977 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=Jay|last2=Bundorf|first2=Kate|last3=Pace|first3=Noemi|last4=Sood|first4=Neeraj|title=Does Health Insurance Make You Fat?|url=http://www.nber.org/papers/w15163.pdf|journal=Working Paper|series=Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research|date=April 2009|issue=15163|doi=10.3386/w15163|hdl=10278/31283 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Jay |last2=Choudhry |first2=Kavita |last3=Lakdawalla |first3=Darius |title=Chronic disease and severe disability among working-age populations |journal=Medical Care |date=January 2008 |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=92–100 |doi=10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181484335 |pmid=18162861 |s2cid=45230256 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Jay |last2=Bundorf |first2=M. Kate |title=The Incidence of the Healthcare Costs of Obesity |journal=Journal of Health Economics |date=May 2009 |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=649–658 |doi=10.1016/j.jhealeco.2009.02.009 |pmid=19433210 |pmc=4224588 }}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{Google Scholar id}}
* {{C-SPAN|127477}}
* [https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4000&name=Jayanta_Bhattacharya Curriculum Vitae]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Jay}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian epidemiologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian economists]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Indian medical academics]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Stanford University School of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:RAND Corporation people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:American Hindus]]
[[Category:American health economists]]
[[Category:Academics from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian expatriate academics in the United States]]
[[Category:Naturalized citizens of the United States]]
[[Category:Second Trump administration personnel]]
[[Category:21st-century American economists]]
[[Category:21st-century American medical doctors]]
[[Category:American epidemiologists]]
[[Category:Economists from California]]
[[Category:American Christians]]
[[Category:Asian conservatism in the United States]]
[[Category:Directors of the National Institutes of Health]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

Shaba Desai

2026-04-16T07:34:03Z

Joshiankit994: Creating A Post

{{short description|Indian politician and freedom fighter (1931–2008)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shaba Desai
| birth_name = Shaba Krishnarao Desai
| image = Shaba Desai.jpg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = Official portrait in 1967
| spouse = Sushama Desai
| birth_date = {{birth date|1931|3|25|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2008|11|12|1931|3|25|df=y}}
| death_place = Goa, India
| birth_place = [[Quepem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]
| constituency2 = [[Quepem Assembly constituency|Quepem]]
| predecessor2 = [[Dattaram Desai]]
| successor2 = [[Dhulo Kuttikar]]
| successor1 = [[Chandrakant Chodankar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Manju Naik Gaonkar]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|freedom fighter}}
| other_party = {{plainlist|
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Praja Socialist Party]] (till 1958)}}
| office2 = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| office1 = Deputy Speaker of [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1972
| term_start1 = 7 April 1971
| term_end1 = 13 March 1972
| party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]]
| profession = Teacher
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
* D.T.C. School, [[Belgaum]] ([[S.S.C]])
* Sahitya Pradna ([[Marathi language|Marathi]])
* D.M. Fine Arts and Commercial Art
* [[Sir J. J. School of Art]]}}
| committees = {{plainlist|
* Government Assurances
* Delegated Legislation
* Petitions
* Library
* Rules
* Privileges}}
}}

'''Shaba Krishnarao Desai''' (25 March 1931 – 12 November 2008) was an Indian politician, teacher and [[Indian freedom fighter|freedom fighter]] who was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Quepem Assembly constituency]] from 1967 to 1972. Desai also served as a Deputy Speaker of the Goa Legislative Assembly from 1971 to 1972. He was a member of the ''Rastra Seva Dal''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=133 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Former-deputy-speaker-Dessai-passes-away- |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/former-deputy-speaker-dessai-passes-away-/18486 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=oHeraldo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly {{!}} Former Deputy Speakers |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/former-deputy-speakers.php |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Shaba Krishnarao Desai was born in [[Quepem]]. He completed his [[Secondary School Certificate]] from D.T.C. School, [[Belgaum]]. He was also an alumnus of Sahitya Pradna, D.M. Fine Arts and Commercial Art and [[Sir J. J. School of Art]], [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]). He was married to Sushama Desai.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Desai joined [[Indian National Congress]] Goa as an underground worker while celebrating the ''Tere Khol Day''. He was arrested and incarcerated for 27 days. Desai was also a member of the [[Praja Socialist Party]] till 1958.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Desai, Shaba}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]

{{Goa-politician-stub}}

Amguri Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:14:55Z

Joshiankit994: article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| name = Amguri
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]
| constituency_no = 103
| map_image = Amguri Assembly constituency map.svg
| mla = [[Prodip Hazarika]]
| party = [[Independent politician]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/assam-amguri-mla-tenders-resignation-from-party-after-his-assembly-constituency-dissolved-in-final-delimitation-order20230812204110/ | title=Assam: Amguri MLA resigns from party posts after his Assembly constituency dissolved in final delimitation order }}</ref>
| latest_election_year = 1951
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Sivasagar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished= 2023
}}

'''Amguri Assembly constituency''' was one of the 126 assembly constituencies in [[Sivasagar district|Sivasagar District]] of [[Assam]] a north east state of [[India]]. [[Amguri]] is also part of [[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/Assam_Delimitation.pdf Election Commission of India]</ref>

This constituency was abolished in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1952 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
!Rabin Kakoti
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
!Khagendranath Borborua
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
!Khagen Borbarua
![[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
! rowspan="2" |Puspadhar Chaliha
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Communist Party of India}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
!Khagen Borbarua
![[Revolutionary Communist Party of India]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
!Kirti Dutta
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
![[Prodip Hazarika]]
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
![[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
![[Prodip Hazarika]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
![[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
![[Prodip Hazarika]]
![[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
![[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Prodip Hazarika]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

== Election results ==
===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Amguri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prodip Hazarika
|votes = 49,891
|percentage = 48.03
|change = +4.28
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Angkita Dutta
|votes = 43,712
|percentage = 42.08
|change = +0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Assam Jatiya Parishad
|candidate = Chandra Boruah
|votes = 6,987
|percentage = 6.73
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Pradip Hazarika
|votes = 1,022
|percentage = 0.98
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajkumar Duwara
|votes = 959
|percentage = 0.92
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,313
|percentage = 1.26
|change = -0.19
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,179
|percentage = 5.95
|change = +4.26
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,03,884
|percentage = 83.18
|change = -2.76
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,24,891
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Amguri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prodip Hazarika
|votes = 42,010
|percentage = 43.75
|change = -3.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Angkita Dutta
|votes = 40,390
|percentage = 42.06
|change = -5.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dulal Baruah
|votes = 5,498
|percentage = 5.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Janardan Hazarika
|votes = 3,420
|percentage = 3.56
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilram Karmakar
|votes = 1,053
|percentage = 1.09
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Gayatri Borah Kalita
|votes = 873
|percentage = 0.90
|change = +0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Rajkumar Dowarah
|votes = 699
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Anwar Hussain
|votes = 672
|percentage = 0.69
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,399
|percentage = 1.45
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,620
|percentage = 1.69
|change = +1.35
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 96,014
|percentage = 85.94
|change = +9.26
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,11,717
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Amguri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]]
|votes = 39,549
|percentage = 47.54
|change = +2.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prodip Hazarika
|votes = 39,263
|percentage = 47.20
|change = -3.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Anup Gogoi
|votes = 1,823
|percentage = 2.19
|change = +0.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Rajkumar Dowarah
|votes = 1,405
|percentage = 1.69
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Manik Dutta
|votes = 598
|percentage = 0.72
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Jayanta Gogoi
|votes = 553
|percentage = 0.66
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 286
|percentage = 0.34
|change = -5.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 83,191
|percentage = 76.68
|change = -5.50
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,08,497
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Amguri}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Prodip Hazarika
|votes = 44,497
|percentage = 50.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Anjan Dutta (politician)|Anjan Dutta]]
|votes = 39,719
|percentage = 44.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bidya Nanda Phukan
|votes = 1,608
|percentage = 1.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = On Luktai
|votes = 1,255
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = RCPI(R)
|candidate = Rajkumar Dowarah
|votes = 853
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = AGP(P)
|candidate = Manik Mahanta
|votes = 422
|percentage = 0.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,778
|percentage = 5.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 88,354
|percentage = 82.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,07,511
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Amguri]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}
{{coord|26.81|94.52|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]

Aranmanai Siruvayal

2026-04-11T09:05:38Z

Joshiankit994: made

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Quote box|width=30%|align=Right|quote="The fort and the village fell in the hands of the British on July 30, 1800. “The fine extensive village of Sherewele (Siruvayal), almost destroyed by the flames, which had spread with great fury, accelerated by a high wind, fell into our hands without opposition, although every house was capable of a sturdy defence, and it had a very thick hedge all around it" |source= Colonel James Welsh in his book ''Military Reminiscences''.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite web |last=B. Kolappan |title=Fort of Marudu Brothers, a symbol of resistance, re-emerges |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/fort-of-marudu-brothers-a-symbol-of-resistance-re-emerges/article32307932.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>}}

'''Aranmanai Siruvayal''' is a village in the [[Sivaganga District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

== Geography ==
A bridge is being constructed over the [[Sarugani River]] near Highway 29, connecting [[Kallal (village)|Kallal]] and Kalayarkoil.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2021 |title=அரண்மனை சிறுவயல் மாற்றுப்பாதை துண்டிப்பு |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/Districts/2021/12/04232044/flood.vpf |website=Dina Thanthi |language=ta}}</ref>

== British resistance ==
Freedom fighter Chinna Marudu [Cheena Murdoo] resided in Siruvayal [Sherewele].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOuzfgh0BpgC&dq=fine+extensive+village+of+Sherewele&pg=PA890 |title=Highland Light Infantry Chronicle |pages=890}}</ref> The Fort of Marudu Brothers (also called [[Maruthu Pandiyar|Marudhupandiyar]] Fort),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=26 March 2019 |title=Visiting the iconic Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal, Madurai's prized 17th century palace |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/visiting-iconic-thirumalai-nayakkar-mahal-madurais-prized-17th-century-palace-98961 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> built by the Marudu Brothers (Periya Marudu and Chinna Marudu) to resist the British, reduced to rubble in 1800. The British took control of the fort on 30 July 1800.<ref name=thehindu/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Chettinad Villages}}

==Further reading==
*http://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/reminiscences1.pdf
*https://books.google.com/books?id=zjTneAGmatsC&dq=%22Sherewele%22&pg=PA218
*https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ4lpJgfXuYC&dq=%22Sherewele%22&pg=PA765

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Sivaganga district]]

Maredumilli mandal

2026-04-05T02:24:57Z

Joshiankit994: Made Basic Info Needs Work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Maredumilli Mandal
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Polavaram district|Polavaram]]
| subdivision_type3 = Population according to 2011 Census
| subdivision_name3 = 19,507
| subdivision_type4 = Number of Villages
| subdivision_name4 = 71
| subdivision_type5 = Area in Sq Km
| subdivision_name5 = 913.96
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
}}

'''Maredumilli Mandal''' is one of the 12 mandals in [[Polavaram district|Polavaram District]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. As per census 2011, there are 71 villages in this Mandal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|title=List of Mandals of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 July 2020|archive-date=2 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702174418/https://www.ap.gov.in/?page_id=212/east-godavari/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Maredumilli Mandal has total population of 19,507 as per the Census 2011 out of which 10,166 are males while 9,341 are females. The average Sex Ratio of Maredumilli Mandal is 919. The total literacy rate of Maredumilli Mandal is 59%.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eastgodavari.ap.gov.in/census/|title= According to the 2011 Census the population of Mandals Of East Godavari District, by Government of Andhra Pradesh}}</ref>

== Towns & Villages ==

=== Villages ===
*1. Addarivalasa
*2. Akumamidikota
*3. Arjunalova
*4. Banda
*5. Bhimavaram
*6. Bodlanka
*7. Boduluru
*8. Busigandi
*9. Chakkavada
*10. Chatlavada
*11. Chavidikota
*12. D Velamalakota
*13. Daravada
*14. Denduluru
*15. Devarapalle
*16. Dorachintalapalem
*17. Doramamidi
*18. Egavalasa
*19. Elivada
*20. Goguvalasa
*21. Gondivada
*22. Goramamidi
*23. Gudisa
*24. Gujjumamidivalasa
*25. Gumpenagandi
*26. Gundrathi
*27. Ijjaluru
*28. Ivampalle
*29. Kadumuru
*30. Kakuru
*31. Katchalavada
*32. Kondavada
*33. Kuduru
*34. Kundada
*35. Kutravada
*36. Maddiveedu
*37. Madduluru
*38. Mallavaram
*39. Maredumilli
*40. Muchilivada
*41. Munjamamidi
*42. Munthamamidi
*43. Musuru
*44. Narsapuram
*45. Nellore
*46. Nukaletivada
*47. Nurupudi
*48. Pamulamamidi
*49. Pamuleru
*50. Pandirimamidikota
*51. Pedamallupadu
*52. Peddamarri
*53. Pedduru
*54. Potlavada
*55. Pujaripakalu
*56. Pullangi
*57. Pusiwada
*58. Puttagondilanka
*59. Ramannavalasa
*60. Siripanlova
*61. Sripuram
*62. Sunnampadu
*63. Thadepalle
*64. Thurruru
*65. Thurumamidi
*66. Vakkuluru
*67. Valamuru
*68. Vetukuru
*69. Vuthaluru
*70. Vyadapudi<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|title= Villages in Mandals of East Godvari district|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150121141044/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/EastGodavari.pdf|archive-date= 21 January 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Polavaram district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Polavaram district]]

Okrabari Alabakash High School

2026-04-03T20:40:40Z

Joshiankit994: put up a post.

{{Infobox school
| name = Okrabari Alabakash High School
| logo =
| logo_size = 220px
| image = File:Okrabari Alabakash High School.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Main Academic Building of the school.
| region = P.O-Balakandi, Okrabari, [[Dinhata]]
| city = [[Cooch Behar District|Coochbehar]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| postal_code = 736135
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|4|5.85|N|89|27|55.81|E|display=title, inline}}
| schooltype = [[Government Aided|Government Sponsored]]
| established = {{start date and age|1947}}
| district = [[Cooch Behar]]
| school_code = 10065
| headmaster = Biswanath Deb
| gender = Co-educational
| classes_offered = VI-XII
| language = Bengali & English
| colors = {{color box|white}} [[White (color)|White]] {{color box|DarkGreen}} [[Green]]
| affiliation = [[WBBSE]] & [[WBCHSE]]
| website = [https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19030112602 official website]
}}

'''Okrabari Alabakash High School''' is a [[Government Aided|Govt. Sponsored]], [[Co-educational]] Bengali medium school in [[Cooch Behar district]] of [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=List of Institutions with Subjects Taught |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416175213/http://wbchse.nic.in/WEBSITE%202ndPage/_notes/Kuchbihar.pdf |archive-url=http://wbchse.nic.in/WEBSITE%202ndPage/_notes/Kuchbihar.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2009 |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=[[WBCHSE|West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Okrabari Alabakash High School |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19030112602 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Banglar Shiksha}}</ref>

== History ==
This school was established in 1947 and is affiliated to the [[West Bengal Board of Secondary Education]] for [[Madhyamik]] Pariksha (10th Board exams).<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2023 |title=Okrabari Alabakash High School |url=https://wbchse.wb.gov.in/schools/okrabari-alabakash-high-school/ |access-date=25 October 2023 |website=[[WBBSE]] }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> and to the [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] for [[Higher Secondary Examination]] (12th Board exams).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2023 |title=Okrabari Alabakash High School |url=https://schools.org.in/koch-bihar/19030112602/okrabari-alkabaksh-high-school.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Education in India]]
*[[List of schools in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19030112602 Official website]

{{Portal bar|School|Education}}

[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1947]]
[[Category:Schools in Cooch Behar district]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-school-stub}}

Mark Zothanpuia

2026-03-29T18:21:03Z

Joshiankit994:

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mark Zothanpuia
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|4|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Serchhip]], [[Mizoram]], [[India]]
| height = {{height|m=1.75}}
| currentclub = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| clubnumber = 88
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left-back]], [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = 2017–2019
| youthclubs1 = [[FC Pune City|Pune City B]]
| years1 = 2019–2023
| clubs1 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad B]]
| caps1 = 16
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020–2024
| clubs2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps2 = 23
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2024–2025
| clubs3 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| caps3 = 7
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2025–
| clubs4 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps4 = 6
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2024
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 07:55, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 07:55, 25 March 2024 (UTC)
}}

'''Mark Zothanpuia''' (born 22 April 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]] or [[Midfielder|midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]].

== Club career ==
=== Hyderabad ===
Mark made his professional debut for [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] in the [[Indian Super League]] in the [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] season. He was part of the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 Indian Super League]] championship Hyderabad team.<ref name=HFC2022ISL>{{cite web|author=PTI|date=20 March 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/indian-super-league/top-stories/isl-hyderabad-fc-win-maiden-isl-trophy-beat-kerala-blasters-on-penalty-shoot-out/articleshow/90340507.cms|title=Hyderabad FC win maiden ISL trophy; beat Kerala Blasters on penalty shoot-out|work=The Times of India|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|8 March 2025}}<ref name=soccerway>{{soccerway|mark-zothanpuia/680179}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad B]]
|{{Nowrap|[[2020 I-League qualifiers|2019–20]]}}
|[[I-League 2nd Division]]
|5||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||5||0
|-
|[[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022]]
|[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RFDL]]
|7||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||7||0
|-
|[[2022–23 I-League 2nd Division|2022–23]]
|I-League 2nd Division
|4||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||4||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!16!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!16!!0
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League season|2021–22]]
|[[Indian Super League]]
|3||0|| colspan="2" |–||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|Indian Super League
|2||0||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||6||0
|-
|[[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]]
|Indian Super League
|18||0||3{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |–||24||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!23!!0!!5!!0!!8!!0!!0!!0!!36!!0
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
|Indian Super League
|7||0|| colspan="2" |–||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0||1{{efn|name=AFCCL2|Appearance(s) in [[AFC Champions League Two]]}}||0||11||0
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2025–26 Indian Super League|2025–26]]
|Indian Super League
|0||0|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–|| colspan="2" |–||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!46!!0!!5!!0!!11!!0!!1!!0!!63!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
''' Hyderabad'''
* [[Indian Super League]]: [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]<ref name=HFC2022ISL/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{soccerway|mark-zothanpuia/680179}}
*[https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-144511-mark-zothanpuia-profile Indian Super League profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zothanpuia, Mark}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Union government employees in India

2026-03-27T06:33:24Z

Joshiankit994: Creating A Post

{{short description|none}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2024}}
'''Government employees in the India''' are the [[Employment|employees]] working with the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]]. There are around 56 [[Union government ministries of India|ministries and departments in Government of India]] employing around {{number to words|{{lakh | 48.67 | nosep=1}}}} employees.

== Statistics ==

Government employees in the union government in 56 ministries<ref name="cg2">{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Shishir |title=Employee strength in Central Ministries and departments to reach 35.55 lakh on March 1 next year |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/employees-strength-in-central-ministries-and-deptartments-to-reach-3555-lakh-on-march-1-next-year/article66473963.ece |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=BusinessLine |date=5 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and departments under latter as of 1 July 2023 has 48.67 lakhs working employees and about 77 lakhs retired employees on rolls.<ref name="cg4">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/number-of-pensioners-more-than-number-of-active-staff-union-minister-jitendra-singh/article66560124.ece |title=Number of pensioners more than number of active staff: Union Minister Jitendra Singh |publisher=The Hindu |date=2023-02-27 |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref> [[Indian Railways]] with 1.3 million employees has highest number of employees in union government.<ref name="cg9">{{cite news |title=7th Pay Commission: How govt's salary, appraisal system works |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/7th-pay-commission-how-govt-s-salary-appraisal-system-works/story-vssLhTexyTxauEyzrmv2RI.html |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=28 June 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

== Benefits ==

Government employees in the India are entitled to following benefits:<ref name="cg3">{{cite news |title=Pension, Healthcare, Other Benefits Add Security To Retired Government Employees' Post-Work Life |url=https://retirement.outlookindia.com/plan/financial-planning/pension-healthcare-other-benefits-add-security-to-retired-government-employees-post-work-life |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=retirement.outlookindia.com |date=13 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="cg7">{{cite news |title=8 Benefits That Central Govt Employees Get After Retirement |url=https://retirement.outlookindia.com/plan/financial-planning/8-benefits-that-central-govt-employees-get-after-retirement |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=retirement.outlookindia.com |date=21 September 2023}}</ref>

* Pension
* Leave encashment
* Gratuity on Death
* Medical facilities under Union Government Health Scheme

Single male employees and female employees in the Union government are eligible for child care leave for 730 days.<ref name="cg11">{{cite news |title=730 days of child care leave for female and single male government employees: Jitendra Singh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/female-single-male-govt-employees-eligible-for-730-days-of-child-care-leave-centre-in-lok-sabha/article67175795.ece |access-date=26 December 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=9 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Salary structure ==
Union government employees lowest and highest salary structure was revised in [[Central Pay Commission#Seventh Pay Commission|7th Pay Commission]].<ref name="cg10">{{cite news |title=7th Pay Commission: In 70 years, senior govt officials' salary hiked from Rs 2,000 to Rs 2.50 lakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/7th-pay-commission-7th-pay-commission-957334-2017-01-27 |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=India Today |date=27 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

== Training programmes ==

Government employees in India are provided with following training programmes<ref name="cg5">{{cite news |title=Centre set to launch training programmes for govt employees on Good Governance Day: All you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/all-you-need-to-know-good-governance-day-atal-bihari-vajpayee-9081696/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=25 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

* My iGot
* Blended Programmes
* Curated Programmes

== Vacancies ==
Union government had 9.64 lakh vacancies in various departments as on 1 July 2023.<ref name="cg6">{{cite news |title=Over 9.64 lakh vacancies in central government jobs: Overview of vacancies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/over-964-lakh-vacancies-in-central-government-jobs-overview-of-vacancies-2418080-2023-08-08 |access-date=26 December 2023 |publisher=India Today |date=8 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2025, reports indicate that vacancies remain close to 10 lakh posts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Central Government Vacancies 2025: 10 Lakh Posts Unfilled |url=https://sarkarirank.com/latest-news/central-government-vacancies-2025-10-lakh-posts-unfilled |website=SarkariRank |access-date=27 March 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pay Commission]]
* [[Central Government Employees Welfare Housing Organisation]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{improve categories|date=December 2023}}

[[Category:Employment in India]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]

Kasi Majili Kathalu

2026-03-26T13:22:02Z

Joshiankit994: started a entry.

{{Short description|Collection of stories by Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = Kasi Majili Kathalu
| author = [[Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu]]
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| genre = Fiction, Moral tales
| publisher =
| media_type = Print
| pages = Approx. 300 stories across 12 parts
| pub_date = 1898
| image = Kaseemajilee Kathalu 1 cover page.jpg
}}

'''''Kasi Majili Kathalu''''' is a collection of stories written by [[Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu]], first published in 1898.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/kasi-majili-kadhalu/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Kasi Majili Kathalu - Parts 1 & 2 |publisher=Gollapudi Veeraswamy & Son |year=2016 |pages=3–4}}</ref> The work consists of 12 parts, weaving together tales told during a pilgrimage to the sacred city of [[Varanasi|Kasi]] (Varanasi), with a focus on moral lessons, fables, and anecdotes from mythology and history.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2015 |title=రెక్కల పుస్తకం |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/winged-book-245068 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref>

Several [[Telugu cinema|Telugu films]] have been adapted or inspired from the stories of ''Kasi Majili Kathalu''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="thehindu" />

== Background ==
The stories in ''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' are heavily inspired by Hindu mythology, regional folk tales, and historical anecdotes.<ref name=":0" /> Madhira Subbanna Deekshitulu crafted these tales to both entertain and impart moral teachings, making the collection an essential part of Telugu literary tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOscAQAAMAAJ&q=Kasi+Majili |title=Kurukshetra |date=1976 |publisher=[[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development, India]] |volume=25 |page=24 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' is a collection of stories centered around the journey of a learned Brahmin bachelor named Manisiddhudu, who sets out to travel to Kasi. Due to the challenging terrain, including rivers and mountains, and the lack of transportation facilities, he decides that having a companion would make the journey easier. Despite seeking several individuals, none agree to join him. Ultimately, Kotappa, an orphaned cowherd from the village of Srirangapuram, agrees to accompany him on the condition that he will entertain him with various stories along the way.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Kaasi Majilee Kathalu Vol 1 |url=https://www.dasubhashitam.com/ab-title/ab-kaasi-majilee-kathalu-vol-1 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Dasubhashitam |language=te}}</ref>

The journey of Manisiddhudu and Kotappa forms the core of the ''Kasi Majili Kathalu''. As they travel together, they share numerous stories, covering a wide range of themes, including romance, love, desire, devotion, mythology, dharma, history, worldly knowledge, human nature, professions, pilgrimage, renunciation, and Vedanta. The tales provide a comprehensive exploration of human life and experiences, incorporating both entertainment and philosophical insights. The collection includes a multitude of interconnected stories, sub-stories, and chain narratives, offering readers both amusement and wisdom.<ref name=":2" />

== Publication history ==
The first edition of ''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' was published in 1898, with ten parts completed by the author. The final two parts, including the story of Narada, were finished and the second edition was published in 1950 by Kondayya Sastriji, the son of Madhira Subbanna Dikshitakavi. The second edition was printed by Kandula Suryarao Brothers, Rajahmundry.

In 2005, Gollapudi Veeraswamy & Son republished ''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' with a revised edition aimed at modern readers. The original work, written in complex literary language, was reworked into simpler, colloquial language while retaining its essence. The edition, initially planned for release in 2004, was delayed and eventually published on Ugadi 2005, presenting the stories in simple, elegant prose.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/kasi-majili-kadhalu/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Kasi Majili Kathalu - Parts 1 & 2 |publisher=Gollapudi Veeraswamy & Son |year=2016 |pages=5–6}}</ref>

== Themes ==
The ''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' collection comprises approximately 300 stories divided into 12 parts. These stories explore a variety of philosophical themes, including the significance of virtue, the repercussions of immoral actions, and the benefits of associating with virtuous individuals. The narratives also delve into topics such as leadership, politics, wisdom, and devotion, often drawing inspiration from Hindu mythology.<ref name=":1" />

The collection features notable historical and mythological figures, including [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishna Devaraya]], [[Bhoja]], [[Shankaracharya|Sankaracharya]], [[Vikramaditya]], and [[Narada]]. Key themes woven throughout the stories highlight the influence of virtuous women and the harm caused by malicious ones. They emphasize the advantages of forming righteous associations while warning against the perils of associating with wicked individuals. The importance of knowledge, governance, and diplomacy is frequently underscored, alongside lessons on devotion and the consequences of one's actions in a mythological context.<ref name=":1" />

== Style ==
''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' was written in a formal literary style (grandhikam) rather than colloquial language (vyavaharikam) to appeal to scholars and align with the preferences of the time. Grandhikam was also considered more suitable for portraying divine characters, where colloquial dialogue might be deemed inappropriate.<ref name=":0" />

Works originally composed in colloquial language were often revised into formal styles to meet literary standards. Despite this, traces of colloquial expressions remained. [[Gurajada Apparao]] noted these elements in ''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' and provided examples. Evidence suggests the collection initially included colloquial elements, some of which are still evident.<ref name=":0" />

The stories feature nearly 670 main characters, along with countless supporting characters like servants and attendants.<ref name=":02" />

== Reception ==
''Kasi Majili Kathalu'' gained widespread popularity in Telugu literature and continues to hold cultural relevance. The stories influenced many other writers in the region, with elements from the collection incorporated into other works. The tales were also adapted in children's magazines like ''[[Chandamama]]''. Furthermore, the themes and narrative style of the collection influenced several Telugu films, which drew inspiration from the stories.

The collection received critical acclaim for its engaging storytelling, rich moral lessons, and the seamless blending of mythological and historical elements. The work's dramatic nature made it a favorite among readers of all ages. Its influence extended to other media, including adaptations for radio and television, where some stories were turned into serials for children.

== Film adaptations ==
Several Telugu films have been adapted from the stories of ''Kasi Majili Kathalu'', with the following notable adaptations:
* ''[[Gollabhama]]'' (1947) – Uncredited
* ''[[Keelu Gurram]]'' (1949) – Uncredited<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |last1=Narasimham |first1=M. L. |date=18 August 2012 |title=Keelugurram (1949) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keelugurram-1949/article3790929.ece |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160724182932/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/keelugurram-1949/article3790929.ece |archivedate=24 July 2016 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Pathala Bhairavi]]'' (1951) – Uncredited<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hemanth Kumar CR |date=2020-02-05 |title=7 Telugu films you must check out if you love the fantasy genre |url=https://www.vogue.in/culture-and-living/content/best-telugu-fantasy-films-oh-baby-eega-pathala-bhairavi-sridevi-telegu-films |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=[[Vogue India]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Kasi Majilee Kathalu2">{{Cite news |date=28 January 2011 |title=Tollywood on remake spree |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2011/jan/28/tollywood-on-remake-spree-222790.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721165919/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2011/jan/28/tollywood-on-remake-spree-222790.html |archive-date=21 July 2019 |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
* ''Navvithe Navaratnalu'' (1951) – Uncredited<ref name=":1" />
* ''Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chinthamani'' (1960) – Uncredited<ref name=":1" />
* ''[[Gulebakavali Katha]]'' (1962) – Uncredited<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]

Arabhi

2026-03-26T11:51:15Z

Joshiankit994: quick update

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Arabhi
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Arabhi''' or '''Aarabhi''' (pronounced ārabhi) is a [[ragam]] (musical scale) in [[Carnatic music]] (South Indian classical music). It is a ''[[Janya]]'' raga (derived scale), whose ''[[Melakarta]]'' raga (parent scale, also known as ''janaka'') is ''[[Dheerasankarabharanam|Shankarabharanam]]'', 29th in the 72 ''Melakarta'' raga system. It is a combination of the pentatonic scale ''[[Shuddha Saveri]]'' (or ''[[Durga (raga)|Durga]]'' in [[Hindustani Music]]) and the ''[[sampurna raga]]'' scale ''Shankarabharanam''.

''Arabhi'' is a [[raga]] that dates back to 7 AD. Originally, it was called as ''pazhanthakkam'' in Ancient Tamil music{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}. A very auspicious ragam that emanates [[NavaRasa|Veera rasa]] (valour), Arabhi is one of the five ''Ghana'' ragams that shine with special brilliance when ''[[Ragam Thanam Pallavi|Thanam]]'' is played on [[Veena]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-17|title=#19-Arabhi – The Raga with a Pleasing and Haunting Melody|url=https://anuradhamahesh.wordpress.com/carnatic-raga-appreciation/19-arabhi-the-raga-with-a-pleasing-and-haunting-melody/|access-date=2021-08-30|website=ANURADHA MAHESH|language=en}}</ref>

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[File:ShuddhaSaveri scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Ascending scale with Shadjam at C]]
[[File:Shankarabharanam scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Descending scale with Shadjam at C]]
Its {{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}} structure (ascending and descending scale) is as follows (see ''[[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|swaras in Carnatic music]]'' for details on below notation and terms):

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|R2|M1|P|D2|S'|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S'|N3|D2|P|M1|G3|R2|S|foot=yes}}

''Arabhi'' raga is an ''Owdava-sampoorna'' raga meaning, 5 ''[[swara]]s'' occur in the ''[[arohana]]'' (so it is called ''Owdava'') and in ''[[avarohana]]'' all ''swaras'' occur (so ''sampoorna'').

It is a raga without much ''[[gamaka (music)|gamaka]]s'' and frequency variations, relying instead on flat notes. The important point is the swara "ga" always comes very close to "ma" so when we sing the phrase "ma ga ri" it sounds like "ma ma ri". Likewise the swara "ni" always comes very close to the swara "sa" hence when we sing the phrase "sa ni da" it sounds like "sa sa da".{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

The closest raga to this one is ''[[Devagandhari]]''. There are few aspects which make Arabhi different (though both share the same ascending and desce
# In ''Arabhi'' the swara "ga" is close to "ma" but in ''Devagandhari'' it is not the same.
# The swara "ri" is not fluctuated in ''Arabhi'' but it is given "asaivu" in ''Devagandhari''
# The phrase "pa ma da sa" should not be sung in ''Arabhi'', as it is exclusive for ''Devagandhari''
# ''Devagandhari'' is sung with ''[[gamaka (music)|gamaka]]s'' and ''vilambita kala prayogas'' (usages with elongated notes)<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>
# ''Devagandhari'' is sung with ''deergha gandharam'' (elongated G3)<ref name="ragas" />
# ''Devagandhari'' occasionally employs N2 alongside N3, this making it Bhashanga while Arabhi solely uses N3 and is Upanga.

''Arabhi'' raga is a very energetic and it lends itself to creativity in ''brigas'' (fast-paced swara usages) more than ''gamakas''.

== Popular Compositions ==
The 3rd of ''[[Pancharatna Kriti]]s'' (five gems of compositions), ''Sadhinchanae''by Saint [[Thyagaraja]] is a famous composition set in Arabhi raga. Here we can note that Thyagaraja uses phrases like "sa sa da" in the charanam although there are phrases like "sa ni da" also.

Here are some more compositions set to Arabhi.
{|class="wikitable"
! Type !! Composition !! Composer !! ''[[Tala (music)|Talam]]''
|-
| [[Geetam]] || ''Rere Sree Ramachandra'' || [[Paidala Gurumurti Sastri]] || ''Tisra Triputa''
|-
| [[Varnam]] || ''Sarasija Mukhiro'' || Pallavi Doraiswamy Iyer || ''Adi''
|-
| [[Varnam]] || ''Annamae Aravaa'' || [[Tiger Varadachariar]] || ''Adi''
|-
| [[Varnam]] || ''Amba Gauri'' || [[Gowri Rukmini Bayi]](Rukminibhai Tamburatti) || ''Tisra Triputa''
|-
| [[Varnam]] || ''Valachiyunna'' || [[Veena Kuppayyar]] || ''Khanda Ata''
|-
| Kriti || ''Adidano Ranga'' (2nd Navaratna Malike) || [[Purandara Dasa]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || Lalisidalu Magana || [[Purandara Dasa]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Dangurava Sari'' || [[Purandara Dasa]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Gubbiyalo Gubbiyalo'' || [[Vadiraja Tirtha]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Neela Lohita Damaruga'' || [[Jagannatha Dasa (Kannada poet)|Jagannatha Dasa]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Mantralayadolu Rajipa'' || Kamalesha Vittala Dasu || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Dachuko Nee Padalaku'' || [[Annamacharya]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Saadinchane O Manasa'' (3rd Pancharatnam) || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Chaala kallalaadu'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''O Rajeevaksha'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Misra Chapu''
|-
| Kriti || ''Joothamurare'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Rupakam''
|-
| Kriti || ''Nada sudha rasam'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Rupakam''
|-
| Kriti || ''O Rama O Rama'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Patiki Mangala'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Na Moralanu Vini'' || [[Thyagaraja]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti ||''Sundari Ninnu Varnimpa'' || [[Thyagaraja]] ||''Misra Chapu''
|-
| Kriti || ''Ipudaina Nannu'' || [[Thyagaraja]] ||''Misra Chapu''
|-
|Kriti
|''Pranavakaram Siddhi Vinayakam''
|[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Ootukadu Venkata Kavi]]
|Adi
|-
|Kriti
|''Sakala Loka Nayike Twam Eva Sharanam''
|[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Ootukadu Venkata Kavi]]
|Adi
|-
|Kriti
|''Idhuve Enakku Laksham Koti''
|[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Ootukadu Venkata Kavi]]
|Adi
|-
|Kriti
|''Oran Oruvan''
|[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Ootukadu Venkata Kavi]]
|Adi
|-
|Kriti
|''Maragatha Manimaya''
|[[Oothukkadu Venkata Kavi|Ootukadu Venkata Kavi]]
|Adi
|-
| Kriti ||''Ganarajena rakshitoham''||[[Muthuswamy Dikshitar]]||''Misra Chapu''
|-
| Kriti || ''Shri Saraswati namostute'' || [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || ''Rupakam''
|-
| Kriti || ''Shwetaranyeshwaram'' || [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Akilandeswarayai Namaste'' || [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Adipurishwaram'' || [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Marakoti Koti Lavanya'' || [[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] || ''Jhampa''
|-
| Kriti ||''Gowrishaya Namaste'' ||[[Muthuswami Dikshitar]] ||''Triputa''
|-
| Kriti || ''Palayashumam Paradevate'' || [[Syama Sastri]] || ''Triputa''
|-
| Kriti || Palimpa Ravadelara || Pallavi Seshaiyer || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Paahi Parvata Nandini (Navarathri krithi-9th day)'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Vande Maheshwaram'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Misra Chapu''
|-
| Kriti || ''Narasimha Mamava'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Khanda Chapu''
|-
| Kriti || ''Shri Ramana Vibho'' || [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Padmanabha Pahi Padma Vilochana''|| [[Swathi Thirunal]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Sundara Kunchitha Pada Nilai Kandu'' || [[Muthu Thandavar]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Orukkal Shiva Chidambaram'' || [[Marimutha Pillai|Marimuthu Pillai]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Madhu Kaitabha'' || [[Muthiah Bhagavathar]] || ''Adi''
|-
|Kriti
|''Rave Puruhutikamba''
|Maddirala Venkataraya Kavi
|''Misra Chapu''
|-
| Kriti ||''Maravanu ne Ninnu''||[[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]||''Rupakam''
|-
| Kriti || ''Durga Lakshmi Saraswati'' || [[Papanasam Sivan]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti || ''Ayyappanai Panivom'' || [[Papanasam Sivan]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti
|''Nilakantha Nityananda''
| Nilakanta Sivan
| Adi
|-
| Kriti || ''Sri Sakala Ganadhipa(same tune as Sri Ramana Vibho by [[Swathi Thirunal]])'' || Dr [[M. Balamuralikrishna]] || ''Adi''
|-
| Kriti ||''Mahadeva Sutam'' ||[[M. Balamuralikrishna|Dr. M. Balamuralikrishna]] ||''Adi''
|-
|Kriti
|''Maha Balavanta Shri Hanumanta''
|[[Kalyani Varadarajan]]
|''Adi''
|}

The Popular [[Onam]] composition "Maveli Naadu Vaneedum Kaalam" is popularized, and taught in this raga.

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Indru Namathullame Pongum
|[[Thanga Padhumai]]
|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Jikki]]
|-
|Brindavanamum Nandakumaranum (shades of Devagandhari with the explicit Gandharam)
|[[Missiamma]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Yeri Karaiyin Mele
|[[Mudhalali]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|rowspan=2|[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Kaviri Paayum (Pallavi, anupallavi only)
|[[Maragatham]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|-
|Kanni Paruvam Aval
|[[Indira En Selvam]]
|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & H.R.Padmanabha Shastri
|[[P. B. Sreenivas]], Soolamgalam Rajalakshmi
|-
|Thendralil Aadidum
|[[Madhuraiyai Meetta Sundharapandiyan]]
|rowspan=3|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|rowspan=2|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Meenakshi Kalyanam(Ragamalika)
|[[Meenakshi Thiruvilayadal]]
|-
|Manthaara Malare
|[[Naan Avanillai (1974 film)|Naan Avanillai]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
|Santhakavigal
|[[Metti (film)|Metti]]
|rowspan="4"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|Brahmanandam
|-
|Aasai Kiliye
|[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]
|[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
|-
|Madhurai Vaazhum
|Pudhupatti Ponnuthayi
|[[Unni Menon]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Mannavane Mannavane
|[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Sandhanam Ennum
|Aatam Paatam Kondaatam
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Deepan Chakravarthy]]
|-
|Kaalai Arumbi
|[[Kana Kandaen]]
|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Kalyani Nair]]
|-
|Vidiya Vidiya
|[[Samudhiram]]
|[[Sabesh–Murali]]
|[[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Rayilin Pathayil
|[[Appavi]]
|[[Joshua Sridhar]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|}

===Title Song===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Tv Serial
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Aadugiran Kannan
|[[Adugiran Kannan]]
|[[C. Sathya]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
|}

=== Language: [[Malayalam]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|Navakabhishekam Kazhinju
|[[Guruvayur Kesavan]]
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|[[K J Yesudas]]
|-
|Tiruvona Pularithan
|
|
|
|-
|Shreekovil Nadathurannu
|
|
|
|}

=== Language: [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|Hey Parvathi natha<ref name=SeetharamaKalyanamFullAlbum>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1spEcCmZiE |title=Seetharama Kalyanam-Full Album:; N.T.Rama Rao:; B.SarojaDevi :;Galipenchala Narasimha Rao|author=Saregama Telugu|website=youtube(videostreaming Clip starts@4min50sec &ends after 98sec)|access-date=21 June 2021}}</ref>
|[[Sita Rama Kalyanam (1961 film)]]
|[[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)]]
|-
|Tapamu Phalinchina Shubhavela
|[[Sri Krishnarjuna Yuddhamu]]
|[[Pendyala (composer)]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)]]
|-
|Sri Kamini Kamitakara
|[[Panduranga Mahatyam]]
|[[T. V. Raju]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)]]
|-
|Brindavanamadi Andaridi Govindudu Andari vadele(Confluence of Devagandhari present)<ref name=BrindaavanamadiAndaridi>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlKqow3_5rM |title=Missamma Movie Brindaavanamadi Andaridi Video Song NTR ANR SVR Savitri Jamuna|author=Shalimar Telugu Hindi Movies|website=youtube(videostreaming)|access-date=10 Feb 2014}}</ref>
|[[Missamma]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
<references />

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212195120/http://www.rit.edu/~pnveme/raga/Raga_Arabhi.html Dr. P.Venkatraman's Page - Arabhi Raga Basics]
* [http://www.carnatica.net/newsletter/arabhinewsletter.htm CAC Newsletter-Comparing Arabhi and Devagandhari]
* [http://www.karnatik.com/ragasa.shtml#Arabi Compositions at karnatik.com]

{{Melakarta ragas}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Koothali Nair

2026-03-19T10:15:29Z

Joshiankit994: started bio.

[[File:Perambra 1981.jpg|thumb|historical image of Perambra, a major Koothali town]]
[[File:Elithesthanamsinmalabar.png|thumb]]
The '''Koothali''' (also spelt '''Kuttali, Kûtali, and Koodali''') '''[[Moopil Nair]]''' or '''Moothavar''', most commonly known as the '''Koothali Nair''' and styled '''Vallabhan Chathan''', additionally known as the '''Koothali Payyormala Nayar''' and as '''Vazhunnavar''', historically held and controlled an eponymous [[sthanam|principality and sthanam]] of North [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], with his hereditary seat in [[Koothali]]. Towns and lands subject to the Koothali Moothavar's rule traditionally included [[Perambra]], [[Changaroth]], [[Cheruvannur Nallalam|Cheruvannur]], [[Kuttiady]], and adjacent regions, including [[Kottathara]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite journal |last=Sen |first=Sunanda |date=2022-08-16 |title=Could Britain Continue with the Gold Standard in Absence of Colonial India? |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2022.2100591 |journal=Review of Political Economy |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=407–420 |doi=10.1080/09538259.2022.2100591 |s2cid=251639081 |issn=0953-8259|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=C. Gopalan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bL-DP6h-CtoC |title=Wynad, Its Peoples and Traditions |date=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1523-6 |language=en}}</ref> The Koothali Nair was traditionally one of Malabar's most prominent [[Naduvazhi]]s, a [[Moopil Nair]] and [[Vazhunnor|Vazhunnavar]], as well as a major [[Jenmimar]],<ref name="auto"/> and held the [[Nair]] caste rank of [[Samantan]],<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=co6JQXdiaLUC&q=Payyormala&dq=Payyormala&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJrtObu_OSAxW5V2wGHY6xK9cQ6AF6BAgKEAM |title=Madras District Gazetteers |date=1951 |publisher=Superintendent, Government Press |language=en}}</ref> and the family style of [[Tharavad|swaroopam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=S.C. Sreemanavikraman Raja, Zamorin ... vs Controller Of Estate Duty, Madras And ... on 18 February, 1957 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1783234/ |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

== Origins ==
The Koothali succession descended matrilineally per [[Marumakkathayam]] through the aggregated family, known corporately as the ''Koothali Swaroopam'', which formed originally as a ''thavazhi'' or ''kovilakom'' of the Ayinhat swaroopam, after an Ayinhat princess married the [[Raja]] of [[Kottayam]], perhaps [[Pazhassi Raja]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Seow |first=C. L. |chapter=Perspectives on a Pluriform Classic |date=2020 |title=Reading Other Peoples’ Texts |chapter-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9780567687357.0014 |access-date=2024-03-13 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing Plc |isbn=978-0-567-68735-7}}</ref>

Per the account, Lakshmi Kettillamma, the newlywed princess, passing through Kurumbala en route to the Ayinhat seat, observed along with her husband a series of strange omens featuring dogs and jackals. After reaching the Ayinhat palace, dreaming of the kuladevi, and consulting with priests, the Raja decided to give over to his wife and his future issue the tainted territories. His own family objects, but is outsmarted by the Ayinhat princess, who secures for her son, Ayinhat Nayar, vast demesnes of his own. The Kottayam Raja raised his son to the rank of [[Vazhunnor|Vazhunnavar]] and ceded to him from Kottayam's holdings the [[Kottathara]] and [[Kurumbalakotta|Kurumbala]] amsams, to be adjoined to Payyormala. Two Nayars - the Thenamangalath Nayar and the Poyil Nayar were appointed as lower nobility in service.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Knowledge-making Endeavours of the Dutch East India Company in Malabar, 1663-1795 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/wgtn.17151953 |publisher=Victoria University of Wellington Library |first=Meera |last=Muralidharan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nair |first=C. Gopalan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=bL-DP6h-CtoC&pg=PA21&dq=Payyormala+nair&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjgrPbIy_aSAxUhyDgGHfQ1G-gQ6AF6BAgQEAM |title=Wynad, Its Peoples and Traditions |date=2000 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1523-6 |language=en}}</ref>

== Details ==

[[File:Kerala in the Late Middle Ages.jpg|thumb|Payyormala as autonomous territories in the late Mediaeval period]]
By 1859, with the Paleri Nairs having gone extinct, the Koothali Nair, along with his Ayinhat cousin, were regionally second only in rank to the [[Porlathiri|Porlathiri Raja]] of [[Kadathanadu]], to which region Payyormala now belonged. Immediately beneath them in regional rank were Kadathanad nobles of the highest class: the Kurukkat Kurup, Pookote Nambiar, and Murchilotte Moopil Sthani (whence the Komath) ordered as the first three by precedence.

Under the [[British Raj]] the Koothali Nair, as ruler of a ''zamindari-type'' [[princely state]] was entitled to a [[Privy Purse in India|malikhana, or Privy Purse]], corresponding to one-fifth of the revenues from territories over which he had been mediatized from sovereignty, and paid land revenues of approximately 12,000 rupees.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kurup |first=K. K. N. |date=September 1988 |title=Peasantry and the Anti-Imperialist Struggles in Kerala |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517171 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=35–45 |doi=10.2307/3517171 |jstor=3517171 |issn=0970-0293|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Following the death of Kunhiraman, the last Koothali Moothavar, in 1936, the voluminous [[jenmi]] landholdings of the sthanam were extensively litigated and ultimately [[escheat]]ed to the state, beginning in 1939, and accounting for some 47,000 acres of diversely forested and agrarian lands,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kurup |first=K. K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJvx0KWpf-UC&dq=Koothali+escheat+acres&pg=PA144 |title=Modern Kerala: Studies in Social and Agrarian Relations |date=1988 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-094-9 |language=en}}</ref> which were supervised by an appointed special [[tehsildar]]. During 1940s-era agitation echoing the [[Mappila Rebellion]] of 1921, peasant demands of the [[Karshaka Thozhilali Party]] included the expropriation of at least 16,000 acres or 20,000 acres of cultivable land from the estate to be repurposed for their use.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kirshnan |first1=V. V. Kunhi |last2=Krishnan |first2=V. V. Kunhi |date=1983 |title=Waste Land Cultivation and Peasant Agitation in Malabar (1940-1950) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44139880 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=44 |pages=450–457 |jstor=44139880 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref>

The final Koothali Nair Kunhiraman married married the eldest daughter of [[Raman Menon|Dewan Bahadur Dalawa Palakkal Ankarath Raman Menon]], foundress of the Vengalil tharavadu. Their only child, a daughter, married the only son of the [[Porlathiri Raja]] of [[Kadathanadu]], and his consort, the heiress of the [[Komath]] tharavad. [[V.K. Krishna Menon]] was the foremost of the children of the next generation.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ram |first=Janaki |title=V.K. Krishna Menon: a personal memoir |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564228-5 |location=Delhi Oxford}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian royalty]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:History of the Nair]]
[[Category:Nair]]
[[Category:Indian landowners]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]
[[Category:Indian princes]]

Uttar Kanya

2026-03-15T23:59:49Z

Joshiankit994: page updated

{{Short description|Administrative headquarters of the West Bengal Government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Uttar Kanya
| image = Uttar Kanya, administrative headquarters of North Bengal 04.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Front building of Uttar Kanya
| location = Burdwan Rd, Satellite Township, [[Phulbari, Jalpaiguri|Fulbari]], [[West Bengal]] 734015
| antenna_spire =
| status = Completed
| roof =
| floor_count = 2
| top_floor =
| start_date = Nov 2012
| est_completion = 20 Jan 2014
| building_type = [[Office]]
| floor_area = 80,000
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| developer =
| footnotes =
| location_town = [[Siliguri]]
| owner = [[Government of West Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.6734|N|88.4178|E|region:IN-WB_type:landmark|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| opened_date = 20 January 2014
}}
'''Uttar Kanya''' (Bengali: উত্তর কন্যা; [[Literal translation|lit.]] "''The Northern Maiden''" ) is a building in satellite township of which houses the temporary State Secretariat for [[Department of North Bengal Development|North Bengal Development Department]] of [[West Bengal]]. It was inaugurated on 20 January 2014 by Chief Minister, [[Mamata Banerjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/First-cabinet-meeting-at-Uttar-Kanya-on-February-12/articleshow/29527415.cms|title=First cabinet meeting at Uttar Kanya on February 12|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 January 2020}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Uttar Kanya is located at {{coord|26.6734|N|88.4178|E|}} in [[Siliguri]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==History==
[[File:Uttar Kanya Govt. building in Siliguri 14.jpg|left|thumb|Inauguration plaque of Uttar Kanya]]

On 20 January 2014, [[West Bengal]] Chief Minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] had inaugurated the mini-state secretariat for [[North Bengal]] in [[Siliguri]], in a bid to expedite development in the region and remove bottlenecks in governance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/north-secretariat-opens-today-uttar-kanya-expected-to-speed-up-development-work-in-six-districts/cid/228071|title=North secretariat opens 20 January 2014 Uttar Kanya expected to speed up development work in six districts|website=www.m.telegraphindia.com|accessdate=16 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=North secretariat opens today - Uttar Kanya expected to speed up development |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/north-secretariat-opens-today-uttar-kanya-expected-to-speed-up-development-work-in-six-districts/cid/228071 |access-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>

==District covers==
North Bengal comprises eight districts- [[Darjeeling district]], [[Kalimpong district]], [[Jalpaiguri district]], [[Alipurduar district]], [[Cooch Behar district|Coochbehar district]], [[North Dinajpur]], [[South Dinajpur]] and [[Malda district]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Administrative headquarters in India}}

[[Category:Government of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Government buildings in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Administrative headquarters of state governments in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Darjeeling district]]

{{India-struct-stub}}
{{India-gov-stub}}

Zeishan Quadri

2026-03-15T09:20:02Z

Joshiankit994: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian actor and writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zeishan Quadri
| image = Zeishan Quadri (cropped).jpg
| caption = Quadri at [[Jagran Film Festival]] (2015)
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |1983|03|17}}
| birth_place = [[Wasseypur]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| occupation = Writer, Actor, Producer, Director|
| yearsactive = 2009–present
| known_for = *[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]
*[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]
*[[Prague]]
}}

'''Zeishan Quadri''' is an Indian writer, actor, director and producer<ref>{{cite web|title=Zeishan Quadri: A regular job wasn't my cup of tea|url=http://mytheatrecafe.com/actor-producer-zeishan-quadri-id-never-call-my-life-a-struggle|publisher=mytheatrecafe|access-date=27 September 2013|archive-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208195302/http://www.mytheatrecafe.com/actor-producer-zeishan-quadri-id-never-call-my-life-a-struggle/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> who wrote the story and co-wrote the [[screenplay]] for the [[Bollywood]] crime genre film ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'', directed by [[Anurag Kashyap]]. Quadri has also acted in ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2]]''. He has directed and produced the film ''[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]''.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title= Zeishan dons directorial cap with Meeruthiya gangsters|website= [[The Times of India]]|date= 19 August 2014|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Zeishan-dons-directorial-cap-with-Meeruthiya-gangsters/articleshow/40399562.cms|access-date= 19 August 2014|archive-date= 24 August 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140824005333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Hindi/Bollywood/News/Zeishan-dons-directorial-cap-with-Meeruthiya-gangsters/articleshow/40399562.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> In 2025, he participated in [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]].

==Early life==
Zeishan Quadri was born in [[Wasseypur]], [[Dhanbad]], [[Bihar]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]) in 1983.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gangs Of Wasseypur makes Zeishan Quadri a rising star|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120212680&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=256231|publisher=NDTV|access-date=18 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819141444/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20120212680&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=bollywood&nid=256231|archive-date=19 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is the only son and the youngest child of Syed Imran Quadri, a [[civil engineer]]. Quadri grew up in a strict and protective environment. He has two elder sisters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Badland-boy/Article1-881556.aspx |title=Badland boy |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2012-07-01 |access-date=2012-08-15 |archive-date=13 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120813175214/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Badland-boy/Article1-881556.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Quadri was educated in [[Dhanbad]]. Quadri left Dhanbad to study for [[Bachelor of Arts]] (BA) from Meerut. Quadri worked in a [[call center]] and for [[HCL Technologies|HCL computers]] in [[Delhi]] for 18 months before coming to Mumbai in 2008.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151115/jsp/graphiti/story_52962.jsp|title=Shooting star|date=15 November 2015|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=17 October 2016|archive-date=18 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018213155/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151115/jsp/graphiti/story_52962.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Film career==

=== 2009-2012: Career beginnings and ''Gangs of Wasseypur'' ===
In 2009, Quadri moved to [[Mumbai]] to pursue a career in [[actor|acting]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Best of Bollywood, South Cinema, TV and Celebs - MSN India |url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/bollywood/article.aspx?cp-documentid=250180465/ |website=entertainment.in.msn.com}}{{dead link|date=August 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jyothi Prabhakar |date=12 July 2012 |title=Scriptwriting was just a route to become an actor: Zeishan Quadri |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-12/news-interviews/32634083_1_tha-wasseypur-mein/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206040222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-12/news-interviews/32634083_1_tha-wasseypur-mein |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Quadri studied [[world cinema]] including film makers such as [[Majid Majidi]], [[Fatih Akın|Fateh Akın]] and [[Akira Kurosawa]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2012-06-21 |title="Gangs of Wasseypur" writer Zeishan imitates Salman |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C06%5C21%5Cstory_21-6-2012_pg9_9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017062403/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2012%5C06%5C21%5Cstory_21-6-2012_pg9_9 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |access-date=2012-08-15 |publisher=Daily Times}}</ref> In 2009, he met director [[Anurag Kashyap]] and pitched him the story of Wasseypur. Quadri negotiated to write the script and play the character "Definite" in the second part.<ref>{{cite web |author=Zeishan Quadri |date=2012-06-16 |title=Zeishan Quadri - Role Play |url=http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/zeishan-quadri-role-play-490 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815194027/http://www.asianage.com/bollywood/zeishan-quadri-role-play-490 |archive-date=15 August 2012 |access-date=2012-08-15 |publisher=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Looking at the REAL Wasseypur |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-looking-at-the-real-wasseypur/20120702.htm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713025750/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-looking-at-the-real-wasseypur/20120702.htm |archive-date=13 July 2012 |access-date=12 July 2012 |website=rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title='GOW' writer ready with more real life stories |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gow-writer-ready-with-more-real-life-stories/282806-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022511/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gow-writer-ready-with-more-real-life-stories/282806-8-66.html |archive-date=20 August 2012 |access-date=17 August 2012 |website=in.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Anurag |date=August 14, 2024 |title=Anurag Kashyap on Gangs of Wasseypur |url=https://a-rabbitsfoot.com/editorial/film/gangs-of-wasseypur/ |access-date=July 13, 2025 |website=A Rabbit's Foot}}</ref> On May 30, 2009, Quadri's story was sold to Kashyap. Based on real life events in the [[coal]] rich city of [[Dhanbad]], it was a story about the "coal mafia" that spans several generations from 1941 to 2010. ''Gangs of Wasseypur'', initially shot as a five hour long film, was released as a duology, with the [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 1|first part]] releasing on June 22, 2012, and the [[Gangs of Wasseypur – Part 2|second part]] releasing on August 8, 2012, in the Indian market, after being screened in its entirety at screened at the 2012 [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]] [[Directors' Fortnight]].<ref name=":02">{{cite news |date=24 April 2012 |title=Anurag Kashyap's Gangs of Wasseypur selected for Directors' Fortnight at Cannes |url=http://dearcinema.com/news/anurag-kashyaps-gangs-of-wasseypur-selected-for-directors-fortnight-at-cannes/4444 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427000920/http://dearcinema.com/news/anurag-kashyaps-gangs-of-wasseypur-selected-for-directors-fortnight-at-cannes/4444 |archive-date=27 April 2012 |access-date=24 April 2012 |newspaper=DearCinema.com |df=dmy |agency=DearCinema}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 April 2012 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur: World premiere at Cannes |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes/251742-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425212045/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gangs-of-wasseypur-world-premiere-at-cannes/251742-8-66.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=24 April 2012 |newspaper=IBN Live |agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Leffler |first=Rebecca |date=24 April 2012 |title=Cannes 2012: Michel Gondry's 'The We & The I' to Open Director's Fortnight |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/michel-gondry-cannes-film-festival-directors-fortnight-314985 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524201629/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/michel-gondry-cannes-film-festival-directors-fortnight-314985 |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=2012-04-25 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Selection |url=http://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/2012-selection-h201.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426224019/http://www.quinzaine-realisateurs.com/2012-selection-h201.html |archive-date=26 April 2012 |access-date=2012-04-25 |work=quinzaine-realisateurs.com |publisher=[[Directors' Fortnight]] |df=dmy}}</ref> With an ensemble cast of [[Manoj Bajpai|Manoj Bajpayee]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Richa Chadda]], [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Huma Qureshi]], [[Piyush Mishra]] and [[Tigmanshu Dhulia]] starring in major roles, both films received widespread critical acclaim and were commercially successful at the box office. It has gained a large [[cult following]] over the years due to its [[dark humor]], experimental soundtrack, and its raw and realistic filmmaking style not done by any [[Bollywood]] film before.<ref>{{cite news |date=July 9, 2023 |title='You can never tell a film will become a cult while filming it |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/cinema/you-can-never-tell-a-film-will-become-a-cult-while-filming-it-723173 |access-date=September 10, 2023 |newspaper=dtnext.in}}</ref>

=== 2014: Further successes ===
He acted in the film ''[[Revolver Rani]]'', which was directed by [[Sai Kabir]] and starred [[Kangana Ranaut]] and [[Vir Das]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Zeishan-Quadri-why-does-he-love-crime/Article1-1009246.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023133930/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Zeishan-Quadri-why-does-he-love-crime/Article1-1009246.aspx|title=Zeishan Quadri: why does he love crime?|archive-date=23 October 2013|author=Sweta Kaushal|date=9 February 2013|publisher=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead|access-date=27 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zeishan-quadri-turns-villain-for-banana-407787|title=Zeishan Quadri turns villain for Banana - NDTV Movies|date=19 August 2013|website=ndtv.com|access-date=9 September 2013|archive-date=22 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822025801/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/zeishan-quadri-turns-villain-for-banana-407787|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/will-play-my-first-intense-role-in-revolver-rani-vir-das/1138061/|title=Will play my first intense role in Revolver Rani: Vir Das|website=www.indianexpress.com|date=5 July 2013|access-date=9 September 2013|archive-date=9 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909003705/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/will-play-my-first-intense-role-in-revolver-rani-vir-das/1138061/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Quadri acted in the movie ''Akki, Vikki Te Nikki'' directed by Vipin Sharma and produced by Bohra Brothers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zeishan Quadri |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/97012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109133954/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/films/id/97012 |archive-date=9 January 2015 |access-date=19 August 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Akki, Vikki te Nikki |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3381766/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805044142/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3381766/ |archive-date=5 August 2015 |access-date=29 January 2015 |publisher=IMDb}}</ref> He was reported to have been working on a script with [[Madhur Bhandarkar]] for his then-upcoming movie ''Madamji'' starring [[Priyanka Chopra]], but since then, no further developments on the projects have been reported.<ref>{{cite web |title=Priyanka Chopra's MADAMJI to be scripted by Zeishan Quadri |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/dec/news-priyanka-chopras-madamji-to-be-storied-by-zeishan-quadri.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231184810/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/14/dec/news-priyanka-chopras-madamji-to-be-storied-by-zeishan-quadri.asp |archive-date=31 December 2014 |access-date=27 December 2014 |publisher=Glamsham}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2014 |title=Gangs of Wasseypur writer Zeishan Quadri scripts for Priyanka Chopra and Madhur Bhandarkar's Madamji |url=http://bollyspice.com/95426/gangs-wasseypur-writer-zeishan-quadri-scripts-priyanka-chopra-madhur-bhandarkars-madamji |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204101711/http://bollyspice.com/95426/gangs-wasseypur-writer-zeishan-quadri-scripts-priyanka-chopra-madhur-bhandarkars-madamji |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=27 December 2014 |publisher=BollySpice}}</ref>

In 2015, he was reported to be working on a script ''Oh Womaniya'' for [[Pritish Nandy Communications]] to be helmed by director [[Anu Menon]],<ref>{{cite web |title=I keep writing scripts in my mind: Zeishan Quadri |work=The Times of India |date=15 June 2013 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-keep-writing-scripts-in-my-mind-Zeishan-Quadri/articleshow/20588505.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203153349/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-keep-writing-scripts-in-my-mind-Zeishan-Quadri/articleshow/20588505.cms |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=15 June 2013 |publisher=TheTimesOfIndia}}</ref> and on the [[Fardeen Khan]] starrer ''Firauti,''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shillpi |date=April 23, 2016 |title=Zeishan Quadri: Making the Write Choices |url=https://www.newsgram.com/general/2016/04/23/zeishan-quadri-making-the-write-choices |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=Newsgram}}</ref> both of which were eventually shelved. His first film as a director and producer was ''[[Meeruthiya Gangsters]]''.<ref name="auto" /> The editing of the film was executed by veteran filmmaker Anurag Kashyap who presented the film along with Prateek Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.<ref>[http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/42080-first-look-of-meeruthiya-gangsters-unveiled.aspx] {{dead link|date=August 2017|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Quadri visited many cities for the promotion of the film including [[Aligarh]] at Aligarh Muslim University.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/anurag-kashyap-is-all-for-zeishan-quadris-meeruthiya-gangsters-hindi-news-138832.html|title=IndiaGlitz - Anurag Kashyap is all for Zeishan Quadris Meeruthiya Gangsters|website=indiaglitz.com|date=30 July 2015|access-date=15 September 2015|archive-date=1 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401062557/http://www.indiaglitz.com/anurag-kashyap-is-all-for-zeishan-quadris-meeruthiya-gangsters-hindi-news-138832.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He also acted as the jury member at the university's eighth edition of [[Filmsaaz]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acclaimed film personalites attended AMU's eighth Annual International Film Festival |url=http://indiaeducationdiary.in/ShowEE.asp?newsid=34057 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715201345/http://www.indiaeducationdiary.in/Showee.asp?newsid=34057 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

According to ''Mumbai Mirror'', Anurag Kashyap and Quadri were reported to collaborate on the third installment of the ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' franchise, with Kashyap insisting that Quadri writes and directs the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=ANURAG KASHYAP GOES BACK TO WASSEYPUR|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Anurag-Kashyap-goes-back-to-Wasseypur/articleshow/48862160.cms|date=8 September 2015|access-date=21 February 2016|archive-date=26 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126104829/http://mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Anurag-Kashyap-goes-back-to-Wasseypur/articleshow/48862160.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> This claim was eventually debunked by Kashyap in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |date=August 13, 2024 |title=Is Gangs of Wasseypur 3 in the making? Anurag Kashyap breaks silence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/is-gangs-of-wasseypur-3-in-the-making-anurag-kashyap-breaks-silence-101723553715169.html |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Quadri initially planned to produce ''[[Sarbjit (film)|Sarbjit]]'', and roped in [[Omung Kumar]] as the director.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 May 2015 |title=Omung Kumar directed 'Mary Kom' beautifully: Zeishan Quadri |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/omung-kumar-directed-mary-kom-beautifully-zeishan-quadri/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120085744/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/omung-kumar-directed-mary-kom-beautifully-zeishan-quadri/ |archive-date=20 November 2015 |access-date=22 November 2015 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> The film released in 2016 to mixed reviews.<ref name="auto1">{{Citation|title = Sarabjit|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5120640/|date = 2016-05-20|access-date = 2016-02-21|first = Omung|last = Kumar|archive-date = 8 August 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180808074517/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5120640/|url-status = live}}</ref>

In 2020, Quadri starred in the non-fiction TV series ''[[Bicchoo Ka Khel]]'', which was produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2015/10/zeishan-quadri-and-ekta-kapoor-collab-on-a-new-non-fiction-tv-series/ |title=Zeishan Quadri and Ekta Kapoor Collab on a new Non-fiction TV Series! |date=4 October 2015 |website=urbanasian.com |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122175253/http://urbanasian.com/bollywood/2015/10/zeishan-quadri-and-ekta-kapoor-collab-on-a-new-non-fiction-tv-series/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Parasuraman |first=Prathyush |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Bicchoo Ka Khel Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/bicchoo-ka-khel-web-series-alt-balaji-and-zee5-starring-divyenndu-is-a-vortex-of-wtfisms-that-never-bores-but-never-satisfies |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=Film Companion}}</ref> He also produced and co-wrote the screenplay for the films [[Halahal (film)|''Halahal'']] and ''[[Chhalaang]]'' in the same year.

In 2024, he played a negative lead in the movie ''[[Woh Bhi Din The]]'' directed by Sajid Ali, produced by [[John Abraham Entertainment]] and a deputy CBI officer in ''[[Bloody Daddy]]''.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 August 2013 |title=Zeishan Quadri turns villain for 'Banana' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/zeishan-quadri-turns-villain-for-banana-113081901106_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203153349/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/zeishan-quadri-turns-villain-for-banana-113081901106_1.html |archive-date=3 February 2016 |access-date=29 January 2015 |newspaper=Business Standard India |publisher=BusinessStandard}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 March 2024 |title=Woh Bhi Din The Movie Review: Rohit Saraf, Adarsh Gourav's Delayed Coming-Of-Age Saga Is Nostalgic But Indulgent |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/woh-bwohi-din-the-movie-review-rohit-saraf-adarsh-gouravs-delayed-coming-of-age-saga-is-nostalgic-but-indulgent-review-108879746 |url-status= |access-date=12 July 2025 |publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> In 2025, he participated in the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]'' and finished in the 15th place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tiwari |first=Vijaya |date=October 14, 2025 |title=Exclusive – Bigg Boss 19: Zeishan Quadri opens up after eviction; calls Amaal Mallik dogla, labels Kunickaa Sadanand toxic and bond with Tanya Mittal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bigg-boss-19-zeishan-quadri-opens-up-after-eviction-calls-amaal-mallik-dogla-labels-kunickaa-sadanand-toxic-and-bond-with-tanya-mittal/photostory/124557178.cms |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=[[Times Of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=October 16, 2025 |title=Zeishan Quadri on Tanya Mittal's alleged lies on Bigg Boss 19: Who am I to judge? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/television/story/zeeshan-quadri-bigg-boss-19-eviction-reflections-house-controversies-fan-support-2803814-2025-10-16 |access-date=December 18, 2025 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Film
! [[Film director|Director]]
! [[Film producer|Producer]]
! [[Screenwriter]]
! [[Actor]]
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2012 || ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' || || || {{yes}} || || rowspan="2" |<ref name="bloodydaddy" />
|-
| '' [[Gangs of Wasseypur - Part 2]]'' || || || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2013 || ''[[Prague (2013 film)|Prague]]'' || ||{{yes}}|| || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2014 || ''[[Revolver Rani]]'' || || || ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|2015
| ''[[Meeruthiya Gangster]]'' ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||<ref name="bloodydaddy" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2018 || ''[[Hotel Milan]]'' || || || || {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2019 || ''[[Setters (film)|Setters]]'' || || || ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Bhoot Purva'' || {{yes}} || || || || Web series released on [[List of ZEE5 original web series|ZEE5]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ZEE5 Premieres Horror-Comedy 'Bhoot Purva' |url=https://www.adgully.com/zee5-premieres-horror-comedy-bhoot-purva-85498.html|access-date=2021-06-04|website=Adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |2020 || ''[[Halahal (film)|Halahal]]'' || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| ''[[Chhalaang]]'' || || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2023 || ''[[Bloody Daddy]]'' || || || || {{yes}} ||<ref name="bloodydaddy">{{Cite web |title=Zeishan Quadri says his role in Bloody Daddy satisfies the actor in him |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/may/30/zeishan-quadri-says-his-role-in-bloody-daddy-satisfies-the-actor-in-him-44061.html |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=30 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024 ||''[[Woh Bhi Din The]]'' || || || ||{{yes}}||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!References
|-
|2025
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|Bigg Boss 19]]''
|Contestant
|{{nowrap|15th Place}}
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Note
|-
|2020
|''[[Bicchoo Ka Khel]]''
|Inspector Nikunj Tiwari
|Streaming on [[ALTBalaji|AltBalaji]] and [[ZEE5]] on November 18<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bicchoo ka Khel: Mirzapur ke Munna Bhaiya ka Banarasi version - Dekhiye Trailer|url=https://www.weboblivion.in/2020/10/Divyenndus-new-bawal-series-bicchoo-ka-khel-trailer-released.html|access-date=2020-10-28|website=Weboblivion {{!}} Cinema News, Movies, Webseries & Much More|archive-date=1 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101040515/https://www.weboblivion.in/2020/10/Divyenndus-new-bawal-series-bicchoo-ka-khel-trailer-released.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Your Honor (web series)|Your Honor 2]]''
|Jagda<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/your-honor-2-review-jimmy-sheirgill-leads-web-series-thats-easy-to-recommend-3-stars-2616730| title=Your Honor 2 Review: Jimmy Sheirgill Leads Web-Series That's Easy To Recommend| author=Saibal Chatterjee| date=19 November 2021| access-date=21 November 2021| website=[[ndtv.com]]}}</ref>
|[[SonyLIV|Sonyliv]]
|}

===Awards and nominations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Award !! Category !! Result
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2013 || rowspan="5" | ''[[Gangs Of Wasseypur]]'' || SAIFF || Best Supporting Actor || {{won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zeeshan Quadri Awards |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Zeishan-Quadri/awards |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2013 || Star Screen Award || Best Dialogue Writer || {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013 || Filmfare || Best Dialogue Writer || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013 || TOIFA || Best Dialogue Writer || {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="1"|2013 || IIFA || Best Dialogue Writer || {{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5113220}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue |state=autocollapse}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quadri, Zeishan}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Dhanbad district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:De Nobili Schools alumni]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Bihar]]

Express trains in India

2026-03-15T05:40:08Z

Joshiankit994: page updated

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{multiple image
| total_width=300
| align=right
| header=Express trains of India
| caption_align=center
| image1=12302_Howrah_Rajdhani_Express_-_AC_First_Class.jpg
| caption1=[[Rajdhani Express]]
| image2=Mumbai_Central_Ahmedabad_Shatabdi_Express_-_Anubhuti_coach_-_K1.jpg
| caption2=[[Shatabdi Express]]
|image3=New_Jalpaiguri_Patna_Saffron_Grey_Mini_Vande_Bharat_Transet_2024-03-04-061128.jpg
| caption3=[[Vande Bharat Express]]
}}
[[India]] has a system of express trains, operated by [[Indian Railways]] which comes under the purview of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of [[Government of India]]. {{As of|2023}}, it maintains over {{cvt|108,706|km}} of tracks, spanning across {{cvt|68584|km}} in route length, and operates nearly 3,000 express trains daily. According to the Ministry of Railways, express trains travel faster and have limited stops than [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|ordinary passenger]] trains. Any passenger train with an average speed higher than {{cvt|55|kph}} is considered super-fast.

{{as of|2023}}, India does not have any operational [[High-speed railway|high-speed trains]]. The maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}} is achieved by [[Gatimaan Express]] and [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express]] on the [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]{{ndash}}[[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra]] section.

Earlier [[steam locomotive]] operated trains largely operated below {{cvt|100|kph}}. With the introduction of [[electric locomotive]]s in later 1920s and newer steam locomotives, speeds of {{cvt|100|kph}} were achieved. With the movement to [[Alternating Current|AC]] [[Railway electric traction|traction]] in late 1950s and introduction of [[diesel locomotive]]s, maximum speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} were achieved in the late 1960s. With the introduction of high power electric locomotives in the 1990s, operating speeds of {{cvt|130|kph}} was achieved with further developments leading to speeds of maximum speeds of {{cvt|160|kph}} being realized in the early 2010s. [[Vande Bharat Express]], an [[Electric Multiple Unit]] (EMU) run service introduced in 2019, is the fastest operational express train with a maximum permitted speed of {{cvt|160|kph}}.

== History ==
[[File:682 IndiaDelhiMuseum 19931226.jpg|thumb|[[Indian locomotive class WP|WP class]] [[steam locomotive]]s helped express trains reach speeds of {{cvt|100|kph}} in 1947.]]

The history of the Indian Railway began in 1832 with the proposal to construct the first railway line in India at [[Madras]]. In 1837, the first train ran on Red Hill railway [[railway track|line]] between [[Red Hills, Chennai|Red Hills]] and [[Chintadripet]] in Madras and was hauled by a [[Rotary engine|rotary steam engine]] imported from [[England]].<ref name="Hist">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|title=Understanding Indian Railway Heritage|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|page=6|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101121/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/Heritage/2021/PDF/3%20Presentation%20Shradha%20Arora%20IRICEN%202019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|title=Chennai: The track record|date=16 April 2018|newspaper=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=9 August 2023|archive-date=12 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812065026/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2018/apr/16/chennai-the-track-record-1801999.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1853, the first passenger train ran between [[Bombay]] and [[Thane]] which covered a distance of {{cvt|54|km}} in 57 minutes, averaging a speed of {{cvt|57|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|title=When India's first train blew steam|date=25 April 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072256/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/indias-1st-train-when-sahib-sindh-sultan-blew-steam/articleshow/19717248.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier trains ran using [[steam locomotives]], where barely reached speeds of {{cvt|90|kph}}. With the introduction of [[Indian locomotive class WP|WP class locomotive]]s in 1947, speeds of {{cvt|100|kph}} were operated commercially.<ref name="IRFCA1">{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html|title=Evolution of High-Speed Haulage on Indian Railways|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|year=2015|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404041950/https://www.irfca.org/docs/high-speed-evolution.html|url-status=live}}</ref> While the first [[Electric locomotive|electric train]] ran in Bombay in 1925 on [[Direct current|DC]] traction, [[Indian locomotive class WCP-1|WCP-1 class]] electric locomotives were introduced in 1928, capable of hauling trains at speeds of up to {{cvt|137|kph}}, though trains operated at lower speed.<ref name="EL">{{cite report|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=Evolution of Electric Locomotives|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030913/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=Jakob|last=Buchli|journal=Schweizerische Bauzeitung|title=Universal-Antrieb "Winterthur" für elektrische Lokomotiven|volume=90|issue=23|year=1927|at=pp. 294–296|language=de|doi=10.5169/seals-41817}}</ref>

On 1 April 1929, [[Grand Trunk Express]] commenced operations between [[Peshawar]] in the [[North Western Railway (British India)|North Western Railway]] and [[Mangalore]] with two coaches detached and connected to Madras further.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1929-30:Volume I|author=Railway Department, Government of India|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|year=1930|location=Calcutta|page=38|chapter=Chapter IV-Transportation and Working|access-date=4 February 2024|archive-date=3 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303230731/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18188|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Railway Magazine:Volume 64|year=1929|publisher=IPC Business Press|page=490}}</ref> The [[Golden Temple Mail|Frontier Mail]] made its inaugural run between Bombay and [[Peshawar]] in 1928.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/golden-temple-mail-completes-92-yrs-of-historic-run-135130|title=Golden Temple Mail completes 92 years|work=Tribune India|date=2 September 2020|access-date=24 July 2023|archive-date=30 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730120419/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/golden-temple-mail-completes-92-yrs-of-historic-run-135130|url-status=live}}</ref> Technical advancements led to automatic colour light signals become operational between Bombay and Byculla in 1928.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|title=Signalling in India – Past and Present|work=Signalbox|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330111351/https://signalbox.org/overseas/india/india.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the subsequent years, the route from Bombay to [[Pune|Poona]] was electrified and in June 1930, the first deluxe train, [[Deccan Queen]] began running, hauled by a [[Indian locomotive class WCP-1|WCP-1 locomotive]]s with seven coaches along the route.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/indias-first-deluxe-train-mumbai-pune-deccan-queen-completes-93-years-of-service-all-you-need-to-know-383826-2023-06-01|title=India's first deluxe train: Mumbai-Pune Deccan Queen completes 93 years of service|date=1 June 2023|access-date=1 January 2023|newspaper=Business Today|archive-date=1 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601110911/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/indias-first-deluxe-train-mumbai-pune-deccan-queen-completes-93-years-of-service-all-you-need-to-know-383826-2023-06-01|url-status=live}}</ref> The Grand Trunk express commenced operating as a dedicated daily train between Madras and Delhi from 1 September 1930.<ref>{{cite book|title=Report by the Railway board on Indian Railways for 1930-31:Volume I|year=1932|publisher=Central Publication Branch, Government of India|location=Calcutta|page=36|chapter=IV}}</ref> [[Indian locomotive class WDM-1|WDM-1]], the first [[diesel locomotive]] introduced in 1957 was capable of speeds of up to {{cvt|104|kph}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.irfca.org/apps/loco_classes|title=Loco classes|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=5 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205154538/https://www.irfca.org/apps/loco_classes|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1957, Indian Railways adopted [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]] traction with the first runs beginning in December 1959 with the [[Indian locomotive class WAM-1|WAM-1]] locomotives, capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|112|kph}}.<ref name="EL1">{{cite report|url=https://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|title=Electrification history|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609072045/http://elocos.railnet.gov.in/Analysis/Elect_Tr_history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1960, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Board of India]] commissioned a study to increase the speed of its trains, which was restricted to {{cvt|96|kph}} on the existent [[broad gauge]] lines.<ref name="HT">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|title=Railways golden girl: 50 years of the Rajdhani story|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 March 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106142048/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/railways-golden-girl-50-years-of-the-rajdhani/story-YycT0iir0GObqjuCUqrhKL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A target of {{cvt|160|kph}} with an intermediate stage of {{cvt|120|kph}} was set for passenger trains. [[Research Design and Standards Organisation]] (RDSO) started work on the same in 1962 with field trials commencing in 1967.<ref name="HT"/> The coaches were manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Madras]] and hauled by [[diesel locomotive]]s.<ref name="HT"/> On 19 February 1969, the [[Government of India]] announced the introduction of a new express train capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}} in the [[Railway budget of India|railway budget]].<ref name="board1">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|title=Railway Budget of 1969–70|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415063519/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Previous%20Budget%20Speeches/1969-70.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> On 1 March 1969, the first [[Rajdhani Express]] was flagged off from [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]] to [[Howrah railway station|Howrah]], which reached a maximum speed of {{cvt|120|kph}} and completed the {{cvt|1450|km}} trip in 17 hours 20 minutes at an average speed of {{cvt|84|kph}}.<ref name="HT"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|title=Kolkata loses last connect to first Rajdhani|date=22 May 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106172924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-loses-last-connect-to-first-rajdhani/articleshow/52386071.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1980, the [[Indian locomotive class WAP-1|WAP-1]] electric locomotives capable of reaching speeds of {{cvt|130|kph}} were introduced to haul express trains.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|title=WAP-1 locomotive|publisher=[[Government of India]]|date=9 October 1989|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315030913/https://secr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1596785062728-Locomotive_comp.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shatabdi Express]] introduced in 1988, were capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|130|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms?from=mdr|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=1 December 2023|date=30 May 2014|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111134912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="econ1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|title=Trains faster than Rajdhani, Shatabdi on the cards|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105093109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/trains-faster-than-rajdhani-shatabdi-on-the-cards/next-gen-trains/slideshow/62615006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] class locomotives, initially imported from [[Adtranz|ABB]] in 1995 and later manufactured at [[Chittaranjan Locomotive Works]] in India, reached {{cvt|184|kph}} in trials and later set an Indian speed record by hauling an express train between Delhi and Agra at a speed of {{cvt|160|kph}} in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=200 km in 90 mins: Delhi-Agra high speed train sets new speed record|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|access-date=10 July 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=3 July 2014|archive-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140711111937/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-03/news/51057656_1_speed-record-fastest-train-passenger-train|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Vande_Bharat_Express_around_Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Introduced in 2019, [[Vande Bharat Express]] is the fastest express train in India.]]

In December 2009, the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] of [[Government of India]] envisaged the implementation of regional high-speed rail projects to provide services at {{cvt|250–350|kph}}, and planning for corridors connecting commercial, tourist, and pilgrimage hubs.<ref name="IR9">{{cite report|date=18 December 2009|title=Indian Railways: Vision 2020|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/VISION_2020_Eng_SUBMITTED_TO_PARLIAMENT.pdf|access-date=29 November 2014|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220915/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/infra/downloads/VISION_2020_Eng_SUBMITTED_TO_PARLIAMENT.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India getting ready for bullet trains|newspaper=Central Chronicle|url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=23851|date=18 December 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717050836/http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=23851|archive-date=17 July 2011}}</ref> On 25 July 2013, Government of India established the [[National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited|High Speed Rail Corporation]] for the implementation of high-speed rail corridor projects and in 2014, the [[Diamond Quadrilateral]] high speed rail project was approved by the government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|title=Diamond quadrilateral of high-speed trains|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=10 June 2014|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404122854/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/diamond-quadrilateral-of-high-speed-trains/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2016, the WAP-5 hauled [[Gatimaan Express]] became the fastest commercial train in India, with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|title=Train to be named Gatimaan Express|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=5 April 2016|archive-date=24 November 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141124185353/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhiagra-semihigh-speed-train-to-be-named-gatimaan-express/article6493500.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Integral Coach Factory in Chennai, rolled out a [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed]] [[Electric Multiple Unit|EMU]] [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|train-set]], capable of reaching {{cvt|180|kph}}.<ref name="VB">{{cite news|date=20 February 2017|title=Indian Railways to roll out 'Make in India' 160 kmph self-propelled 'world-class' train sets at half the cost of import!|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|access-date=20 May 2023|newspaper=The Financial Express|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520143845/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/indian-railways-to-roll-out-make-in-india-160-kmph-self-propelled-world-class-train-sets-at-half-the-cost-of-imports/558791/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=29 October 2018|title=Train 18: Country's first engine-less train rolled out; Train 20 next|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|access-date=20 May 2023|issn=0013-0389|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105160418/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/train-18-countrys-first-engine-less-train-rolled-out-train-20-next/articleshow/66419774.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, the first [[Vande Bharat Express]] entered commercial service with a maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}}. The actual operating speed was much lower due to track restrictions and congestion with top speeds restricted to {{cvt|130|kph}} for most trains.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on February 15 from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2023, two modified WAP-5 locomotives were used to haul the [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|Amrit Bharat train-set]] in a push-pull configuration, capable of reaching speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|last=Nigam|first=Saumya|date=27 December 2023|title=Amrit Bharat Express to launch with Push-Pull technology and other exciting features|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/explainers/amrit-bharat-express-to-launch-with-push-pull-technology-and-other-exciting-features-details-2023-12-27-909203|access-date=28 December 2023|work=India TV|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 October 2023|title=Vande Sadharan train: All you need to know; How it is different from Vande Bharat train?|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|access-date=30 December 2023|work=Business Today|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220092445/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/vande-sadharan-train-all-you-need-to-know-how-it-is-different-from-vande-bharat-train-403792-2023-10-30|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Definition ==
According to the Ministry of Railways, express trains are classified as follows:<ref name="DEF">{{cite report|title=Definition of Express|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/8%20definition%20of%20MailExpress%2016_4_2001.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|date=16 April 2001|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114113806/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/8%20definition%20of%20MailExpress%2016_4_2001.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Super-fast express: Any passenger train with an average speed higher than {{cvt|55|kph}} on {{RailGauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]].
* Mail: Trains which earlier had a mail coach attached. Newer trains are not named so, but older trains remain in operation.
* Express: Express trains travel faster and have fewer stops than [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India|ordinary passenger]] trains.

== Network and infrastructure ==
=== Track ===

{{As of|2023}}, it manages the fourth [[List of countries by rail transport network size|largest national railway system]] by size with a track length of {{cvt|132310|km}}, running track length of {{cvt|106493|km}} and route length of {{cvt|68584|km}}.<ref name="IRYB"/> Track sections are rated for speeds ranging from {{cvt|80|to|200|kph}}, though the maximum speed attained by passenger trains is {{cvt|160|kph}}. In 2009, [[Indian Railways]] started a plan to increase the speed of passenger trains to {{cvt|160-200|kph}} on dedicated conventional tracks and improve the existing conventional lines to handle speeds of up to {{cvt|160|kph}}.<ref name="HSRC">{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=100308|title=Railway Minister Launches High Speed Rail Corporation of India Limited (HSRC)|date=29 October 2023|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Government of India]]}}</ref>

[[Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India]] has built [[Dedicated freight corridors in India|dedicated freight corridors across India]] to divert cargo traffic from the passenger railway tracks, thus helping increase the operational speed of the passenger trains to {{cvt|160|kph}}.<ref>{{cite report|title=DFC as revolutionary as the Golden Quadrilateral|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|access-date=13 September 2016|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|archive-date=6 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306090559/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/Railways%20report%20-%208%20Jan%202016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, the Diamond Quadrilateral high-speed rail network project was launched by Government of India and is envisioned to connect the four major metro cities of India namely: Chennai, Delhi, Kolkata and Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/focus-on-diamond-quadrilateral/article6105076.ece|title=Focus on diamond quadrilateral|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 June 2014|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=15 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415231228/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/focus-on-diamond-quadrilateral/article6105076.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Address by The President of India to the Joint sitting of Parliament 2014|url=http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|access-date=9 June 2014|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714225448/http://www.pmindia.gov.in/President_Address.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014 }}</ref>

The Ministry of Railways envisaged to have dedicated [[standard gauge]] tracks capable of top speeds of {{cvt|300–350|kph}} with trains running on elevated corridors to isolate high-speed train tracks by 2026 and identified probable routes for the same.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalturk.com/en/india-japan-sign-mou-for-feasibility-study-of-high-speed-railway-system-in-india-43654/|title=India, Japan sign MoU for feasibility study of high speed railway system in India|date=9 October 2013|access-date=1 December 2023|work=Nationalturk}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-ahmedabad-bullet-train-chinese-team-visits-cst/|title=Mumbai-Ahmedabad bullet train? Chinese team visits CST|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=16 September 2014|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> A {{cvt|174|km}} segment of track in the [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]{{ndash}}[[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]] section supports semi-high speed passenger traffic of up to {{cvt|160|kph}}.<ref name="SH">{{cite news|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/vande-bharat-express-trains-running-at-average-speed-of-83-kmph-against-permissible-limit-of-130-kmph-reveals-rti-reply-filed-in-mp|title=Vande Bharat Express trains running at average speed of 83 kph against permissible limit of 130 kph, reveals RTI reply filed in MP|work=Free Press Journal|date=17 April 2023|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

=== Rolling stock ===
{{Multiple images
| total_width = 300
| caption_align = center
| image1 = 11019_Konark_Express_-_Sleeper_Class_coach.jpg
| caption1 = [[ICF coach]]
| image2 = Shram Shakti Express LHBfied Sleeper Class Rakes.jpg
| caption2 = [[LHB coach]]
}}
The early express rail coaches were based on a prototype by a [[Schweizerische Wagons- und Aufzügefabrik AG Schlieren-Zürich|Swiss company]] and were termed as [[ICF coach]]es after Integral coach factory (ICF), the first coach manufacturing unit in India.<ref name="ICF">{{cite report|url=https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|title=Tracing the roots|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101123227/https://icf.indianrailways.gov.in/works/uploads/File/ICF%20-%20Tracing%20The%20%20Roots.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> These coaches, manufactured from 1955 to 2018, were largely in use till the early 2010s.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ayyappan|first=V.|date=4 January 2021|title=Leakage Found in ICF Coaches|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606193410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/leakage-found-in-icf-coaches/articleshow/80095746.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> From the late 1990s, the ICF coaches were replaced by safer and newer [[LHB coach]]es designed by [[Linke-Hofmann-Busch]] of [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=April 2017|title=Indian Railways Passenger Coaches: Safety Features and Technologies Adopted|url=http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|journal=International Journal of Engineering Technology Science and Research|access-date=27 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228041703/http://www.ijetsr.com/images/short_pdf/1492945632_nitttr232_Ijetsr_skype.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Debroy|first=Bibek|date=9 February 2018|title=A 70-Year-Old Vs a 30-Year-Old: LHB Coaches Perform Better than ICF Ones|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-access=subscription|access-date=6 June 2023|archive-date=29 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429153338/https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-70-year-old-vs-a-30-year-old-lhb-coaches-perform-better-than-icf-ones-118020801725_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the late 2010s, Indian railways started upgrading the coaches of select express trains from LHB to new [[Tejas-Rajdhani Express|Tejas]] coaches with enhanced features.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|title=Rajdhani runs with new Tejas rakes|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=19 July 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106173045/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/rajdhani-runs-with-new-tejas-rakes-1010439.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Tyagi|first1=Harshita|title=Western Railway runs Mumbai–New Delhi Rajdhani Express with new Tejas-like smart sleeper coaches|work=Times Now|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|access-date=1 December 2023|date=19 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719154222/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/western-railway-runs-mumbai-new-delhi-rajdhani-express-with-new-tejas-like-smart-sleeper-coaches/787342|url-status=live}}</ref> As of March 2022, Indian Railways had 84,863 passenger coaches.<ref name="IRYB"/>

Semi-high speed [[Vande Bharat (trainset)|Train 18]] was rolled out in 2018. These self-propelled [[Electric multiple unit|EMU]] train sets manufactured by Integral Coach Factory are capable of reaching {{convert|180|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/engine-less-train-160-kmph-train-18-to-be-out-in-june-train-20-in-2020-5035128/|title=Engine-less train: 160 kmph Train 18 to be out in June, Train 20 in 2020|date=23 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404105413/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/engine-less-train-160-kmph-train-18-to-be-out-in-june-train-20-in-2020-5035128/|url-status=live}}</ref> These trains have eight or sixteen coaches with driver cabins on both ends, which eliminates the time needed for turnaround at the terminal station with faster acceleration and deceleration, enabling the train to travel at a top speed for longer distance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-indian-railways-new-trains-train-18-train-20-features-semi-high-speed/1026896/|title=Ahead of Railway Budget 2018, Modi's Make in India gets boost with plans for 'world-class' Indian Railways trains|date=23 January 2018|newspaper=Financial Express|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=13 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613234759/https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/railway-budget-2018-indian-railways-new-trains-train-18-train-20-features-semi-high-speed/1026896/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-new-world-class-trains-to-cut-travel-time-by-20/articleshow/62611180.cms|title=Train 18: 2 new 'world class' trains to cut travel time by 20%|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 January 2018|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011140118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2-new-world-class-trains-to-cut-travel-time-by-20/articleshow/62611180.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Coaches are manufactured by five manufacturing units of the Indian Railways and public sector companies [[BEML Limited|BEML]] and BHEL.<ref name="facility">{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|title=Indian railway facilities|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 April 2023|archive-date=20 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420182858/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,304,366,552,694|url-status=live}}</ref> The coaching stock have unique five or six digit identifiers. Till 2018, the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last three digits indicating the class.<ref name="Class1">{{cite report|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|title=Coach classification|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072258/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Classification%20of%20Locomotives.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, the numbering system was changed with the first two digits indicating the year of manufacture and the last four digits indicating the sequence number.<ref name="Class3">{{cite press release|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|title=Coach numbering|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/mec_engg/downloads/Coaching/2018/20_Numbering%20of%20coaching%20stock.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Stations ===
{{See also|Categorization of Indian Railway stations by commercial importance}}
As of March 2022, Indian Railways manages and operates 7,308 stations.<ref name="IRYB">{{cite report|url=https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|title=Indian Railways Year Book 2020–21|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103050732/https://iritm.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1680252282408-PDF%20Year%20Book%202021-22-English.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prior to 2017, the stations were classified into seven categories based on their earnings.<ref name="stac1">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|title=Railways revise station categories to improve services|access-date=17 March 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|date=28 December 2017|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317035551/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-revise-station-categories-to-improve-services/articleshow/62280609.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2017, Indian Railways categorizes the stations by commercial importance into three different categories namely Non Suburban Group (NSG), Suburban Group (SG) and Halt Group (HG). These are further subdivided into subcategories based on their commercial importance (NSG 1-6, SG 1-3 and from HG 1-3).<ref name="Stn">{{cite press release|title=Minister of Railways directs to re-categorize railway stations taking into account earnings, passenger footfall, strategic importance|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=18 October 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414025547/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1514446|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="stac1"/> The commercial importance of a station is determined by taking into account its passenger footfall, earnings and strategic importance and these categories are used to determine the minimum essential amenities required by each station.<ref>{{cite report|date=18 Jul 2018|title=Question and Answer regarding Grading of Railway Stations in Lok Sabha of India|url=http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|access-date=26 Sep 2020|publisher=[[Government of India]]|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926113505/http://164.100.24.220/loksabhaquestions/annex/15/AU116.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Stn"/> Express trains stop at select set of stations identified using a combination of factors including commercial importance, traffic and capabilities.<ref name="DEF"/>

== Services ==
=== Travel classes ===
{{See|Indian Railways coaching stock}}
Indian Railways offers various travel classes on its [[passenger car (rail)|coaches]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|title=Accommodation Classes in Indian Railways|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426000003/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/class_Code.html|archive-date=26 April 2017}}</ref> For the purpose of identification in [[passenger train]]s, coaches in a train-set are assigned an [[alpha-numeric]] code. The first letter identifies the coach class and the second letter identifies the coach number.<ref name="Class2">{{cite press release|url=https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|title=Abbreviations for Coaches|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108084841/https://digitalscr.in/bzadiv/circulars/misc_circulars/uploads/Abbrevations%20for%20different%20types%20of%20coaches.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The berths and seats are numbered by an alphanumeric code with the letter(s) identifying the berth/seat type and numbers identifying the position. In standard coaches, the berths and seats are classified as follows:<ref name="CC">{{cite report|url=https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|title=Rail seat layout|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107110642/https://st2.indiarailinfo.com/kjfdsuiemjvcya0/0/2/3/6/837236/0/railseatlayout.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+Coach code (first digit)<ref name="Class2"/>
!Class
!Code
!Image
!Description
|-
|First AC
|H
|[[File:Rajdhani First AC1.jpg|100px]]
|It is the most luxurious and expensive class in most express trains.<ref name="IRFCA">{{cite web|title=Rolling stock|url=https://irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html|work=IRFCA|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411113830/https://www.irfca.org/faq/faq-stock.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Coach">{{cite report|url=http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|title=Types of passenger coaches|publisher=Asian Institute of Transport Development|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107105737/http://www.aitd.net.in/pdf/8/2.%20TYPES%20OF%20PASSENGER%20COACHES%20FOR%20DIFFERENT%20SERVICES.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> They have separate [[air-conditioned]] compartments with private lockable doors, [[bedding]], dedicated attendants and meals served at seat.<ref name="TM">{{cite web|url=https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|title=Indian railway classes|publisher=Trainman|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003100712/https://www.trainman.in/article/indian-railway-train-classes|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|First Class
|F
|
|First class is similar to first AC coaches with a combination of cabins and berths but are non air-conditioned and do not have all the facilities of first AC coaches.<ref name="TM"/> They were started to be phased out of normal express trains starting in the 2000s and the last coach being de-commissioned in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-class-coaches-now-just-the-stuff-of-memories/articleshow/4127807.cms?from=mdr|title=First-class coaches now just the stuff of memories|date=14 February 2009|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-class-coaches-now-just-the-stuff-of-memories/articleshow/4127807.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/end-of-road-for-last-of-the-non-ac-first-class-coaches/articleshow/50250987.cms|title=End of road for the last of the non AC first class coaches|date=20 December 2015|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/end-of-road-for-last-of-the-non-ac-first-class-coaches/articleshow/50250987.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The First class is still in use in [[Mountain railways of India|toy trains]] where the coaches consist of seats similar to chair cars.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/holiday-special-trains-in-nilgiri-mountain-railway/article67668676.ece|title=Holiday special trains in Nilgiri Mountain Railway|date=23 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223093555/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/holiday-special-trains-in-nilgiri-mountain-railway/article67668676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Executive Anubhuti
|EA
|[[File:Mumbai Central Ahmedabad Shatabdi Express - Anubhuti coach - Interior.jpg|100px]]
|Executive Anubhuti is the premium class of air-conditioned [[chair car]] equipped with retractable, large cushioned seats in 2x2 configuration. The class is equipped with an entertainment system, large luggage compartments, passenger information system, dedicated reading lights, power sockets and call buttons, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="FE">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/967183/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-express-train-fare-luxury-features-images-indian-railways-new-train/5/|title=Anubhuti coaches with aircraft-like features to replace Shatabdi 1st-AC Executive chair cars; 20 amazing facts|date=9 December 2017|newspaper=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/967183/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-express-train-fare-luxury-features-images-indian-railways-new-train/5/|url-status=live}}</ref> The class is available only in select trains.<ref name="FE"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-trains-indian-railways-4980867/|title=Soon experience flight like luxury in Shatabdi|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|date=17 December 2017|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/anubhuti-coach-shatabdi-trains-indian-railways-4980867/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|AC Executive Class
|E
|[[File:The Interior of the Executive Class or 1A of an LHB Shatabdi Coach..jpg|100px]]
|AC Executive Class is often the top most class of air-conditioned chair car in express trains. It is equipped with large retractable seats in 2x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-extra-coaches-added-to-afternoon-shatabdi-railways-5175696/|title=Two extra coaches added to afternoon Shatabdi: Railways|date=14 May 2018|newspaper=[[Indian Express]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142330/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/two-extra-coaches-added-to-afternoon-shatabdi-railways-5175696/|url-status=live}}</ref> The class is equipped with dedicated reading lights and power sockets, modular bio toilets with automated taps. Meals are often provided as a part of the journey ticket.<ref name="TM"/> In [[Vande Bharat Express]] trains, the class is equipped with more features including [[rotating seat]]s, [[CCTV]]s, passenger information system, larger toilets, [[USB port]]s and [[automated door]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-video-flag-off-pm-modi-new-indian-railways-train-features-time-table/articleshow/101292467.cms|title=Mumbai-Goa Vande Bharat express flagged off|date=27 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142328/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbai-goa-vande-bharat-express-video-flag-off-pm-modi-new-indian-railways-train-features-time-table/articleshow/101292467.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/passengers-from-southern-districts-to-get-a-new-travel-experience-on-vande-bharat-express/article67338091.ece|title=Passengers from south T.N. to get a new travel experience on Vande Bharat Expres|date=23 September 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=11 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011202808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/passengers-from-southern-districts-to-get-a-new-travel-experience-on-vande-bharat-express/article67338091.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Executive Vistadome
|EV
|[[File:VistadomeInterior.jpg|100px]]
|AC Tourist cars have [[vistadome]] coaches with glass roofs and extra wide windows. The interiors are similar to AC chair car coaches. Select trains operating mostly on tourist circuits are equipped with such coaches.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Status of Vistadome Trains|url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1797573|date=9 July 2022|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170405/https://pib.gov.in/ErrorPage.html?aspxerrorpath=/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Railways plans to introduce these coaches in all [[Mountain railways of India|mountain railways]].<ref>{{cite news|date=8 March 2019|title=All mountain railways in India to have vistadome coaches: Piyush Goyal|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/all-mountain-railways-in-india-to-have-vistadome-coaches-piyush-goyal-1552064701958.html|access-date=9 July 2022|work=mint|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709204427/https://www.livemint.com/industry/infrastructure/all-mountain-railways-in-india-to-have-vistadome-coaches-piyush-goyal-1552064701958.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Second AC or AC 2-tier
|A
|[[File:2956coach.JPG|100px]]
|Second AC or AC 2-tier is an air-conditioned [[sleeping car]] with wide sealed windows.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are four berths arranged in two-tiers facing each other in a single bay with two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> Individual berths are equipped with [[curtains]], simple bedding, reading lights and charging sockets.<ref name="Curt">{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-railways-is-removing-curtains-in-ac-coaches/wont-help-if-there-is-fire/slideshow/66221831.cms|title=Why you may not see curtains in AC coaches|date=15 October 2018|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142328/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/why-railways-is-removing-curtains-in-ac-coaches/wont-help-if-there-is-fire/slideshow/66221831.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Bed">{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-provide-bedrolls-in-ac-3-tier-economy-coach-from-this-week-11663481311905.html|title=Indian Railways to provide bedrolls|date=18 September 2022|work=Mint|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-provide-bedrolls-in-ac-3-tier-economy-coach-from-this-week-11663481311905.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Third AC or AC 3-tier
|B
|[[File:Inside_AC_3_coach_passage_Indian_railway_002.jpg|100px]]
|Third AC or AC 3-tier is an air-conditioned sleeping car.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> There are common charging sockets and lights in each compartment with simple bedding provided.<ref name="Bed"/> Food is available on order or as a part of the ticket depending on the train with the same menu shared with AC 2-tier.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|AC 3-tier economy
|M
|
|AC 3-tier economy coaches are air-conditioned sleeping cars similar to AC 3-tier.<ref name="IRFCA"/> Compared to 3-tier coaches, they have an extra middle berth along the aisle.<ref name="TM"/> The coaches were first introduced in [[Garib Rath Express|Garib Rath]] trains and only a few trains operate with such coaches.<ref name="TN">{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/garib-rath-trains-to-get-new-ac-3-tier-economy-class-coaches-to-have-cheaper-fare-than-ac-3-tier/804617|title=Garib Rath trains to get new AC 3-tier economy class coaches; to have cheaper fare than AC 3-tier|date=27 August 2021|work=Times now|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/garib-rath-trains-to-get-new-ac-3-tier-economy-class-coaches-to-have-cheaper-fare-than-ac-3-tier/804617|url-status=live}}</ref> Bedding is available for rent and the coaches have facilities like charging sockets and lights similar to AC 3-tier coaches.<ref name="TN"/>
|-
|AC Chair Car
|C
|[[File:Interiors of the 2nd Generation of the Vande Bharat Express trains.jpg|100px]]
|AC chair car are air-conditioned coaches equipped with retractable seats in 3x2 configuration.<ref name="IRFCA"/> The class has cushioned seats with [[tray table]]s and are equipped with LED reading lights, power sockets along the window side. Meals are provided as a part of the journey ticket in select trains.<ref name="TM"/> In Vande Bharat Express trains, the class is equipped with more features including passenger information system, CCTVs, larger toilets and automated doors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vande-bharat-express-train-photos-features-indian-railways-new-train-2022/articleshow/93449662.cms?from=mdr|title=New Vande Bharat Express features|date=9 August 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142327/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/new-vande-bharat-express-train-photos-features-indian-railways-new-train-2022/articleshow/93449662.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-new-jalpaiguri-vande-bharat-express-timing-ticket-prices-and-other-details-you-should-know/articleshow/100581940.cms?from=mdr|title=Vande Bharat Express timing and ticket prices|date=29 May 2023|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107142329/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/guwahati-new-jalpaiguri-vande-bharat-express-timing-ticket-prices-and-other-details-you-should-know/articleshow/100581940.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Sleeper
|S
|[[File:Inside an Indian Railways Train - Sleeper Coach.jpg|100px]]
|Sleeper class is the most common sleeping car coach in Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> There are six berths arranged in three-tiers facing each other in a single bay with foldable middle berths and two-tiered berths arranged on the sides lengthwise across the corridor.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, [[ceiling fan|ceiling mounted fans]] and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Second sitting
|D/J
|[[File:Seats inside Indian train.jpg|100px]]
|Second sitting is the most common chair car coach and the cheapest in the Indian Railways.<ref name="IRFCA"/> It is common in most day-time running trains with six seats arranged in 3x3 configuration. The seats may face each other or towards the same side.<ref name="Coach"/> The coaches are not air-conditioned and have open-able windows. There are common charging sockets, ceiling mounted fans and lights in each compartment. Food is available on order or can be purchased from vendors.<ref name="TM"/>
|-
|Unreserved or General
|UR/GS
|[[File:Newly_Developed_Deen_Dayalu_Coach_being_dedicated_by_the_Union_Minister_for_Railways,_Shri_Suresh_Prabhakar_Prabhu_to_the_Nation,_at_New_Delhi_Railway_Station_on_July_19,_2016_(1).jpg|100px]]
|Unreserved or general coaches are second seating coaches which are not available for reservation and seats are taken on available basis.<ref name="IRFCA"/> One or more of these coaches are attached to express trains while dedicated passenger trains might also have all unreserved coaches. Tickets are valid on any train on a route only for within 24 hours of purchase.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.india.com/news/india/unreserved-general-railway-train-tickets-valid-for-only-three-hours-after-purchase-rule-applicable-from-march-1-2016-997342/|title=Unreserved, General Railway train tickets valid for only three hours after purchase|date=1 March 2016|work=India.com|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107155332/https://www.india.com/news/india/unreserved-general-railway-train-tickets-valid-for-only-three-hours-after-purchase-rule-applicable-from-march-1-2016-997342/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Trains ===
[[File:Amrit_Bharat_trainset.jpg|thumb|[[Amrit Bharat Express]]]]

Indian Railways Operates various classes of [[:Category:Named passenger trains of India|Express trains]]. The trains are classified basis average speed and facilities with express trains having fewer halts, priority on rail network and faster average speed. The trains are identified by [[Train numbering in India|five digit numbers]] with train-pairs traveling in opposite directions usually labelled with consecutive numbers.<ref>{{cite report|title=Train Numbering|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319164622/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/Circulars/2%20five%20Digit%20Train%20no%20scheme%209_9_10.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Express trains often have specific unique names for easy identification.<ref name="Train">{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|title=Train Index|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=7 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607025648/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/pdf/Train_No-Index.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rajdhani Express]] introduced in 1969 were the first trains to reach speeds of up to {{cvt|120|kph}}.<ref name="board1"/> [[Shatabdi Express]], introduced in 1988, are capable of running at a maximum speed of {{cvt|150|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shatabdi-is-the-heart-of-Indian-railways/articleshow/20505432.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612072600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-09/india/39849234_1_domestic-travellers-shatabdi-express-indian-railways|archive-date=12 June 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title='Shatabdi is the heart of Indian railways'|access-date=30 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="econ1"/> In 2019, [[Vande Bharat Express]] was launched with self-propelled EMU train-sets capable of reaching maximum speed of {{cvt|180|kph}} with operational speeds restricted to {{cvt|130-160|kph}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Vande Bharat Train's "Glass Filled To The Brim" Test At 180 Kmph|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|access-date=10 November 2023|work=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=2 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402150402/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/watch-new-vande-bharat-trains-stability-test-as-it-clocks-180-km-hr-3319998|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Train 18: PM Modi to flag off Vande Bharat Express on 15 February from New Delhi|newspaper=Business Today|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|access-date=15 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207131914/https://www.businesstoday.in/current/economy-politics/train-18-pm-modi-to-flag-off-vande-bharat-express-on-february-15-from-new-delhi/story/317978.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A non-airconditioned semi-high speed [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)|train-set]] hauled by two modified [[Indian locomotive class WAP-5|WAP-5]] locomotives was launched as [[Amrit Bharat Express]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Athrady|first=Ajith|title=Indian Railways to produce non-AC Vande Sadharan trains|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|date=10 July 2023|access-date=30 October 2023|newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]]|language=en|archive-date=30 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030142408/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-railways-to-produce-non-ac-vande-sadharan-trains-1235538.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A [[high-speed rail]] line is [[Construction|under-construction]] between [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor|Mumbai and Ahmedabad]] which will become the first true [[High-speed rail in India|high-speed rail line]] when completed in 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|title=JICA presents draft report on bullet train project to joint committee|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=16 July 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827001545/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-23/news/63746148_1_feasibility-study-jica-bullet-train-project|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{as of|2023}}, the maximum operational speed of {{cvt|160|kph}} is achieved by [[Gatimaan Express]] and [[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express]] on the above section.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soni|first=Anusha|date=4 July 2014|title=Railways completes pilot project for semi-high-speed train|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/railways-completes-pilot-project-for-semi-high-speed-train-114070400107_1.html|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=19 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119230126/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/railways-completes-pilot-project-for-semi-high-speed-train-114070400107_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 September 2022|title=New Vande Bharat Express flagged off by PM. Know routes, timings, other details|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-vande-bharat-express-launched-by-pm-narendra-modi-know-routes-timings-other-details-11664515160424.html|access-date=1 October 2022|work=Mint|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930060938/http://www.livemint.com/news/india/new-vande-bharat-express-launched-by-pm-narendra-modi-know-routes-timings-other-details-11664515160424.html|url-status=live}}</ref> India Railways operates various categories of express trains including [[Vande Bharat Express]], [[Rajdhani Express]], [[Shatabdi Express]], [[Amrit Bharat Express]], [[Garib Rath Express]], [[Double Decker Express]], [[Tejas Express]], [[Gatiman Express|Gatimaan Express]], [[Humsafar Express]], [[Duronto Express]], [[Yuva Express]], [[Uday Express]], [[Jan Shatabdi Express]], [[Sampark Kranti Express]], [[Vivek Express]], [[Rajya Rani Express]], [[Mahamana Express]], [[Antyodaya Express]], [[Jan Sadharan Express]], [[Suvidha Express]] and [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|Intercity Express]].<ref name="Train"/> {{as of|2022}}, Indian Railways operated 2,999 express trains on average daily.<ref name="IRYB"/>

{|class="sortable wikitable"style="text-align:left;"style="font-size: 85%"
|+ List of fastest trains in India
|-
! Name
! Avg. speed
! Max. speed
! Ref
|-
|[[New Delhi - Varanasi Vande Bharat Express|New Delhi{{ndash}}Varanasi Vande Bharat Express]]
|{{cvt|95|kph}}
|{{cvt|130|kph}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/new-delhi-varanasi-vande-bharat-express-22436/95304/664/334|title=New Delhi–Varanasi Vande Bharat Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express|Varanasi{{ndash}}New Delhi Vande Bharat Express]]
|{{cvt|94|kph}}
|{{cvt|130|kph}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/varanasi-new-delhi-vande-bharat-express-22415/216921/334/664|title=Varanasi–New Delhi Vande Bharat Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj) - Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|Rani Kamalapati{{ndash}}Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express]]
|{{cvt|92|kph}}
|{{cvt|160|kph}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rani-kamalapati-habibganj-hazrat-nizamuddin-vande-bharat-express-20171/198191/12923/748|title=Rani Kamalapati (Habibganj)–Hazrat Nizamuddin Vande Bharat Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=1 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101062234/https://indiarailinfo.com/train/rani-kamalapati-habibganj-hazrat-nizamuddin-vande-bharat-express-20171/198191/12923/748|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gatimaan Express]]
|{{cvt|91|kph}}
|{{cvt|160|kph}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-gatiman-express-12049/28625/450/748|title=Gatimaan Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mumbai Rajdhani Express]]
|{{cvt|90|kph}}
|{{cvt|130|kph}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-central-new-delhi-tejas-rajdhani-express-12951/1351/12293/664|title=Mumbai Rajdhani Express|publisher=Indiarailinfo|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114113804/https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-mumbai-central-new-delhi-tejas-rajdhani-express-12951/1351/12293/664|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Ticketing and fares ===
In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced before which ticketing was done manually.<ref name="IT">{{cite report|title=IT Audit of Indian Railways Passenger reservation System (2007)|url=http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712231120/http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2017 |access-date=24 July 2017}}</ref> Centralized computer reservation system was deployed in September 1996.<ref name="Hist"/> The ticketing network at stations is computerized with the exception of few stations. The Indian Railways website went online in February 2000 and online ticketing was introduced on 3 August 2002 through IRCTC.<ref name="IRCTC">{{cite web|url=https://irctc.com/about.html|title=About IRCTC|publisher=IRCTC|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=8 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108180852/https://irctc.com/about.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indian Railways now provides multiple channels for passengers to book tickets through [[website]], [[smartphone app]]s, [[SMS]], rail reservation counters at train stations, or through private ticket booking counters. Reserved tickets may be booked up to 60 days in advance and confirmed reservation tickets will show the passenger and fare details along with berth or seat number(s) allocated to them on the ticket.

In case of no confirmed reservation, a wait-list number is assigned and wait-listed tickets get confirmed if there are cancellations of already reserved tickets. [[Reservation against Cancellation|Reservation against cancellation tickets]] is an intermediate category between the waiting and confirmed lists in sleeper classes which allows a ticket holder to board the train and share a berth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|title=Indian Railways Reservation Rules: 5 Things To Know About Waitlisted Tickets|date=30 May 2018|work=[[NDTV]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109154537/https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/irctc-indian-railways-ticket-reservation-5-online-rules-to-know-about-waitlisted-tickets-1955796|url-status=live}}</ref> Reserved tickets can be booked by passengers who want to travel at short notice at higher fares through the [[Tatkal scheme|Tatkal train ticket]], where no refund is applicable on cancellation.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|title=Tatkal Ticket Booking: Charges, timings, cancellation and more|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023|date=2 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612105406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tatkal-ticket-booking-charges-timings-cancellation-and-more/articleshow/63095041.cms|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> A valid proof for the purchase of ticket along with photo identification is required to board the train.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|title=Provision for carrying proof|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712084141/http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/traffic_comm/Comm-Cir2K12/ID_Proof_AC_Class_CC_4_2012.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Unreserved tickets for short distance or unplanned travels may be purchased at stations or through UTS mobile app at any time before departure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|title=Buy suburban train tickets via app|date=1 February 2021|access-date=1 December 2023|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091808/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/buy-suburban-train-tickets-via-app/article33712431.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Holders of such tickets may only board the general or unreserved coaches.<ref>{{cite news|last=Vivek Narayanan|title=Wait for ticket gets painful|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|access-date=21 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 May 2012|archive-date=11 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511203206/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3394846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|title=Tourist Tickets introduced in Chennai Suburban|date=24 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2023|publisher=[[Southern Railway zone]], [[Indian Railways]]|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226091811/https://sr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=8532&did=15771820428170372B05269DDBB2851DEA3EB8F9D77E2|url-status=live}}</ref>

India has some of the lowest train fares in the world, and lower class passenger fares are subsidised.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184|title=India's Economic Reforms, 1991–2001|last=Joshi|first=V|author2=I. M. D. Little|date=17 October 1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-1982-9078-0|location=US|page=184|chapter=Industrial Policy and Factor Markets|access-date=25 June 2007|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170339/https://books.google.com/books?id=r31MYIrISFMC&q=indian+rail&pg=PA184#v=snippet&q=indian%20rail&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Discounted fares are applicable for railway employees, the differently-abled, students, athletes, patients and those taking competitive examinations. Seats of lower class of accommodation are reserved for women or senior citizens in some trains.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|title=Concession Rules|access-date=25 June 2023|publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|archive-date=18 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718095039/https://indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/view_section.jsp?id=0,2,281,877|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[High-speed rail in India]]
* [[Luxury rail trains in India]]
* [[MEMU]]
* [[Rail transport in India]]
* [[Slow and fast passenger trains in India]]
* [[Urban rail transit in India#Suburban Rail|Suburban trains]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://etrain.info/in?PAGE=LIST--EXP-TRAINS--1 List of all express and mail trains]
* [http://etrain.info/in?PAGE=LIST--SF-TRAINS--1 List of all superfast trains]

{{Indian Railways|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Express trains in India| ]]

List of urban local bodies in Rajasthan

2026-03-08T19:37:21Z

Joshiankit994: Made First Post Added Tags - done

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

[[Rajasthan]] has 10 [[Municipal Corporation]]s, approximately 51 [[Municipal Council]]s and approximately 248 Municipal Boards or [[Urban Local Bodies|Nagar Pachayats]]. Thus Rajasthan has a total 309 [[Municipality|Municipalities]] or [[Urban Local Bodies]](ULBs).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/lsgs/lsg-jaipur/pdf/Other%20Pdf/Annual%20Progress%20Report%202015-2016.pdf|title=Annual Report 2015-16|pages=81–83|work= Local Self Government Department, GoRaj|access-date=1 April 2017}}</ref> The Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 governs the administration of all the urban local bodies in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009|url=https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/dam/raj/udh/ulbs/jaipur%20dvision/mukundgarh/pdf/Rajasthan_Municipal_Act-2009.pdf|access-date=7 October 2020|website=Urban Portal, Government of Rajasthan}}</ref> The Department of Local Self Government of the [[Rajasthan government|Rajasthan Government]] monitors the administration of all the municipalities in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home Page|url=http://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/lsg-jaipur/en/home.html#|access-date=8 October 2020|website=Department of Local Self Government, Rajasthan Government}}</ref>

Official site https://lsg.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/lsg-jaipur/en/about-us/LocalBodies.html

==List of municipal corporations==
List of municipal corporations or Nagar Nigams of Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipalities and Local Bodies-Web Directory|url=http://www.udaipur.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udaipur/en/web-directory.html|website=rajasthan.gov.in|access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref> [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], and [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] had two municipal corporations each between October 2019 and October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.ETGovernment.com|title=Rajasthan: Jaipur, Jodhpur and Kota to get additional municipal corporations - ET Government|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/rajasthan-jaipur-jodhpur-and-kota-to-get-additional-municipal-corporations/71670354|access-date=2020-10-08|website=ETGovernment.com|language=en}}</ref> As of August 2024, there are 10 Municipal Corporations in Rajasthan for ten cities.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!scope="col"|S.No.
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|URL
|-
| 1
| [[Ajmer Municipal Corporation]]
| http://ajmermc.org
|-

| 2
| Alwar Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| 3
| [[Bharatpur Municipal Corporation]]
|https://www.bharatpurmc.co.in
|-
| 4
| Bhilwara Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| 5
| [[Bikaner Municipal Corporation]]
| http://bikanermc.org
|-
| 6
| [[Jaipur Municipal Corporation]]
| http://jaipurmc.org
http://jaipurmcheritage.org
|-
|7
|[[Jodhpur Municipal Corporation]]
|https://urban.rajasthan.gov.in/mcjs
|-
|8
| [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota Municipal Corporation]]
|
|-
| 9
| Pali Municipal Corporation
|
|-
| 10
|[[Udaipur Municipal Corporation]]
|http://www.udaipurmc.org
|-
|}

== List of municipal councils ==
{{contradiction|section|about=the number of cities|date=December 2021}}

As per census 2011, there were 34 municipal councils. Later, Udaipur and Bharatpur were upgraded to Municipal Corporations. Now the list has reached 51 in 51 cities.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
Municipal Council of 2011 Census, Rajasthan
!S/N !! City !! Tehsil !! District
|-
|
|-
|1 || [[Beawar]] || [[Beawar]] || [[Beawar district|Beawar]]
|-
|2 || [[Barmer, Rajasthan|Barmer]] || [[Barmer Taluka|Barmer]] || [[Barmer district|Barmer]]
|-
|3 || [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]] || [[Churu, Rajasthan|Churu]]|| [[Churu district|Churu]]
|-
|4 || [[Sri Ganganagar]]|| [[Sri Ganganagar]]|| [[Sri Ganganagar district|Sri Ganganagar]]
|-
|5 || [[Hanumangarh]] || [[Hanumangarh]] || [[Hanumangarh district|Hanumangarh]]
|-
|6 || [[Jhunjhunu]] || [[Jhunjhunu]] || [[Jhunjhunu district|Jhunjhunu]]
|-
|7 || [[Kishangarh]] || [[Kishangarh]] || [[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
|-
|8 || [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] || [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]|| [[Pali district|Pali]]
|-
|9 || [[Sikar]] || [[Sikar]] || [[Sikar district|Sikar]]
|-
|10 || [[Sirohi]] || [[Sirohi]] || [[Sirohi district|Sirohi]]
|-
|11 || [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] || [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] || [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
|-
|12 || [[Kotputli]] || [[Kotputli]] || [[Jaipur district|Jaipur]]
|-
|13 || [[Gangapur City]] || [[Gangapur City]] || [[Gangapur City district|Gangapur City]]
|-
|14 || [[Dausa]] || [[Dausa]] || [[Dausa district|Dausa]]
|-
|15 || [[Nagaur]] || [[Nagaur]] || [[Nagaur district|Nagaur]]
|-
|16 || [[Bhiwadi]] || [[Alwar]] || [[Alwar district|Alwar]]
|-
|17 || [[Sawai Madhopur]] || [[Sawai Madhopur]] || [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
|-
|18 || [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]] || [[Kekri, Rajasthan|Kekri]] || [[Kekri district|Kekri]]
|-
|19 || [[Sujangarh]] || [[Sujangarh]] || [[Churu district|Churu]]
|-
|20 || [[Sardarshahar]] || [[Sardarshahar]] || [[Churu district|Churu]]
|}
|21 || [[Balotra]] || [[Balotra]] || [[Balotra District]]

==List of municipal boards==
'''Municipalities in year 2025 of 2011 Census, Rajasthan (total 248)'''
{| class="wikitable"
|+District Ajmer
|-
|1
|Pushkar
|Ajmer
|-
|2
|Sarwar
|Sarwar
|-
|3
|Vijainagar
|Masuda
|-
|4
|Nasirabad
|Nasirabad
|-
|5
|Contonment Council Nasirabad
|Nasirabad
|-
|6
|Sawar
|Kekri
|}
'''District - Alwar'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Behror
|Behror
|-
|2
|Thanagazi
|Thanagazi
|-
|3
|Khairthal
|Kotkasim
|-
|4
|Kherli
|Kathumar
|-
|5
|Rajgarh
|Rajgarh
|-
|6
|Tijara
|Tijara
|-
|7
|Bansur
|Bansur
|-
|8
|Ramgarh
|Ramgarh
|-
|9
|Laxmangarh
|Laxmangarh
|-
|10
|Govindgarh
|Govindgarh
|-
|11
|Malakhera
|Malakhera
|-
|12
|Kathumar
|Kathumar
|-
|13
|Mundawar
|Mundawar
|-
|14
|Kotkasim
|Kotkasim
|-
|15
|Bardod
|Behror
|-
|16
|Neemrana
|Neemrana
|-
|17
|Tapukada
|Neemrana
|-
|18
|Baroda Meo
|Ramgarh
|-
|19
|Bahadurpur
|Bahadurpur
|-
|20
|Reni
|Reni
|-
|21
|Naugawa
|Naugawa
|-
|22
|Mubarikpur
|Naugawa
|}
'''District - Baran'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Antah
|Antah
|-
|2
|Baran
|Baran
|-
|3
|Chhabra
|Chhabra
|-
|4
|Mangrol
|Mangrol
|}
'''District - Barmer'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Chohtan
|Chohtan
|}
'''District - Bharatpur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bayana
|Bayana
|-
|2
|Bhusawar
|Weir
|-
|3
|Deeg
|Deeg
|-
|4
|Kaman
|Kaman
|-
|5
|Kumher
|Kumher
|-
|6
|Nagar
|Nagar
|-
|7
|Nadbai
|Nadbai
|-
|8
|Weir
|Weir
|-
|9
|Uchain
|Uchain
|-
|10
|Sikari
|Sikari
|-
|11
|Roopwas
|Roopwas
|}
'''District - Bikaner'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Deshnoke
|Bikaner
|-
|2
|Dungargarh
|Dungargarh
|-
|3
|Nokha
|Nokha
|-
|4
|Lunkaransar
|Lunkaransar
|-
|5
|Napasar
|Napasar
|-
|6
|Khajuwala
|Khajuwala
|}
'''District - Banswara'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Banswara
|Banswara
|-
|2
|Kushalgarh
|Kushalgarh
|-
|3
|Partapur-Garhi
|garhi
|}
'''District - Bhilwara'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Asind
|Asind
|-
|2
|Gulabpura
|Hurda
|-
|3
|Jahazpur
|Jahazpur
|-
|4
|Mandalgarh
|Mandalgarh
|-
|5
|Sahara
|Gangapur
|-
|6
|Shahpura
|Shahpura
|}
'''District - Bundi'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bundi
|Bundi
|-
|2
|Indragarh
|Indragarh
|-
|3
|Kaprain
|Keshoraipatan
|-
|4
|Keshoraipatan
|Keshoraipatan
|-
|5
|Lakheri
|Indragarh
|-
|6
|Nainwa
|Nainwa
|}
'''District - Chittaurgarh'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bari Sadri
|Bari Sadri
|-
|2
|Begun
|Begun
|-
|3
|Chittaurgarh
|Chittaurgarh
|-
|4
|Kapasan
|Kapasan
|-
|5
|Nimbahera
|Nimbahera
|-
|6
|Rawatbhata
|Rawatbhata
|}
'''District - Churu'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bidasar
|Bidasar
|-
|2
|Chhapar
|Sujangarh
|-
|3
|Rajaldesar
|Ratangarh
|-
|4
|Rajgarh
|Rajgarh
|-
|5
|Ratangarh
|Ratangarh
|-
|6
|Ratannagar
|Churu
|-
|7
|Taranagar
|Taranagar
|}
'''District - Dausa'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bandikui
|Bandikui
|-
|2
|Dausa
|Dausa
|-
|3
|Lalsot
|Lalsot
|-
|4
|Mahuwa
|Mahuwa
|-
|5
|Mandawar
|Mandawar
|-
|6
|Mandawari
|Lalsot
|-
|7
|Bhandarej
|Dausa
|-
|8
|Lawan
|Lawan
|-
|9
|Sikrai
|Sikrai
|-
|10
|Baswa
|Baswa
|-
|11
|Ramgarh Pachwara
|Ramgarh Pachwara
|}
'''District - Dhaulpur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bari
|Bari
|-
|2
|Dhaulpur
|Dhaulpur
|-
|3
|Rajakhera
|Rajakhera
|}
'''District - Dungarpur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Dungarpur
|Dungarpur
|-
|2
|Sagwara
|Sagwara
|}
'''District - Ganganagar'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Anupgarh
|Anupgarh
|-
|2
|Gajsinghpur
|Padampur
|-
|3
|Karanpur
|Karanpur
|-
|4
|Kesrisinghpur
|Karanpur
|-
|5
|Padampur
|Padampur
|-
|6
|Raisinghnagar
|Raisinghnagar
|-
|7
|Sadulshahar
|Sadulshahar
|-
|8
|Suratgarh
|Suratgarh
|-
|9
|Vijainagar
|Vijainagar
|-
|10
|Gharsana
|Gharsana
|}
'''District - Hanumangarh'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bhadra
|Bhadra
|-
|2
|Nohar
|Nohar
|-
|3
|Pilibanga
|Pilibanga
|-
|4
|Rawatsar
|Rawatsar
|-
|5
|Sangaria
|Sangaria
|-
|6
|Tibbi
|Tibbi
|-
|7
|Goluwala
|Pilibanga
|}
'''District - Jaipur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bagru
|Sanganer
|-
|2
|Chaksu
|Chaksu
|-
|3
|Chomu
|Chomu
|-
|4
|Jobner
|Phulera (Hq.Sambhar)
|-
|5
|Kishangarh Renwal
|Phulera (Hq.Sambhar)
|-
|6
|Kotputli
|Kotputli
|-
|7
|Phulera
|Phulera (Hq.Sambhar)
|-
|8
|Sambhar
|Phulera (Hq.Sambhar)
|-
|9
|Shahpura
|Shahpura
|-
|10
|Viratnagar
|Viratnagar
|-
|11
|Paota
|Paota
|-
|12
|Bassi
|Bassi
|-
|13
|Bagru
|Bagru
|-
|14
|Naraina
|Dudu
|-
|15
|Manoharpur
|Shahpura
|-
|16
|Phagi
|Phagi
|-
|17
|Vatika
|Sanganer
|-
|18
|Dudu
|Dudu
|}

'''District - Jaisalmer'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Pokaran
|Pokaran
|}
'''District - Jalor'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bhinmal
|Bhinmal
|-
|2
|Ahore
|Ahore
|-
|3
|Sanchore
|Sanchore
|-
|4
|Sayla
|Sayla
|}
'''District - Jhalawar'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Aklera
|Aklera
|-
|2
|Bhawani Mandi
|Pachpahar
|-
|3
|Jhalawar
|Jhalrapatan
|-
|4
|Jhalrapatan
|Jhalrapatan
|-
|5
|Pirawa
|Pirawa
|}
'''District - Jhunjhunun'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Baggar
|Jhunjhunun
|-
|2
|Bissau
|Jhunjhunun (now- Malsisar)
|-
|3
|Chirawa
|Chirawa
|-
|4
|Khetri
|Khetri
|-
|5
|Mandawa
|Jhunjhunun (now- Malsisar)
|-
|6
|Mukandgarh
|Nawalgarh
|-
|7
|Nawalgarh
|Nawalgarh
|-
|8
|Pilani
|Chirawa (now- Surajgarh)
|-
|9
|Surajgarh
|Chirawa (now- Surajgarh)
|-
|10
|Udaipurwati
|Udaipurwati
|-
|11
|Singhana
|Buhana
|-
|12
|Vidyavihar
|Chirawa (now- Surajgarh)
|}
'''District - Jodhpur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bilara
|Bilara
|-
|2
|Phalodi
|Phalodi
|-
|3
|Pipar City
|Bilara
|-
|4
|Bhopalgarh
|Bhopalgarh
|}

'''District - Karauli'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Hindaun
|Hindaun
|-
|2
|Karauli
|Karauli
|-
|3
|Todabhim
|Todabhim
|-
|4
|Sapotra
|Sapotra
|-
|5
|Mandrail
|Mandrail
|}
'''District - Kota'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Kaithoon
|Ladpura
|-
|2
|Ramganj Mandi
|Ramganj Mandi
|-
|3
|Sangod
|Sangod
|}
'''District - Nagaur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Didwana
|Didwana
|-
|2
|Kuchaman City
|Nawa
|-
|3
|Kuchera
|Nagaur
|-
|4
|Ladnu
|Ladnu
|-
|5
|Makrana
|Makrana
|-
|6
|Merta City
|Merta
|-
|7
|Mundawa
|Nagaur
|-
|8
|Nagaur
|Nagaur
|-
|9
|Nawa
|Nawa
|-
|10
|Parbatsar
|Parbatsar
|-
|11
|Degana
|Degana
|}
'''District - Pali'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bali
|Bali
|-
|2
|Falna
|Bali
|-
|3
|Jaitaran
|Jaitaran
|-
|4
|Rani
|Desuri
|-
|5
|Sadri
|Desuri
|-
|6
|Sojat
|Sojat
|-
|7
|Sumerpur
|Sumerpur
|-
|8
|Takhatgarh
|Sumerpur
|}
'''District - Pratapgarh'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Chhoti Sadri
|Chhoti Sadri
|-
|2
|Pratapgarh
|Pratapgarh
|}
'''District - Rajsamand'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Amet
|Amet
|-
|2
|Deogarh
|Deogarh
|-
|3
|Nathdwara
|Nathdwara
|-
|4
|Rajsamand
|Rajsamand
|}
'''District - Sawai Madhopur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Gangapur City
|Gangapur
|-
|2
|Bamanwas
|Bamanwas
|-
|3
|Bonli
|Bonli

|}
'''District - Sikar'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Fatehpur
|Fatehpur
|-
|2
|Khandela
|Sri Madhopur
|-
|3
|Lachhmangarh
|Lachhmangarh
|-
|4
|Losal
|Danta Ramgarh
|-
|5
|Neem-Ka-Thana
|Neem-Ka-Thana
|-
|6
|Ramgarh
|Fatehpur
|-
|7
|Reengus
|Sri Madhopur
|-
|8
|Sri Madhopur
|Sri Madhopur
|-
|9
|Khatushyam ji
|Khatushyam ji
|}
'''District - Sirohi'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Abu Road
|Abu Road
|-
|2
|Mount Abu
|Abu Road
|-
|3
|Sheoganj
|Sheoganj
|-
|4
|Pindwara
|Pindwara
|-
|5
|Jawal
|Sirohi
|}
'''District - Tonk'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Deoli
|Deoli
|-
|2
|Malpura
|Malpura
|-
|3
|Niwai
|Niwai
|-
|4
|Todaraisingh
|Todaraisingh
|-
|5
|Uniara
|Uniara
|}
'''District - Udaipur'''
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
!Tehsil
|-
|1
|Bhinder
|Vallabhnagar
|-
|2
|Fatehnagar
|Mavli
|-
|3
|Kanor
|Vallabhnagar
|-
|4
|Salumbar
|Salumbar
|}
'''District - Balotra'''
{|class="wikitable"
!S.N.
!Town
! Tehsil
|-
|1
|Balotra
|
|}

== See also ==

*[[Government of Rajasthan]]
*[[Politics of Rajasthan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rajasthan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Municipalities in Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Local government in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists]]
[[Category:Municipalities of India|Rajasthan]]

Munna (2007 film)

2026-03-03T18:08:51Z

Joshiankit994: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|2007 Indian Telugu film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Munna
| image = Munna_film_poster.jpg
| director = [[Vamshi Paidipally]]
| writer = '''Dialogues''': [[B. V. S. Ravi|Ravi]]-[[Koratala Siva|Siva]]
| story = Vamshi Paidipally
| screenplay = Vamshi Paidipally
| producer = [[Dil Raju]]
| starring = [[Prabhas]] [[Ileana D'Cruz]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] [[Rahul Dev]]
| studio = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor = Sri Venkateswara Creations
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]
| released = {{Film date|2007|05|02|df=y}}
| runtime = 174 minutes
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| country = India
| gross = 
}}
'''''Munna''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama]] film directed by [[Vamshi Paidipally]] in his directorial debut and produced by [[Dil Raju]]. The film stars [[Prabhas]] and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] in lead roles, while [[Prakash Raj]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Rahul Dev]] appear the supporting roles.

''Munna'' was released on 2 May 2007 to mixed reviews.

==Plot==
Mahesh Kumar alias "Munna" is a college student whose aim is to finish Kamalakar alias Khakha, a crime boss who keeps the entire city under his grip. It is revealed that Khakha is actually Munna's estranged father who was responsible for the deaths of his mother and Munna's young sister. Kakha's opposition Aatma asks Munna to join him, but he refuses his proposal. A mind game ensues where Khakha's second wife, son Rahul and daughter Shruthi leave him and join Munna. After many incidents including his best friend's death, Munna finds out that Aatma was working for Khakha. Aatma and Khakha plans to kill Munna in a factory, but Aatma turns against Khakha and Munna in turn of events. Khakha kills Aatma for his betrayal and commits suicide after losing everything that he worked for his life. With his vengeance completed, Munna leaves the factory.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Prabhas]] as Mahesh Kumar alias Munna
** [[Manoj Nandam]] as a young Munna
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Nidhi Chowdary
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Kamalakar alias Khakha
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Srinivasa Rao
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Aatma
* [[Kaveri (actress)|Kalyani]] as Munna's mother
* [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] as Kaka's second wife and Munna's stepmother
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Dr. Niranjan Chowdary, Nidhi's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Nidhi's mother
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Qasim
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Kishan
* [[Brahmaji]] as Purushottam
* [[Venu Yeldandi]] as Tillu
* Sridhar Rao as Rahul, Munna's stepbrother
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as 'Spoon' Mohan
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] M. Sudhakar
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Satti Pandu
* [[Sameer Hasan]] as an [[Inspector]]
* [[Gundu Sudharshan]] as a priest
* [[Uttej]] as Gun Seller
* Sandra as Nidhi's friend
* Sridhar as Prakash
* [[Prabhas Sreenu]] as Prakash's henchman
* [[Fish Venkat]] as Kaka's henchman
* Medha Bahri as Shruti, Munna's stepsister
* [[Sanjay Vellanki]] as Munna's friend
=== Cameo appearance ===
* [[Vamshi Paidipally]] as passerby to 'Spoon' Mohan
* [[Shriya Saran]] in the song "Chammakkuro"
{{colend}}

==Music==
The film had six songs composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. The Audio was launched on 23 March 2007 in the presence of guests like [[Krishnam Raju]], [[Allu Arjun]], [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] and [[Bhaskar (director)|Bhaskar]]. Bhaskar released the audio cassette and presented the first unit to Sukumar, Allu Arjun presented the first audio CD to [[Prabhas]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Munna Audio Release |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/functions/2092/munna-audio-release.aspx |website=www.ragalahari.com |accessdate=4 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Soundtrack version of 'Manasa' featured the vocals of [[Sadhana Sargam]] while the film version retained vocals provided by [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]. [[Harris Jayaraj]] received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Filmfare Best Music Director]] for his work in the film.<ref name="Catchy Numbers, Good Vocals">{{cite web| title= cinegoer.com| work= Catchy Numbers, Good Vocals| url= http://www.cinegoer.com/areviews/munna.htm| accessdate= 29 March 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070409052149/http://www.cinegoer.com/areviews/munna.htm| archive-date= 9 April 2007| url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Catchy but commonplace">{{cite web| title= idlebrain.com| work= Munna – Catchy but commonplace| url= http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/munna.html| accessdate= 4 April 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070408001437/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/munna.html| archive-date= 8 April 2007| url-status= dead| df= dmy-all}}</ref>[[Sadhana Sargam]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] for the song "Manasa". The song "Baga Baga" is based on "[[Pachaikili Muthucharam|Karu Karu Vizhigalal]]", which itself is based on [[Westlife]]’s "[[Face to Face (Westlife album)|Hit You With The Real Thing]]".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/entertainment/telugu/article/top-10-tollywood-songs-which-were-copied | title=10 Songs Which Copied Their Tunes from Other Films | Telugu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627085045/https://nettv4u.com/entertainment/telugu/article/top-10-tollywood-songs-which-were-copied|archive-date=27 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Inspired-stuff/article14928267.ece | title=Inspired stuff | newspaper=The Hindu | date=30 September 2016 | last1=Srinivasan | first1=Sudhir }}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Munna
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 March 2007
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:20
| label = Supreme Music [[Aditya Music]]
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[Unnale Unnale]]
| prev_year = 2007
| next_title = [[Bheemaa]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Telugu track listing
|total_length=30:20<ref>{{cite web |title=Munna - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |date=23 March 2007 |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/munna/dH-Sn4k97fg_ |accessdate=4 November 2018}}</ref>
|title1=Kadhulu Kadhulu Padha (Andhanidhaedhee Ilalonaa)|extra1=[[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] (Chorus)| lyrics1 = [[Viswa]]|length1=5:07
|title2=Manasaa Nuvvunde|extra2=[[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Haricharan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] (Chorus & Humming) | lyrics2 =[[Kandikonda]]|length2=5:51
|title3=Vasthaavaa Vasthaavaa|extra3=[[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Pop Shalini]]| lyrics3 = [[Ananta Sriram]]|length3=5:40
|title4=Bhaga Bhaga Mande (Okadochhesaadey/Power Of Munna)|extra4=[[Shankar Mahadevan]] & Chorus| lyrics4 =[[Kandikonda]]|length4= 4:01
|title5=Chammakkuro Challaa|extra5=[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], [[Blaaze]] (Chorus) & [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] (Humming)| lyrics5 = Viswa|length5=5:00
|title6=Konchem Konchem Ooristhunte (Uyyaalo Uyyaalo)|extra6=[[Kailash Kher]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]| lyrics6 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]|length6=4:41
|title7=Manasaa Nuvvunde (Mahalakshmi Iyer Version - Unreleased/Theatrical Version)|extra7= [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]], [[Naresh Iyer]], [[Krish (singer)|Krish]], [[Haricharan]],| lyrics7 =[[Kandikonda]]|length7=5:51
}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Vetri Thirumagan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded = 2007
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:17
| label = New Music
| language = [[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
}}

{{tracklist|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Tamil track listing
|total_length=29:17<ref>{{cite web |title=Vetri Thirumagan - All Songs - Download or Listen Free - Saavn |url=https://www.saavn.com/album/vetri-thirumagan/iUztyTwrgN4_ |accessdate=4 November 2018 |date=1 January 2008}}</ref>
|title1=Amsa Vennila|extra1=V.V. Prassanna, Vinaiya| lyrics1 =Muthu Vijayan|length1= 4:52
|title2=Purappadu Nanba|extra2=[[Sathyan (singer)|Sathyan]]| lyrics2 =Sarathi|length2=4:02
|title3=Puyalukkum Neruppukkum|extra3=Sathyan| lyrics3 =M.G. Kanniyappan|length3=5:07
|title4=Thimirai Oru Pillai|extra4=[[Padmalatha]], V.V. Prassanna| lyrics4 =Sarathi|length4=5:06
|title5=Adi Vaama En Mayile|extra5=[[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]], Hemambika| lyrics5 = M. Arul|length5=4:38
|title6=Variya Variya|extra6=[[Yugendran]], Vinaya| lyrics6 = Muthu Vijayan|length6=5:32
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 26 April 2007. The film was also dubbed and released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Vetri Thirumagan,'' in [[Hindi language|Hindi]] as ''Bagawat Ek Jung'', in [[Malayalam]] with the same name.

==Critical reception==
''[[Idlebrain.com|Idlebrain]]'' gave 3/5 stars and praised Prabhas' performances, stylized direction and budget, but criticized its narration and wrote "There is no holistic perspective in the film. Let us wait and see if Dil Raju's 'Midas Touch' works for this film or not!."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-munna.html |title=Munna - Telugu cinema Review - Prabhas & Ileana |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=2007-04-27 |accessdate=2014-04-22}}</ref>

==Remakes==
The film was also remade into [[Bangladesh]] Bengali as ''Amar Challenge'' starring [[Shakib Khan]], [[Sahara (actress)|Sahara]], [[Misha Sawdagor]] and [[Shiba Shanu]].

==Awards==
*[[Sadhana Sargam]] won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]] for the song "Manasa".
*[[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer]] - [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|Ram Prasad]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0897374|title=Munna}}
{{Vamsi Paidipally}}{{Koratala Siva}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munna (Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2007 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2007 action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2007 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vamshi Paidipally]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]

Johnny (1980 film)

2026-03-03T05:23:09Z

Joshiankit994: started bio

{{Short description|1980 film by Mahendran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Johnny 1980 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]
| producer = [[K. R. Gangadharan]]
| writer = Mahendran
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Sridevi]] [[Unni Mary|Deepa]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| editing = A. Paul Duraisingham{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}}
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]<ref name="kamadenu" />
| studio = K. R. G Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|1980|08|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 minutes{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Johnny''''' is a 1980 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Sridevi]] and [[Unni Mary|Deepa]]. Featuring Rajinikanth in a dual role, it revolves around the eponymous [[con artist]] who is implicated for a crime committed by Vidyasagar, a lookalike.

''Johnny'' is the first original script directed by Mahendran. It was released on 15 August 1980. Though the film disappointed audiences in the first two weeks of its run because its title gave the impression of an action entertainer, it picked up in the third week and became a commercial success, running for over 100 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
Johnny, a [[con artist]], indulges in cons with his friend to settle his father's debts. Johnny was born out of wedlock; his mother never got the recognition and dignity of a wife. Though Johnny is upset on never getting recognised legally as a son, he decides to help his father by clearing his loans. Johnny, a fan of singer Archana, never misses her concerts, which is also noticed by Archana. A romance develops between the two, but neither expresses it.

Vidyasagar, a barber, lives in a bungalow away from the city. Once when he returns home after getting drunk and losing control, he is helped by Bhama, a homeless orphan. When Bhama requests him to employ her for domestic work, he relents. Bhama, slightly greedy and indecisive, always aspires for better things in life. However, her beauty and innocence makes Vidyasagar fall in love with her. He protects and cares for her and buys her new clothes.

Johnny cons a businessman, who files a police complaint. When he sees Vidyasagar at a salon, he mistakes him for Johnny and calls the police. The commissioner investigates the case along with the superintendent. Since Vidyasagar was in the salon when the con took place, the commissioner believes the thief is someone else. The police start hunting for Johnny and also monitor Vidyasagar. Johnny's friend visits the salon and mistakes Vidyasagar for Johnny. Upon realising Vidyasagar is another man, he brings Johnny to meet him.

Learning of the troubles Vidyasagar is facing because of his crimes, Johnny visits Vidyasagar and reveals himself as the culprit. To protect Vidyasagar from the police, Johnny tells him to remain home for 10 days so that he can resolve all issues and come clean. Archana expresses her love for Johnny, but he hesitates to reciprocate due to his background. When Archana misunderstands his hesitation, thinking he is doubting her integrity and character, Johnny confesses his love and seeks time to settle a few things before marrying her. Johnny eventually settles all his father's loans, only to witness his father die.

Vidyasagar notices Bhama with another man. When questioned, she says she shares a sibling-like relationship with him. Vidyasagar proposes to her and assures he will take good care of her. However, Bhama looks down at his profession and feels it would be embarrassing for her children. Though hurt, Vidyasagar tries to explain things to her and gives her time to decide. However, Bhama hurriedly tries to escape with the man at night. Vidyasagar stops and kills them. Witnesses inform the police, who assume it is Johnny's work and search for him, also for pending cases against him. Vidyasagar, aware that Johnny is wanted, tries to foist the murder charge on him, and Johnny goes into hiding.

When Vidyasagar learns from Johnny's friend about Archana's love and her affluence, he decides to impersonate Johnny and goes to Archana's house. When Archana explains that she compensated Johnny's victims at the cost of her wealth, Vidyasagar is disappointed. Archana, hurt by "Johnny's" curtness, is confused about his change in taste and behaviour. Though Vidyasagar had come with plans to win her and grab her wealth, her character and love for Johnny stop him, and he reveals his true identity. He assures her that Johnny will be back soon and advises her to perform one last concert (which she had cancelled after Johnny got into trouble) so that Johnny will return.

Johnny sees an advertisement for Archana's concert and decides to attend. On the scheduled day, heavy rain occurs and no one attends. However, Archana still comes to the venue and sings. The police suspect her decision and wait at the venue. Johnny arrives at the venue, accepts responsibility for all the frauds and murders, and is arrested by the police. But Archana realises that it is actually Vidyasagar posing as Johnny. Archana gets upset when the real Johnny does not arrive. Just before she leaves the venue, Johnny reaches, meets her and understands all that transpired. They reunite.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Johnny and Vidyasagar<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Sridevi]] as Archana<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Unni Mary|Deepa]] as Bhama{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}}
* [[K. Balaji|Balaji]] as a police officer<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Johnny's friend<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Samikannu]] as Naidu{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}}
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Johnny's father{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}}
*[[Kumarimuthu]] as Saloon shop assistant
* [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|Gopalakrishnan]] as a police officer<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Subhashini]] as a tribal woman<ref name="kamadenu" />
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Johnny's mother{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}}
}}

== Production ==
[[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]] had a strong desire to make a film with [[Rajinikanth]]; hence he made this film simultaneously with ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]''. As the producer could not provide the equipment and facilities for the climax scene with a song, Mahendran was forced to use stock shots and manage to shoot with the limited facilities offered, but managed to mix the close-up shots with stock shot, and the scene came properly. This was the first time for which popular artist Jayaraj designed the costumes. He first drew the illustrations of scenes with costumes and then got them stitched, bringing in newness and style in Rajinikanth's look, which attracted the masses.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}} It is Mahendran's first directorial based on an original concept.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|pp=343–344}}

The scene where Archana ([[Sridevi]]) proposes to Johnny was shot in [[Ooty]] in a bungalow at midnight. When the scene was shot, the whole unit was silent, they saw only the characters of the film, not Rajinikanth and Sridevi. After the scene was shot, Rajinikanth appreciated Sridevi's acting and mentioned to Mahendran that though he tried, she overshadowed him in the scene.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=40}} Because Rajinikanth played two roles, he was billed twice in the opening credits, as "Rajinikanth and Rajinikanth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=11 December 2018 |title=A Superstar Career Through Titles |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/a-superstar-career-through-titles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730225954/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/a-superstar-career-through-titles/ |archive-date=30 July 2020 |access-date=18 February 2019 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> To play Vidyasagar, Rajinikanth sported a centre-parted hairstyle and wore box-framed glasses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shivakumar |first=Vivek |date=12 December 2019 |title=The many looks of Rajinikanth that impressed |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/rajinikanth-birthday-superstar-looks-popular-baasha |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207035801/https://www.filmcompanion.in/rajinikanth-birthday-superstar-looks-popular-baasha |archive-date=7 February 2020 |access-date=7 February 2020 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
Kavitha Muralidharan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that most of Mahendran's films, including ''Johnny'', "offer a prismatic view of relationships". She contrasted ''Johnny'' with Mahendran's earlier film ''[[Uthiripookkal]]'' (1979), saying that while that film's protagonist was "rigid in his relationship with people", the title character of ''Johnny'' is "as vulnerable as a woman could be".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=10 August 2013 |title=Second coming? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article5009772.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130814015351/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/second-coming/article5009772.ece |archive-date=14 August 2013 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Mani Prabhu of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' described Johnny as an antithesis to the "lead man of those times – the macho guy, surrounded by drooling girls, bashing up villains and spouting pretentious advice" by being "vulnerable, loving and grounded".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Mani |date=25 July 2019 |title=Director Mahendran 80th birth anniversary: The filmmaker who unearthed the actor in Rajinikanth |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2019/jul/25/director-mahendran-80th-birth-anniversary-the-filmmaker-who-unearthed-the-actor-in-rajinikanth-13209.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200321140529/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/trends/2019/jul/25/director-mahendran-80th-birth-anniversary-the-filmmaker-who-unearthed-the-actor-in-rajinikanth-13209.html |archive-date=21 March 2020 |access-date=21 March 2020 |work=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Johnny (1980) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000065 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030132436/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000065 |archive-date=30 October 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The song "Oru Iniya Manathu" is erroneously credited to [[Jensy Gregory|Jency]] on the original LP record marketed by Inreco,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhonny – Nenjathai Killaathe Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/jhonny-nenjathai-killaathe-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908065126/https://mossymart.com/product/jhonny-nenjathai-killaathe-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraja-2/ |archive-date=8 September 2021 |access-date=8 September 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> but actually sung by [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1980 |title=Jhonny (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/jhonny-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/938105991 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200915073144/https://music.apple.com/in/album/jhonny-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/938105991 |archive-date=15 September 2020 |access-date=15 September 2020 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Aasaiye Kaathule" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Sindhu Bhairavi (raga)|Sindhu Bhairavi]],{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=125}} and "Kaatril Enthan" is set in [[Keeravani]].{{sfn|Sundararaman|2007|p=138}} "Aasaiye Kaathule" was reused as "Raathri" in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Gundello Godari]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=22 October 2012 |title=Gundello Godari (Music review), Telugu – Ilayaraja |url=https://milliblog.com/2012/10/22/gundello-godari-music-review-telugu-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007062620/https://milliblog.com/2012/10/22/gundello-godari-music-review-telugu-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=7 October 2021 |access-date=7 October 2021 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref> It was also reused twice in [[Hindi]]: as "Dil Mere Udaas" (composed by [[Anand–Milind]]) for ''[[Angrakshak]]'' (1995), and as "Sannata" (composed by Ilaiyaraaja) in ''[[Shamitabh]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=16 January 2015 |title=Shamitabh (Music review), Hindi – Ilayaraja |url=http://milliblog.com/2015/01/16/shamitabh-music-review-hindi-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002083138/http://milliblog.com/2015/01/16/shamitabh-music-review-hindi-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=2 October 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[Milliblog]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Sankhayan |date=30 January 2015 |title=Shamitabh music review: Ilaiyaraaja's music makes it special |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/play-it-again-16/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625050512/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/play/play-it-again-16/ |archive-date=25 June 2018 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> "Kaatril Endhan Geetham" was reused in Hindi as "Naina Bole" in ''[[Aur Ek Prem Kahani]]'' (1996),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murali |first=Aarthi |last2=Balu |first2=Aparajitha |date=14 May 2020 |title=The God Who Created New Tunes: Celebrating 44 Years of Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/the-god-who-created-new-tunes-44-years-of-ilaiyaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425033350/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/the-god-who-created-new-tunes-44-years-of-ilaiyaraaja/ |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en}}</ref> and the instrumental theme was sampled by [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] for the theme of ''[[7G Rainbow Colony]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Yuvan Shankar Raja [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018082313/http://www.itwofs.com/tamil-yuvan.html |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=7 March 2020 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed into Telugu as ''Naa Pere Johnny'' and lyrics were written by Rajashri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naa Pere Johnny (1988) Telugu Super Hit Movie LP Vinyl Record by Ilaiyaraja - Disco Music Center |url=https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/naa-pere-johnny-by-ilaiyaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114080843/https://dmcvinyl.com/collection/naa-pere-johnny-by-ilaiyaraja/ |archive-date=14 November 2024 |access-date=14 November 2024 |website=Disco Music Center |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = En Vaanilay
| lyrics1 = [[Kannadasan]]
| extra1 = [[Jensy Gregory|Jency]]
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Kaatril Enthan
| lyrics2 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Aasaiye Kaathule
| lyrics3 = Gangai Amaran
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Senorita, I Love You
| lyrics4 = Gangai Amaran
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 4:21
| title5 = Oru Iniya Manathu
| lyrics5 = Gangai Amaran
| extra5 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length5 = 4:21
| title6 = Chasing Music
| note6 = instrumental
| lyrics6 =  —
| extra6 =  —
| length6 = 4:23
| total_length = 27:02 
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Telugu (dubbed) track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Ee Velalo Oke Veduka
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title2 = Chakkadanala Chinnadhira
| extra2 = [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Okka Kanne Manasu Kalalu
| extra3 = [[P. Susheela]]
| title4 = Senorita I Love You
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title5 = Ragile Ee Naa Geetham
| extra5 = [[S. Janaki]]
}}

== Release ==
''Johnny'' was released on 15 August 1980.{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=344}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2015 |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் வாழ்க்கை வரலாறு 27 |trans-title=Superstar Rajinikanth's life history |url=http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/Jan30_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0048.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626165835/http://canadauthayan.ca/oldsite/epaper/Jan30_2015/files/assets/downloads/page0048.pdf |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |work=Uthayan |location=Canada |pages=48 |language=ta}}</ref> The title ''Johnny'' gave the impression of an action entertainer, hence it disappointed audiences in the first two weeks. However, the emotionally moving story, intense acting by Rajinikanth and Sridevi and songs attracted the audience, so the film picked up in the third week and became a success,{{sfn|Mahendran|2013|p=233}} running for over 100 days in theatres.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=42}}

== Critical reception ==
Piousji of the magazine ''Sunday'' wrote, "Sridevi not only looked smart, but came out with a convincing performance and [Rajinikanth] too was quite impressive" in ''Johnny''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Piousji |date=7 September 1980 |title=Khaas Baat |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n401/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240304051128/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12230/page/n401/mode/2up |archive-date=4 March 2024 |access-date=4 March 2024 |magazine=Sunday |page=49 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave the film a C+ rating, equal to around 35 to 40 marks.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|p=42}} Writing for ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'', Nalini Sastry appreciated the film for eschewing Tamil cinema conventions such as fight scenes, club dances and loose fitting clothes, noting that Mahendran's direction, Ilaiyaraaja's music and Ashok Kumar's cinematography gave them the feeling of watching an American film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சாஸ்திரி |first=நளினி |date=7 September 1980 |title=ஜானி |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/sep/07-09-1980/p32.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220808124815/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1980/sep/07-09-1980/p32.jpg |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=7 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=32 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Anna'' lauded Rajinikanth's dual role performance, Ashok Kumar's cinematography and Ilaiyaraaja's music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=24 August 1980 |title=ஜானி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_284/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223060816/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_4_284/4.jp2/full/1000,1370/0/default.jpg |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>
== References ==
<references>

<ref name="kamadenu">{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=26 July 2018 |title=ஜானி – அப்பவே அப்படி கதை! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/4310-johny-appave-appadi-kadhai-4.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325113234/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/4310-johny-appave-appadi-kadhai-4.html |archive-date=25 March 2019 |access-date=11 December 2019 |website=[[Kamadenu (magazine)|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahendran |author-link=Mahendran (filmmaker) |title=சினிமாவும் நானும் |publisher=Karpagam Publications |year=2013 |language=ta |trans-title=Cinema and I |oclc=54777094 |orig-date=2004}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Mahendran (filmmaker)}}

[[Category:1980 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films about fraud]]
[[Category:Films about infidelity]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about singers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Films produced by K. R. Gangadharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Mahendran (filmmaker)]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Soodhu Kavvum 2

2026-03-03T02:25:27Z

Joshiankit994: Creating Details

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Soodhu Kavvum 2 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = S. J. Arjun
| writer = {{ubl |S. J. Arjun |T Yogaraja}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
*[[C. V. Kumar]]
*S. Thangaraj
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Mirchi Shiva]]
*[[Radha Ravi]]
*[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
}}
| cinematography = Karthik K Thillai
| editing = Ignatious Aswin
| music = '''Original Songs:''' Edwin Louis Viswanath '''Background Score:''' Hari S R
| studio = {{ubl
|Thirukumaran Entertainment
|Thangam Cinemas
}}
| distributor = Shanmuga Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|12|13}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}'''''Soodhu Kavvum 2''''' ({{Translation|Evil Engulfs}}) also marketed as '''''Soodhu Kavvum 2: Naadum Naatu Makkalum''''' ({{Translation|The country and its people}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime comedy film]] directed by S. J. Arjun and written by him along with T. Yogaraja. The film stars [[Shiva (actor)|Mirchi Shiva]] in the lead role and is produced by [[C. V. Kumar]] and S. Thangaraj under Thirukumaran Entertainment and Thangam Cinemas respectively. The sequel to ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' (2013), it has [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Aruldoss]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]] and [[Yog Japee]] reprising their roles.

''Soodhu Kavvum 2'' was announced in April 2023, with filming beginning later the same month and concluding that December. The film released in theatres on 13 December 2024.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=December 2024}}
In 2008, Guru is a middle-aged man who does low-profile robberies and kidnappings for a living, and has an imaginary girlfriend Ammu. During one of his team's failed heists, Guru surrenders to police to save his team members and asks one of his team, Doctor, to 'look after' the imaginary Ammu.

In 2025, Guru gets released and re-assembles his team, embarking on a quest for revenge by kidnapping Arumai Pragasam, a powerful state Finance Minister whom he blames for the death of his beloved. Arumai's father Gnanodayam asks [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] K. Bramma to find his kidnappers. As the tension escalates, his meticulously planned scheme faces unforeseen obstacles when two unconventional detectives take charge of the investigation. What follows is a high-stakes game of cat and mouse, where every move counts, and the lines between justice and vengeance begin to blur.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|* [[Shiva (actor)|Mirchi Shiva]] as Gurunath "Guru"
* Harisha as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Shalu]]/Ammu
* [[Radha Ravi]] as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[Soodhu Kavvum |Sathyaseelan]]
* [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |G. Arumai Pragasam]]
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Gnanodayam]]
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar]] as Kannabiran
* Karate Karthi as Madcop Devanayagam
* Raghu Adithya as Uthaman
* [[Yog Japee]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] [[Soodhu Kavvum |K. Bramma]]
* [[Aruldoss]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] [[Soodhu Kavvum |Rowdy Doctor]]
* Kalki as Kaali, Guru's sidekick
* Kavi as Guru's sidekick
* Shivakumar as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Nambikkai Kannan]]
* Boys Rajan as [[Commissioner of police|ACP]] [[Soodhu Kavvum |C. Manikandan]]
* Radha as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Arumai's mother]]
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Das]]{{efn|[[archival footage|Archived footage]] from ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]''|name=archival footage}}
* [[Sanchita Shetty]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Shalu]]{{efn|name=archival footage}}
* [[Bobby Simha]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Pagalavan]]{{efn|name=archival footage}}
* [[Ramesh Thilak]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Sekar]]{{efn|name=archival footage}}
* [[Ashok Selvan]] as [[Soodhu Kavvum |Kesavan]]{{efn|name=archival footage}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In April 2020, producer [[C. V. Kumar]] [[Tweet (social media)|tweeted]] that a sequel to his 2013 film ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' was in the final writing stages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2020 |title=Soodhu Kavvum sequel on the cards, confirms producer CV Kumar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soodhu-kavvum-sequel-on-the-cards-confirms-producer-1668820-2020-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514102925/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soodhu-kavvum-sequel-on-the-cards-confirms-producer-1668820-2020-04-20 |archive-date=14 May 2020 |access-date=15 December 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> On 17 April 2023, he officially announced the sequel, now titled ''Soodhu Kavvum 2: Naatum Naatu Makkalum'' starring [[Shiva (actor)|Mirchi Shiva]] in the lead role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=Shiva to headline 'Soodhu Kavvum 2'; SJ Arjun to direct |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shiva-to-headline-soodhu-kavvum-2-sj-arjun-to-direct/article66746790.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907114722/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/shiva-to-headline-soodhu-kavvum-2-sj-arjun-to-direct/article66746790.ece |archive-date=7 September 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2023 |title=It's official! Mirchi Shiva to star in 'Soodhu Kavvum 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-mirchi-shiva-to-star-in-soodhu-kavvum-2/articleshow/99560504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007093735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-mirchi-shiva-to-star-in-soodhu-kavvum-2/articleshow/99560504.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and directed by S. J. Arjun who earlier directed ''Yung Mung Sung''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2023 |title=சூது கவ்வும் 2 படத்தில் விஜய் சேதுபதி இல்லை! யார் ஹீரோ தெரியுமா? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-update-nalan-kumarasamy-mirchi-shiva-vijay-sethupathi-440324 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421100818/https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-update-nalan-kumarasamy-mirchi-shiva-vijay-sethupathi-440324 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=ta}}</ref> During the launch event, Kumar confirmed that the film is a direct sequel,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=21 April 2023 |title='Soodhu Kavvum 2' is a direct sequel |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Apr/21/soodhu-kavvum-2-is-a-direct-sequel-2567471.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501205905/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/apr/21/soodhu-kavvum-2-is-a-direct-sequel-2567471.html |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> with [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Radha Ravi]], [[Aruldoss]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]] and [[Yog Japee]] reprising their roles from the 2013 film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=2 May 2023 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2: Makers announce a sequel to Vijay Sethupathi's cult film on its 10th year of release |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/soodhu-kavvum-2-makers-announce-a-sequel-to-vijay-sethupathis-cult-film-on-its-10th-year-of-release/723c4fc0a6226 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226220238/https://www.ottplay.com/news/soodhu-kavvum-2-makers-announce-a-sequel-to-vijay-sethupathis-cult-film-on-its-10th-year-of-release/723c4fc0a6226 |archive-date=26 February 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> and Harisha playing an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=9 November 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 gets a release window |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/09/soodhu-kavvum-2-gets-a-release-window |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109231418/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/09/soodhu-kavvum-2-gets-a-release-window |archive-date=9 November 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The film is written by Arjun along with T. Yogaraja,<ref>{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandhini |date=1 May 2023 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2: Naadum Naatu Makkalum motion poster out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/May/01/soodhu-kavvum-2-naadum-naatu-makkalum-motion-poster-out-42910.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511191034/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/01/soodhu-kavvum-2-naadum-naatu-makkalum-motion-poster-out-42910.html |archive-date=11 May 2023 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> while the technical crew includes cinematographer Karthik K Thillai, music composer Edwin Louis Viswanath and editor Ignatious Aswin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2024 |title=First look poster of Soodhu Kavvum 2 to drop soon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/18/first-look-poster-of-soodhu-kavvum-2-to-drop-soon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213153400/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/18/first-look-poster-of-soodhu-kavvum-2-to-drop-soon |archive-date=13 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began after a formal pooja ceremony on 20 April 2023,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=20 April 2023 |title=CV Kumar: We are not recasting Vijay Sethupathi's character in Soodhu Kavvum 2 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/Apr/20/cv-kumarwe-are-not-recasting-vijay-sethupathis-character-in-soodhu-kavvum-2-42520.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240712175223/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/20/cv-kumarwe-are-not-recasting-vijay-sethupathis-character-in-soodhu-kavvum-2-42520.html |archive-date=12 July 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and was almost complete by 22 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 Filming Nears Completion, Sequel Promises Thrilling Continuation |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-filming-nears-completion-sequel-promises-thrilling-continuation-8714045.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241214141217/https://www.news18.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-filming-nears-completion-sequel-promises-thrilling-continuation-8714045.html |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Soodhu Kavvum 2
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Edwin Louis Viswanath
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Tamil
| label = Sri Musiq Official
| producer = Edwin Louis Viswanath
| misc = {{Singles
|single1 = We Are Not The Same
|single1date = 29 March 2024
|single2 = Mandaikku Sooru Eruthey
|single2date = 22 April 2024
|single3 = Bad Boys Mission
|single3date = 29 May 2024
|single4 = Yenna Nadakkum
|single4date = 6 June 2024
}}
}}
The soundtrack is composed by Edwin Louis Viswanath.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 Teaser: Shiva evokes nostalgia in this world of absurdities |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/23/soodhu-kavvum-2-teaser-shiva-evokes-nostalgia-in-this-world-of-absurdities |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241214141219/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/23/soodhu-kavvum-2-teaser-shiva-evokes-nostalgia-in-this-world-of-absurdities |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The first single "We Are Not The Same" released on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=First single 'We Are Not The Same' from Soodhu Kavvum 2 is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/30/first-single-we-are-not-the-same-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-is-here |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408174834/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/30/first-single-we-are-not-the-same-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-is-here |archive-date=8 April 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The second single "Mandaikku Sooru Eruthey" released on 22 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2024 |title=Lyrical video of 'Mandaikku Sooru Eruthey' from Soodhu Kavvum 2 out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/22/lyrical-video-of-mandaikku-sooru-eruthey-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241214131250/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/22/lyrical-video-of-mandaikku-sooru-eruthey-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-out |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The third single "Bad Boys Mission" released on 29 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2024 |title='Bad Boys Mission' song from Soodhu Kavvum 2 out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/29/bad-boys-mission-song-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614000705/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/29/bad-boys-mission-song-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-out |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The fourth single "Yenna Nadakkum" released on 6 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title='Yenna Nadakkum' song from Soodhu Kavvum 2 out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/07/yenna-nadakkum-song-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623165936/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/07/yenna-nadakkum-song-from-soodhu-kavvum-2-out |archive-date=23 June 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = We Are Not The Same
| length1 = 3:47
| lyrics1 = La. Varadhan
| extra1 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Edwin Louis Viswanath
| title2 = Mandaikku Sooru Eruthey
| length2 = 1:45
| lyrics2 = Karnan Kanapathy
| extra2 = Karnan Kanapathy, [[Premgi Amaren]], Stephen Zechariah
| title3 = Bad Boys Mission
| length3 = 1:37
| lyrics3 = Edwin Louis Viswanath
| extra3 = Edwin Louis Viswanath, Ritin Samuel, Richard, Manoj, Gladson, Kevin, Josiah
| title4 = Yenna Nadakkum
| length4 = 3:27
| lyrics4 = La. Varadhan
| extra4 = Goutham Bharadwaj
| title5 = Appanukkum Peh Peh
| length5 = 2:24
}}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Soodhu Kavvum 2'' was released in theatres on 13 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=20 November 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/20/soodhu-kavvum-2-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127023952/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/20/soodhu-kavvum-2-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Shanmuga Cinemas acquired the distribution rights for the film in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 Announced: Fans Eager For The Sequel After 11-year Wait |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-announced-fans-eager-for-the-sequel-after-11-year-wait-9127812.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126222744/https://www.news18.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-announced-fans-eager-for-the-sequel-after-11-year-wait-9127812.html |archive-date=26 November 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> It began streaming on Amazon Prime Video from January 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 premieres on OTT |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Jan/15/soodhu-kavvum-2-premieres-on-ott |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=21 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221165951/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2025/Jan/15/soodhu-kavvum-2-premieres-on-ott |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Harishni SV of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "The film starts as a prequel and then proceeds to become a sequel. Likewise, it offers a mix of political satire, crime comedy, and serious drama. With too many such elements combined, it becomes a crazy ride that is random and chaotic."<ref>{{Cite news |last=SV |first=Harishni |date=14 December 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 Movie Review : This chaotic sequel loses itself in a crime of randomness |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/soodhu-kavvum-2/movie-review/116300972.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215045310/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/soodhu-kavvum-2/movie-review/116300972.cms |archive-date=15 December 2024 |access-date=15 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "With the strong ensemble, played by earnest actors, not having anything original to play around with, even actors with proven comic talent like Shiva and Karunakaran feel underserved by the writing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=13 December 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 movie review: Even Shiva and Karunakaran can't salvage this disappointing disservice to the original |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/soodhu-kavvum-2-movie-review-even-shiva-and-karunakaran-cant-salvage-this-disappointing-disservice-to-the-original-9722918/ |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241223072023/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/soodhu-kavvum-2-movie-review-even-shiva-and-karunakaran-cant-salvage-this-disappointing-disservice-to-the-original-9722918/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The problem with Soodhu Kavvum is elementary. It doesn’t have a purpose to exist. It doesn’t add to the universe, and neither exploits its potential."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=13 December 2024 |editor-last=Narain |editor-first=Yatamanyu |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 Review: A Dishonour To Vijay Sethupathi's Phenomenal Dark Comedy |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-review-a-dishonour-to-vijay-sethupathis-phenomenal-dark-comedy-9155412.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241214141210/https://www.news18.com/movies/soodhu-kavvum-2-review-a-dishonour-to-vijay-sethupathis-phenomenal-dark-comedy-9155412.html |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=13 December 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "The film sparks off promise from the get-go, as it serves as both a prequel and a sequel, but as does the disconnect that sharply pokes several holes into a script that struggles to stay afloat."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=13 December 2024 |title=Soodhu Kavvum 2 Movie Review: An uninspired, disconnected addition to the franchise |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Dec/13/soodhu-kavvum-2-movie-review-an-uninspired-disconnected-addition-to-the-franchise |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241214141231/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Dec/13/soodhu-kavvum-2-movie-review-an-uninspired-disconnected-addition-to-the-franchise |archive-date=14 December 2024 |access-date=14 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 crime comedy films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films produced by C. V. Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian prequel films]]
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in 2008]]
[[Category:Films set in 2025]]

Akola Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T20:42:07Z

Joshiankit994: small changes

{{Short description|Local civic body in Akola, Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Akola Municipal Corporation
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 150px
| coa_alt =
| coa-pic =
| coa-res =
| house_type = Municipal Corporation
| body = Akola
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = Sharda Khedkar
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader2_type = Deputy Mayor
| leader2 = Amol Goge
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]] & Administrator
| leader3 = DR.SHRI SUNIL LAHANE
| seats = 80
| structure1 = AMC2026.svg
| structure1_res = 250px
| political_groups1 = '''Government (45)'''
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (38)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|3}}<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/bjps-khedkar-is-akola-mayor-goge-deputy/articleshow/127807949.cms</ref>
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
:*{{Color box|#FBEC20}} AVS (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
'''Opposition (35)'''
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|21}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|5}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|3}}
| last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} </ref>
| next_election1 = 2031
| website = http://amcakola.in/
}}

The '''Akola Municipal Corporation''' is the governing body of the city of [[Akola]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consists of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and police. Members from the state's leading various political parties hold elected offices in the corporation.
Akola municipal corporation is located in [[Akola]]. Akola Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ak11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ak12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ak13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

== Municipal elections ==

=== Political performance in Election 2026 ===

{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No.
! Party name
! Party flag or symbol
! Number of Corporators
|-
| 01
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)
| [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|70px]]
| 38
|-
| 02
| [[Shiv Sena]] (SHS)
| [[File:Logo of Shiv Sena.svg|center|70px]]
| 01
|-
| 03
| [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP)
| [[File:NCP-flag.svg|center|70px]]
| 01
|-
| 04
| [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)
| [[File:Hand INC.svg|center|70px]]
| 21
|-
| 05
| [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]] (SS(UBT))
| [[File:SS(UBT) flag.png|center|70px]]
| 06
|-
| 06
| [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar]] (NCP-SP)
|
| 03
|-
| 07 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (MIM) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|75px|kite]] || 3
|-
| 08
| Others
|
| 07
|}

=== Political performance in Election 2017 ===
The results of Election 2017 are shown in the following table.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/akola-municipal-corporation-election-result-2017-365724|title = Akola Municipal corporation : अकोला महापालिकेचा अंतिम निकाल|date = 21 February 2017}}</ref>
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party flag or symbol !! Number of Elected members
|-
| 01 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|center|75px]] || 48
|-
| 02 || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || || 13
|-
| 03 || [[Shiv Sena]] (SS) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|75px]] || 08
|-
| 04 || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || [[File:NCP-flag.svg|75px]] || 05
|-
| 05 || [[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]] (BBM) || [[File:Flag of various Republican Parties of India.svg|75px|]] || 03
|-
| 06 || [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (MIM) || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kite.svg|75px|kite]] || 01
|-
| 07 || Independent || [[File:No flag.svg|75px]] || 02
|}

==List of Mayor==
{| class="wikitable"
|-style="text-align:center"
|+
!#
!Name
!colspan="3"|Term
!Election
!colspan="2" |Party
|-style="text-align:center
|3
|Madan Bhargad
|9 March 2007
|4 December 2009
|{{ayd|9 March 2007|4 December 2009}}
|rowspan=2|2007
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan=2 bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|4
|Suresh Patil
|4 December 2009
|8 March 2012
|{{ayd|4 December 2009|8 March 2012}}
|-style="text-align:center
|5
|Jyotsna Gawai
|9 March 2012
|10 September 2014
|{{ayd|9 March 2012|10 September 2014}}
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|6
|Ujwala Deshmukh
|10 September 2014
|8 March 2017
|{{ayd|10 September 2014|8 March 2017}}
|rowspan=4|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-style="text-align:center
|7
|Vijay Agrawal
|9 March 2017
|22 November 2019
|{{ayd|9 March 2017|22 November 2019}}
|rowspan=2|2017
|-style="text-align:center
|8
|Archana Masne
|22 November 2019
|8 March 2022
|{{ayd|22 November 2019|8 March 2022}}
|-style="text-align:center
|9
|Sharda Khedkar
|30 January 2026
|''Incumbent''
|{{ayd|30 January 2026}}
|rowspan=2|2026
|}

==List of Deputy Mayor==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== Municipal limit extension ==

The municipal limit of Akola Municipal Corporation was finalized to be extended on 30 Aug 2016 taking into the Municipal area surrounding 24 suburbs and villages. This has raised the area to 128 km2 and population to 537,137. The Municipal region is thus subdivided into 20 wards with 4 members for each accounting 80 total seats.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Akola]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Iman Chakraborty

2026-02-25T07:18:22Z

Joshiankit994: updated details

{{short description|Indian singer (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Iman Chakraborty
| image = ImanChakkoty (cropped).jpg
| caption = Chakraborty performing in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1989|09|13}}
| birth_place = Liluah, [[Howrah]], West Bengal, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|actress}}
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Independent music]], [[Rabindrasangeet]]
| instruments = {{hlist|Vocals|[[Indian harmonium]]}}
}}

'''Iman Chakraborty''' (born 13 September 1989)<ref>{{cite news |title=Iman Chakraborty launches new song 'Aigiri Nandini' to usher Ma Durga's Agomoni |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/iman-chakraborty-launches-1503110997.html |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=14 September 2022 |quote=Ahead of Durga Puja, Singer Iman Chakraborty in collaboration with Saregama, released a new original Puja song ‘Aigiri Nandini’ on Tuesday, September 13 on the special occasion of her birthday.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Sampita |title=জন্মদিনে বরের থেকে কী উপহার পেলেন ইমন? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/national-award-winner-singer-iman-chakraborty-gets-a-surprise-holiday-gift-from-her-husband-on-her-birthday/86160886.cms |access-date=19 September 2025 |work=[[Ei Samay]] |date=13 September 2021 |language=bn}}</ref> is an Indian singer and actress. Throughout her career, she has received a [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|National Film Award]], two [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Playback Singer|Filmfare Award Bangla]], as well as a nomination for an [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Academy Award]]. Accordingly, she is one of the few singers who have won a national award for the debut film song in India.<ref name="debut">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/iman-charaborty-on-song-after-national-award/article17947428.ece|title=National Award beyond Imagination says Iman Chakraborty|work=The Hindu|date=12 April 2017|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111234615/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/iman-charaborty-on-song-after-national-award/article17947428.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="debut2">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/national-award-winner-iman-chakraborty-pain-has-helped-me-emote-better-for-my-song/story-eGTAIQIkNWSetBFjna5VyK.html|title=Pain has helped me emote better for my song|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 April 2017 |access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622131759/http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/national-award-winner-iman-chakraborty-pain-has-helped-me-emote-better-for-my-song/story-eGTAIQIkNWSetBFjna5VyK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Iman was born in the town [[Liluah]] of the [[Howrah]] district of the [[West Bengal]] state of India.<ref name="debut"/> During her growing up days she learnt music from her late mother Trishna Chakraborty and got inclined towards literary works of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="debut"/><ref name="debut2"/>

Her first break came when she approached Indian record label company Saregama, which decided to produce her first album 'Bosh te dio kachhe' in Bengali language. The album consisted of renditions of a few songs by Tagore.
The album caught the eyes of composer [[Anupam Roy]], who wanted to experiment with a fresh voice, with new vocal and tonal qualities, for his composition. She subsequently sang Roy's Bengali film song composition "Tumi Jaake Bhalobasho" which was her debut film song. The song earned her the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].<ref name="debut"/><ref name="debut2"/>

In December 2018, she released the song "Monn", the title song of the Tollywood album ''Monn.'' It was a duet with singer Sarbajit Ghosh, who is also the music director, composer, lyricist and producer of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looptoop.com/video/monn-by-iman-chakraborty-sarbajit-ghosh-amara-muzik-looptoop.html|title=ইমনের মনের খবর জানেন কি?|first=Soumi|last=Das|date=5 December 2018|website=looptoop.com|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=30 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330111745/https://www.looptoop.com/video/monn-by-iman-chakraborty-sarbajit-ghosh-amara-muzik-looptoop.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebela.in/entertainment/tollywood-music-album-comprising-6-songs-one-of-which-is-a-solo-by-sarbajit-ghosh-dgtl-1.936553|title=বাংলার প্রথম সারির সঙ্গীতশিল্পীদের এক অ্যালবামে নিয়ে এল সর্বজিৎ-এর 'মন'|website=ebela.in|language=bn|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=27 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182316/https://ebela.in/entertainment/tollywood-music-album-comprising-6-songs-one-of-which-is-a-solo-by-sarbajit-ghosh-dgtl-1.936553|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://24ghantakhoboronline.com/%e0%a6%87%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a7%80-%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%9c%e0%a6%bf%e0%a7%8e-%e0%a6%98/|title=ইমন চক্রবর্তী ও সর্বজিৎ ঘোষ সাক্ষাৎকার – ২৪ ঘন্টা খবর|website=24ghantakhoboronline.com|access-date=27 February 2019|archive-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310063007/http://24ghantakhoboronline.com/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%98/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Musical influences==
Chakraborty is heavily inspired by [[Rabindranath Tagore]].<ref name="debut"/><ref name="debut2"/>

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Song
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Co-singer(s)
!Note
|-
|2016
|''[[Praktan]]''
|Tumi Jake Bhalobasho
|Anupam Roy
|Anupam Roy
|Anupam Roy
|Won [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] at the [[64th National Film Awards]]
|-
|2017
|''Shesh Chithi''
|Ami Tomar Premey
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2018
|''[[Drishtikone]]''
|Amar Dukkhogulo (Female Version)
|Anupam Roy
|Anupam Roy
|
|
|-
|''[[Guptodhoner Sondhane]]''
|Rangiye Diye Jao
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''Flat No 609''
|Kichu Kichu Kotha (Female)
|Ratul Shankar
|Ambarish
|
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|2019
|''Borof''
|Dekha Hobe
|Pandit Debojyoti Bose
|Traditional
|
|
|-
|''[[Sweater (film)|Sweater]]''
|Era Sukher Lagi
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''Brishti Tomakey Dilam''
|Aloy Phera Hoyni
|Debojyoti Mishra
|Debojyoti Mishra
|
|
|-
|''[[Googly]]''
|Katha Chilo Kato
|Prasen
|Ritam Sen
|Timir Biswas
|
|-
|''[[Mukherjee Dar Bou]]''
|O Jibon Tomar Sathe
|Pijush Chakraborty
|Pijush Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Dupur Thakurpo 3''
|Le Le Lebu
|Pijush Chakraborty
|Pijush Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Ghoon''
|Hariye Jete Hoy (Female)
|Prosenjit Mohapatra
|Rajib Dutta
|
|
|-
|rowspan="5"|2020
|''[[Asur (film)|Asur]]''
|Radha
|Bickram Ghosh
|Sugato Guha
|Shovan Ganguly
|
|-
|''[[Dwitiyo Purush]]''
|Je Kwata Din (Reprise)
|Anupam Roy
|Anupam Roy
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sraboner Dhara]]''
|Asthir Somoy
|Pijush Chakraborty
|Pijush Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|Asthir Somoy Reprise
|Pijush Chakraborty
|Pijush Chakraborty
|Rupankar Bagchi
|
|-
|''[[Rawkto Rawhoshyo]]''
|Kawthar Kawtha
|Nabarun Bose
|Soukarya Ghosal
|
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|2021
|''[[Binisutoy]]''
|Mon
|Debojyoti Mishra
|Debojyoti Mishra
|
|
|-
|''Lockdown''
|Tomar Kopaler Shitghume (Female Version)
|Shovan Ganguly
|Shovan Ganguly
|
|
|-
|''[[Golondaaj]]''
|Gobindo Murari
|Bickram Ghosh
|Srijato
|
|
|-
|rowspan="7"|2022
|''[[Mahananda (film)|Mahananda]]''
|Maati Amar
|Bickram Ghosh
|Shubhendu Das Munshi
|
|
|-
|''[[Belashuru]]''
|Tapa Tini
|Anindya Chattopadhyay
|Anindya Chattopadhyay
|Anindya Chattopadhyay
|
|-
|''[[Habji Gabji]]''
|Dure
|Indraadip Dasgupta
|Srijato
|Papon
|
|-
|''[[Kuler Achaar]]''
|Ami Amar Modhye
|Anupam Roy
|Anupam Roy
|
|
|-
|''Byomkesh Hotyamancha''
|Ke Jaane Cholona
|Bickram Ghosh
|Sugata Guha
|
|
|-
|''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]''
|Palash Palash Mon
|Bickram Ghosh
|Sugata Guha
|Shovan Ganguly
|
|-
|''Boudi Canteen''
|Tiring Biring
|Joy Sarkar
|Dipangshu Acharya
|Arkadeep Mishra
|
|-
|rowspan="8"|2023
|''[[Indubala Bhaater Hotel]]''
|Pakhider Smriti (Orchestratal Version)
|Amit Chatterjee
|Debaloy Bhattacharya and Atul Prosad Sen
|
|
|-
|''[[Love Marriage (2023 film)|Love Marriage]]''
|Acho Kemon
|Savvy
|Dipangshu Acharya
|
|
|-
|''Homestay Murders''
|Shesh Nahi Je
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]''
|Alada Alada
|Anupam Roy
|Anupam Roy
|
|Won [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Playback Singer]] at the [[7th Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
|-
|''[[Shibpur]]''
|Jotobaar Aalo
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''Jongole Nitin Mashi''
|Dhamsa Dhitan
|Bickram Ghosh
|Sugato Guha
|Timir Biswas
|
|-
|''[[Bagha Jatin]]''
|Jago Re Bagha
|Indraadip Dasgupta
|Srijato
|
|
|-
|''[[Raktabeej]]''
|Jaya Jaya Bijoyagaman
|Dohar
|Shyamapada Bhattacharjee
|Dohar
|
|-
|rowspan="9"|2024
|''Mentaal''
|Ki Ekkhan Gaan Banaise
|Keshab Dey
|Rajat and Badal
|Mika Singh
|
|-
|''Chemistry Mashi''
|Chemistry Mashi Title Track
|Amit Bose and Yash Gupta
|Sourav Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''Bonbibi''
|Bonbibir Panchali
|Sanai and Dipto Roy
|Sanai and Dipto Roy
|
|
|-
|''[[Ajogyo]]''
|Amar Dukkhe Tumi
|Anindya Chattopadhyay
|Anindya Chattopadhyay
|
|
|-
|''[[Bijoya]]''
|Maa Toh Ami Tor
|Iman Chakraborty and Pratik Kundu
|Pratik Kundu
|
|
|-
|''Talmar Romeo Juliet''
|Mon Jaaney Naa
|Pijush Chakraborty
|Pijush Chakraborty
|
|
|-
|''5 No Swapnomoy Lane''
|E Din Aaji (Female Version)
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''[[Chaalchitro - The Frame Fatale]]''
|Bolo Tare
|Debojyoti Mishra
|Ritam Sen
|
|
|-
|''[[Bogla Mama Jug Jug Jiyo]]''
|Elo Dol Elo Re
|Indraadip Dasgupta
|Rangan Chakraborty
|Ishan Mitra and Indraadip Dasgupta
|
|-
|rowspan="13"|2025
|''[[Felubakshi]]''
|Tomar Khola Hawa
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''[[Aarii]]''
|Dakat Poreche
|Keshab Dey
|Badal Paul
|
|
|-
|''[[Brahmaarjun]]''
|Bharata Bhagya Bidhata
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|
|
|-
|''Torsha Ekti Nadir Naam''
|Torsha Nadir Bari
|Debojyoti Mishra
|Tamoghna Chatterjee
|Debojyoti Mishra and Tamoghna Chatterjee
|
|-
|''Durgapur Junction''
|Ami Oporadhi
|Soum-Sree-Tiru
|Mandipa Singha
|Soum-Sree-Tiru and Mandipa Singha
|
|-
|''Balaram Kando''
|Pagol Mon
|Amlaan A Chakraborty
|Debayan Tarafdar
|Durnibar Saha, Amlaan A Chakraborty and Debayan Tarafdar
|
|-
|''[[Grihapravesh (2025 film)|Grihapravesh]]''
|Meghpeon - Female
|Indraadip Dasgupta
|Prasen
|
|
|-
|''[[Shreeman v/s Shreemati]]''
|Ami Phirechi Ghore
|Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
|Ranajoy Bhattacharjee
|
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[['Bhuto'Purbo]]''
|Tabo Premo Sudha Roshe
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Danu Saikat Singha
|
|-
|Amar Mon Maane Na
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Rabindranath Tagore
|Danu Saikat Singha
|
|-
|''Kirtaner Por Kirtan''
|Babubali Bouma
|Sanai
|Dhrubojyoti Chakraborty
|Paran Bandyopadhyay and Sanai
|
|-
|''[[Annapurna]]''
|Shunyo Shunyo Lage
|Pratik Kundu
|Suddho Roy
|
|
|-
|''[[Raktabeej 2]]''
|O Babur Maa
|Surojit Chatterjee
|Surojit Chatterjee
|Surojit Chatterjee
|
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" |Year{{efn|name=CeremonyYear|Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Award Name
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Song
! scope="col" |Movie
! scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| [[64th National Film Awards|2017]]
|[[National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| rowspan="3" | "Tumi Jake Bhalobasho"
| rowspan="3" | ''[[Praktan]]''
| <ref name="64thaward">{{cite press release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[2nd Filmfare Awards East|2017]]
| [[Filmfare Awards East]]
| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards East 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
|2017
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards]]
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the Filmfare Awards East 2017 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-east-2017/winners |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th Filmfare Awards Bangla|2024]]
| [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]]
| [[Filmfare Award Bangla for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
| rowspan="2" | "Alada Alada"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]''
| <ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title=Filmfare Bangla 2024 Winner List: বাংলাদেশের ফারিণের কাছে হার সৌমিতৃষার,জোড়া সম্মান অনুপমের;সেরা অভিনেতা প্রসেনজিৎ |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/filmfare-bangla-2024-winner-list-prosenjts-shesh-pata-won-8-awards-big-win-for-anupam-roy-arijit-soumitrisha-lost-31711764092255.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718133627/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/filmfare-bangla-2024-winner-list-prosenjts-shesh-pata-won-8-awards-big-win-for-anupam-roy-arijit-soumitrisha-lost-31711764092255.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 July 2024 |access-date=11 March 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 March 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
| [[7th WBFJA Award|2024]]
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards|WBFJA Awards]]
| [[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|
|}

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

===Films===
*''All films are in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref.
|-
| 2020 || ''Missing'' || Asha Sen || Short film, Debut || <ref>{{cite news |title=Singer Iman Chakraborty makes her acting debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/music/singer-iman-chakraborty-makes-her-acting-debut/articleshow/77483912.cms#:~:text=This%20story%20is%20from%20August,massive%20pay%2Dcut%20during%20lockdown. |website=The Times of India |date=11 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti]]'' || Uma || Special appearance || <ref>{{cite news |title=Ritabhari and Soham starrer Brahma Janen Gopon Kommoti’s premiere was a starry affair |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/parties/2020/Mar/13/ritabhari-and-soham-starrer-brahma-janen-gopon-kommotis-premiere-was-a-starry-affair-1127.html |website=Indulge Express |date=13 March 2020 }}</ref>
|-
| 2022 ||''NeetiShastra'' || Zakia || || <ref>{{cite news |title=Exclusive! Iman Chakraborty on her acting debut: Seasoned actress Bidiptadi helped me portray my layered character |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-iman-chakraborty-on-her-acting-debut-seasoned-actress-bidiptadi-helped-me-portray-my-layered-character/6ba0587892599 |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |website=OTTPlay |date=8 June 2022 |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627205147/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/exclusive-iman-chakraborty-on-her-acting-debut-seasoned-actress-bidiptadi-helped-me-portray-my-layered-character/6ba0587892599 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{pending film|Family-Wala}} || Dancer || Song "Thakur Jamai"; Filming || <ref>{{cite news |title=সুমন ঘোষের 'ফ্যামিলিওয়ালা'য় ইমন, কোন অবতারে দেখা যাবে গায়িকাকে ? |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/entertainment/iman-chakraborty-will-perform-dance-in-suman-ghoshs-familywala-bengali-movie-west-bengal-news-wbs26022501144 |website=ETV Bharat |date=25 February 2026 }}</ref>
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Platform !! Language !! Ref.
|-
| 2022 ||''[[Shob Choritro]]'' || Mrinalini || [[Klikk]] || Bengali ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Anirban Chakraborti starrer 'Shob Choritro' narrates a gripping tale of mystery and suspense |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anirban-chakraborti-starrer-shob-choritro-narrates-a-gripping-tale-of-mystery-and-suspense/articleshow/89940656.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 March 2022 |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421212930/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/anirban-chakraborti-starrer-shob-choritro-narrates-a-gripping-tale-of-mystery-and-suspense/articleshow/89940656.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
* {{commons-inline}}
* {{official website|http://www.imanchakraborty.com}}
* {{IMDb name|9800742}}

{{National Film Award Best Female Playback Singer}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakraborty, Iman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:People from Howrah]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Women musicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Best Female Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Harisinga Railway Station

2026-02-24T00:02:12Z

Joshiankit994: started a stub

{{Short description|Railway station in Assam}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Harisinga Railway Station
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Harisinga Station (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = Harisinga railway station platform
| address = Harisinga Doulguri Road, Merbangchuba, [[Harisinga]], [[Udalguri district]], [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|26.72438|91.985001|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Assam#India
| map_dot_label =
| map_caption = Location in Assam##Location in India
| line = [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section]]
| other =
| elevation = {{convert|97|m|ft}}
| structure = [[Intersection_(road)#At_grade_railways|At grade]]
| platform = 2
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 1
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2015
| electrified = No
| accessible =
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HRSN
| zone = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier]]
| division = {{rwd|Rangiya}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| status = Single diesel line
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways
|line=Northeast Frontier Railway zone|left=Tangla|right=Udalguri|type=[[Rangiya–Murkongselek section]]}}
}}
'''Harisinga Railway Station''' is a railway station on [[Rangiya–Murkongselek section]] under [[Rangiya railway division]] of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]]. This railway station is situated beside Harisinga Doulguri Road at Merbangchuba, [[Harisinga]] in [[Udalguri district]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=roy|first=Joydeep|title=Harisinga Railway Station Map/Atlas NFR/Northeast Frontier Zone - Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/harisinga-hrsn/8252|access-date=2021-05-26|website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harisinga Railway Station (HRSN) : Station Code, Time Table, Map, Enquiry|url=https://www.ndtv.com/indian-railway/harisinga-hrsn-station|access-date=2021-05-26|website=www.ndtv.com|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Udalguri district]]
[[Category:Rangiya railway division]]

{{Assam-railstation-stub}}

Taare Zameen Par (TV series)

2026-02-21T14:29:07Z

Joshiankit994: Made redirect

{{short description|Indian singing reality show}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Taare Zameen Par.jpeg
| caption =
| genre = [[Reality show|Reality]]
| creator = [[Vipul D. Shah]]
| based_on =
| writer =
| director = Nikul Desai<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/production-house/fiction/nikul-desai-talks-about-his-new-show-taare-zameen-par-201029|title=Nikul Desai talks about his new show Taare Zameen Par|website=Indian Television|date=29 October 2020 }}</ref>
| creative_director =
| presenter = {{plainlist|
[[Sugandha Mishra]]
*Aakriti Sharma
}}
| judges = {{plainlist|
* [[Jonita Gandhi]]
* [[Tony Kakkar]]
* [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
}}
| opentheme = ''Taare Zameen Par''
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 78
| producer = [[Vipul D. Shah]]
| editor =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 45–60 minutes
| company = Optimystix Entertainment
| network = [[StarPlus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|02|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|01|30|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Taare Zameen Par''''' is an Indian kids singing reality show on [[Star Plus|StarPlus]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Star Plus gears up to launch new singing reality show Taare Zameen Par|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/star-plus-gears-up-to-launch-new-singing-reality-show-taare-zameen-par/|access-date=|website=Eastern Eye}}</ref> It premiered on 2 November 2020 and ended on 30 January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 October 2020|title=Star Plus confirms launch date of reality show 'Taare Zameen Par'|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-confirms-launch-date-of-reality-show-taare-zameen-par/|access-date=|website=Biz Asia}}</ref> The series was hosted by the child actress Aakriti Sharma and singer [[Sugandha Mishra]] with [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Jonita Gandhi]] and [[Tony Kakkar]] as the mentors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=26 October 2020|title=Kullfi Kumarr Bajewala star Aakriti Sharma turns host for singing reality show Taare Zameen Par|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kullfi-kumarr-bajewala-star-aakriti-sharma-turns-host-for-singing-reality-show-taare-zameen-par-1735101-2020-10-26|access-date=|website=India Today}}</ref>

==Format==
The singing show was initially designed for 20 children who are mentored throughout their progress without elimination process till finale.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=30 October 2020|title=This singing reality show to have no elimination|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/this-singing-reality-show-to-have-no-elimination/|access-date=|website=[[The Daily Guardian (India)|The Daily Guardian]]}}</ref> However, after few weeks, the show had a change in its format and followed the elimination process where each day one low scorer was selected and every Saturday all low scorers compete to make their place. On that day, the lowest scorer is eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 December 2020|title=First elimination round of Taare Zameen Par|url=https://twitter.com/starplus/status/1340302875142938626?lang=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210210084116/https://twitter.com/starplus/status/1340302875142938626?lang=en|archive-date=10 February 2021|access-date=|website=[[Twitter]]|publisher=[[StarPlus]]}}</ref>

==Audition==
The auditions were held digitally in the month of March 2020 where first 500 participants were recognized.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/star-plus-puts-call-out-for-auditions-for-new-reality-show-taare-zameen-par/|title=Star Plus puts call out for auditions for new reality show Taare Zameen Par|website=BizAsia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/production-house/film-production/optimystix-entertainment-finding-creative-ways-to-maintain-social-distancing-on-air-200704|title=Optimystix Entertainment finding creative ways to maintain social distancing on air|website=Indian Television|date=4 July 2020 }}</ref>

==Mentors==
The show had composer and singer [[Shankar Mahadevan]], playback singer [[Jonita Gandhi]] and composer, lyricist, singer and producer [[Tony Kakkar]] for mentorship.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Now, Shankar Mahadevan turns mentor for child singers on reality show Taare Zameen Par along with Tony Kakkar and Jonita Gandhi|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/now-shankar-mahadevan-turns-mentor-for-child-singers-on-reality-show-taare-zameen-par-along-with-tony-kakkar-and-jonita-gandhi/articleshow/78625431.cms|access-date=|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>

==Production==
The title of the series was taken from [[Aamir Khan]]'s 2007 film, ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'', after getting rights from them.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=29 October 2020|title=For The Kids! Hrithik Roshan To Be A Part Of The Music Show Taare Zameen Par|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/for-the-kids-hrithik-roshan-to-be-a-part-of-the-music-show-taare-zameen-par/23067227|access-date=|website=Mid Day}}</ref>

In conversation with ''[[The Times of India]]'', Sugandha said, "I share a strong connection with kids and really enjoy being around them. I decided to be part of the show because of its unique concept. I thoroughly enjoy hosting as much as I love acting and over the years, I have developed a certain penchant for hosting television shows. I am happy to be a part of a prestigious show and looking forward to witnessing some of the finest performances in this show by a set of equally dynamic kids.”<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-have-developed-a-certain-penchant-for-hosting-television-shows-sugandha-mishra-on-doing-taare-zameen-par/articleshow/78972448.cms|title=I have developed a certain penchant for hosting television shows: Sugandha Mishra on doing Taare Zameen Par|website=The Times of India|date=31 October 2020 }}</ref>

==Season 1==
*'''Judges'''
**[[Tony Kakkar]]
**[[Jonita Gandhi]]
**[[Shankar Mahadevan]]

*'''Host'''
**[[Sugandha Mishra]]
**Aakriti Sharma
===Top 20 Contestants===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height: 25px; width: auto;"
!Name
!Age (in years)
!Hometown
!Result
!Place
|-
| Biren Dang<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Taare Zameen Par: Winner Biren Dang takes home ₹10 lakh, all 20 kids win trip to Disneyland|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/taare-zameen-par-winner-biren-dang-takes-home-rs-10-lakh-all-20-kids-win-trip-to-disneyland-101612089847316.html|access-date=|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>
| 10
| [[Gurgaon]]
| {{won|Winner}}
| 1st
|-
| Laisel Rai<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Jalandhar city has a new singing sensation to brag about|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/jalandhar-city-has-a-new-singing-sensation-to-brag-about-207221|access-date=|website=The Tribune}}</ref>
| 11
| [[Jalandhar]]
| {{runner-up|1st Runner-up}}
| 2nd
|-
| Vansh Wadhwa
| 14
| [[Moga district|Moga]]
| style="background:#7FFFD4; " | 2nd Runner-up
| 3rd
|-
| Vishwaja Jadhav
| 12
| [[Virar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 4th
|-
| Ratnika Shrivastava
| 13
| [[Jabalpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 5th
|-
| Aavya Saxena
| 11
| [[Lucknow]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 6th
|-
| Prakhruthi Reddy
| 10
| [[Ballari]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 7th
|-
| Anmol Raja
| 13
| [[Hoshiarpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 8th
|-
| Pratyush Anand
| 12
| [[Bhopal]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 9th
|-
| Khushi Nagar
| 11
| [[New Delhi]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 10th
|-
| Rafa Yasmine
| 11
| [[Malda district|Malda]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 11th
|-
| Chaitanya Vaish
| 12
| [[Patiala]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 12th
|-
| Angel Joseph
| 11
| [[Ludhiana]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 13th
|-
| Gurman Singh Kohli
| 14
| [[Gurgaon]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 14th
|-
| Ivana Semi
| 12
| [[Pune]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 15th
|-
| Sourajoy Dev
| 11
| [[Silvassa]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 16th
|-
| Marken Lollen
| 13
| [[Itanagar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 17th
|-
| Sajan Sharma
| 10
| [[Deoghar]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 18th
|-
| Manav Heera
| 14
| [[Ludhiana]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 19th
|-
| Raddujal Kashyap
| 13
| [[Tejpur]]
| {{eliminated|Eliminated}}
| 20th
|-
|}

==Guests==
*[[Udit Narayan]]
*[[Rupali Ganguly]] as Anupamaa
*[[Mika Singh]]
*[[Devoleena Bhattacharjee]] as Gopi Modi
*[[Rupal Patel]] as Kokila Modi
*[[Bhoomi Trivedi]]
*Gurdeep Singh
*[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
*Siddharth Mahadevan
*Shivam Mahadevan
*[[Zeenat Aman]]
*[[Richa Sharma (singer)|Richa Sharma]]
* [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]]
*[[Kanika Kapoor]]
*[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]]
*[[Hemant Brijwasi]]
*[[Sonakshi Kar]]
*[[L. V. Revanth]]
*[[Neha Kakkar]]
*[[Rohanpreet Singh]]
*[[Afsana Khan]]
*Anjana Padmanabhan
*[[Sukhwinder Singh]]

==See also==
*[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]
*[[Superstar Singer]]
*[[The Voice India Kids]]
*[[Indian Idol Junior]]
*[[Love Me India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{StarPlus Shows}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]

Maitraka dynasty

2026-02-17T08:22:10Z

Joshiankit994: brief adjusted intro to improve readability additionally and added references

{{Short description|Dynasty that ruled western India from c. 475 to 767}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox dynasty
| name = Maitrakās
| coat_of_arms = Valabhi (Saurashtra) drachms. Late 5th-8th century Capped head right in Ksatrapa style Trident; Brahmi legend around.jpg
| coat_of_arms_caption = Silver Drachm of the Maitrakas of Valabhi, late 5th–8th century AD. '''Obverse''': Capped head in [[Western Satraps|Ksatrapa]] style. '''Reverse''': Trident with Brahmi legend around.
|coat_of_arms_size = 270px
| seat = [[Vallabhi]]
| founded = 475
| founder = Bhatarka
| final_ruler = Siladitya VI
| dissolution = 776
| country = [[Kingdom of Valabhi]]
| titles = [[Maharajadhiraja]] of [[Kingdom of Valabhi|Valabhi]]
}}
The '''Maitraka dynasty''' ruled the [[Kingdom of Valabhi]] in western India from approximately 475 to 776 from their capital at [[Vallabhi]]. With the sole exception of Dharapaṭṭa (the fifth king in the dynasty), who is associated with [[Solar deity|sun-worship]],{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=17–18}} they were followers of [[Shaivism]].

Following the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]], Maitraka dynasty was founded by ''Senapati'' (general) Bhaṭārka, who was a military governor of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] under Gupta Empire, who had established himself as the independent around 475 CE. The first two Maitraka rulers Bhaṭārka and Dharasena I used only the title of ''Senapati'' (general). The third ruler Droṇasiṁha declared himself as the ''Maharaja''.<ref name="Raychaudhuri2006">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h1KObc_qaXYC|title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty|author=Hemchandra Raychaudhuri|publisher=Cosmo Publications|year=2006|isbn=978-81-307-0291-9|pages=534–535}}</ref> During the reign Dhruvasena I, [[Jain councils|Jain council at Vallabhi]] was probably held. The next ruler Dharapaṭṭa is the only ruler considered as a sun-worshipper. King Guhasena stopped using the term ''Paramabhattaraka Padanudhyata'' along his name like his predecessors, which denotes the cessation of displaying of the nominal allegiance to the Gupta overlords. He was succeeded by his son Dharasena II, who used the title of ''Mahadhiraja''. His son, the next ruler Śilāditya I Dharmāditya was described by [[Xuanzang|Hiuen Tsang]], visited in 640 CE, as a "monarch of great administrative ability and of rare kindness and compassion". Śilāditya I was succeeded by his younger brother Kharagraha I.<ref name="Mahajan">Mahajan V.D. (1960, reprint 2007). ''Ancient India'', S.Chand & Company, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}}, pp.594-6</ref> Virdi copperplate grant (616 CE) of Kharagraha I proves that his territories included [[Ujjain]]. During the reign of the next ruler, Dharasena III, north Gujarat was included in this kingdom. Dharasena II was succeeded by another son of Kharagraha I, Dhruvasena II, Balāditya. He married the daughter of [[Harshavardhana|Harṣavardhana]]. His son Dharasena IV assumed the imperial titles of ''Paramabhattaraka Mahrajadhiraja Parameshvara Chakravartin''. Sanskrit poet Bhatti was his court poet. The next powerful ruler of this dynasty was Śilāditya II. During the reign of Śilāditya V, Arabs probably invaded this kingdom. The last known ruler of this dynasty was Śilāditya VI.<ref name="Raychaudhuri2006" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient India.|last=Mahajan|first=Vidya Dhar|date=2011|publisher=S Chand & Co Ltd|isbn=978-8121908870|pages=594–596|oclc=941063107}}</ref>

Maitrakas set up a [[Vallabhi University]] which came to be known far and wide for its scholastic pursuits and was compared with the [[Nalanda University]]. They came under the rule of [[Harsha|Harṣa]] of [[Vardhana dynasty]] in the mid-seventh century, but retained local autonomy, and regained their independence after Harṣa's death. After repeated attacks by Arabs from the sea, the kingdom had weakened considerably. The dynasty ended by 783 CE. Apart from legendary accounts which connect fall of Vallabi with the Tajjika (Arab) invasions, no historical source mention how the dynasty ended.<ref name="Majumdar1954">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Th8KAQAAIAAJ|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Classical age|publisher=G. Allen & Unwin|year=1954|editor=Pusalkar|editor-first=A. D.|editor-link=R. C. Majumdar|volume=III|page=150|editor-last2=Majumdar|editor-first2=Ramesh Chandra}}</ref>

More than hundred temples of this period are known, mostly located along the western coast of Saurashtra.<ref name=":0" />

==Origin==
[[File:Maitrakas of Valllabhi Family Tree.png|thumb|Genealogical Tree of Maitrakas|400px]]
Early scholars like Fleet had misread copperplate grant and considered Maitrakas as some foreign tribe defeated by Bhaṭārka. Bhagwanlal Indraji believed that Maitrakas were foreign tribe while Bhaṭārka, who defeated them, belonged to the indigenous dynasty. Later readings corrected that Bhaṭārka was himself Maitraka who had succeeded in many battles. The earlier scholars had suggested the name Maitraka is derived from [[Mithra]], the [[Sun]] or [[solar deity]], and their supposed connection to [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mihira]] [[Mithraism|and their sun-worshiping inclination]].<ref>Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bombay, p 245, Bhau Daji (by Asiatic Society of Bombay, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Bombay Branch).</ref><ref>Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, 1904, p 142, 476, by Bombay (India : State); A Concise History of the Indian People, 1950, p 106, H. G. (Hugh George) Rawlinson.</ref><ref>Advanced History of India, 1971, p 198, G. Srinivasachari; History of India, 1952, p 140.</ref><ref>Views of Dr Fleet, Dr V. A. Smith, H. A. Rose, Peter N. Stearns and other scholars</ref><ref>See: The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, p 164, [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Dr Vincent Arthur Smith]]</ref><ref>History of India, 1907, 284 [[A. V. Williams Jackson]], [[Romesh Chunder Dutt]], Vincent Arthur Smith, Stanley Lane-Poole, H. M. (Henry Miers) Elliot, William Wilson Hunter, Alfred Comyn Lyall.</ref><ref>Also: Journal of the United Service Institution of India, United Service Institution of India, p331.</ref>

Though [[Mitra (Vedic)|Mitra]] and Mihira are synonyms for the sun, the Sanskrit literature does not use it in sense of sun-worshipers. Dharapaṭṭa is the fifth and the only king of all Maitraka kings connected with sun-worship. All other kings were followers of [[Shaivism]].{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=17–18}}

The copperplate grants do not help in identifying their origin, they describe only that the dynasty was born from a war-like tribe whose capital was at [[Vallabhi]] and they were [[Shaiva]]s. Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang|Hieun-Tsang]] visited Vallabhi during the second quarter of the 7th century had described the ruler as a Kshatriya.<ref name="GBP">{{cite book|editor=James Macnabb Campbell|editor-link=James Macnabb Campbell|title=History of Gujarát|chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/54652/54652-h/54652-h.htm|series=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency|volume=I. Part I.|year=1896|publisher=The Government Central Press|pages=85–86|chapter=I. THE CHÁVAḌÁS (A. D. 720–956.)}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Later Mahayana Buddhist work ''Manju-Shri-Mula-Kalpa'' had described them as Varavatya Yadava. The late Jain traditional work ''Shatrunjaya-Mahatmaya'' of Dhaneshwara describes Śilāditya as the Yadavas of [[Lunar dynasty|Lunar race]].{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=19}}

Virji concludes that Maitrakas were a Kshatriya of [[Chandravanshi|Lunar race]] and their origin was probably from [[Mitra dynasty (Mathura)|Mitra dynasty]] which once ruled region around [[Mathura]] (now in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India). Several scholars like Benerjee, D. Shastri, [[D. R. Bhandarkar]] agree with her conclusion.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=19}}

==Vallabhi==
[[File:Maitrakas of Valabhi.in the name of Bhatarkah. Circa 475-700 CE.jpg|thumb|300px|Silver Drachm of Bhaṭārka (Maitrakas of Valabhi). ''Obverse'': Head of the kings facing right. ''Reverse'': [[Trishula]] trident (symbol of [[Shiva]]) with legend in the [[Brahmi script]]: ''Rájño Mahákshatrapasa Bhatárakasa Mahesara–Śrí Bhaṭṭárakasa'' "Of the illustrious, the Shaivaite, Bhattaraka, the great king; the great [[Satrap|Kshtrapa]]; the Lord and devotee of [[Parameshwara (god)|Maheshwara]]."{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=225–229}}]]
The Maitrakas ruled from their capital at [[Vallabhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Nanavati|first1=J. M.|last2=Dhaky|first2=M. A.|date=1 January 1969|title=The Maitraka and the Saindhava Temples of Gujarat|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.321094|journal=Artibus Asiae. Supplementum|volume=26|pages=3–83|doi=10.2307/1522666|jstor=1522666}}</ref> They came under the rule of [[Harsha|Harṣa]] in the mid-7th century, but retained local autonomy, and regained their independence after Harṣa's death.<ref>History and Culture of Indian People, Classical age, p 150, (Ed) Dr A. D. Pusalkar, Dr [[R. C. Majumdar]].</ref>

When [[I Ching (monk)|I-Tsing]], another Chinese traveller, visited Vallabhi in the last quarter of the seventh century, he found Vallabhi as a great center of learning including [[Buddhism]]. Gunamati and Sthiramati were two famous Buddhist scholars of Vallabhi in the middle of the seventh century. Vallabhi was famous for its liberalism and the students from all over the country, including the Brahmana boys, visited it to have higher education in secular and religious subjects.{{fact|date=May 2025}} We are told that the graduates of Valabhi were given higher executive posts.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

The [[Charan]]as of the region connect themselves with the last Maitraka ruler Śilāditya VI.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Śāstrī |first=Hariprasāda Gaṅgāśaṅkara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeVjAAAAMAAJ |title=Gujarat Under the Maitrakas of Valabhī: History and Culture of Gujarat During the Maitraka Period, Circa 470-788 A.D. |date=2000 |publisher=Oriental Institute |pages=101 |language=en}}</ref> Goddess [[Khodiyar]] is considered a contemporary figure of the period when the Vallabhi kingdom declined in the 8th century AD.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sudipta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC |title=Gir Forest and the Saga of the Asiatic Lion |date=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-183-2 |language=en |quote=The Charans came next after the Ahirs and the existence of their goddess Khodiyar, a contemporary figure of the period when the Vallabhi kingdom declined in the 8th century AD, reveals the fact that the Charans came to Saurashtra before 1000 AD.}}</ref>

==Religion==
The Maitrakas were follower of the [[Shiva]] except Dhruvasena I who was [[Vaishnava|Vaiṣnava]] and Dharapaṭṭa who was sun-worshiper. They all used title of ''parama-maheshwara'' before the names of king except those two. It is evident from the use of symbols like [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], the Bull and [[Trishula]], the trident in their coins and inscriptions. There were presence of Vaishnavism and Goddess worship under their rule. There were large number of Buddhist Viharas in the Maitraka kingdom. Jains held their important [[Jain councils|Valabhi council]] here. The Maitrakas were tolerant to all religions and made donations and grants to all of them without partiality.{{sfn|Virji|1955|p=165–186}}

==See also==
* [[Chaulukya dynasty]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last=Virji|first=Krishnakumari Jethabhai|title=Ancient history of Saurashtra: being a study of the Maitrakas of Valabhi V to VIII centuries A. D.|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.57287|series=Indian History and Culture Series|year=1955|publisher=Konkan Institute of Arts and Sciences}}
* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |title=Lord Mahāvīra and His Times |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-TxcO9dfrcC |date=1991 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=978-81-208-0805-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kailash Chand Jain|1991}} }}
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.325015/page/n1|title=ગુજરાતનો રાજકીય અને સાંસ્કૃતિક ઇતિહાસ: મૈત્રક કાલ અને અનુ-મૈત્રક કાલ|publisher=Bholabhai Jeshingbhai Institute of Learning and Research|year=1974|editor-last=Parikh|editor-first=Rasiklal Chhotalal|editor-link=Rasiklal Parikh|series=Research Series - Book No. 68|volume=III|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|trans-title=Political and Cultural History of Gujarat: Maitraka Era and Post-Maitraka Era|editor-last2=Shastri|editor-first2=Hariprasad Gangashankar|editor-link2=Hariprasad Shastri|language=gu}}

[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]

Venu Nagavally

2026-02-12T03:25:31Z

Joshiankit994: small edit

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Venu Nagavally
| image = Venu Nagavally.jpg
| caption = Venu Nagavally
| birth_name = N. S. Venugopal
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1949|04|16}}
| birth_place = [[Ramankary]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], [[Dominion of India]] (present day [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2010|09|09|1949|04|16}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| restingplace =
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film director|screenwriter}}
| years_active =
| spouse = Meera
| partner =
| children = 1
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]]|Rajamma}}
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Venu Nagavally''' (16 April 1949 – 10 September 2010) was an Indian actor, screenwriter and director best known for his work in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. The son of writer, commentator, and broadcaster [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=12377415&programId=7940855&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Movies {{!}} Nostalgia {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909141850/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=12377415&programId=7940855&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |archive-date=2012-09-09}}</ref> Venu Nagavally made his film debut with ''[[Ulkkadal]]'', where he played the role of an idealistic lover. He was considered a handsome lead in his early career, often appearing as a romantic youth. His soft demeanor also made him well-suited for melancholic characters. Later in his career, he shifted to supporting roles. Having acted in over 50 films, he went on to direct 12 films, the majority of which were critically and commercially successful, including ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' (1986), ''[[Sarvakalashala]]'' (1987), ''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]'' (1990), and ''[[Aye Auto]]'' (1990), ''[[Aayirappara]]'' (1993).<ref>{{cite news|last=ആന്റണി|first=സാലു|title=മാനുഷികത നിറഞ്ഞ നാഗവള്ളി ചിത്രങ്ങൾ : Director Special|url=http://www.deepika.com/cinema/Director-Special.aspx?Director-Venu-Nagavally&ID=1442|access-date=10 July 2018|work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]]|date=16 March 2018|language=ml}}</ref> Venu Nagavally died at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 9 September 2010.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/1355|title=Malayalam Cinema Bids Adieu To Venu Nagavally|date=9 September 2010|access-date=9 September 2010|archive-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911195432/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/1355|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Venu Nagavally was born on 16 April 1949 as the son of the noted play writer [[Nagavally R. S. Kurup]] and Rajamma. Ramachandran, Vasundara and Lalithambika are his siblings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/28/stories/2003122803880400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040109140537/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/28/stories/2003122803880400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2004|title=Nagavally R.S.Kurup dead|date=28 December 2003|access-date=7 October 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> He completed his education from [[Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]]. He had a bachelor's degree in Politics and a Diploma in journalism. Venu Nagavally died at KIMS hospital in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 9 September 2010 due to [[liver cirrhosis]]. He was 61 at the time of his death, and was cremated with full state honours at Santhikavadam crematorium on the same day. He is survived by his son Vivek.<ref name="auto"/> Meera Venu Nagavally, his wife, died on 26 April 2025.

== Career ==
Venu started his career as an announcer in [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|Akashvani]]. He later sung a song in the movie ''[[Chottanikkara Amma]]'' (1976) but was noticed only in 1978 when he acted in the movie ''[[Oolkatal|Ulkkadal]]'' (1979) directed by [[K. G. George]], thus starting his acting career in movies.<ref>{{cite news|title=വേണു നാഗവള്ളി അന്തരിച്ചു|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?articleType=Malayalam+News&contentId=7869515&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL|access-date=9 September 2010|newspaper=Malayala Manorama|language=ml}}</ref> His noted movies as an actor are ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'', ''[[Meenamasathile Sooryan]]'', ''[[Pakshe]]'', and ''[[Chillu]]''.

Venu's first movie as a director was ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' (1986) which he himself describes as his own tragical love story. Later he directed the superhit movies ''[[Lal Salam]]'', ''[[Aey Auto]]'', ''[[Aayirappara]]'', [[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad|''Rakthasaakshikal Zindabad'']] etc. ''Lal Salaam'' and ''Rakthasaakshikal Zindabad'' revolved around the lives of the early Communist leaders of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_malayalam-actor-and-director-venu-nagavally-dies_1435664|title = Malayalam actor and director Venu Nagavally dies|date = 9 September 2010}}</ref> It was his directorial projects like "''Sughamo devi''", "''[[Sarvakalashala]]''", "''Aey Auto''" and "''Lal Salam''" that cemented Mohanlal's status as a superstar, in the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/95276/writer-actor-director-venu-nagavally.html|title = Writer, actor, director Venu Nagavally dead|date = 9 September 2010}}</ref> Venu has also written scripts for a few movies including the [[Priyadarshan]] directed blockbuster movie ''[[Kilukkam]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/kerala/article622966.ece|title=Malayalam actor, director Venu Nagavally dead|date=9 September 2010|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=9 September 2010|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> His first movie as a script writer was ''[[Ee Ganam Marakkumo]]''.

His oeuvre also had a strain of his left leanings; in addition to acting in films like ''[[Meenamasathile Sooryan]]'' (about the [[Kayyur revolt]]) and heading the production wing of a pro-left television channel, two of the films he directed – ''Lal Salam'' (1990) and ''Raksthasakhikal Zindabad'' (1998) – were an introspective look at the rise and fall of communist ideals. Venu examines these issues by dealing with the cracks in political movements, its hopes and later degeneration, create in human relationships.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/09/17/stories/2010091750880200.htm | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411032312/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/09/17/stories/2010091750880200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 April 2013 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=The unconventional hero | date=17 September 2010}}</ref>

The movies for which he has sung songs include ''Chillu'', ''[[Ente Ammu Ninte Thulasi Avarude Chakki]]'', ''[[Oru Painkilikatha]]'' out of which the song "Kochu Chakkarachi Pettu" from the movie ''Ente Ammu, Ninte Thulasi, Avarude Chakki'' became quite popular.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/flash_back/231172/ |title=ആ സ്‌നേഹത്തണലില്‍, Flash Back - Mathrubhumi Movies |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120232842/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/flash_back/231172/ |archive-date=2011-11-20}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1978 || ''[[Ulkkadal]]'' || Rahulan ||
|-
| ''[[Shalini Ente Koottukari]]'' || Prabha ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1980
| ''[[Aniyaatha Valakal|Aniyatha Valakkal]]'' || Ravi Shankar ||
|-
| ''[[Ishtamanu Pakshe]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kalika (film)|Kalika]]'' || Sadhan ||
|-
| ''[[Akalangalil Abhayam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1981 || ''[[Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla]]'' || Rahim ||
|-
| ''[[Kaloopasana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Tharattu]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Archana Teacher]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kolangal (1981 film)|Kolangal]]'' || Cheriyan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1982 || ''[[Oru Vilipadakale]]'' || Vishnu ||
|-
| ''[[Kattile Pattu]]'' || Devan ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukilukkam]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Yavanika]]'' || Joseph Kollapally ||
|-
| ''Ithiri Neram Othiri Karyam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Chillu]]'' || Ananthu ||
|-
| rowspan=11 | 1983 || ''[[Eenam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Premnazirne Kanmanilla]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Parasparam]]'' || Vishwanathan ||
|-
| ''[[Rugma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kathi (film)|Kathi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Swakaryam]]'' || Chandran ||
|-
| ''[[Omanathinkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Prasnam Gurutharam'' || Venu ||
|-
| ''[[Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[April 18 (film)|April 18]]'' || Advocate Thomachan ||
|-
| ''[[Adaminte Variyellu]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| rowspan=7 | 1984 || ''[[Panchavadi Palam]]'' || Jeemudhavahanan ||
|-
| ''[[Arante Mulla Kochu Mulla]]'' || Joy ||
|-
| ''[[Velichamillatha Veedhi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Swantham Sarika (film)|Swantham Sarika]]'' || Murali ||
|-
| ''[[Thirakal]]'' || Balan ||
|-
| ''Ente Nandinikutty'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Painkili Kadha]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1985 || ''[[Puzhayozhukum Vazhi]]'' || Hari ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Kudakeezhil]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarukm Njan Nadaake]]'' || Vivek ||
|-
| ''[[Meenamasathile Sooryan]]'' || Matathil Appu ||
|-
| ''[[Ente Ammu Ninte Thulasi Avarude Chakki]]'' || Shakthi ||
|-
| ''[[Adhyayam Onnu Muthal]]'' || Rameshan Nair ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1986 || ''Sunil Vayassu 20'' || Jayakumar ||
|-
| ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' || Man at the bar || Cameo
|-
| ''[[Oru Katha Oru Nunnakkatha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Meenamaasathile Sooryan]]'' || Appu ||
|-
| ''[[Vartha]]'' || Devan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1987 || ''Arinjo Ariyatheyo'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Theertham (film)|Theertham]]'' || Radhakrishnan ||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Moonnam Pakkam]]'' || Jayan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1989 || ''[[Crime Branch (film)|Crime Branch]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Devadas (1989 film)|Devadas]]'' || Devadas ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1994 || ''[[Pakshe]]'' || Unniyettan ||
|-
| ''Pavam IA Ivachan'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Minnaram]]'' || Baby ||
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Harikrishnans]]'' || Vishwambharan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2004 || ''[[Wanted (2004 film)|Wanted]]'' || Krishnadas ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyam (2004 film)|Sathyam]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| ''[[Kaazhcha]]'' || Magistrate ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2005 || ''Deepangal Sakshi'' || Advocate ||
|-
| ''[[Pauran]]'' || Chief Minister ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2006 || ''[[Pathaka]]'' || Shekharji ||
|-
| ''[[Out of Syllabus]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Photographer (film)|Photographer]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani]]'' || V. Ninan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Anchil Oral Arjunan]]'' || Padmanabhan ||
|-
| ''[[Heart Beats (film)|Heartbeats]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Indraneelam'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Roudram]]'' || Doctor ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Bhagyadevatha]]'' || Anto ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[College Days (2010 film)|College Days]]'' || Rohit Menon's father ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Careebeyans]]'' || Joseph || Posthumously
|-
|}

===As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Title !! Starring
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Sukhamo Devi]]'' || [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Sarvakalashala]]'' || Mohanlal, [[Sukumaran]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Ayitham]]'' || Mohanlal, Nedumudi Venu, Sukumaran, [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]]'' || [[Jayaram]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Ashokan (actor)|Ashokan]], [[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathi]], Urvashi
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]'' || Mohanlal, Geetha, [[Murali (Malayalam actor)|Murali]], Urvashi
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Aye Auto]]'' || Mohanlal, Rekha, Murali, [[Sreenivasan]]
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]'' || Mohanlal, Shankar, Rekha, Murali
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Kalippattam]]'' || Mohanlal, Urvashi, [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Thilakan]]
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Aayirappara]]'' || [[Mammootty]], Urvashi, [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Narendra Prasad]]
|-
| 1995 || ''[[Agnidevan]]'' || Mohanlal, [[Revathi (actress)|Revathi]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]], [[Captain Raju]], [[Devan (actor)|Devan]]
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Rakthasakshikal Sindabad]]'' || Mohanlal, [[Suresh Gopi]], Murali, [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
|-
| 2009 || ''Bharya Swantham Suhruthu'' || Jagathy Sreekumar, Urvashi, [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|-
|}

===Writer===
*''Bharya Swantham Suhruthu'' (2009) (screenplay)
*''[[:ml:വിഷ്ണു (ചലച്ചിത്രം)|Vishnu]]'' (1994) (screenplay and dialogue)
*''Aayirappara'' (1993) (writer)
*''[[Kalippattam]]'' (1993) (writer)
*''[[Kilukkam]]'' (1991) (writer)
*''[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]]'' (1991) (screenplay and dialogue)
*''[[Aye Auto]]'' (1990) (writer)
*''[[Artham|Ardham]]'' (1989) (writer)
*''Sarvakalasala'' (1987) (screenplay and dialogue)
*''[[Sukhamodevi]]'' (1986) (writer)
*''Gayathri Devi Entae Amma'' (1985) (Screenplay)
*''Guruji Oru Vaakku'' (1985)
*''Daivathae Orthu'' (1985)
*''Ee Gaanam Marakkumo'' (1978) (screenplay)

==Television==
*''Ente Manasaputhri'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattath Kathanar]]'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Mizhi thurakumbol'' ([[Surya TV]])
* "Thinkalum Tharakangalum" (Amrita TV)
*Marubhumiyil pookkalam
*Ekaakini
*Arohanam
*Chitta (Surya TV)
*Thanichu (Asianet)
*Ohari
*Kurukhetram
*Gandhari
*Mangalyam (Asianet)
*Manaswini (DD Malayalam)
*Thalolam (Asianet)
*Ellam Mayajaalam (Asianet)
*''Kannan Vannengil'' (Surya TV)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Venu%20Nagavally&limit=59 Profile of Malayalam Actor Venu Nagavally]
*{{IMDb name|1964412|name=Venu Nagavalli}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagavalli, Venu}}
[[Category:Male actors from Alappuzha]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:University College Thiruvananthapuram alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]

Twin Temples, Keezhaiyur

2026-01-23T06:59:36Z

Joshiankit994: Content updated and refined

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Coord|format=dms|display=title}}
[[File:Twin Temples, Keezhaiyur.jpg|thumb|Twin temples, Keezhaiyur, built by [[Paluvettaraiyar]] chieftains Kumaran and Kumaran Kandan in the 9th century AD]]

The '''Twin Temples at Keezhaiyur''' is a 9th-century temple complex built by the [[Paluvettaraiyar]] chieftains who were vassals of the Medieval [[Chola]]s at Keezhaiyur on the [[Trichy]]-[[Ariyalur]] highway.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/9th-century-twin-temples-of-keezhaiyur-all-set-for-facelift/article7446286.ece|title=9th century twin temples of Keezhaiyur all set for facelift|website=The Hindu|accessdate=2018-03-18}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
As the name suggests, the complex consists of two temples. The temple in the north is called ''Vadavaayil Sirikoil'' or ''Chozheecharam'' and the one in the south is called ''Thenvaaayil Sirikoil'' or ''[[Agastheeswaram|Agatheeswaram]]''. The temples were constructed by the [[Paluvettaraiyar]] chieftains Kumaran Maravan and Kumaran Kandan.<ref name="tnarch">{{cite web|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/temple/temple27.htm|title=MONUMENTS - TEMPLES - Twin Temple, Keezhaiyur|website=tnarch.gov.in|accessdate=2018-03-18}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery class="center">
File:Twin Temples Keezhaiyur.jpg|Entrance
File:Twin Temples Keezhaiyur2.jpg|Temple 1
File:Twin Temples, Keezhaiyur3.jpg|Temple 2
File:Sculpture, Twin Temples, Keezhaiyur.jpg|Sculpture
File:ASI Information Board, Twin Temples, Keezhaiyur.jpg|ASI Information Board
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Paluvettaraiyar]]
*[[Chola]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}

Poula language

2026-01-01T19:25:19Z

Joshiankit994: minor cleanup

{{short description|Angami-Pochuri language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Poula
| altname = Poumai
| states = [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]]
| ethnicity = [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai Naga]]
| speakers = {{sigfig|143,000|2}}
| date = 2011
| ref = e25
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Angami-Pochuri languages|Angami-Pochuri]]
| fam3 = Angami
| iso3 = pmx
| glotto = poum1235
| glottorefname = Poumei Naga
| glottofoot = no
}}
{{Naga people}}

'''Poula''' is an [[Angami–Pochuri languages|Angami-Pochuri language]] that is predominantly spoken by the [[Poumai Naga people|Poumai Naga]] people in [[Senapati district]] in [[Manipur]] and [[Phek district]] in [[Nagaland]], [[India]]. The language of [[Chingjaroi]] is also closely related to Poula but is distinct. A [[descriptive grammar]] of Poula is available.<ref name="A Grammar of Poumai Naga">{{cite journal|last1= Veikho|first1=Sahiinii Lemaina|title=A Grammar of Poumai Naga|journal=University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.|date=2019|url=https://www.academia.edu/42032111}}</ref>

== Grammar ==
===Phonology===
The [[phonology]] of Poula lacks [[syllable coda]]s and also disallows [[consonant clusters]] in [[Syllable onset|onset]] position. There are 25 consonant [[phonemes]] in Poula.

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Consonants<ref name="Poula phonetics and phonology"/>
! colspan="2" |
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|c}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|cʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
|
| {{IPA link|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! {{small|plain}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
|
|
|
| {{IPA link|ŋ̊ʰ}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ɕ}}
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|ʑ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Affricate]]
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|tɕ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|dʑ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|ʋ}}
|
| {{IPA link|j}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Liquid consonant|Liquid]]
! {{small|rhotic}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|lateral}}
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
|
|
|
|}

===Vowels===
There are six vowel [[phonemes]] in Poula.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! !! [[Front vowel|Front]]!![[Central vowel|Central]]!! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[High vowel|High]]
| {{IPA link|i}} &emsp; {{IPA link|y}} || || ({{IPA link|u}})
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} || {{IPA link|ə}} || {{IPA link|o}}
|-
! [[Low vowel|Low]]
| || {{IPA link|a}} ||
|}

In Poula, the phoneme /ə/ is written with the [[grapheme]] '[[ü]]' (now, many use it as 'ii') in Bible and Hymns which was devised by Bible Society of India. In addition Poula lacks high back round vowel [u] as a monophthong,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Veikho |first1=Sahiinii Lemaina |last2=Sarmah |first2=Priyankoo |title=Vowels and tones in Poula |journal=Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=22–45 |date=2018 |doi=10.1075/ltba.16022.lem |s2cid=69460833 |url=https://benjamins.com/catalog/ltba.16022.lem|url-access=subscription }}</ref> but [u] is present in nexus of diphthong; for example pou [pəu] `father'.

===Tones===
Poula is a [[tonal language]], however tone is not currently marked in the [[orthography]]. There are four [[tonemes]] in Poula.<ref name="Poula phonetics and phonology">{{cite journal |last1= Veikho |first1=Sahiinii Lemaina |last2=Khyriem |first2=Barika |title=Poula phonetics and phonology: An initial overview |journal=North East Indian Linguistics |volume=7 |pages=47–62 |date=2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/20383374}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Word !! Tone !! Gloss
|-
| {{IPA|/na˥/}} || High-falling || 'baby'
|-
| {{IPA|/na˦/}} || Mid-Rising || 'later'
|-
| {{IPA|/na˧/}} || Mid || 'things'
|-
| {{IPA|/na˩/}} || Low || 'paint'
|}

Poula is an extremely innovative language–unlike Kuki-Chin languages–for having simple morphology.<ref name="A Grammar of Poumai Naga"/>

===Morphology===
Nouns and verbs are the two content word classes. There are no ‘adjective’ and ‘adverbs’ words classes, however nominalized verbs may modify nouns and non-finite converbial verbs may modify verbs. There several functional words found.<ref>{{cite journal|last1= Veikho|first1=Sahiinii Lemaina|title=A Grammar of Poumai Naga|journal=University of Bern, Switzerland: PhD Dissertation.|date=2019|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339400329}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/PNLR Poumai Naga Language Resource] collection of Poumai Naga (Poula) language documentation in the Computational Resource for South Asian Languages (CoRSAL) archive

{{Sino-Tibetan languages}}
{{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Angami–Pochuri languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]

Vibhuti Narain Rai

2025-12-31T07:38:57Z

Joshiankit994: small changes

{{short description|Indian police official and author (born 1950)}}
{{BLP sources| date= May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Vibhuti Narain Rai
| image = Vibhuti Narain Rai an English language Indian writer and retd.IPS officer,India.jpg|
| alt = Vibhuti Narain Rai
| caption = Rai at Chandigarh Literature Festival 2016
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1950
|11|28}}
| birth_place = Azamgarh, Uttar Pradesh
| occupation = Writer, novelist, activist, translator, Director general of police (Retired), former Vice Chancellor Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya,
| education = M.A. (English Litt.)
| notableworks = Ghar, Shahar Mein Curfew, Kissa Loktantra, Tabadala and Prem Ki Bhoot Katha.
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Indu Sharma Katha Samman|Indu Sharma Antarrastriya Katha Samman]]
| signature =
| website = {{URL|http://vibhutinarain.blogspot.com/|vibhutinarain.blogspot}}
| portaldisp =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Vibhuti Narain Rai''' (born 28 November 1950) is an ex police officer and author from India. He obtained an [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in English literature from [[Allahabad University]] in 1971, and joined the [[Indian Police Service]] in 1975 as a part of the [[Uttar Pradesh]] cadre. He served many sensitive districts as a [[superintendent of police]].

Between 1992–2001, Rai was deputed to the [[Government of India]], during which time his postings included anti-insurgency operations in the [[Kashmir Valley]] (1993–94). Rai retired as [[Director General of Police]] in Uttar Pradesh. He has been awarded President's Police Medal for Distinguished Services and Police Medal for Meritorious Services. He was appointed as Vice Chancellor of a central university- Mahatma Gandhi Antarrashtriya Hindi Vishwavidyalaya, Wardha for five years in 2008.

Rai has published six novels- '''Ghar, Shahar mein Curfew, Kissa Loktantra, Tabadala, Prem Ki Bhoot Katha''' and '''Ramgarh Mein Hatya.''' These novels have been translated in almost all the Indian Languages and English. His other books are '''Ranbhumi Mein Bhasha, Kise Chahiye Sabhya Police, Fence Ke Us Par, Andhi Surang Mein Kashmir, Pakistan Mein Bhagat Singh, Sampradayik Dange Aur Bhartiya Police, Hashimpura 22 May, Combating Communal Conflicts''' and also a collection of satire '''Ek Chhatra Neta Ka Rojnamcha.'''

==''Shahar Mein'' curfew==
In 1988, Rai published a [[Hindi]] novel entitled ''Shahar Mein Curfew'' (Curfew in the City).<ref>{{cite book
| first = Martin E.
| last = Marty & others
| title = Fundamentalisms Comprehended (The Fundamentalism Project) (Paperback)
| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-226-50888-7
}}</ref> Its theme was a 1980 Hindu-Muslim riot in the city of [[Allahabad]], and Rai wrote freely about how religious prejudice in the Hindu dominated police force and provincial administration led to Muslim citizens' being viewed as enemies and thus becoming easy targets of brutality and murder.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Martin E.
| last = Marty & others
| title = Fundamentalisms Comprehended (The Fundamentalism Project) (Paperback)
| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-226-50888-7
}}</ref> The [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) took offence and denounced the novel for being ''anti-Hindu''.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Martin E.
| last = Marty & others
| title = Fundamentalisms Comprehended (The Fundamentalism Project) (Paperback)
| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-226-50888-7
}}</ref> It now wants a ban imposed on the novel, and when [[Ashok Singhal]], secretary general of the VHP, was told of a producer wanting to turn the story into a film, he threatened to burn down theatres that dared to screen the planned film.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Martin E.
| last = Marty & others
| title = Fundamentalisms Comprehended (The Fundamentalism Project) (Paperback)
| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-226-50888-7
}}</ref>

All this ire surrounds a project that has still not begun and a work of fiction that at no point directly criticizes any [[Hindu]] organization.<ref>{{cite book
| first = Martin E.
| last = Marty & others
| title = Fundamentalisms Comprehended (The Fundamentalism Project) (Paperback)
| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-226-50888-7
}}</ref> It is worthwhile to quote here from a recent interview given by the author: ''"''The intolerance of dissent is increasing in our society and the [[Ayodhya]] mobilization has largely contributed to this disturbing trend. The attacks on inconvenient writers and dissenting journalists are in fact motivated by a desire to silence all criticism and all reason, thereby making the very existence of rationally-thinking people redundant to the social and political process. This is extremely distressing''."''<ref>{{cite book
| first = Martin E.
| last = Marty & others
| title = Fundamentalisms Comprehended (The Fundamentalism Project) (Paperback)
| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
| year = 2004
| isbn = 978-0-226-50888-7
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/lucknow/27833663_1_scientific-temper-textbooks-svm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110811035500/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-05-03/lucknow/27833663_1_scientific-temper-textbooks-svm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 11 August 2011
| title = Study of textbooks evokes concern
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| date = 3 May 2005
| access-date = 2009-06-21
}}</ref>

==Works in Hindi==

===Novels===
* ''Ghar''
* ''Shahar Mein Curfew''
* ''Kissa Loktantra''
* ''Tabadla''
* ''Prem Ki Bhoot Katha''
* ''Hashimpura 22 May''

===Satire===
* ''Ek Chhatra Neta Ka Rojnamcha''

===Criticism===
* ''Katha Sahitya Ke Sau Baras''
* "Ranbhumi mein bhasha"

==Works in English==

* ''Combating Communal Conflict''
* ''Communal Conflicts: Perception of Police Neutrality During Hindu-Muslim Riots in India'', Renaissance Pub. House (1998)

==Translations into English==
* ''Curfew in the City'', translated by [[C. M. Naim]], New Delhi: Roli Books, 1998.
* Tabadala, translated by Zeba Alvi to Urdu in Karachi (Pakistan) 2009.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Vibhuti Narain}}
[[Category:Indian police officers]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:People from Azamgarh]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]

Gaggara

2025-12-29T04:01:24Z

Joshiankit994: added some data needs work

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gaggara
| image = Gaggara poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shivadhwaj Shetty
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = M. Durganand
| starring = [[Suchendra Prasad]] Jayasheela
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music =
| studio = D M Cine Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tulu
| budget = ₹11 lakhs<ref name="J">{{Cite journal |last=B. M. |first=Darshan|date=2020 |title=Ethnography in Tulu Films: An analysis of the film 'Gaggara'|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315809778 |journal=Global Journal for Research Analysis |volume= |pages=612–613 |issn= |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Gaggara''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-language [[drama film]] directed by Shivadhwaj Shetty and starring [[Suchendra Prasad]] and Jayasheela.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-bags-3-national-film-awards/articleshow/21942200.cms|title=Karnataka bags 3 national film awards|date=23 January 2010|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=8 April 2024}}</ref> The film is based on [[Buta Kola|Bhoothakola]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1054049|title=Mangaluru: Special screening of 'Koramma' Tulu film to be held on Feb 25|work=[[Daijiworld Media]]|date=25 February 2023|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> and won the [[Discontinued and intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Tulu|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tulu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2010/Jan/24/sheshadri-does-it-again-163958.html|title=Sheshadri does it again|date=16 May 2012|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref> The film was notably the first Tulu film to be screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in [[40th International Film Festival of India|2009]] and the [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]] in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/who-leaked-iffi-list/articleshow/22013475.cms|title=Who leaked IFFI list?|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=7 August 2024|date=29 October 2009}}</ref><ref name="N">{{cite web|title=Tulu film makes entry into BIFFES|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article235609.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204045200/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/article235609.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2016|website=The New Indian Express|accessdate=11 September 2016|date=17 December 2011}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shankara is the son of a [[Buta Kola|Kola]] performer, which has become a dying tradition. He is a government school teacher and is hesitant to perform the ritual since the modern day society shuns the Kola community (who are considered untouchables). He is from a poor family and his father is a drunkard who wastes money.

Eventually, Shankara performs Kola for the first time in order to keep the dying tradition alive.<ref name="N"/>

== Cast ==
''Source''<ref name="J"/>
{{Cast listing|
*[[Suchendra Prasad]] as Shankara
*Jayasheela
*M. K. Mutt
*[[Naveen D. Padil]]
*Sundara Rai Mandara
*Vinnie Fernades
*Bhaskar Manipal
* Sandeep Udupi
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in seven days in Palli, a village near [[Karkala]] in Udupi district.<ref name="J"/>

== Release ==
Upon release, the film was a box office failure due to being a socially oriented film.<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/comedy-flick-may-set-a-trend/article2034133.ece|title=Comedy flick may set a trend|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Anisha Sheth|date=20 May 2011|access-date=7 August 2024|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119203658/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/comedy-flick-may-set-a-trend/article2034133.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was not released on [[Compact disc|CDs]].<ref name="H"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:Tulu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Govind Singh Rajput

2025-12-27T16:26:01Z

Joshiankit994: further expand content after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Govind Singh Rajput
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Cabinet Minister Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 3 January 2021
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Minister for Revenue and Transport Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 12 July 2020
| term_end1 = 20 October 2020
| predecessor1 = Govind Singh Rajput
| successor1 =
| office2 = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan Fourth ministry|Minister for Food & Civil supplies and Consumer affairs]] [[Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start2 = 21 April 2020
| term_end2 = 12 July 2020
| predecessor2 = [[Pradhumn Singh Tomar]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| successor2 = Bisahulal Singh
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]]
| office3 = [[Government of Madhya Pradesh|Minister for Revenue and Transport Government of Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 27 December 2018
| term_end3 = 20 March 2020
| 1blankname3 = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Kamal Nath]]
| office4 = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Madhya Pradesh]]
| constituency4 = [[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]]
| term_start4 = 10 November 2020
| term_end4 =
| constituency5 = [[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]]
| term_start5 = 2018 December
| term_end5 = 2020 March
| constituency6 = [[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]]
| term_start6 = 2003
| term_end6 = 2013
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|08|22|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| occupation =
| father =
| children = [[Akash Singh Rajput]]
| spouse =
| residence =
}}
'''Govind Singh Rajput''' is an Indian politician from The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] who is the cabinet minister in Government of [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan Fourth ministry|Madhya Pradesh]]. Rajput was a Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Surkhi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Surkhi]] in [[Sagar district]] from December 2018 to March 2020.{{fact|date=October 2021}}

==Political career==
In December 2018, he was inducted into the [[Kamal Nath ministry|Kamal Nath cabinet]] as Minister of Revenue & Transport in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. During [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]], he supported former Congress leader [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] and was one of the 22 MLAs who resigned and Joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jyotiraditya-scindia-resigns-from-congress/articleshow/74561583.cms|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia resigns from Congress, more than 20 party MLAs quit|date=2020-03-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title =22 rebel Cong MLAs, whose resignation led to fall of Kamal Nath govt, join BJP|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/22-rebel-cong-mlas-whose-resignation-led-to-fall-of-kamal-nath-govt-join-bjp-11584797981690.html|publisher=Live Mint}}</ref> And on 21 April 2020, he became a cabinet minister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Department Of Public Relations,Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.mpinfo.org/mpinfostatic/english/council/cabinetmin/Shri-Govind-Singh-Rajput.asp|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.mpinfo.org|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802080402/https://www.mpinfo.org/MPinfoStatic/English/council/cabinetmin/Shri-Govind-Singh-Rajput.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajput, Govind Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Donal Bisht

2025-12-15T11:00:06Z

Joshiankit994: Article updated with improved flow

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Donal Bisht
| image = Donal Bisht at the launch of Amazon MX Player’s slate of shows for 2025 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bisht in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|08|27|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/donal-bisht-celebrates-her-birthday-in-noida/articleshow/65593723.cms|title=Donal Bisht celebrates her birthday in Noida|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 August 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Alwar, Rajasthan]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]'' ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
| spouse =
| relatives =
| website =
}}

'''Donal Bisht''' (born 27 August 1994) is an Indian actress who mainly works in Hindi television. She is best known for her portrayal of Sharanya Bisht in [[Sony TV]]'s drama series ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'' and Ishika Patel in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''.
In 2021, she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''. In 2019, Bisht ranked 18th in [[The Times of India|Times Most Desirable Women on TV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet TV's most desirable actresses of 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hina-khan-tops-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2018/articleshow/69281775.cms |access-date=13 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Donal was born on 27 August 1998 in [[Alwar, Rajasthan]] to Jaisingh Bisht and Jasumati Bisht, whereas her native place is [[Uttarakhand]].
She has an elder brother, Ranjan Bisht.

She worked as a journalist for the news channel, and was also an anchor for [[DD National]]'s ''[[Chitrahaar]]''.

== Career ==
===Debut and early roles (2015-2017)===
She made her acting debut in 2015 with ''[[Airlines (Indian TV series)|Airlines]]'' as a journalist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Airlines-A-real-life-journalist-enters/articleshow/45757452.cms|title=Airlines: A real life journalist enters the show|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 January 2015}}</ref> In the same year, she played Dr. Shelly Gaitonde in anthology series ''Twist Wala Love'' alongside Harshith Arora.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/harshith-arora-and-donal-bisht-feature-channel-vs-twist-wala-love-150606|title=Harshith Arora and Donal Bisht to feature in Channel V's Twist Wala Love |work=Telly Chakkar|date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

From 2015 to 2017, she played Sakshi Deol Garewal in ''[[Kalash - Ek Vishwaas|Kalash-Ek Vishwaas]].''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Donal Bisht replaces Shritama in Kalash-Ek Vishwaas|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Donal-Bisht-replaces-Shritama-in-TV-show/articleshow/48113940.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref> It was her first major screen appearance. She also appeared as Priyanka in an episode of ''Aye Zindagi''.

===Breakthrough and success (2018-2020)===
Bisht had her breakthrough with ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'' where she portrayed Sharanya Bisht opposite [[Namik Paul]] and [[Vikram Singh Chauhan]] from 2017 to 2018.<ref>{{cite news|last=Iyengar|first=Anusha|date=24 October 2017|title=Ek Deewaana Tha review: Namik Paul, Donal Bisht and Vikram Singh Chauhan horror love story starts off with clichés but looks promising|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/ek-deewaana-tha-review-namik-paul-donal-bisht-and-vikram-singh-chauhan-horror-love-story-starts-off-with-cliches-but-looks-promising/|access-date=24 October 2017|work=Bollywood Life}}</ref> She played Radhika post the leap. The show ended in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/this-is-when-namik-paul-s-ek-deewaana-tha-will-go-off-air-1224016-2018-05-01|title=This is when Namik Paul and Donal Bisht's Ek Deewaana Tha will go off air|newspaper=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13|agency=Ist}}</ref> In 2018, she appeared as Riya in an episode of ''[[Laal Ishq (2018 TV series)|Laal Ishq]]'' alongside [[Mrunal Jain]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht joins Mrunal Jain for an episode of &TV's Laal Ishq|work=IWM Buzz|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/donal-bisht-joins-mrunal-jain-tvs-laal-ishq/2018/06/19/amp|date=19 June 2018}}</ref>

From 2018 to 2019, she portrayed Ishika Patel, a headstrong girl<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht: Looking back, I feel like I've made a strong impact with my role as Ishika in Roop|work=Times Of India|date=9 October 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/donal-bisht-looking-back-i-feel-like-ive-made-a-strong-impact-with-my-role-as-ishika-in-roop/articleshow/78568770.cms}}</ref> in ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]'' opposite [[Shashank Vyas]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tv-show-roop-mard-ka-naya-swaroop-to-end-next-month/articleshow/68906816.cms|title=TV show 'Roop — Mard Ka Naya Swaroop' to end next month |website=The Times of India|date=16 April 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref> In 2019, she replaced [[Jasmin Bhasin]] as Happy Mehra in ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''.<ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Donal Bisht steps into Jasmin Bhasin's shoes to play Happy in 'Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/donal-bisht-steps-into-jasmin-bhasins-shoes-to-play-happy-in-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji/articleshow/69842724.cms |access-date=13 March 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=19 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She played the role opposite Ansh Bagri. The show ended the same year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/donal-bisht-disappointed-with-abrupt-ending-of-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-it-s-heartbreaking-1570273-2019-07-17|title=Donal Bisht disappointed with abrupt ending of Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji: It's heartbreaking|website=India Today|date=17 July 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717191356/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/donal-bisht-disappointed-with-abrupt-ending-of-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-it-s-heartbreaking-1570273-2019-07-17 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=}}</ref>

Bisht then made her web debut with ''Tia & Raj'' alongside Akshat Saluja.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht releases first ever micro-web series, 'Tia and Raj'; Says micro web series are the next big thing after web series|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/donal-bisht-releases-first-ever-microweb-series-tia-and-raj-says-micro-web-series-are-the-next-big-t_165900%3fmode=amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906104329/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/donal-bisht-releases-first-ever-microweb-series-tia-and-raj-says-micro-web-series-are-the-next-big-t_165900?mode=amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 September 2023|date=16 June 2020|work=India Forums}}</ref> She played Tia and also produced the micro-web series. Then she portrayed Tamanna opposite [[Mohammed Iqbal Khan|Iqbal Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht on working with Iqbal Khan in 'In Cold Blood': You learn a lot of things when the other person himself is so experienced|url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/amphan-vidya-balan-mouni-roy-shoojit-sircar-dia-mirza-cyclone-affected/|work=Bollywood Bubble|date=27 May 2020 }}</ref> She also appeared in five music videos including 'Bepata', 'Alag Mera Yeh Rang Hain', 'Teri Patli Kamar', 'Betiyaan Pride of Nation' and 'Fukrapanti'.

=== Recent work and career expansion (2021-present) ===
She portrayed Sasha Pink in the web series ''The Socho Project'' yet to be released .<ref>{{Cite web|title=In web series 'The Socho Project', budding musicians and 25 original songs|date=2 August 2020|url=https://scroll.in/reel/966807/in-web-series-the-socho-project-budding-musicians-and-25-original-songs|work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

In October 2021, she participated in ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]'' as a contestant. She was evicted on Day 18 by the housemates.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-04|title= Bigg Boss 15 Day 1 Highlights: Ieshaan is First Nominated Contestant, Donal Termed Manipulative|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-15-day-1-highlights-ieshaan-sehgaal-is-first-nominated-contestant-donal-bisht-termed-manipulative-4281560.html|website=News 18}}</ref> In 2022, she appeared in music video 'Nikaah' with [[Afsana Khan]].

Bisht is all set to make her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] film debut with the bilingual ''Dare To Sleep '' where she will be seen opposite [[Chetan Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht shares a BTS pic with Sunil from the sets of DTS in Goa|work=Times Of India|date=17 August 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/donal-bisht-shares-a-bts-pic-with-sunil-from-the-sets-of-dts-in-goa/articleshow/85402271.cms}}</ref> She appeared alongside [[Gashmeer Mahajani]] in the Amazon MX & Prime web series [[Tu Zakhm Hai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive! Gashmeer Mahajani and Donal Bisht roped in for MX player's next Zakhm|work=Tellychakkar|date=11 March 2022|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-gashmeer-mahajani-and-donal-bisht-roped-mx-players-next-220311%3famp|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=25 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425071930/https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/exclusive-gashmeer-mahajani-and-donal-bisht-roped-mx-players-next-220311?amp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== In the media ==
In 2019, Bisht ranked 18th in [[The Times of India|Times Most Desirable Women on TV]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet TV's most desirable actresses of 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hina-khan-tops-the-times-20-most-desirable-women-on-tv-2018/articleshow/69281775.cms |access-date=13 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=16 May 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Bisht walked the ramp for Amit Talwar in 2019 in Delhi. The same year she walked the ramp for Anu Ranjan's "Be With Beti" campaign at [[Indian Television Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 15: जानें कंटेस्टेंट डोनल बिष्ट के बारे में रोचक तथ्‍य|url=https://www.herzindagi.com/hindi/society-culture/know-all-about-donal-bisht-bigg-boss-15-contestant-article-185335|work=Her Zindagi|date=6 October 2021}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Chitrahaar]]''
|Host
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/remembering-9-iconic-doordarshan-shows-as-channel-celebrates-60th-anniversary-250043#chitrahaar-250037|title=Remembering 9 iconic Doordarshan shows as channel celebrates 60th anniversary|website=Wio News|date=16 September 2019 |access-date=22 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Twist Wala Love''
|Dr. Shelly Gaitonde
|
|
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Kalash - Ek Vishwaas|Kalash–Ek Vishwaas]]''
| Sakshi Deol Garewal
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| rowspan="2"|''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
| Sharanya Bedi
|
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Ek Deewana Tha's Donal Bisht all set to meet the man of her dreams|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ek-deewana-thas-donal-bisht-all-set-to-meet-the-man-of-her-dreams/articleshow/61769555.cms|access-date=23 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Radhika Khurana
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/donal-bishts-character-in-show-inspired-by-deepika-padokune/1253752|title=Donal Bisht's character in show inspired by Deepika Padokune|work=[[The Free Press Journal]]|date=9 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Riya
|Episode: "Call Of The Night"
|
|-
| 2018–2019
| ''[[Roop - Mard Ka Naya Swaroop]]''
| Ishika Patel Vaghela
|
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/donal-bisht-to-play-the-lead-in-roop/articleshow/64840300.cms|title=Donal Bisht to play the lead in 'Roop- Mard Ka Naya Swaroop|work=The Times of India|date=3 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji]]''
| Happy Mehra Saluja
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/unhappy-with-her-role-jasmin-bhasin-quits-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-this-actress-to-replace-her-1551143-2019-06-18|title=Unhappy with her role, Jasmin Bhasin quits Dil Toh Happy Hai Ji, Donal Bisht to replace her|website=India Today|date=18 June 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618101418/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/unhappy-with-her-role-jasmin-bhasin-quits-dil-toh-happy-hai-ji-this-actress-to-replace-her-1551143-2019-06-18 |archive-date=18 June 2019 |access-date=}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
|Contestant
|22nd place
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss 15: ex-contestant Donal Bisht emerged as a 'Lone Warrior', here is how|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/biggboss/bigg-boss-15-ex-contestant-donal-bisht-emerged-as-a-lone-warrior-here-is-how-drb-r2b764|work=Newsable.Asianetnews|date=9 November 2021}}</ref>
|}

===Films===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Platform
! Language
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Kumbhkarana / Dare To Sleep (DTS)}}
|{{TBA}}
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht: I never planned to get into the South industry, it just happened|work=Times Of India|date=22 December 2021|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/donal-bisht-i-never-planned-to-get-into-the-south-industry-it-just-happened/articleshow/88427621.cms}}</ref>
|}

=== Web ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Tia & Raj''
|Tia
|Mini-series; Producer
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht turns producer, releases first ever Hindi micro-web series Tia & Raj|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2020/06/donal-bisht-releases-first-ever-hindi-micro-web-series-tia-raj/|work=Urban Asian|date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Doon Kaand''
|Tamanna
|Web series
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht Opens Up About Her Web Show In Cold Blood With Iqbal Khan: 'My Character Is That Of A Strong Ambitious Girl'|date=23 November 2020|url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-news/donal-bisht-opens-up-about-her-web-show-in-cold-blood-with-iqbal-khan-my-character-is-that-of-a-strong-ambitious-girl-exclusive/5fbbc961aafb3d5f2f645cdf|work=Spotboye}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Donal Bisht's supposed debut project, In the Month of July, releases after 7 years|date=9 March 2021|url=https://www.spotboye.com/television/television-news/donal-bisht-s-supposed-debut-project-in-the-month-of-july-releases-after-7-years-exclusive/6047754cf9c3074626e6cc8d|work=Spotboye}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''The Socho Project''
|Sasha Pink
|Musical series
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Donal Bisht speaks about her character Sasha Pink from The Socho Project and why she took a break from TV|date=24 October 2020|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-donal-bisht-speaks-character-sasha-pink-socho-project-took-break-tv/}}</ref>
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Tu Zakhm Hai]]''
|Kavya Garewal
|2 seasons
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi is where my heart is: Shooting in Delhi makes 'Zakhm' more special for Donal Bisht|date=19 May 2022|url=https://www.ahmedabadmirror.com/shooting-in-hometown-delhi-zakhm-more-special-for-donal-bisht/81832681.html|work=Ahmedabad Mirror}}</ref>
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Singer(s)
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2020
|''Bepata''
|[[Abhijit Vaghani]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Latest Hindi Song 'Bepata' Sung By Abhijit Vaghani starring Donal Bisht|work=Times Of India|date=20 March 2020|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/latest-hindi-song-bepata-sung-by-abhijit-vaghani/videoshow/74728125.cms}}</ref>
|-
|''Alag Mera Yeh Rang Hain''
|[[Amruta Fadnavis]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Singer Amruta Fadnavis's 'Alag Mera Yeh Rang Hain' with Donal Bisht, is a tribute to acid attack survivors|url=https://nationalheraldnews.com/singer-amruta-fadnavis-next-single-alag-mera-yeh-rang-hain-a-tribute-to-acid-attack-survivors-out-now/|date=9 March 2020|work=National Herald News}}</ref>
|-
|''Teri Patli Kamar''
|Yash Wadali
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Krishna Kaul and Donal Bhist's Teri Patli Kamar is a peppy track|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/bollywood/2020/09/krishna-kaul-and-donal-bhists-teri-patli-kamar-is-a-peppy-track/|date=19 September 2020|work=Urban Asian}}</ref>
|-
|''Betiyaan Pride of Nation''
|[[Shreya Ghosal]], [[Neeti Mohan]], [[Amruta Fadnavis]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH: Betiyaan Pride Of Nation, starring many Film and Television actress|work=Hungama|date=26 September 2020|url=https://www.hungama.com/amp/video/betiyaan-pride-of-nation/58185468/}}</ref>
|-
|''Fukrapanti''
|Harmaan Najim, [[Swati Sharma]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Popular Hindi Song Music Video - 'Fukrapanti' Sung By Harmaan Najim and Swati Sharma|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/watch-popular-hindi-song-music-video-fukrapanti-sung-by-harmaan-najim-and-swati-sharma/videoshow/80210705.cms|date=11 January 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Kinni Vari''
|Rakesh Maini
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did you know? Donal Bisht's music video 'Kinni Vaari' with Abhishek Bajaj was shot in one go|work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/know-donal-bishts-music-video-kinni-vaari-abhishek-bajaj-shot-one-go/|date=16 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Nikaah''
|Saajz, [[Naseebo Lal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Donal Bisht collaborates with Bigg Boss 15 co contestant and singer Afsana Khan for new song Nikaah|work=Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/donal-bisht-collaborates-bigg-boss-15-co-contestant-and-singer-afsana-khan-new-song-nikaah-993771%3famp|date=13 January 2022}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''Mana'' ''Leya Kar''
|[[Raghav Sachar]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Raghav Sachar & Donal Bisht On Their Latest Song "MANA LEYA KAR" |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/video/raghav-sachar-donal-bisht-on-their-latest-song-mana-leya-kar-1071031 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-05}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Work
!Result
! Ref.
|-
|2018
|rowspan="2"|[[Gold Awards]]
| Best Jodi (with [[Namik Paul]])
|''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 20, 2018|title=Zee Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Mouni Roy, Hina Khan, Ravi Dubey, Nakuul Mehta win big honours|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/zee-gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-mouni-roy-hina-5225490/|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|Most Fit Actor (Female)
|{{N/A}}
|{{nom}}
|
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]
* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|9431012}}
*{{Instagram|donalbisht}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bisht, Donal}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]

INS Mahish

2025-12-14T21:20:45Z

Joshiankit994: started a pg

{{Short description|Kumbhir-class landing ship of the Indian Navy}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}

{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=INS Mahish sailing through Indian Ocean.jpg
|image_caption=INS ''Mahish''
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name= INS ''Mahish''
|namesake= [[Water Buffalo]]<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mahisha, Mahiṣa, Mahisa, Māhiṣa, Mahīśa: 41 definitions | url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/mahisha#:~:text=%5B%C2%ABprevious%20(M)%20next,is%20used%20throughout%20Ayurvedic%20literature. | access-date=2025-06-25 | website=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref>
|owner=
|operator=
|registry=
|route=
|ordered=
|awarded=
|builder=*[[Gdańsk Shipyard]]
*[[Stocznia Gdynia]]
|original_cost=
|yard_number=
|way_number=
|laid_down=
|launched=
|sponsor=
|christened=
|completed=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 4 June 1985
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned= 11 November 2016
|maiden_voyage=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|identification= [[Pennant number]]: L19
|motto=
|nickname=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate=Decommissioned
|status=
|notes=
|badge=
|honours=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Kumbhir|landing ship}}
|type=
|tonnage=
|displacement= 1120 tons (standard)
|length= 83.9 m<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/landing_ships_kumbhir.htm |title=Surface Ships of Indian Navy |accessdate=2011-02-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216124010/http://indiannavy.nic.in/landing_ships_kumbhir.htm |archivedate=16 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|beam= 9.7 m
|height=
|draught= 1.3 metres (extreme bow and 2.58 metres (stern)
|depth= 5.2 m
|hold_depth=
|decks=
|deck_clearance=
|ramps=
|ice_class=
|power=
|propulsion= 2 x 2200 hp Soviet Kolomna 40-D two stroke diesel engines.
|sail_plan=
|speed= {{convert|18|kn}}
|range=
|endurance=
|test_depth=
|boats=
|capacity=
|troops=
|complement= 120 (incl. 12 officers)
|crew=
|time_to_activate=
|sensors= SRN 7453 radar
|EW=
|armament=*2 × AK-230 30mm guns
*4 × CRN-91 AA (Naval 30mm Medak)
*guns, MANPAD's.
|armour=
|armor=
|aircraft= 1 [[HAL Chetak]]
|aircraft_facilities=
|notes=
}}
}}
'''INS ''Mahish''''' is a {{sclass|Kumbhir|landing ship}} of the [[Indian Navy]].

==History==
Built at the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] in Poland, INS ''Mahish'' was commissioned on 4 June 1985. The ship was decommissioned on 11 November 2016 at Port Blair. Her last commanding office was Commoder Harkesh Yadav.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2016/11/11/ins-mahish-decommissioning-ceremony/|title=INS Mahish Decommissioning Ceremony|date=2016-11-11|website=Andaman Sheekha|access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/797245998414385152|title=SpokespersonNavy on Twitter|newspaper=Twitter|access-date=2016-11-19}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

{{Kumbhir-class tank landing ship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahish}}
[[Category:Kumbhir-class tank landing ships]]
[[Category:1985 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in Gdańsk]]
[[Category:Naval ships built in Poland for export]]

Chinggisids

2025-12-08T18:12:42Z

Joshiankit994: started a details

{{Short description|Descendants of Genghis Khan}}
{{other uses|Chinggisid (disambiguation)}}
[[File:YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg|thumb|alt=A portrait painting of Genghis Khan.|Portrait of Genghis Khan.]]
The '''Chinggisids''' were the descendants of [[Genghis Khan]], also known as Chinggis Khan, and his first wife [[Börte]]. The dynasty, which evolved from Genghis Khan's own [[Borjigin|Borjigin tribe]], ruled the [[Mongol Empire]] and [[Division of the Mongol Empire|its successor states]]. The "Chinggisid principle"—that only descendants of Genghis Khan and Börte could be legitimate rulers of the Mongol or post-Mongol world—would be an important concept for centuries, until the fall of [[Kazakh Khanate]], the last states ruled by Chinggisid monarchs, in 1847.<ref>''Joo-Yup Lee''. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338291376_Kazakh_Khanate_In_The_Oxford_Research_Encyclopedia_of_Asian_History_Ed_David_Ludden_New_York_Oxford_University_Press The Kazakh Khanate] // In The Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History. Ed. David Ludden. New York: Oxford University Press, April 2019, p. 1</ref>

The [[Borjigin|Borjigin lineage]], descendants of [[Kaidu (11th century)|Kaidu]], an early Mongol leader, were initially one of many clans inhabiting the [[Mongol heartland]].{{sfn|Togan|2022|pp=68–72}} [[Genghis Khan]] was born {{circa|1162}}, son of a Borjigit warrior named [[Yesügei]], a member of the Qiyat sub-clan; over the next decades, he subjugated or killed all potential rivals, Borjigit or not.{{sfn|Dunnell|2023|pp=24–27}} By the time that Genghis established the [[Mongol Empire]] in 1206, the only remaining Borjigit were the descendants of Yesügei.{{sfn|Atwood|2004|p=45}} They formed the {{Transliteration|mn|altan uruq}} ({{literally}} 'Golden Family')—the only people allowed to rule in the empire. Of these, the descendants of Genghis and his first, primary wife [[Börte]] held the highest seniority; the Chinggisid Principle was that this particular lineage—the eponymous Chinggisids—were the only legitimate rulers.{{sfnm|Atwood|2004|1pp=505–506|May|2017}} Mongol religious ideology held that the Chinggisids would eventually become rulers of the entire world.{{sfn|Hope|May|2022|p=5}}

Because of the [[Mongol conquests]], the Chinggisids became the rulers of most of Eurasia, even after [[Division of the Mongol Empire|the Mongol Empire split into successor states]]:{{sfn|May|2017}} the [[Golden Horde]], the [[Chagatai Khanate]], the [[Ilkhanate]], and the [[Yuan dynasty]].{{sfn|Hope|May|2022|p=11}}

==Genetics==
According to a study using molecular genealogy, Y-chromosome haplotypes from the Lu clan in northwestern China, who claim to be descendants of [[Genghis Khan]]’s sixth son, Toghan, mostly belong to the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756. This haplogroup is widely distributed among Altaic-speaking populations and is closely related to the Tore clan from Kazakhstan, who claim descent from Genghis Khan’s first son, [[Jochi]]. The most recent common ancestor of the haplotype cluster, which includes the Lu and Tore clans, lived about 1000 years ago. Members of the Huo and Tuo clans, who, according to oral tradition, were close male relatives of the Lu clan, do not share common Y-chromosome lines with the Lu clan. Therefore, the haplogroup C2b1a1b1-F1756 may be another candidate for the true Y-chromosome lineage of Genghis Khan.<ref>''Shao-Qing Wen, Hong-Bing Yao, Pan-Xin Du, Lan-Hai Wei, Xin-Zhu Tong, Ling-Xiang Wang, Chuan-Chao Wang, Bo-Yan Zhou, Mei-Sen Shi, Maxat Zhabagin, Jiucun Wang, Dan Xu, Li Jin, Hui Li''. [https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-019-0618-0 Molecular genealogy of Tusi Lu’s family reveals their paternal relationship with Jochi, Genghis Khan’s eldest son] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127175325/https://www.nature.com/articles/s10038-019-0618-0}} // Journal of Human Genetics 64 (8), 815—820, 2019</ref>

According to an international group of geneticists studying Y-chromosome data, in 2003, almost 8% of men living within the former Mongolian Empire (0.5% of the world's population) had almost identical Y chromosomes. Accordingly, in 2003 there were about 16 million descendants of Genghis Khan.<ref>{{Cite web|lang=en|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/mongolia-genghis-khan-dna|title=Genghis Khan a Prolific Lover, DNA Data Implies|website=Culture|date=2003-02-14|access-date=2022-10-11|archive-date=2022-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011123102/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/mongolia-genghis-khan-dna|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Atwood |first=Christopher P. |author-link=Christopher Atwood |date=2004 |title=Encyclopedia of Mongolia and the Mongol Empire |publisher=Facts on File |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8160-4671-3 |url=https://www.academia.edu/8855875}}
* {{cite book |last=Dunnell |first=Ruth W. |chapter=The Rise of Chinggis Khan and the United Empire |date=2023 |title=The Cambridge History of the Mongol Empire |editor-last1=Biran |editor-first1=Michal |editor-last2=Kim |editor-first2=Hodong |editor-link2=Kim Ho-dong |isbn=978-1-3163-3742-4 |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=19–106}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hope |first1=Michael |last2=May |first2=Timothy |date=2022 |chapter=Introduction |pages=1–15 |title=The Mongol World |editor-last1=May |editor-last2=Hope |editor-first1=Timothy |editor-first2=Michael |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]] |isbn=978-1-3151-6517-2}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |title=The Altan Urugh and the Chinggisid Principle |encyclopedia=The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia |date=2017 |last=May |first=Timothy |editor-last=May |editor-first=Timothy |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=[[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] |isbn=978-1-6106-9339-4 |volume=II |page=15}}
* {{cite book |last=Togan |first=Isenbike |date=2022 |chapter=The Early Mongol State |pages=68–86 |title=The Mongol World |editor-last1=May |editor-last2=Hope |editor-first1=Timothy |editor-first2=Michael |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames|Abingdon]] |isbn=978-1-3151-6517-2}}

[[Category:Genghis Khan]]
[[Category:Mongolian nobility]]
[[Category:Borjigin]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire people]]

Kahalgaon subdivision

2025-12-06T07:44:21Z

Joshiankit994: started new data

{{Short description|Administrative subdivision in Bhagalpur district, Bihar, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=July 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kahalgaon subdivision
| native_name =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2400|87.2647|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Bihar
| area_total_km2 = 786.5
| population_total = 843039
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate = BR-10
}}

'''Kahalgaon Subdivision''' is a administrative Subdivision in the [[Bhagalpur district]] of [[Bihar]], India.Comprises three community development blocks — '''Kahalgaon''', '''Pirpainti''', and '''Sanhaula'''. The Subdivision headquarters is at [[Kahalgaon]] town.<ref name="dchba">{{cite book|title=District Census Handbook Bhagalpur Part-A|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Bihar|location=[[Bhagalpur]]|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/258/download/682/DH_2011_1022_PART_A_DCHB_BHAGALPUR.pdf}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kahalgaon Subdivision lies on the southern bank of the [[Ganges River]], bounded by [[Godda district]] of [[Jharkhand]] to the southeast. The region is part of the fertile Anga plains and includes riverine belts along the [[Uttarvahini Ganga]].

== Administrative Divisions ==
The Subdivision include the following blocks:<ref name=Bhagalpur>{{cite book |last1=subdivision |first1=block |title=Sub division: Subdivision & Blocks |date=2025 |pages=01 |publisher=Bhagalpur district |url=https://bhagalpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/}}</ref>
* '''Kahalgaon Block'''
* '''Pirpainti Block'''
* '''Sanhaula Block'''

== Demographics ==
As per the 2011 Census of India, the combined population of the three blocks that would constitute Kahalgaon Sub division is:

{| class="wikitable"
! Block !! Population !! Notes
|-
| Kahalgaon || 365,285 || Includes urban town area
|-
| Pirpainti || 285,357 || Entirely rural block
|-
| Sanhaula || 192,397 || Mostly rural block
|-
| '''Total''' || '''843,039''' || As of 2011 census
|}

* [[Pirpainti]] had a town population of 9,021 (4,786 males; 4,235 females) across 1,635 households.
* Sanhaula is a block with multiple villages; the block population was 192,397.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhagalpur District Census Handbook |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |access-date=2025-07-02}}</ref>

== Languages ==
The official languages are [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]],<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=4 October 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref> with [[Angika]] widely spoken in daily use.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Masica |first1=Colin P. |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |date=9 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29944-2 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&pg=PA12 |language=en}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The region is economically driven by thermal power generation, agriculture, and rural trade. Major economic contributors include:

=== NTPC Kahalgaon Super Thermal Power Station ===
* Total installed capacity: 2,340 MW (4×210 MW + 3×500 MW)
* Operated by [[NTPC Limited]]
* Coal sourced from [[Rajmahal coalfield]]
* Water drawn from [[Ganges River]]
* FY 2023–24 generation: 16,555.02 million units, one of the highest in eastern India.
* A 3 MW solar unit was launched in December 2020, reducing carbon output by 6,400 tonnes annually.

=== Transport ===
* **Railways**: Major stations include [[Kahalgaon railway station]] and [[Pirpainti railway station]], both on the [[Sahibganj loop]].
* **Roads**: The Subdivision is linked by state highways and rural roads, with connections to [[NH-80]] and [[NH-33]].

== Culture and Tourism ==
Kahalgaon Sub Division includes sites of cultural and ecological importance:
* '''Ashtavakra Mandir''': A newly built temple dedicated to the sage Ashtavakra, inaugurated in 2023.
* '''[[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]]''': A 60 km protected stretch along the Ganga River, home to the endangered [[Ganges river dolphin]].
* '''[[Vikramashila University]] Ruins''': Ancient center of Buddhist learning built under the Pala Empire.
* '''[[Bateshwar Hills]]''': Site of historic Shiva temples and cave shrines.

== See also ==
* [[Bhagalpur district]]
* [[NTPC Kahalgaon]]
* [[Pirpainti]]
* [[Angika]]
* [[Ganges river]]

== References ==
<references/>

[[Category:Bhagalpur division]]
[[Category:Districts of Bihar]]

Behlim

2025-12-05T13:30:39Z

Joshiankit994: made

{{moresources|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date = March 2018}}
{{Ethnic group|
|group= Behlim
|total = 7400
|popplace = {{hlist|India|Pakistan}}
|langs = {{hlist|[[Urdu language|Urdu]]|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]}}
|rels=Islam
|related= {{hlist|[[Shaikhs in South Asia|Shaikh]]| [[Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh]]|[[Gori (clan)|Gori]]|[[Gujarati Shaikh|Shaikh of Gujarat]]|[[Nagar Muslims]]}}
}}

The '''Behlim''' are a Muslim community found mainly in [[North India]]. A small number are also found in the city of [[Karachi]] in Pakistan.<ref name="SC_Misra">Muslim Communities of Gujarat by S. C Misra pages 81 to 83</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}}

During the 1947 [[partition of India]], some members of the Behlim community migrated from the border regions of [[Fazilka]] and other districts of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] to [[South Punjab Province|South Punjab]] in Pakistan, mainly settling in areas such as [[Fort Abbas]] and [[Hasilpur]].{{citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Origin ==

The Behlim trace their descent the [[Sufi]] Masud Ghazi, and the word is said to be a corruption of the word ''ba-ilm'', meaning those who are knowledgeable in [[Arabic]]. There are in fact two distinct communities of Behlim, those of [[Gujarat]], who are found mainly in [[Mehsana]] and [[Banaskantha]] districts, while those of [[Uttar Pradesh]], who are found mainly in the [[Doab]] region of that state.<ref name="SC_Misra"/>

== Present circumstances ==
The Behlim are an agrarian community, found mostly in north Gujarat. According to some traditions, they were once [[Rajput]]s, and their customs are similar to other [[Muslim Rajput]] communities, such as the [[Malik (clan)|Malik]]s. The Behlim intermarry with other [[Gujarati Muslim]] communities of similar status such as [[Pathans of Gujarat|Pathan]], [[Gujarati Shaikh|Shaikh]] and [[Molesalam Rajput]]s. Unlike other Gujarati Muslims, they have no caste association, and generally are allied to other Rajput landholding classes. They speak [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] , Teli in south Punjab and are [[Sunni]] Muslims.<ref name="SC_Misra"/>
Some Behlim are also found in Rahim Yar Khan District and Ghotki District.

== References ==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Shaikh clans]]

Baradari (building)

2025-11-29T14:26:42Z

Joshiankit994: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Type of building}}
'''Baradari''', also spelt as '''Bara Dari''', is a building or [[pavilion]] with twelve doors designed to allow free flow of air. The structure has three doorways on every side of the square-shaped structure.
[[Image:Bara Dari East & North facing sides of The 12 door building July 1 2005.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]] in [[Hazuri Bagh]], Lahore, Pakistan]]
Because of their outstanding acoustic features, these buildings were particularly well-suited for [[mujra]] dance or [[courtesan]] [[dance]] performances by the noble [[courtesan]]s. They were also well-suited for live performances and private concerts by various musicians and poets in front of the ruling kings of the time. They were also valued for their fresh air during hot summers of India. ''Bara'' in Urdu/Hindi means Twelve and the word ''Dar'' means 'door'.

==Notable examples ==
Some of the historic baradaris include [[Taramati Baradari]],<ref>{{cite news |title= Cultural Hamlet|url= http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/27/stories/2004012700100100.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040215054020/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/27/stories/2004012700100100.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 15 February 2004|date=27 January 2004 |newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 February 2017}}</ref> [[Hazuri Bagh Baradari]],<ref name="Lahore">{{Cite news|title=Hazori Bagh|url=http://lahore.city-history.com:80/places/hazori-bagh/|work=Lahore City History|access-date=29 November 2025|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20200121074121/http://lahore.city-history.com:80/places/hazori-bagh/|archive-date=21 January 2020|language=en}}</ref> [[Wazir Khan Baradari]], [[Goshamal Baradari]], Lucknow Baradari, Baradari at [[Daulatabad Fort]], and Baradari at Palace of Man Singh I at [[Amber Fort]], among others.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" height="200px" perrow="3" align="centre">
File:Lascar Amber Fort (Amber, 11Km from Jaipur) (4499859774).jpg|Baradari at Mansingh Mahal, [[Amber Fort]], [[Jaipur]]
File:Hira Mahal - Western Facade - Red Fort - Delhi 2014-05-13 3398.JPG|Heera Mahal Baradari, [[Red Fort]], Delhi
File:Hazuri Bagh Baradari infront of Roshnai Gate.JPG|Hazuri Bagh Baradari, Hazuri Bagh, Lahore<ref name=Lahore/>
File:Shalimar Gardens - Aunzee 47.jpg|Baradari at [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], Lahore
File:Baradari at Lahore Fort - Diwan-i-Khas (Lahore Fort).jpg|[[Lahore Fort]] Baradari
File:Beautiful pavilion of Hiran Minar.jpg|Baradari at [[Hiran Minar]], [[Sheikhupura]], Pakistan
File:Palace Gardens.jpg|Baradari at [[Umaid Bhawan Palace]], Jodhpur
File:Moorcroft Pavilion - Shalamar Garden 2005 - A baradari on the first level.jpg|Baradari at [[Shalimar Gardens, Lahore|Shalimar Gardens]], Lahore
File:Baradari in Sherawala garden, Gujranwala 2014-09-18.jpg|Baradari in [[Sheranwala Bagh|Sherawala Garden]], [[Gujranwala]]
File:Raushanara's tomb.jpg|Baradari at [[Roshanara Bagh]], Delhi
File:Taramati Baradari.jpg|[[Taramati Baradari]], Hyderabad
File:Wazir khans bara dari (2 of 1).jpg|[[Wazir Khan Baradari]], Lahore
File:Baradari Shot of Kamran Mirza.JPG|[[Baradari of Kamran Mirza]], Lahore
File:Bara Dari, Sheran Wala Bagh. Inner View.JPG|Inner View of Baradari at Sherawala Garden, Gujranwala
File:The summit of Golconda.JPG|Baradari of the [[Golconda|Golconda Fort]]
File:Front Bara Dari in Katas Raj Temple.JPG|Baradari at Katasraj Mandir, [[Choa Saidanshah]], [[Chakwal District]], Punjab, Pakistan
File:Ana Sagar pavilion sunset 2016.jpg|Baradari at [[Ana Sagar]], [[Ajmer]].
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Islamic architecture}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baradari (building)}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures by type]]
[[Category:Architecture in India]]
[[Category:Architecture in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Mughal architecture elements]]

Amara Sullia Rebellion

2025-11-19T14:46:08Z

Joshiankit994:

{{Short description|Armed uprising against British Rule in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}

The '''Amara Sullia Rebellion''' (also called ''Kalyanappana Katakayi'' or ''Amara Sulya Raitha'') was an armed uprising against the British government organized by the people of [[Arebhashe dialect|Arebhashe]], [[Kodava people]], and [[Tulu Nadu|Tulunadu]] that took place in 1837, twenty years before the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857|Sepoy Mutiny]] of 1857.<ref>{{cite web |title=ಬಾವುಟಗುಡ್ಡೆಯಲ್ಲಿ 13 ದಿನ ರಾರಾಜಿಸಿತ್ತು ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ಬಾವುಟ ! ಸುಳ್ಯದ ರೈತರು ಹಚ್ಚಿದ್ದ ಸೇಡಿನ ಕಿಚ್ಚಿಗೆ ಬೆಚ್ಚಿ ಓಡಿದ್ದರು ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷರು ! |url=https://headlinekarnataka.com/news/Article/6592/Independence-day-2021-history-of-Bavutagudde-in-Mangalore-up-went-the-rebel-flag |website=Headline Karanataka |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ಅಮರ ಸುಳ್ಯ - "ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಪುಸ್ತಕದ" ಪುಟಗಳಿಂದ ಕಳೆದುಹೋದಂತಹ ಒಂದು ಐತಿಹಾಸಿಕ ಘಟನೆ|url=https://news13.in/archives/168425|access-date=19 August 2021 |work=News 13, Anindith Gowda Kochi Baarike |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Paniyadi |first1=Gururaj A. |title=1837: When the rebel flag fluttered high |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060416/1837-when-the-rebel-flag-fluttered-high.html |access-date=17 August 2021 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=6 April 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The Amara Sullia uprising, 20 years before 1857 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-top-stories/the-amara-sullia-uprising-20-years-before-1857-873485.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=15 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The Amara Sullia Rebellion was basically a farmers’ rebellion.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

The reason for the rebellion in Sullia was that the British dethroned the ruler of Kodagu, Chikkaveerrarajendra of Haleri dynasty in 1834 and later he was transferred to Bellore.{{cn|date=August 2024}}

==History==
In 1799, [[South Canara|South Kanara]] came under British rule.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} But until [[Chikka Virarajendra|Chikkaviraraja]] (1820–1844), the last of the Haleri chiefs, was overthrown, Coorg had a tenuous sense of independence.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} After Coorg was annexed, the Amarsullian magane and Puttur, which the British had given to the Raja of Coorg in 1804 for their convenience, were moved to the province of Kanara.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} It caused the inhabitants of these moved maganes to endure great suffering.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}}They initially observed a shift in the way taxes were paid to the government.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} The revenue was given in kind during the reign of the Rajas of Coorg.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Dr Gowri |last=Naidu|title=The Rebellion of Kalyanswamy (1837 A.D.) |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT1134286.pdf |ref=2320-2882}}</ref>
===Reasons===
There was a tradition of paying revenue to the monarch in the form of products before the [[Sullia|Sulya]] [[Puttur, Karnataka|Puttur]] of [[Dakshina Kannada]] became a province of Canara.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Despite this, the British issued instructions requiring the residents of [[Kodagu]] and Dakshina Kannada to pay taxes in cash.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} People started to believe that foreigners were in charge and were syphoning off their hard-earned money under the pretence of taxation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=NS Bhat |title=Rebellion of Kalyanaswamy (1834-37) |date=1987 |url=https://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/handle/unigoa/3525 |access-date=24 November 2022 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119080345/http://irgu.unigoa.ac.in/drs/handle/unigoa/3525 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Memorials ==
=== Banglegudde Bellare ===
The treasury of Britishers was present at Bellare of Sulya.{{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source needed|date=December 2024}} Freedom fighters came directly from Maduvegadde to Bellare Bungalow and seized the treasury.<ref name="bangle">{{cite web |title=Bandlegudde of Sulya|url=https://rellowplaques.com/en/2020/06/07/banglegudde-of-sulya/ |website=RellowPlaques |date=7 June 2020}}</ref>

===Guddemane Appaiah Gowda Statue Madikeri===
A bronze statue of Guddemane Appaiah Gowda was unveiled by D. V. Sadananda Gowda at Field Marshal K.M. Cariappa Circle in Madikeri.<ref>{{cite news |title=Freedom fighter Guddemane Appaiah remembered |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/freedom-fighter-guddemane-appaiah-remembered-1046077.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=31 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda===
A 22-foot tall bronze statue, named as "Statue of Gallantry" of Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda was built at Bautagudda, in [[Mangalore]] as a tribute to his role in the freedom struggle.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mangaluru: Bommai unveils freedom fighter Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda's statue |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1021357 |work=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Heritage village status ==
[[Ubaradka Mittur]] village in [[Sullia taluk]] has been designated as a Heritage Village by the [[ Government of Karnataka]], for its contribution to freedom movement.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ubaradka Mittur to get Heritage Village Tag|url=https://www.thecanarapost.com/2021/08/15/freedom-movement-ubaradka-mittur-to-get-heritage-village-tag/amp/ |access-date=16 August 2021 |work=Canara Post |date=16 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kedambadi Ramaiah Gowda]]
* [[Guddemane Appaiah Gowda]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Wikisource|kn:ಮೈಸೂರು ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾನಿಲಯ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ/ಕಲ್ಯಾಣಸ್ವಾಮಿ|Kalyanaswamy}}

[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:History of social movements]]
[[Category:1837 in India]]

Keralapress

2025-11-17T10:21:10Z

Joshiankit994: started a details

{{short description|News agency}}
'''Keralapress''' is a [[Malayalam]] language [[News agency]] established in the year 1930 by veteran journalist [[C.G.Kesavan]] from [[Chennai|Madras]], from where he was working with [[The Hindu]] at the time.<ref>Wolseley, Roland E. (Ed.). Journalism in Modern India. Pp. xii, 308. Bombay, India: Asia Publishing House, 1954.</ref>

==Origins==
Keralapress (Kerala Press Service)(Kepra) commenced operation as a mail service giving news about Malayali activities in Madras to the Malayalam daily [[Malayala Rajyam]] published from [[Kollam]]. In 1942 the operation was shifted to [[Quilon]] where the founder was a practicing lawyer and the correspondent of ''The Hindu'' the English daily.

Stalwarts of Malayalam news papers like [[K.C. Mammen Mappila]], [[K.G.Sanker]] and [[K.Sukumaran]] extended all support to the new venture. Many news papers including Mathrubhoomi, [[Kerala Kaumudi]] and Malayala Manorama subscribed to the news service. Deepika, Malayaly, Desa Bandhu, Deenabandhu, Keraladhwani, Malabar Mail, Powradhwani, Kerala Bhooshanam, [[Malayala Rajyam]], [[Prabhatham]], Chandrika, Kerala Bandhu, Janayugom, Desabhimani, Express, Kaumudi, Powradhwani, [[Dinamani]], were all subscribers of this news agency for daily news and feature service by 1950.

Keralapress had arrangements in London, New York and Tokyo to cover activities of Keralites who work in these cities and also to cover the news of visits of dignitaries from Kerala to these cities.<ref>Vipinan, 'A news agency for Kerala' Souvenir published by Travancore Cochin Working Journalists Association Annual Conference 1955</ref>

==Private Limited Company==

Keralapress was registered as a private limited company in 1956. Mention of Keralapress is made in many GOI Publications such as 'among other Indian News Agencies are Eastern News Agency and Kerala Press Service.'<ref> Area Hand Book for India, Government of India Publication Volume 550 Issue 21-22 Page 438 </ref>

Within this period all the Malayalam dailies of Kerala became subscribers of Keralapress of their daily news service.<ref>'Kerala Kaumudi' editorial published on 8-11-1957.</ref> Keralapress is Kerala's own and the only news agency in Malayalam language.<ref>'Deepika' editorial 12-11-1957</ref> Almost all the Malayalam dailies of Kerala including [[Malayala Manorama]], Kerala Kaumudi, [[Malayala Rajyam]], Kaumudi, [[Prabhatham]], Pothujanam, Desabandhu, Deepika, Dinamani, Prakasam through their editorial columns requested the Government the need to encourage Keralapress which provides the needed service to Malayalam news papers.

C. Kesavan, former Chief Minister of Kerala, K.P.Madhavan Nair, Former General Secretary of AICC, also appealed to the Government to encourage this only news agency in Malayalam language. Eminent journalists like C.H.V Pathy and C. Narayana Pillai were regular columnists of Keralapress.

=="Development Journalism"==

In 1957 the first democratically elected Communist [[Government of Kerala]] under the leadership of Chief Minister E.M.S Nampoothiripad recognised it as a news agency and subscribed to the news service.<ref>V.Gangadharan Ex Speaker, Kerala Assembly 'Kerala Press Service, the only news service in Malayalam' published in ''The Express''' Malayalam Daily on 19-11-1977</ref> Keralapress is one among many small news agencies in India providing service in regional language.<ref>'Malayala Manorama' editorial on 14-11-1957.</ref> Divakar Committee (1968) appointed by Govt of India to study the problems of small news papers in India commented on the difficulties faced by Keralapress due to non-payment of monthly subscription to the agency by small news papers.

A series of articles released by Keralapress on India's Five Year Plans were published continuously and simultaneously by all Malayalam dailies of Kerala including Kerala Kaumudi, Mathrubhoomi and Malayala Manorama for 25 days in 1965.<ref>Shinoj K.Shamsuddin 'Malayalam News Agency - a historical approach 'Madhyamam' Malayalam Daily on 28-03-2004</ref>

It is considered as the first initiative of Malayalam Press in Development Journalism and appreciated by eminent leaders like V.V.Giri, then Governor of Kerala and R. Sanker, former Chief Minister of Kerala. A.M.Nair (Nairsan) and Prof Devassya opened a news bureaus for Keralapress in Tokyo and London and used to send news and features especially on activities of Malayalees who visited these cities.

==Specialised news and features==

By 1965, Keralapress had 35 dailies (including evening news papers) as its subscribers including an English daily published from Trichur 'Kerala Chronicle'. Specialised News and features on Science, Technology, Cinema, Trade and Commerce were also introduced in its daily news releases by 1962.

During the time Keralapress started providing features to English dailies like 'Christian Science Monitor' in the United States. News and features and interview of prominent personalities on development activities in sectors like health, energy and transportation has been a specialised area of operation for Keralapress.

Developments in science and technology used to be released to the media in 'box items ' making it simple and understandable to commonman, which were well appreciated by the public.

At present the agency has entered into the specialised area of providing news and features on art, culture, cinema and sports of Kerala to foreign news papers in English. The agency is making arrangements to have news bureaux in different countries around the world having presence of Keralites in large numbers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keralapress}}
[[Category:News agencies based in India]]

Esho Maa Lokkhi

2025-08-31T16:43:12Z

Joshiankit994: added new post initial version

{{Short description|2015 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Mythology]]
| creator = [[Surinder Films]]
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Barun Susnato Saswati Somnath
| director = [[Anup Chakraborty]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = Pratyusha Paul [[Rupsha Mukhopadhyay]] Joyeeta Goswami Sargami Rumpa
| judges =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| voices =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer = Kalika Prasad Bhattacharya Debjit Roy
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Surinder Singh [[Nishpal Singh]]
| editor =
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 324
| first_aired = {{Start date|2015|11|23|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2016|10|30|df=yes}}
| related =
}}

'''''Esho Maa Lokkhi''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] television mythological [[Soap opera]] that premiered on 23 November 2015 and aired on [[Zee Bangla]] up to 30 October 2016. It was produced by [[Surinder Films]] and starred Pratyusha Paul/Rupsha Mukhopadhyay as main female protagonist and Joyeeta Goswami as main female antagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/bengali-tv-actress-pratyusha-paul-shares-she-wants-to-work-as-a-cinematographer-184123|title=সিনেম্যাটোগ্রাফি শিখতে চান প্রত্যুষা, জানালেন ক্যামেরা নিয়ে তাঁর প্যাশনের কথা|website=Bengali Indian Express|date=26 January 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/colors-tv-zee-bangla-star-jalsha-serial-actresses-who-played-goddess-laxmi-149820/|title=টেলিপর্দায় দেবী লক্ষ্মী চরিত্রে নজর কেড়েছেন যে অভিনেত্রীরা|website=Bengali Indian Express|date=15 October 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/eso-ma-lakshmi-actress-actress-pratyusha-paul-to-play-guriya-in-guriya-jekhane-guddu-sekhane/articleshow/69305660.cms|title='Eso Ma Lakshmi' actress Pratyusha Paul to play Guriya in 'Guriya Jekhane Guddu Sekhane'|website=The Times of India|date=13 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/zee-bangla-launches-new-show-esho-maa-lakshmi-151121|title=Zee Bangla launches new show 'Esho Maa Lakshmi'|website=Tellychakkar}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://1minutenewz.in/actress-pratyusha-paul-coming-on-zee-bangla-upcoming-serial/|title='লক্ষী' ফিরছে ঘরে! আবারও জী বাংলার নতুন সিরিয়ালের হাত ধরে পর্দায় অভিনেত্রী প্রত্যুষা|website=1minute Newz|date=26 February 2023 }}</ref>

==Cast==
* Pratyusha Paul / [[Rupsha Mukhopadhyay]] as Devi [[Lakshmi]]
* Prithviraj Banerjee as Lord [[Vishnu]]
* Shreyasi Samanta as Devi [[Saraswati]]
*
* Joyeeta Goswami as Devi [[Alakshmi]]
* Tanuka Chatterjee
* Rumpa Das
* Subrata Guha Roy as [[Brahma]]
* Diya Mukherjee as Monjuri
* Sananda Basak
* [[Lovely Maitra]] as Togor
* Arkajyoti Paul Chaudhury as Lord [[Shiva]]
* [[Sanchari Mondal]]
* Sumanta Mukherjee as Sage Durvasa

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/eso-maa-lakkhi/0-6-14 Esho Maa Lakkhi] at [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Esho Maa Lokkhi}}
[[Category:2015 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]

Fire Service Training Institute

2025-08-28T21:47:08Z

Joshiankit994: added some entry needs work

{{short description|CISF institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
The '''Fire Service Training Institute''' is an institution of the [[Central Armed Police Force]] of [[India]] responsible for providing training in fire safety and firefighting.

== History ==
The Fire Service Training Institute was established on 2 February 1987 at [[Deoli, Rajasthan]] with a sanctioned strength of 84 personnel. It was shifted to its present campus within the premises of the [[National Industrial Security Academy]] at Hakimpet, Medchal–Malkajgiri District, on the outskirts of Hyderabad, Telangana, in 1999. A separate fire wing cadre within the CISF was created when the Government of India approved recruitment rules for various posts of this new cadre in January 1991 and it came into effect on 12 January 1991.<ref name="FireService">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cisf.gov.in/cisfeng/fire/ |title=CISF Fire Service |publisher=Central Industrial Security Force |website=Cisf.gov.in |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref>

== Training ==
The FSTI conducts different basic and promotion courses for subordinate officers and the other ranks including head-constables and constables of fire cadre of the CISF. The institute also trains firefighting personnel from different organisations including National Fire Service College at [[Nagpur]], [[Indian Coast Guard]], Directorate General – Fire Services, Civil Defense and Home Guards sponsored subordinate officers, [[Rapid Action Force]] of [[Central Reserve Police Force]], Chukha Power Project of [[Bhutan]], [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] unit of [[Assam]] among others.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nisa.gov.in/FSTI.htm |title=FSTI |publisher=National Industrial Security Academy |website=Nisa.gov.in |access-date=27 May 2020 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804082504/https://nisa.gov.in/FSTI.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Many firefighters from foreign countries, including [[Mauritius]], [[Kenya]], and [[State of Palestine]], have been trained at the FSTI.<ref name="Sharma2008">{{Cite book |title=Paramilitary Forces of India |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |location=[[Delhi]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-8178357089 |last1=Sharma |first1=M. D. |last2=Sharma |first2=M. C. |chapter=Central Industrial Security Force – Fire Wing |page=147}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Central Industrial Security Force]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Fire protection organizations]]

Bebdo (play)

2025-07-21T15:36:41Z

Joshiankit994: done

{{Short description|1901 Konkani play by Pai Tiatrist}}
{{about|the Konkani play by Pai Tiatrist|the Konkani song by [[Lorna Cordeiro]]|Bebdo}}
{{Infobox play
| name = Bebdo
| image = Theatrical works of Pai Tiatrist.png
| caption = The play is mentioned in Volume Dusro (Second Volume) of Fernandes's works, {{circa|1940s}}
| writer = [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]
| characters = {{plainlist|
* Albert
* Gertrude
* Valente
* Paul
* Pascoal
* Rustomji
}}
| setting = Bombay, and a bar
| premiere = 21 November 1901
| place = [[Capitol Cinema (Mumbai)|Gaiety Theatre]], [[Bombay]], [[British India]]
| orig_lang = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| subject = Outcome of [[Alcoholism in family systems|alcoholism on families]], and themes of [[social injustice]]
| genre = [[Tiatr]], [[tragedy]]
| series = {{Plainlist|
* ''[[Batcara II]]''
* ''[[The Belle of Cavel]]''
* ''Pandurang Kusmonncar''
}}
}}

'''''Bebdo''''' ({{langx|en|i=yes|The Drunkard}}) is a two-act [[Konkani language|Konkani]] play written by the [[Goan]] playwright [[João Agostinho Fernandes]]. It was first penned in 1898 and subsequently amended by the author on 29 August 1901. The revision resulted in it being the only known work by Fernandes where the original composition date was altered. The initial script continued to be utilized for theatrical productions until at least the year 1925. The play predominantly explores the challenges faced by Goan families where the primary [[breadwinner]] is often in a state of chronic [[alcoholism]], leading to [[poverty]] and [[homelessness]] for these families during the early 20th century.

==Characters==
===Original characters===
Albert Gonsalves is a drunkard who is addicted to gambling and is the male protagonist.

Gertrude is the wife of Albert and the female protagonist.

Valente Gonsalves is the young son of Albert and Gertrude.

Paul is an acquaintance and drinking partner of Albert.

Pascoal is the gambling partner and friend of Albert.

Rustomji is the [[barman]] where Albert and his friends hang out.

===Revised and new characters after 1925===
President of the Piedade Society, an ''asilo'' (asylum) for the [[Retirement home|aged and helpless]].

Secretary of the Piedade Society.

Nadkarni serves as a [[judge]].

Godinho is the [[advocate]].

Mahomed Cassim was changed to Mirza Ali, who is the [[bailiff]].

==Synopsis==
[[File:Bore Dis Kedna Yetole.jpg|thumb|A [[Goan]] drunkard played by Frazer Fernandes in a ''[[tiatr]]'' production, 2015]]
The play focuses on the life of Albert Gonsalves, a character who struggles with [[alcoholism]] and [[gambling addiction]]. Despite being aware of the values and behaviors that would be beneficial for himself and his family, he is unable to overcome his vices. The play depicts Albert' repeated attempts to deceive his loved ones in order to spend time with his companions who share his addictions to gambling and alcohol. While aware of the beneficial choices for himself and his family, he prioritizes his [[internal conflict]]s over their well-being, ultimately leading to a sorrowful conclusion for both him and his loved ones.

The play portrays a conflict of perspectives among the characters regarding the treatment of Albert. One of the acquaintances of Gonsalves, known as Paul, experiences discomfort due to the [[proposition]] put forth by another character named Pascoal. Pascoal suggests the intentional intoxication of Gonsalves to exploit him financially, causing Paul to feel uneasy about the plan. However, the other gamblers present believe that in the context of gambling, there can be no room for compassion. Even Rustomji, the bartender, is aware of the harm and anguish that can result from alcohol addiction. Despite this understanding, his business interests take priority over ethical considerations or concern for others. The narrative indicates his disapproval towards [[Christians]] facing challenges with alcoholism and gambling, perceiving these addictions as [[Alcoholism in family systems|sources of distress for their families]].

Albert is illustrated as exhibiting an excessive level of self-esteem, hubris and a misconception about the nature of his social relationships. He holds the belief that his acquaintances hold him in high regard, and he perceives his wife Gertrude's respect as stemming mainly from her connection to him. Albert associates the respect he garners with his proficiency in serving [[alcoholic beverage]]s, attributing the amicability he experiences to his role as a provider of liquor. Furthermore, he emphasizes that his occupation provides him with a substantial income surpassing that of many individuals in professions requiring advanced education. In contrast, Gertrude is portrayed as promptly discerning the [[fallacious]] nature of Albert's convictions about the nature of their [[social circle]]s and his standing within them. In a foreshadowing manner, Gertrude anticipates a future scenario where their friends may depart if the availability of liquor diminishes, hinting at potential abandonment and suggesting a more transactional nature to these relationships. Gertrude's keen intuition is evidenced by her premonition that the news Gabriel intends to share with Albert may carry negative implications, as indicated by the hushed and secretive manner in which it is conveyed.

In addition to her perceptions regarding the nature of Albert's social relationships, Gertrude demonstrates foresight regarding the potential adversities that could affect the family of a [[breadwinner]] struggling with [[alcoholism]]. She envisions a scenario where continued unchecked drinking by Albert could lead to starvation and dire circumstances for his wife and children. Despite this bleak outlook, Gertrude is characterized by her unwavering and forgiving affection and dedication towards Albert, regardless of his well-known mistreatment towards her. The narrative further illustrates the tragic consequences of Albert's alcoholism when his young son, Valente, dies. Even in the presence of his deceased, presumably [[malnourished]] child, Albert is shown to continuously beg for a solitary drop of liquor, underscoring the powerful grip of his addiction and the devastating impact it has on his family.

==Title==
Fernandes has chosen to maintain the original title ''Bebdo'' without alterations. However, in English promotional materials, an additional title, ''The Drunkard'', was incorporated. Despite this, within the printed summary of the play, the main character known as 'Albert Gonsalves' is prominently featured as the individual identified as the drunkard.<ref name=":0" />

==Legacy==
In the 1943 staging of the play, it took place in [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] [[Goa]] and was organized as a charity event to support the society for the [[Women's rights|protection of women]] and the [[Temperance movement|anti-alcoholic campaign]]. The production showcased an ensemble of popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] artists, such as the [[Goan]] singer [[Minguel Rod]], along with a diverse cast of performers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-05-02 |title=Remembering the young prodigy, Minguel Rod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/remembering-the-young-prodigy-minguel-rod/articleshow/52069822.cms |access-date=2024-07-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The performance was held in [[Mapuçá]] on 2 May with the purpose of fundraising for [[Oxel]] church. The play received positive feedback from the audience throughout its successful run. Prior to the 1943 staging, ''Bebdo'' had been restaged as early as 1907 in [[Bombay]], predating the [[Alcohol prohibition in India|prohibition era]] in India under then-Prime Minister of India [[Morarji Desai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Scripting the Goan Tiatr {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/art-culture/scripting-the-goan-tiatr |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in}}</ref> Fernandes reportedly received feedback that the play had led some audience members who struggled with [[alcoholism]] to quit drinking after seeing the production.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=André Rafael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKAbygAACAAJ |title=When the Curtains Rise--: Understanding Goa's Vibrant Konkani Theatre |date=2010 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |isbn=978-93-80739-01-4 |pages=67, 79, 81 |language=en}}</ref>

On the 25 January 1957, a memorial ceremony was conducted to pay tribute to Fernandes. On this occasion, ''Bebdo'' was restaged under the direction of Fernandes's disciple, [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]]. This [[Revival (theatre)|revival]] performance took place at the Princess Theatre, Bhangwadi in Bombay as a benefit for the Goan Social Welfare League. It was during this 1957 event that the playwright [[J. P. Souzalin]] bestowed Fernandes with the honorary title of "''Pai Tiatrist''" (Father ''[[Tiatrist]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Pai Tiatrist |url=https://www.thegoan.net/The-Great-Goan-Weekend//The-culinary-scientist/07577.html |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref> [[Ram Ganesh Gadkari]]'s [[Marathi theatre|Marathi play]] ''Ekach Pyala'' is thought to have been influenced by ''Bebdo''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tiatr]]
[[Category:1901 plays]]
[[Category:Melodramas]]
[[Category:Plays about alcoholism]]
[[Category:Plays about gambling]]
[[Category:Indian tragedy plays]]
[[Category:Plays set in India]]
[[Category:Mumbai in fiction]]

Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industries

2025-07-17T22:55:21Z

Joshiankit994: started new pg.

{{Infobox Organization
| name = Kashmir Chamber of Commerce & Industry
| logo = Kashmir_Chamber_of_commerce_and_industries.jpg
| abbreviation = KCCI
| type = [[Chamber of commerce]]
| formation = {{Start date and age |1934 }}
| headquarters = [[Kashmir]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[Srinagar]]
| leader_title = president
| leader_name = Javid Ahmad Bhat alias Tenga<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kcci-president-sheikh-aashiq-kashmir-business-suffered-rs-10000-crore-loss-6092186/|title=KCCI president Sheikh Aashiq: 'Kashmir business suffered Rs 10,000 crore loss'|date=October 29, 2019}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://thekcci.in/ }}
}}

'''Kashmir Chamber Of Commerce and Industries''' ('''KCCI''') is an Indian [[chamber of commerce]] for the Kashmir region that is the apex trade body in the [[Srinagar]] area. It was established in 1934 and is headquartered at [[srinagar]] [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)| Jammu & Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/company/|title=THE Kashmir Chamber OF Commerce & Industry Information - THE Kashmir Chamber OF Commerce & Industry Company Profile, THE Kashmir Chamber OF Commerce & Industry News on The Economic Times|website=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/tag/kashmir-chamber-of-commerce-and-industries-kcci/|title=Kashmir Chamber of Commerce and Industries (KCCI)|website=Kashmir Life}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/biz-tech/2019/10/27/kashmir-businesses-suffered-rs-10000-crore-hit-kashmir-chamber-of-commerce.html|title=Kashmir businesses suffered Rs 10,000-crore hit: Kashmir Chamber of Commerce|website=The Week}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kashmir Chamber Of Commerce and Industry}}
[[Category: Chambers of commerce]]
[[Category:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:1934 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Trade associations based in India]]
[[Category:Chambers of commerce in India]]
[[Category:Ministry of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1934]]

{{JammuKashmir-stub}}

Holwell Monument agitation

2025-07-05T20:47:23Z

Joshiankit994: started info.

{{short description|1940 removal of Black Hole of Calcutta monument}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
The '''Holwell Monument agitation''' was a political campaign led by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] in 1940 to remove a monument to the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). The agitation marked a significant moment of unity between [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] and the [[All-India Muslim League]].
[[File:Holwell Monument and Writers Buildings.jpeg|thumb|right|Holwell Monument in front of [[Writers' Building|Writer's Building]] in 1905]]

==Background==

After the 1756 [[Siege of Calcutta]] allowed [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]] to retake the city from the [[East India Company]], British [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]] were kept in the [[Black Hole of Calcutta]] dungeon. Overcrowding caused significant deaths due to [[suffocation]] and [[heat exhaustion]]. In 1760, survivor [[John Zephaniah Holwell]], then serving as [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency|Governor of Bengal]], erected a monument in [[Dalhousie Square]] commemorating the event.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cavendish |first=Richard |date=June 2006 |title=The Black Hole of Calcutta |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/months-past/black-hole-calcutta |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=History Today |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Johnson |first=Ben |title=The Black Hole of Calcutta |url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/The-Black-Hole-of-Calcutta/ |website=Historic UK |access-date=14 May 2025}}</ref> Indian nationalists despised the monument for portraying [[Siraj-ud-Daulah]], the last independent [[Nawabs of Bengal|Nawab of Bengal]], as a tyrant unfit to rule.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bose |first=Sugata |title=His Majesty’s Opponent |date=2010 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=9780674060838 |pages=177-198 |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674060838}}</ref>

==Agitation==
In 1897, historian [[Akshay Kumar Maitreya]] denied Holwell's account of 123 of the 146 prisoners of war dying, noting that the event was not mentioned by British and Indian historians of the time. Holwell was only able to recall 66 of the prisoners' names and many of those listed were later proven to have not been present at [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]] during the siege. British headmaster James H. Little's 1915 translation of Maitreya's work from Bengali to English raised further doubt on whether 146 people could have been squeezed into the 14 by 18 foot dungeon.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Partha |title=The Black Hole of Empire: History of a Global Practice of Power |date=2012 |publisher=[[De Gruyter]] |isbn=9781400842605 |pages=311-319, 327-334 |doi=10.1515/9781400842605}}</ref>

Only a month after [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] led students of [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] in attacking history professor Edward Farley Oaten for remarks justifying British colonization, Oaten debated with Maitreya and Little over the Black Hole incident in the [[Calcutta Historical Society]]. This debate prompted [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] to question Little's loyalty to the British Empire. [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], the first [[Prime Minister of Bengal]], began calling for the monument's removal in 1938, recognizing that the issue united [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]] and the [[All-India Muslim League]].<ref name=":1" />

On 2 July 1940, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] was arrested under the [[Defence of India Act, 1939|Defence of India Act of 1939]] for calling for a Siraj-ud-Daulah Day coinciding with the 183rd anniversary of the latter's execution by [[Mir Jafar]] under orders from the East India Company. To prevent further agitation, Bengal Governor [[John Herbert (Conservative politician)|John Herbert]] quietly dismantled the monument. After a seven-day [[hunger strike]], Bose was moved from the city's Presidency Jail to [[house arrest]] on 5 December, at which point he escaped to [[Nazi Germany]], never to return to India.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Removed monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:1940 in British India]]
[[Category:20th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Protests in British India]]

Binoy Majumdar

2025-06-15T17:43:10Z

Joshiankit994: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|Bengali poet (1934–2006)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}
{{Tone|date=December 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
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| death_place = [[Shimulpur]], [[Thakurnagar]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
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'''Binoy Majumdar''' ({{langx|bn|বিনয় মজুমদার}}; 17 September 1934 – 11 December 2006) was a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] poet who received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Award winners in Bengali Literature |url=https://www.bengalinformation.org/2012/09/sahitya-akademi-award-winners-in.html |access-date=2023-02-13}}</ref>

==Biography==
Binoy Majumdar was born in [[Myanmar]] (then Burma) on 17 September 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Binoy Majumdar |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/binoy_majumdar-profile-5976-25.htm |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=veethi.com}}</ref> His family later moved to what is now [[Thakurnagar]], [[West Bengal]] in [[India]]. Binoy loved [[mathematics]] from his early youth. He completed his 'Intermediate' (pre-University) studies at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CHANDRIMA S. BHATTACHARYA |title=Yesterdate: This day from Kolkata’s past, September 17, 1934 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/yesterdate-this-day-from-kolkatas-past-september-17-1934/cid/1966827 |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Although he graduated with a degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from [[Bengal Engineering College]] ( now Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology [[IIEST, Shibpur]]), in 1957, Binoy turned to [[poetry]] later in life.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2022-12-11 |title=An unsung hero of Bengali poetry |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/an-unsung-hero-of-bengali-poetry-1503137982.html |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> He translated a number of [[science]] texts from the [[Russian language|Russian]] to [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. When Binoy took to writing, the scientific training of systematic observation and enquiry of objects found a place, quite naturally, in his poetry. His first book of verse was ''Nakshatrer Aloy'' (''In the Light of the Stars''). However, Binoy Majumdar's most famous work is ''[[Phire Esho, Chaka]]'' (''Come back, O Wheel'', 1960 - Here the Bengali word for Wheel, ''Chaka'', most likely refers to the surname of [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak|Gayatri Chakravorty]]), written in the format of a diary. The book is dedicated to [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=This day from Kolkata’s past, September 17, 1934 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/yesterdate-this-day-from-kolkatas-past-september-17-1934/cid/1966827 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref> a fellow-Calcuttan and contemporary of Majumdar.

== Hungry generation ==

During the 1960s, he had joined the [[Hungry generation|Hungry Generation]] movement for a short time but departed due to differences with its leader, [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdhury |first=Maitreyee Bhattacharjee |title=How Binoy Majumdar re-wrote the grammar of Dalit poetry and politics, and was ostracised for it |url=https://scroll.in/article/1005607/how-binoy-majumdar-re-wrote-the-grammar-of-dalit-poetry-and-politics-and-was-ostracised-for-it |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> However, he had published several poems in the Hungryalist bulletins and one of them viz., 'Ekti Ujwal Maach' became quite famous and popular among academicians. After his disagreement with Shakti Chattopadhyay and [[Sandipan Chattopadhyay]], he had himself written a Hungryalist broadside against them. He supported [[Malay Roy Choudhury]] during his 35-month trial.

==His work==
The book, ''Phire Esho, Chaka'', opens with the lines:
{{Verse translation|attr1=(transliterated)|
{{lang|bn-Latn|ekti ujjwal maachh ekbar ure
drishyata sunil, kintu prakrita prastabe swachchha jale
punoray dube gelo - ei smita drishya dekhe niye
bedonar gaarho rashe aapakka raktim holo fal}}
|
One bright fish flew once
Only to sink again into the visibly blue, but truly
Transparent water - watching this pleasing sight
The fruit blushed red, ripening in a deep abyss of pain.}}

The period from 1958 to 1962 saw Binoy's poetry thrive. Apart from ''Phire Esho, Chaka'', he wrote other books, such as: ''Nakshatrer Aaloy'' (In the light of the stars), ''Eeshwariyo'' (Godly), ''Adhikantu'' (Excessive), ''Aghraaner Anubhutimala'' (The emotions of the month of ''Aghran''), ''Balmikir Kabita'' (The Poetry of ''Balmiki''). An anthology of Binoy's poems was published named ''Binoy Majumdarer Srestho Kabita'' (Selected Poems of Binoy Majumdar) in 1981.

In the 1980s and 1990s, Binoy was affected by severe mental illness. He tried to commit suicide several times, and stopped writing poetry altogether. Also, the medical treatment he received was inadequate. He moved to the outskirts of Calcutta, in [[Thakurnagar]], and lived with local town folks, a stranger amidst strangers.

Binoy passed into obscurity in his later years, suffering from senility and lived in social seclusion and neglect. He did not have a family.

Binoy Majumdar died on 11 December 2006 at the age of 72.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Poet Binoy Majumdar's award plaque stolen|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/poet-binoy-majumdars-award-plaque-stolen/cid/1731906|access-date=2020-09-19|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Poetic legacy==
Binoy has often been regarded by critics as a true successor of [[Jibanananda Das]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chatterjee|first=A|date=8 September 2019|title=Returning of Chaka to a Star: Impact of Jibanananda Das in Binoy Majumdar's poetry|url=http://www.clai.in/sahityavol8/Sahitya.%20Vol.%208%20Sept.%202019.%20ISSN%202249-6416.pdf#page=5|journal=Sahitya|volume=8|issn=2249-6416}}</ref> the poet who revolutionized [[Bengali poetry]] in the post-[[Rabindranath Tagore|Tagore]] era. Like Jibanananda, Binoy drew his material from bountiful nature, the fields and the jungles and the rivers and the fauna of [[Bengal]]. But Binoy's originality lay in his attempt to relate the various elements of nature to one another through objective logic and scientific enquiry. In this respect, some critics like Aryanil Mukhopadhyay, refer to the genre of his work as ''scientific field journal''. Binoy Majumdar was bold and revolutionary in the depiction of [[Human sexuality|sexuality]] in Poetry. He abundantly used vivid [[image]]ry which were sensually potent and [[Freudian]] in essence. In a series of pieces (''Aamar Bhuttay Tel'' etc.), where he gives an explicit and graphic description of sexual intercourse, Binoy, once again, lays strong emphasis on the physiology of the process, and takes to a journalistic narration. Binoy was one of the original participants in the Hungry Generation হাংরি আন্দোলন literary movement spearheaded by Shakti Chattopadhyay, [[Samir Roychoudhury]] and Malay Roy Choudhury.{{Need Citation|date=June 2024}}

Binoy has always been somewhat obscure among readers of Bengali poetry. He was quite ahead of his time in breaking norms of contemporary literature. Some of his poems are difficult to decipher at first glance and require multiple readings. His writings are unconventional because they often appear as neutral scientific reportage, rather than romanticized poetry. In this, Binoy readers can perhaps trace back his background as a Mathematician. Binoy builds up all his imagery, nuances, lyricism, and poetic discovery on the skeleton of scientific reasoning and factual observations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=humanities underground » Creating Beauty Is A Noiseless Battle|url=https://humanitiesunderground.org/creating-beauty-is-a-noiseless-battle/|access-date=2020-09-19|language=en-US}}</ref>

Binoy Majumer used mathematical concepts in his poetry, which led to his work being misunderstood by many Bengali poets. Despite this, his work remains exceptional. During last few years Professor Narayan Ch Ghosh, mathematician, has analysed his poems from mathematical stand point.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chattopadhyay |first=Arka |date=2021 |title=From Entanglements to Appropriations: Mathematics with Modernist Literature |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/787977 |journal=Modernism/modernity |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=181–187 |issn=1080-6601}}</ref> Professor Ghosh has written number of articles on the writings of Binoy Majumder analysing mathematical aspects of Binoy's poems. According to Ghosh Phire Esho, Chaka (''Come back, O Wheel'') published during 1960 was reflection of Binoy's mind for recalling progress - wheel symbolizes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Binoy Majumdar |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/7902982.Binoy_Majumdar |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> Ghosh described Binoy's 'Balmikir Kabita' as a continuation of Ratnakar Balmiki (first poet) through 'Balmikir Pratibha' by Rabindranath Thakur. Ghosh stated that Binoy's poem 'Eka Eka Katha Bali'is a Lyrics to Lonely Talk like a vision of poetic melancholy by John Milton Or like 'Teach me half the gladness/That thy brain must know;/Such harmonious madness/ From my lips would flow,/The world should listen then, as I am listening now' by Percy Bysshe Shelley. Though he knew his predecessor Bankim Chandra, first successful Novelist in Bengali - Binoy's mother tongue, had written K''eo Kakhno Eka Thakiona.'' (No one lives alone).{{Need Citation|date=June 2024}}

== Awards ==
* [[Rabindra Puraskar]] for his '''Kabyasamgra 2' ( 2nd Poem Collection)'' in 2005.
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Akdemi Award]] for '''Haspatale Lekha Kabitaguchha'<nowiki/>'' (Poetry Written in Hospital) in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::..|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|access-date=2020-09-19|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=2022-01-24 |title=The Poet And The Muse: Binoy Majumdar's Obsession For Goddess Gayatri from - Outlook site |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/the-poet-and-the-muse-binoy-majumdar-s-obsession-for-goddess-gayatri-news-46902 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=outlookindia.com}}</ref>
* Sudhindranath Dutta Puraskar
* Krittibas Puraskar

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
*[[Subimal Basak]]
*[[Tridib Mitra]]
*[[Basudeb Dasgupta]]
*[[Anil Karanjai]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kaurab.com/english/bengali_poetry/binoy.html Binay Majumdar's poetry in translation at Kaurab]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Majumdar, Binoy}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Hungry generation]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

P. Narsa Reddy

2025-05-16T18:41:55Z

Joshiankit994: content update

{{Short description|Indian politician (1931–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = P. Narsa Reddy
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 1989
| term_end = 1991
| predecessor = [[C. Madhava Reddi]]
| successor = [[Allola Indrakaran Reddy]]
| constituency = [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]]
| office1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature| Member of the Legislative Assembly]] [[United Andhra Pradesh]]
| term1 = 1962 – 1978
| predecessor1 = [[Muthiam Reddy]]
| successor1 = [[P. Ganga Reddy]]
| constituency1 = [[Nirmal (Assembly constituency)| Nirmal]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|09|22}}
| birth_place = [[Nirmal]], [[Adilabad district]], [[Hyderabad State]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2024|01|29|1931|09|22}}
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| birthname =
| parents = [Ganga Reddy] (father)
Chandra amma (mother)
| citizenship = Indian
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty =
| spouse = Kausalya Devi
| partner = 
| relations =
| children = Three sons, one daughter
| residence = [[Adilabad District|Adilabad]] & New Delhi
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| occupation =
| profession = [[Agriculture|Agriculturist]], lawyer, politician
| cabinet =
| committees = Member of several committees
| portfolio = Various
| religion =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' P. Narsa Reddy ''' (22 September 1931 – 29 January 2024) was an Indian independence activist and politician who was a [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] of the [[9th Lok Sabha]] of India. Reddy represented the [[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Adilabad]] constituency of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] political party.<ref name=" Member Profile ">{{cite news|title= Member Profile|publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] website|accessdate=17 January 2014|url= http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/3395.htm }}</ref><ref name=" Election Results 1989 ">{{cite news|title= Election Results 1989 |publisher= [[Election Commission of India]]|accessdate=17 January 2014|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
P. Narsa Reddy was born in [[Nirmal]], [[Adilabad district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He attended the [[Osmania University]] and attained [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] & [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]] degrees. By profession, Reddy was an [[Agriculture|Agriculturist]] and a Lawyer.<ref name=" Member Profile"/>

==Political career==

===Pre independence===
P. Narsa Reddy was an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian freedom fighter]], participated in the struggle to liberate Hyderabad from Nizam's Rule.

===Post independence===
P. Narsa Reddy was active politics from the early 1940s. Prior to becoming an [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] he was also [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]] for three straight terms and member of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] for one term. In 1971, he was the President of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee.<ref name=" Member Profile"/><ref name=" Third Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly ">{{cite news|title= Third Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|publisher= [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]|accessdate= 17 January 2014|url= http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a34c80f3-adfe-4919-b343-ed078fb34f14&groupId=11343|archive-date= 7 December 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131207083344/http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=a34c80f3-adfe-4919-b343-ed078fb34f14&groupId=11343|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=" Fourth Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly ">{{cite news|title= Fourth Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|publisher= [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]|accessdate= 17 January 2014|url= http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=8461b3f6-72e2-4668-a4f9-8eb28585f99c&groupId=11343|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120803211805/http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=8461b3f6-72e2-4668-a4f9-8eb28585f99c&groupId=11343|url-status= dead|archive-date= 3 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=" Fifth Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly ">{{cite news|title= Fifth Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|publisher= [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature]]|accessdate= 17 January 2014|url= http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3b3dd5aa-8e13-43b8-b4ab-567b35a9ea08&groupId=11343|archive-date= 13 March 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130313162206/http://www.aplegislature.org/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=3b3dd5aa-8e13-43b8-b4ab-567b35a9ea08&groupId=11343|url-status= dead}}</ref>

Reddy died in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] on 29 January 2024, at the age of 92.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=Former APCC chief Narsa Reddy no more - The Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-congress-leader-from-telangana-p-narsa-reddy-passed-away-at-the-age-of-92-in-hyderabad-he-was-the-president-of-andhra-pradesh-congress-committee/article67788170.ece |access-date=2024-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129073413/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/veteran-congress-leader-from-telangana-p-narsa-reddy-passed-away-at-the-age-of-92-in-hyderabad-he-was-the-president-of-andhra-pradesh-congress-committee/article67788170.ece |archive-date=29 January 2024 }}</ref>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 1962 || 1967 || Member, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|03rd Assembly]] ||
|-
| 02 || 1962 || 1964 || Chairman, Development Committee on [[Telangana]] ||
|-
| 03 || 1967 || 1972 || Member, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|04th Assembly]] ||
|-
| 04 || 1968 || 1968 || Member, Rules Committee ||
|-
| 05 || 1972 || 1978 || Member, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislature|05th Assembly]] ||
|-
| 06 || 1973 || 1978 || Cabinet Minister, Irrigation ([[Government of Andhra Pradesh|State government]]) ||
|-
| 07 || 1974 || 1978 || Cabinet Minister, Revenue & Legislative Affairs ([[Government of Andhra Pradesh|State government]]). ||
|-
| 08 || 1981 || 1985 || Member, [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]] ||
|-
| 09 || 1982 || 1985 || Member, Committee on Government Assurances ||
|-
| 10 || 1989 || 1991 || [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]], [[9th Lok Sabha|09th Lok Sabha]] ||
|-
| 11 || 1990 || 1991 || Member, Committee on Petitions ||
|-
| 12 || 1990 || 1991 || Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour]] ||
|-
| 14 || 1990 || 1991 || Consultative Committee, [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare|Ministry of Welfare]] ||
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[9th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Adilabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
*[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Government of India]]
*[[Indian National Congress]]
*[[Lok Sabha]]
*[[Nirmal (Assembly constituency)]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Politics of India]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, P. Narsa}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nirmal district]]
[[Category:Members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Telangana]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 1972–1978]]
[[Category:Presidents of Andhra Pradesh Congress Committee]]