https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Joseph678Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-02T06:58:00ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jhargram_Assembly_constituency&diff=506178Jhargram Assembly constituency2026-05-08T16:11:03Z<p>Joseph678: Added basic pg added tags</p>
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<div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jhargram<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Jhargram.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Jhargram Assembly Constituency<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Birbaha Hansda]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| alliance = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| district = [[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram]]<br />
| constituency_no = 222<br />
| established = 1957<br />
| electors = 184,109<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| abolished = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jhargram Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Jhargram district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 222 Jhargram Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Jhargram]] municipality, Bandhgora, Manikpara, Radhanagar and Sapdhara [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Jhargram (community development block)|Jhargram]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and [[Binpur I]] community development block.<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 |access-date=2010-10-15 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Jhargram Assembly constituency is part of No. 33 [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)]] (ST).<ref name=delimitation/><br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2026===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhargram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Lakshmikant Sahu<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 120877<br />
|percentage = 54.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Mangal Saren<br />
|party = Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = 82730<br />
|percentage = 37.42<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Arjun Kumar Mahato<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|votes = 6604<br />
|percentage = 2.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Prasenjit De <br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 1506<br />
|percentage = 0.68<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2262}}<br />
|percentage = 1.02<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:38147}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:220940}}<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2021===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhargram}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Birbaha Hansda]]<br />
|votes = 109,493<br />
|percentage = 54.00<br />
|change = -1.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Sukhamoy Satpathy<br />
|votes = 71,253<br />
|percentage = 35.00<br />
|change = +23.90<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Madhuja Sen Roy<br />
|votes = 10,430<br />
|percentage = 5.00<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 3,636<br />
|percentage = 2.00<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2016===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Jhargram}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Sukumar Hansda]]<br />
|votes = 99,233<br />
|percentage = 55.00<br />
|change = +10.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jharkhand Party (Naren)<br />
|candidate = Chunibala Hansdah<br />
|votes = 44,005<br />
|percentage = 24.00<br />
|change = new<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Sen<br />
|votes = 18,843<br />
|percentage = 11.11<br />
|change = +7.00<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Subrata Bhattacharya<br />
|votes = 7,017<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|candidate = Mahadeb Pratihar<br />
|votes = 2,343<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All Jharkhand Students Union<br />
|candidate = Gunadhar Mahato<br />
|votes = 1,599<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===2011===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Jhargram<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25222.htm |title = Jhargram |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-20 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050817/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25222.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=222 |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Jhargram |publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |archive-date = 26 May 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120526064013/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=222 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Jhargram |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030813/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_6th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Sukumar Hansda]]<br />
|votes = 69,464<br />
|percentage = 44.67<br />
|change = +4.32#<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = [[Amar Basu]]<br />
|votes = 54,191<br />
|percentage = 34.85<br />
|change = -19.97<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Chhatradhar Mahata<br />
|votes = 20,037<br />
|percentage = 12.88<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Bijay Mahato<br />
|votes = 6,376<br />
|percentage = 4.10<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha<br />
|candidate = Sunil Kisku<br />
|votes = 5,573<br />
|percentage = 3.66<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = Jharkhand Anushilan Party<br />
|candidate = Bholanath Mahata<br />
|votes = 5,452<br />
|percentage = 3.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 155,520<br />
|percentage = 84.47<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|swing = 24.29#<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<small>.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.</small><br />
<br />
===1977-2006===<br />
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], [[Amar Basu]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Jhargram assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Shivendra Bijoy Malladeb of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Mina Sanatani of CPI(M) defeated Makhan Lal Bangal of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] in 2001. Buddhadeb Bhakat of CPI(M) defeated Chaitanya Murmu of Congress in 1996 and Nikhil Maiti of Congress in 1991. Abani Bhusan Satpathi of CPI(M) defeated Bhabesh Mahata of Congress in 1987 and Birendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress in 1982. Ram Chandra Satpathy of CPI(M) defeated Birendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp231.htm |title = 231 - Jhargram Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-20 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===1957-1972===<br />
Birendra Bijoy Malladeb of Congress won in 1972 and 1971. Panchkari De of [[Bangla Congress]] won in 1969. P.C.Ghosh, Independent, won in 1967. Mahendra Nath Mahata of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]] and [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp |title=Statistical Reports of Elections |access-date=2010-12-20 |work=General Election Results and Statistics |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Jhargram district topics}}<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Jhargram district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br />
[[Category:1957 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y._Prakaash&diff=545913Y. Prakaash2026-05-07T22:30:02Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Y. Prakaash<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 12 May 2021<br />
| term_end = 6 May 2026<br />
| constituency = [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]]<br />
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
| predecessor = [[S. A. Sathya]]<br />
| successor = [[P. Balakrishna Reddy]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]<br />
| term_start1 = 19 May 2016<br />
| term_end1 = 2 May 2021<br />
| predecessor1 = [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]<br />
| successor1 = T. Ramachandran<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Yellappa Prakash''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Hosur Assembly constituency|Hosur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222095914/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC055.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC055.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hosur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a055|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Electoral performance ==<br />
{{transcluded section|source=Hosur Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{trim|{{#section-h:Hosur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}<br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Prakaash is married and had only one son, Karuna Sagar, who died in a large car accident in 2021 near [[Koramangala]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-01 |title=Freak road accident on Audi snuffs out lives of seven youths |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/Sep/01/freak-road-accident-on-audi-snuffs-out-lives-of-seven-youths-2352537.html |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He can speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Kannada]].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakaash, Y}}<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{DMK-politician-stub}}<br />
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Indian_Kapil_Show&diff=540518The Great Indian Kapil Show2026-05-05T07:10:05Z<p>Joseph678: started initial data basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian comedy and talk show}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = The Great Indian Kapil Show logo.png<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| genre = [[Sketch comedy]]<br />[[Talk show]]<br />
| creator = [[Kapil Sharma]]<br />
| director = Shreyansh Dubey<br />
| starring = [[Kapil Sharma]]<br/>[[Archana Puran Singh]]<br />[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]<br />[[Sunil Grover]]<br />[[Kiku Sharda]]<br />[[Krushna Abhishek]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 4<br />
| num_episodes = 53 + {{Abbr|SP|Special}}<!-- This parameter should only be incremented when new episodes air or when a reliable source can confirm a specific number of episodes. --><br />
| executive_producer = Anushree Bhardwaj<br />
| producer = [[Kapil Sharma]]<br/>Akshit Lahoria<br/>Gurjot Singh<br />
| location = [[Film City, Mumbai]]<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 45–79 minutes<br />
| company = K9 Films<br/>Beingu Studios<br />
| network = [[Netflix]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|03|30|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Great Indian Kapil Show''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[sketch comedy|sketch]] [[comedy]] [[talk show|talk]] [[TV Show|show]] hosted by comedian [[Kapil Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Release Date, OTT Platform, Promo Of Kapil Sharma-Sunil Grover's Comedy Show |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kapil-show-release-date-ott-platform-promo-of-kapil-sharma-sunil-grover-comedy-show-10150829 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=English Jagran |language=en}}</ref> The show is streaming on [[Netflix]] since 30 March 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show trailer: Sunil Grover teases 'turbulence' with the host. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-sharma-show-trailer-sunil-grover-teases-turbulence-with-host-watch-101711184310961.html |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is [[Netflix]]'s first Indian series to trend globally for a month.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This show is first Indian series on Netflix to trend globally for a month; it's not Sacred Games, Delhi Crime, Jamtara |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-this-show-is-first-indian-series-on-netflix-to-trend-globally-the-great-indian-kapil-show-3087039 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Season 1 ended on 22 June 2024 with 13 episodes. Season 2 streamed from 21 September 2024 to 14 December 2024.<ref name="S2E1"/> Season 3 premiered on 21 June 2025 and ended on 20 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Simran |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show Returns With 3rd Season; Check Release, Teaser, Cast And More |url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kapil-show-returns-with-3rd-season-check-release-teaser-cast-and-more/569863/ |access-date=17 July 2025 |website=News24 |language=en}}</ref> Season 4 premiered on 20 December 2025 and ended on 14 March 2026.<ref name="season4">{{Cite web| date=4 December 2025| title=The Great Indian Kapil Show return with season 4; premiere date out; Archana Puran Singh and Navjot Singh Sidhu make a comeback to the show<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-return-with-season-4-premiere-date-out-archana-puran-singh-and-navjot-singh-sidhu-make-a-comeback-to-the-show/articleshow/125751924.cms| website=[[The Times of India]]| access-date=4 December 2025}}</ref> The series is renewed for a fifth season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2026 |last=Bhattacharya |first=Trisha |title=Netflix renews Kapil Sharma’s The Great Indian Kapil Show for Season 5 |url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/netflix-renews-kapil-sharma-s-the-great-indian-kapil-show-for-season-5-11770137030698.html |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=22 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Premise ==<br />
The series format is largely identical of Sharma's former shows ''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]'' and ''[[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]''. Kapil Sharma hosts this laugh-out-loud variety talk show with celebrity guests, hilarious antics and his signature supporting cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2024-11-07 |title=Most-watched OTT shows last week on Netflix, Disney+ Hotstar, Amazon MX Player & others: Number 1 may surprise you |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/mostwatched-ott-shows-last-week-on-netflix-disney-hotstar-amazon-mx-player-others-number-1-may-surprise-you-11730988746897.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|mint]] |language=en}}</ref> The show revolves around Kapil Sharma and his team of comedians, including [[Sunil Grover]], [[Kiku Sharda]], [[Krushna Abhishek]] and [[Rajiv Thakur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Kapil Sharma to return to the small screen with 'The Great Indian Kapil Show'; what to expect |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/ott/kapil-sharma-to-return-to-the-small-screens-once-with-the-great-indian-kapil-show-what-to-expect-article-12530121.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> The set of the play is modelled after an airport terminal, featuring elements such as a waiting area, retail kiosks, a revolving café, and a café named Kap's.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Inside The Great Indian Kapil Show set: Kapil Sharma's 'new home' at Netflix is designed like a lavish airport lounge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/inside-the-great-indian-kapil-show-set-kapil-sharma-new-netflix-home-is-swanky-lavish-9235966/ |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=Kapil Sharma, Sunil Grover Get An Airport Terminal Themed Set For The Great Indian Kapil Show |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/kapil-sharma-sunil-grover-get-an-airport-terminal-themed-set-for-the-great-indian-kapil-show-article-108792700 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> [[Archana Puran Singh]] is the permanent guest of the show.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Comedy King Calls Archana Puran Singh His 'Lucky Charm' |url=https://www.news18.com/television/the-great-indian-kapil-show-comedy-king-calls-archana-puran-singh-his-lucky-charm-8832837.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
[[File:Kapil Sharma and Sunil Grover.jpg|thumb|306x306px|Sharma (right) and Grover (left) at a press conference for the show in April 2024]]<br />
* [[Kapil Sharma]] as Himself (Host)<br />
* [[Archana Puran Singh]] as Permanent Guest<br />
* [[Navjot Singh Sidhu]] as Permanent Guest (Season 3, 4)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=Navjot Singh Sidhu makes a smashing comeback |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-3-navjot-singh-sidhu-makes-a-smashing-comeback-kapil-sharma-tells-archana-puran-singh-muh-pe-patti-bandh-lo/articleshow/121722165.cms |access-date=9 June 2025 |work=Times of India}}</ref><br />
* [[Sunil Grover]] as Dafli / Engineer Chumbak Mittal / Couple Paaji ([[Kapil Dev]]'s mimic) / Kamlesh ki Lugai / Kha Ke ([[PK (film)|PK]]'s mimic) / [[Dharmendra]]'s mimic / Cherry Paaji ([[Navjot Singh Sidhu]]'s mimic) / The Great Kya Khali ([[The Great Khali]]'s mimic) / Karan ([[Salman Khan]]'s mimic) / Unees–Bees Aamir ([[Aamir Khan]]'s mimic) / Father Khan ([[Kader Khan]]'s mimic) and various characters<br />
* [[Kiku Sharda]] as Chef Dhaniya Lal / Bade Bhaiya ([[Sunny Deol]]'s mimic) / Kim Kong ([[Kim Jong Un]]'s mimic) / Pahlawan Fokat / Chandra Mukhi / Filmy Maa and various characters<br />
* [[Krushna Abhishek]] as Air Hostess Mona / Chote Bhaiya ([[Bobby Deol]]'s [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]] style mimic) / Doland Drunk ([[Donald Trump]]'s mimic) / [[Dharmendra]]'s mimic / Ranvijay ([[Ranbir Kapoor]]'s [[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal]] style mimic) / Chunni Babu / Wallhadin / Arjun ([[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s [[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]] style mimic) / Almost Govinda ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]'s mimic) and various characters<br />
* [[Rajiv Thakur]] as Raju (Kap's Cafe Attendant) / Fajini ([[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]'s mimic) and various characters<br />
* Manju Brijnandan Sharma as Chef (season 2)<br />
* Soundous Moufakir as Lucia (season 2)<br />
* [[Sanket Bhosale]] as Baba ([[Sanjay Dutt]]'s mimic) (season 3)<br />
* Joanna Ashka as Lily (Season 3, 4) <ref>{{Citation |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show |date=2024-03-30 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt30003786/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |others=Kapil Sharma, Archana Puran Singh, Sunil Grover |publisher=BeingU Studios}}</ref><br />
* [[Sugandha Mishra]] as Sohni (Season 4)<br />
<br />
==Episodes==<br />
=== Overview ===<br />
{{Series overview<br />
| color1 = #bf3c2c<br />
| link1 = #Season 1<br />
| episodes1 = 13<br />
| start1 = {{Start date|2024|3|30|df=y}}<br />
| end1 = {{End date|2024|6|22|df=y}}<br />
| color2 = #edb537<br />
| link2 = #Season 2<br />
| episodes2 = 13<br />
| start2 = {{Start date|2024|9|21|df=y}}<br />
| end2 = {{End date|2024|12|14|df=y}}<br />
| color3 = #1f7a39<br />
| link3 = #Season 3<br />
| episodes3 = 14<br />
| start3 = {{Start date|2025|6|21|df=y}}<br />
| end3 = {{End date|2025|9|20|df=y}}<br />
| color4 = #f97f26<br />
| link4 = #Season 4<br />
| episodes4 = 13<br />
| start4 = {{Start date|2025|12|20|df=y}}<br />
| end4 = {{Start date|2026|3|14|df=y}}<br />
| color4SA = #7487E3<br />
| link4SA = #Special<br />
| linkT4SA = Special<br />
| released4SA = {{Start date|2026|5|2|df=y}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Season 1===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| No. overall<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| No. in season<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| Guest(s)<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| Original release date<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| Featured promotion<br />
! style="background:#bf3c2c;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|"Ranbir Kapoor - The Real Family Man"<br />
|[[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh|Neetu Kapoor]] and Riddhima Kapoor Sahni<br />
|30 March 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2024 |title=Ranbir, Neetu, Riddhima Are 1st Guests On The Great Indian Kapil Show, Divulge Family Secrets. Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/ranbir-kapoor-neetu-kapoor-riddhima-kapoor-sahni-are-1st-guests-on-the-great-indian-kapil-show-divulge-family-secrets-watch-article-108797088 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Ranbir Kapoor Calls Himself 'Burp Specialist', Wants To Bring Raha To The Great Indian Kapil Show |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/ranbir-kapoor-calls-himself-burp-specialist-wants-to-bring-raha-to-the-great-indian-kapil-show-article-108808508 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|2<br />
|"Cricket Fever"<br />
|[[Rohit Sharma]] and [[Shreyas Iyer]]<br />
|06 April 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show Episode 2 Review: Cricketers Rohit Sharma And Shreyas Iyer Are Good Sports On Makeshift Pitch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-episode-2-review-cricketers-rohit-sharma-and-shreyas-iyer-are-good-sports-on-makeshift-pitch-review-109093346 |access-date=6 April 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2024 |title=Kapil Sharma addresses Rohit Sharma as the famous 'Sharma ji ka beta' from Indian household; the cricketer REACTS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kapil-sharma-calls-rohit-sharma-as-the-famous-sharma-ji-ka-beta-from-indian-household-the-cricketer-reacts/articleshow/109093997.cms |access-date=6 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|3<br />
|"Stars of Chamkila"<br />
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]<br />
|13 April 2024<br />
|[[Amar Singh Chamkila (film)|''Amar Singh Chamkila'']]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Sunil Grover's Dafli Sings For Diljit Dosanjh And Team Chamkila, Laughs Guaranteed |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/the-great-indian-kapil-show-sunil-grovers-dafli-sings-for-diljit-dosanjh-and-team-chamkila-laughs-guaranteed-8849908.html |access-date=13 April 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: From Parineeti Chopra-Diljit Dosanjh's duet to Sunil Grover's hilarious act; here's what to expect from 'Chamkila' special episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-from-parineeti-chopra-diljit-dosanjhs-duet-to-sunil-grovers-hilarious-act-heres-what-to-expect-from-chamkila-special-episode/photostory/109272680.cms |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|4<br />
|"Brothers in Arms"<br />
|[[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Sunny Kaushal]]<br />
|20 April 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Vicky Kaushal shares how he celebrates Valentine's Day with Katrina Kaif, Kapil Sharma teases Sunny Kaushal about his girlfriend|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-vicky-kaushal-shares-how-he-celebrates-valentines-day-with-katrina-kaif-9282130/|access-date=20 April 2024|website=IndianExpress|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2024|title=The Great Indian Kapil Show Episode 4 Review: Comedian Trades Funny Childhood Tales With Brothers Vicky And Sunny Kaushal|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-episode-4-review-comedian-trades-funny-childhood-tales-with-brothers-vicky-and-sunny-kaushal-review-109463374|access-date=20 April 2024|work=TimesNow}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|5<br />
|"Aamir Unlimited"<br />
|[[Aamir Khan]]<br />
|27 April 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Aamir Khan reveals ex-wife Reena Dutta slapped him when she was in labour |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aamir-khan-reveals-ex-wife-reena-dutta-slapped-him-when-she-was-in-labour-101714231823467.html |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Aamir Khan reveals behind-the-scenes details of his iconic naked scene in PK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-great-indian-kapil-show-aamir-khan-reveals-behind-the-scenes-details-of-his-iconic-naked-scene-in-pk/articleshow/109653401.cms |access-date=27 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|6<br />
|"Dil Se Deol"<br />
|[[Sunny Deol]] and [[Bobby Deol]]<br />
|04 May 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol get emotional talking about finding success after long struggle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/the-great-indian-kapil-show-sunny-deol-and-bobby-deol-get-emotional-talking-about-finding-success-after-long-struggle-101714834549232.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 May 2024 |title=From Sunny Deol recalling his first ever film shoot to Bobby calling him a 'superman'; Here's top moments of the Deol brothers to look forward to from The Great Indian Kapil Show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/from-sunny-deol-recalling-his-first-ever-film-shoot-to-bobby-calling-him-a-superman-heres-top-moments-of-the-deol-brothers-to-look-forward-to-from-the-great-indian-kapil-show/photostory/109835973.cms |access-date=4 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|7<br />
|"Diamonds Of Heeramandi"<br />
|[[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Manisha Koirala]], [[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Richa Chadha]], [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]] and [[Sharmin Segal]]<br />
|11 May 2024<br />
|''[[Heeramandi]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Sharmin Segal reveals how Sanjay Leela Bhansali did a retake as he saw a thread on costume |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-sharmin-segal-reveals-how-sanjay-leela-bhansali-did-a-retake-as-he-saw-a-thread-on-costume-101715440441514.html |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 7th episode first impression: Kapil Sharma strikes a fine balance between interview and sketch comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-kapil-show-7th-episode-first-impression-kapil-sharma-heeramandi-actors-9323179/ |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|8<br />
| "The Perfect Artist"<br />
|[[Ed Sheeran]]<br />
|18 May 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Kapil Sharma's "Impromptu Jugalbandi" With Ed Sheeran |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kapil-show-kapil-sharmas-impromptu-jugalbandi-with-ed-sheeran-5691582 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Ed Sheeran recalls meeting Shah Rukh Khan, eating weirdest sea food in Japan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-ed-sheeran-recalls-meeting-shah-rukh-khan-eating-weirdest-sea-food-in-japan-101716046775738.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|9<br />
|"Fun With Friends"<br />
|[[Anil Kapoor]] and [[Farah Khan]]<br />
|25 May 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Farah Khan recalls abusing DJ for playing Ed Sheeran's songs |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/the-great-indian-kapil-show-farah-khan-recalls-abusing-dj-for-playing-ed-sheeran-songs-anil-kapoor-23351218 |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2024 |title=5 best moments from The Great Indian Kapil Show with Anil Kapoor, Farah Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/5-best-moments-from-the-great-indian-kapil-show-with-anil-kapoor-farah-khan-101716653564888.html |access-date=26 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|10<br />
|"Perfect Partnership"<br />
|[[Rajkummar Rao]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]]<br />
|01 June 2024<br />
|''[[Mr. & Mrs. Mahi]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: From Talking About Shikhar To Kapil Arranging Swayamvar; Top 5 Highlights Of RajkummarRao And Jahnvi Kapoor'sbanter On The Show|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-from-talking-about-shikhar-to-kapil-arranging-swayamvar-top-5-highlights-of-rajkummar-rao-and-jahnvi-kapoors-banter-on-the-show/etphotostory/110622511.cms |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|11<br />
|"Game Changers"<br />
|[[Sania Mirza]], [[Mary Kom]], [[Saina Nehwal]] and [[Sift Kaur Samra]]<br />
|08 June 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 11th episode first impression: Kapil Sharma strikes gold with Mary Kom and Sania Mirza|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-kapil-show-11th-episode-first-impression-mary-kom-and-sania-mirza-9380966/ |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|12<br />
|"Kings of Hip Hop"<br />
|[[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]], [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]] and [[Karan Aujla]]<br />
|15 June 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 12th episode first impression: Kapil Sharma serves concert instead of comedy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-kapil-show-12th-episode-kapil-sharma-serves-a-concert-instead-of-comedy-9395415/ |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|13<br />
|"Kartik Aaryan and Khandaan"<br />
|[[Kartik Aaryan]] and Mala Tiwari<br />
|22 June 2024<br />
|''[[Chandu Champion]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show Grand Finale First Impression: Sunil Grover and Krushna Abhishek emerge as champions; Kartik Aaryan's mom goes all out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-kapil-show-grand-finale-first-impression-sunil-grover-krushna-abhishek-9409590/ |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Season 2===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| No. overall<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| No. in season<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| Guest(s)<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| Original release date<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| Featured promotion<br />
! style="background:#edb537;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|1<br />
|"Bonded By Love"<br />
|[[Alia Bhatt]], [[Karan Johar]], [[Vedang Raina]] and [[Vasan Bala]]<br />
|21 September 2024<br />
|''[[Jigra]]''<br />
|<ref name="S2E1">{{Cite web |date=21 September 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show Season 2: Karan Johar calls Alia Bhatt his 'first daughter', says her reaction on being selected for SOTY evoked paternal feelings|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-indian-kapil-show-season-2-karan-johar-calls-alia-bhatt-his-first-daughter-9581486/ |access-date=22 September 2024|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|2<br />
|"South Sensations"<br />
|[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr]], [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Janhvi Kapoor]]<br />
|28 September 2024<br />
|''[[Devara: Part 1]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 2: Saif Ali Khan and Jr. NTR remember late-actress Sridevi; call her their 'favorite'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-2-saif-ali-khan-and-jr-ntr-remember-late-actress-sridevi-call-her-their-favorite/articleshow/113685831.cms |access-date=28 September 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kapil Show OTT: ఎన్టీఆర్ మాటలకు పడి పడి నవ్విన జాన్వీ.. కపిల్ శర్మ షో ప్రోమో చూసేయండి: స్ట్రీమింగ్ ఎప్పుడంటే.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/devara-actors-ntr-janhvi-kapoor-in-the-great-indian-kapil-show-promo-released-streaming-date-on-netflix-ott-121727246839019.html |access-date=25 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times Telugu}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|3<br />
|"World Cup Champions"<br />
|[[Rohit Sharma]], [[Suryakumar Yadav]], [[Axar Patel]], [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] and [[Shivam Dube]]<br />
|05 October 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2024 |title=Suryakumar Yadav, Shivam Dube call captain Rohit Sharma as 'Ghajini' of Indian cricket team: 'Toss mei coin bhool jaate hain|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/suryakumar-yadav-shivam-dube-call-captain-rohit-sharma-ghajini-indian-cricket-team-great-indian-kapil-sharma-show-9599610/ |access-date=5 October 2024|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|4<br />
|"Superstar Sisters"<br />
|[[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] and [[Karisma Kapoor]]<br />
|12 October 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: 5 moments to watch out for from Karisma Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor's episode|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/top-5-unforgettable-moments-from-the-great-indian-kapil-show-featuring-karisma-kapoor-and-kareena-kapoor/etphotostory/114172781.cms |access-date=13 October 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|5<br />
|"Karwa Chauth with the Fabulous Wives"<br />
|Maheep Kapoor, Bhavana Pandey, Seema Kiran Sajdeh, [[Neelam Kothari]], Shalini Passi, Kalyani Saha Chawla and Riddhima Kapoor Sahni<br />
|19 October 2024<br />
|''[[Fabulous Lives of Bollywood Wives|Fabulous Lives vs Bollywood Wives]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 2: Bhavna Panday reveals she saw Boney Kapoor's face instead of husband Chunky Panday on Karwa Chauth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-2-bhavna-panday-reveals-she-saw-boney-kapoors-face-instead-of-husband-chunky-panday-on-karwa-chauth/articleshow/114297766.cms |access-date=20 October 2024|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|6<br />
|"Double Trouble with Kriti and Kajol"<br />
|[[Kriti Sanon]], [[Kajol]], [[Shaheer Sheikh]] and [[Kanika Dhillon]]<br />
|26 October 2024<br />
|''[[Do Patti]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: 5 must-watch highlights as 'Do Patti' team hits the stage|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kapil-show-5-must-watch-highlights-as-do-patti-team-hits-the-stage-3250143 |access-date=26 October 2024|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|7<br />
| "Bhoot Bhari Diwali"<br />
|[[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Vidya Balan]], [[Triptii Dimri]], [[Rajpal Yadav]] and [[Anees Bazmee]]<br />
|02 November 2024<br />
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2024 |title=Kartik Aaryan, Vidya Balan and Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 crew shoot for Kapil Sharma's show|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-vidya-balan-shoot-kapil-sharma-show-netflix-23392998 |access-date=26 October 2024|website=Mid-Day|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|8<br />
|"Business Baazigars"<br />
|[[N. R. Narayana Murthy|Narayana Murthy]], [[Sudha Murty]], Deepinder Goyal and Grecia Munoz Goyal<br />
|09 November 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Sunil Grover Cracks A "Software" Joke, But Sudha Murty's Hilarious Reaction Steals The Show|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sunil-grover-makes-software-joke-on-kapil-sharma-s-show-sudha-murty-reacts-6954575/|access-date=9 November 2024|website=NDTV|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|9<br />
|"Punjab Ke Sher"<br />
|[[Navjot Singh Sidhu]], [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Geeta Basra]] and [[Navjot Kaur Sidhu]]<br />
|16 November 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Navjot Singh Sidhu Comes Back 5 Years After Exit, Check Out Archana Puran Singh's Reaction |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kapil-show-navjot-singh-sidhu-makes-a-comeback-isecure-archana-puran-singh-says-meri-kursi-se-uth-jaaye-6991670/|access-date=16 November 2024 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|10<br />
|"Shotgun with the Sinhas"<br />
|[[Sonakshi Sinha]], [[Zaheer Iqbal]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]] and [[Poonam Sinha]]<br />
|23 November 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Here's how Sonakshi Sinha and Zaheer Iqbal broke the 'khamoshi' regarding their love to Shatrughan Sinha|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-heres-how-sonakshi-sinha-and-zaheer-iqbal-broke-the-khamoshi-regarding-their-love-to-shatrughan-sinha/articleshow/115582755.cms|access-date=23 November 2024|work=The Times of India|date=23 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|11<br />
|"Entertainer No. 1"<br />
|[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Chunky Panday]] and [[Shakti Kapoor]]<br />
|30 November 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 2: Krushna Abhishek and Govinda reunite on the show; the Bollywood actor's first appearance post leg injury|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-2-krushna-abhishek-and-govinda-reunite-on-the-show-the-bollywood-actors-first-appearance-post-leg-injury/articleshow/115622530.cms|access-date=24 November 2024|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|12<br />
|"Evergreen Icon"<br />
|[[Rekha]]<br />
|07 December 2024<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Evergreen diva Rekha recreates her iconic dance number with Krushna Abhishek dressed up as Big B|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-evergreen-diva-rekha-recreates-her-iconic-dance-number-with-krushna-abhishek-dressed-up-as-big-b/articleshow/115862852.cms|access-date=7 December 2024|work=The Times of India|date=December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|13<br />
|"Varun In Action"<br />
|[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]], [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] and [[Kalees]]<br />
|14 December 2024<br />
|''[[Baby John (film)|Baby John]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hungama |first1=Bollywood |title=Kapil Sharma announces season finale of The Great Indian Kapil Show, Varun Dhawan entertains through pole dancing|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kapil-sharma-announces-season-finale-great-indian-kapil-show-varun-dhawan-entertains-pole-dancing/|access-date=8 December 2024|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=8 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Season 3===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| No. overall<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| No. in season<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| Guest(s)<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| Original release date<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| Featured promotion<br />
! style="background:#1f7a39;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|1<br />
|"Being Salman"<br />
|[[Salman Khan]]<br />
|21 June 2025<br />
|''[[Sikandar (2025 film)|Sikandar]]'' <br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Salman Khan reunites with Navjot Singh Sidhu for the premiere episode; Sunil Grover-Krushna Abhishek dress up as Salman-SRK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-salman-khan-reunites-with-navjot-singh-sidhu-for-the-premiere-episode-sunil-grover-krushna-abhishek-dress-up-as-salman-srk/articleshow/121740953.cms |access-date=18 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|2<br />
|"Metro Fun"<br />
|[[Anupam Kher]], [[Neena Gupta]], [[Ali Fazal]], [[Konkona Sen Sharma]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Anurag Basu]], [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]], [[Aditya Roy Kapur]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]]<br />
|28 June 2025<br />
|''[[Metro... In Dino]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show shoot kickstarts with Metro In Dino cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/great-indian-kapil-show-kickstarts-shoot-with-metro-in-dino-cast-kapil-sharma-2734905-2025-06-03 |access-date=22 June 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|3<br />
|"Coach and the Cricketers"<br />
|[[Gautam Gambhir]], [[Rishabh Pant]], [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] and [[Abhishek Sharma]]<br />
| 05 July 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 3: Cricketers Rishabh Pant, Abhishek Sharma, Gautam Gambhir, Yuzvendra Chahal shoot for an episode; Navjot Singh Sidhu to fill in for Archana Puran Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-cricketers-rishabh-pant-abhishek-sharma-gautam-gambhir-yuzvendra-chahal-shoot-for-an-episode-navjot-singh-sidhu-to-fill-in-for-archana-puran-singh/articleshow/121686704.cms |access-date=29 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|4<br />
|"Streaming Superstars"<br />
|[[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Vijay Varma]], [[Pratik Gandhi]], [[Jitendra Kumar]] and [[Jackson Wang]]<br />
|12 July 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2025 |title=Jaideep Ahlawat, Vijay Varma, Jitendra Kumar, Pratik Gandhi bring real stories, dance moves and K-pop Star Jackson Wang to The Great Indian Kapil Show|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/jaideep-ahlawat-vijay-varma-jitendra-kumar-pratik-gandhi-bring-real-stories-dance-moves-k-pop-star-jackson-wang-great-indian-kapil-show/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|5<br />
|"Sardaron Ka Swag"<br />
|[[Ajay Devgn]], [[Mrunal Thakur]], [[Vindu Dara Singh]], [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Kubbra Sait]] and [[Deepak Dobriyal]]<br />
|19 July 2025<br />
|''[[Son of Sardaar 2]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive- Ajay Devgn to grace the stage of The Great Indian Kapil Show 3 for Son Of Sardaar 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-ajay-devgn-to-grace-the-stage-of-the-great-indian-kapil-show-3-for-son-of-sardaar-2/articleshow/121905838.cms |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|6<br />
|"Mic Drop with Podcasters"<br />
| Raj Shamani, [[Saurabh Dwivedi]], Kamiya Jani and Samdish Bhatia<br />
|26 July 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 3: Raj Shamani on his much talked about 'Vijay Mallya' interview; says 'Main London mein walk kar raha tha woh dikh gaye toh...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-3-raj-shamani-on-his-much-talked-about-vijay-mallya-interview-says-main-london-mein-walk-kar-raha-tha-woh-dikh-gaye-toh-/articleshow/122885928.cms |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|7<br />
|"Parineeti - Raghav ki Prem Sabha"<br />
|[[Parineeti Chopra]] and [[Raghav Chadha]]<br />
|02 August 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=18 July 2025 |title=Photos: Parineeti Chopra and Raghav Chadha snapped shooting for a special episode of Netflix's The Great Indian Kapil Show {{!}} Parties & Events - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-parineeti-chopra-raghav-chadha-snapped-shooting-special-episode-netflixs-great-indian-kapil-show/ |access-date=19 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|8<br />
|"Dil Dosti Bhai-Behen"<br />
|[[Shilpa Shetty]], [[Shamita Shetty]], [[Saqib Saleem]] and [[Huma Qureshi]]<br />
|09 August 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Siblings Shilpa-Shamita Shetty, Huma Qureshi-Saqib Saleem Celebrate Raksha Bandhan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-siblings-shilpa-shetty-shamita-shetty-huma-qureshi-saqib-saleem-celebrate-raksha-bandhan-article-152425893 |access-date=11 August 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|9<br />
|"Musical Mehfil"<br />
|[[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shekhar Ravjiani]] and [[Neeti Mohan]]<br />
|16 August 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 3: Shaan, Vishal-Sheykhar and Neeti Mohan to grace the show in special musical episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-3-shaan-vishal-sheykhar-and-neeti-mohan-to-grace-the-show-in-special-musical-episode/articleshow/122918967.cms |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|10<br />
|"Business Ke Gamechangers"<br />
|[[Vijay Shekhar Sharma]], [[Aman Gupta]], [[Ritesh Agarwal]] and Ghazal Alagh<br />
|23 August 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 3: Aman Gupta reveals how he would be ignored when his businesses failed, says 'When I succeeded everyone would come and call me beta' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-3-aman-gupta-reveals-how-he-would-be-ignored-when-his-businesses-failed-says-when-i-succeeded-everyone-would-come-and-call-me-beta/articleshow/123477045.cms |access-date=27 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|11<br />
|"Love and Laughs with Param Sundari"<br />
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]], [[Manjot Singh]] and Inayat Verma<br />
|30 August 2025<br />
|[[Param Sundari (film)|''Param Sundari'']]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos: Sidharth Malhotra and Janhvi Kapoor Promote Param Sundari on The Sets of TGIKS {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/photos/photos-sidharth-malhotra-and-janhvi-kapoor-promote-param-sundari-on-the-sets-of-tgiks-76479.html |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|12<br />
|"Yaaron Ka Adda"<br />
|[[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Suniel Shetty]]<br />
|06 September 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 August 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show season 3: Kapil's stage turns into a dostana reunion with Suniel Shetty and Sanjay Dutt gracing the upcoming episode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-season-3-kapils-stage-turns-into-a-dostana-reunion-with-suniel-shetty-and-sanjay-dutt-gracing-the-upcoming-episode/articleshow/123506055.cms |access-date=31 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|13<br />
|"South Superstars"<br />
|[[Jagapathi Babu]], [[Teja Sajja]], [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Ritika Nayak]]<br />
|13 September 2025<br />
|''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2025 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Mirai Stars Teja Sajja, Ritika Nayak, Shriya Saran, Jagapathi Babu Make Hilarious Debut - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/the-great-indian-kapil-show-mirai-stars-teja-sajja-ritika-nayak-shriya-saran-jagapathi-babu-make-hilarious-debut-watch-article-152771416 |access-date=12 September 2025 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|14<br />
|"Khiladi Returns"<br />
|[[Akshay Kumar]]<br />
|20 September 2025<br />
|''[[Jolly LLB 3]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2025 |title=Akshay Kumar roasts Kapil Sharma in finale episode of The Great Indian Kapil Show; fans say ‘this will be too much fun’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/akshay-kumar-roasts-kapil-sharma-in-finale-episode-of-the-great-indian-kapil-show-fans-say-this-will-be-too-much-fun-101757999418505.html |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Season 4 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| No. overall<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| No. in season<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| Guest(s)<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| Original release date<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| Featured promotion<br />
! style="background:#f97f26;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|1<br />
|"Desi Girl, Global Swag"<br />
|[[Priyanka Chopra]]<br />
|20 December 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 4: Priyanka Chopra reveals Twitter played cupid in her love story with Nick Jonas; Kapil Sharma jokes 'Hum bhi the hum par toh case hogaye' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-4-priyanka-chopra-reveals-twitter-played-cupid-in-her-love-story-with-nick-jonas-kapil-sharma-jokes-hum-bhi-the-hum-par-toh-case-hogaye/articleshow/126041865.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|2<br />
|"Queens of Cricket"<br />
|[[Harmanpreet Kaur]], [[Harleen Deol]], [[Richa Ghosh]], [[Pratika Rawal]], [[Jemimah Rodrigues]], [[Deepti Sharma]], [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]], [[Shafali Verma]], [[Radha Yadav]], [[Amol Muzumdar]]<br />
|27 December 2025<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 4: Kapil Sharma praises women’s cricket team skipper Harmanpreet Kaur’s bhangra moves while lifting the World Cup trophy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-4-kapil-sharma-praises-womens-cricket-team-skipper-harmanpreet-kaurs-bhangra-moves-while-lifting-the-world-cup-trophy/articleshow/126162209.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|3<br />
|"New Year, New Love"<br />
|[[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Ananya Panday]]<br />
|03 January 2026<br />
|''[[Tu Meri Main Tera Main Tera Tu Meri]]''<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=‘The Great Indian Kapil Show 4’: Sunil Grover mimics Amir Khan, leaving Kartik Aaryan and Ananya Pandey in splits|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-4-sunil-grover-mimics-amir-khan-leaving-kartik-aaryan-and-ananya-pandey-in-splits/articleshow/126213021.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 December 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|4<br />
|"Blockbuster Bhojpuri Stars"<br />
|[[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], [[Pawan Singh]], [[Dinesh Lal Yadav]]<br />
|10 January 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 4: Dinesh Lal Yadav reveals Manoj Tiwari hires drivers named after his co-stars; says ‘The first driver was Ravi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-4-dinesh-lal-yadav-reveals-manoj-tiwari-hires-drivers-named-after-his-co-stars-says-the-first-driver-was-ravi/articleshow/126415689.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|5<br />
|"Dosti Ki Hattrick"<br />
|[[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Virender Sehwag]], [[Mohammad Kaif]]<br />
|17 January 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohammad Kaif reunites with Yuvraj Singh, Virendra Sehwag on Kapil Sharma's show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/mohammad-kaif-joins-yuvraj-singh-virendra-sehwag-on-kapil-sharma-show-2837829-2025-12-18|website=[[India Today]] |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|6<br />
|"Fierce and Fabulous"<br />
|[[Rani Mukerji]]<br />
|24 January 2026<br />
|''[[Mardaani 3]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2026-01-19 |title=Rani Mukerji brings order to chaos as she slips into her ‘Mardaani 3’ part on ‘The Great Indian Kapil Show’ |url=https://ianslive.in/rani-mukerji-brings-order-to-chaos-as-she-slips-into-her-mardaani-3-part-on-the-great-indian-kapil-show--20260119132101 |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=IANS News |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|7<br />
|"Bolti Bandh, Laughter On"<br />
|[[Aditi Rao Hydari]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Siddharth Jadhav]], [[A. R. Rahman]]<br />
|31 January 2026<br />
|''[[Gandhi Talks]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |first=Neeshita |last=Nyayapati |date=2026-01-31 |title=AR Rahman appears on Kapil Sharma's show after controversy; swears on Lata Mangeshkar he'll give good answers|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ar-rahman-appears-on-kapil-sharmas-show-after-controversy-swears-on-lata-mangeshkar-hell-give-good-answers-101769843553746.html |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|8<br />
|"Brown Munde"<br />
|[[AP Dhillon]], [[Anubhav Singh Bassi]], [[Shinda Kahlon]]<br />
|07 February 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show 4: AP Dhillon recalls his tough days, says he once slept on the streets in Canada and worked at gas stations; now owns a Rs 83 crore net worth|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-great-indian-kapil-show-4-ap-dhillon-recalls-his-struggle-says-he-once-slept-on-the-streets-in-canada-and-worked-at-gas-stations-now-owns-a-rs-83-crore-net-worth/articleshow/128063965.cms|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
|9<br />
|"Romeo Ki Valentine"<br />
|[[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Triptii Dimri]], [[Avinash Tiwary]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]<br />
|14 February 2026<br />
|''[[O'Romeo]]''<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2026 |title=Shahid Kapoor shuts up Kapil Sharma as he asks if actor gets messages from girls on Valentine's Day: 'Mere bachchon ki maa…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-shuts-up-kapil-sharma-if-girls-message-valentines-day-mira-rajput-10526484/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 February 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|10<br />
|"Jab Bhidu Went Dhak Dhak"<br />
|[[Jackie Shroff]], [[Madhuri Dixit]]<br />
|21 February 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jackie Shroff Kisses Madhuri Dixit’s Hand As They Reunite On Kapil Sharma's Show {{!}} Watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/jackie-shroff-kisses-madhuri-dixit-hand-as-they-reunite-on-kapil-sharmas-show-watch-ws-kl-9844835.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128090821/https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/jackie-shroff-kisses-madhuri-dixit-hand-as-they-reunite-on-kapil-sharmas-show-watch-ws-kl-9844835.html |archive-date=28 January 2026 |access-date=2026-02-15 |work=News18 |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|51<br />
|11<br />
|"Masti Ki Paathshala"<br />
|[[Khan Sir]], [[Alakh Pandey]], Nitin Vijay<br />
|28 February 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=The Great Indian Kapil Show: Khan Sir reveals why he rejected Rs 107 crore offer, says ‘The company doesn’t exist anymore’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/the-great-kapil-sharma-show-khan-sir-reveals-why-he-rejected-rs-107-crore-offer-10558573/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=1 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|52<br />
|12<br />
|"Masti Ka Mahamix"<br />
|[[Ravi Kishan]], [[Malaika Arora]], Orry<br />
|7 March 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2026 |title=Navjot Singh Sidhu calls Malaika Arora ‘mischievous’ as Sunil Grover flirts with her on Kapil Sharma’s show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/navjot-singh-sidhu-calls-malaika-arora-mischievous-as-sunil-grover-flirts-with-her-on-kapil-sharmas-show-watch-10565692/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|53<br />
|13<br />
|"Family No. 1"<br />
|[[David Dhawan]], [[Varun Dhawan]]<br />
|14 March 2026<br />
|{{N/a}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite X |date=11 March 2026 |user=NetflixIndia |number=2031746000365420712 |title=Catch Varun Dhawan and David Dhawan on the finale episode of The Great Indian Kapil Show, streaming 14th March, only on Netflix |url=https://x.com/NetflixIndia/status/2031746000365420712 |access-date=11 March 2026}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Season 5===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"<br />
! style="background:#7487E3;"| No.<br />
! style="background:#7487E3;"| Title<br />
! style="background:#7487E3;"| Guest(s)<br />
! style="background:#7487E3;"| Original release date<br />
! style="background:#7487E3;"| Featured promotion<br />
! style="background:#7487E3;"| Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|53.5<br />
|The Return of Samay Raina and Ranveer Allahbadia<br />
|[[Samay Raina]], [[Ranveer Allahbadia]], [[Sunil Pal]]<br />
|2 May 2026<br />
|[[World Laughter Day]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2026 |title=Samay Raina, Ranveer Allahbadia to appear in 'The Great Indian Kapil Show' special episode |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/samay-raina-ranveer-allahbadia-to-appear-in-the-great-indian-kapil-show-special-episode/cid/2158458 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=30 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rawal |first=Sugandha |date=2026-05-03 |title=Kapil Sharma unites Samay Raina, Sunil Pal for an episode, internet jokes ‘Shaktimaan ko bhi bula lete’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/kapil-sharma-unites-samay-raina-sunil-pal-for-an-episode-internet-says-shaktimaan-mukesh-khanna-ranveer-allahbadia-101777779592033.html |access-date=2026-05-03 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Netflix title}}<br />
<br />
{{Netflix original current series}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Great Indian Kapil Show, The}}<br />
[[Category:Indian television talk shows]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television sketch shows]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]<br />
[[Category:Netflix sitcoms]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]<br />
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Kapil Sharma]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mathurapur_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=516826Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency2026-05-05T05:04:33Z<p>Joseph678: new.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in West Bengal}} <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Mathurapur <Br>{{Small|WB-20}}<br />
| state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/West Bengal/Mathurapur.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Mathurapur Lok Sabha Constituency<br />
| established = 1962–Present<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| assembly_cons = [[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]<br />[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]<br />[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]<br />[[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]<br />[[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]<br />[[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar]]<br />[[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]<br />
| mp = [[Bapi Halder]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
| electors = 1,649,953<ref name=turnout>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |title=Parliamentary Constituency Wise Turnout for General Elections 2014 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=2 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 543 [[Lok Sabha|Parliamentary]] constituencies in [[India]]. The constituency centres on [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]] in [[West Bengal]]. All the seven legislative assembly segments of No. 20 Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency are in [[South 24 Parganas]] district. The seat is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].<br />
<br />
==Legislative Assembly Segments==<br />
[[File:Westbengalen Wahlkreise Lok Sabha.svg|thumb|350 px|right|'''Parliamentary constituencies in West Bengal''' - 1. Cooch Behar, 2. Alipurduars, 3. Jalpaiguri, 4. Darjeeling, 5. Raiganj, 6. Balurghat, 7. Maldaha Uttar, 8. Maldaha Dakshin, 9. Jangipur, 10. Baharampur, 11. Murshidabad, 12. Krishnanagar, 13. Ranaghat, 14. Bangaon, 15. Barrackpore, 16. Dum Dum, 17. Barasat, 18. Basirhat, 19. Jaynagar, 20. '''Mathurapur''', 21. Diamond Harbour, 22. Jadavpur, 23. Kolkata Dakshin, 24. Kolkata Uttar, 25. Howrah, 26. Uluberia, 27. Serampore, 28. Hooghly, 29. Arambagh, 30. Tamluk, 31, Kanthi, 32. Ghatal, 33. Jhargram, 34. Medinipur, 35. Purulia, 36. Bankura, 37. Bishnupur, 38. Bardhaman Purba, 39. Bardhaman Durgapur, 40. Asansol, 41. Bolpur, 42. Birbhum]]<br />
<br />
As per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[Delimitation of constituencies]] in the [[West Bengal]], Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following legislative assembly segments from 2009:<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 2009-05-27 | work = Table B – Extent of Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher =Government of West Bengal}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! #<br />
! Name<br />
! District<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" |[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026 Winner]]<br />
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead<br />
|-<br />
|130<br />
|[[Patharpratima Assembly constituency|Patharpratima]]<br />
| rowspan="7" |[[South 24 Parganas]]<br />
|[[Samir Kumar Jana]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=7}}<br />
|-<br />
|131<br />
|[[Kakdwip Assembly constituency|Kakdwip]]<br />
|Dipankar Jana<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|132<br />
|[[Sagar, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Sagar]]<br />
|Sumanta Mondal<br />
|-<br />
|133<br />
|[[Kulpi Assembly constituency|Kulpi]]<br />
|Barnali Dhara<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<br />
|-<br />
|134<br />
|[[Raidighi Assembly constituency|Raidighi]]<br />
|Tapas Mondal<br />
|-<br />
|135<br />
|[[Mandirbazar Assembly constituency|Mandirbazar]] (SC)<br />
|[[Joydeb Halder]]<br />
|-<br />
|142<br />
|[[Magrahat Paschim Assembly constituency|Magrahat Paschim]]<br />
|Shamim Ahmed Molla<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Lok Sabha!!Duration!!Name of M.P.<ref name="Mathurapur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency">{{cite news |date=13 July 2025 |title=Mathurapur Lok Sabha Election Result - Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mathurapur-lok-sabha |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713151701/https://resultuniversity.com/election/mathurapur-lok-sabha |archivedate=13 July 2025 |accessdate=13 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Result University}}</ref><ref name="Mathurapur (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results Till 2019">{{cite news |date=2019 |title=Mathurapur (West Bengal) Lok Sabha Election Results Till 2019 |url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/mathurapur.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250713151832/https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/parliamentary-constituencies/mathurapur.html |archivedate=13 July 2025 |accessdate=13 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Elections}}</ref>!!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="5" align=center|Mathurapur<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|Third]]||1962-1967||[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1962>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962- Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 25 May 2014}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[4th Lok Sabha|Fourth]]||1967-1971||[[Kansari Halder]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha1967>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1967 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185108/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[5th Lok Sabha|Fifth]] ||1971-1977||[[Madhurjya Haldar]]<ref name=loksabha1971>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |title=General Elections, India, 1971 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175452/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS71.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|- <br />
| [[6th Lok Sabha|Sixth]]||1977-1980||rowspan=2|[[Mukunda Ram Mandal]]<ref name=loksabha1977>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |title=General Elections, 1977 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[7th Lok Sabha|Seventh]]||1980-1984<ref name=loksabha1980>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=General Elections, 1980 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[8th Lok Sabha|Eighth]]||1984-1989||[[Manoranjan Halder]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<ref name=loksabha1984>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |title=General Elections, 1984 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718184911/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]]||1989-1991||rowspan=5|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]||{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes|rowspan=6}}<ref name=loksabha1989>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |title=General Elections, 1989 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]]||1991-1996<ref name=loksabha1991>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |title=General Elections, 1991 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183558/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1991/VOL_I_91.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]]||1996-1998<ref name=loksabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf |title = General Elections, 1996 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[12th Lok Sabha|Twelfth]]||1998-1999<ref name=loksabha1998>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |title=General Elections, 1998 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718181833/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[13th Lok Sabha|Thirteenth]]||1999-2004<ref name=loksabha1999>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |title=General Elections, 1999 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work=West Bengal |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718183222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]]||2004-2009||[[Basudeb Barman]]<ref name=loksabha2004>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 25 May 2014 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140718190634/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf |archive-date = 18 July 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[15th Lok Sabha|Fifteenth]]||2009-2014||rowspan=3|[[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]||{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}<ref name=loksabha2009>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf |title = General Elections, 2009 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 25 May 2014 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[16th Lok Sabha|Sixteenth]]||2014-2019<ref name=loksabha2014>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf |title = General Elections 2014 - Constituency Wise Detailed Results |work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 21 June 2016 }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[17th Lok Sabha|Seventeenth]]||2019-2024<br />
|-<br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha|Eighteenth]]||2024-''Incumbent''||[[Bapi Halder]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===General Election 2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mathurapur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Mathurapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2520.htm |access-date=12 July 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170428/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2520.htm |archive-date=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mathurapur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024">{{cite news |title=Mathurapur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2014 - 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/mathurapur |access-date=12 July 2025 |work= |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250712170431/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/west-bengal/mathurapur |archive-date=12 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Bapi Halder]]|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=7,55,731|percentage=50.52%|change=-1.32%}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ashok Purkait|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,54,674|percentage=37.08%|change=-0.21%}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajay Kumar Das|party=Indian Secular Front|votes=87,606|percentage=5.86%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sarat Chandra Halder|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=61,100|percentage=4.08%|change=-2.51%}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Biswanath Sardar|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|votes=4,534|percentage=0.3%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pankaj Kumar Halder<br />
|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,257|percentage=0.28%|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bappa Das|party=Party of Democratic Socialism (India)|votes=1,209|percentage=0.08%|change=}}<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=8,631|percentage=0.58%|change=}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=2,01,057|percentage=|change=}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes= 1477,742|percentage=|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = 726,828<br />
|percentage = 51.84<br />
|change = +2.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Shyama Prasad Halder<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 522,854<br />
|percentage = 37.29<br />
|change = +32.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Dr. Sarat Chandra Halder<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|votes = 92,417<br />
|percentage = 6.59<br />
|change = -32.08<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Krittibas Sardar<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 32,324<br />
|percentage = 2.31<br />
|change = -1.43<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 6,910<br />
|percentage = 0.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 203,974<br />
|percentage = 14.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 1,402,019<br />
|percentage = 84.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general election]]: [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]]<ref name=loksabha2014/>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|votes = 6,27,761<br />
|percentage = 49.58<br />
|change = -5.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Rinku Naskar<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|votes = 4,89,325<br />
|percentage = 38.67<br />
|change = +5.88<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Tapan Naskar<br />
|votes = 66,538<br />
|percentage = 5.21<br />
|change = +2.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Manoranjan Halder]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 47,376<br />
|percentage = 3.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Purna Chandra Naiya<br />
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br />
|votes = 10,203<br />
|percentage = 0.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = None Of The Above<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 9,342<br />
|percentage = 0.74<br />
|change = ---<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 1,38,436<br />
|percentage = 10.94<br />
|change = -1.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 12,70,985<br />
|percentage = 85.37<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General Election 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general election]]: [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]]<ref name=loksabha2009/>}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|candidate = [[Choudhury Mohan Jatua]]<br />
|votes = 5,65,505<br />
|percentage = 54.95<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|candidate = Animesh Naskar<br />
|votes = 4,35,542<br />
|percentage = 41.55<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Binay Kumar Biswas<br />
|votes = 27,432<br />
|percentage = 2.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate<br />
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]<br />
|candidate = Biresh Chandra Mandal<br />
|votes = 7,621<br />
|percentage = 0.73<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Sachindra Nath Naskar<br />
|votes = 5,165<br />
|percentage = 0.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 1,29,963<br />
|percentage = 12.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 10,48,827<br />
|percentage = 85.45<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
{{election table|title=[[2009 Indian general election]]<br /> West Bengal summary}}<br />
|-<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:left;" width=225 |Party<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Seat change<br />
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:right;" |Vote percentage<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 19<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}18<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 31.8<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 6<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}0<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 13.45<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]] <br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | NA<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 9<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}17<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 33.1<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.6<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.56<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|Forward bloc]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 2<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{decrease}}1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 3.04<br />
|-<br />
| style="text-align:left;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | {{increase}}1<br />
| style="text-align:center;" | 6.14<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===General Elections 1962-2004===<br />
Most of the contests were multi-cornered. However, only winners and runners-up are mentioned below:<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Winner<br />
|<br />
!Runner-up<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Party<br />
!Candidate<br />
!Party<br />
|-<br />
|1962<br />
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|[[Kansari Halder]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=loksabha1962/><br />
|-<br />
|1967<br />
|[[Kansari Halder]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India]]<br />
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1967/><br />
|-<br />
|1972<br />
|[[Madhurjya Haldar]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Bimalendu Sekhar Naskar]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1971/><br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|[[Mukundaram Mandal]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Purnendu Sekhar Naskar]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1977/><br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|[[Mukundaram Mandal]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Bimlendu Sekhar Naskar]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name =loksabha1980/><br />
|-<br />
|1984<br />
|[[Manoranjan Halder]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|[[Nirmal Sinha]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<ref name=loksabha1984/><br />
|-<br />
|1989<br />
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Manoranjan Halder]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1989/><br />
|-<br />
|1991<br />
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Manoranjan Halder]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1991/><br />
|-<br />
|1996<br />
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Sujit Patwari]]<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1996/><br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Jogaranjan Halder]]<br />
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1998/><br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Gobinda Chandra Naskar]]<br />
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha1999/><br />
|-<br />
|2004<br />
|[[Basudeb Barman]]<br />
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br />
|[[Radhika Ranjan Pramanick]]<br />
|[[All India Trinamool Congress]]<ref name=loksabha2004/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Mathurapur, South 24 Parganas|Mathurapur]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/west_bengal/mathurapur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Mathurapur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]<br />
<br />
{{South 24 Parganas}}<br />
{{South 24 Parganas topics}}<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
{{Coord|22.1203|N|88.3943|E|display=title|region:IN-WB|format=dms}}<br />
<br />
{{West Bengal elections}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of South 24 Parganas district]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rahool_Mukherjee&diff=528113Rahool Mukherjee2026-05-04T07:16:38Z<p>Joseph678: starting new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Rahoul Mukherjiee<br />
| image = Rahool Mukherjee.jpg<br />
| image_upright = yes<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Director|screenwriter}}<br />
| years_active = 2010–present<br />
| known_for = {{plainlist|<br />
* ''[[Kishmish]]'' (2022)<br />
* ''[[Dilkhush]]'' (2023) }}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rahoul Mukherjiee''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who predominantly works in [[Bengali cinema (India)|Bengali Cinema]]. He made his film debut with the [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]] starrer ''[[Kishmish]]'' in the year 2022.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
After several years of working in television, Mukherjiee was about to make his film debut with the film ''[[Ami Sairabanu]]'' with [[Rajkummar Rao|Rajkumar Rao]] as the hero in the year 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Playing a eunuch was a big decision: Rajkummar Rao|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/playing-a-eunuch-was-a-big-decision-rajkummar-rao/articleshow/33829778.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2017-01-12|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film got marred in the some financial controversy and was eventually shelved.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Mukherjiee made his directorial debut with the film ''[[Kishmish]]'' in 2022. Starring [[Dev (Bengali actor)|Dev]]-[[Rukmini Maitra|Rukmini]] in the lead roles, film was initially announced in 2020<ref>{{Cite news|title=Did you know Dev and Rukmini pairing up for yet another film?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-dev-and-rukmini-pairing-up-for-yet-another-film/articleshow/75798575.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2020-05-18|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> but the production got delayed due to the [[COVID-19|Covid-19]] pandemic.<ref>{{Cite news|title=This is when Dev-Rukmini's 'Kishmish' will hit the floors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/this-is-when-dev-rukminis-kishmish-will-hit-the-floors/articleshow/79041187.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2020-11-04|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film finally went on floors in August 2021 and released on 29th April, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch: Dev and Rukmini teasing fans ahead of 'Kishmish first song release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/watch-dev-and-rukmini-teasing-fans-ahead-of-kishmish-first-song-release/articleshow/90514796.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2022-03-29|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film received positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dev Kishmish Review: কিশমিশের সেরা রিভিউ কার থেকে পেলেন দেব!|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-movie-kishmish-gets-a-thumbs-up-from-actor-father-as-he-pens-down-a-heartfelt-note/91197465.cms|website=Eisamay Online|date=2022-04-30|access-date=2026-02-01|language=bn|first=নিবেদিতা দাঁ|last=দত্ত}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kishmish Review: 'কিশমিশ' দেখতে দেখতে যেন ফিরে আসে কলেজবেলার দিনগুলো!|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-movie-kishmish-dgtl/cid/1341462|access-date=2026-02-01|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250522105755/https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/review-of-bengali-movie-kishmish-dgtl/cid/1341462|archive-date=2025-05-22|language=bn|first=অময় দেব|last=রায়}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kishmish Movie Review: A refreshing treat of a film for the family|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/kishmish/movie-review/91238431.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He then directed the romantic drama ''[[Dilkhush]]'' under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=প্রেম-বিরহ, হাসি-মজায় মাখানো ছবি 'দিলখুশ' মন ভাল করবে|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/here-is-the-review-of-dilkhush-film/pid/803240/|website=sangbadpratidin|access-date=2026-02-01|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Dilkhush Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/dilkhush/movieshow/96943579.cms|access-date=2026-02-01|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilkhush: চার জুটিকে নিয়ে আসছে নতুন প্রেমের গল্প! সুসম্পন্ন 'দিলখুশ'-র শুভ মহরৎ|url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/dilkhush-new-bangla-film-rahool-mukherjee-unique-romantic-drama-starring-madhumita-sarcar-paran-bandopadhyay-and-other-6-actors-subho-muhurat-photos-soc-385962-2022-06-21|website=AajTak Bangla|access-date=2026-02-01|language=bn}}</ref> Starring [[Madhumita Sarcar]], Sohum Majumdar, [[Paran Banerjee|Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Anashua Majumdar]] in the lead roles, the film received positive reviews from the critics.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilkhush Movie Review: A rushed look at love in the time of apps|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/dilkhush/movie-review/97225980.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=দিলখুশ|url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/bengali-love-story-dilkhush-released-know-all-information-related-to-film/97195312.cms|website=Eisamay Online|date=2023-01-21|access-date=2026-02-01|language=bn|first=সুমন|last=মাঝি}}</ref><br />
<br />
His next film is [[Mon Maaney Na (2026 Film)|''Mon Maaney Na'']]'','' starring [[Ritwik Bhowmik]] and Hiya Chatterjee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The upcoming film Mon Maaney Na excites interest for its fresh pairing and unconventional love story|url=https://t2online.in/screen/bengali/the-upcoming-film-mon-maaney-na-excites-interest-for-its-fresh-pairing-and-unconventional-love-story/2002958|website=t2online.in|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref> This film marks the debut of Ritwik Bhowmik in Bengali Cinema along with Hiya Chatterjee as well.<ref>{{Cite news|title=First look of Mon Maaney Na unveiled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/first-look-of-mon-maaney-na-unveiled/articleshow/126228394.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-12-29|access-date=2026-02-01|issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is acting as a Producer as well apart from directing the film. The film released on 13 February 2026.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
| style="background:#ffc;" |<br />
|Denotes films or web series that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Show<br />
!Director<br />
!Channel<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2011<br />
|[[Ishti Kutum]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|[[Star Jalsha]]<br />
|Directorial Debut<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|[[Resham Jhapi]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|[[Colors Bangla]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|[[Shubho Drishti]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|[[Colors Bangla]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|[[Pandab Goenda (TV series)|Pandob Goyenda]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|[[Zee Bangla]]<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Web Series ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Show<br />
!Director<br />
!OTT<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|[[Dadur Kirti]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|For [[Hoichoi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|Chhabi Biswas<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|For [[Hoichoi]]<br />
|Also Producer<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|style="background:#ffc;" |Lohu<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|For [[Chorki]]<br />
|''In Post-Production''<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|[[Khanikta Premer Moton]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|For Platform 8<br />
|Also Producer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Director<br />
!Writer<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|2021<br />
|Ikir Mikir<br />
|{{No}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Kishmish]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|Film Directorial Debut<br />
|-<br />
|2023<br />
|[[Dilkhush]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026<br />
|[[Mon Maaney Na]]<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|{{Yes}}<br />
|Also Producer<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjiee, Rahoul}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adduroad_Junction_revenue_division&diff=484561Adduroad Junction revenue division2026-05-03T14:29:15Z<p>Joseph678: created new pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Revenue division in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{One source|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}<br />
{{infobox settlement<br />
| name = Adduroad Junction revenue division<br />
| settlement_type = [[revenue division]] in [[Anakapalli district]]<br />
| image_skyline = A morning view of fields near Elamanchili in Visakhapatnam district.JPG<br />
| image_caption = Fields near [[Elamanchili]]<br />
| image_map = {{maplink|type=shape|frame=y|plain=yes|frame-align=center|stroke-width=1.5|ids=Q58347683,Q59902706,Q4673951,Q58348449,Q59902651,Q65062520,Q59902712|stroke-color=#555555}}<br />
| map_caption = Adduroad Junction revenue division in Anakapalli district<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anakapalli district|Anakapalli]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Headquaters<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Thimmapuram,S.Rayavaram mandal<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:అడ్డరోడ్డు కేంద్రంగా కొత్త రెవెన్యూ డివిజన్ |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2025/andhra-pradesh/visakhapatnam/a-new-revenue-division-with-addaroad-as-its-headquarters-1480015.html|access-date=2025-12-31 |work=AndhraJyoty|lang=te}}</ref><br />
| native_name = అడ్డరోడ్డు జంక్షన్ ఆదాయ విభాగం<br />
| established_title = Formed<br />
| established_date = 31 December 2025<br />
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +05:30<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Adduroad Junction revenue division''' is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Anakapalli district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|three revenue divisions]] in the district and comprises seven [[mandals]]. The division was formed on 31 December 2025 as part of the district consolidation and administrative reorganisation undertaken by the Government of Andhra Pradesh during the 2025 restructuring of districts.<ref name="districts-20253112">{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu|lang=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
The revenue division comprises seven mandals:<br />
# [[Atchutapuram mandal|Atchutapuram]]<br />
# [[Elamanchili mandal|Elamanchili]]<br />
# [[Kotauratla mandal|Kotauratla]]<br />
# [[Nakkapalli mandal|Nakkapalli]]<br />
# [[Payakaraopeta mandal|Payakaraopeta]]<br />
# [[Rambilli mandal|Rambilli]]<br />
# [[S. Rayavaram mandal|S. Rayavaram]] <br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
* [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Anakapalli district}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Anakapalli district]]<br />
[[Category:2025 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Next_Generation_Launch_Vehicle&diff=521817Next Generation Launch Vehicle2026-05-03T04:46:01Z<p>Joseph678: starting new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Class of Indian partially reusable launch vehicles under development by ISRO}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket<br />
| name = Next Generation Launch Vehicle<br />
| image = NGLV Family.svg<br />
| caption = NGLV, NGLV-H and NGLV-SH<br />
| function = [[Medium-lift launch vehicle|Medium]] to [[Heavy-lift launch vehicle]]<br />
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]<br />
| country-origin = India<br />
| pcost = <br />
| cpl = <br />
| alt-cpl = <br />
| height = {{convert|93|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Bagla |first1=Pallav |title=ISRO's New Rocket 'Soorya', At 93 Metres, Taller Than Qutab Minar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/isro-s-new-rocket-soorya-at-93-metres-taller-than-qutab-minar-840093 |access-date=23 September 2024 |publisher=NDTV |date=21 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| diameter = <br />
| width = {{convert|6.5|m|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite news |date=8 October 2025 |title=EXPRESSION OF INTEREST FOR END TO END PRODUCTION OF ALUMINIUM ALLOY PROPELLANT TANKS FOR NEXT GENERATION LAUNCH VEHICLE (NGLV)|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/Tenders/2025/11404EOIOFNGLVTANKFORPUBLICATION_08102025.pdf |access-date=19 October 2025 |publisher=ISRO |agency=ISRO, Government of India}}</ref><br />
| stages = 3 <br />
| capacities = <br />
{{Infobox rocket/payload<br />
| location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]<br />
| kilos = NGLV: {{Convert|14|t|lb|abbr=on}} (Reused)<br/>{{Convert|20|t|lb|abbr=on}} (Expended)<br/>NGLV-H: {{Convert|30|t|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=New Re-usable Low-cost launch vehicle for Bharat |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055979 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket/payload<br />
| location =[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]<br />
| kilos = NGLV: {{Convert|5|t|lb|abbr=on}} (Reused)<br/>{{Convert|9|t|lb|abbr=on}} (Expended)<br/>NGLV-H: {{Convert|12|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket/payload<br />
| location = [[Trans-lunar injection|TLI]]<br />
| kilos = NGLV: {{Convert|7|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br/>NGLV-H: {{Convert|10|t|lb|abbr=on}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
| family = <br />
| derivatives = <br />
| comparable = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Atlas V]]<br />
* [[Falcon Heavy]]<br />
* [[Falcon 9 Block 5]]<br />
* [[Long March 5|Long March 5B]]<br />
* [[New Glenn]]<br />
* [[Proton-M]]<br />
* [[Vulcan Centaur]]<br />
}}<br />
| status = Under development<br />
| sites = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Third Launch Pad|SDSC TLP]]<br />
| launches = <br />
| success = <br />
| fail = <br />
| partial = <br />
| other_outcome =<br />
| first = 2031 (planned)<br />
| last = <br />
| only = <br />
| payloads = {{bulleted list<br />
|[[Gaganyaan]]<br />
}}<ref name="WIRED Media Group">{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |title=India approves development of reusable launcher, space station module |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/09/india-is-on-a-path-to-become-the-worlds-third-largest-space-power/3/ |website=Ars Technica |date=19 September 2024 |publisher=WIRED Media Group |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| mass = {{cvt|600|t}} to {{cvt|1094|t}}<br />
<!--Boosters --><br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = Booster<br />
|name = S200 Boosters (NGLV-H)<br />
|number = 2<br />
|length = {{convert|25|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="isro.gov.in">{{cite web |title=LVM3(Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLVmk3_CON.html |website=ISRO |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><br />
|diameter = {{convert|3.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name="isro.gov.in">{{cite web |title=LVM3(Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk III) |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/GSLVmk3_CON.html |website=ISRO |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><br />
|empty = {{convert|31000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each<ref name=isrolvm3>{{cite web | url=http://isro.gov.in/launchers/lvm3 | title=LVM3 | access-date=21 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225031155/http://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/lvm3 | archive-date=25 December 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
|gross = {{convert|236000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|propmass = {{convert|205000|kg|lb|abbr=on}} each<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|engines = [[Solid rocket booster|Solid]] S200<br />
|solid = yes<br />
|thrust = {{convert|5151|kN|tonne-force|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=LVM3 S200 Booster First Static Test (S200-ST-01) |url=https://media2.spaceref.com/news/2010/S200_STATIC_TEST-01.pdf |website=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre |publisher=ISRO |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/article61220.ece|title=India to test world's third largest solid rocket booster|date=7 December 2009|publisher=The Hindu News Paper|work=Science and Technology Section|access-date=7 December 2009}}</ref><br />
|total = {{convert|10300|kN|tonne-force|abbr=on}}<br />
|SI = {{convert|274.5|isp}} (vacuum)<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|burntime = 128 s<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|fuel = [[Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene|HTPB]] / [[Ammonium perchlorate|AP]]<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
}}<br />
<!--Core --><br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = First <br />
|name = LM470 Core (NGLV/NGLV-H)<br />
|length = <br />
|diameter = {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />
|empty = <br />
|gross = <br />
|propmass = {{convert|470|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|engines = 9 LME-110<br />
|thrust = <br />
|SI = <br />
|burntime = <br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{chem2|CH4|link=Methane#Fuel}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = Second <br />
|name = LM120 (NGLV/NGLV-H)<br />
|length = <br />
|diameter = {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />
|empty = <br />
|gross = <br />
|propmass = {{convert|120|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|engines = 2 LME-110<br />
|thrust = <br />
|SI = <br />
|burntime = <br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{chem2|CH4|link=Methane#Fuel}}<br />
}}<br />
<!--Upper stage--><br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = Third <br />
|name = C32 (NGLV/NGLV-H)<br />
<!-- |length = {{convert|13.545|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/> --><br />
|diameter = {{convert|6.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
<!-- |empty = {{convert|5000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=GSLV_Mk3_D1_brochure/> --><br />
<!-- |gross = {{convert|33000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=GSLV_Mk3_D1_brochure/> --><br />
|propmass = {{convert|32|t|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|engines = 1 [[CE-20]]<br />
|thrust = {{convert|216|kN|tonne-force|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|SI = {{convert|443|isp}}<br />
<!-- |burntime = 643 s<ref name=isrolvm3/> --><br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{LH2}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Next Generation Launch Vehicle''' ('''NGLV''') is a family of three-stage [[Reusable launch vehicle#Partially reusable launch systems|partially reusable]] [[Medium-lift launch vehicle|medium]] to [[super heavy-lift launch vehicle]], currently under development by [[ISRO]]. The family of these vehicles are designed to replace currently operational systems like the [[Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle|PSLV]] and [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2022 |title=ISRO developing new rocket to replace PSLV |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2022/oct/13/isro-developing-new-rocket-to-replace-pslv-2507752.html |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Previously referred to as Unified Launch Vehicle (ULV),<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-10-13 |title=ISRO's Next-Gen Launch Vehicle may assume PSLV's role |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-next-gen-launch-vehicle-may-assume-pslvs-role/article66005152.ece |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> the project is now being called as Project Soorya.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bagla |first1=Pallava |last2=Sharma |first2=Divyam |date=29 June 2024 |title=Mega Rocket 'Soorya' In the Making, Will Take Indians To Moon: ISRO Chief To NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mega-rocket-soorya-in-the-making-will-take-indians-to-moon-isro-chief-s-somnath-to-ndtv-5997342 |access-date=3 July 2024 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
This family of three launchers were previously being designed for replacing the different core propulsion modules of PSLV, GSLV, and [[LVM3]] respectively with a common semi-cryogenic engine and hence it was named as ULV.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srs |date=2013-01-02 |title=Antariksh: ISRO Unified Launch vehicle |url=http://antariksh-space.blogspot.com/2013/01/isro-unified-launch-vehicle.html |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=Antariksh}}</ref> The initial proposals were planned to be [[Expendable launch system|expendable]]. But the new (Oct 2022) proposals under the name of NGLV suggests launchers having partial reusability.<ref name=reuse-2022>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2022-10-30 |title=ISRO eyes reusable rocket to carry heavier payloads into the orbit. Read here |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/isro-eyes-reusable-rocket-to-carry-heavier-payloads-into-the-orbit-read-here-11667129056858.html |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dr S. Sivakumar is the program director for ISRO's Space Transportation System and the projector director for NGLV at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-10-06 |title='Enormous task ahead of ISRO to realise Indian Space Vision' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/enormous-task-ahead-of-isro-to-realise-indian-space-vision-isro-official/article68725151.ece |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Choudhary |first=Puran |date=2024-10-07 |title=NGLV, Ganganyaan tech to help India's space tourism take off |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/nglv-ganganyaan-tech-to-help-indias-space-tourism-take-off/articleshow/114005438.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In an interview, the former Chairman of ISRO [[S. Somanath]] stated that after the integration of the NGLV, all other launch vehicles will be retired, except the LVM3 and the [[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle|SSLV]]. The development of the NGLV is projected to be 8 years from December 2024.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Ashwin |date=2024-12-10 |title=Deepening India's steps as a key space-faring nation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/deepening-indias-steps-as-a-key-space-faring-nation/article68970283.ece |access-date=2024-12-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
=== Initial development ===<br />
The NGLV launch system has been in development by ISRO since the early 2010s and has gone through various design changes over time. As ISRO's launch vehicles were ageing, the need for a new generation of launchers with interchangeable modular parts was realised. There have been several design changes since the first proposal.<br />
<br />
More than a decade after starting the Cryogenic Upper Stage Project in 1994,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-09/news/46030395_1_cryogenic-engine-mahendragiri-isro|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110225529/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-09/news/46030395_1_cryogenic-engine-mahendragiri-isro|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2014|title=How ISRO developed the indigenous cryogenic engine|work=The Economic Times}}</ref> ISRO began developing a new semi-cryogenic engine that would be used on its next generation of vehicles of Unified Launch Vehicle (renamed to NGLV), [[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme|Reusable Launch Vehicle]] (RLV) and a heavy-lift launcher for future inter-planetary missions. On 22 December 2008, the government approved the development of semi-cryogenic engine technology at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|1798|c|0}}, with a foreign exchange component of {{INRConvert|588|c|0}}, for the completion of the project by 2014, the engine was then named [[SE-2000]] (now called the SE-2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=India to build semi-cryogenic engine for future missions {{!}} Brahmand News |url=https://www.brahmand.com/news/India-to-build-semicryogenic-engine-for-future-missions/848/1/12.html |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=www.brahmand.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2013, the configurations of the launchers were revealed for the first time. They had a common core and upper stage, with four different booster sizes.<ref name=antariksh_2013>{{cite web | url=http://antariksh-space.blogspot.ch/2013/05/isro-unified-launch-vehicle-update-here.html |title=ISRO Unified Launch Vehicle Update |publisher=Antariksh Space |date=2013-05-03 |access-date=2016-05-25}}</ref> The core, known as the SC160 (Semi-Cryogenic stage with 160 tonnes of propellant, in the ISRO nomenclature), would have {{cvt|160,000|kg}} of [[Kerosene]] / [[LOX]] propellant and be powered by a single SCE-200 (now called the SE-2000) [[rocket engine|engine]]. The [[upper stage]], known as the C30 (Cryogenic stage with 30 tonnes of propellant) would have {{cvt|30,000|kg|lb}} of [[LH2]] / [[LOX]] propellant and be powered by a single [[CE-20]] engine.<ref name="b14643-ulvdesc">{{cite web |last=Brügge |first=Norbert |title=ULV (LMV3-SC) |url=https://b14643.eu/Spacerockets_1/India/ULV/Description/Text.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181534/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/India/ULV/Description/Text.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=2015-08-14 |publisher=b14643.eu}}</ref><ref name=b14643-ulvvers>{{Cite web |title=LVM3, ULV, HLV & SHLV, Versions |url=https://b14643.eu/Spacerockets_1/India/LVM3/Versions/LVM3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923181525/http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets_1/India/LVM3/Versions/LVM3.htm |url-status=live |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=b14643.eu}}</ref><br />
<br />
The four booster options were:<br />
* 6 × S-13, slightly larger than the S-12 on PSLV, to burn longer;<br />
* 2 × S-60, which appears to be a new solid motor development;<br />
* 2 × S-139, which is the first stage of PSLV and GSLV Mk I/II;<br />
* 2 × S-200, like on the LVM3.<br />
<br />
===== Heavy-lift variant =====<br />
A potential heavy-lift variant (HLV) of the ULV, in theory was capable of placing up to 10 ton class of spacecraft into Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit. It was planned to include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://i.imgur.com/wtgxPDL.jpg|title="Indigenous Development of Materials for Space Programme" By Dr A. S. Kiran Kumar Presentation Slides|website=Indian Institute Of Science iisc.ernet.in|date=21 August 2015}}</ref><br />
* A larger dual S-250 solid strap-on boosters as compared to the S-200 boosters used in LVM3;<br />
* A L-400 semi-cryogenic core stage, with 400 tonnes of propellant, using a cluster of five SCE-200 engines;<br />
* A L-27 cryogenic third stage, with 27 tonnes of propellant, using CE-20 engine;<br />
<br />
===== Super-heavy-lift variant =====<br />
A super-heavy-lift variant, was also among the proposals. With multiple SCE-200 engines and side boosters, this variant would have been the most powerful rocket that ISRO had ever developed.<ref name=b14643-ulvvers/><br />
<br />
=== Renaming and cabinet approval ===<br />
Dr S.Somanath, the then chairman of ISRO in an public interview conducted by [[NDTV]] on 29 June 2024 unveiled a proposal to officially rename the NGLV as "Soorya". He stated that It will be used to help complete the [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station]] (BAS) by 2035 and to send an Indian vyomanaut to the moon by 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mega Rocket 'Soorya' In the Making, Will Take Indians To Moon: ISRO Chief To NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mega-rocket-soorya-in-the-making-will-take-indians-to-moon-isro-chief-s-somnath-to-ndtv-5997342 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under the direction of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Union Cabinet]] approved the development of the Next-Generation Launch Vehicle on September 18, 2024. This move bolsters India's ambition to establish and run the BAS and accomplish a crewed lunar landing by 2040.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Cabinet approves Next Generation Launch Vehicle Soorya to be developed by Isro |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/cabinet-approves-next-generation-launch-vehicle-soorya-to-be-developed-by-isro-2602108-2024-09-18 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-18 |title=Cabinet approves development of Next Generation Launch Vehicle: All you need to know about India's next leap into space |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/cabinet-approves-development-of-next-generation-launch-vehicle-all-you-need-to-know-about-indias-next-leap-into-space/articleshow/113462860.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The NGLV has been approved for {{INRConvert|8240|c|lk=on|year=2024}} in total. It will be implemented over 96 months (8 years) and comprises financing for program administration, facility establishment, and three developmental flights (D1, D2 & D3). It is anticipated that the private space industry would be crucial to the manufacturing and development process, easing the transfer from development to operational status.<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=New Re-usable Low-cost launch vehicle for Bharat |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055979 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-18 |title=Cabinet Okays Development Of Next Generation Of Satellite Launch Vehicle |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/cabinet-okays-development-of-next-generation-of-satellite-launch-vehicle-6593956 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The development of the NGLV is projected to take another 8 years from December 2024.<ref name=":5" /><br />
<br />
Following several months of preliminary planning and design and architectural refinement, ISRO had established a project team in 2024 to begin construction of the NGLV. The third launch pad at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota]] will be constructed as the NGLV project, internally named "Soorya," will differ from the current class of rockets in configuration. This was confirmed by ISRO chairman S. Somanath in an exclusive interview with ''[[The Times of India]]''. The development of NGLV will involve teams with backgrounds in LVM3, GSLV, PSLV, and [[SSLV]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=SOORYA: Project team for rocket to build space station ready; 3rd launch pad at Sriharikota to come up |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/soorya-project-team-for-rocket-to-build-space-station-ready-3rd-launch-pad-at-sriharikota-to-come-up/articleshow/108472896.cms |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
Most design details and engineering aspects for the NGLV had been completed by 2026. Various sub-assemblies were also built and the Structure configuration and vehicle interface drawings had been completed for various stages of the Rocket. Wind tunnel testing with a Core-alone model on a 1:1000 scale is underway, along with Human rating certification.<ref name=":6">[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf]</ref><br />
<br />
== Design ==<br />
[[File:Unified Launch Vehicle family.svg|thumb|ULVs' initial proposals with LVM3 for comparison.|300x300px]]NGLV will have a simple, robust architecture that enables bulk production and modularity in stages, subsystems, and systems for quick turnaround times.<ref name="cnbc_2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-30 |title=ISRO eyes next-generation launch vehicle for heavier payloads |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/isro-eyes-next-generation-launch-vehicle-for-heavier-payloads-15048091.htm |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}</ref> It is possible that the NGLV will be a three-stage rocket that runs on green fuel mixes, such as [[liquid oxygen]] and [[kerosene]] or [[Liquid rocket propellant#Methane|methane and liquid oxygen]] for the SCE-200 engine, which runs on an [[Staged combustion cycle#Oxidizer-rich staged combustion|oxidizer-rich closed combustion engine cycle]]. During the [[assembly process]], the NGLV will be horizontally erected at the launch pad.<ref name="toi-20240314">{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/soorya-project-team-for-rocket-to-build-space-station-ready-3rd-launch-pad-at-sriharikota-to-come-up/articleshow/108472896.cms |title=SOORYA: Project team for rocket to build space station ready; 3rd launch pad at Sriharikota to come up |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 March 2024 |access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> Several changes are being accommodated in the design of the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Third Launch Pad|third launch pad]] at [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]] for the rocket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Isro to build third launch pad at Sriharikota, Cabinet approval pending |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-to-build-third-launch-pad-at-sriharikota-cabinet-approval-pending-2613238-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The first launch is slated for 2034–2035.<ref name="toi-20240314" /><br />
<br />
According to former ISRO Chairman [[S. Somanath]], the new rocket has a load capacity of between 20 and 1,215 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-23 |title=ISRO to launch India's first space station by 2028, says chief S Somnath |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/isro-to-launch-indias-first-space-station-by-2028-says-chief-s-somnath-11946861.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> Industry players will handle the production and launches from the outset, with ISRO contributing to the development process.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-07 |title=NGLV development model will be announced soon: ISRO chief S Somnath |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/nglv-development-model-will-be-announced-soon-isro-chief-s-somnath/articleshow/114017439.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Partial Reusability ===<br />
In Oct 2022 it was initially suggested that the boosters and first stage of NGLV were to be reusable.<ref name="reuse-2022" /> In June 2023, ISRO revealed that the team working on the NGLV programme had already submitted a preliminary report on the rocket's details, manufacturing process, and approach toward development. The rocket is planned to be partially reusable along with its boosters. The development was expected to take another five to ten years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-08 |title=ISRO readies plan for next generation launch vehicle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isro-readies-plan-for-next-generation-launch-vehicle/article66946403.ece |access-date=2023-08-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
ISRO is seeking to add [[vertical takeoff, vertical landing]] (VTVL) capability in NGLV first stage and booster stage. Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre is developing advanced navigation system, as well as steerable grid fins, deployable landing legs, and advanced avionics.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> In order to save costs, the conceptualization, development and testing of new technologies for NGLV will be done on a small-scale vehicle (possibly ADMIRE test vehicle).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-27 |title=Isro focuses on vertical landing capability |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/isro-focuses-on-vertical-landing-capability/articleshow/67262964.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2019-01-02 |title=ISRO Is Working on Two Competing Reusable Launcher Designs |url=https://science.thewire.in/aerospace/isro-is-working-on-two-competing-reusable-launch-vehicle-designs/ |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Wire Science |language=en-GB}}</ref> It will be possible to recover NGLV both on land and in the sea, according to S. Somanath. The recovery landing test will initially take place on land. Later on, a sea test of a similar nature will be conducted.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=7 October 2024 |title=Isro To Build 3rd Launch Pad, New Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV) Could Also Land On Sea |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isro-to-build-3rd-launch-pad-new-generation-launch-vehicle-nglv-could-also-land-on-sea/videoshow/114016144.cms |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2026, ISRO issued a tender for fabrication of landing leg hardware for its reusable rocket programme, confirming the inclusion of landing leg hardware on the NGLV and RLV programmes.They are to be developed under the three-phased project Admire over the course off a year with integrated protype development and evaluation. The tender awarde will supply ten flight ready and two ground test units for both programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Science Desk |first=India Today |date=2026-03-31 |title=We finally know some details about Isro's reusable rocket program |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/isro-issues-tender-landing-leg-hardware-vtvl-nglv-reusable-rocket-technology-2889498-2026-03-31 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhav |first=Pramod |date=2025-01-29 |title=India testing reusable tech on NGLV, Isro chief happy with results |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/science/story/india-testing-reusable-tech-on-nglv-isro-chief-happy-with-results-2671992-2025-01-29 |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Propulsion technology ===<br />
[[File:Power Head Test Article (PHTA) for SCE-200.jpg|thumb|[[SCE-200]] (also referred as '''Semi-Cryogenic Engine-200''') developed by [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre]] for [[LVM3]] and Next Generation Launch Vehicle. ]]The development of the SCE-200 engine was completed in 2017 and the tests were contracted to a Ukrainian manufacturer [[PA Pivdenmash|Yuzhmash]]. In September 2021, in a virtual event being conducted by ISRO, the presentation mentioned a fleet configuration of a family of five rockets capable of lifting from 4.9 tonnes to 16 tonnes to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The presentation mentioned the ongoing development of a new semi-cryogenic stage namely SC120 and an upgraded cryogenic stage namely C32. The configurations displayed more powerful engine stages; SC-400 semi-cryogenic stage, C27 cryogenic stage, and S-250 solid rocket boosters.<ref name="WIONSep21">{{Cite news |author=Siddarth MP |date=2021-09-14 |title=ISRO's new series of heavy-lift rockets to carry between 5-16 tonnes to GTO |url=https://www.wionews.com/science/isros-new-series-of-heavy-lift-rockets-to-carry-between-5-16-tonnes-to-gto-413107? |access-date=2021-09-15 |newspaper=WION}}</ref>[[File:SCE-200 Power Head Test Article (PHTA) going through its first hot test at ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC), Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu 04.webp|thumb|Hot test of SCE-200 Power Head Test Article (PHTA) in intermediate configuration at [[ISRO Propulsion Complex]].]]With the aim of sending humans to the [[moon]] by 2040, ISRO has begun working on future technology development initiatives. It is expected that thirty tons of payload will be transported using rockets. A [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding]] (MoU) was signed on September 4, 2024, by the [[Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology]] (RRCAT) and the [[Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre|LPSC]] to jointly develop [[propulsion]] technology capable of lifting up to 30 tonnes and conveniently transporting bigger payloads to space and the moon. Eighteen to twenty-four months is the maximum time allotted for technology development.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumawat |first=Muskan |date=2024-09-04 |title=India will be able to send 30 thousand kg of weight to space, agreement between ISRO and RRCAT |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/india-will-be-able-to-send-30-thousand-kg-of-weight-to-space-agreement-between-isro-and-rrcat |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Sangri Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Raja Ramanna Advanced Technology Centre & ISRO's Liquid Propulsion System Centre Signed MoU; Rocket tech To Materialise In 2 Years |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/raja-ramanna-advanced-technology-centre-isros-liquid-propulsion-system-centre-signed-mou-rocket-tech-to-materialise-in-2-years |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The launch vehicle's engine will use [[Methane#Rocket propellant|methane]] and [[liquid oxygen]] for propulsion. For engine development, RRCAT will make use of [[Additive Manufacturing|Laser Additive Manufacturing]] . According to Dr. [[V. Narayanan (engineer)|V. Narayanan]], the director of LPSC, Soorya will require a minimum of 25 rocket engines; therefore, the current annual capacity of producing 2-3 engines will be upgraded. The physical construction of the engine will take eight years. Initially, the engine will be utilized to send cargo into orbit. Once the engine passes [[human-rating certification]], Indian astronauts would be able to travel to the moon.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
ISRO is working on bringing capabilities for multiple restarts. It will aid in booster stage recovery as well as upper stage mission flexibility. ISRO is developing a spark torch igniter for the future LOX-Methane stages that will have higher ignition reliability and also cleaner combustion products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Multiple restarts of Launch Vehicle Stages - ISRO successfully carried out ignition trial using Spark Torch Igniter |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ISROsuccessfullycarriedoutSparkTorchIgniter.html |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref> A sub-scale thrust chamber model was developed and tested by LPSC and IPRC in late-January 2026 to evalute the design for a LOX-Methane engine for induction in the NGLV Programme under the LMSE HT-03 development programme.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISRO conducts testing of sub-scale thrust chamber for LOX-Methane Engine|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/Testing_of_sub_scale_thrust_chamber_for_LOX_Methane_Engine.html|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref> The LME-1100 engine will be developed with a nominal thrust of 1100kN.<ref name=":6" /><br />
<br />
== List of launches ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;"<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! scope="col" | Flight No.<br />
! scope="col" | Date / time ([[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]])<br />
! scope="col" | Rocket,<br />Configuration<br />
! scope="col" | Launch site<br />
! scope="col" | Payload<br />
! scope="col" | Payload mass<br />
! scope="col" | Orbit<br />
! scope="col" | User<br />
! scope="col" | Launch<br />Outcome<br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | [[NGLV-D1|D1]]<br />
| 2031 (TBD)<br />
| NGLV <br />
| [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Third Launch Pad|Third]]<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} TBA <br />
|<br />
| [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]<br />
| [[ISRO]]<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Maiden flight of ISRO's Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV).<ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | [[NGLV-D2|D2]]<br />
| 2032 (TBD)<br />
| NGLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} TBA <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | <ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | [[NGLV-D3|D3]]<br />
| 2032 (TBD)<br />
| NGLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} TBA <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | The NGLV First Stage Booster is planned to be recovered in this Mission.<ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2033-34 (TBD)<br />
| NGLV-H <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} TBA <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Maiden flight of ISRO's Next Generation Launch Vehicle-Heavy (NGLV-H), A Variant of NGLV.<ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2033-34 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} TBA <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Maiden flight of ISRO's Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV).<ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2033-34 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-6]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Landing of Same lander as the Crewed Lunar Descent stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2033-34 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-7]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | First of Two Uncrewed End-to-End Lunar Human Landing Demonstration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2036-37 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-8]]<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Second of Two Uncrewed End-to-End Lunar Human Landing Demonstration.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2038-39 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-H1]] Crew Module <br />
|<br />
|<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Indian first crewed Lunar mission, will orbit the [[Moon]] and return.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1954150232402354248?t=zsRS2R4GPPfLvATwaRJPeA&s=19 |title=Recently, we got a detailed look at ISRO's roadmap for India's Human Moon Landing Programme! 🇮🇳🌖 It involves a series of uncrewed Chandrayaan landings between 2027-2037 + the establishment of a communication relay network around Moon, before the first crewed Lunar missions starting in 2038-39, with the first Indians setting foot on the Moon in 2040! 👣 Check out our graphic below to learn about each of the milestones on this roadmap and their tentative timelines 👇 |work=X (formerly Twitter) |access-date=1 March 2025}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2040 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-H2]] Earth Departure Stage<br />
|<br />
| LEO to Selenocentric<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | First of two launches for [[Chandrayaan-H2]] Mission, First Indian Crewed landing on the surface of the Moon.<ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|- <br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" style="text-align:center;" |<br />
| 2040 (TBD)<br />
| LMLV <br />
| Third<br />
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Chandrayaan-H2]] Crew Module & Lander Module <br />
|<br />
| LEO to Selenocentric<br />
| ISRO<br />
| {{Planned}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="8" | Second of two launches for [[Chandrayaan-H2]] Mission, First Indian Crewed landing on the surface of the Moon.<ref name="toi-20240314"/> <br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Potential uses and concerns ==<br />
As per a presentation done by S. Somanath at a conference in October 2022, the NGLV might offer launch costs of approximately $1900 per kg of payload in the reusable form and nearly $3000 per kg in the expendable format. The vehicle will also help in meeting India's need of setting up its [[Bharatiya Antariksh Station|space station]] by 2035. Other potential use cases will be in the areas of launching communication satellites, deep space missions, [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|future human spaceflight]], and cargo missions.<ref name="TLI_NGLV">{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Snehadri |date=2022-10-31 |title=ISRO Setting Up Next-Generation Launch Vehicle For Heavier Payloads By 2030: Here's All You Need To Know About It |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/isros-next-generation-launch-vehicle-for-heavier-payloads-ready-by-2030-38365 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mashable_NGLV">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Hadi |date=2022-11-02 |title=ISRO Is Building A Next-Generation Launch Vehicle For Heavier Payloads, Which Will Launch By 2030 |url=https://in.mashable.com/science/41054/isro-is-building-a-next-generation-launch-vehicle-for-heavier-payloads-which-will-launch-by-2030 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Mashable India |language=en-in}}</ref> For the 2040 crewed lunar landing mission, ISRO will rely on multiple launches and docking technology rather than building a big rocket.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Chethan |date=2025-02-20 |title=No mega rocket for crewed Moon mission, Isro to rely on docking |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-mega-rocket-for-crewed-moon-mission-isro-to-rely-on-docking/articleshow/118398404.cms |access-date=2025-02-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Somanath also stated that as of now, the demand for such a high end rockets were low as there were very few customers who are required in such high end rockets and rockets are already available in the global market which creates a heavy competition for ISRO with other space agencies and private organisations if such high end rockets were created.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-16 |title=Moon & Mars are all good, but Isro needs focus on rockets too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/moon-mars-are-all-good-but-isro-needs-focus-on-rockets-too/articleshow/70240762.cms |access-date=2024-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
== LMLV ==<br />
{{Infobox rocket<br />
| name = Lunar Module Launch Vehicle<br />
| image = [[File:LMLV.svg|frameless|48px|alt=Illustration of LMLV|upright=1]]<br />
| function = [[Super heavy-lift launch vehicle]]<br />
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]<br />
| country-origin = [[India]]<br />
| pcost = <br />
| cpl = <br />
| alt-cpl = <br />
| height = {{convert|116|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |last1=Bagla |first1=Pallav |title=ISRO's New Rocket 'Soorya', At 93 Metres, Taller Than Qutab Minar |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/isro-s-new-rocket-soorya-at-93-metres-taller-than-qutab-minar-840093 |access-date=23 September 2024 |publisher=NDTV |date=21 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| diameter = <br />
| width = {{convert|5|m|abbr=on}}<br />
| stages = 3 <br />
| capacities = <br />
{{Infobox rocket/payload<br />
| location = [[Low Earth orbit|LEO]]<br />
| kilos = {{Convert|75|t|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite news |date=18 September 2024 |title=New Re-usable Low-cost launch vehicle for Bharat |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2055979 |access-date=18 September 2024 |publisher=Press Information Bureau |agency=Union Cabinet, Government of India}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket/payload<br />
| location =[[Geostationary transfer orbit|GTO]]<br />
| kilos = {{Convert|24|t|lb|abbr=on}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket/payload<br />
| location = [[Trans-lunar injection|TLI]]<br />
| kilos = {{Convert|26|t|lb|abbr=on}}{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br />
}}<br />
| family = <br />
| derivatives = <br />
| comparable = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Falcon Heavy]]<br />
* [[Long March 10]]<br />
* [[New Glenn]]<br />
* [[Space Launch System]]<br />
* [[Yenisei (rocket)|Yenisei]]<br />
}}<br />
| status = Under development<br />
| sites = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre#Third Launch Pad|SDSC TLP]]<br />
| launches = <br />
| success = <br />
| fail = <br />
| partial = <br />
| other_outcome =<br />
| first = 2031 (planned)<br />
| last = <br />
| only = <br />
| payloads = {{bulleted list<br />
|[[Gaganyaan]]<br />
}}<ref name="WIRED Media Group">{{cite web |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |title=India approves development of reusable launcher, space station module |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2024/09/india-is-on-a-path-to-become-the-worlds-third-largest-space-power/3/ |website=Ars Technica |date=19 September 2024 |publisher=WIRED Media Group |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><br />
| mass = {{cvt|2614|t}}<br />
<!--Boosters --><br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = Boosters <br />
|name = LM650 Booster <br />
|number = 2<br />
|length = <br />
|diameter = {{convert|5.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />
|empty = <br />
|gross = <br />
|propmass = {{convert|650|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|engines = 9 LME-110<br />
|thrust = <br />
|SI = <br />
|burntime = <br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{chem2|CH4|link=Methane#Fuel}}<br />
}}<br />
<!--Core --><br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = First <br />
|name = LM650 Core <br />
|length = <br />
|diameter = {{convert|5.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />
|empty = <br />
|gross = <br />
|propmass = {{convert|650|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|engines = 9 LME-110<br />
|thrust = <br />
|SI = <br />
|burntime = <br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{chem2|CH4|link=Methane#Fuel}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = Second <br />
|name = LM200 <br />
|length = <br />
|diameter = {{convert|5.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br />
|empty = <br />
|gross = <br />
|propmass = {{convert|200|t|lb|abbr=on}}<br />
|engines = 2 LME-110<br />
|thrust = <br />
|SI = <br />
|burntime = <br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{chem2|CH4|link=Methane#Fuel}}<br />
}}<br />
<!--Upper stage--><br />
{{Infobox rocket/stage<br />
|type = stage<br />
|diff = <br />
|stageno = Third <br />
|name = C70 <br />
<!-- |length = {{convert|13.545|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/> --><br />
|diameter = {{convert|5.0|m|ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
<!-- |empty = {{convert|5000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=GSLV_Mk3_D1_brochure/> --><br />
<!-- |gross = {{convert|33000|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=GSLV_Mk3_D1_brochure/> --><br />
|propmass = {{convert|70|t|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|engines = 1 [[CE-20]]<br />
|thrust = {{convert|216|kN|tonne-force|abbr=on}}<ref name=isrolvm3/><br />
|SI = {{convert|443|isp}}<br />
<!-- |burntime = 643 s<ref name=isrolvm3/> --><br />
|fuel = [[Liquid oxygen|LOX]] / {{LH2}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Lunar Module Launch Vehicle''' ('''LMLV''') is a three-stage partially reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle, currently under development by ISRO. LMLV is planned to be used in Indian Lunar Human Spaceflight Mission.It is presumed to be a super-heavy lift variant of the NGLV.<ref>{{cite web |title=Recently, we got our first look at the proposed Lunar Module Launch Vehicle for ISRO's Crewed Moon landing program! 🇮🇳 At 117m tall, LMLV will be one of the tallest rockets in the entire world! 🚀 Each crewed mission to the Lunar surface, the first of which is planned in the 2040's, will require 2 launches of this beast! Check out our graphic to learn more about this rocket |url=https://x.com/ISROSpaceflight/status/1943650750137258080?t=sIZSlQxAdvTJZid5US6v3Q&s=19 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=X (Previously Twitter)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India's crewed lunar dreams are commencing with ISRO's Lunar Module Launch Vehicle (LMLV), an iteration of NGLV taking shape. Vehicle is proposed to be ready by 2035. |url=https://x.com/indianspacepost/status/1932418051179176428?t=zgALZ6t2ow8HpYNLh8Mwkw&s=19 |access-date=1 March 2025 |work=X (Previously Twitter)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}<br />
*[[LVM3]]<br />
*[[RLV Technology Demonstration Programme]]<br />
*[[Small Satellite Launch Vehicle]]<br />
*[[Ariane (rocket family)]]<br />
*[[Long March (rocket family)]]<br />
*[[Proton (rocket family)]]<br />
*[[Reusable launch vehicle]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Orbital launch systems}}<br />
{{Indian space programme}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Proposed reusable launch systems]]<br />
[[Category:Partially reusable space launch vehicles]]<br />
[[Category:ISRO space launch vehicles]]<br />
[[Category:Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thideer_Kannaiah&diff=540843Thideer Kannaiah2026-05-01T22:27:54Z<p>Joseph678: started first page basic info...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Actor}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Thideer Kannaiah<br />
| birth_name = Kannaiah<br />
| birth_date = 1936<br />
| death_date = 17 November 2013 (77)<br />
| occupation = Actor, Stage Actor<br />
| years_active = 1972–2008<br />
| spouse = Rajeshwari<br />
| children = 2<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Thideer Kannaiah''' was an Indian film and stage actor. He has acted in more than 500 films. His debut film was [[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai|Aval Oru Thodarkathai]]. He is notable for his comedian roles along with actors [[Goundamani]] and [[Vadivelu]]. While he was in the drama, he appeared mostly in the breakthrough scenes. Therefore, he was called as "Thideer" Kannaiah.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/21405-|title=நடிகர் திடீர் கண்ணையா மரணம்!|website=Vikatan|language=ta|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Kanniah, who is native to Chennai, has worked in various drama troupes since childhood. he made his debut in the industry with the film aval oru thodarkathai (1974). While working at the chennai perambur railway coach factory, he started acting in films.<br />
<br />
== Film career ==<br />
Director [[K. Balachander|K. Balachandar]], he made his acting debut in the Tamil film industry. He acted as the bus conductor. He has acted in more than 500 films [[Apoorva Raagangal|Apoorva Ragangal]], Karotti Kannan, [[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]], [[Vellai Roja]], Yettikki Potti, [[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]], [[Enne Petha Raasa|Enna Petha Rasa]] and [[Pokkiri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/15542/cinema/Kollywood/Actor-Thideer-Kannaiah-Passes-away.htm|title=நடிகர் திடீர் கன்னையா காலமானார்...! {{!}} Actor Thideer Kannaiah Passes away|last=Dinamalar|date=2013-11-17|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா|language=ta|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Family ==<br />
Kannaya has a wife Rajeshwari, a son Ramesh and a daughter Chitra, Grand Son Sathish and Grand Daughter Preetha, Vanitha, Pooja <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://antrukandamugam.wordpress.com/2013/08/11/thideer-kannaiah/|title=Thideer Kannaiah|date=2013-08-11|website=Antru Kanda Mugam|language=en|access-date=2020-01-31}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Death ==<br />
He died of heart attack on November 17, 2013 at the age of 77.<br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
''This is a partial filmography. You can expand it.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Film<br />
!Role<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1972<br />
|''Itho Enthan Deivam''<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |Uncredited roles<br />
|-<br />
|''Annai Abirami''<br />
|Poosari<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1974<br />
|''[[Aval Oru Thodar Kathai]]''<br />
|Bus conductor<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Thaai Piranthal''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1975<br />
|''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]''<br />
|Mahendran's friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Karotti Kannan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1977<br />
|''Nallathukku Kalamillai''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1978<br />
|''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''<br />
|Vasanth<br />
|Tamil-Kannada bilingual film<br />
|-<br />
|1979<br />
|''[[Chakkalathi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1980<br />
|''Thunaivi Thozhan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1982<br />
|''[[Pattanathu Rajakkal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1983<br />
|''[[Vellai Roja]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Samayapurathale Satchi''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1985<br />
|''Kadivalam''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Yaar? (film)|Yaar?]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1986<br />
|''[[Iravu Pookkal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Koottu Puzhukkal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manakanakku]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1987<br />
|''Yettikki Potti''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1988<br />
|''[[Oorai Therinjikitten (film)|Oorai Therinjikitten]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nethiyadi]]''<br />
|Konnayan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1989<br />
|''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Enne Petha Raasa|Enna Petha Rasa]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mananthal Mahadevan''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Manasukketha Maharasa]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1990<br />
|''[[Namma Ooru Poovatha]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Puthu Paatu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="7" |1991<br />
|''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Archana IAS]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pondatti Sonna Kettukanum]]''<br />
|Police constable<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thanthu Vitten Ennai]]''<br />
|Pedestrian<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vanakkam Vathiyare]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vaidehi Kalyanam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1992<br />
|''[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ellaichami]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pattathu Raani]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="11" |1993<br />
|''Porandhalum Ambalaiya Porakka Koodaadhu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Moondravadhu Kann]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ulle Veliye]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Porantha Veeda Puguntha Veeda]]''<br />
|Veera<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Madurai Meenakshi (film)|Madurai Meenakshi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Amma Ponnu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nallathe Nadakkum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Maravan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Killadi Mappillai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Samundi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1994<br />
|''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Nila (1994 film)|Nila]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Thamarai (film)|Thamarai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |1995<br />
|''[[Naan Petha Magane]]''<br />
|Nair<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum]]''<br />
|Mannar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dear Son Maruthu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |1996<br />
|''[[Vaanmathi]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Purushan Pondatti]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mappillai Manasu Poopola]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Veettukulle Thiruvizha]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Minor Mappillai]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vishwanath (1996 film)|Vishwanath]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Summa Irunga Machan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Priyamudan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1997<br />
|''[[Nesam Pudhusu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vasuke]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pudhalvan]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |1998<br />
|''[[Santhosham (1998 film)|Santhosham]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Senthooram]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Kannathal]]''<br />
|Gopal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1999<br />
|''[[Jayam (1999 film)|Jayam]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''Ninaivellam Nee''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001 || ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]''<br />
| Astrologer<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''[[Arivumani]]'' || Police Officer ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2007<br />
|''[[Pokkiri]]''<br />
|Reporter<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ennai Paar Yogam Varum]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Piragu]]''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008<br />
|''[[Ini Varum Kaalam]]''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2016<br />
|''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]''<br />
|<br />
|Last film<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|8038697}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1936 births]]<br />
[[Category:2013 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proprietors:_Kammath_%26_Kammath&diff=526982Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath2026-04-29T03:22:54Z<p>Joseph678: starting stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath<br />
| image = Kammath and Kammath - Poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- See WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Thomson K. Thomas<br />
| producer = [[Anto Joseph]]<br />
| writer = [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]]<br />
| starring = [[Mammootty]]<br />[[Dileep]]<br />[[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]]<br />[[Karthika Nair]]<br />[[Rima Kallingal]]<br />[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]]<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[M. Jayachandran]]<br>'''Background Score:'''<br>[[Gopi Sundar]]<br />
| cinematography = Anil Nair<br />
| editing = [[Mahesh Narayanan]]<br />
| studio = Anto Joseph Film Company<br />
| distributor = Ann Mega Media Release<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|1|25}}<br />
| runtime = 160 minute<br />
<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| gross = ₹13.5 crore<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action comedy]] film, written by [[Udayakrishna-Siby K. Thomas]], directed by Thomson K. Thomas and produced by Anto Joseph. The film features [[Mammootty]] and [[Dileep]] in the title roles alongside [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]], [[Karthika Nair]], [[Rima Kallingal]] and [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] in pivotal roles with an ensemble supporting cast. It marks the debut of [[Dhanush]] in [[Malayalam cinema]], who made cameo in the film as well as the final Malayalam film role of Karthika Nair till date. The film was a commercial success at the box office.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Kammath and Kammath is a film about two brothers, Raja Raja Kammath, the elder brother and Deva Raja Kammath, the younger brother who have a business endeavor that changes their lives forever. The Kammath brothers initially started making and selling dosa (savory South Indian crêpes) at a small stand to support their poor family. Eventually, their dosa received critical acclaim, and their stand grew into a restaurant, which grew into dozens of restaurants across South India. Sulaiman Sahib who is their rival, blocks the entry of Kammath Sr. He runs a non-vegetarian restaurant that is opposite a now defunct Brahmin [[vegetarian]] restaurant. He has a target of acquiring this restaurant's land.<br />
<br />
The Kammath brothers plan to inaugurate their new restaurant in the building and land of the defunct restaurant. On opening day, the municipal secretary Mahalakshmi and ward counselor Sebastian Kuzhivelil are brought by Sulaiman Sahib to stop it from opening. They fail do it as the restaurant's name is now Kammath & Kammath and it has obtained a new license and ownership.<br />
<br />
Sulaiman Sahib and Sebastian, with the help of a thief Pathrose throws stones and breaks Mahalakshmi's house's windows and frames Raja for the crime, resulting in him being arrested and he subsequently meets Deva in the lockup after he had been arrested for allegedly selling liquor illegally in their new restaurant. The Kammath Brothers threaten Pathrose in the police station and the truth is revealed that he has thrown stones at Mahalakshmi's house. The restaurant closed circuit security cameras reveals that people sent by Sebastian brought the liquor bottles to the restaurant to implicate Deva.<br />
<br />
Later, both Mahalakshmi and Sulaiman Sahib are convinced by Raja that they are not problem makers and both become friends with them. The Kammath brothers opens their new restaurant in Coimbatore with the superstar Dhanush as inaugurator. One night, Sunnichan, attacks Mahalakshmi, asking about his sister, while she was coming back to Palakkad from Coimbatore. Raja saves her from Sunnichan by sending chauffeur/bodyguard Gopi to deal with him. On this journey, Raja and Mahalakshmi go to a restaurant for dinner. Raja meets his old wife with her new husband.<br />
<br />
While continuing the journey back to home, Raja reveals that his wife had a different nature than the Kammath family had expected. One day, when their father suffers from chest pain, their mother asks her to drive him to hospital. She refuses as she had just applied [[Mehndi]] and wanted it to dry. But when their mother called a taxi and reached the hospital, their father passes away. Raja realizes that she is incompatible and divorces her. Mahalakshmi pities him after hearing the story.<br />
<br />
The next day Raja is invited by Mahalakshmi to talk about a problem. She introduces her sister Surekha to Raja and says Surekha is scared that somebody is following her. The next day Raja sends Gopi to beat a helmeted person who comes near her. When Raja removes the helmet, he realises that the person is Deva. He becomes sad as he has beaten his own brother. In anger, he slaps Gopi for hitting Deva. Deva tells him that he loves Surekha. Raja thinks that Mahalakshmi misunderstood them, made him to hit Deva and separate them. They both fights and leave. When they all leave, another person with a helmet who was following her arrives. Raja proceeds with Deva's idea to marrying Surekha. Mahalakshmi tells them that Surekha is actually her deceased brother Suresh's wife and a Christian. Surekha's history is revealed by Mahalakshmi.<br />
<br />
Suresh had married her years ago despite opposition from her family. On the first night of marriage, Suresh is killed by her family's henchman Vikram. The story reveals that Sunnichan is her actual brother and Vikram was another person who was following her. Even after knowing this story Deva wishes to marry her. Later at her house, the brothers realise to their shock that Surekha is speech impaired. Deva still wants to marry her and Mahalakshmi finally accepts it.<br />
<br />
On the night before the wedding, Deva is accosted by Vikram and Surekha's brothers. He escapes to a godown where Raja awaits. A fight ensues where Raja, Deva and Gopi fights off Vikram, Surekha's brothers and their henchmen. The next day they are handed over to the police at Surekha's house and Deva marries Surekha. To everyone's surprise Mahalakshmi is married by the groom found by Suresh, who Raja selects.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Colbegin}}<br />
* [[Mammootty]] as Raja Raja Kammath<br />
** Ashwin as Young Raja <br />
* [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] as Deva Raja Kammath<br />
**Master anzad as Young Deva<br />
* [[Baburaj (actor)|Baburaj]] as Gopi<br />
** [[Jeevan Gopal]] as Young Gopi<br />
* [[Karthika Nair]] as Surekha, widow of Suresh, who later marries Deva<br />
* [[Rima Kallingal]] as Mahalakshmi, Municipal Secretary, younger sister of Suresh<br />
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Sebastian Kuzhiveli, Municipal councillor<br />
* [[Rajalakshmi (actress)|Rajalakshmi]] as Raja's and Deva's mother<br />
* [[Santhosh (actor)|Santhosh]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DYSP]] George<br />
* [[Rizabawa]] as Sulaiman Sahib<br />
* [[Sukumari]] as Annamma, Surekha's grandmother<br />
* [[Deepak Jethi]] as Vikram Chhetri<br />
* [[Spadikam George]] as Varkeychan<br />
* [[Shiju]] as Sunnichan<br />
* [[Joju George]] as Tomichan<br />
* [[Kalabhavan Shajon]] as Pathrose<br />
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as Vishnu Namboothiri (Thirumeni)<br />
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Salman<br />
* Manoj Nair as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Ameen<br />
* [[Ambika Mohan]] as Maheshwari<br />
* Bindu Ramakrishnan as Karthyayani, Thirumeni's wife <br />
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Shantha, Mahalakshmi's Home maid<br />
* [[Balachandran Chullikadu]] as Sathyaneshan, Raja's and Deva's father<br />
* [[Rajeev Parameshwar]] as Mahalakshmi's bride<br />
* [[Vishnupriya (actress)|Vishnupriya]] as Thirumeni's Daughter<br />
* Deepika Mohan<br />
* [[Abu Salim (actor)|Abu Salim]] as Alex<br />
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]]<br />
* [[Vishnu Unnikrishnan]] as young thief<br />
* [[Malini Sivaraman]] as hostess in the Inauguration of Kammath & Kammath hotel<br />
<br />
=== Cameo appearances ===<br />
* [[Narain (actor)|Narain]] as Suresh, an Indian Revenue Service officer, Mahalakshmi's late brother and Surekha's late husband who gets murdered at the wedding night<br />
* [[Vidya Pradeep]] as Radhika, Raja's ex-wife<br />
* [[Dhanush (actor)|Dhanush]] as himself on Inauguration of Kammath & Kammath hotel in [[Coimbatore]] and on wedding eve party.<br />
* [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udaykrishna & Sibi K. Thomas]] as themselves in "Dosa Dosa" song<br />
{{Colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
[[Mammootty]] was chosen to play a prominent character. The character of his brother in the film was originally chosen as [[Jayaram]] but schedule conflicts led [[Dileep (actor)|Dileep]] to replace him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/Tamil+Movies/articles/WJV54pepvDG/Mammootty+Dileep+Kammath+Kammath+Exclusive |title=Mammootty And Dileep in Kammath And Kammath – Exclusive Stills &#124; Dhanush in Malayalam – Tamil Movies |publisher=Zimbio |accessdate=10 November 2012}}</ref> [[Kunchacko Boban]] had been approached for guest role of Income tax officer, but he opted out, again due to schedule conflicts and he was replaced by [[Narain (actor)|Narain]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Sanjith Sidhardhan |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/news-and-interviews/34971853_1_|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126041703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/news-and-interviews/34971853_1_|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Kunchacko opts out of Kammath and Kammath |accessdate=10 November 2012}}</ref> [[Dhanush]] was chosen to play a cameo as a filmstar who comes to [[Kerala]] to inaugurate the restaurant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Dhanush-shoots-with-Mammootty-and-Dileep-in-Kochi/articleshow/17169630.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-11/news-and-interviews/35033118_1_dileep-kammath-brothers-udayakrishna |url-status=live |archive-date=26 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Dhanush shoots with Mammootty and Dileep in Kochi |access-date=10 November 2012}}</ref><br />
Most of the scenes from the film were shot in [[Cochin]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/news-and-interviews/Dhanush-shoots-with-Mammootty-and-Dileep-in-Kochi/articleshow/17169630.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126035944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-11/news-and-interviews/35033118_1_dileep-kammath-brothers-udayakrishna|url-status=live|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Dhanush shoots with Mammootty and Dileep in Kochi|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 January 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Song !! Length !! Singer(s) !! Picturization<br />
|-<br />
| "Dosa Nalloru Dosa" || || [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[M. Jayachandran]], Nikhil Raj ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Ninte Pinnale" || || [[Anwar Saadath]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Coimbatore Naatile" || || [[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Haricharan]], [[Vijay Yesudas]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| "Kattadi Kattadi" || || [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Sangeetha Sreekanth ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
===Theatrical===<br />
The film was shown in additional theatres where ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' had been banned from being released.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news-interviews/36595944_1_single-screen-theatres-vishwaroopam-kamal-haasan-film|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063806/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-28/news-interviews/36595944_1_single-screen-theatres-vishwaroopam-kamal-haasan-film|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title='Vishwaroopam' ban can spell Rs. 30 crore loss: Experts|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=7 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Satellite Rights ===<br />
The satellite rights were sold for {{INRConvert|4.5|c}}.<br />
<ref name="bo2">{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/kammath-and-kammath-continues-in-its-fifth-week-592946.html|title='Kammath and Kammath' continues in {{sic|it|'s|nolink=y|expecting=its}} fifth week|publisher=[[Network 18]]|date=25 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critical response===<br />
Paresh C Palicha of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 3.5/5 describing it as an "atrocity on the viewer."<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-proprietors-kamath-and-kamath/20130128.htm "Review: Proprietors: Kamath and Kamath is atrocious"]</ref><br />
IndiaGlitz.com gave 7/10 for the movie and stated "These Kammath brothers are strictly for those who relish masala entertainers" but it gave a positive review of the songs.<ref name="indiaglitz">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/16809.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128020119/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/16809.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2013|title=Kammath and Kammath Malayalam Movie Review|website=IndiaGlitz|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sify.com gave the overall summary of the film as "tedious" and their review says that "only Baburaj manages to make the viewers laugh" and that "There is no credible storyline that is worth mentioning and the script lacks any imagination or depth."<ref name="sify">{{cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/proprietors-kammath-kammath-review-malayalam-15018682.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319165941/http://www.sify.com/movies/proprietors-kammath-kammath-review-malayalam-15018682.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2013|title=Movie Review:Proprietors: Kammath & Kammath|work=[[Sify]]|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref><br />
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 3/5 for the movie, stating "Mammootty and Dileep, gifted actors they are, put together their best to salvage what can be called as a sloppy narrative strewn with drab characters."<ref name="TOIreview">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/malayalam/movie-reviews/kammath-and-kammath/movie-review/18205889.cms|title=Kammath and Kammath review|last=Aswin J Kumar|date=26 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=1 March 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dalton L of [[Deccan Chronicle]] says "Rather than preparing an action-romcom out of leftovers, the director ought to have demanded an original recipe and organic vegetables. It's very sad to see the great Mammootty unendingly swimming in stale soup."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-proprietors-kamath-and-kamath/20130128.htm |title=Review: Proprietors: Kamath and Kamath is atrocious |work=Rediff.com |date=2013-01-28 |accessdate=2014-07-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
The film had a good collection in the first weekend. Made on a budget of ₹7.5 crore.<ref name="bo">{{cite web | url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pl4rabidjjigf | title=Kerala Box-Office (January/February 2013) | website=[[Sify]] | date=7 March 2013 | accessdate=17 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630065458/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=pl4rabidjjigf | archive-date=30 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The film collected ₹10.53 lakhs from five weeks in United Kingdom box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/sbagr-fairly-good-in-uae-kai-po-che-super-in-usa-uae/|title=SBAGR' fairly good in UAE; 'Kai Po Che!' super in USA, UAE|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 March 2013}}</ref> It collected {{INRConvert|13.5|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/comedies-reaped-gold-for-southern-cinema-2013-in-retrospect-113121700305_1.html|title=Comedies reaped gold for southern cinema (2013 In Retrospect)|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=17 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/threes-company/article5505332.ece|title=Three's company|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-top-malayalam-commercial-hits-of-2013-south/20140117.htm#1|title=The Top Malayalam Commercial Hits of 2013|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="bo2"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mohanlals-peruchazhi-mammoottys-rajadhi-raja-lock-horns-this-onam-videos-606101|title=Mohanlal's 'Peruchazhi' and Mammootty's 'Rajadhi Raja' to Lock Horns this Onam [Videos]|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 August 2014}}</ref> The film got satellite right of {{INRConvert|4.5|c}}.<ref name="bo2"/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2667690|Kammath & Kammath}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Proprietors: Kammath and Kammath}}<br />
[[Category:2013 films]]<br />
[[Category:2013 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. Jayachandran]]<br />
[[Category:2013 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]<br />
[[Category:2013 comedy films]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharm_Jagaran_Samiti&diff=496718Dharm Jagaran Samiti2026-04-25T15:15:15Z<p>Joseph678: Starting a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Hindu Nationalist Organisation}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}'''Dharma Jagaran Samanvay''' or DJS, is a directly affiliated Gatividhi of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, whose primary focus is to uphold [[Ghar Wapsi|Ghra Wapsi]] to Hinduism from other religions, to fight against Love Jihad, to fight against Land Jihad, and fight against conversions from Hinduism to other religions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rss-body-dharam-jagran-samiti-sets-fixed-rates-converting-muslims-christians-into-hindus-616924|title=RSS Body Dharam Jagran Samiti Sets Fixed Rates for Converting Muslims, Christians into Hindus|first=Udayan|last=Nag|date=12 December 2014|website=www.ibtimes.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/life-after-ghar-wapsi-in-agra-115040400659_1.html|title = Life after ghar wapsi in Agra|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 4 April 2015|last1 = Munjal|first1 = Dhruv}}</ref> It is a [[right-wing]] [[Hindu nationalist]] organisation.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dharm-jagran-samiti-leader-vows-to-create-hindu-rashtra-by-2021-231854-2014-12-19|title=Dharm Jagran Samiti leader vows to create Hindu rashtra by 2021 - India News|website=India Today|date=2014-12-19|first=Piyush|last=Srivastava|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><ref name="indiatoday2">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/rajeshwar-singh-dharm-jagran-samiti-djs-hindu-rashtra-love-jehad-reconversion-rss-vhp-233729-2015-01-02|title=Conversion row: Dharm Jagran Samiti chief goes on leave - India News|website=India Today|date=2015-01-02|first=Piyush|last=Srivastava|access-date=2021-09-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dharma Jagaran Samanvay is one of the most important Gatividhi of [[Sangh Parivar]] of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), working through its various departments all over India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/dharm-jagran-samiti-sparks-fresh-controversy-vows-create-hindu-rashtra-by-2021-1597716.html|title=Dharm Jagran Samiti sparks fresh controversy, vows to create Hindu Rashtra by 2021|date=19 December 2014|website=oneindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/djs-chief-sparks-fresh-controversy/article6711380.ece|title=DJS chief sparks fresh controversy|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 December 2014|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> The goal of the "'Dharma Jagaran Samanvay"' is to return to Hinduism those people whose ancestors were converted to [[Islam]] during the [[Mughal period]] forcefully and "'Dharma Jagaran Samanvay"' also oppose Christian missionaries who convert [[Dalit]] Hindus to Christianity, which is allegedly done by giving various inducements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/to-give-a-boost-to-ghar-wapsi-rss-appoints-dharma-jagran-in-charge/|title=To give a boost to 'ghar wapsi', RSS appoints Dharma Jagran in-charge|date=3 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/new-chief-of-rss-arm-plays-down-ghar-wapsi-drive/story-OGrlcC07ZXjkkSPpmZ3SsM.html|title=New chief of RSS arm plays down 'ghar wapsi' drive|date=4 March 2015|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141218/nation-current-affairs/article/dharm-jagran-samiti-calls-mass-conversion-programme|title=Dharm Jagran Samiti calls off mass conversion programme|first=amita|last=verma|date=18 December 2014|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rss-alert-731531.html|title=RSS asks Dharm Jagran to call off conversion drive in Aligarh on December 25: Sources|date=16 December 2014|website=News18}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sangh Parivar}}<br />
{{Hindu Nationalism}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Subject bar |portal1=Politics |portal2=Conservatism |portal3=India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1964 establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]<br />
[[Category:Political masks]]<br />
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-communist organisations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]<br />
<br />
{{India-org-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ministry_of_Soil_and_Water_Conservation_(Maharashtra)&diff=517726Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)2026-04-23T08:47:04Z<p>Joseph678: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Soil and Water Conservation}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox government agency<br />
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय मृदा आणि जलसंधारण विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''<br />
| type = ministry<br />
| name = Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
| native_name = <br />
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg<br />
| seal_width = 200<br />
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]<br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_width = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg<br />
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai<br />
| picture_width = <br />
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]<br />
| minister1_name = '''[[Sanjay Rathod]]'''<br />
| minister1_pfo = <br /> [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]<br />
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''<br />
| deputyminister1_pfo = <br />[[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]<br />
| child1_agency = <br />
| child2_agency = <br />
| website = <br />
| formed = <br />
| employees = <br />
| budget = <br />
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<br />
| chief1_position = <br />
| chief2_name = <br />
| chief2_position = <br />
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awari |first=Anjali |date=2022-07-21 |title=डॉ. दिलीप पांढरपट्टे यांची अमरावतीच्या विभागीय आयुक्त पदी नियुक्ती |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/maharashtra/dr-dilip-pandharpatte-appointed-as-divisional-commissioner-of-amravati-nraa-306419.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Sanjay Rathod]]''' is Current Minister of Soil and Water Conservation [[Government of Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-07 |title=Maharashtra Election- Shiv Sena's Sanjay Raimulkar Prepared For Fourth Straight Victory In Mehkar |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/maharashtra-election-shiv-senas-sanjay-raimulkar-ready-for-fourth-straight-victory-in-mehkar-3980765.html |access-date=2026-04-23 |website=One India |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Head office==<br />
{{Infobox political post<br />
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg<br />
| insigniasize = 150px<br />
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]<br />
| department = '''Ministry of Soil and Water Conservation (Maharashtra)'''<br />
| style = [[The Honourable]]<br />
| post = {{big|Minister of Soil and Water Conservation}}<br>'''मंत्री मृदा आणि जलसंधारण विभाग'''<br />
|image= <br />
| incumbent = [[Sanjay Rathod]]<br />
| member_of = State Cabinet<br />
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''',<br><br />
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''<br />
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]<br />
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the <br>'''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''<br />
| termlength = 5 years<br />
| inaugural = <br />
*'''[[Abdul Kader Salebhoy]]'''<br />
<small>(1960-1962)</small><br />
| precursor = <br />
* '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''<br />{{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}<br />
<small>(2024- 2024)</small><br />
| deputy = <br />
* '''[[Indranil Naik]]'''<br />
| formation = 1 May 1960<br />
| body = <br />
| flag = Flag of India.svg<br />
| flagsize = 110px<br />
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]<br />
| flagborder = yes<br />
| website = <br />
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister<br />
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Cabinet Ministers==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister<br>{{small|(Constituency)}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:6em"| From<br />
!style="width:6em"| To<br />
!Period<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="10"| Minister of Soil and Water Conservation<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- <br />[[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|01 May}}<br>1960<br />
|{{small|07 March}}<br>1962<br />
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|02<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Abdul Kader Salebhoy]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Mumbai South Central Constituency No. 180]]- <br />[[Mumbai City District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|08 March}}<br>1962<br />
|{{small|19 November}}<br>1962<br />
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|03<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|20 November}}<br>1962<br />
|{{small|24 November}}<br>1963<br />
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]<br />
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]<br />
|-<br />
|04<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- <br />[[Ratnagiri District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} <br />(Interim Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|25 November}}<br>1962<br />
|{{small|04 December}}<br>1963<br />
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]<br />
|[[P. K. Sawant]]<br />
|-<br />
|05<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]<br />
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- <br />[[Nanded District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|05 December}}<br>1963<br />
|{{small|01 March}}<br>1967<br />
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]<br />
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />[[Vasantrao Naik]]<br />
|-<br />
|06<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- <br />[[Jalgaon District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|01 March}}<br>1967<br />
|{{small|27 October}}<br>1969<br />
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|07<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- <br />[[Satara District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|27 October}}<br>1969<br />
|{{small|13 March}}<br>1972<br />
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|08<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|13 March}}<br>1972<br />
|{{small|04 April}}<br>1973<br />
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]<br />
|-<br />
|09<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- <br />[[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|04 April}}<br>1973<br />
|{{small|17 Match}}<br>1974<br />
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|17 Match}}<br>1974<br />
|{{small|21 February}}<br>1975<br />
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon Constituency No. 229]]- <br />[[Beed District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|21 February}}<br>1975<br />
|{{small|16 April}}<br>1977<br />
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]<br />
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]<br />[[Shankarrao Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Shivajirao Girdhar Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirpur Assembly constituency|Shirpur Constituency No. 09]]- <br />[[Dhule District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|17 April }}<br>1977<br />
|{{small|07 March}}<br>1978<br />
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]<br />[[Vasantdada Patil]]<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|07 March}}<br>1978<br />
|{{small|18 July}}<br>1978<br />
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- <br />[[Solapur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|18 July}}<br>1978<br />
|{{small|17 February}}<br>1980<br />
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}<br />
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]<br />[[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- <br />[[Latur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|09 June}}<br>1980<br />
|{{small|21 January}}<br>1982<br />
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- <br />[[Nandurbar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|21 January}}<br>1982<br />
|{{small|02 February}}<br>1983<br />
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] <br>[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]<br />
|-<br />
|17 <br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| <br />
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - <br /> [[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br /> (Deputy Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|07 February}}<br>1983<br />
|{{small|05 March}}<br>1985<br />
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]<br />[[Vasantdada Patil]]<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[V. Subramanian]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|South Mumbai Constituency No. 121]]- <br />[[Mumbai City District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|12 March}}<br>1985<br />
|{{small|03 June}}<br>1985<br />
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]<br />
|-<br />
|19<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
| [[File:Vijaysinh Mohite Patil 2014-05-19 00-16.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vijaysinh Mohite-Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Malshiras Assembly constituency|Malshiras Constituency No. 254]]- <br />[[Solapur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|03 June}}<br>1985<br />
|{{small|12 March}}<br>1986<br />
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]<br />
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]<br />
|-<br />
|20<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- <br /> [[Latur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|12 March}}<br>1986<br />
|{{small|26 June}}<br>1988<br />
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Shankarrao Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|21<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- <br />[[Pune District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|26 June}}<br>1988<br />
|{{small|03 March}}<br>1990<br />
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - <br /> [[Mumbai City District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|03 March}}<br>1990<br />
|{{small|25 January}}<br>1991<br />
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - <br /> [[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|25 January}}<br>1991<br />
|{{small|25 June}}<br>1991<br />
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br /> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|25 June}}<br>1991<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>1991<br />
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|30}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''Arun Mehta''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - <br /> [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>1991<br />
|{{small|22 February}}<br>1993<br />
!{{ayd|1991|12|30|1993|02|22}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|26<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Independent politician}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''Harshvardhan Deshmukh''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Morshi Assembly constituency|Morshi Constituency No. 43]]- <br />[[Amravati District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|06 March}}<br>1993<br />
|{{small|14 March}}<br>1995<br />
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}<br />
| [[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported Party ([[Indian National Congress]])<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]<br />
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Sharad Pawar]]<br />
|-<br />
|27<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Shashikant Sutar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivajinagar, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Shivajinagar Constituency No. 209]]- <br />[[Pune District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|14 March}}<br>1995<br />
|{{small|01 February}}<br>1999<br />
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Manohar Joshi]]<br />
|-<br />
|28<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Chandrakant Khaire]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad West Assembly constituency|Aurangabad West Constituency No. 108]]- <br />[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|01 February}}<br>1999<br />
|{{small|11 May}}<br>1999<br />
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Narayan Rane]]<br />
|-<br />
|29<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Sureshdada Jain]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- <br />[[Jalgaon District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|11 May}}<br>1999<br />
|{{small|17 October}}<br>1999<br />
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
|30<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| <br />
|<br />
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- <br />[[Sangli District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|19 October}}<br>1999<br />
|{{small|02 March}}<br>2001<br />
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2001|03|02}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] <br/>[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
|-<br />
|31<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"| <br />
|[[File:Padamsinh Bajirao Patil (dr- Saheb) 2014-05-17 06-38.jpg|80px]]<br />
| '''[[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad Constituency No. 242]]- <br />[[Osmanabad District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|02 March}}<br>2001<br />
|{{small|16 January}}<br>2003<br />
!{{ayd|2001|03|02|2003|01|16}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|32<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Ganpatrao Deshmukh]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangola Assembly constituency|Sangola Constituency No. 235]]- <br />[[Solapur District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|18 January}}<br>2003<br />
|{{small|01 November}}<br>2004<br />
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}<br />
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br/>[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
|33<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]<br />
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- <br /> [[Latur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br> (Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|01 November}}<br>2004<br />
|{{small|09 November}}<br>2004<br />
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] <br/>[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]<br />
|-<br />
|34<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- <br />[[Nandurbar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|09 November}}<br>2004<br />
|{{small|01 December}}<br>2008<br />
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|-<br />
|35<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- <br />[[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|08 December}}<br>2008<br />
|{{small|06 November}}<br>2009<br />
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]] <br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]<br>[[Ashok Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|36<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Balasaheb Thorat]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner Constituency No. 217]]- <br />[[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|07 November}}<br>2009<br />
|{{small|10 November}}<br>2010<br />
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}<br />
|[[Indian National Congress]]<br />
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|37<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 14 - <br /> [[Satara District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|11 November}}<br>2010<br />
|{{small|07 June}}<br>2013<br />
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2013|06|07}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]<br />
|rowspan="3"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]<br>[[Prithviraj Chavan]]<br />
|-<br />
|38<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Ajit Pawar.jpg|70px]]<br />
| '''[[Ajit Pawar]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- <br />[[Pune District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br>(Deputy Chief Minister)<br>Additional Charge<br />
|{{small|07 June}}<br>2013<br />
|{{small|11 June}}<br>2013<br />
!{{ayd|2013|06|07|2013|06|11}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|39<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:MLC Shashikant Shinde Saheb.jpg|70px]]<br />
| '''[[Shashikant Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Koregaon Assembly constituency|Koregaon Constituency No. 257]]- <br />[[Satara District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|11 June}}<br>2013<br />
|{{small|26 September}}<br>2014<br />
!{{ayd|2013|06|11|2014|09|26}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|40<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[File:Pankja Gopinath Munde.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Pankaja Munde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Parli Assembly constituency|Parli Constituency No. 233]]- <br />[[Beed District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|31 October}}<br>2014<br />
|{{small|08 July}}<br>2016<br />
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|07|08}}<br />
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]<br />
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|41<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Ram Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karjat Jamkhed Assembly constituency|Karjat Jamkhed Constituency No. 127]]- <br />[[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|08 July}}<br>2016<br />
|{{small|16 June}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2016|07|08|2019|06|16}}<br />
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|-<br />
|42<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Tanaji Sawant]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Yavatmal Local Authorities Constituency No. 17 - <br />[[Dharashiv district|Dharashiv District]] Also Previously Known [[Osmanabad District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|16 June}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|12 November}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]]<br />
|-<br />
|43<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- <br /> [[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />(Chief_Minister) <br />''In Charge''<br />
|{{small|23 November}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|28 November}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]<br />
|-<br />
|44<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|<br />
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- <br /> [[Thane District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} <br />
|{{small|28 November}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
|-<br />
|45<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena }}"|<br />
|<br />
| '''[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa Constituency No. 221]]- <br />[[Ahmednagar District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|29 June}}<br>2022<br />
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}<br />
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] Supported Party ([[Shiv Sena]])<br />
|-<br />
|46<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|<br />
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- <br /> [[Thane District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} <br />(Chief Minister)<br />''In Charge''<br />
|{{small|30 June}}<br>2022<br />
|{{small|14 August}}<br>2022<br />
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]] <br />
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]<br />
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Eknath Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
|47<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|<br />
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- <br /> [[Thane District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} <br />(Chief Minister)<br />
|{{small|14 August}}<br>2022<br />
|{{small|14 July}}<br>2023<br />
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]<br />
|-<br />
|48<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|<br />
| <br />
|'''[[Sanjay Rathod]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras Constituency No. 79]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|14 July}}<br>2023<br />
|{{small|26 November}}<br>2024<br />
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]] <br />
|-<br />
|49<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- <br /> [[Nagpur District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />(Chief_Minister) <br />''In Charge''<br />
|{{small|05 December}}<br>2024<br />
|{{small|21 December}}<br>2024<br />
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]<br />
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|50<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|<br />
| <br />
|'''[[Sanjay Rathod]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Digras Assembly constituency|Digras Constituency No. 79]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|21 December}}<br>2024<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}<br />
|[[Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Ministers of State ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister<br>{{small|(Constituency)}}<br />
! colspan="3" |Term of office<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party<br />
! rowspan="2"| Ministry<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister<br />
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister<br />
|-<br />
!style="width:6em"| From<br />
!style="width:6em"| To<br />
!Period<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Soil and Water Conservation<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''<br />
|{{small|23 November}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|28 November}}<br>2019<br />
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}<br />
|NA<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]<br />
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|-<br />
|01<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]<br />
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- <br />[[Pune District]] <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
|{{small|30 December}}<br>2019<br />
|{{small|29 June}}<br>2022<br />
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]<br />
| [[Shankarrao Gadakh]]<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Uddhav Thackeray]]<br />
|-<br />
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant ''''' <br />
|{{small|30 June}}<br>2022<br />
|{{small|26 November}}<br>2024<br />
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}<br />
|NA<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]<br />
|<br />
*[[Eknath Shinde]]<br>(2022 - 2023)<br />
*[[Sanjay Rathod]]<br> (2023–2024)<br />
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] <br>[[Eknath Shinde]]<br />
|-<br />
|02<br />
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|<br />
|<br />
|'''[[Indranil Naik]]''' <br /> {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- <br />[[Yavatmal District]]) <br />'''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}<br />
| {{small|21 December}}<br>2024<br />
|''Incumbent''<br />
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}<br />
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|Nationalist Congress Party]] (Ajit Pawar Group)<br />
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''<br />
| [[Sanjay Rathod]] <br>(2024–Present)<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] <br>[[Devendra Fadnavis]]<br />
|- <br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neelam_Giri&diff=521454Neelam Giri2026-04-20T12:51:11Z<p>Joseph678: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian pediatric hematologist/oncologist}}{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Neelam Giri<br />
| image = Neelam Giri.png<br />
| caption = Giri in 2015<br />
| fields = Pediatric hematology/oncology, bone marrow failure syndromes<br />
| workplaces = [[Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children]]<br>[[National Cancer Institute]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Neelam K. Giri''' is an Indian pediatric hematologist/oncologist and physician-scientist who researches [[bone marrow failure]] syndromes. She is a staff clinician in the clinical genetics branch at the [[National Cancer Institute]].<br />
<br />
== Life ==<br />
Giri received her MBBS and MD degrees from the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] where she also received her initial training in general [[pediatrics]] and in pediatric [[hematology]]/[[oncology]] at [[Tata Memorial Centre|Tata Memorial Cancer Center]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1980-01-01 |title=Neelam Giri, M.D., M.B.B.S., biographical sketch and research interests - NCI |url=https://dceg.cancer.gov/about/staff-directory/giri-neelam |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=dceg.cancer.gov |language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> She completed additional postdoctoral training at the [[Sydney Children's Hospital]], the [[King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre]], and the [[National Cancer Institute]] (NCI) [[pediatric oncology]] branch.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Giri was a staff physician in the blood and bone marrow transplantation unit of the [[Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children]].<ref name=":0" /> Giri is a staff clinician in the NCI clinical genetics branch.<ref name=":0" /> During her tenure at the NCI, Giri has worked in the stem cell biology laboratory of the [[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] (NHLBI) where her research interests included the biology inherited bone marrow failure syndromes such as [[Diamond–Blackfan anemia]].<ref name=":0" /> She also conducts clinical and laboratory research focused on the various diseases which are being studied as part of this protocol, including [[Fanconi anemia]], [[dyskeratosis congenita]], Diamond[[Shwachman–Diamond syndrome|–]]Blackfan anemia, and [[Shwachman–Diamond syndrome]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
In January 2021, Giri was among the first [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) employees to receive a [[COVID-19 vaccine]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McManus |first=Rich |date=2021-01-08 |title=Covid-19 Vaccine Debuts at Clinical Center |url=https://nihrecord.nih.gov/2021/01/08/covid-19-vaccine-debuts-clinical-center |access-date=2022-10-17 |website=[[NIH Record]] |language=EN}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of University of Mumbai people]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Include-NIH}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{YouTube|id=Fca6T6BbuB8|title=Interview with the Office of NIH History and Stetten Museum in January 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Neelam}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:National Institutes of Health people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women medical researchers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian paediatricians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian haematologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian oncologists]]<br />
[[Category:Women pediatricians]]<br />
[[Category:Women hematologists]]<br />
[[Category:Women oncologists]]<br />
[[Category:Physician-scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Cancer researchers]]<br />
[[Category:Women cancer researchers]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agiaon_Assembly_constituency&diff=484843Agiaon Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:22:20Z<p>Joseph678: created stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Bihar legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Agiaon<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = 195-Agiaon constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| mla = [[Mahesh Paswan]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| state = Bihar<br />
| district = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]<br />
| division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]]<br />
| constituency_no = 195<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| electors = 263,836<br />
| incumbent_image = BJP Election Symbol.svg<br />
| abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Agiaon''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Arrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arrah]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Barhara Assembly constituency|Barhara]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]], [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]] and [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]].<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/arrah.html | title=Arrah Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Area/wards==<br />
Agiaon Assembly constituency comprises:<ref name=commission>{{cite web |url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India |work = Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 |archive-date = 5 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
* [[Charpokhari]] CD block<br />
* [[Garhani]] CD block<br />
* [[Agiaon]] CD block<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
As per the estimates of 2011 census, out of total 352998 population 100% is rural and 0% is urban population. The Scheduled castes (SC) and Scheduled tribes (ST) ratio is 18.3 and 0.03, respectively out of total population. As per the voter list of 2019, there are 262907 electorates and 276 polling stations in this constituency.<ref name=datanet>{{cite web |url = https://www.electionsinindia.com/mailer/bihar/agiaon_AC/agiaon_AC.html |title = key electoral data of AGIAON Vidhan Sabha from 2009 to 2019, |publisher = Datanet India |access-date = 2018-01-01 |archive-date = 19 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200619204642/https://www.electionsinindia.com/mailer/bihar/agiaon_AC/agiaon_AC.html |url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
The Agiaon Assembly constituency was created in 2010. The list of the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing Agiaon constituency is as follows:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member <br />
!colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4"| {{center|''Until 2008: Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
|[[Shivesh Kumar|Shivesh Ram]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
|Prabhunath Prasad<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=yes}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
| [[Manoj Manzil]]<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021}}</ref><br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 elections in India#Bihar|2024^]]<br />
| [[Shiv Prakash Ranjan]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|[[Mahesh Paswan]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Agiaon<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web<br />
|title=Election Affidavit Portal – Official Contesting Candidate Information for Agiaon Assembly Constituency, Bihar 2025<br />
|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/<br />
|website=Election Commission of India<br />
|access-date=2025-10-24<br />
|url-status=live<br />
|language=en<br />
}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Mahesh Paswan]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:69412}}<br />
|percentage = 45.2<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Shiv Prakash Ranjan]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:69317}}<br />
|percentage = 45.14<br />
|change = -16.25<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Ramesh Kumar<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3882}}<br />
|percentage = 2.53<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Shyam Bihari Choudhary<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2508}}<br />
|percentage = 1.63<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Mukesh Kumar Ram<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1440}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3631}}<br />
|percentage = 2.36<br />
|change = -0.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:95}}<br />
|percentage = 0.06<br />
|change = -34.46<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:153554}}<br />
|percentage = 58.2<br />
|change = +5.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = BJP<br />
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
===2024 bypoll===<br />
{{Election box begin|<br />
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Bihar|Bihar Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Agiaon}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Shiv Prakash Ranjan]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)<br />
|votes = 73,460<br />
|percentage = 53.03<br />
|change = {{decrease}} 8.36<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Prabhunath Prasad<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|votes = 43,625<br />
|percentage = 31.65<br />
|change = {{increase}} 4.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 3,931<br />
|percentage = 2.85<br />
|change = {{increase}} 0.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 29,835<br />
|percentage = 21.38<br />
|change = {{decrease}} 13.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,37,807<br />
|percentage = <br />
|change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Agiaon]]<ref name="election2020"/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Manoj Manzil<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:86327}}<br />
|percentage = 61.39<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Prabhunath Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:37777}}<br />
|percentage = 26.87<br />
|change = -13.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = Rajeshwar Paswan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4972}}<br />
|percentage = 3.54<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Manuram Rathaur<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1765}}<br />
|percentage = 1.26<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bhartiya Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Indu Devi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1601}}<br />
|percentage = 1.14<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Shoshit Samaj Dal<br />
|candidate = Suraj Bhan<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1403}}<br />
|percentage = 1.0<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3787}}<br />
|percentage = 2.69<br />
|change = -0.56<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:48550}}<br />
|percentage = 34.52<br />
|change = +23.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:140616}}<br />
|percentage = 52.46<br />
|change = +0.41<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link no swing<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation)<br />
|loser = Janata Dal (United)<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Agiaon<ref name="Agiaon Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Agiaon Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/agiaon |access-date=3 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251203043819/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/agiaon |archive-date=3 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Dal (United)<br />
|candidate = Prabhunath Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:52276}}<br />
|percentage = 40.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Shivesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:37572}}<br />
|percentage = 28.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Manoj Manzil<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:31789}}<br />
|percentage = 24.34<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Upendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1493}}<br />
|percentage = 1.15<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:4244}}<br />
|percentage = 3.25<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14704}}<br />
|percentage = 11.26<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:130615}}<br />
|percentage = 52.05<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{coord|25.38|84.61|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chikhali,_Ratnagiri_district&diff=494116Chikhali, Ratnagiri district2026-04-15T21:30:12Z<p>Joseph678: Starting new biography</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}<br />
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Chikhali<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|17.25|N|73.58|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ratnagiri district]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = Chikhali<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chiplun]], [[Ratnagiri]], [[Karad]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]]<br />
| website = <br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MH]]<br />
| footnotes =<br />
<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Chikhali''' is a village in the [[Sangameshwar]] taluka of [[Ratnagiri district]] in [[Maharashtra]] State, India. '''Chikhli''' is other variation for the same name.<br />
<br />
==Transportation==<br />
Sangameshwar railway station is the closest railway station to Chikhali. [[Ratnagiri]] railway station is the railway station reachable from nearby towns.<br />
<br />
Ratnagiri and [[Chiplun]] are the nearest towns to Chikhali which have road connectivity.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Ratnagiri district]]<br />
[[Category:Chiplun]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Ratnagiri-geo-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atishi_Marlena_ministry&diff=488217Atishi Marlena ministry2026-04-15T08:57:57Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Cabinet of NCT of Delhi (2024-25)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox government cabinet<br />
|cabinet_type=Ministry<br />
|cabinet_number=12th<br />
|jurisdiction=[[Delhi]]<br />
|flag=Flag of India.svg<br />
|flag_border=true<br />
|incumbent=<br />
|image=Atishi Marlena.jpg<br />
|image_size=150px<br />
|caption=<br />
|date_formed=21 September 2024<br />
|date_dissolved=9 February 2025<br />
|government_head=[[Atishi Marlena]]<br />
|deputy_government_head=<br />
|government_head_history=<br />
|state_head=[[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lt. Governor]] [[Vinai Kumar Saxena|V. K. Saxena]]<br />
|members_number={{wd|property|P2124}}<br />
|former_members_number=<br />
|total_number=<br />
|political_parties={{Color box|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}<br />
|border=grey}} <br />
'''[[Aam Aadmi Party]]'''|legislature_status=[[Majority government|Majority]]{{Composition bar|61|70|{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}|opposition_cabinet=|opposition_party={{Color box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|border=darkgray}} <br />
[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]|opposition_leader=<!-- or | opposition_leaders = -->|election=|legislature_term=|budget=|advice_and_consent1=|advice_and_consent2=<!-- etc. -->|incoming_formation=|outgoing_formation=|previous=[[Third Kejriwal ministry]]|successor=[[Rekha Gupta ministry]]}}The '''12th [[Council of Ministers of National Capital Territory of Delhi]]''' was formed on 21 September 2024 and dissolved on 9 February 2025 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-09 |title=Atishi Marlena resigns as Delhi CM after BJP's thumping victory in Assembly elections |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/delhi-cm-atishi-marlena-resigns-after-bjps-thumping-victory-in-assembly-elections-13861308.html |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>with Chief Minister [[Atishi Marlena]] leading the government. The ministry also consisted of 6 [[Aam Aadmi Party]] MLAs of the Delhi Assembly, who were sworn in by [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Vinai Kumar Saxena|V. K. Saxena]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-09-17 |title=AAP's Atishi to replace Kejriwal as new Delhi CM Highlights: Arvind Kejriwal tenders resignation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/arvind-kejriwal-resignation-delhi-chief-minister-aap-lieutenant-governor-meeting-live-updates-september-17-2024/article68650423.ece |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{see also|2022 Delhi liquor scam|Arrest of Arvind Kejriwal}}<br />
The ministry was formed after outgoing Chief Minister and leader of Aam Aadmi Party [[Arvind Kejriwal]] resigned on 17 September following his bail by the [[Supreme Court of India]] regarding [[2022 Delhi liquor scam]] case, upon conditions of not entering the [[Delhi government|Delhi Secretariat]] and signing any file without Lieutenant Governor's consent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-13 |title=Arvind Kejriwal bail conditions: Can't enter Chief Minister's office, sign files |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/supreme-court-arvind-kejriwal-bail-conditions-2599029-2024-09-13 |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
After getting bail, Kejriwal said he will resign from the office of Chief Minister of Delhi within two days. There were a lot of speculations among the media that senior cabinet member Atishi might be the next chief minister. However, she said in an interview that the party will decide about it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-21 |title=Atishi sworn in as the new Delhi CM: A look at top five controversies the AAP leader was embroiled in |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/atishi-to-be-sworn-in-as-the-new-delhi-cm-a-look-at-top-five-controversies-the-aap-leader-was-embroiled-in/articleshow/113546890.cms |access-date=2024-09-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On 19 September, Aam Aadmi Party MLAs chose Atishi to be chief minister-designate. Lieutenant Governor Saxena approved Atishi's appointment on 21 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atishi new chief minister of India's capital territory after Kejriwal quits |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/9/17/atishi-to-be-new-chief-minister-of-indias-capital-territory-delhi |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><br />
== Council of Ministers ==<br />
Following the oath-taking ceremony, Atishi had allocated other 5 members of the council and the portfolios as follows:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-21 |title=Delhi CM Atishi Marlena Oath Ceremony Live: Delhi CM allots portfolios, Atishi to head 13 departments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/atishi-marlena-oath-ceremony-live-updates-delhi-new-cm-oath-taking-swearing-in-ceremony-latest-updates/liveblog/113549032.cms |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi CM Atishi retains 13 ministries, Saurabh Bharadwaj keeps six and gets two more">{{cite news |title=Delhi CM Atishi retains 13 ministries, Saurabh Bharadwaj keeps six and gets two more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-cm-atishi-retains-13-ministries-bharadwaj-keeps-six-and-gets-two-more/articleshow/113559086.cms |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=22 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250308083219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-cm-atishi-retains-13-ministries-bharadwaj-keeps-six-and-gets-two-more/articleshow/113559086.cms |archive-date=8 March 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=n}}<br />
{{Cabinet table minister|title={{bulleted list|[[List of Chief Ministers of Delhi|Chief Minister]]<br />
|Public Works Department<br />
|Power<br />
|Education<br />
|Higher Education<br />
|Training and Technical Education<br />
|Public Relations<br />
|Revenue<br />
|Finance<br />
|Planning<br />
|Services<br />
|Vigilance<br />
|Water<br />
|Law (and all other portfolios yet to be allocated)<br />
|Other departments not allocated to any Minister.}}|minister1={{center|[[Atishi Marlena]]}}|minister1_party=Aam Aadmi Party|minister1_termstart={{start date|2024|9|21|df=yes}}|minister1_termend=9 February 2025|minister1_ref=<ref name=":0" />}}<br />
<br />
{{Cabinet table minister|title={{bulleted list<br />
|Health<br />
|Industries<br />
|Urban Development<br />
|Irrigation and Flood Control<br />
|Art, Culture and Language<br />
|Tourism<br />
|Social Welfare<br />
|Cooperative<br />
|}}|minister1={{center|[[Saurabh Bharadwaj]]}}|minister1_party=Aam Aadmi Party|minister1_termstart={{start date|2024|9|21|df=yes}}|minister1_termend=''9 February 2025''|minister1_ref=<ref name=":0" />}}<br />
<br />
{{Cabinet table minister|title={{bulleted list|Food & Supply|<br />
Election}}|minister1={{center|[[Imran Hussain (Indian politician)|Imran Hussain]]}}|minister1_party=Aam Aadmi Party|minister1_termstart={{start date|2024|9|21|df=yes}}|minister1_termend=''9 February 2025''|minister1_ref=<ref name=":0" />}}<br />
<br />
<!-- {{Cabinet table minister|title={{bulleted list|Information Technology|Home|Administrative Reforms|Transport|Women and Child Development}}|minister1={{center|[[Kailash Gahlot]]}}|minister1_party=Aam Aadmi Party|minister1_termstart={{start date|2024|9|21|df=yes}}|minister1_termend={{start date|2024|11|17|df=yes}} |minister1_ref=<ref name=":0" />}} --><br />
<br />
{{Cabinet table minister|title={{bulleted list|Development|General Administration|Environment, Forest and Wild life}}|minister1={{center|[[Gopal Rai]]}}|minister1_party=Aam Aadmi Party|minister1_termstart={{start date|2024|9|21|df=yes}}|minister1_termend=''9 February 2025''|minister1_ref=<ref name=":0" />}}<br />
<br />
{{Cabinet table minister|title={{bulleted list|SC and ST|Gurudwara elections|Labour|Employment|Land and Building}}|minister1={{center|[[Mukesh Ahlawat]]}}|minister1_party=Aam Aadmi Party|minister1_termstart={{start date|2024|9|21|df=yes}}|minister1_termend=''9 February 2025''|minister1_ref=<ref name=":0" />}}<br />
<br />
{{Cabinet table end}}<br />
<br />
== Former Ministers ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!No..<br />
!Name<br />
{{small|(Constituency)}}<br />
!Departments<br />
!Tenure<br />
!Reason<br />
!Party<br />
|-<br />
|1.<br />
|[[Kailash Gahlot]]<br />
Cabinet Minister<br />
{{small|([[Najafgarh (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Najafgarh]])}}<br />
|<br />
* Transport<br />
* Administrative Reforms<br />
* Information and Technology<br />
* Home<br />
* Women and Child Development<br />
|21 September 2024 – 17 November 2024<br />
|[[Resigned]]<br />
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Delhi Cabinets}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Atishi ministry}}<br />
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi cabinets]]<br />
[[Category:2024 in Indian politics]]<br />
[[Category:2020s establishments in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2024|A]]<br />
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2025|Atishi]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chintamani_Assembly_constituency&diff=494254Chintamani Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:21:00Z<p>Joseph678: Starting entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Chintamani<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 143<br />
| map_image = 143-Chintamani constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Chikballapur district|Chikballapur]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolar]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:225460}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| incumbent_image = Dr.M C Sudhakar, Minister of Higher Education ,GoK.jpg<br />
| mla = [[M. C. Sudhakar]]<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = J. K. Krishna Reddy<br />
}}<br />
'''Chintamani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Kolar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= 9 October 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" rowspan="2" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || M. C. Anjaneya Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| Narayanappa<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || T. K. Gangi Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1960 elections in India#Mysore|1960 By-election]] || rowspan="2" | M. C. Anjaneya Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. K. Gangi Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="3" | Chowda Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || K. M. Krishna Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Chowda Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || K. M. Krishna Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Chowda Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="2" | [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="2" | J. K. Krishna Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref name=election2023/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 97,324 |percentage = 51.05% |change = {{increase}}49.81 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 68,272 |percentage = 35.81% |change = {{decrease}}12.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. N. Venugopal (Gopi) |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 21,711 |percentage = 11.39% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 866 |percentage = 0.45% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,052 |percentage = 15.24% |change = {{increase}}12.34 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 191,011 |percentage = 84.72% |change = {{increase}}0.42 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 190,632}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 225,460 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.12 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}2.50 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 87,753 |percentage = 48.55% |change = {{increase}}7.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] |party = Bharatiya Praja Paksha |votes = 82,513 |percentage = 45.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vani Krishna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,233 |percentage = 1.24% |change = {{decrease}}6.26 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naa Shankar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,962 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. R. Sudhakar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,425 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 877 |percentage = 0.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,240 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{increase}}1.90 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 180,818 |percentage = 84.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.51 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 180,758}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,487 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.02 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |swing = {{increase}}7.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. K. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 68,950 |percentage = 40.83% |change = {{decrease}}2.67 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 67,254 |percentage = 39.82% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vani Krishna Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,665 |percentage = 7.50% |change = {{decrease}}36.95 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathyanarayana Mahesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,911 |percentage = 1.13% |change = {{decrease}}5.23 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Subash |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,706 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hari Sudhakara. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,252 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,696 |percentage = 1.00% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 158,148 |percentage = 84.81% |change = {{increase}}9.27 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 168,875}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,475 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.76 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal (Secular) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 58,103 |percentage = 44.45% |change = {{decrease}}6.72 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 56,857 |percentage = 43.50% |change = {{increase}}41.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathyanarayana Mahesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 8,311 |percentage = 6.36% |change = {{decrease}}38.45 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. S. Sudhakara Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,950 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. C. Krishna Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,681 |percentage = 1.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sudhakar Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,546 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Muniswamy |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,419 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,246 |percentage = 0.95% |change = {{decrease}}5.40 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,723 |percentage = 75.54% |change = {{increase}}2.22 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 130,710}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,044 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.52 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[M. C. Sudhakar|Dr. M. C. Sudhakar]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,256 |percentage = 51.17% |change = {{increase}}42.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 57,156 |percentage = 44.81% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunathgowda. S |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,463 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kupendra. C. M |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,100 |percentage = 6.35% |change = {{decrease}}7.30 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,540 |percentage = 73.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.26 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 127,540}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,956 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.44 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.23 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 58,977 |percentage = 51.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 43,315 |percentage = 37.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. V. Srirama Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,349 |percentage = 9.02% |change = {{decrease}}37.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. V. Ashwathanarayana Reddy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,106 |percentage = 1.84% |change = {{increase}}0.88 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,662 |percentage = 13.65% |change = {{increase}}12.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 121,718 |percentage = 76.58% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,747}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,388 |percentage = 5.25% |change = {{increase}}3.59 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 158,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.48 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}3.82 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 52,293 |percentage = 47.58% |change = {{increase}}9.01 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,395 |percentage = 46.76% |change = {{decrease}}12.47 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shivanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,431 |percentage = 1.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Sadappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,293 |percentage = 1.18% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. V. Narayanaswamy |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. C. Byreddy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 1,052 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 898 |percentage = 0.82% |change = {{decrease}}19.84 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 111,904 |percentage = 79.19% |change = {{increase}}0.74 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 109,907}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,863 |percentage = 1.66% |change = {{decrease}}2.13 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 141,317 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.56 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}11.65 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 57,139 |percentage = 59.23% |change = {{increase}}13.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 37,206 |percentage = 38.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddanarayana Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,191 |percentage = 1.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 19,933 |percentage = 20.66% |change = {{increase}}11.61 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,265 |percentage = 78.45% |change = {{decrease}}2.29 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,468}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,797 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 127,814 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.14 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.70 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 43,965 |percentage = 54.53% |change = {{increase}}11.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,665 |percentage = 45.47% |change = {{decrease}}11.88 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,300 |percentage = 9.05% |change = {{decrease}}5.65 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,808 |percentage = 80.74% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 80,630}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,178 |percentage = 1.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,327 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.51 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.82 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 39,525 |percentage = 57.35% |change = {{increase}}55.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Krishna Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 29,395 |percentage = 42.65% |change = {{increase}}13.36 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,130 |percentage = 14.70% |change = {{decrease}}24.52 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,628 |percentage = 77.72% |change = {{decrease}}4.89 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,920}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,708 |percentage = 2.42% |change = {{increase}}0.31 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,870 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}11.17 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 46,062 |percentage = 68.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Gangi Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,692 |percentage = 29.29% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammed Fazlulla Sharief |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 914 |percentage = 1.36% |change = {{decrease}}38.39 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Shivanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 561 |percentage = 0.83% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,370 |percentage = 39.22% |change = {{increase}}25.25 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 68,681 |percentage = 82.61% |change = {{increase}}10.35 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 67,229}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,452 |percentage = 2.11% |change = {{increase}}2.11 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,136 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}14.79 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Chowda Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,277 |percentage = 53.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Seethappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,402 |percentage = 39.75% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. V. A. Narayana Reddy |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,099 |percentage = 3.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. R. Seshagiri |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 1,576 |percentage = 2.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,875 |percentage = 13.97% |change = {{decrease}}6.70 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 57,953 |percentage = 72.26% |change = {{decrease}}5.51 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 56,354}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,202 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.66 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}6.61 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Gangi Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 29,975 |percentage = 60.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Anjaneya Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,705 |percentage = 39.66% |change = {{decrease}}4.21 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,270 |percentage = 20.67% |change = {{increase}}8.41 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,127 |percentage = 77.77% |change = {{increase}}7.91 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,680}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,024 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.28 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Anjaneya Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,664 |percentage = 56.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. Seethappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,931 |percentage = 43.87% |change = {{decrease}}7.73 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,733 |percentage = 12.26% |change = {{increase}}9.06 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 40,267 |percentage = 69.86% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 38,595}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,642 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}4.53 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 1960 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1960 elections in India#Mysore|1960 Mysore State Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Anjaneya Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,018 |percentage = 51.60% |change = {{increase}}11.98 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Kempaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,900 |percentage = 48.40% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,118 |percentage = 3.20% |change = {{decrease}}8.80 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 34,918}}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.02 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1957 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. K. Gangi Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,411 |percentage = 51.62% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Anjaneya Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,595 |percentage = 39.62% |change = {{increase}}6.49 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Narayanaswamy |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,074 |percentage = 6.52% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Sreenivasa Rao |party = Independent politician |votes = 709 |percentage = 2.23% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,816 |percentage = 12.00% |change = {{increase}}10.83 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,789 |percentage = 66.37% |change = {{decrease}}12.86 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,789}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,894 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}45.64 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}26.32 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Chintamani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. C. Anjaneya Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 17,663 |percentage = 25.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangi Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,844 |percentage = 24.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. K. Narayanappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,991 |percentage = 21.47% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,412 |percentage = 13.48% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Yellappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,139 |percentage = 11.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. Narayanaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,758 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 819 |percentage = 1.17% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,807 |percentage = 39.61% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,807}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,111 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Chikballapur district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references group="lower-alpha" /><br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Chikkaballapura district]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]<br />
{{coord|13.40|78.06|display=title}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arwal_Assembly_constituency&diff=487754Arwal Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:15:15Z<p>Joseph678: created a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
|name = Arwal<br />
|type= SLA<br />
| map_image = 214-Arwal constituency.svg<br />
| map_caption = <br />
| map_alt = <br />
|mla = [[Manoj Kumar Sharma]] <!--Name of the current MLA. Leave blank for former constituencies--><br />
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
|region = <br />
|state = [[Bihar]]<br />
|district = [[Arwal district|Arwal]]<br />
|division = <br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|214]]<br />
|established = 1951<br />
| electors = 268,421<br />
|abolished = <!-- year abolished --><br />
}}<br />
'''Arwal Assembly constituency''' is an assembly constituency for [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[Arwal district]] of [[Bihar]], [[India]].<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web|url=https://arwal.nic.in/constituencies/|title=Constituencies {{!}} Welcome To Arwal District {{!}} India|language=en-US|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> It comes under [[Jahanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/arwal.html|title=Arwal Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|website=www.elections.in|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable" <br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
| Gudani Singh Yadav<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Budhan Mehta<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Shah Zohaiir|Shah Zohair]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
| Rang Bahadur Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
| Baneshwar Prasad Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |Krishana Nandan Prasad Singh<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<br />
| [[Ravindra Singh Kushwaha|Ravindra Kushwaha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<br />
| [[Akhilesh Prasad Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]<br />
| Dularchand Singh Yadav<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<br />
| Chitranjan Kumar<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<br />
| [[Ravindra Singh Kushwaha|Ravindra Kushwaha]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<br />
| [[Maha Nand Singh]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<br />
| [[Manoj Kumar (Bihar politician)|Manoj Kumar Sharma]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== 2025 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2025]]: Arwal<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Arwal">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Arwal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04214.htm |accessdate=1 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251201070358/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04214.htm |archivedate=1 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Manoj Kumar (Bihar politician)|Manoj Kumar]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:79854}}<br />
|percentage = 46.66<br />
|change = +13.26<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Maha Nand Singh]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:65761}}<br />
|percentage = 38.43<br />
|change = -8.75<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Veerendra Prasad Alias Veerendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3879}}<br />
|percentage = 2.27<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Shekhar Ram<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3719}}<br />
|percentage = 2.17<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Suraaj Party<br />
|candidate = Kunti Devi<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3376}}<br />
|percentage = 1.97<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Pancham Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3176}}<br />
|percentage = 1.86<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Satyendra Prasad Sharma<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2726}}<br />
|percentage = 1.59<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party<br />
|candidate = Divya Bharti<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1724}}<br />
|percentage = 1.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Amitesh Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1617}}<br />
|percentage = 0.94<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1451}}<br />
|percentage = 0.85<br />
|change = -0.79<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:14093}}<br />
|percentage = 8.23<br />
|change = -5.55<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:171135}}<br />
|percentage = 63.76<br />
|change = +7.81<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = BJP<br />
|loser = <br />
|swing = NDA<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2020 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2020]]: Arwal<ref name="election2020"/> }}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Maha Nand Singh]]<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:68286}}<br />
|percentage = 47.18<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Dipak Kumar Sharma<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:48336}}<br />
|percentage = 33.4<br />
|change = +4.5<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party<br />
|candidate = Subhash Chandra Yadav<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:7941}}<br />
|percentage = 5.49<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Mohan Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2594}}<br />
|percentage = 1.79<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Ajay Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2342}}<br />
|percentage = 1.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Anita Kumari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1498}}<br />
|percentage = 1.03<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party<br />
|candidate = Vimala Kumari<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1337}}<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2372}}<br />
|percentage = 1.64<br />
|change = -0.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:19950}}<br />
|percentage = 13.78<br />
|change = +0.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:144740}}<br />
|percentage = 55.95<br />
|change = +3.19<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation<br />
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
=== 2015 ===<br />
{{Election box begin<br />
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Arwal<ref name="Arwal Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Arwal Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/arwal |accessdate=1 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal<br />
|candidate = Ravindra Singh<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:55295}}<br />
|percentage = 42.62<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Chitranjan Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:37485}}<br />
|percentage = 28.9<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation<br />
|candidate = Mahanand Prasad<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:21354}}<br />
|percentage = 16.46<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)<br />
|candidate = Raunak<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:3650}}<br />
|percentage = 2.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Arjun Thakur<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2584}}<br />
|percentage = 1.99<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Samajwadi Party<br />
|candidate = Amrendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1702}}<br />
|percentage = 1.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Virendra Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1343}}<br />
|percentage = 1.04<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Independent<br />
|candidate = Sikandar Kumar<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:1312}}<br />
|percentage = 1.01<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:2574}}<br />
|percentage = 1.98<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:17810}}<br />
|percentage = 13.72<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = {{formatnum:129725}}<br />
|percentage = 52.76<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}<br />
{{coords|25.24|84.67|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Arwal district]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1963_Hazratbal_Shrine_theft&diff=4818321963 Hazratbal Shrine theft2026-04-08T19:09:03Z<p>Joseph678: created a details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1963 incident in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
On 27 December 1963, ''Moi-e-Muqqadas'', a relic believed by many to be strand from the beard of [[Prophet Muhammad]], went missing the from the [[Hazratbal Shrine]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], leading to widespread protests across the Indian subcontinent.<br />
<br />
The relic was recovered on 4{{nbsp}}January 1964.<br />
<br />
== History of the relic ==<br />
[[File:HAZRATBAL SHRINE 01.JPG|thumb|The [[Hazratbal Shrine]] in 2010]]<br />
The Blessed Relic was brought to Indian city of [[Bijapur]] in 1635 by Syed Abdullah Madani. It was then passed through his son Syed Hamid to a Kashmiri businessman named Nooruddin. In the late 17th century, the [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] imprisoned Nooruddin and seized the relic, moving it to the [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Sufi tomb in Ajmer]]. Aurangzeb returned the relic in 1700 after Nooruddin had died. The relic was preserved by his descendants and kept in a place that later became the [[Hazratbal Shrine]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Mīr Qāsim|first=Sayyid|title=My life and times|date=1992|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=81-7023-355-0|location=New Delhi|pages=95–96|oclc=27815766}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Theft ==<br />
On 27 December 1963, news broke out that the holy relic was stolen from the shrine. Around 50,000 people carrying black flags demonstrated in front of the shrine.<ref name="Hanging By The Relic" /> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', the [[Srinagar]] superintendent of police said that he believed that the theft had occurred around 2{{nbsp}}am when the custodians of the shrine were sleeping.<ref name="Hanging By The Relic">{{cite web|title=Hanging By The Relic|date=7 July 2014 |url=http://www.kashmirlife.net/hanging-by-the-relic-issue18-vol06-61615/|publisher=Kashmir Life|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The next day, the Chief Minister of the state, [[Khwaja Shams-ud-Din]], reached the shrine and announced an award of {{currency|100,000|inr}} for providing information regarding the theft. On 29{{nbsp}}December, a curfew was imposed and police arrested the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader [[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]]. To investigate the theft, on 31{{nbsp}}December, Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] sent the head of the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], [[Bhola Nath Mullik]], to Kashmir.<ref name="Hanging By The Relic"/> [[Mirwaiz Maulvi Farooq]] set up the Sacred Relic Action Committee, of which he was the president.<ref>{{cite web|title=The mystery of Moi-e-Muqqadas theft|url=http://www.risingkashmir.in/news/the-mystery-of-moiemuqqadas-theft|publisher=Rising Kashmir|access-date=23 January 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 4 January 1964, the relic was recovered, and the ''[[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir|Sadr-i-Riyasat]]'' [[Karan Singh]] organised prayers at a Hindu temple to help dispel communal tension.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=Victoria|title=Kashmir in conflict : India, Pakistan and the unending war|date=2003|publisher=I.B. Tauris|isbn=1-4175-6080-0|edition=|location=London|pages=103|oclc=57182067}}</ref> The relic was inspected and identified by [[Sayyid Meerak Shah Kashani]] as being genuine. Shah Kashani said he had seen the relic many times and could easily identify it.<ref name="Ahmad 2018">{{cite web |last1=Ahmad |first1=Khalid Bashir |title=Kashmir: The Sacrilege And The Turmoil |publisher= Countercurrents |url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/12/kashmir-the-sacrilege-and-the-turmoil/ |website=countercurrents.org |access-date=19 January 2023 |date=27 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sayyid Meerak recited a poem:<ref name="Ahmad 2018"/> <br />
{{blockquote|text=<br />
The Garden is bright with the light of Muhammad<br />
The light of Muhammad is reflected in every flower and every plant.<br />
|multiline=yes<br />
|author=Sayyid Meerak<br />
|source=<ref name="Ahmad 2018"/><br />
}}<br />
<br />
When Mullick informed Nehru about the recovery, Nehru said to Mullick that "you have saved Kashmir for India". In his memoirs, Mullick claims that the information about the investigation was not disclosed. The Home Minister of India, [[Gulzarilal Nanda]], also said in the parliament that the thieves "shall be identified".{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
On 17 January 1964, Nanda publicly identified the suspects, all three of whom were Kashmiri Muslims: the shrine's ''[[mujawar]]'' (caretaker) Abdul Rahim Bandey, local villager Abdul Rashid (who was caught while returning the relic), and "an important person who we believe has some affiliation with Pakistan" giving his name as Kadir Butt.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=1964-02-18 |title=3 Kashmiri Moslems Held In Theft of Prophet's Hair |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/18/archives/3-kashmiri-moslems-held-in-theft-of-prophets-hair.html |access-date=2022-06-17 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250923211052/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/18/archives/3-kashmiri-moslems-held-in-theft-of-prophets-hair.html |archive-date=2025-09-23 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> (The third's name was briefly reported in Parliament as "Ghulam {{abbr|Mohd.|Mohammed}} Butt,"<ref>{{cite web |title=Statement re Theft of Sacred Relic from Hazratbal |date=1964-02-17 |website=Digital Sansad |url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/bitstream/123456789/873760/1/03_VII_17-02-1964_p50_p50_PII.pdf |access-date=2025-09-23}}</ref> but was corrected later the same day.)<br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
Identification by its caretakers and other investigation made by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir (law and order), special identification team says its authenticity is indeed original. Post identification, a public [[wikt:دیدار|deedar]] ("viewing") of the relic was organized on 6 February coinciding with the anniversary of martyrdom of the fourth Caliph of Islam, [[Ali bin Abu Talib]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://countercurrents.org/2018/12/kashmir-the-sacrilege-and-the-turmoil/|title=Kashmir: The Sacrilege And The Turmoil&#124; Countercurrents|date=27 December 2018|website=countercurrents.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/india-news/hazratbal-shrine-with-holy-relic-has-a-tumultuous-history-16384.html|title=Hazratbal shrine with holy relic has a tumultuous history|website=Awaz The Voice}}</ref><br />
<br />
The incident triggered [[1964 East Pakistan riots|riots and ethnic cleansing]] of Hindus in [[East Pakistan]].<ref name=Keesings>{{Citation|date=25 July 1964 |title=Widespread Communal Riots in India and Pakistan |page=1 |work=[[Keesing's Contemporary Archives]] |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1310-1962-xx-xx-KS-a-JZW.pdf}}</ref> Hundreds of thousands of Hindu refugees poured into India between December 1963 and February 1964 as a result of the violence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Mayurakshi|title=Title: Calcutta Cauldron: City-life during the January 1964 Riots|url=https://www.academia.edu/43473655|journal=Indian History Congress Proceedings|date=January 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The stories of atrocities told by these refugees caused [[1964 Calcutta riots|violence and rioting]] against Muslims in Calcutta in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=Keesings/> Thousands of Christian tribals were also evicted later from East Pakistan and arrived in India as refugees.<ref name=Keesings/><br />
<br />
A fictionalized version of the incident is the subject of [[Salman Rushdie|Salman Rushdie's]] short story "The Prophet's Hair" (1981).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hazratbal Shrine theft, 1963}}<br />
[[Category:Individual thefts]]<br />
[[Category:Relics]]<br />
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]<br />
[[Category:1960s in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:1963 crimes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Crime in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:1960s in Islam]]<br />
[[Category:1963 in religion]]<br />
[[Category:1964 in religion]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neoserica_barberi&diff=521672Neoserica barberi2026-04-05T10:11:16Z<p>Joseph678: starting entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of beetle}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = Neoserica_barberi.jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image2 = <br />
| image2_caption = <br />
| genus= Neoserica<br />
| species = barberi<br />
| authority = ([[David Sharp (entomologist)|Sharp]], 1903)<ref>[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id1674409/ BioLib]</ref><br />
| synonyms =<br />
*''Melaserica barberi'' <small>Sharp, 1903</small><br />
}}<br />
'''''Neoserica barberi''''' is a species of [[beetle]] of the family [[Scarabaeidae]]. It is found in southern India.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |last1= Fabrizi |first1= Silvia|last2= Ahrens |first2= Dirk|date= 2016|title= A monograph of Sericini of India (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae).|url= http://www.zoologicalbulletin.de/articles/bzb-2016|journal= Bonn Zoological Bulletin Supplementum|volume= 65|issue= |publisher= |pages= 1–355|doi= |access-date= October 28, 2025}} {{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description== <br />
Adults reach a length of about 10.8&nbsp;mm. They have a dark brown, oblong-oval body. The antennal club is brown and ventral surface is yellowish brown and the dorsal surface is dull, sparsely setose on the head and elytra.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q28788034}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Beetles described in 1903]]<br />
[[Category:Beetles of India]]<br />
[[Category:Neoserica|barberi]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by David Sharp]]<br />
<br />
{{Neoserica-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Footprints_of_a_Queer_History&diff=499250Footprints of a Queer History2026-04-02T12:13:53Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2022 nonfiction book by Maya Sharma}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Footprints of a Queer History: Life Stories from Gujarat<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| author = Maya Sharma<br />
| language = English<br />
| published = 2022<br />
| publisher = [[Yoda Press]]<br />
| subject = [[History]], [[LGBTQ topics]]<br />
| pub_place = New Delhi, India<br />
| pages = 359<br />
| isbn = 978-9-382-57935-9<br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| website = <br />
| country = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Footprints of a Queer History: Life Stories from Gujarat''''' is a 2022 non-fiction book by Maya Sharma, published by [[Yoda Press]]. It shares the experiences of [[Trans man|trans men]] and [[lesbian]] women living in [[Gujarat]] and some of the politics and history affecting [[queer]] people there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=26 February 2023 |title=From memoirs to fiction, from poetry to YA, queer literature offers more reading options than ever |url=https://scroll.in/article/1044555/from-memoirs-to-fiction-from-essays-to-ya-queer-literature-offers-more-reading-options-than-ever |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> The book won the 2023 [[Rainbow Awards|Rainbow Award]] for Nonfiction.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=11 December 2023 |title=Rainbow Lit Fest 2023: Winners of the inaugural Rainbow Awards for Literature and Journalism announced |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/lifestyle/books/rainbow-lit-fest-2023-winners-of-the-inaugural-rainbow-awards-for-literature-and-journalism-announced-11886261.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211132750/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/lifestyle/books/rainbow-lit-fest-2023-winners-of-the-inaugural-rainbow-awards-for-literature-and-journalism-announced-11886261.html |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date= |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Contents ==<br />
''Footprints of a Queer History: Life Stories from Gujarat'' centers on the experiences of queer people, those who identified with shifting or marginal gender and sexual identities, and especially those who defied the bounds of the communities they lived in. It also tells the history of Vikalp and its evolution to serve more people, and discusses the policies and cultures that affected the opportunities available to queer people in Gujarat.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=3 November 2022 |title=Stories Of People Like Us: Review Of ‘Footprints Of A Queer History’ |url=https://gaysifamily.com/culture/stories-of-people-like-us-review-of-footprints-of-a-queer-history/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=[[Gaysi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The book additionally biographies Sharma's own life and history of activism with Vikalp.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Gandhi |first=Nanjani |date=14 December 2023 |title=Maya Sharma. Footprints of a Queer History: Life Stories from Gujarat |url=http://journals.openedition.org/samaj/8943 |journal=South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal |volume=31 |doi=10.4000/kk1j |via=OpenEdition Journals|doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
<br />
The book's preface provides background to how stories were gathered and Sharma's own relationship to the sources and issues used in the book. She explains that her definition of queer follows that of Arvind Narrain, saying more than describing LGBT people, it is "about loosening up the rigid structures of caste, gender and compulsory sexuality".<ref name=":3" /> Sharma also discusses how her understanding of LGBTQ issues and identities has shifted over time, alongside Vikalp's understanding and relation to the community. She explains that her language and terminology will evolve throughout the book to reflect this process of change.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Modi |first=Chintan Girish |date=16 September 2022 |title=Crossing the LGBTQIA+ bar |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/crossing-the-lgbtqia-bar-122091600861_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921024946/https://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/crossing-the-lgbtqia-bar-122091600861_1.html |archive-date=2022-09-21 |access-date=2026-03-18 |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The early chapters discuss some queer history, culture, and politics in Gujarat.<ref name=":3" /> ''Footprints of a Queer History'' primarily shares the stories of queer people, especially trans men, in the chapters that follow. Alongside these stories, it discusses how queer people in Gujarat worked within the political and legal landscape to live their lives. One custom, ''Maitri Karar'', or friendship contract, allowed people to sign contracts to codify a relationship and living arrangement without marriage. Some queer women signed these contracts with their partners and lived together with some legal tolerance and rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2023 |title=Maitri Karar: A Gujarati custom that allow queer relationships legitimacy |url=https://agentsofishq.com/post/maitri-karar-a-gujarati-custom-that-allow-queer-relationships-legitimacy-648af318474c4#:~:text=Agents%20of%20Ishq-,Maitri%20Karar:%20A%20Gujarati%20custom%20that%20allow%20queer%20relationships%20legitimacy,it%20to%20live%20together%20legally. |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=Agents of Ishq |language=en}}</ref> Sharma documents other legal strategies employed by queer people, as well as the advice and financial assistance provided to them by Vikalp.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
In the rest of the book, Sharma shares personal stories. These include those of Shashi, a trans woman who experiences obstacles in the Hijra community, Amitaben, a sex worker, Mataji, a follower of Goddess Dasha Maa who experiences gender fluidity, trans people like Ankit and Virat, and another person who wrote a letter to Vikalp in 2002 describing gender identity and relationship changes.<ref name=":3" /> She includes the stories of her own interviews, interactions, and thoughts concerning her subjects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Maya |date=12 July 2022 |title=A new book captures personal stories of queerness within humdrum everyday life |url=https://scroll.in/article/1028002/a-new-book-captures-personal-stories-of-queerness-within-humdrum-everyday-life |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=[[Scroll.in]] |language=en}}</ref> Many of the stories document how queer people pursued authentic choices in living and relationships but dealt with violence, rejection and societal intolerance as well.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Saurabh |date=12 January 2023 |title=Year(B)Ender: Queerness In Literature In 2022 |url=https://gaysifamily.com/culture/yearbender-queerness-in-literature-in-2022/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=[[Gaysi]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Sharma also discusses her own opinions on many of the topics written about, including sex work, violence, and preferred pronouns.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite thesis |last=Arunima |first=Theraja |title=Kaleidoscopic (Re)belongings: An Analysis of Desire in Personal Narratives by Queer Indian Womxn |date=March 2023 |access-date=March 18, 2026 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of York |url=https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/34324/1/Theraja_204046793_CorrectedThesisClean.pdf}}</ref><sup>:163</sup><br />
<br />
== Development ==<br />
Maya Sharma published her first work, ''Loving Women: Being Lesbian in Unprivileged India'', in 2006. It was the first book to provide a detailed study of the lives of working-class queer women and trans people in India.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><sup>:20-21</sup> Sharma identifies as a lesbian, feminist, and non-academic activist. She has worked for years with Vikalp, a group founded to support Gujarat women dealing with domestic violence, which expanded to help with discrimination issues across identities. A subgroup called Sabrang supported trans people, especially transmasculine people and their partners.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
Sharma explained that she gathered the stories included in ''Footprints of a Queer History'' during her work with Vikalp, both in documenting her work and in recording stories for personal pleasure. She also collected stories via other activists and connections via Vikalp and Sabrang.<ref name=":3" /> Sharma believes that more queer history needs to be documented, saying that younger generations should learn how to write letters for the sake of later archives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Debojit |last2=Ansari |first2=Halima |date=11 July 2023 |title=IDR Interviews {{!}} Maya Sharma |url=https://idronline.org/features/social-justice/interview-with-maya-sharma-a-lesbian-and-feminist-activist/ |access-date=2026-03-19 |website=India Development Review |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nanjani Gandhi credited [[Yoda Press]] for its publication of the book. Gandhi named it as one of the few companies interested in publishing works like this one, due to being one of very few [[Small press|alternative presses]] in India.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''Footprints of a Queer History'' won the inaugural [[Rainbow Awards|Rainbow Award]] for Nonfiction in 2023.<ref name=":2" /> <br />
<br />
''[[Gaysi]]''<nowiki/>'s Saurabh Sharma reviewed it as a delightful book that centers the voices of its storytellers and reveals the structures and policies that regulate bodies and desire.<ref name=":1" /> Chintan Girish Modi, reviewing for ''[[Business Standard]],'' questions the ethical decisions Sharma made while interviewing her book's subjects, but recommended the book for people who wanted to learn more about underreported parts of the Indian LGBTQIA+ movement.<ref name=":4" /> ''Footprints of a Queer History'' was also positively reviewed by Nanjani Gandhi in the ''South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal'' as a record of overlooked experiences that would be useful to scholars and policymakers.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references responsive="0"></references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://scroll.in/article/1028002/a-new-book-captures-personal-stories-of-queerness-within-humdrum-everyday-life Excerpt from Scroll.in]<br />
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:LGBTQ literature in India]]<br />
[[Category:2022 LGBTQ-related literary works]]<br />
[[Category:Books about trans men]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=%2796_(soundtrack)&diff=481580'96 (soundtrack)2026-04-02T07:00:08Z<p>Joseph678: created a pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2018 album by Govind Vasantha}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = '96 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| cover = 96 Music from the Motion Picture.png<br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 24 August 2018<br />
| recorded = 2017–2018<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 34:37<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| label = [[Think Music]]<br>[[Lahari Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| prev_title =<br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|KZZLqoRuuHw|Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Extra chronology<br />
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| prev_title = [[Asuravadham]]<br />
| prev_year = 2018<br />
| title = 96<br />
| year = 2018<br />
| next_title = [[Seethakaathi]]<br />
| next_year = 2018<br />
}}<br />
{{Singles<br />
| name = 96<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Kaathalae Kaathalae<br />
| single1date = 30 July 2018<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The [[feature film soundtrack]] to the 2018 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[romance film]] [['96 (film)|of the same name]] is composed by [[Govind Vasantha]]. The film starred [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] in the leading roles, and was directed by cinematographer C. Prem Kumar in his directorial debut. It revolves around two high school sweethearts, Ram and Jaanu, hailing from the batch of 1996 parted ways, and they meet at a reunion after 22 years. Govind was hired as the film's composer, following his relationship with [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]] during the production of ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]'', where Prem Kumar handled the cinematography for the film. The delay over the film's release meant that ''96'' becoming the composer's third film to be released after ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (2017) and ''[[Asuravadham]]'' (2018).<br />
<br />
The soundtrack had eight songs in total; five of them featured only in the film. Govind had made use of minimal instruments in the film and had two playback singers [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] and [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], providing vocals to most of the songs in the film's soundtrack, and also serving as playback for the lead characters. One of the tracks "Kaathalae Kaathalae", was initially meant to be an [[instrumental]], not being included in the album. But, as it received rave response, after being featured in the teaser, the song was released as a single from the film on 30 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-30 |title='Kaadhale Kaadhale' song from '96' out – we're playing it on loop already! |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaadhale-kaadhale-song-96-out-were-playing-it-loop-already-85687 |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205448/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kaadhale-kaadhale-song-96-out-were-playing-it-loop-already-85687 |url-status=live }}</ref> The album in its entirety was released on 24 August 2018 by [[Think Music India]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha Krishnan starrer '96' audio launched – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-krishnan-starrer-96-audio-launched/articleshow/65532482.cms |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626093054/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-krishnan-starrer-96-audio-launched/articleshow/65532482.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and opened to widespread critical acclaim from music critics, praising Govind for the music production and instrumentation, which were considered to be "fresh and vibrant" unlike mainstream songs dominated by [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]-based soundscape prevalent in Tamil films. It was further certified as the "best Tamil soundtracks of 2018". It also received wide consumer response from the audience and the songs, particularly "Kaathalae Kaathalae" topped radio and music charts. It eventually became a breakthrough for Govind Vasantha, who went on to work with prominent celebrities in the Tamil film industry.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title='96' sensation Govind Vasantha teaming up with Mani Ratnam – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/96-sensation-govind-vasantha-teaming-up-with-mani-ratnam/articleshow/66542132.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921000347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/96-sensation-govind-vasantha-teaming-up-with-mani-ratnam/articleshow/66542132.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
The music of the film was nominated at several award ceremonies including [[Filmfare Awards South]], where it won three awards at the Tamil branch — [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]] ([[Govind Vasantha]]),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Vasantha makes his Filmfare debut – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/govind-vasantha-makes-his-filmfare-debut/articleshow/72917426.cms |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060615/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/govind-vasantha-makes-his-filmfare-debut/articleshow/72917426.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist]] ([[Karthik Netha]]) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]). The album won two awards each at the [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] (out of three nominations), [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] and Behindwoods Gold Medal Awards. The album was nominated at three categories at the [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] and four at the [[South Indian International Movie Awards]], but did not receive any win. Film critics had highlighted the songs, score and use of film music as [[metaphor]], is considered as one of the factors, that had contributed to the film's success, apart from the performances of the lead actors, direction, scripting and other technical aspects.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
Govind Vasantha (formerly credited as [[Govind Menon]]) signed his maiden Tamil project ''[[Oru Pakka Kathai]]'', directed by [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]] in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Menon turns composer in K'wood – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/govind-menon-turns-composer-in-kwood/articleshow/42870199.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906062117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/govind-menon-turns-composer-in-kwood/articleshow/42870199.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the period of delay over the film's release, following financial constraints, C. Prem Kumar, who worked on that film as the cinematographer, roped him for ''96''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Kumar to direct Vijay Sethupathi's next – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prem-kumar-to-direct-vijay-sethupathis-next/articleshow/58681033.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060616/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prem-kumar-to-direct-vijay-sethupathis-next/articleshow/58681033.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Eventually, it was his third Tamil film to be released, the first being ''[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]'' (2017), where he was one of the 22 ensemble artists worked in the film and ''[[Asuravadham]]'' (2018), as a single composer. Prem Kumar believed that even before the film's shooting, the music would be an integral part of the film, saying that "though the film not being a musical drama, the emotions revolving around the characters will be conveyed through the music". As the film's story being set in one night, Govind said "I knew the characters in their entirety, their past and their future which didn't feature in the film. Maintaining the mood wasn't the challenge, but making sure the tunes didn't resemble each other was tricky".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=I hardly do happy music: '96' music director Govind Vasantha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/11/i-hardly-do-happy-music-96-music-director-govind-vasantha-1883750.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=17 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917174550/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/oct/11/i-hardly-do-happy-music-96-music-director-govind-vasantha-1883750.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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Though the original soundtrack album had eight songs, five of them were featured only in the film. Three of the songs in the album are in a duration of about 5–7 minutes. The album had a minimal use of singers and instruments with only the [[guitar]] and [[violin]] interludes used in the film songs.<ref name=":9" /> [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] and [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] were the playback singers for the lead characters Jaanu ([[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]) and Ram ([[Vijay Sethupathi]]), and predominantly contributed for most of the tracks. Govind Vasantha eventually recorded two songs for the film. The other singers were Gowri TP, who dubbed for the younger version of the character Jaanu ([[Gouri G. Kishan]]), and carnatic musician Bhadra Rajin. Since the director and composer felt that "her character was musically inclined and had wanted an artiste who could dub as well as sing", Govind initially zeroed another singer despite knowing that Chinmayi earlier gave voice-over for Trisha in the film ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010), he approached her and immediately agreed to be on-board after she liked the story.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2018-09-01 |title=I could emotionally connect with '96': Govind Vasantha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/govind-vasantha-on-his-tracks-for-96-and-changing-his-surname/article24829312.ece |access-date=2021-08-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200954/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/govind-vasantha-on-his-tracks-for-96-and-changing-his-surname/article24829312.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Production ==<br />
The first song to be composed for the film was "Anthaathi", which had a poetry written by the director Prem Kumar was added to the end of the song, and recited by actor [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], though he did not act in the film.<ref name=":10" /> Govind took more than six months for the composition, because he felt difficult to crack that song. Govind said that "Anthaathi" is the central piece of the film's album, which was meant to be a love anthem with a holistic perspective on love.<ref name="LifeofRam" /> Govind made use of carnatic elements infused with rock-and-pop mix, a huge choir ensemble was used for the larger-than-life-experience, the song is about. He composed for promotional purposes and not used in the film. Eventually, when he watched the final cut with the team, he asked Prem Kumar to use the track in the film.<ref name=":9" /><br />
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{{Quote box<br />
| quote="I read a poem long back. Though I could not remember the name of the poem or the poet, it is about the love story of a bird and a whale, who cannot live together. The same idea is used in the film. For composing the song, I used the bird-chirps and whale-songs in the middle of the number apart from the [[guitar]] and [[violin]] instruments."<br />
| source = — [[Govind Vasantha]] about the composition of the song "Kaathalae Kaathalae" in an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]''.<ref name="LifeofRam" /><br />
| align = right<br />
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}}<br />
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While working on the track, he produced another slower and ambient version of that song named as "Kaathalae Kaathalae", since "he was in the mood for composing that track". He did not want to include the song in the soundtrack album or in the film; it was later included in the first 1-minute [[Teaser campaign|teaser]] that was released on 12 July 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 Teaser: Trisha Krishnan And Vijay Sethupathi's Tale Of Love And Emotions |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/96-teaser-trisha-krishnan-and-vijay-sethupathis-tale-of-love-and-emotions-1882357 |access-date=2021-09-12 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=12 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912141855/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/96-teaser-trisha-krishnan-and-vijay-sethupathis-tale-of-love-and-emotions-1882357 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, as the song went viral, Govind reinstated the plans to work on it and a 3-minute song has been made from it which went on to be featured in the album as well as in the film.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2018-08-05 |title=Addicted to 'Kaadhale Kaadhale' from '96'? Meet Govind Vasantha, the composer |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-kaadhale-kaadhale-96-meet-govind-vasantha-composer-85999 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204036/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/addicted-kaadhale-kaadhale-96-meet-govind-vasantha-composer-85999 |url-status=live }}</ref> After multiple requests from fans, the song eventually released as the lead single from the album on 30 July. The song was sung by Chinmayi and Govind Vasantha. He produced two alternate versions of that song, with one of them being crooned by veteran playback singer [[Kalyani Menon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned singer Kalyani Menon passes away at 80 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/aug/02/renowned-singer-kalyani-menon-passes-away-at-80-25857.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060612/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/aug/02/renowned-singer-kalyani-menon-passes-away-at-80-25857.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was her last song to be recorded before her death in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2021 |title=Singer Kalyani Menon dies in Chennai at 80 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/singer-kalyani-menon-dies-in-chennai-at-80-1835808-2021-08-02 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/singer-kalyani-menon-dies-in-chennai-at-80-1835808-2021-08-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> In an interview with ''[[The Hindu]]'', Govind said that he composed that song within 15–20 minutes. It was eventually planned to be an instrumental track featuring only the violin interlude but went with the flow and composed as a vocal song. He did not edit the film according to the song, and was included in the [[rough cut]].<ref name="LifeofRam">{{Cite news |last=Sudevan |first=Praveen |date=2019-12-10 |title='Life of Ram took 10 minutes, Anthaathi took six months': '96' composer Govind Vasantha |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-and-ar-rahman-are-treated-like-gods-in-tamil-nadu-govind-vasantha/article30268516.ece |access-date=2021-08-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060612/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-and-ar-rahman-are-treated-like-gods-in-tamil-nadu-govind-vasantha/article30268516.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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For the track "Vasantha Kalangal", Govind composed a one-minute and fifteen-second guitar interlude appear in the introductory part of the song which communicates about loneliness. The track titled "Life of Ram" was recorded within 10 minutes.<ref name="LifeofRam" /> The album was eventually recorded using classical and unprocessed sounds, since Prem Kumar wanted the music to be subtle and "the songs to be cut from the same piece of cloth as the background score".<ref name=":0" /> In addition to the soundtrack album, Govind planned to reuse the original numbers composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] being included in the film and then release it into a separate soundtrack album, while [[Think Music]] decided to negotiate the rights for the albums from the respective music labels. One of the songs titled "Yamunai Aatrile" sung by Chinmayi was released on 15 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nagarajan |last=Natarajan |date=2018-11-12 |title=Violinist-Composer Govind Vasantha on '96 and mainstream choices |url=https://ahummingheart.com/features/interviews/violinist-composer-govind-vasantha-on-96-interview/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=A Humming Heart |language=en-GB |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060615/https://ahummingheart.com/features/interviews/violinist-composer-govind-vasantha-on-96-interview/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> However, the plan was dropped as Ilaiyaraaja accused the music director for using his yesteryear compositions, though the director had obtained permission from him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-27 |title=Ilaiyaraaja slams composers for using his music, '96' director says permission was taken |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ilaiyaraaja-slams-96-composer-using-his-music-director-says-permission-was-taken-102503 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906062115/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ilaiyaraaja-slams-96-composer-using-his-music-director-says-permission-was-taken-102503 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |title=Nostalgia king: How Tamil filmmakers are keeping Ilaiyaraaja's musical legacy alive |url=https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009121058/https://scroll.in/reel/923067/nostalgia-king-how-tamil-filmmakers-are-keeping-ilaiyaraajas-musical-legacy-alive |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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== Critical reception ==<br />
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=== Songs ===<br />
The album received rave reviews from music critics saying it as one of the 'best Tamil soundtracks of 2018'. A critic from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Govind gives us an eclectic yet symbiotic soundscape, a soundtrack that brims with emotion that touches your soul. The entire album just takes you to a place where you forget everything, except the world it creates."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-07 |title=96 music review: Make sure you listen to this album |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/96-music-review-trisha-vijay-sethupathi-film-5323274/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205129/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/96-music-review-trisha-vijay-sethupathi-film-5323274/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Surendhar MK of ''[[Firstpost]]'' called the soundtrack of ''96'' "as a breath of fresh air" as he felt that "Tamil music scene was being dominated by [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]-laden pieces and heavily [[Auto-Tune|auto-tuned]] vocals". Further calling it as "effusively enthusiastic", Surendhar praised Govind for bringing out "a vibrant and rhapsodic soundscape that is chock-full with the most original sounds".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-27 |title=96 music review: Govind Vasantha delivers a winning soundtrack for Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha-starrer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-music-review-govind-vasantha-delivers-a-winning-soundtrack-for-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-5051371.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629012958/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/96-music-review-govind-vasantha-delivers-a-winning-soundtrack-for-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-starrer-5051371.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharanya CR of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "Govind Vasantha gives us one of the best albums of this year and sets a benchmark for romance in Kollywood".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Review: 96 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-96/articleshow/65720114.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626151456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-96/articleshow/65720114.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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''Behindwoods'' gave a review saying "Heart-melting lyrics and soul-wrenching music that oozes with love!" giving a rating of 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-15 |title=96 (aka) Ninety Six songs review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/96/96-songs-review.html |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201122/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/96/96-songs-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' scored 3.25 for the soundtrack and said "Mostly on the melancholic side, understanding the album of its core theme will help appreciate it even more".<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 Music review songs lyrics |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/96-tamil-movie-songs-21247 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://www.indiaglitz.com/96-tamil-movie-songs-21247 |url-status=live }}</ref> Suhansid Srikanth of ''Moviecrow'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and stated the album as "a cassette you would want to have on your pack in your travel" and "a mood piece with its heart all over". He further went onto say "Govind Vasantha's indieness along with the sereneness in the vocals of Chinmayi and Pradeep Kumar (who have sung most of the songs) breaks all the conventional patterns in the structure, rhythm and even the rendition and lyric flow of the songs."<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 Songs – Music Review: A piece of art that calms you in traffic of life |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/21175/96-songs---music-review |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=moviecrow.com |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203541/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/21175/96-songs---music-review |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[Film Companion]]'' stated it as a "one-of-a-kind album that takes you on a trip into unknown territories" and "breathes love right from start to finish, and approaches it in a way like never before." Rangan praised Govind Vasantha for giving "a lovable soundtrack that had a long-standing effect on the listeners", further calling it as "a brilliance of the highest order".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-24 |title=96: Music Review by Baradwaj Rangan |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/96-music-review/ |access-date=2021-06-18 |website=Film Companion |language=en-IN }}{{dead link|date=September 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Srinivasa Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called the soundtrack as a "musical masterpiece"; praising the composer for bringing "beautiful unconventional tunes with the help of two exceptional singers crooning the beautiful lyrics by Uma devi and Karthik Netha".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2018-08-24 |title='96 album review: A musical masterpiece that is not to be missed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/96-music-review-a-musical-materpiece-that-is-not-to-be-missed/article30268516.ece |access-date=2021-08-24 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103212719/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ilaiyaraaja-and-ar-rahman-are-treated-like-gods-in-tamil-nadu-govind-vasantha/article30268516.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' wrote, "Govind Vasantha finally gets his well-deserved big break in Tamil, and knocks it right out of the park!", giving it a score of 4.5 (out of 5).<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2018 |title='96 – Music Review (Tamil Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/09/05/96-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |access-date=6 September 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201359/https://www.musicaloud.com/2018/09/05/96-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Karthik Srinivasan]] from ''Milliblog'' called it "easily the best Tamil soundtrack of the year",<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 (Music review), Tamil – Govind Vasantha by Milliblog! |date=24 August 2018 |url=https://milliblog.com/2018/08/24/96-music-review-tamil-govind-vasantha/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204126/https://milliblog.com/2018/08/24/96-music-review-tamil-govind-vasantha/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as did Siddharth K. from ''[[Sify]]'' who also called it "one unique musical experience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=96 audio review: Easily this year's best album! |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/96-audio-review-easily-this-year’s-best-album-news-tamil-si1oLKjegjjdc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828005533/http://www.sify.com/movies/96-audio-review-easily-this-year%E2%80%99s-best-album-news-tamil-si1oLKjegjjdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> On the contrary, Archana Nathan of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that "the soundtrack is dramatically different from [Govind] Vasantha's previous compositions in [[Malayalam cinema]]. Unfortunately, barring a few instances of brilliance, the rest of the soundtrack does not leave much of an impression, except for two songs – ''Anthaathi'' and ''Kaathale Kaathale'' – all tracks seem to embody a similar sombre and intense mood that works well only in a few places."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |title='96' music review: Only one outstanding song in this soundtrack and it is not 'Kaathale Kaathale' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/891708/96-music-review-only-one-outstanding-song-in-this-soundtrack-and-it-is-not-kaathale-kaathale |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201659/https://scroll.in/reel/891708/96-music-review-only-one-outstanding-song-in-this-soundtrack-and-it-is-not-kaathale-kaathale |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Film score ===<br />
Anupama Subramanian of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' said that Govind Vasantha's "enthralling music and the emotionally-charged songs, combined with its visual splendour, hugely elevate the proceedings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2018-10-02 |title=96 movie review: Vijay Sethupathi shines, Trisha's best-ever act in must-watch story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/021018/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-tamil-prem-kumar-best-adhithya.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809215447/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/021018/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-tamil-prem-kumar-best-adhithya.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Vikram Venkateswaran of ''[[The Quint]]'' praised the director Prem Kumar for the brilliant use of music as a metaphor in the film, saying that "Every slight inflection in the actors’ faces, triggered by inexplicable feelings, is cued beautifully through a stray note on the piano or the violin's sudden serenade".<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Venkateswaran |first=Vikram |date=2018-10-04 |title='96 Review: Of Aching Nostalgia and Pregnant Silences |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/96-review |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=TheQuint |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060612/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/96-review |url-status=live }}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' called Vasantha's music and film score as "evocative"<ref>{{Citation |title=96 Movie Review {3.5/5}: 96 taps into nostalgia to leave us with a high that only happy associations with our past can evoke |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/96/movie-review/66032687.cms |access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref> A critic based from ''Behindwoods'' said that Vasantha's "songs and background score is the life of the film and it feeds the right emotions making the film as musically rich".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=96 (aka) Ninety Six review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/96/96-review.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=14 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914170712/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/96/96-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K. of India Today called Vasantha's music as "the soul of the film"; praising the placement of the songs, particularly that of "Kaathalae Kaathalae", she said that the song is "magical to watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2018 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=96 Movie Review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha shine in poignant love story |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-director-prem-kumar-1354867-2018-10-03 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=3 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103212716/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/96-movie-review-vijay-sethupathi-trisha-director-prem-kumar-1354867-2018-10-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', Archana Nathan said that "Music plays a central role in the film but also shares the blame for stretching it. While Govind Vasantha's soundtrack helps voice the tension that hangs in the air between the two characters, there are far too many songs in the film. The better use of music is in portions where Kumar pays a sweet tribute to Ilaiyaraja's tunes, using them as a bridge between the past and the present."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nathan |first=Archana |title='96' film review: Vijay Sethupathi and Trisha shine in a beautiful ode to first love |url=https://scroll.in/reel/897030/96-film-review-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-shine-in-a-beautiful-ode-to-first-love |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US |archive-date=28 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128053851/https://scroll.in/reel/897030/96-film-review-vijay-sethupathi-and-trisha-shine-in-a-beautiful-ode-to-first-love |url-status=live }}</ref> An ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]''-based critic said that "the beauty of the film lies in the unspoken words, which get elevated by Govind Vasantha's lilting music, especially the violins and flutes to fill up the blanks".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-05 |title='96': A highly satisfying story of unfulfilled romance (Movie Review) |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/96-a-highly-satisfying-story-of-unfulfilled-romance-movie-review-118100500119_1.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |archive-date=9 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809225159/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/96-a-highly-satisfying-story-of-unfulfilled-romance-movie-review-118100500119_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Analysis ==<br />
{{Quote box<br />
| quote="The web that Ram has spun for himself and the tears that ensue, the story of two star-crossed lovers occurring under the stars, a love is that as beautiful and complex like a mehndi. You realise that every bit of that song is a spoiler if only you understood."<br />
| source = — Sudhir Srinivasan, on decoding the track "Anthaathi", in an article written about the significance of [[Tamil film music]] in ''[[The New Indian Express]]''.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=The magic Tamil film music produced in 2018 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/26/the-magic-in-this-years-music-1916522.html |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004161643/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/26/the-magic-in-this-years-music-1916522.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| align = right<br />
| width = 25%<br />
}}<br />
The use of film music in ''96'', mostly the [[Ilaiyaraaja discography|yesteryear compositions of Ilaiyaraaja]], has been viewed and analysed by many film critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New age composers do not have brilliant 'stuff': Ilaiyaraaja on using his songs in '96' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2019/05/27/ilaiyaraaja-on-using-his-songs-in-movies.html |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=OnManorama |archive-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919031917/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2019/05/27/ilaiyaraaja-on-using-his-songs-in-movies.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing an article to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' about how Tamil film music invoked magic in the recent times, Sudhir Srinivasan said that apart from the songs, the tunes used in the film were highlighted as it was considered to be "blissful" and "the lyrics attach with the emotions of the listeners, which owe to the superficial enjoyment of the songs".<ref name=":11" /> He also stated about the exclusion of "Anthaathi" from the film, as the song may serve as a spoiler in each bit, if listeners could understand the lyrics of the songs.<ref name=":11" /> In a review written for ''[[The Quint]]'', Vikram Venkateswaran compared the film's use of music to the [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film ''[[Baby Driver]]'' (2017) which he claimed as a "masterpiece in overt use of music in the edit of the film" and concluded that "The music is intermittent, poignant and never overpowers the natural sounds of the scene."<ref name=":13" /><br />
<br />
Commenting about the use of Ilaiyaraaja's songs in films, Archana Nathan of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' stated that "the tunes were not merely used as timestamps to date the early years of courtship between Ram ([[Vijay Sethupathi]]) and Janaki ([[Trisha]]). They also serve as powerful reminders of an era in Tamil cinema when romance was synonymous with Ilaiyaraaja".<ref name=":12" /> The director Premkumar revealed that he used the tune "Putham Pudhu Kaalai" from ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981) first, during the introduction part as he needed "a lengthy background tune to segue to the flashback to the childhood of the two characters, but it had to be represent a young woman's point of view". Trisha's character Janaki was also serves as the tribute to the singer [[S. Janaki]], since the character had a rich and textured voice and his parents also being a fan of the singer. This helped him narrow the [[Ilaiyaraaja discography|list of Ilaiyaraaja songs]], only those sung by Janaki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-25 |title=Kaatrin Mozhi to 2.0 and Ghajinikanth, how Tamil cinema used self-referencing for easy laughs in 2018 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaatrin-mozhi-to-2-0-and-ghajinikanth-how-tamil-cinema-used-self-referencing-for-easy-laughs-in-2018-5786741.html |access-date=2021-09-22 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=4 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004161642/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaatrin-mozhi-to-2-0-and-ghajinikanth-how-tamil-cinema-used-self-referencing-for-easy-laughs-in-2018-5786741.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12" /><br />
<br />
== Chart performance ==<br />
The track "Kaathalae Kaathalae" debuted in [[Radio Mirchi]] Top 20 Countdown list in August 2018,<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Latest Tamil songs on Tamil Mirchi Top20 countdown. |url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/1196 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=radiomirchi.com |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060614/https://www.radiomirchi.com/more/tamil-top-20/1196 |url-status=live }}</ref> and within the end of the month, it peaked at #1 on the chart. Other songs such as "The Life of Ram", "Anthaathi", "Thaabangale", "Iravingu Theevai" and "Vasantha Kaalangal" too dominated the chart positions within September 2018.<ref name=":6" /> "Kaathalae Kaathalae" continued to remain at the Radio Mirchi Top 20 Countdown charts till early-2019, and also topped the Top 100 Year-end charts, with "The Life of Ram" in #9 and "Anthaathi" in #13.<ref name=":7" /> The songs also appeared in [[92.7 Big FM|Big FM]]'s year-end chart with "Kaathalae Kaathalae" topping the list; Big FM gave "Album of the Year (2018)" for the soundtrack, and "Kaathalae Kaathalae" was chosen as the "Song of the Year".<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1079629579633991681 |user=BIGFMTamil |title=Album of the Year (2018) - #96theMovie We love you, team 96 ❤ |date=2018-12-31}}</ref> ''96'' album topped the first position, at the ''[[Sify]]'' Top 10 Albums of 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 10 Albums-The year 2018 had some amazing soundtracks |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-albums-the-year-2018-had-some-amazing-soundtracks-news-tamil-sm5kyMfgiidbj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231105947/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-albums-the-year-2018-had-some-amazing-soundtracks-news-tamil-sm5kyMfgiidbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''A Humming Heart''<nowiki/>'s Top 15 Albums.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nagarajan |last=Natarajan |date=2018-12-21 |title=Top 15 Tamil Film Albums of 2018 |url=https://ahummingheart.com/lists/yearly-lists/2018/top-15-tamil-film-albums-of-2018/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=A Humming Heart |language=en-GB |archive-date=17 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117132107/https://ahummingheart.com/lists/yearly-lists/2018/top-15-tamil-film-albums-of-2018/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref> The album ranked #1 at "Best Albums of 2018" by [[Saavn]]<ref>{{Citation |title=Best of 2018 (Tamil) – Albums – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn |date=14 December 2018 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/best-of-2018-tamil/2DmeFxwdlaU_ |language=en-US |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925064456/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/best-of-2018-tamil/2DmeFxwdlaU_ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the songs "Kaathalae Kaathalae" (at #1), "The Life of Ram", "Anthathi", "Thaabangale" and "Iravingu Theevai" was listed in their "Top 50 Tamil Songs of 2018".<ref name=":8" /><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
! scope="col" |Chart<br />
! scope="col" |Song<br />
! scope="col" |Position<br />
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Radio Mirchi]] (Top 100)<br />
|"Kaathalae Kaathalae"<br />
|1<br />
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Top 100 Songs – 2018 |url=https://www.radiomirchi.com/mirchi-top100/2018/1-20/14 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=radiomirchi.com |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060613/https://www.radiomirchi.com/mirchi-top100/2018/1-20/14 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"The Life of Ram"<br />
|9<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |"Anthaathi"<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|[[Film Companion]] (Top 10)<br />
|2<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Karthik |date=2018-12-20 |title=Top Ten Tamil Songs Of 2018, Ranked |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/top-ten-tamil-songs-of-2018-ranked/ |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Film Companion |language=en-US |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603080231/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/tamil-features/top-ten-tamil-songs-of-2018-ranked/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[The New Indian Express]] (Top 10)<br />
| rowspan="2" |"Kaathalae Kaathalae"<br />
|5<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ten Tamil romantic songs in 2018 that will make you fall in love! |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/28/these-ten-tamil-romantic-songs-in-2018-will-make-you-feel-so-single-1917689.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=17 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917041206/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/dec/28/these-ten-tamil-romantic-songs-in-2018-will-make-you-feel-so-single-1917689.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |Moviecrow (Top 20)<br />
|1<br />
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 20 Tamil Songs |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/tamil/top-songs/year/2018 |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=moviecrow.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"The Life of Ram"<br />
|6<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |[[Saavn]] (Best of 2018 – Top 50)<br />
|"Kaathalae Kaathalae"<br />
|1<br />
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":8">{{Citation |title=Best of 2018 (Tamil) – All Songs – Download or Listen Free – JioSaavn |date=14 December 2018 |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/best-of-2018-tamil/2DmeFxwdlaU_ |language=en-US |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925064456/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/best-of-2018-tamil/2DmeFxwdlaU_ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|"The Life of Ram"<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|"Anthaathi"<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|"Thaabangale"<br />
|13<br />
|-<br />
|"Iravingu Theevai"<br />
|29<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
!Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
!Category<br />
!Nominee(s)<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |5 January 2019<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Female<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் சினிமா விருதுகள் 2018 - திறமைக்கு மரியாதை |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502063612/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/147306-ananda-vikatan-awards-2018 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyricist<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Behindwoods Gold Medal<br />
| rowspan="2" |16 December 2018<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2018 |title=Event Story Of Behindwoods Gold Medals The Iconic Edition |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/event-story-of-behindwoods-gold-medals-the-iconic-edition.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101828/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/event-story-of-behindwoods-gold-medals-the-iconic-edition.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Behindwoods Gold Medals 2018 – Tamil Film Awards for best movies, artists and technicians |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626033252/https://www.behindwoods.com/gold-medals-2018/ |archive-date=26 June 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Voice of the Year – Female<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |17 February 2019<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Male<br />
|[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2019 |title=Edison Awards 2019 Winners List: Dhanush, Nayanthara & Others! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2019/edison-awards-2019-winners-list-dhanush-nayanthara-others-282950.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101820/https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/news/2019/edison-awards-2019-winners-list-dhanush-nayanthara-others-282950.html |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=Filmibeat}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Female<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Debut Music Director<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[66th Filmfare Awards South|21 December 2019]]<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html |archive-date=12 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]] |accessdate=20 December 2019}}</ref><br /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]] |accessdate=22 December 2019}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |25–28 April 2019<br />
|Best Music Director<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title='Pariyerum Perumal' bags Best Film award at Norway Tamil Film Festival |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194435/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/pariyerum-perumal-bags-best-film-award-norway-tamil-film-festival-94760 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 January 2019 |title=NTFF is now entering gloriously into its 10th year! – Winners |url=https://ntff.com/ntff-is-now-entering-gloriously-into-its-10th-year/ |access-date=3 August 2021 |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Lyricist<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Best Playback Singer – Female<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|15–16 August 2019]]<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyaya |first=Prakash |date=17 August 2019 |title=SIIMA Awards: Dhanush, Trisha, Mohanlal honoured in Doha; check out complete winners' list [Photos] |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-dhanush-trisha-mohanlal-honoured-doha-check-out-complete-winners-list-photos-803677 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803101827/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-dhanush-trisha-mohanlal-honoured-doha-check-out-complete-winners-list-photos-803677 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[International Business Times]]}}</ref><br /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=17 August 2019 |title=SIIMA 2019 winners full list: Dhanush, Trisha, Prithviraj win big |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817071054/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/siima-awards-2019-winners-rangasthalam-kgf-yash-keerthy-suresh-tamil-telugu-malayalam-kannada-5909506/ |archive-date=17 August 2019 |access-date=3 August 2021 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Karthik Netha]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack listing ==<br />
{{track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| total_length = <br />
| extra3 = Gowri T. P.<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Karthik Netha]]<br />
| length4 = 4:56<br />
| lyrics4 = Uma Devi<br />
| extra4 = Chinmayi<br />
| title5 = Thaabangale<br />
| length5 = 3:58<br />
| extra5= Chinmayi, Pradeep Kumar<br />
| title2 = The Life of Ram (Karai Vantha Pirage)<br />
| length2 = 5:53<br />
| lyrics2 = Karthik Netha<br />
| extra2 = [[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]<br />
| title3 = Yean<br />
| length3 = 2:23<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title4 = Vasantha Kaalangal<br />
| lyrics5 = Uma Devi<br />
| extra8 = Chinmayi, [[Kalyani Menon]], Govind Vasantha<br />
| title1 = Anthaathi<br />
| title6 = Iravingu Theevai<br />
| length6 = 3:41<br />
| lyrics1 = Karthik Netha, C. Premkumar<br />
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Govind Vasantha]], Bhadra Rajin, [[Nassar (actor)|M. Nassar]]<br />
| title8 = Kaathalae Kaathalae<br />
| note8 = Version 2<br />
| length8 = 3:16<br />
| length1 = 7:14<br />
| lyrics8 = Karthik Netha<br />
| extra6 = Chinmayi, Pradeep Kumar<br />
| title7 = Kaathalae Kaathalae<br />
| note7 = Version 1<br />
| length7 = 3:15<br />
| lyrics7 = Karthik Netha<br />
| extra7 = Chinmayi, Govind Vasantha<br />
| lyrics6 = Uma Devi<br />
| headline = ''96'' (Original Motion Picture Track List)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Background score ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = 96 (Original Background Score)<br />
| type = Film score<br />
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| cover = Govind Vasantha - 96 (Original Background Score).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 25 October 2018<br />
| recorded = 2017–2018<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Film score|Feature film score]]<br />
| length = 31:45<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| label = [[Think Music]]<br />
| producer = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_year = <br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{YouTube|znNfg2Ao-s|Audio Jukebox}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The original film score was released on 25 October 2018, following popular demand. The score was released in digital music platforms which had 18 tracks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-25 |title=Vijay Sethupathi's 96 Movie Original Background Score |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-96-movie-original-background-score.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Behindwoods |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/vijay-sethupathis-96-movie-original-background-score.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| title1 = 9 to 6<br />
| title9 = School Reopening<br />
| title10 = TC<br />
| length1 = 1:05<br />
| title6 = First Love<br />
| length6 = 3:35<br />
| title7 = Ink<br />
| length7 = 2:18<br />
| title8 = Jaanu Intro<br />
| length5 = 2:40<br />
| length9 = 0:36<br />
| title2 = Thanjavur<br />
| length2 = 1:05<br />
| title3 = School Entry<br />
| length3 = 3:05<br />
| title4 = 96 Get Together<br />
| length4 = 1:29<br />
| title5 = Waiting<br />
| length8 = 0:57<br />
| length18 = 3:13<br />
| title11 = Loneliness<br />
| length15 = 0:36<br />
| length10 = 1:45<br />
| title15 = Hair Cut<br />
| title16 = Jaanu's Wedding<br />
| length16 = 1:06<br />
| title17 = Climax<br />
| length17 = 2:22<br />
| note8 = Flute Theme<br />
| title18 = End Title<br />
| length11 = 1:08<br />
| title12 = Sharing<br />
| length12 = 2:29<br />
| title13 = Eyes<br />
| length13 = 1:19<br />
| title14 = Romba Dhooram<br />
| length14 = 0:53<br />
| headline = ''96'' (Original Background Score)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Additionals ==<br />
On 17 July 2020, [[Think Music]] uploaded a 10-minute video titled ''96 Medley'' in [[YouTube]] featuring a compilation of scenes and montages from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Vasantha's medley from Vijay Sethupathi & Trisha's 96 released – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/govind-vasanthas-medley-from-vijay-sethupathi-trishas-96-released/articleshow/76984485.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113093924/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/govind-vasanthas-medley-from-vijay-sethupathi-trishas-96-released/articleshow/76984485.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Songs such as "Iravingu Theevai", "Yaen", "The Life of Ram", "Anthaathi" and "Kaathalae Kaathalae" were used in the video, which was composed and sung by [[Govind Vasantha]]. The song was mixed and mastered by Rajan KS, while Vijay M. Raghavan edited the video and title animations done by Robin.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2020-07-17 |title=Watch: Music director Govind Vasantha enthrals us again with Ram-Jaanu '96' medley |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-music-director-govind-vasantha-enthrals-us-again-ram-jaanu-96-medley-128800 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717054524/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-music-director-govind-vasantha-enthrals-us-again-ram-jaanu-96-medley-128800 |archive-date=17 July 2020 }}</ref> The audio version of this medley was released in music streaming platforms the same day.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ancy |date=2020-07-19 |title=Govind Vasantha's Medley From Vijay Sethupathi & Trisha's 96 Is Out {{!}} RITZ |url=https://www.ritzmagazine.in/govind-vasanthas-medley-from-vijay-sethupathi-trishas-96-is-out/ |access-date=2021-08-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060613/https://www.ritzmagazine.in/govind-vasanthas-medley-from-vijay-sethupathi-trishas-96-is-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| title1 = 96 Medley<br />
| length1 = 9:57<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Netha]], Uma Devi<br />
| extra1 = [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Other versions ==<br />
For the Telugu remake of ''96'', titled ''[[Jaanu (2020 film)|Jaanu]]'', the director Prem Kumar, retained the major technicians from the original counterpart film, including the composer [[Govind Vasantha]], for whom, the film marked his Telugu debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Vasantha to score music for Telugu remake of '96' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/govind-vasantha-to-score-music-for-telugu-remake-of-96/articleshow/67708715.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/govind-vasantha-to-score-music-for-telugu-remake-of-96/articleshow/67708715.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Though, he composed four tracks originally for the film, Govind had retained three tracks from the Tamil album,<ref>{{Cite web |title='Oohale' from 'Jaanu' trends at #1 – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/oohale-from-jaanu-trends-at-1/articleshow/73654341.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=26 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626121723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/oohale-from-jaanu-trends-at-1/articleshow/73654341.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> which was released separately by Think Music.<ref>{{Citation |title=Jaanu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by Govind Vasantha |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/jaanu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1498032870 |language=en-US |access-date=2021-08-24 |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://music.apple.com/us/album/jaanu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1498032870 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Review: Jaanu – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-jaanu/articleshow/74009804.cms |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906085139/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/music-review-jaanu/articleshow/74009804.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> An additional hindustani alaap (''Kesariya Balam'') was sung by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] at the beginning of "Oohale", which was not present in the original song "Kaathale". The song "Inthena" from ''Jaanu'' was created from one of the background instrumental scores of ''96'' titled "Eyes" which plays during the college reunion scene.<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| total_length = <br />
| extra3 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]<br />
| length4 = <br />
| lyrics4 = <br />
| extra4 = <br />
| title5 = <br />
| length5 = <br />
| extra5 = <br />
| title2 = Komma Veedi<br />
| length2 = 3:50<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Sri Mani]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| title3 = Anantham<br />
| length3 = 8:24<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title4 = <br />
| lyrics5 = <br />
| extra8 = <br />
| title1 = Oohale<br />
| title6 = <br />
| length6 = <br />
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[Govind Vasantha]]<br />
| title8 = <br />
| note8 = <br />
| length8 = <br />
| length1 = 4:55<br />
| lyrics8 = <br />
| extra6 = <br />
| title7 = <br />
| note7 = <br />
| length7 = <br />
| lyrics7 = <br />
| extra7 = <br />
| lyrics6 = <br />
| headline = ''Jaanu''<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
The album emerged as a breakthrough for violinist-turned-composer Govind Vasantha, who went on to work with prominent celebrities in the film fraternity. Impressed by his work in the film, actor [[Suriya]] decided to rope Vasantha as the composer for ''[[Uriyadi 2]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-21 |title='Uriyadi 2' to be produced by Suriya's 2D Entertainment |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uriyadi-2-be-produced-suriyas-2d-entertainment-88725 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=11 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811160916/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/uriyadi-2-be-produced-suriyas-2d-entertainment-88725 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Uriyadi 2' rolls out from today – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uriyadi-2-rolls-out-from-today/articleshow/65871069.cms |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/uriyadi-2-rolls-out-from-today/articleshow/65871069.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jyotika's next with JJ Fredrick titled PonMagal Vandhal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/15/jyotikas-next-with-jj-fredrick-titled-ponmagal-vandhal-12961.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=24 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124113220/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/jul/15/jyotikas-next-with-jj-fredrick-titled-ponmagal-vandhal-12961.html |url-status=live }}</ref> both the films were backed by his home production [[2D Entertainment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-30 |title=Popular music director reveals Suriya's gift! - Tamil News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriyas-special-gift-for-music-director-tamil-news-248664 |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=IndiaGlitz.com |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060612/https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriyas-special-gift-for-music-director-tamil-news-248664 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the audio launch of ''[[Thambi (2019 film)|Thambi]]'', actor [[Karthi]] had said that he was "excited to work with the composer as he was impressed by his compositions on the ''96'' album" and praised him for bringing "a diverse range of songs in the album".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thambi: Some candid behind-the-scene pictures you must see – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thambi-some-candid-behind-the-scene-pictures-you-must-see/articleshow/72164856.cms |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060613/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thambi-some-candid-behind-the-scene-pictures-you-must-see/articleshow/72164856.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Mani Ratnam]] eventually roped him as the composer for ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]'', produced by Ratnam's production house [[Madras Talkies]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-12 |title=I wasn't prepared to meet Mani Ratnam at all: Govind Vasantha |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-govind-vasantha-5442660/ |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=28 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828211632/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mani-ratnam-govind-vasantha-5442660/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":4" /> but production delays meant that Govind was replaced by playback singer [[Sid Sriram]], for whom, the film marked his debut as music composer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=2019-08-24 |title=Sid Sriram on turning composer with Mani Ratnam's 'Vaanam Kottatum' and much more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-new-sid-on-the-block/article29242826.ece |access-date=2021-08-25 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=13 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413111718/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-new-sid-on-the-block/article29242826.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Post the success of the album, he made his return to [[Malayalam cinema]], by scoring for the big-budget film ''Padavettu'', starring [[Nivin Pauly]], [[Aditi Balan]] and [[Sunny Wayne]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fans go gaga over the poster of Nivin Pauly-starrer 'Padavettu' – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fans-go-gaga-over-the-poster-of-nivin-pauly-starrer-padavettu/articleshow/77061809.cms |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725021422/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/fans-go-gaga-over-the-poster-of-nivin-pauly-starrer-padavettu/articleshow/77061809.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
At the [[66th National Film Awards]], Govind Vasantha was the strong contender for the nominations of [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]] (both songs and score). However, to much displeasure, the film along with several other critically acclaimed Tamil films were not shortlisted for nominations at the award ceremony; members of the [[Tamil film industry]] blamed the absence of jury members from the Tamil branch which led Tamil cinema not winning any awards at that ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-14 |title=No National Award for Tamil Films, industry blames absence of regional members in jury |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/no-national-award-for-tamil-films-industry-blames-absence-of-regional-members-in-jury/story-wG5kIusu5M6gL5VdprxL8N.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/no-national-award-for-tamil-films-industry-blames-absence-of-regional-members-in-jury/story-wG5kIusu5M6gL5VdprxL8N.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-11 |title=National Awards 2019: Tamil cinema gets snubbed at the country's prestigious event after 26 years |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-awards-2019-tamil-cinema-gets-snubbed-at-the-countrys-prestigious-event-after-26-years-7144031.html |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=Firstpost |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906060611/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/national-awards-2019-tamil-cinema-gets-snubbed-at-the-countrys-prestigious-event-after-26-years-7144031.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Composer [[A. R. Rahman]] listed Govind as one of the "promising music composers in South India" following the album's success.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Vasantha is on cloud nine, as AR Rahman includes him in the list of promising music composers – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/govind-vasantha-is-on-cloud-nine-as-ar-rahman-includes-him-in-the-list-of-promising-music-composers/articleshow/70589107.cms |access-date=2021-08-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906062119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/govind-vasantha-is-on-cloud-nine-as-ar-rahman-includes-him-in-the-list-of-promising-music-composers/articleshow/70589107.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personnel ==<br />
Credits adapted from [[Think Music India]]<ref>{{Citation |title=96 Songs {{!}} Vijay Sethupathi, Trisha Krishnan {{!}} Madras Enterprises {{!}} C. Prem Kumar {{!}} Govind Vasantha |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZZLqoRuuHw |language=en |access-date=2021-06-18 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627215652/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZZLqoRuuHw |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
{{div col}}<br />
* [[Govind Vasantha]] – [[Composer]] (All tracks), [[Music Producer|producer]] (All tracks), [[playback singer]] (Track 1,7,8), [[musical arrangements]] (All tracks), [[violin]] (Track 7,8), [[recording engineer]] (Rajiv Menon Studio, Chennai) [Track 7,8], [[audio mixing]] (Track 2)<br />
* [[Karthik Netha]] – [[Lyricist]] (Track 1,2,3,7,8)<br />
* C. Premkumar – Lyricist (Track 1)<br />
* Uma Devi – Lyricist (Track 4,5,6)<br />
* [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]] – Playback singer (Track 2,5,6)<br />
* [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] – Playback singer (Track 1,4,5,6,7,8)<br />
* Bhadra Rajin – Playback singer (Track 1)<br />
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] – Playback singer (Track 1)<br />
* Gowri TP – Playback singer (Track 3)<br />
* [[Kalyani Menon]] – Playback singer (Track 8)<br />
* Sowmya Mahadevan – [[Backing vocalist]] (Track 1)<br />
* [[Veenaa-Murali|Veena Murali]] – Backing vocalist (Track 1)<br />
* Ala B Bala – Backing vocalist (Track 1)<br />
* Deepthi Suresh – Backing vocalist (Track 1)<br />
* [[Vishnupriya Ravi]] – Backing vocalist (Track 1)<br />
* Shanthini – Backing vocalist (Track 2)<br />
* Sindhuri – Backing vocalist (Track 2)<br />
* Madhumitha Shankar – Backing vocalist (Track 2)<br />
* [[Santhosh Hariharan]] – Backing vocalist (Track 7,8)<br />
* Yogi Sekar – Backing vocalist (Track 7,8)<br />
* Aravind Srinivas – Backing vocalist (Track 7)<br />
* Sudarshan Ajay – Backing vocalist (Track 7)<br />
* [[Jithin Raj (singer)|Jithin Raj]] – Backing vocalist (Track 8)<br />
* [[Pravin Mani]] – Backing vocalist (Track 8)<br />
* Vignesh Narayanan – Backing vocalist (Track 8)<br />
* Shenbagaraj – Backing vocalist (Track 8)<br />
* Naveen – [[Bass guitar|Bass]] (Track 1)<br />
* Kiran – [[Flute]] (Track 2)<br />
* Mithun Raju – [[Guitar]] (Track 2)<br />
* [[Rajhesh Vaidhya]] – [[Veena]] (Track 6)<br />
* Cochin Strings Ensemble (Track 4,5,6,7,8)<br />
* Avinash Satish – Recording engineer (20db Sound Studios, Chennai) [All tracks]<br />
* Lawrence – Recording engineer (Seed Studios, Chennai) [Track 1,2]<br />
* Dhileeban – Recording engineer (Seed Studios, Chennai) [Track 3,7,8]<br />
* Amith Bal – Audio mixing (Track 1,3,4,5)<br />
* Rajan KS – Audio mixing (Track 6,7,8)<br />
* Sreejesh Nair – [[Audio mastering]] (All tracks)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7019842/soundtrack/ ''96'': Music from the Motion Picture] at the [[IMDb]]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:96 (soundtrack)}}<br />
[[Category:2018 soundtrack albums]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]<br />
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhoja_II_of_Kannauj&diff=491228Bhoja II of Kannauj2026-03-28T23:58:00Z<p>Joseph678: created post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{About|Pratihara king|Shilahara king|Bhoja II (Shilahara dynasty)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Short description|Pratiharan emperor from 910 to 913}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| succession = 8th [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] Emperor<br />
| reign = {{circa|910|913}}<br />
| predecessor = [[Mahendrapala I]]<br />
| successor = [[Mahipala I]]<br />
| father = [[Mahendrapala I]]<br />
| mother = Dehanaga-Devi<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhoja II''' (910–913), according to the [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society's Plate]] of Vinakapala, acceded to the throne of the [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] empire after his father [[Mahendrapala I]]. His mother was queen Dehanaga-Devi. He reigned for a short time and was overthrown by his half-brother [[Mahipala I]].<ref>{{cite book|title=History of Kanauj: To the Moslem Conquest|author=Rama Shankar Tripathi|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1989|id={{ISBN|812080404X}}, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0404-3}}|pages=255–256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tnh2QjGhMQC&pg=PA255}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| title = [[Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara Emperor]]<br />
| years = 910–913 CE<br />
| before = [[Mahendrapala I]] (890–910)<br />
| after = [[Mahipala I]] (913–944)<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{Gurjara-Pratihara kings}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Pratihara emperors]]<br />
[[Category:Kings of Kannauj]]<br />
[[Category:People from Kannauj]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-royal-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rao_Satal&diff=529689Rao Satal2026-03-23T18:12:33Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Rao of Marwar from 1489 to 1492}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox monarch<br />
| name = Rao Satal<br />
| title = Rao of Marwar<br />
| image = Portrait of Rao Satal of Marwar.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| succession = Ruler of Marwar<br />
| reign = 6 April 1489 – 13 March 1492<br />
| coronation = <br />
| full name = <br />
| predecessor = [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]]<br />
| successor = [[Suja Rathore of Marwar|Rao Suja]]<br />
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 13 March 1492<br />
| death_place = Pipar, [[Marwar]], [[Rajputana]]<br />
| father = [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]]<br />
| mother = Hadiji Jasma Deiji d.of Jaitmal of [[Bundi]]<br />
| spouse = {{Unbulleted list|Bhatiyaniji Phool Deiji of [[Pugal]]|Bhatiyaniji Kalyan Deiji of [[Jaisalmer]]|Bhatiyaniji Harka Deiji of Bikampur}}<br />
| religion = [[Hinduism]]|<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rao Satal''' (died 13 March 1492) was a late 15th-century [[Rathore (Rajput clan)|Rathore]] [[Rajput]] ruler of the [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]]. He was the second son of [[Jodha of Mandore|Rao Jodha]] and elder brother of [[Rao Bika]] of [[Bikaner]] who while their father was alive laid the foundation of a separate territory for his descendants. Rao Satal is considered as one of the greatest martyrs of his race, as he's remembered for having sacrificed his own life to keep the honour of his subjects.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mahendra Pratap|last=Singh|url=http://therathore.com/udeka/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=45|title=Marwar: Land of Death|website=The Rathore|access-date=6 February 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082942/http://therathore.com/udeka/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=25&Itemid=45|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
On hearing that Afghan soldiers had abducted 140 girls from a village near [[Merta City|Merta]], he set out with an army to rescue the girls. Satal led his men to rescue the girls despite a Rajput tradition of not engaging in battle after sunset. The Afghan warlord Gudhla Khan had Herculean strength and the armour he wore was so heavy that no weapon could pierce it, Rao Satal was fatally wounded while fighting Gudhla but he was able to kill him by severing his head through an opening in his armour. Rao Satal saved the girls and personally escorted them to their village, but he succumbed to his wounds and died that night. The head of Gudhla was then taken by one of the girls and it was paraded around the town to show that Gudhla had been slain by the brave Rathore chieftain and that their honour remained untarnished.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vyas|first=Vijay S.|title=Rajasthan, the Quest for Sustainable Development|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2007|place=New Delhi|page=355}}</ref><br />
<br />
In commemoration of this event, a festival is held in [[Marwar]] in March.<ref>[https://www.bhaskar.com/news/c-20-881423-jd0317-NOR.html मारवाड़ में घुड़ला घूमा कर महिलाएं आज भी मनाती है अपनी आजादी का जश्न] Hindi News</ref> At sunset, on the appointed day, young married girls make their way to the local potter’s home to get an earthen pot, which is riddled with holes. The girls place an oil lamp in the earthen pot and the procession wends its way through the streets with the pot held high midst a chanting of folk song Gudhla ghoomelaji. The lamp is paraded in a similar manner as to how Gudhlas's head was paraded by the maidens after they were saved and reached their village. After sunset, the pot is taken to the nearest lake and gently cast away.<br />
<br />
The riddled pot symbolises the head of Gudhla Khan and the festival acknowledges the long-dead king who lost his life in the protection of his subjects.<ref>Rajasthan: A Mosaic of Culture</ref> <br />
<br />
Rao Satal is said to have founded Satalmer a village between south western and north western borders of Marwar and Jangaldesh and one of his queen Bhatiyaniji Phulam Deiji or Phool Kanwar, commissioned Phulelao Talab in 1490.<ref>Reu, Vishveshwarnath, Marwar Ka Itihas, Part 1, p104</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Mertiyo Rathors of Merto, Rajasthan |volume=II |page=20}}</ref> On hearing the sad news of Rao Satal's death at Pipar village all of his queens committed ''sati.'' <ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{s-hou|[[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]}}<br />
{{s-bef<br />
| before = [[Jodha of Mandore|Jodha]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-ttl<br />
| title = Rao of Marwar<br />
| years = 6 April 1489 – March 1492<br />
}}<br />
{{s-aft<br />
| after = [[Suja Rathore of Marwar|Suja]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Satal Rathore of Marwar}}<br />
[[Category:15th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Monarchs of Marwar]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:1492 deaths]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmiri_transliteration&diff=508833Kashmiri transliteration2026-03-23T00:19:10Z<p>Joseph678: Added new details w/ sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Representation of the Kashmiri language between different scripts}}<br />
'''Kashmiri Transliteration''' refers to the [[transliteration|conversion]] of the [[Kashmiri language]] between different scripts that is used to write the language in the [[Kashmir]] region of the [[Indo subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmiri alphabet, pronunciation and language |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kashmiri.htm |website=omniglot.com}}</ref> The official script to write Kashmiri is extended-[[Perso-Arabic script]] in both [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu-Kashmir]] and [[Azad-Kashmir]] cutting across religious boundaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Braj B. Kachru: An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri |url=http://www.koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri/Introduction/index.html |website=www.koshur.org}}</ref> Some sections of the [[Kashmiri Hindus|Kashmiri Hindu community]] use an extended-[[Devanagari]] script to write the language<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2009 |title=Valley divide impacts Kashmiri, Pandit youth switch to Devnagari |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/valley-divide-impacts-kashmiri-pandit-youth/472872/}}</ref> (previously written using [[Sharada script]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2010 |title=The Sharada Script: Origin and Development |url=http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107211343/http://www.koausa.org/Languages/Sharda.html |archive-date=2010-01-07}}</ref>). Transliteration is hence essential to cross this script-barrier imposed by religious affiliations and convert texts to cater all the [[Kashmiri people]].<br />
<br />
Since both Arabic and [[Indic scripts]] of Kashmiri are almost phonetic and preserve all vowels, it is feasible to design approximate rule-based systems that can transliterate between both the writing systems although the former is an [[impure abjad]] and the latter is an [[abugida]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Building a Cross Script Kashmiri Converter: Issues and Solutions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320547275 |journal=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref> Note that one cannot directly use the [[Hindi-Urdu transliteration]] systems since there have been various reforms on top of those scripts to accommodate Kashmiri phonology over [[Hindustani phonology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kashmiri (deva) |url=https://r12a.github.io/scripts/devanagari/kashmiri |website=r12a.github.io |access-date=2021-08-17 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126204254/https://r12a.github.io/scripts/devanagari/kashmiri |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to Kashmiri, there have been attempts to provide Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems for [[digraphic]] languages like [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] (written in [[Gurmukhi]] in [[Punjab, India|East Punjab]] and [[Shahmukhi]] in [[West Punjab]]), [[Sindhi transliteration|Sindhi]] (written in extended Perso-Arabic in [[Sindh]] and in Devanagari by [[Sindhi Hindus|Sindhis in partitioned India]]) and [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] (written in an [[Saraiki alphabet#Arabic script|extended-Shahmukhi script]] in [[Saraikistan]] and unofficially in Sindhi-Devanagari script in India).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perso-Arabic To Indic Script Transliteration |url=http://sangam.learnpunjabi.org/ |access-date=2021-04-07 |website=sangam.learnpunjabi.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saraiki - Devanagari Machine Transliteration System - SDMTS |url=http://www.sanlp.org/saraikiMT/index.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=www.sanlp.org }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri language]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajgadhi_Timbo&diff=528647Rajgadhi Timbo2026-03-21T16:14:41Z<p>Joseph678: starting post</p>
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<div>{{Infobox building<br />
| name = Rajgadhi Timbo<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| logo = <br />
| logo_size = <br />
| logo_alt = <br />
| logo_caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <!-- or | alt = --><br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23|46|51.4178|N|72|33|17.2030|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat<br />
| map_caption = Location in Gujarat<br />
| pushpin_label = Rajgadhi Timbo<br />
| pushpin_relief = <br />
| former_names = <br />
| alternate_names = Ruins of Jain Temple at Umta<br />
| etymology = <br />
| status = ruined<br />
| cancelled = <br />
| topped_out = <br />
| building_type = temple<br />
| architectural_style = [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Solanki architecture]]<br />
| classification = <br />
<br />
| location = Umta village, Visnagar Taluka, [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]]<br />
| address = <br />
| location_town = <br />
| location_country = [[India]]<br />
| altitude = <br />
| current_tenants = <br />
| namesake = <br />
| groundbreaking_date = <br />
| construction_start_date = <br />
| construction_stop_date = <br />
| est_completion = <br />
| topped_out_date = <br />
| completion_date = <br />
| opened_date = <br />
| inauguration_date = <br />
| relocated_date = <br />
| renovation_date = <br />
| closing_date = <br />
| destruction_date = possibly 1299 AD<br />
| cost = <br />
| height = <br />
| architectural = <br />
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| roof = <br />
| top_floor = <br />
| observatory = <br />
| diameter = <br />
| circumference = <br />
| weight = <br />
| other_dimensions = <br />
| structural_system = <br />
| material = sandstone<br />
| size = <br />
| floor_count = <br />
| floor_area = <br />
| elevator_count = <br />
| grounds_area = 100 sq metre<br />
<br />
| designations = [[Archeological Survey of India|ASI]] State Protected Monument (S-GJ-295)<br />
| known_for = <br />
<br />
| url = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| embed = <br />
| embedded = <br />
}}<br />
The '''Rajgadhi Timbo''' is a mound and historical site of medieval [[Jain]] temple located in Umta village in Visnagar Taluka, [[Mehsana district]], [[Gujarat]], India. The site is State Protected Monument under Gujarat State Archeology Department (GSAD).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The site of Rajgadhi Timbo was 50 feet high and spread in an area of 3000 square metre surrounded by village.<ref name="India Today">{{cite web | title=Medieval Hindu-Jain temple unearthed in Gujarat but GSAD avoids excavation work | website=India Today | date=18 June 2001 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/heritage/story/20010618-medieval-hindu-jain-temple-unearthed-in-gujarat-but-gsad-avoids-excavation-work-775032-2001-06-17 | access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="toi2001">{{cite web | title=Umta residents seek custody of Jain temple | website=The Times of India | date=26 July 2001 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Umta-residents-seek-custody-of-Jain-temple/articleshow/815274448.cms | access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The place was a site of massive Jain temple. It was possibly attacked by [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s generals [[Ulugh Khan]] and [[Nusrat Khan Jalesari|Nusrat Khan]] during the [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|1299 invasion of Gujarat]]. After the first attack in which the upper portion of temple was destroyed, the lower portion was buried in layers of lime under mound to protect it from invaders. After 250 years, Darbar Ummatsinh Rana said to have built the Rajgadhi (royal house) on the mound. In 1726, the Rajgadhi was destroyed in fire when the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s led by Kuntaji Bande burned down the village. In 1890, [[Sayajirao Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda State]] built a school on the mound. In 1985, the back portion of the temple was discovered while demolishing the dilapidated school building for new construction.<!---for cooperative store building--->.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="toi2001"/><br />
<br />
;Archeology<br />
In 1903, three Jain idols were discovered near Rajgadhi Timba. A farmer again discovered two more idols in 1963 which are now in Kunthunath Jain temple in village. The Gujarat State Archeology Department (GSAD) conducted preliminary excavation in 1984–85. The excavation in 1988-89 revealed structural remains of temple, bastion of bricks and few brick walls.<ref>{{Cite journal|year=1993|editor-last=Joshi|editor-first=M. C.|title=Excavation at Umta, District Mahesana|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201988-89%20A%20Review.pdf|journal=Indian Archaeology 1988–89: A Review|publisher=The Director General, [[Archaeological Survey of India]]|page=11|place=New Delhi}}</ref> GSAD collected some artifacts but it stopped the excavation few days later due to lack of funds. As GSAD stopped, with permission of district collector, the [[Śvetāmbara]] and [[Digambara]] sects of Jains joined the hands and started independent excavation in 1993 which was stopped due to disputes between sects regarding who will own idols. The dispute was resolved in 1999 and excavation was restarted in 2001.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="toi2001"/><br />
<br />
After 30 feet height of excavation, the Jain temple was unearthed. The temple complex was spread in area of 100 square metre. The sandstone temple is in [[Māru-Gurjara architecture|Solanki style]]. The upper part including ''Shikhar'' and ''Mandapa'' found in rubble the lower part is almost intact. Jain as well as some Hindu idols were found.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="toi2001"/><br />
<br />
The date of construction is not certain but the Prakrit inscriptions found on the pedestal of idols describes the idols were carved on the orders of King Jayasinh Umat and his consorts Shia and Sundari in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1240. It is constructed between 11th and 13th century. It seems to be constructed in two stages; the lower part in the 11th century. More than 70 idols were discovered belonging to both sects buried under sand near foundation of the temple which indicates intentional burial. The walls and pillars of temple has intrinsically carved images.<ref name="India Today"/><ref name="toi2001"/><ref name="DeshGujarat2012">{{cite web | title=This beautiful 1500-year old idol is stolen, inside job suspected | website=DeshGujarat| date=21 February 2012 | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2012/02/21/this-beautiful-1500-year-old-idol-is-stolen-inside-job-suspected/ | access-date=24 July 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Jain temples}}<br />
{{Jainism topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Destroyed temples]]<br />
[[Category:Jain temples in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Jain temples]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vira_Varma&diff=474967Vira Varma2026-03-20T11:36:45Z<p>Joseph678: improve content to improve readability and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
'''Vira Varma''' (born 1753)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wangchuk |first=Rinchen Norbu |title=Even The World's Most Powerful Company Could Not Scare These Indians |url=https://thebetterindia.com/235793/east-india-company-rebellion-1857-heroes-facebook-wall-street-journal-government-policy-technology-innovation-monopoly-india-nor41/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref> was the second-ranking prince of [[Kingdom of Kottayam]] and last Raja of [[Kurumbranad]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Lekshmi Priya |title=This Rebel King was so ferocious that even the British revered him%%page%% %%sep%% %%sitename%% |url=https://thebetterindia.com/154585/news-kerala-varma-pazhassi-raja-british/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He is more famous as the uncle of his better known nephew [[Pazhassi Raja]]. Vira Varma and his nephew Kerala Varma ([[Pazhassi Raja]]) rose to prominence in turbulent days that followed [[Hyder Ali]]'s [[Mysorean invasion of Kerala|invasion of Malabar]] in 1774.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Logan |first=William |url=http://archive.org/details/collectionoftrea00loga |title=A collection of treaties, engagements and other papers of importance relating to British affairs in Malabar |date=1879 |publisher=Calicut : Printed by A. Manuel |others=University of California Libraries}}</ref><br />
<br />
Described as a wicked and scheming person, Vira Varma also had vengeful and jealous disposition and was always at loggerheads with [[Pazhassi Raja]]. In 1792, he surrendered his kingdom to the British and agreed to collect and pay tribute fixed by British officials. In 1793, he was adopted by Rama Raja of Kurumbranad as successor.<br />
<br />
His cruel revenue policy led to a peasant rebellion led by his nephew, Pazhassi Raja. This rebellion turned into a full blown war between the British and Pazhassi Raja. In 1797, Pazhassi Raja won the war and one of his terms was for the British to recognize his claim that Vira Varma must not be permitted to rule Kottayam, since being Raja of [[Kurumbranad]] had removed his right to his native home. Britain accepted his claim and thus, ended Vira Varma's dream to rule Kottayam and Kurumbranad together.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian royalty]]<br />
[[Category:1753 births]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nippani&diff=522114Nippani2026-03-15T23:03:09Z<p>Joseph678: starting pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{More citations needed|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Copy edit|for=primarily grammar issues|date=January 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
<!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --><br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Nippani<br />
| other_name = <br />
| settlement_type = City<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br />
| pushpin_label_position = <br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4000|N|74.3833|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 =[[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district]]<br />
| established_title = <br />
<!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder =<br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| leader_title = [[M.P.]]<br />
| leader_name = Kumari. Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|M.L.A.]]<br />
| leader_name2 = Smt. Shashikala Annasaheb Jolle<br />
| leader_title3 = [[President (government title)#Sub-national|President]]<br />
| leader_name3 = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| Rank_District 2 = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 34<br />
| area_19 km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 585<br />
| population_total = 1,51,386<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nippanicity.mrc.gov.in/kn |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107145328/http://www.nippanicity.mrc.gov.in/kn |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2018 |title=Unknown}}</ref><br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = Third in district <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = Kannada<br />
| timezone1 = [[India Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 591237<br />
| area_code = 08338<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = KA 23<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/1000 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nippani (ನಿಪ್ಪಾಣಿ)''' is the third largest city, [[taluka]] in the [[Belagavi district]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], India. It is an important agricultural and commercial trade and education centre in the district. Nippani and its surrounding villages are known for growing high-quality [[tobacco]], which is rolled into [[beedi]]s.<br />
<br />
The City Municipal Council of Nippani was constituted in 1987. The Nippani Taluk was constituted in March 2018.{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Geography and climate==<br />
Since Nippani is close to the branches of the western [[ghat]]s, it enjoys a good rainy season. Temperature ranges from {{convert|16|to|40|C|F}}. Nippani is at its coldest in winter (November through February). It is located 77&nbsp;km from [[Belgaum|Belagavi]] and 39&nbsp;km from [[Kolhapur]].<br />
<br />
== Demographics==<br />
As of the 2011 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nippani had a population of 62,865.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=678002|title=Census of India: Search Details|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-29}}</ref> Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Nippani has an average literacy rate of 57%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 64%. In Nippani, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. [[Kannada]] is the official language; however, both Kannada and Marathi are dominantly spoken languages in Nippani.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10255/download/13367/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |access-date=2024-02-24}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Pie chart<br />
|thumb = right<br />
|caption = Languages of Nippani city (2011)<ref name="langs"/><br />
|label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 39.50 |color1 = darkslateblue<br />
|label2 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value2 = 35.41 |color2 = red<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 17.77 |color3 = green<br />
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 3.48 |color4 = orange<br />
|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 1.59 |color5 = steelblue<br />
|label6 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] |value6 = 1.55 |color6 = limegreen<br />
|label7 = Others |value7 = 0.70 |color7 = grey<br />
}}<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 39.50% of the population in the city spoke [[Kannada]], 35.41% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 17.77% [[Urdu]], 3.48% [[Hindi]], 1.59% [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and 1.55% [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] as their first language.<br />
<br />
==Business==<br />
Nippani is dependent mostly on [[agriculture]] and its local [[textile]] industry{{citation needed|date=February 2014}}. Nippani is also well known for its [[tobacco]] business, beedi factories, tobacco mills, foundry business, tile business, wood businesses, and aluminium pot making factory.<br />
<br />
Nippani is a notable tobacco producer in India, home to a tobacco trade market. Several sugar factories are located in or near Nippani, one of which is Shri Halsidhnath Sugar Factory. Other sugar factories are Sada Sakhar Karkhana in Hamidwada, Jawahar Sahakari Sugar Factory in [[Hupari]], and a final factory located near Bhoj Cross, 20&nbsp;km away from Nippani.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
<br />
Devchand College, [[Karnatak Lingayat Education Society|Karnataka Lingayat Education]] (KLE's){{clarify|What is KLE?|date=May 2021}} G. I .Bagewadi College are the notable colleges in the area.<br />
<br />
KLE's G.I. Bagewadi College of Arts, Commerce & Science is a very well known college in the Nippani region. In 2017, [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] gave A+ accreditation for the college, which is the first in the whole of Karnataka to get A+. KLE society has built Independent PU College beside the KLE College of Pharmacy in Nipani.<br />
<br />
VSM's{{clarify|What is VSM?|date=May 2021}} Somashekhar R. Kothiwale Institute of Technology, Nipani is the only engineering college in Nipani Taluk.<br />
<br />
Devchand College, formerly known as Janta College was established [[Padma Bhushan|Padmabhushan]] Shriman Devchandji Shah in 1960, and is affiliated to [[Shivaji University]], [[Kolhapur]]. Devchand College also hosts [[Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open University]], Centre for distance education, Shivaji University, Kolhapur.<br />
<br />
[[File:Aboutschool.jpg|thumb|K.L.E's English Medium CBSE School, district|452x452px]]<br />
<br />
K.L.E's English Medium CBSE{{clarify|What is CBSE?|date=May 2021}} School, Nipani was established in the year 2004.<br />
<br />
== Tourism and attractions ==<br />
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}}<br />
Nipani is 407&nbsp;km from [[Mumbai]] and 166&nbsp;km from [[Goa]]. There are tourists sites like Tavandi (Stavanidhi), Ramaling, Nipanikar Wada, Samadhi Math, Sai Mandir, and Jawahalal Nehru lake.<br />
<br />
Ramling Mandir: This temple is dedicated to lord Shiva. Situated in Shippur Hill 6&nbsp;km from Nippani, on Nippani Goa highway, it is believed to be held from Ramayan Yug. Beside its locations which is center of hill, the temple has regular and fresh water sources for the entire year. The temple hosts feast in Hindu month of Shravan, which comes in the monsoon season.<br />
<br />
[[File:Shri Kshetra Stavanidhi Brahmdev Digambar Jain Temple, Nipani, Belgaum District, Karnataka.jpg|thumb|Brahmdev Digambar Jain Temple]]<br />
Tavandi (Stavanidhi), which is 5&nbsp;km from Nippani, has four Jain temples. The huge idol of Brahmadev is visited by people from all sections of the society. There is a temple dedicated to Devi Padmavati between the main road and the Tirth Temple. The main temple at Stavanidhi has three Vedis. The first one is dedicated to Bhagwan [[Suparshvanatha|Surparsvanath]]. An idol of Bhagwan [[Rishabhanatha|Rishabdev]] of 11 A.D. is installed in this [[Chaitya]]. In the second Chaitya, an idol of Bhagwan [[Parshvanatha|Parsvanath]] known as Navkhand (nine pieces). There are idols of Yaksha Brahmadev and Devi Padmavati in this Chaitya. The third Chaitya is dedicated to Yaksha Brahmadev which has a huge idol of Sindoori color. On the upper storey, a Shassterakut and Chamukha are there. The images in Kayotsang posture of Bhagwan [[Neminatha|Neminath]], Baghwan [[Rishabhanatha|Adinath]], Bhagwan Parsvanath and Bhagwan Mahavir in [[Padmasan]] as Mulnayak are installed here. A fair is organized in the month of January on the night of [[Amavasya]].<br />
<br />
Visitors can stroll into the Nipanikar Wada and view the 19th century wall paintings. Around 4&nbsp;km From Nippani in village boundary Called Shirgupping can find well-preserved aqueduct which was built by the founder of Nippani city H.H. Shrimant, Siddhoji raje Naik Nimbalkar, Nippankar Sarlashkar Desai Sarkar. This water channel is an Engineering marvel of 19th centuries water system which served city for century, its famous among locals by name "Udatya Bambache Pani". The aqueduct is location and the storage in city is around 5&nbsp;km, water root still can be traced by chimney locally known as Udate Bamb.<br />
<br />
Ambhabai Mandir: this Temple is dedicated to lord Ambhabai, Situated in Mamdapur<br />
<br />
== Transportation ==<br />
'''<big>Road</big>'''<br />
<br />
Nippani is connected by road via national highways 48 (now part of the Golden Quadrilateral connecting [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]). [[North Western Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]] run buses to all corners of Karnataka and to neighboring states. There are many prominent private bus companies providing services to all major destinations in Karnataka and surrounding states. KSRTC{{clarify|What is KSRTC?|date=May 2021}} services almost all villages in Karnataka. 92% villages are served by KSRTC (6743 out of 7298 Villages) and 44% in other areas (6743 out of 7298). KSRTC operates 6463 schedules in a day covering an effective distance of 23.74 lakh km with a total fleet of 7599 buses. It transports, on an average, 24.57 lakh passengers per day.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}<br />
<br />
'''<big>Rail</big>'''<br />
<br />
A new rail track for Belagavi-Karad via Nippani announced in 2016 will pass through Nippani and ensure rail connectivity to the town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/Rail-budget-Nod-for-Belagavi-Karad-new-rail-track-expected/articleshow/51094503.cms|title=Rail budget: Nod for Belagavi-Karad new rail track expected |date=February 22, 2016 |first=Ravindra |last=Uppar |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Politics==<br />
[[Nippani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nippani]] is an [[Nippani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Assembly constituency]] in [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] Lok Sabha constituency. [[Shashikala Annasaheb Jolle]] is the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Nippani (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nippani]] and Ms. Priyanka Satish Jarkiholi is the [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]] [[Lok Sabha]] seat in [[2024 Indian general election]]s<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.nippanicity.mrc.gov.in/ Nippani City Municipal Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315213337/http://www.nippanicity.mrc.gov.in/ |date=15 March 2016 }}<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Belagavi district]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joy_Bhadra_Hagjer&diff=453465Joy Bhadra Hagjer2026-03-14T00:32:50Z<p>Joseph678: cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| honorific-prefix =<br />
| name = Joy Bhadra Hagjer<br />
| honorific-suffix =<br />
<br />
| office = <br />
| leader =<br />
| term_start =<br />
| term_end =<br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| term_start2 =<br />
| term_end2 =<br />
| leader2 =<br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1914|04|02}}<br />
| birth_place = Nanadisa near [[Haflong]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1973|7|16|1914|04|02}}<br />
| death_place = [[Shillong]], Shillong<br />
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| spouse = Nirupama Hagjer<br />
| party =<br />
| relations =<br />
| children =<br />
| residence =<br />
| alma_mater =<br />
| occupation = Politician, Writer, MP, MLA, Cabinet Minister for Tribal Areas and Development, Minorities and Culture, Govt. of Assam<br />
| awards = <br />
| profession =<br />
| signature =<br />
| website =<br />
| footnotes =<br />
}}<br />
'''Joy Bhadra Hagjer''' (1914–1973) was an Indian politician.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://megassembly.gov.in/proceedings/1973/23-07-1973.htm | title=Proceedings, Meghalaya Legislative Assembly | date=23 July 1973 | accessdate=20 June 2016 }}</ref> He held many portfolios in the Assam Legislative Assembly. At the time of his demise, he was undivided Assam's Minister of Veterinary, Jails and Minority Affairs as on 18 July 1973. He belonged to the indigenous [[Dimasa people|Dimasa]] community. He was honoured being founder president of [[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]] as its President,<ref>[[Bodo Sahitya Sabha]]</ref> and there are also some colleges in the state named after him.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
<br />
Joy Bhadra Hagjer was born in the tiny village named Nanadisa located near [[Haflong]]. He earned his Bachelor of Arts from [[Murari Chand College]], Sylhet.<br />
<br />
{{Empty section|date=July 2015}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/mpterms.aspx<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hagjer, Joy Bhadra}}<br />
[[Category:1914 births]]<br />
[[Category:1973 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1972–1978]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]<br />
[[Category:People from Dima Hasao district]]<br />
[[Category:Murari Chand College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Dimasa people]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]<br />
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br />
<br />
{{Assam-politician-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meiraba_Maisnam&diff=517330Meiraba Maisnam2026-03-10T13:07:56Z<p>Joseph678: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2002)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox badminton player<br />
| name = Meiraba Maisnam<br />
| image =<br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name = Meiraba Luwang Maisnam<br />
| country = India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|12|30}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India<br />
| residence =<br />
| height = 1.75 m<br />
| weight =<br />
| years_active = 2021-present<br />
| handedness = Right<br />
| coach =<br />
| event = Men's singles<br />
| highest_ranking = 53<br />
| date_of_highest_ranking = 24 January 2023<br />
| current_ranking = 62<br />
| date_of_current_ranking = 26 November 2024<br />
| bwfbadminton_id = 91651<br />
| bwf_id = 9EC5F4DC-9650-4FF1-A54A-007DB43E316C<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Meiraba Maisnam''' (born 30 December 2002) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players: Meiraba Luwang Maisnam |url=https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/player/91651/meiraba-luwang-maisnam |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref> He currently trains at Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy.<br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
=== BWF International Challenge/Series (6 titles) ===<br />
''Men's singles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#E9E9E9"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[Latvia International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Alex Lanier]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–15, 12–21, 22–20<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#E9E9E9"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[Bulgarian Open (badminton)|Bulgarian International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Daniel Nikolov]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–19, 7–21, 21–14<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2022<br />
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Danylo Bosniuk]]<br />
| align="left" | 18–21, 21–13, 21–19<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2022 (I)<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–16<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2024<br />
| align="left" | [[Nepal International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[B. M. Rahul Bharadwaj]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–16<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2025<br />
| align="left" | [[Bangladesh International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Numair Shaik]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–7, 21–12<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament<br />
<br />
=== BWF Junior International (4 titles, 1 runner-up) ===<br />
''Boys' singles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | Russian Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Varun Kapur]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–5, 21–9<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#AE9C45"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | India Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Ken Yon]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–13, 19–21, 21–23<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-Up'''<br />
|- style="background:#C6D4E1"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | Korea Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Lee Hak-joo (badminton)|Lee Hak-joo]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–10, 21–13<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | Bangladesh Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} Ong Ken Yon<br />
| align="left" | 21–14, 21–18<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"<br />
| align="center" | 2020<br />
| align="left" | Nepal Junior International<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Prince Dahal]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–23, 21–15<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament<br />
<br />
== Performance timeline ==<br />
{{Performance key (badminton)}}<br />
<br />
=== Individual competitions ===<br />
* ''Senior level''<br />
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'<br />
! rowspan="2" | Tournament !! colspan="5" | [[BWF World Tour]] !! rowspan="2" | Best !! rowspan="2" | Ref<br />
|- <br />
! [[2022 BWF World Tour|2022]] !! [[2023 BWF World Tour|2023]] !! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| 2023; bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2'''<br />
| colspan="3" | A<br />
| bgcolor="F0F8FF" | '''Q2''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Ruichang China Masters]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Ruichang China Masters|'''3R''']]<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2026 Ruichang China Masters|1R]]<br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Orléans Masters |'''3R''']]<br />
| 2023; bgcolor=F0F8FF | Q1<br />
| 2024; bgcolor=F0F8FF | Q1<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('22)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Taipei Open (badminton)|Taipei Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Taipei Open|'''1R''']]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Taipei Open|1R]]'''<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''1R''' ('23, '25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| 2023; bgcolor=F0F8FF | Q1<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Thailand Open (badminton)|QF]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Macau Open Badminton Championships|Macau Open]]<br />
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| A<br />
| 2025; bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2'''<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q2''' ('25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Baoji China Masters]]<br />
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Baoji China Masters|3R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Baoji China Masters|2R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Vietnam Open|'''3R''']]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Vietnam Open|2R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Vietnam Open|2R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Vietnam Open|1R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('22)<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100]]<br />
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Indonesia Masters Super 100|2R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|1R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|3R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('24 I)<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" | A<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Kaohsiung Masters]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Kaohsiung Masters|'''3R''']]<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Malaysia Super 100]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Malaysia Super 100|1R]]'''<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''1R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Syed Modi International|1R]]<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Syed Modi International|QF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Syed Modi International|1R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('24)<br />
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Syed Modi International 2024 badminton: PV Sindhu to play Unnati Hooda in semi-finals, Lakshya Sen also advances |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/syed-modi-india-international-2024-badminton-day-4-report |publisher=Olympics |date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Guwahati Masters|3R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Guwahati Masters|3R]]'''<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="AFEEEE" | '''3R''' ('23, '25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Odisha Open|3R]]<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2023 Odisha Masters|QF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Odisha Masters|1R]]<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor="FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Spain Masters]]<br />
| 2022; style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| 2023; bgcolor=F0F8FF | '''Q1'''<br />
| A<br />
| 2025-26; colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor="F0F8FF" | '''Q1''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | '''Year-end ranking'''<br />
| 2022; | 58<br />
| 2023; | 95<br />
| 2024; | 59<br />
| 2025; | 120<br />
| 2026; | <br />
| Best; | '''53'''<br />
|-<br />
! Tournament !! 2022 !! 2023 !! 2024 !! 2025 !! 2026 !! Best<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{sports links}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Maisnam, Meiraba Luwang}}<br />
[[Category:2002 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Imphal]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Manipur]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br />
[[Category:Competitors at the 2021 Summer World University Games]]<br />
<br />
{{India-badminton-bio-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faiza_Seth&diff=498840Faiza Seth2026-03-08T10:11:47Z<p>Joseph678: Starting info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Entrepreneur and philanthropist}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Faiza Seth<br />
| title = * Co-Founder of Norwest Industries Ltd. (PDS Multinational), <br />
* Founder of Casa Forma, <br />
* Founder of Soham for Kids<br />
| boards = * Member of the board at PDS Multinational Fashions Ltd, <br />
* Member of the board at Weinberg College of Arts and Science, <br />
* Vice Chairperson of the Northwestern University's International Campaign Committee (ICC), <br />
* Board of Directors Member Northwestern Alumni Association (NAA),<br />
* Board of Directors Member Northwestern College of Arts and Sciences Board of Visitors, <br />
* Trustee on the Northwestern UK Foundation<br />
* Patron of the British Fashion Council<br />
* LGT Sustainable Textile Committee<br />
* Serpentine International Council<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, India]]<br />
| education = [[Northwestern University]],<br />
[[Stanford University]]<br />
| occupation = Entrepreneur, Philanthropist<br />
| years_active = 1999–present<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Faiza Seth''' (born c. 1977 in ([[Hyderabad, India]]) is an American [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] based in London.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Seth grew up in Chicago and after graduating from [[Northwestern University]] in [[Evanston, Illinois]] in 2000 with a BA in Economics,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Between Worlds: Weinberg College - Northwestern University|url=https://www.weinberg.northwestern.edu/after-graduation/weinberg-magazine/crosscurrents-archive/2012-2013-fall-winter/between-worlds.html|access-date=2020-07-22|website=www.weinberg.northwestern.edu|language=en}}</ref> she moved to Hong Kong and worked on the Equity Capital Markets team at [[Lehman Brothers]]. She continued her education at [[Stanford Graduate School of Business]] from 2004-2006 where she obtained her MBA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stanford Graduate School of Business |url=https://www.gsb.stanford.edu/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Stanford Graduate School of Business |language=en}}</ref> Faiza Seth founded Casa Forma, an architectural and interior design firm headquartered in London in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casa Forma {{!}} Management team {{!}} Faiza Seth, Founder of Casa Forma and CF London |url=https://www.casaforma.co.uk/management-team/faiza-seth/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.casaforma.co.uk}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
<br />
In 1999, she co-founded Norwest Industries Ltd, an apparel sourcing and distribution business in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Norwest Industries Ltd - Company Profile and News - Bloomberg Markets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/NORWEZ:HK|access-date=|website=[[Bloomberg News]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Casa Forma:'''<br />
<br />
Casa Forma Limited<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luxury Interior Design in London {{!}} Casa Forma |url=https://www.casaforma.co.uk/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.casaforma.co.uk}}</ref> is a London-based architectural and [[interior design]] company specialising in creating bespoke luxury real estate & luxury turnkey interior design. Casa Forma was founded in 2007 to develop properties in super prime locations of London and also offers its interior and architectural design services to third parties. Since inception, Casa Forma has successfully completed over 60 luxury residential and commercial projects in London as well as internationally. This international practice provides a comprehensive interior design and architectural design service for residential, commercial and hospitality properties.<br />
<br />
Faiza Seth leads Casa Forma’s strategy and development initiatives as the founder and CEO of Casa Forma. After she finished business school at Stanford University (in 2006) and moved to London, she was interested in taking advantage of the property market in super prime locations of London which she felt had long term growth prospects due to international demand. Therefore, she started Casa Forma initially as a property development business and bought properties to develop.<br />
<br />
Casa Forma won 18 design and architectural awards between 2011 and 2019 with The International Design & Architectural Awards,<ref>[https://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/international-design-architecture-awards/home/ The International Design & Architectural Awards]</ref> The UK Property Awards,<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Property Awards: Celebrating excellence {{!}} The highest levels of achievement in real estate, development, architecture, interior design and marketing in both the residential and commercial sectors |url=https://propertyawards.net/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The International Property Awards |language=en-GB}}</ref> and The Society of British Interior Designers (SBID)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Society of British & International Interior Design {{!}} SBID |url=https://www.sbid.org/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Society of British & International Interior Design |language=en-GB}}</ref> awards companies.<br />
<br />
'''Soham For Kids:'''<br />
<br />
As founder of a charitable school in India, Soham For Kids,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sohamforkids.org/ |title=Soham For Kids |access-date=2011-08-11 |archive-date=2011-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809105526/http://www.sohamforkids.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Seth took part in a Q&A panel discussion in 2011, organised by the National Council of Voluntary Organisations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=David |date=2011-03-03 |title=Live Q&A: Leadership and the voluntary sector |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2011/mar/03/liveq-a-leadership-voluntary-sector |access-date=2023-04-11 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
<br />
*Shortlisted for the Asian Women of Achievement Awards 2011 for her work with Soham For Kids<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 |url=https://www.awaawards.com/our-alumni-category/2011/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Asian Women of Achievement Awards |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*Hello Magazine Hall of Fame Awarded Faiza Seth of Casa Forma Celebutante of the Year 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hello Magazine Hall of Fame Awarded Faiza Seth of Casa Forma Celebutante of the Year 2011 |url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/1/prweb9088105.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721031406/http://www.prweb.com/releases/2012/1/prweb9088105.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 21, 2012 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=PRWeb}}</ref><br />
*Be a leader it's the only way to survive - money control<ref>{{Cite web |title=Be a leader, it's the only way to survive: Faiza Seth |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/-1970219.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Moneycontrol |date=29 October 2011 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*India Inspiration - Edition Page Suite<ref>Page Suite :http://edition.pagesuite-professional.co.uk</ref><br />
*35 Women under 35 <ref>{{Cite web |title=MT's 35 Women Under 35 2011: A Vision of Enterprise |url=https://www.managementtoday.co.uk/mts-35-women-35-2011-vision-enterprise/article/1076941 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.managementtoday.co.uk |language=en}}</ref><br />
*''Frost Magazine'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Balavage |first=Catherine |date=2012-03-12 |title=Faiza Seth: Businesswomen, Socialite and Charity Founder. |url=https://www.frostmagazine.com/2012/03/faiza-seth-businesswomen-socalite-and-charity-founder/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Frost Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*The International Design & Architectural Awards 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2019<ref>Interior Design Scheme - Asia Pacific - The Retreat: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/design-architecture-winners-2019</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=» Congratulations to Casa Forma winners of the Bedroom Award in The International Design & Architecture Awards 2017 |url=http://thedesignsoc.com/casa-forma-shortlisted-bedroom-award/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=thedesignsoc.com}}</ref><ref>Kitchen over £500,000 - ONe Tower Bridge: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/category/design-architecture-winners-2016/</ref><ref>Best Living Space - Kensington: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/category/design-architecture-winners-2015/</ref><ref>Best Office Space - Dubai: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/international-design-architecture-awards/2014-winners/</ref><ref>Best Living Space - One Hyde Park: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/international-design-architecture-awards/2013-winners/</ref><ref>Residential Property £1-2.5 million - Kensington Place: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/</ref><ref>Bedroom - Down Street: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/</ref><ref>Kitchen - Down Street: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/</ref><ref>Bathroom - Kensington Place: http://www.thedesignawards.co.uk/</ref><br />
*UK Property Awards 2012, 2014, 2017 and 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Region: UK |url=https://propertyawards.net/region/uk/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=The International Property Awards |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>Best interior Design Apartment-Kensington Gardens: https://propertyawards.net/uk-2017/</ref><ref>Best Office Interior - Dubai: https://propertyawards.net/uk-2014/</ref><ref>Interior Design Apartment - Davies Street: https://propertyawards.net/uk-2012/</ref><br />
*SBID Awards 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=SBID Interior Design Awards |url=https://www.sbid.org/awards/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=Society of British & International Interior Design |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
*Between Worlds<ref>{{Cite web |title=Between Worlds: Weinberg College - Northwestern University |url=https://weinberg.northwestern.edu/after-graduation/weinberg-magazine/crosscurrents-archive/2012-2013-fall-winter/between-worlds.html |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=weinberg.northwestern.edu |language=en}}</ref><br />
*Everybody wants his house to look like a hotel<ref>{{Cite web |title='Everybody wants his house to look like a hotel' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/interview-everybody-wants-his-house-to-look-like-a-hotel-1542996 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><br />
*A taste for excellence<ref>{{Cite web |title=A taste for excellence |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20171002-women-travel-interior-designer-1050234-2017-09-22 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
*Faiza Seth Interior designer - Fortune India <ref>{{Cite web |title=Faiza Seth |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/faiza-seth/100803 |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |date=5 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*A Woman’s Luxury Business - Wall Street Journal <ref>{{Cite news |last=Stancati |first=Margherita |title=In India, a Woman's Luxury Business -- Scene Asia |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SJB-7410 |access-date=2023-04-11 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=4 May 2011 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
*Saved by the BRICs - Wall Street Journal <ref>{{Cite news |last=Evans |first=Julian |title=Luxury Looks East For Salvation |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703559604576176390208118656 |access-date=2023-04-11 |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=23 March 2011 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.luxurylondon.co.uk/article/my-life-in-london-faiza-seth Interview with Faiza Seth] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809021548/http://www.luxurylondon.co.uk/article/my-life-in-london-faiza-seth |date=2016-08-09 }}<br />
* [http://www.sohamforkids.org/ sohamforkids.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809105526/http://www.sohamforkids.org/ |date=2011-08-09 }}<br />
* [http://www.casaforma.co.uk/ www.casaforma.co.uk]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Faiza}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1977 births]]<br />
[[Category:Northwestern University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American businesspeople in the real estate industry]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of charities]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mon,_Raebareli&diff=466697Mon, Raebareli2026-03-06T06:06:17Z<p>Joseph678: further fix layout per standard format and added references per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{other uses|Mon (disambiguation){{!}}Mon}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mon<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image_map = Maharajganj block map (Rae Bareli).png<br />
| map_caption = Map showing Mon (#955) in Maharajganj CD block<br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|26.405525|N|81.304662|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geographic Names Search WebApp }}</ref><br />
| subdivision_type = Country India<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 1.267<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6262<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011"/><br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UP-35<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
'''Mon''' is a village in [[Maharajganj, Raebareli|Maharajganj]] block of [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=108–24 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> As of 2011, its population is 6,262, in 1,056 households.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It has 4 primary schools and no healthcare facilities.<ref name="Census 2011"/> It is located 4&nbsp;km from Maharajganj, the block headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=42–3 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods are wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
<br />
The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mon as comprising 19 hamlets, with a total population of 2,405 people (1,275 male and 1,130 female), in 457 households and 430 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 - Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xvi-xvii of section "Maharajganj Tahsil"|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 3,129 [[acre]]s, and it had a post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961"/><br />
<br />
The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mon as having a population of 3,367 people, in 605 households, and having an area of 1,265.85 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981"/><br />
<br />
== Archaeology ==<br />
In the late 1990s, archaeologists D. P. Tewari and Anoop Kumar Singh discovered remains of a brick temple at Mon, along with samples of [[redware]] and [[grey ware]]. They did not list a date for any of these.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 1998-99">{{cite book |editor1-last=Misra |editor1-first=R.C. |title=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 — A Review |date=2004 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchaeology199899areview_421_b/mode/2up |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|201}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Raebareli-geo-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ozili&diff=523286Ozili2026-03-05T06:17:48Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Ozili<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = telugu<br />
| other_name = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| mapframe = yes<br />
| mapframe-zoom = 14<br />
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|14.003|N|79.905|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ozili mandal]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = 1812<br />
| founder = Pallava Rajas<br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = ZPTC<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 23,10<br />
| population_total = 3,345<br />
| population_as_of = 10000<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = 3,000<br />
| population_footnotes = 2,500<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = 524402<br />
| registration_plate = AP26AE, AP26AV, AP39AM<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| official_name = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ozili''' or '''Ojili''' is a village and mandal headquarters in [[Tirupati district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ <br />
|title=List of Sub-Districts <br />
|publisher=Census of India <br />
|accessdate=2007-03-26 <br />
|url-status=dead <br />
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ <br />
|archivedate=14 May 2007 <br />
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=http://panchayat.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumR.asp?selstate=0209000000&ptype=B&button1=Submit<br />
|title=Details of ANDHRA PRADESH till Intermediate Panchayat Tier<br />
|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj<br />
|accessdate=2007-03-26 <br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
[[National Highway 16]] passes through the town, which connects [[Kolkata]] and [[Chennai]]. The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Ojili bus station<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirupati district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Tirupati district]]<br />
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Tirupati district]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahesh_Chandra_Nyayratna_Bhattacharyya&diff=445406Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya2026-03-04T10:19:52Z<p>Joseph678: page edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Mahesh Chandra Bhattacharyya}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[Mahamahopadhyaya|Mahamahopadhyay]] [[Pandit]]<br />
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CIE}}<br />
| image = Mahesh_Chandra_Nyayratna_Bhattacharyya_mugshot%2C_taken_around_1870_in_Calcutta.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1836|2|22}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Howrah District|Narit]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1906|4|12|1836|2|22}}<br />
| field = [[Sanskrit]], [[Academic staff|academic]]s, [[academic administration]], [[social welfare]], [[philosophy]]<br />
| work_institution = [[Sanskrit College]]<br />[[University of Calcutta]]<br />Narit Nyayratna Institution<br />[[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]<br />[[The Asiatic Society|Bengal Asiatic Society]]<br />[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]<br />Anthropological Society of Bombay <br />[[Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur|Government Engineering College, Shibpur]]<br />
| known_for = [[Sanskrit]]<br />[[Academic administration]]<br />[[Social welfare]]<br />[[Philosophy]]<br />
| title = Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (1881)<br />[[Mahamahopadhyaya|Mahamahopadhyay]] (1887)<br />
}}<br />
[[Mahamahopadhyaya]] [[Pandit]] '''Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Howrah family Durga Puja honours 300-year-old legacy |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/howrah-family-puja-honours-300-year-old-legacy-prnt/cid/2125508}}</ref> {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100|CIE}} (22 February 1836 – 12 April 1906), was an Indian [[Sanskrit]] [[scholar]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Mahamahopadhyay Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya: One of India's greatest Sanskrit scholars |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/remembering-mahamahopadhyay-mahesh-chandra-nyayratna-bhattacharyya-one-of-indias-greatest-sanskrit-scholars |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> during the [[Bengal Renaissance]]. He served as the principal of the [[Sanskrit College and University|Sanskrit College]] from 1876 to 1895 and was a colleague of [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Mahamahopadhyay Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya: One of India's greatest Sanskrit scholars |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/remembering-mahamahopadhyay-mahesh-chandra-nyayratna-bhattacharyya-one-of-indias-greatest-sanskrit-scholars |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
<br />
=== Personal life ===<br />
Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya was born on 22 February 1836 into the [[Kulin Brahmin]] [[Bhattacharya (surname)|Bhattacharyya]] family of Narit. His father, Harinarayan Tarka Siddhanta, and his two uncles, Guruprasad Tarka Panchanan and Thakurdas Churamani, were [[Pandit]]s. His elder brother, Pandit Madhab Chandra Sarvabhauma, was the Sabha Pandit of [[Mahishadal]] Raj.<br />
<br />
In 1848, he married Mandakini, daughter of Pandit Ram Chand Tarkabagish, in [[Jehanabad]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].<br />
<br />
He had a daughter, Manorama, and three sons: Manmatha Nath Vidyaratna Bhattacharyya (born April 1863), who became Indian Accountant General of [[Madras]]; '''Munindra Nath Bhattacharyya''' (born February 1868), who served as an [[Vekil|attorney]] of the High Court of [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]; and Mahima Nath Bhattacharyya (born April 1870), who became a collector in the Department of Excise of the Government of India.<br />
<br />
He died on 12 April 1906, at the age of 70.<br />
<br />
===Academic career===<br />
In 1876, he succeeded Prasanna Kumar Sarbadhikari as the principal of the [[Sanskrit College]]. During his 19-year tenure, he introduced the Sanskrit Title Examination to give titles to students in specialized areas of Sanskrit learning.<br />
<br />
He later started a secondary Anglo-Sanskrit school in 1885 in his native village of Narit, named the Narit Nyayratna Institution.<br />
<br />
He was also in charge of Sanskrit education during the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal presidency]], which then comprised the present states of [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], and [[Orissa]].<ref name="googleusercontent">{{cite web |title=Physicist / Astronomer S |url=http://www.mlahanas.de/Stamps/Data/PHPerson/S.htm |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705032157/http://www.mlahanas.de/Stamps/Data/PHPerson/S.htm |archivedate=5 July 2014 |access-date=21 August 2015 |publisher=www.mlahanas.de}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Life's works===<br />
He wrote and edited the books Kavya Prakash, Mimansa Darshan, and the [[Yajurveda|''Krishna Yajurveda'']]. He also wrote pamphlets, including remarks on Dayananda Saraswati's ''Veda-Bhashya'', ''Thulasidharan Mimansa'', the authorship of ''Mrichchhakatika,'' and ''Lupta Samvatsara'', {{cite book |editor=Mahesh Chandra Nyayratna Bhattacharyya |title=The Mimansa Darsana (Bibliotheca Indica) |url=https://archive.org/stream/bibliothecaindi04unkngoog#page/n6/mode/1up |year=1889 |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |language=Hindi}} He made contributions to the development of roads and infrastructure, including the establishment of tramways in [https://geoiq.io/places/Narit/0uIkF1Kq9m Narit] and [[Howrah]].<br />
<br />
===Honours and titles===<br />
The title of ''[[Mahamahopadhyaya]]'' was conferred on 16 February 1887, on the occasion of the [[List of jubilees of British monarchs|Jubilee]] of [[Queen Victoria|Queen Victoria's]] reign, in recognition of outstanding contributions to oriental learning.{{cn|date=December 2025}} It entitled him to take rank in the [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]] immediately after the titular Rajas.{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
He was made a [[Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) on 24 May 1881.{{cn|date=December 2025}} He also held the title of Nyayratna.{{cn|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
He held positions such as Visitor at the [[Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur|Government Engineering College]] at [[Shibpur]], [[Howrah]].<ref name="google2">{{cite book |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire |author=Lethbridge, R. |date=1893 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=9788187879541 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC |accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nyayratna Lane and Manmatha Bhattacharyya Street in [[Shyambazar]], [[North Kolkata]], are named after him.<ref name="wikimapia">{{cite web|url=http://www.wikimapia.org/#lat=22.599798&lon=88.37184&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2|title=Nyayratna Lane |publisher=wikimapia.org|accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{cite book|title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire|author=Lethbridge, R.|date=1893|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=9788187879541|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iOsNUZ2MXgC|accessdate=21 August 2015}}<br />
* [https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/reminiscences/057_ksi.htm Ramakrishnavivekananda.info]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&dq=manmatha+nath+bhattacharya+vivekananda&pg=PA102 Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography by Rajagopal Chattopadhyaya]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081203164401/http://www.commonground.ca/iss/0303140/lost_teachings_of_yoga.shtml Commonground.ca]<br />
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=_Wptq3dOqZYC&dq=manmatha+nath+bhattacharya+vivekananda&pg=PA134 Myth and Mythmaking by Julia Leslie]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070711075526/http://www.frankreport.com/vivekananda/KnownLetters/Bhattacharya.html Frankreport.com/vivekananda/KnownLetters]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110726054937/http://glorine.firehead.org/~pturing/occult/vivekananda/volume_6/conversations_and_dialogues/xii_sharat_chakravarty_frame.htm Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda, Volume 6, Conversations and Dialogues]<br />
* [https://www.vivekananda.net/PDFBooks/Reminiscences/SrinivasaPai.html Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda by A. Srinivasa Pai]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharyya, Chandra Nyayratna}}<br />
[[Category:1836 births]]<br />
[[Category:1906 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from British India]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian educators]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]<br />
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit scholars from Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Academics from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian philanthropists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social workers]]<br />
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]<br />
[[Category:Sanskrit College people]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainik&diff=462699Sainik2026-03-03T23:43:02Z<p>Joseph678: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|1993 film by Sikander Bharti}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sainik<br />
| image = Sainik-1993-dvd-cover.jpg<br />
| caption = DVD Cover<br />
| director = Sikandar Bharti<br />
| producer = Jimmy Nirula<br />
| writer = Madan Joshi <br />Dharam Veer Ram<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Akshay Kumar]]<br />[[Ashwini Bhave]]<br />[[Ronit Roy]]<br />[[Farheen]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Nadeem Shravan]] <br />
| cinematography = Kishore Kapadia<br />
| editing = Nand Kumar<br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = Manish Arts<br />
| released = {{film date|1993|09|10|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sainik''' (English: Soldier) is a 1993 Indian [[action film]] directed by Sikandar Bharti. The film stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Ashwini Bhave]], [[Ronit Roy]], [[Farheen]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3855|title=Sainik|website=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=7 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807152835/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3855|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
This movie is about army officer Suraj Dutt, who is the son of Yashpal Dutt. Suraj goes to meet his sister Minni at a women's college before he falls in love with Alka. They soon get married, but Suraj is called for a year-long mission. <br />
<br />
While Suraj is away a message arrives that he has been killed. Minni, Alka, and Yashpal each learn about this but don't tell each other as they feel the others will die upon hearing this. <br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Minni is about to wed Vijay, but on the day of her wedding, she is kidnapped. <br />
The movie ends with the reappearance of Suraj, who was alive all this time and who saves Minni, as everybody is reunited.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Akshay Kumar]] as Lieutenant Suraj Dutt<br />
* [[Ashwini Bhave]] as Alka Dutt<br />
* [[Pradeep Kumar (actor)|Pradeep Kumar]] as Sonu Oberoi<br />
* [[Ronit Roy]] as Vijay Ghai<br />
* [[Farheen]] as Minni Dutt<br />
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Retired Colonel Yashpal Dutt<br />
* [[Alok Nath|Aloknath]] as Bihari<br />
* [[Ranjeet]] as Gajraj Chaudhary<br />
* [[Laxmikant Berde]] as Guddu <br />
* [[Guddi Maruti]] as Guddi<br />
* [[Satish Shah]] as Alka's Father<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
[[Nadeem-Shravan]] composed the soundtrack of the film, with lyrics written by [[Sameer Anjaan]]. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!#<br />
! Song !! Singer<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
| "Jaam Woh Hai Jo Bhar Ke" <br />
| [[Kumar Sanu]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
| "Meri Wafayen Yaad Karoge"<br />
| Kumar Sanu, [[Asha Bhosle]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
| "Kitni Hasrat Hai Humein" <br />
| Kumar Sanu, [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
| "Babul Ka Ghar Chod Ke"<br />
| Kumar Sanu, [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
| "Humko Hua Hai Pyar" <br />
| [[Vinod Rathod]], Alka Yagnik<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
| "Hai Meri Saanson Mein Mere Piya" <br />
| Suhasini<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[India Today]] wrote, "It's patriotism, Hindi movie style. The army scenes are awful. The music is good. On the whole, just short of bearable."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19930930-latest-movie-releases-812059-1993-09-29|title=Latest movie releases|website=India Today|date=30 September 1993|access-date=17 December 2023|archive-date=17 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217182228/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19930930-latest-movie-releases-812059-1993-09-29|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0290839|Sainik}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br />
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 action drama films]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devta_(1998_film)&diff=451871Devta (1998 film)2026-03-03T23:30:10Z<p>Joseph678: Minor edits and structural improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Devta <br />
| image = Devta (1998 film).jpg<br />
| caption = Promotional poster<br />
| director = Jagdish A Sharma<br />
| producer = Ashok Saraswat<br />
| cinematography = Damodar Naidu<br />
| writer = Naeem-Ejaz (dialogues)<br />
| story = Meeraq Mirza<br />
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />[[Aditya Pancholi]]<br />[[Payal Malhotra]]<br />[[Arun Bakshi]]<br />[[Kiran Kumar]]<br />[[Tej Sapru]]<br />
| music = '''''Songs:''''' Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen<br>'''''Score: '''''Rajesh Ahulwalia<br />
| studio = Mayura Films Combines<br />
| editing = Nasir Hakim Ansari<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1998|10|2}}<br />
| runtime = 135 minutes<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = [[Rupee|Rs]] 3.0 Crores<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Devta''''' ({{translation|Angel}}) is a 1998 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Jagdish A Sharma, starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Aditya Pancholi]], Ayushi, [[Payal Malhotra]], [[Arun Bakshi]], [[Kiran Kumar]] and [[Tej Sapru]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=DEVTA (1998)|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b81175dd7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210808132051/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b81175dd7|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 August 2021|access-date=2021-08-08|website=BFI|language=en}}</ref> This film was released on 2 October 1998 under the banner of Mayura Films Combines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devta - Movie - - Box Office India|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/circuit_collection.php?movieid=2518&cityid=11&area=domestic|access-date=2021-08-08|website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Working as a taxi driver, Ballu saves the life of the mafia boss Bajang. This acquaintance leads Ballu to a gang, where He becomes an assassin named Tiger. One day, Ballu gets an order to kill a police officer, Rakesh. But after learning that his old lover Devika has become the wife of Rakesh, the killer decides to save the victim.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Balram/Ballu Tiger<br />
*[[Aditya Pancholi]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|Assistant Commissioner of Police Officer]] Rakesh Mehra <br />
*[[Payal Malhotra]] as Madhu<br />
* Ayshi as Devika<br />
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Bajrang Pandey<br />
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as Minister Vikram <br />
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Pratap Pandey<br />
*[[Mushtaq Khan]] as Lallan<br />
*[[Avtar Gill]] as Minister Jagatpal<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
#"Pehle Meri Aankh Ladi" - [[Hema Sardesai]], Lalit Sen<br />
#"Dheere Dheere Ankh Ladi" - [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
#"Chunri Bana Mujhe Odh Le" - Udit Narayan, [[Anuradha Paudwal]]<br />
#"Ek Toota Tara Hu" - [[Jaspinder Narula]], [[Sonu Nigam]], Anuradha Paudwal<br />
#"Meri Aankh Tana Tan" - Hema Sardesai, Lalit Sen<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|2008493|Devta}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1998 films]]<br />
[[Category:1998 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Mithun's Dream Factory films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Dilip Sen-Sameer Sen]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1998 action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language action drama films]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Average_Student_Nani&diff=488439Average Student Nani2026-03-03T09:14:33Z<p>Joseph678: created stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Average Student Nani film poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Pawan Kumar Kothuri<br />
| writer = Pawan Kumar Kothuri<br />
| producer = Pawan Kumar Kothuri <br/> Bishali Geol<br />
| starring = Pawan Kumar Kothuri<br/>Sahiba Bhasin<br/>Sneha Malviya<br/>[[Rajeev Kanakala]]<br/>Viviya Santh<br />
| cinematography = Sajeesh Rajendran<br />
| editing = Uddhav SB<br />
| music = Karthik B Kodakandla<br />
| studio = Sri Neelakanta Mahadeva Entertainments LLP<br />
| distributor = T-Series Telugu<br />
| released = {{Film date|2024|08|02|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 138 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
'''''Average Student Nani''''' is a 2024 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language Indian romantic drama film produced by Pawan Kumar Kothuri and Bishali Geol under Sri Neelakanta Mahadeva Entertainments LLP banner and written and directed by also Pawan Kumar Kothuri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Average Student NaniA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/average-student-nani/movieshow/112223111.cms |access-date=2024-10-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It also features Pawan Kumar Kothuri, Sabiha Bhasin and Sneha Malviya are in lead roles while [[Rajeev Kanakala]], Viviya Santh, [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]], Khaleja Giri, Bindu and others are in supporting roles. The music of the film composed by Karthik B Kodakandla.<ref>{{Citation |title=Average Student Nani Songs Download: Play & Listen Average Student Nani Telugu MP3 Song by Karthik B Kodakandla @Gaana |url=https://gaana.com/album/average-student-nani#:~:text=Who%20composed%20Average%20Student%20Nani,songs%20of%20Average%20Student%20Nani. |access-date=2024-10-18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Director Pawan Kumar Kothuri's first film was ''Merise Merise'' (2021) which was a success and it is Pawan Kumar's second film in which Kumar himself has produced, directed and acted in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-05-17 |title=Director Pawan Kumar Kothuri turns actor with 'Average Student Nani' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/director-pawan-kumar-kothuri-turns-actor-with-average-student-nani-879076 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
* Pawan Kumar Kothuri as Nani<br />
* Sahiba Bhasin as Anu<br />
* Sneha Malviya as Sarayu Naidu "Sara"<br />
* [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Nani's father<br />
* Viviya Santh<br />
* [[Jhansi (TV anchor)|Jhansi]] as Nani's mother<br />
* Khaleja Giri<br />
* Bindu<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film was theatrically released on 2 August 2024 by PVR Inox Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Average Student Nani: Melody out, release date of movie announced |url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/average-student-nani-melody-out-release-date-movie-announced-317885 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=m.sakshipost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TeamIH |date=2024-08-02 |title=Average Student Nani - Movie Review |url=https://industryhit.com/t/average-student-nani-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=IndustryHit.Com |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Suhas Sistu from ''[[The Hans India]]'' gave rating 3/5 stars and wrote that "'Average Student Nani' is a delightful family drama that resonates with audiences. Pawan Kumar Kothuri has proven his mettle as a hero, director, and producer, successfully delivering a film that is both entertaining and meaningful. The positive reception from viewers underscores the film's appeal, marking it as a notable success in the current cinema landscape".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2024-08-01 |title='Average Student Nani' review: An engaging family drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/average-student-nani-review-an-engaging-family-drama-896150 |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nelki Naresh Kumar from ''[[Hindustan Times Telugu]]'' wrote that "The routine storyline was a minus for an average student. In the first half, the comedy was lightened in the college episodes where the scenes in the backdrop of Nani's family were funny. It would have been better if the scene where Nani changes was written with some more depth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Nelki Naresh |title=Average Student Nani Review: యావరేజ్ స్టూడెంట్ నాని రివ్యూ - లేటెస్ట్ టాలీవుడ్ బోల్డ్ లవ్ స్టోరీ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/average-student-nani-review-telugu-bold-love-entertainer-movie-review-tollywood-121722571633144.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><br />
<br />
A critic from [[News18 India|''News18'']] wrote that "Director Pawan Kumar is successful in portraying the struggles of an average student, belonging to a middle-class family. His direction beautifully amalgamates the various emotions shown, while the love triangle gives more depth to it. Pawan was able to give a realistic depiction of a young struggling student. The two female leads add glam and charm to the release".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-03 |title=Pawan Kumar Kothuri's Average Student Nani Explores Middle-class Struggles, Opens To Mixed Reviews |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pawan-kumar-kothuris-average-student-nani-explores-middle-class-struggles-opens-to-mixed-reviews-8988724.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=33022424}}<br />
<br />
{{Telugu-film-stub}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inspector_Zende&diff=504535Inspector Zende2026-03-02T04:59:06Z<p>Joseph678: Added basic entry basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Inspector Zende poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Official release poster<br />
| director = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]<br />
| writer = [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]<br />
| producer = {{ubl| Jay Shewakramani | [[Om Raut]]}}<br />
| starring = {{ubl| [[Manoj Bajpayee]] | [[Jim Sarbh]] | [[Sachin Khedekar]]}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Vishal Sinha]]<br />
| editing = Meghna Manchanda Sen<br />
| music = Sanket Sane<br />
| studio = Northern Lights Films<br />
| distributor = [[Netflix]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|09|05|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2025 |title=''Inspector Zende'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/inspector-zende-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmynjqz |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
}}<br />
'''''Inspector Zende''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film directed and written by [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] and produced by Jay Shewakramani and [[Om Raut]]. The film stars [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Inspector Madhukar Zende and [[Jim Sarbh]] as Carl Bhojraj, a character inspired by the infamous serial killer [[Charles Sobhraj]]. It was released on 5 September 2025 on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-25 |title='Inspector Zende' trailer: Manoj Bajpayee and Jim Sarbh on a cat and mouse chase - WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/inspector-zende-trailer-manoj-bajpayee-and-jim-sarbh-on-a-cat-and-mouse-chase-watch/articleshow/123499802.cms |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Wandermurem |first1=Isadora |title=The True Story Behind Netflix's 'Inspector Zende' |url=https://time.com/7314528/inspector-zende-true-story-netflix-charles-sobhraj/ |access-date=6 September 2025 |work=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]] |date=5 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Daring Inspector, The Notorious Swimsuit Killer, And One Epic Cat-And-Mouse Chase: Netflix Unveils Trailer for 'Inspector Zende' |url=https://about.netflix.com/news/a-daring-inspector-the-notorious-swimsuit-killer-and-one-epic-cat-and-mouse |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=About Netflix |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Inspector Zende was a smart police officer who had caught the notorious serial killer Carl Bhojraj 15 years ago. In the current timeline (1980) he gets the news of Carl running away from Tihar jail. He sets up with his team to apprehend him again.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Manoj Bajpayee]] as Inspector Madhukar Bapurao Zende, Maharashtra Police<br />
* [[Jim Sarbh]] as Carl Bhojraj, French criminal/Bikini Killer and robber<br />
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as DGP Chandrakant S. Purandhare<br />
* [[Girija Oak]] as Vijaya Zende, Wife of PI Zende<br />
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]] as constable Bhalchandra Patil alias Rushi Kadoo<br />
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] as PI Fonseca,Panji Police station, Goa Police<br />
* Harish Dudhade as ASI Jacob D'Costa, Maharashtra Police<br />
* [[Onkar Raut]] as Patekar<br />
* Bharat Savale as Naik<br />
* Devaang Bagga as Lalit<br />
* Nitin Bhajan as Ram Deshmane<br />
* [[Madhav Vaze]] as Joshi Kaka<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is directed and penned by [[Chinmay Mandlekar]] in his directorial debut. The film draws from the real-life story of Madhukar Zende, the Mumbai police officer who arrested [[Charles Sobhraj]] twice; once in 1971 and again in [[Goa]] in 1986 after his escape from [[Tihar Prisons|Tihar Jail]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Netflix's Inspector Zende: the real-life thriller of Charles Sobhraj, 3 shocking clues that ended his run & where's he now |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/netflixs-inspector-zende-the-real-life-thriller-of-charles-sobhraj-3-shocking-clues-that-ended-his-run-wheres-he-now/articleshow/123367768.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Indiatimes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2015-10-27 |title=Charles Sobhraj hated India, but the country got to him in the end |url=https://scroll.in/reel/764804/charles-sobhraj-hated-india-but-the-country-got-to-him-in-the-end |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
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== Marketing ==<br />
The project was officially announced by [[Netflix]] on 7 August 2025 with Manoj Bajpayee and Jim Sarbh in lead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Bajpayee And Jim Sarbh's Inspector Zende Release Date Announced, Poster Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/manoj-bajpayee-and-jim-sarbhs-inspector-zende-release-date-announced-poster-out-ws-l-9490450.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
The film premiered exclusively on Netflix on 5 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspector Zende {{!}}Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81778084}}</ref><br />
==Reception==<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|69|6|13|consensus=|access-date={{RT data|access date}}}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inspector Zende |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/inspector_zende |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Radhika Sharma of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Inspector Zende would have remained incomplete without its superb supporting cast with memorable performances."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Radhika|last=Sharma|title=Inspector Zende Review: Manoj Bajpayee, Jim Sarbh Are Phenomenal In This Netflix True Crime Story|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inspector-zende-review-manoj-bajpayee-jim-sarbh-are-phenomenal-in-this-netflix-true-crime-story-3-5-stars-9221471|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><br />
Rahul Desai of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' observed that "'Inspector Zende' stands out because of the genre it chooses."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rahul|last=Desai|title=‘Inspector Zende’ Movie Review: A Manoj Bajpayee Special That Injects History With Humour|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/inspector-zende-movie-review-a-manoj-bajpayee-special-that-injects-history-with-humour|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><br />
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "A string of heart-warming moments and a malleable Manoj keep us invested in this otherwise generic hunt for the Serpent."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Anuj|last=Kumar|title=‘Inspector Zende’ movie review: Manoj Bajpayee makes this chase for Charles moderately enjoyable|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/inspector-zende-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-charles-sobhraj-jim-sarbh-netflix-movie-moderately-enjoyable/article70015921.ece|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><br />
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Udita Jhunjhunwala writing for ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' said that "Muddled history and a parodic tone hamper this new film version of the Charles Sobhraj story."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Udita|last=Jhunjhunwala|title=‘Inspector Zende’ review: Send-up of crime folklore marred by inconsistency|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/art-and-culture/inspector-zende-review-charles-sobhraj-manoj-bajpayee-jim-sarbh-film-chinmay-mandlekar-11757152461231.html|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><br />
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and said that " The attempt at a serio-comic tone in the Manoj Bajpayee-Jim Sarbh film falls flat with only an occasional leap or two, with the writing struggling to match the audacity of the criminal and the enterprise of his nemesis."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Inspector Zende movie review: Manoj Bajpayee-Jim Sarbh’s patchy film fails to leave an impact|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/inspector-zende-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-jim-sarbhs-patchy-film-fails-to-leave-an-impact-10231739/|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
Mayur Sanap of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 2/5 stars and observed that "Inspector Zende had the potential to be genuinely entertaining. Instead, it settles for formulaic fun."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Mayur|last=Sanap|title=Inspector Zende Review: Mildly Amusing|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/inspector-zende-review/20250905.htm|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Rediff.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Rishabh Suri of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Overall, Inspector Zende is an engaging watch in parts, lifted by Manoj Bajpayee’s steady presence and a cast that rises to the occasion. Yet the repetition in storytelling keeps it from reaching the heights its premise promised. At three stars, this is a serviceable thriller with a humorous streak, more enjoyable for its performances than its plot."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Rishabh|last=Suri|title=Inspector Zende review: Manoj Bajpayee's conviction makes this sluggish yet funny film on Charles Sobhraj's arrest work|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/inspector-zende-review-manoj-bajpayees-conviction-makes-this-sluggish-yet-funny-film-on-charles-sobhrajs-arrest-work-101757049064428.html|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Inspector Zende often resembles a tacky old Hindi movie in which cops arrive at the scene after the criminal has bolted. Some of the parodic humour is contributed by Zende, an old-fashioned specimen of law enforcement who doggedly pursues his target."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title=‘Inspector Zende’ review: A cartoonish caper about a daredevil Mumbai cop|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1086116/inspector-zende-review-a-cartoonish-caper-about-the-hunt-for-a-career-criminal|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Scroll.in|language=en}}</ref><br />
Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "Everything said and done, the film is immensely superior to the other releases of this week and as usual Manoj Bajpayee is absolutely phenomenal. I assure watching this film is going to be damn good fun."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lachmi Deb|last=Roy|title=Netflix's ‘Inspector Zende’ Movie Review: Manoj Bajpayee shines in the role of real-life Inspector Madhukar Zende|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflix-inspector-zende-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-shines-in-the-role-of-real-life-inspector-madhukar-zende-13931045.html|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Shubham Kulkarni of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 2.5/5 star and said that "The new Netflix film aspires to turn a gory story into a pulp fiction-like narrative but forgets that aspiration midway."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubham|last=Kulkarni|title=Inspector Zende Review: Manoj Bajpayee leads a fun gang in a dull world|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/inspector-zende-review-manoj-bajpayee-leads-a-fun-gang-in-a-dull-world/494ce92f4b148|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=OTT Play|language=en}}</ref><br />
Jaya Dwivedie of ''[[India TV]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and writes "'Inspector Zende' definitely deserves a watch. Carl Bhojraj's story has been shown on screen many times before, but this is completely Inspector Zende's story, a real hero who is a part of the justice system, whose story needs to be known worldwide. The film has masala, emotions, and patriotism, which puts this film in the category of great films."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Jaya|last=Dwivedie|title=Inspector Zende Movie Review: Manoj Bajpayee delivers must-see performance in a gripping crime thriller|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/movie-review/inspector-zende-movie-review-manoj-bajpayee-delivers-must-see-performance-in-a-gripping-crime-thriller-1087|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=India TV|language=en}}</ref><br />
Archika Khurana of'' [[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and said that "Watch it for Manoj Bajpayee and Jim Sarbh’s performances, nostalgic 80s Mumbai, and a light-hearted take on a legendary manhunt."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Inspector Zende Movie Review|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/inspector-zende/movieshow/123667040.cms|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
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Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that " It doesn’t dig deep into the psychology of its infamous subject, nor does it fully exploit the humour of its premise. What keeps it afloat is Bajpayee’s brilliance and the sincerity of its supporting cast.<br />
A lighter take on a dark chapter of history, Inspector Zende may not thrill, but it does amuse.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Devesh|last=Sharma|title=Inspector Zende Review: Manoj Bajpayee and Jim Sarbh Shine in Their Respective Roles|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/inspector-zende-review-manoj-bajpayee-and-jim-sarbh-shine-in-their-respective-roles-77336.html|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Filmfare|language=en}}</ref><br />
Subhash K Jha of ''[[News 24 (Indian TV channel)|News 24]]'' rated it 2/5 stars and said that "What is so funny about a cop trying to nab a notorious criminal? One would like to ask writer-director Chinmay Mandlekar why he thought it prudent to use the facetious tone of narration for a crime story that shook the world? And why is crime a laughing matter in the first place?"<ref>{{Cite web |first=Subhash K|last=Jha|title=Inspector Zende Review: Not Funny At All|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/inspector-zende-review-not-funny-at-all/627032/|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=News 24|language=en}}</ref><br />
[[Bollywood Hungama]] gave it 3.5 stars out 5 and said that "On the whole, INSPECTOR ZENDE is a refreshing blend of real-life inspiration and quirky storytelling, and stands out for its humor, crisp runtime, and stellar performances, especially Manoj Bajpayee and Jim Sarbh."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Inspector Zende Movie Review: INSPECTOR ZENDE is a refreshing real life inspiration.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/inspector-zende/critic-review/inspector-zende-movie-review/inspector-zende-is-a-refreshing-real-life-inspiration//|access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt35076553}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 direct-to-video films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of fraudsters]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Goa Police]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Maharashtra Police]]<br />
[[Category:Films about real serial killers]]<br />
[[Category:Films à clef]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hajipur&diff=451778Hajipur2026-02-27T14:36:47Z<p>Joseph678: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|City in Bihar, India}}<br />
{{About|the city in Bihar state|other uses}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Hajipur<br />
| other_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --><br />
| settlement_type = [[List of cities in India by population|City]]<br />
| image_skyline = Hajipur major views.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 275<br />
| image_caption = Anticlockwise, from top: [[Hajipur Junction railway station|Hajipur Railway Station]], [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management]], [[Gandaki River|River Gandak]]—Old Gandak Bridge, [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]], Shri Yantra Mandir, Mall, [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway Office]].<br />
| nickname = Gateway to North Bihar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/tags/amp_gateway-to-north-bihar|title=Hajipur city is also known as Gateway to North Bihar|access-date=15 February 2022|archive-date=15 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215105759/https://www.livehindustan.com/tags/amp_gateway-to-north-bihar|url-status=live}} livehindustan.com</ref><br />
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar##Location in India<br />
| pushpin_mapsize = 275<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25.6925|N|85.2084|E|format=dms|region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = <br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Administrative divisions of Bihar|Division]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]<br />
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name4 = [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]<br />
| established_title = First settled<br />
| established_date = 1350 AD<br />
| named_for = [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Haji Ilyas Shah]]<br />
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor—Council]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Hajipur Nagar Parishad|Hajipur Municipal Council]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/hajipur/CitizenHome.html|title=Urban Development & Housing Department website (Government of Bihar)|access-date=16 February 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302153132/https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/Home.html|url-status=live}} nagarseva.bihar.gov.in</ref><br />
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]<br />
| leader_name = Sangeeta Kumari <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sec.bihar.gov.in/ForPublic/ResultP1.aspx|title=Sangeeta kumari elected as Mayor of Hajipur city}}</ref><br />
| leader_title1 = [[Member of legislative assembly|MLA]]<br />
| leader_name1 = [[Awadhesh Singh]]<br />
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]<br />
| leader_name2 = [[Chirag Paswan]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <ref name=na>{{Cite web|url=https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/cache/SHOW_DOCS/Final%20CDP-Hajipur.pdf|title=Geography and demographics details of Hajipur|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121130434/https://nagarseva.bihar.gov.in/udhd/cache/SHOW_DOCS/Final%20CDP-Hajipur.pdf|url-status=live}} nagarseva.bihar.gov.in access date—2021</ref><ref name=va>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1018_PART_B_DCHB_VAISHALI.pdf|title=Area of Hajipur city excluding Rural area i.e, 137.27Km2 as of (2011) and Urban Population details of Hajipur and Rural population was 296,288 as of (2011)|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-date=3 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203130059/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1018_PART_B_DCHB_VAISHALI.pdf|url-status=live}} Page-24 PDF censusindia.gov.in access date-2011</ref><br />
| area_total_km2 = 19.64<br />
| area_rural_km2 = 137.27<br />
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=na/><br />
| elevation_m = 46<br />
| population_footnotes = <ref name=va/><br />
| population_total = 147,688<br />
| population_rural = 296,288<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Bihar by population|BR: 16th]]<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = Hajipurian<br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages of Bihar|Language(s)]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name=ur/><br />
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official<br />
| demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]<ref name=ur>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=1 February 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}} nclm.nic.in</ref><br />
| demographics1_title3 = Regional<br />
| demographics1_info3 = [[Bajjika]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Jared |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQA2DwAAQBAJ&dq=bajjika&pg=PA431 |title=Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics |last2=Joseph |first2=Brian |last3=Fritz |first3=Matthias |date=2017-09-25 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-026128-8 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]<br />
| postal_code = 844101–3<br />
| area_code = +91—(0)6224<br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]<br />
| registration_plate = [[List of Regional Transport Office districts in India#BR—Bihar|BR-31]]<br />
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]<ref name=na/> {{nobold|(2011)}}<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = 76.80%<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<ref name=na/> {{nobold|(2011)}}<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = 892 [[female|♀]] / 1000 [[male|♂]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|21. Hajipur (SC)]]<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hajipur (123)]]<br />
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]<br />
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Climatic regions of India|Csa]] <small>([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])</small><br />
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]<br />
| blank5_info_sec1 = {{convert|993|mm|in}}<br />
| blank6_name_sec1 = Avg. annual temperature<br />
| blank6_info_sec1 = {{convert|25.8|°C|°F}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://vaishali.nic.in}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Hajipur''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|h|ɑː|dʒ|ɪ|p|ʊər}} {{respell|HAH|jip|oor}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maps-streetview.com/India/Hajipur/|title=International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (Hajipur)|access-date=13 October 2015|archive-date=29 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129030738/http://www.maps-streetview.com/India/Hajipur/|url-status=live}} maps-streetview.com</ref> {{IPA|hi|ˈɦaːdʒiːpʊr|lang|LL-Q1571 (mar)-Neelima64-हाजीपुर.wav}}) is the headquarters and largest city of [[Vaishali district]] of the state of [[Bihar]] in [[India]]. Hajipur is the [[List of cities in Bihar by population|16th most populous city]] of Bihar, besides being the second-fastest developing city, next to Patna. It had a total population of 1.47 lakh as per census 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above | work = Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | publisher = Government of India | access-date = 16 April 2012 | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date = 7 May 2012 | df = dmy-all }} censusindia.gov.in</ref> Vaishali district is ranked 8th among 38 districts in Bihar in terms of growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/districts/vaishali.htm|title=Vaishali district is also known as hajipur district|access-date=8 November 2015|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107063023/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/Districts/Vaishali.htm|url-status=dead}} gov.bih.nic.in</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/urban-dream-hajipurs-export-dreams-that-didnt-take-off-114050601100_1.html|title=District rank in Bihar in terms of growth|newspaper=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2014 |access-date=8 November 2015|archive-date=3 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403021839/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/elections-2014/urban-dream-hajipurs-export-dreams-that-didnt-take-off-114050601100_1.html|url-status=live|last1=Chowdhury |first1=Kavita }} business-standard.com</ref><br />
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The city is known for cultivating [[bananas]].<ref name=hjp>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Banana-scarcity-in-Hajipur-on-Chhath-eve/articleshow/1763691027.cms|title=Banana scarcity in Hajipur on Chhath eve|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-date=6 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706065706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Banana-scarcity-in-Hajipur-on-Chhath-eve/articleshow/1763691027.cms|url-status=live}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref> [[Patna]] is only {{cvt|10|km}} from Hajipur, with the cities separated by the Ganges River. The metropolitan region of Patna comprises the [[Patna Regional Development Authority]] (PRDA), which includes Hajipur under [[Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation]].<ref name="area">{{cite web |url= http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Patna.pdf |title= CDP Patna |publisher= PATNA&nbsp;— Urban Development Department |work= Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise (P) Ltd., C - 2, Green Park Extension, New Delhi&nbsp;– 110016, INDIA. |date= July 2006 |access-date= 13 April 2014 |pages= 20, 21 (area) 52 (metropolis), 31 (geography) |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072731/http://www.urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Patna.pdf |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140213/jsp/bihar/story_17930537.jsp#.VVo-5rmqqko |title= Growth goes west, south & green Master plan to add more areas |publisher= [[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date= 13 February 2014 |access-date= 19 May 2015 |archive-date= 16 February 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150216205416/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140213/jsp/bihar/story_17930537.jsp#.VVo-5rmqqko |url-status= dead }} telegraphindia.com</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Patna-population-likely-to-be-over-60-lakh-by-2031/articleshow/41309413.cms | title=Patna population likely to be over 60 lakh by 2031 | work=The Times of India | date=31 August 2014 | access-date=16 February 2015 | author=Pranav Chaudhary | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125095337/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Patna-population-likely-to-be-over-60-lakh-by-2031/articleshow/41309413.cms | archive-date=25 November 2014 | df=dmy-all }} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref> [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]], one of the [[longest bridges in the world]] at {{convert|5.75|km|mi}}, links Hajipur to Patna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/nine-exemplary-bridges-in-india/mahatma-gandhi-setu/slideshow/25751932.cms|title=About Mahatma Gandhi Setu infrastructure|access-date=4 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704225132/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/infrastructure/nine-exemplary-bridges-in-india/mahatma-gandhi-setu/slideshow/25751932.cms|url-status=live}} economictimes.indiatimes.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/infrastructure/longest-river-bridge-in-india.html|title= Longest River Bridge in India&nbsp;— Mahatma Gandhi Setu&nbsp;— Longest River Bridge in World|publisher= thecolorsofindia|access-date= 4 March 2012|archive-date= 29 February 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120229220551/http://www.thecolorsofindia.com/interesting-facts/infrastructure/longest-river-bridge-in-india.html|url-status= live}} thecolorsofindia.com</ref> After Patna, it is the fastest-developing city in Bihar, primarily because of its proximity to Patna. Hajipur lies on the north bank of the [[Ganges|Ganga]] while Patna lies on the south, the Gandhi Setu bridge connects both cities. Another bridge, the [[Digha–Sonpur Bridge]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp|title=Express-train cheer for rail bridge|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818112809/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160704/jsp/bihar/story_94633.jsp|archive-date=18 August 2016|df=dmy-all}} telegraphindia</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170611/jsp/frontpage/story_156221.jsp|title=Bridge opening boon for north Bihar link|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107011755/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170611/jsp/frontpage/story_156221.jsp|archive-date=7 November 2017|df=dmy-all}} telegraphindia</ref> which crosses the Ganga north-west of Patna, narrows the distance between Hajipur and Patna. There have been plans to expand Patna to ''Greater Patna'', which would entail absorbing Hajipur, Bidupur and other [[Town|surrounding towns]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1160425/jsp/bihar/story_82011.jsp|title=Patna master plan gets committee push|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724144829/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160425/jsp/bihar/story_82011.jsp|archive-date=24 July 2016}} telegraphindia.com</ref><ref name=":0"/><br />
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The area of Hajipur city is spread across {{cvt|19.64|km2}}. The city is divided into 39 Wards. Hajipur is the only [[Twin cities|twin city]] of Patna and lies nearest to the capital and shares most of its government works, headquarters, educational institutions. Being another district headquarters, it is equal to the capital in terms of powers.<ref>{{Cite news|title=City Development Plan For Patna|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/City-Development-Plan-For-Patna|access-date=18 April 2021|work=The Times of India|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/City-Development-Plan-For-Patna|url-status=live}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=30 June 2009|title=New Delhi, Patna best cities to start business: World Bank|newspaper=The Times of India|agency=PTI|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/New-Delhi-Patna-best-cities-to-start-business-World-Bank/articleshow/4720294.cms|url-status=live|access-date=24 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516062203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Business/New-Delhi-Patna-best-cities-to-start-business-World-Bank/articleshow/4720294.cms|archive-date=16 May 2010}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref><br />
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==Etymology==<br />
The founder of Hajipur, ''[[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah|Haji Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]]'s'' tomb is now called as ''Haji-Pir'' and the name of the headquarters of [[Vaishali district]], "Hajipur" emerged from the same word.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/vaishali--haripur--hajipur-563654|title=Ancient name of hajipur is ''Haripur''|date=11 January 2017 |access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215201853/http://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/vaishali--haripur--hajipur-563654|url-status=live}} punjabkesari.in</ref><ref name=na/><ref name=ou>{{Cite web|title=About ancient name of hajipur|url=https://www.outlookhindi.com/art-and-culture/diary/shaharnama-maalbhog-kela-hajipur-57748|access-date=2021-06-17|language=en|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425061559/https://www.outlookhindi.com/art-and-culture/diary/shaharnama-maalbhog-kela-hajipur-57748|url-status=live}} ''outlookhindi.com''</ref><br />
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==History==<br />
In ancient times, Hajipur was known as '''Ukkacala'''<ref>{{cite book|title=Prajñā-bhāratī|publisher=K.P. Jayaswal Research Institute|pages=175–178|volume=6|year=1992}}</ref> and was the first village after crossing the [[Ganges|Ganga]] at Patna. The village of Hajipur gained significance, as it was the venue of one of the discourses given by [[Buddha]]. Buddha preached the ''Cula Gopalaka Sutta'', a Middle Length Discourse, here. Along with that, it is also of interest because a portion of [[Ananda]]'s ashes were [[enshrined]] in the town. Ananda, the closest disciple of Buddha, acted as the Buddha's attendant for twenty years and outlived him by several [[decades]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://vaishali.nic.in|title=About history of hajipur|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610085231/https://vaishali.nic.in/|url-status=live}} vaishali.nic.in</ref><ref name=ou/> Hajipur is also known for the land of [[Amrapali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jlcollegehajipur.ac.in/about-us/about/|title=Hajipur is the land of Amrapali|access-date=1 March 2022|archive-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302153121/https://www.jlcollegehajipur.ac.in/about-us/about/|url-status=live}} jlcollegehajipur.ac.in</ref><br />
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In [[British India]], Hajipur was a small town in the [[Muzaffarpur district]] situated on the confluence of the Ganges and [[Gandaki River|Gandak]]. Hajipur features conspicuously in the history of struggles between [[Emperor Akbar]] and the rebellious Afghan [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani]] rulers of Bengal, being twice besieged and captured by the imperial troops, in 1572 and 1574.<ref>{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Hajipur|volume=12|page=827}}</ref> In 1912 [[Bihar]] and Orissa was divided from the Presidency of Bengal. After independence the city of Hajipur came under state of Bihar which was formed on the [[Linguistics|linguistic basis]].<ref name=na/><ref name=":0">Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Hajipur". Encyclopedia Britannica, 15 Jul. 2014, {{URL|https://www.britannica.com/place/Hajipur|Hajipur}}. Accessed 10 June 2021.</ref><br />
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==Geography and climate==<br />
Hajipur is the headquarters of [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] after its separation from [[Muzaffarpur district]] on 12 October 1972. It is located at {{Coord|25.69|N|85.22|E}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Hajipur.html Coordinates of Hajipur city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715014921/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/34/Hajipur.html |date=15 July 2013 }} Falling Rain Genomics, Inc</ref> It has an average elevation of 46&nbsp;metres (150&nbsp;ft). Hajipur is located 10&nbsp;km from Patna, transversely on the sacred river [[Ganges|Ganga]] and is budding as one of the foremost profit-making and manufacturing region of the state.<ref name=statoids>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 11 October 2011 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids | url-status = live | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111017155710/http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | archive-date = 17 October 2011 | df = dmy-all }} statoids.com</ref><ref name=":0"/><br />
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[[File:Sonepur- gandak bridge -Hajipur (5448565068).jpg|thumb|left|Gandak River]]<br />
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Hajipur city is bounded by the [[Gandaki River|Gandak River]] in the west and the holy Ganges in the south. A good network of rail, road, and water transport exists in the city, connecting it with other parts of the district as well as state and country. [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]] (5,575 m long, prestressed box culvert type RCC bridge) over river Ganges connects it with Patna,<ref>[http://www.gammonindia.com Gammon India Limited]. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110217073938/http://www.gammonindia.com/ |date=17 February 2011 }} gammonindia.com</ref> the state capital, while another rail and road bridge over Gandak connects it with [[Sonpur, Bihar|Sonepur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How to reach Sonpur Town?|url=http://www.explorebihar.in/how-to-reach-sonepur-town.html|work=Explore Bihar|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-date=25 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125002026/http://www.explorebihar.in/how-to-reach-sonepur-town.html|url-status=live}} explorebihar.in</ref><br />
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Hajipur subdivision became home to the [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Salim Ali—Jubba Sahni Bird Sanctuary]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barela Lake Salim Ali Zubba Saheni {{!}} WILD BIHAR {{!}} Bihar|url=https://www.wildbihar.org/barela-salim-ali-zubba-saheni|access-date=2021-06-24|website=wildbihar|language=en|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624215947/https://www.wildbihar.org/barela-salim-ali-zubba-saheni|url-status=live}} wildbihar.org</ref> (Baraila Lake), which has an area of {{convert|2|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}, established in 1997.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment|title=Protected areas: Bihar|url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|access-date=25 September 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm|archive-date=23 August 2011}} oldwww.wii.gov.in</ref><br />
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===Climate===<br />
The plain terrain of the city and its nearby area is famous for banana, litchi, and mango plantations. The region looks green with plants and trees growing in a semi-[[tropical monsoon climate]]. However, the months of May–June is hot, and December–January is cold.<ref>[http://ecourts.gov.in/vaishali Climate, Region and Plantation details of Hajipur city] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919221854/http://ecourts.gov.in/vaishali |date=19 September 2015 }} ecourts.gov.in</ref><br />
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[[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] and Geiger classifies the location as ''Csa''. The average temperature is 25.8&nbsp;°C; the hottest month being May with an average temperature of 32.2&nbsp;°C and the coldest month being January with an average temperature of 17.1&nbsp;°C. The average temperatures vary by 15.1&nbsp;°C in a year. The average annual rainfall is 993&nbsp;mm. The driest month is December, with an average precipitation of 3&nbsp;mm and the wettest month is July with an average precipitation of 266&nbsp;mm.<ref name=climate>[http://en.climate-data.org/location/47506/ Details about the climate, temperature, rainfall, annual averages, and precipitation of Hajipur/Monthly mean maximum & minimum temperature data, averages and precipitation for climate variables for Hajipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217064242/https://en.climate-data.org/location/47506/ |date=17 February 2017 }} en.climate-data.org</ref><br />
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The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables—<br />
{{Clear}}<br />
{{Weather box|=<br />
|location=Hajipur<br />
|metric first=Yes<br />
|single line=Yes<br />
|Jan high C=23.6<br />
|Feb high C=26.3<br />
|Mar high C=32.8<br />
|Apr high C=33.8<br />
|May high C=38.6<br />
|Jun high C=36.4<br />
|Jul high C=32.8<br />
|Aug high C=32.2<br />
|Sep high C=32.2<br />
|Oct high C=31.8<br />
|Nov high C=28.8<br />
|Dec high C=24.9<br />
|Jan mean C=17.1<br />
|Feb mean C=19.6<br />
|Mar mean C=25.4<br />
|Apr mean C=28.3<br />
|May mean C=32.2<br />
|Jun mean C=31.6<br />
|Jul mean C=29.6<br />
|Aug mean C=29.4<br />
|Sep mean C=29.1<br />
|Oct mean C=27.2<br />
|Nov mean C=22.2<br />
|Dec mean C=18.1<br />
|Jan low C=10.7<br />
|Feb low C=13.0<br />
|Mar low C=18.1<br />
|Apr low C=22.9<br />
|May low C=25.9<br />
|Jun low C=26.9<br />
|Jul low C=26.5<br />
|Aug low C=26.6<br />
|Sep low C=26.1<br />
|Oct low C=22.7<br />
|Nov low C=15.7<br />
|Dec low C=11.4<br />
|precipitation colour=green<br />
|Jan precipitation mm=15<br />
|Feb precipitation mm=6<br />
|Mar precipitation mm=5<br />
|Apr precipitation mm=8<br />
|May precipitation mm=27<br />
|Jun precipitation mm=137<br />
|Jul precipitation mm=266<br />
|Aug precipitation mm=259<br />
|Sep precipitation mm=195<br />
|Oct precipitation mm=66<br />
|Nov precipitation mm=6<br />
|Dec precipitation mm=3<br />
|source=Climate table (average high and low) and average precipitation<ref name=climate/><br />
}}<br />
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==Demographics, languages, and religion==<br />
<br />
{{Historical populations<br />
|source=<ref name=mo>{{cite web | url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ngrba/NGRBA-DPR%20hajipur%20Final%2026-05-2010.pdf | title=Historical populations of Hajipur from 1901- 2011 | publisher=NGRBA-DPR | access-date=26 May 2010 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008162115/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ngrba/NGRBA-DPR%20hajipur%20Final%2026-05-2010.pdf | archive-date=8 October 2018 | df=dmy-all }} moef.nic.in</ref><br />
|1901|21398<br />
|1911|19233<br />
|1921|16760<br />
|1931|19299<br />
|1941|21963<br />
|1951|25149<br />
|1961|34044<br />
|1971|41890<br />
|1981|62520<br />
|1991|87687<br />
|2001|119412<br />
|2011|147688<br />
|footnote=Population history of Hajipur (1901-2011).<br />
}}<br />
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[[Culture|Culturally]] and [[linguistic]]ally, Hajipur is similar to that of Patna. As per 2011 [[census]] Hajipur city has a population of 147,688, out of which males were 78,047 and females were 69,641. The literacy rate was 76.80 percent, higher than the national average of 74.04%: male literacy is 82.45%, and female literacy is 70.47%. In Hajipur, 14.15% of the population was under six years of age, a total of 20,899 with 11,090 boys while 9,809 are girls. The sex ratio of 892 females per 1,000 males was lower than the national average of 944 and Child sex ratio of girls is 884 per 1000 boys.<ref name=na/><ref name=mo/><br />
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{{Pie chart<br />
|caption = Languages of Hajipur (2011)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |title=2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue |access-date=18 February 2022 |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815035759/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|label1 = [[Bajjika language|Bajjika]] |value1 = 69.9 |color1 = pink<br />
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 25.1 |color2 = orange<br />
|label3 = [[Urdu]] |value3 = 4.80 |color3 = green<br />
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.22 |color5 = grey<br />
}} <ref>[https://langlex.com/cens/DistrictLangProfile.php?districtname=Vaishali Language of Vaishali]</ref><br />
<br />
Residents of Hajipur are referred to by the demonym ''Hajipurian''. Hindi is the main language of the city, also the official language of the Bihar state but many other languages are spoken too. The native dialect is Bajjika, the ancient name of North Bihar is most widely spoken. English is also spoken by Hajipurians, and other widely spoken dialects and languages include [[Bajjika]], [[Urdu]] and [[Angika]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=censusindia | access-date=15 June 2021 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226121237/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | archive-date=26 December 2018 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=ur/><br />
<br />
{{bar box|width=310<br />
|barwidth=250<br />
|title=Religions in Hajipur (2011)<ref name=na/><br />
|titlebar=#Fcd116<br />
|left1=Religion<br />
|right1=Percent<br />
|float=left<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|#FF7E00|85.84}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#00693E|13.86}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|#5218F|0.13}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|blue|0.04}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|0.02}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|#F4C430|0.01}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.10}}}}<br />
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==Economy==<br />
{{Main|Export Promotion Park of India, Hajipur}}<br />
[[File:Nitish Kumar inspecting manufacturing units in Hajipur.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister Nitish Kumar inspecting the manufacturing facilities that were established during his tenure in Industrial area of Hajipur in 2025.]]<br />
The economy of Hajipur is largely service orientated, but it also has an agricultural base and industrial sector. As of 2011, service accounts for 55%, industry 9%, and agriculture 35% of the economy of the city.<ref>[http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Hajipur.pdf CDP-Hajipur-PDF(Page-1)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104434/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Hajipur.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} urban.bih.nic.in</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.biadabihar.in/DataFiles/CMS/file/PCC_26_08_11.pdf |title=Decision of PCC Meeting held |date=26 August 2011 |publisher=BIHAR INDUSTRIAL AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126150027/http://www.biadabihar.in/DataFiles/CMS/file/PCC_26_08_11.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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There is a dedicated industrial area in Hajipur apart from [[Export Promotion Park of India, Hajipur]]—''(EPIP)'', maintained by ''Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority—(BIADA)''<ref>{{URL|https://www.biadabihar.in/about-biada | About Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority (BIADA) maintaining Export Promotion Park of Hajipur city}} biadabihar.in</ref> in an area of 150 acres where many Big Brands of FMCG & Agro-based companies like [[PepsiCo]], [[Britannia Industries]], [[Hindustan Unilever|HUL]], [[Godrej Consumer Products]], Anmol Industries, [[Sudha Dairy]], Wayss Ice Cream, Bansal, Treat, Avon Cycle, etc. have their manufacturing units. There are several upcoming construction projects from private and public sectors with three new bridges connecting to Patna.<ref>[http://www.urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Patna.pdf CDP-Patna PDF-(Page-|,||)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304025652/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Patna.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} urban.bih.nic.in</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110726/jsp/bihar/story_14288935.jsp |title=The eight under glare |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2011-07-26 |access-date=2012-04-04 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924150759/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110726/jsp/bihar/story_14288935.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Export Promotion Industrial Park, is a multiple-product export processing zone in [[East India]] developed by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], the [[Government of Bihar]] and by the administrative body BIADA located in Hajipur, In the administrative [[Vaishali district]], has {{convert|94|acre|ha sqmi|lk=on}} of land with modern infrastructure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bihardevelopment.org/catchall.php?link_1_id=20&link_2_id=271&writeup_link_level=link_3&writeup_link_id=1074 |title=Information on Bihar development, resource mobilisation, capacity building through |publisher=Bihardevelopment.org |access-date=2012-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623065703/http://www.bihardevelopment.org/catchall.php?link_1_id=20 |archive-date=2012-06-23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/biada-rates-much-lower-opposition-seeks-probe/821759/2 |title=BIADA rates much lower, Opposition seeks probe |publisher=Indian Express |date=2011-07-25 |access-date=2012-04-04}}</ref><br />
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== Places of interest ==<br />
=== Ramchaura Mandir ===<br />
The [[Ramchaura Mandir]] is a Hindu Temple in the city of Hajipur, Bihar. Dedicated to [[Rama|Lord Ram]]. As per local folklore, it is said to have been in existence since the Ramayana period and Shri Ram is believed to have visited this place on his way to Janakpur, where his footprints are worshiped.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/hajipur/attractions/ramchaura-mandir/|title=Ramchaura Mandir details|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606023718/https://www.nativeplanet.com/hajipur/attractions/ramchaura-mandir/|url-status=live}} nativeplanet.com</ref> The Ramchaura Mandir has a tradition of celebrating [[Rama Navami]], on the birth anniversary of Shri Rama. A small fair is also organised on the eve of Rama Navami. Archeological objects excavated from Ramchaura are kept at the [[Patna Museum]].<ref>[http://www.buddhisttoursindia.com/buddhist-tour-destinations/hajipur-tours.html About Ramchaura Mandir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619153121/http://www.buddhisttoursindia.com/buddhist-tour-destinations/hajipur-tours.html |date=19 June 2010 }} buddhisttoursindia.com</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=President calls for research on artists |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-31/patna/27265268_1_patna-museum-museum-premises-relics |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104055012/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-31/patna/27265268_1_patna-museum-museum-premises-relics |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 January 2014 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 May 2003 }}</ref><br />
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=== Pataleshwar Mandir ===<br />
Dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]], [[Pataleshwar Mandir]] is located at Hajipur. Since, the ancient period Shiva is believed to be in the form of [[Lingam]] here. The worship of the [[Lingam|Shiva-Linga]] originated from the famous hymn in the [[Atharvaveda|Atharva-Veda]] [[Samhita]] sung in praise of the Yupa-Stambha.<ref>[http://www.nativeplanet.com/hajipur/attractions/pataleshwar-mandir/ About Pataleshwar nath Mandir, Hajipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007011454/http://www.nativeplanet.com/hajipur/attractions/pataleshwar-mandir/ |date=7 October 2015 }} nativeplanet.com</ref><br />
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===Bateshwarnath Nath Temple ===<br />
<br />
Bateshwar Nath Temple, Bihar<br />
Bateshwar Nath Temple is an ancient Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located in Dhandua village, Basantpur Panchayat, Hajipur, Vaishali district, Bihar, India. The temple is situated approximately 28&nbsp;km from the district headquarters of Vaishali. As per local folklore, the temple has existed since the Mughal period and is believed to have miraculously appeared at the center of a thousand-year-old banyan tree. The temple's origins are associated with an intriguing legend that suggests it was self-constructed. The temple holds a significant place in the religious and cultural landscape of the region. Every year, it hosts the Basant Panchami festival (February–March) with great enthusiasm. Additionally, a month-long fair is organized on the occasion of Mahashivratri, attracting devotees and visitors from nearby areas. Surrounded by vast agricultural fields, the temple offers a serene and spiritual atmosphere, making it a notable destination for those seeking peace and devotion. Recognizing its historical and religious significance, the Bihar Government has approved a project to develop the site into a recognized historical and tourist attraction. The temple is currently managed by Bateshwar Nath Vikash Seva Sansthan, an NGO, under the leadership of Mithilesh Kumar Singh, an advocate and the secretary of the organization.<br />
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=== Kaunhaara Ghat ===<br />
[[File:Lord Vishnu.jpeg|thumb|Lord Vishnu with Gaja and Graah]]<br />
It is considered one of the main ghats of Ganga—Gandak, where worshiping and cremation has been performed for centuries. This ghat received its name based on an ancient legend. According to this legend, "The famous fight of [[Elephant|Gaja (elephant)]]-[[Crocodile|Graah (crocodile)]], which is well covered in Indian scriptures, is the reason behind people asking -kaun haara. Hence the name- [[Kaunhara ghat]]. Scriptures tell that [[Vishnu|Lord Vishnu]] had to interfere in the fight to save his devotee Gajaraj, who was being drowned by a crocodile. Both Gaja and Graah were [[gandharva]]s. But due to some curse, they became Gaja and Graah. Lord Vishnu killed Graah to give him instant salvation, and saved the life Of Gajaraj." The depiction of fighting Gaja—Graah is an emblem for the city and is prominently shown on the Hajipur railway station's dome and other notable places.<ref>[http://travelspedia.com/South-Asia/India/Bihar/8588.html Kaunhara Ghat celebrations] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130204152816/http://travelspedia.com/South-Asia/India/Bihar/8588.html |date=4 February 2013 }} travelspedia.com</ref><br />
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=== Jami Masjid ===<br />
[[File:Jami Masjid.JPG|thumb|left|Jami Masjid]]<br />
Jami Masjid is one of the states' oldest mosques erected in 1587 AD during the Mughal rule by Makhsus Shah, the contemporary governor of Bihar Sharif according to [[Akbarnamah]].<ref>[http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml Illustration from the ''Akbarnama'': History of Akbar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919035749/http://www.artic.edu/artaccess/AA_India/pages/India_12.shtml |date=2009-09-19 }} [[Art Institute of Chicago]] artic.edu</ref> The remarkable monument is a spectacular example of Indo-Persian architecture, the central dome being larger than the others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jami Masjid Hajipur|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/yac/Content.html?links&page=m5#site7|url-status=live|access-date=2021-06-21|website=state.bihar.gov.in|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627185212/https://state.bihar.gov.in/yac/CitizenHome.html#site7}} state.bihar.gov.in</ref><br />
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=== Sonepur Cattle Fair ===<br />
Located opposite Hajipur is a place of Sonepur where the thirty-night-long [[Sonepur Cattle Fair]] is held every year starting from [[Kartik Purnima|Kartik full moon day]]. The place goes lively at the onset of winter with the mass holy deep in [[Gandaki River|river Gandak]] by Hindu at Kaun—haara Ghat.<ref name="bp1">{{cite web|title=World Famous Sonepur Cattle Fair to begin on November 16|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/world-famous-sonepur-cattle-fair-to-begin-on-november-16/|work=Biharprabha News|access-date=20 October 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026081133/http://news.biharprabha.com/2013/10/world-famous-sonepur-cattle-fair-to-begin-on-november-16/|archive-date=26 October 2013}} biharprabha.com</ref> Being claimed as the biggest animal fair in Asia. [[Government of Bihar]]'s Department of Rural Development, [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare|Department of Agriculture]] organises training and exhibitions.<ref>[http://www.indobase.com/events/details/sonepur-cattle-fair.php About Sonepur cattle fair, Bihar, India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209201547/http://www.indobase.com/events/details/sonepur-cattle-fair.php |date=2008-02-09 }} indobase.com</ref> The visitors can stay in hotels at Hajipur or they can hire luxury [[Swiss cottage]]s erected on sand dunes beside river Gandak.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Swiss-cottages-at-Sonepur-fair-a-tourist-delight/articleshow/3748554.cms|title=Swiss cottages at Sonepur fair a tourist delight|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223231435/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Swiss-cottages-at-Sonepur-fair-a-tourist-delight/articleshow/3748554.cms|archive-date=2017-12-23}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130913/jsp/bihar/story_17344110.jsp|title=Swiss cottages to cost more|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135831/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1130913/jsp/bihar/story_17344110.jsp|archive-date=2017-10-20}} telegraphindia.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/foreign-tourists-line-up-for-sonepur-fair-swiss-cottages-182088|title=Foreign tourists line up for Sonepur fair Swiss cottages|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025054/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/foreign-tourists-line-up-for-sonepur-fair-swiss-cottages-182088|archive-date=2017-11-07}} telegraphindia.com</ref> The tent and cottages are provided by [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation|Department of State Tourism]].<ref>[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/vaishali.htm About Sonepur cattle fair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044101/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Vaishali.htm |date=2015-07-22 }} bstdc.bih.nic.in</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-gentle-giants-of-sonepur/20161205.htm|title=The gentle giants of Sonepur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825145624/http://www.rediff.com/news/special/the-gentle-giants-of-sonepur/20161205.htm|archive-date=2017-08-25}} rediff.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Sonepur-fair-losing-its-elephant-charm/articleshow/55422243.cms|title=Sonepur fair losing its elephant charm|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611153644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Sonepur-fair-losing-its-elephant-charm/articleshow/55422243.cms|archive-date=2017-06-11}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref><br />
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=== Vaishali Mahotsava ===<br />
[[File:Visva santi stupa, vaishali bihar.jpg|thumb|[[Vishwa Shanti Stupa]]]]<br />
The ancient village of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] is located 35&nbsp;km North—West of Hajipur. The place can be reached by road and offers many archaeological places to see which includes [[Stupa|Buddha Stupa]], [[Pillars of Ashoka]], Abhishek [[Temple tank|Puskarani]] (coronation Tank of [[Vajjika League|Vajjika]] rulers). Vaishali Mahotsava is held every year on [[Baisakh Purnima]] ''(Full Moon Day of 1st Hindu Month)'' during mid-April to celebrate the birth anniversary of 24th [[Tirthankara|Jain Tirthankar]]—[[Mahavira|Mahavir]] who was born here in the village [[Kundalpur]], 4&nbsp;km from Vaishali. The soil of this land is blessed by the visit of [[Buddha]] twice during the 3rd century BC.<ref>[http://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/fairs-festivals/vaishali-mahotsava.html Vaishali Mahotsava- fair festival of bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726172023/http://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/fairs-festivals/vaishali-mahotsava.html |date=26 July 2010 }} bharatonline.com</ref><ref>[http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/vaishali.htm Attraction of Hajipur, Vaishali] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722044101/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/Vaishali.htm |date=2015-07-22 }} bstdc.bih.nic.in</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Janice Leoshko |title=Sacred Traces: British Explorations of Buddhism in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-55030-7 |page=74 |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=27 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627185240/https://books.google.com/books?id=gS4rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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'''Museums'''<br />
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''Deep Narayan Singh Museum''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar State Museums|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/yac/SectionInformation.html?editForm&rowId=1041|url-status=live|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183950/https://state.bihar.gov.in/yac/CitizenHome.html}} state.bihar.gov.in</ref> was established in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Buddhist Circuit of Bihar|url=http://buddhistcircuitbihar.com/vaishali3.htm|access-date=2021-06-21|website=buddhistcircuitbihar.com|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202015/http://buddhistcircuitbihar.com/vaishali3.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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== Education ==<br />
=== Research and management ===<br />
* [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management, Catering Technology & Applied Nutrition (IHMCT&AN)]]<ref>[https://www.ihmhajipur.net Institute of Hotel Management-Hajipur Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525100106/http://ihmhajipur.net/ |date=25 May 2009 }} ihmhajipur.net</ref> under the aegis of Govt. of India and Department of Tourism, [[Government of Bihar|Govt. of Bihar]]<br />
* [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur]] ([[NIPER]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, HAJIPUR|url=http://niperhajipur.ac.in/|url-status=live|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195714/http://niperhajipur.ac.in/}} niperhajipur.ac.in</ref> is an Indian public Pharmacy research university, under India's [[Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers]]<br />
* [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur]] ([[Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology, Raipur|CIPET]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Institute of Plastics Engineering and Technology, Hajipur|url=https://www.cipet.gov.in/centres/cipet-hajipur/introduction.php|url-status=live|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304120832/https://www.cipet.gov.in/centres/cipet-hajipur/introduction.php}} cipet.gov.in</ref> under the Department of Chemicals and Petrochemicals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, [[Government of India]].<br />
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=== Colleges ===<br />
[[Raj Narain College, Hajipur|Raj Narain College]],<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20151023121920/http://www.rncollegehajipur.org/ Official website of Raj Narain College Hajipur]}} rncollegehajipur.org</ref> [[Jamuni Lal College]],<ref>[https://www.jamunilalcollege.in J.L College, Hajipur Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811005351/http://jamunilalcollege.in/ |date=11 August 2020 }} jamunilalcollege.in</ref> [[D.C. College, Hajipur|Deo Chand College]], [[Vaishali Mahila College]], [[Intermediate Women's College, Hajipur|Intermediate Women's College]], Chaurasia Raj Kishore College,<ref>[http://crk-college.in Chaurasia Raj Kishore College Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123021920/http://crk-college.in/ |date=23 November 2015 }} crk-college.in</ref> JaiPrakash Evening Intermediate College,<ref>[http://jpeic.in JaiPrakash Evening Intermediate College Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609165705/http://jpeic.in/ |date=9 June 2021 }} jpeic.in</ref> Maitreya College of Education and Management,<ref>[http://www.maitreyaedu.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=27 Maitreya College of Education and Management College Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118115312/http://www.maitreyaedu.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51&Itemid=27 |date=18 November 2015 }} maitreyaedu.co.in</ref> Licchavi College of Teacher's Training,<ref>[http://www.licchavicollege.com Official website of Teacher's training college, Hajipur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316101602/http://www.licchavicollege.com/ |date=16 March 2019 }} licchavicollege.com</ref> Maa Tara Institute of Health technology and Management,<ref>[http://www.mtihtm.net Maa Tara Institute Of Health technology & Management (MTIHTM)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202172910/http://www.mtihtm.net/ |date=2 February 2014 }} mtihtm.net</ref> R.S. Sharda Devi Education College,<ref>[https://rssdec.com R.S. Sharda Devi Education College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520092507/https://rssdec.com/ |date=20 May 2021 }} rssdec.com</ref> Bihar College of Education,<ref>[https://www.bc-edu.in/ Bihar college of education] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216182953/http://www.bc-edu.in/ |date=16 February 2020 }} bc-edu.in</ref> Bihar Industrial Training Centre,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Industrial Training Centre|url=https://itibihar.com/|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195458/https://itibihar.com/}} itibihar.com</ref> District Institute of Education and Training.<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Institute of Education and Training ( DIET)|url=http://dietvaishali.in/|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195430/http://dietvaishali.in/}} dietvaishali.in</ref><br />
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=== Schools ===<br />
Schools in Hajipur are either government run schools or private schools. The schools are affiliated to [[Bihar School Examination Board]] (BSEB), the All-India [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) or the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) boards. Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4cFtJv3CsQC&q=schools+patna+english+languages+of+instruction&pg=PA65 | title=International Aid and Private Schools for the Poor: Smiles, Miracles and Markets | publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013 | author=Dixon, Pauline | year=2013 | page=65 | isbn=9781781953457 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619221812/https://books.google.com/books?id=a4cFtJv3CsQC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=schools+patna+english+languages+of+instruction&source=bl&ots=82t9Tez_8e&sig=fa_I9HWgjyWljY3y_UxiensBHE4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=TFSEVYuqKMy6uATTmoGwDg&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=schools%20patna%20english%20languages%20of%20instruction&f=false | archive-date=19 June 2015 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Some top Schools are — G.A Inter School, [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kendriya Vidyalaya, Hajipur|url=https://hajipur.kvs.ac.in/|url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195449/https://hajipur.kvs.ac.in/}} hajipur.kvs.ac.in</ref> [[St. Paul's High School, Hajipur|St. Paul's High School]],<ref>[http://www.spshajipur.co.in Official website of St. Paul's High School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101045458/http://spshajipur.co.in/ |date=1 November 2015 }} spshajipur.co.in</ref> St. Georgia Girls' School,<ref>{{Cite web|title=St Georgia Girls' School|url=http://stgeorgia.co.in/|access-date=2021-06-16|language=en-US|archive-date=2 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210402091504/http://stgeorgia.co.in/|url-status=live}} stgeorgia.co.in</ref> Indian Public School,<ref>[http://www.ipshajipur.org Indian Public School, Hajipur Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912054411/http://ipshajipur.org/ |date=12 September 2017 }} ipshajipur.org</ref> Surajdeo Memorial School,<ref>[http://www.surajdeomemorialschool.com Official website of SurajDeo Memorial School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022042109/https://www.surajdeomemorialschool.com/ |date=22 October 2020 }} surajdeomemorialschool.com</ref> [[Delhi Public School]].,<ref>{{Cite web|title=DPS Hajipur {{!}} Best School in Hajipur {{!}} Delhi public School|url=http://dpshajipur.com/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=dpshajipur.com|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202218/http://dpshajipur.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> St. John's Academy<br />
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== Notable people ==<br />
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'''Freedom Fighter'''<br />
* [[Basawon Singh]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Lalit|first=Kumar|url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/beneficial-leader-of-labor-history-male-basavan-singh-MZG734/|title=Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh|publisher=Bihar Hindi Granth Academy|year=2000|location=Patna|language=hi|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202328/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/beneficial-leader-of-labor-history-male-basavan-singh-MZG734/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Sports Person'''<br />
* [[Kavita Roy]] (Former ODI Cricketer)<br />
* [[Pramod Bhagat]]<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sheezan Nezami|date=5 Sep 2021|title=Tokyo Paralympics: Polio-stricken Pramod Bhagat picked badminton to live his dream {{!}} Tokyo Paralympics News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-polio-stricken-pramod-bhagat-picked-badminton-to-live-his-dream/articleshow/85942388.cms|access-date=2021-09-06|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905134556/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tokyo-paralympics/tokyo-paralympics-polio-stricken-pramod-bhagat-picked-badminton-to-live-his-dream/articleshow/85942388.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> ([[Para-badminton|Para-badminton Player]])<br />
* Hritik Anand<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-18 |title=ब्राजील में गोल्ड जीतने वाले ऋतिक को PM नरेंद्र मोदी का आया बुलावा, मिलने जाएंगे दिल्ली |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/vaishali-pm-narendra-modi-has-invited-deaf-paralympics-badminton-team-at-his-residence-hritik-anand-will-leave-for-delhi-to-meet-him-nodmk8-4262394.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hrithik Anand from Bihar has won which medal for India at the 24th Summer Deaf Badminton Olympics held in Brazil?a)Silver medalb)Bronze medalc)Platinum medald)Gold medale)None of the above/More than one of the aboveCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer? - EduRev BPSC (Bihar) Question |url=https://edurev.in/question/4527911/Hrithik-Anand-from-Bihar-has-won-which-medal-for-India-at-the-24th-Summer-Deaf-Badminton-Olympics-he#:~:text=Hrithik%20won%20the%20first%20gold,Japan%20in%20the%20final%20match. |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=EDUREV.IN |language=en}}</ref> (Deaflympics 2022 Badminton Gold Medalist)<br />
<br />
'''Writer'''<br />
* [[Neelakshi Singh]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Neelakshi|title=Parindey ka intezaar Sa Kuchh|date=8 March 2010|publisher=Harper Collins India Original|isbn=9788172239565|url=http://www.harpercollins.co.in/BookDetail.asp?Book_Code=3038|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025016/http://www.harpercollins.co.in/BookDetail.asp?Book_Code=3038|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=SINGH|first1=NEELAKSHI|title=SHUDDHI PATRA|year=2007|publisher=BHARTIYA JNANPITH|isbn=978-81-263-1632-8|page=192|url=http://www.jnanpith.net/book/shuddhi-patra|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221211630/http://www.jnanpith.net/book/shuddhi-patra|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Politicians'''<br />
* [[Ajay Nishad]]<br />
* [[Awadhesh Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awadhesh Singh(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- HAJIPUR(VAISHALI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1332|access-date=2021-04-18|website=myneta.info|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201656/https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=1332|url-status=live}}</ref> <br />
* [[Bashistha Narain Singh]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uniindia.com/~/umesh-kushwaha-becomes-bihar-jd-u-president-succeeds-vashishth-narayan-singh/States/news/2288552.html|title=Umesh Kushwaha becomes Bihar JD(U) chief succeeds Vashishtha Narayan Singh|website=UniIndia|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112092834/http://www.uniindia.com/~/umesh-kushwaha-becomes-bihar-jd-u-president-succeeds-vashishth-narayan-singh/States/news/2288552.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Brishin Patel]]<br />
* [[Deep Narayan Singh]] (2nd CM of Bihar)<br />
* [[Digvijay Narain Singh]]<br />
* [[Nityanand Rai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/hajipur.html|website=www.elections.in|title=Former MLA from Hajipur Assembly Constituency|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109041411/https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/hajipur.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Pashupati Kumar Paras]]<br />
* [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=RAGHUVANSH PRASAD SINGH : Bio, Political life, Family & Top stories|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/raghuvansh-prasad-singh|access-date=2020-09-14|website=The Times of India|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614080714/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/candidates/raghuvansh-prasad-singh|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Rajeshwara Patel]]<br />
* [[Ram Ratan Ram]]<br />
* [[Ram Sundar Das]] (15th CM of Bihar)<br />
* [[Ram Vilas Paswan]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Vilas Paswan|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/topic/ram-vilas-paswan|access-date=8 October 2020|archive-date=12 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012015524/https://www.business-standard.com/topic/ram-vilas-paswan|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Ritu Jaiswal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ritujaiswal.com/my-life-at-glance.php|title=Ritu Jaiswal|website=ritujaiswal.com|language=en|access-date=2020-11-01|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610063833/https://ritujaiswal.com/my-life-at-glance.php|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Valmiki Choudhary]]<br />
* [[Chirag Paswan]]<br />
<br />
==Sports==<br />
*''Akshaywat Rai Stadium''<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Centre-cant-ignore-our-claim-CM/articleshow/16499448.cms About Akshaywat Rai Stadium (Kachhari maidan), hajipur] timesofindia.com</ref><br />
*[[Basawan Singh Indoor Stadium|Basawan Singh Stadium]] is a public indoor [[stadium]]<ref>[http://www.prdbihar.in/AdminPanel/Files/Advertisements/13328.pdf Information & Public Relation Department, Govt. of Bihar inviting quotation of planning and development department for Swatantrata Senani Basawan Singh Indoor Stadium] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104171635/http://www.prdbihar.in/AdminPanel/Files/Advertisements/13328.pdf |date=2014-11-04 }} prdbihar.in</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Women-outnumber-men-in-Hajipur/articleshow/4441696.cms | title=Women outnumber men in Hajipur | first=Alok | last=Mishra | date=24 April 2009 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=2 September 2018 | archive-date=15 July 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715151548/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Women-outnumber-men-in-Hajipur/articleshow/4441696.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> inviting quotation for planning and development under Information & Public relation department, [[Government of Bihar]].<br />
<br />
==Transport and connectivity==<br />
<br />
[[File:Hajipur Junction Evening Picture.jpg|thumb|[[Hajipur Junction]]]]<br />
<br />
[[File:GandhiSetuPatnaRevamped.png|thumb|upright=1|[[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]]]]<br />
<br />
Hajipur city has a modern railway zonal office.<ref>[http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in Official website of East Central railway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112090715/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/ |date=12 January 2014 }} ecr.indianrailways.gov.in</ref> It is the headquarters of the [[East Central Railway zone]] of the [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Official Website of Sonpur Division of East Central Railway |url=http://www.sonpurrail.gov.in/ |publisher=Government of India |access-date=27 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506225623/http://www.sonpurrail.gov.in/ |archive-date= 6 May 2012 }} sonpurrail.gov.in</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Zones and their Divisions in Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |work=Indian Railways |access-date=13 January 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf |archive-date=19 March 2015 }} indianrail.gov.in</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1441956713325-History%20of%20East-Central%20Railway.pdf|title = Sonpur Railway Division|access-date = 13 January 2016|website = [[Railway Board]]|publisher = [[Western Railway zone]]|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304040343/http://www.ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1441956713325-History%20of%20East-Central%20Railway.pdf|url-status = live}} ecr.indianrailways.gov.in</ref> [[Hajipur Junction railway station|Hajipur Junction]] is directly connected to most of the major cities in India. Public transportation is provided for by [[buses]], [[auto rickshaw]]s and [[local trains]]. [[BSRTC]] has started city bus service on Hajipur via Patna.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Colourful-buses-start-plying-in-Patna/articleshow/8346228.cms |title=Colourful buses start plying in Patna |date=15 May 2011 |access-date=4 March 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708044957/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-15/patna/29545409_1_bsrtc-ladies-special-buses-new-city-buses |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=8 July 2012 }} articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/AC-city-buses-to-ply-from-early-August/articleshow/9398832.cms |title=AC city buses to ply from early August |date=28 July 2011 |access-date=4 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106004717/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/patna/29824512_1_ac-buses-emergency-alarm-button-eden-transport |archive-date=6 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live}} articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref> Luxury bus service in Hajipur running via NH-31 connects several neighbouring cities is provided by the [[Bihar State Road Transport Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article2705990.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Luxury bus service between Bihar and Jharkhand from Monday | date=11 December 2011 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111113445/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/article2705990.ece | archive-date=11 January 2012 | df=dmy-all}} thehindu.com</ref> Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/patna-23-000-auto-rickshaws-on-strike-400679 | title=Patna: 23,000 auto-rickshaws on strike | publisher=NDTV | date=1 September 2009 | access-date=25 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029161425/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/patna-23-000-auto-rickshaws-on-strike-400679 | archive-date=29 October 2015 | df=dmy-all}} ndtv.com</ref> App based cab service is available.<ref name="Ola! City taps app & go habit">Piyush Kumar Tripathi, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/ola-city-taps-app-amp-go-habit/cid/1357476 "Ola! City taps app & go habit"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408095115/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/bihar/ola-city-taps-app-amp-go-habit/cid/1357476 |date=8 April 2019 }}, ''The Telegraph'' (Calcutta), 18 May 2016</ref><br />
<br />
[[Asia]]'s longest river bridge, the [[Mahatma Gandhi Setu]] (built 1982), is in Hajipur and connects the city to [[Patna]] across the Ganga.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Broken-railings-vibrations-make-Patnas-Gandhi-Setu-commuters-nightmare/articleshow/47304106.cms | title=Broken railings, vibrations make Patna's Gandhi Setu commuters' nightmare | work=The Times of India | date=16 May 2015 | access-date=25 July 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430204119/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Broken-railings-vibrations-make-Patnas-Gandhi-Setu-commuters-nightmare/articleshow/47304106.cms | archive-date=30 April 2016 | df=dmy-all}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref> The four lane prestressed [[Reinforced concrete|RCC bridge]] was commissioned into service during the year 1982. Travellers get an enthralling experience and panoramic view of lush green [[banana plantation]]s.<ref>[http://www.holidayiq.com/Mahatma-Gandhi-Setu-Patna-Sightseeing-505-10881.html Mahatma Gandhi Setu details] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905085545/http://www.holidayiq.com/Mahatma-Gandhi-Setu-Patna-Sightseeing-505-10881.html |date=5 September 2015}} holidayiq.com</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gandhi Setu: An engineering marvel|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Gandhi-Setu-An-engineering-marvel/articleshow/14009526.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817123153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-11/patna/32174190_1_patna-and-north-bihar-mahatma-gandhi-setu-bridge|url-status=live|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2012-08-17}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com access date=2012-06-11</ref><br />
<br />
The city is primarily served by [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]], [[Patna]] (PAT)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-airport-set-for-a-makeover-in-3-years/articleshow/61649029.cms|title=Patna airport set for a makeover in 3 years|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115211052/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/patna-airport-set-for-a-makeover-in-3-years/articleshow/61649029.cms|archive-date=15 November 2017}} timesofindia.indiatimes.com</ref> - which is just 21.2&nbsp;km (13.2 miles) SW or an hour drive from Hajipur.<br />
<br />
Hajipur is connected to other parts of India through national and state highways. Hajipur is well connected with roads to various major cities of Bihar like Patna, Sonpur, Vaishali, Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, and Chhapra. The major highways are-<br />
*{{jct|NH|31|country=IND}} touches the city and connects it to [[Chhapra]] which further joins [[Ghazipur]] city in UP. NH 31 starts from Patna and is connected further with [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] and [[Bodh Gaya|BodhGaya]] through state highway.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh31-driving-directions-map.html |title=National Highway 31 |publisher=Mapsofindia |access-date=1 February 2010 |archive-date=4 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100204055423/http://www.mapsofindia.com/driving-directions-maps/nh31-driving-directions-map.html |url-status=live }} mapsofindia.com</ref><ref>[http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Hajipur.pdf CDP-Hajipur PDF (Urban Development and Housing Department)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104434/http://urban.bih.nic.in/Docs/CDP/CDP-Hajipur.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} urban.bih.nic.in</ref><br />
*{{jct|NH|22|country=IND}} connects Hajipur to Sonbarsa (Nepal border) via [[Muzaffarpur]] and [[Sitamarhi]]<br />
*{{jct|NH|322|country=IND}} Starts from Hajipur to [[Musrigharari]] (Samastipur) via [[Jandaha]]<br />
*[[State Highway 74 (Bihar)|SH 74]] connects Hajipur to [[Lalganj, Bihar|Lalganj]], Vaishali.<ref>[http://rcd.bih.nic.in/BSHP/Final-RP-74.pdf Final report on State highway 74 - Road Construction Dept. Bihar state official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023542/http://rcd.bih.nic.in/BSHP/Final-RP-74.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} rcd.bih.nic.in</ref><br />
*[[State Highway 49 (Bihar)|SH 49]] connects Hajipur to Mahua, Tajpur, [[Samastipur]]<br />
*[[State Highway 93 (Bihar)|SH 93]] connects Hajipur to [[Mahnar]], [[Mohiuddinagar]]<br />
*The [[Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge]] was inaugurated in two phases. <br />
The first phase, connecting Kacchi Dargah in Patna to [[Raghopur Assembly constituency|Raghopur]] Diara, <br />
was opened to the public on 23 June 2025 by Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite news <br />
|title=Nitish Kumar inaugurates Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur Bridge in Patna <br />
|url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/roads-highways/nitish-kumar-inaugurates-kacchi-dargah-bidupur-bridge-in-patna-in-presence-of-several-ministers/122023600 <br />
|work=ET Infra <br />
|date=23 June 2025 <br />
|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
The second phase, connecting Raghopur to [[Bidupur]] in [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] district, <br />
was inaugurated in August 2025, making the entire six-lane bridge fully operational.<ref>{{Cite news <br />
|title=Second phase of Kacchi Dargah–Bidupur bridge opens for public <br />
|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-second-phase-of-kacchi-dargah-bidupur-bridge-inaugurated-2025-1234567.html <br />
|work=Hindustan <br />
|date=August 2025 <br />
|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
After completion, it became the longest bridge of its type in India.<ref>{{Cite news <br />
|title=Bihar's longest Ganga bridge becomes fully operational <br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/bihars-longest-ganga-bridge-now-fully-functional/articleshow/123456789.cms <br />
|work=The Times of India <br />
|date=August 2025 <br />
|access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Media==<br />
Hindi and [[English language|English]] newspapers are easily available in the city, including ''[[Dainik Jagran]], [[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]], [[Prabhat Khabar]], [[Dainik Bhaskar]], [[The Times of India]], [[Hindustan Times]], [[The Hindu]], [[The Economic Times]] and [[The Indian Express]]''. There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid [[Inext]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biharplus.in/news/bihar-events/inext-bike-athon-bicycle-marathon-in-patna-on-1st-december-2013/ |title=inext bike athon bicycle marathon in patna on 1st december 2013 &#124; Biharplus |publisher=Biharplus.in |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320104631/http://www.biharplus.in/news/bihar-events/inext-bike-athon-bicycle-marathon-in-patna-on-1st-december-2013/ |archive-date=20 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Saha |first=Ananya |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/370317,dainik-bhaskar-enters-bihar-with-edition-in-under-penetrated-patna.aspx |title=Dainik Bhaskar enters Bihar with edition in under-penetrated Patna |publisher=Campaignindia.in |date=2014-01-23 |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413140951/http://www.campaignindia.in/Article/370317,dainik-bhaskar-enters-bihar-with-edition-in-under-penetrated-patna.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="go4patna1">{{cite web |url=http://www.go4patna.com/index.php/patna/patna-important-information/34-cityimportant-information-cityimportant-information/164-newspapers-in-patna |title=Newspapers in Patna |publisher=Go4patna.com |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144714/http://www.go4patna.com/index.php/patna/patna-important-information/34-cityimportant-information-cityimportant-information/164-newspapers-in-patna |url-status=usurped }}</ref><br />
<br />
TV programming is provided by regional news channels like [[Zee Bihar Jharkhand|Zee Bihar]], Kashish News, [[Sahara Samay Channel]], [[News18 Bihar-Jharkhand|News18 Bihar]],<ref>{{cite news |title=BARC Ratings: ETV Telugu and Dangal TV rise to No.1 spot in Telugu and Bhojpuri markets |url=http://www.exchange4media.mobi/tv/barc-ratingsetv-telugu-and-dangal-tv-rise-to-no.1-spot-in-telugu-and-bhojpuri-markets_62124.html |publisher=exchange4media.mobi |date=26 October 2015 |access-date=6 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009212855/http://www.exchange4media.mobi/tv/barc-ratingsetv-telugu-and-dangal-tv-rise-to-no.1-spot-in-telugu-and-bhojpuri-markets_62124.html |archive-date=9 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[DD Bihar]].<ref>[http://www.ddbihar.org Official website of DD Bihar channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214063739/http://www.ddbihar.org/ |date=14 December 2020 }} ddbihar.org</ref> There are several news programmes broadcast by local cable operators in city areas and all renowned channels are broadcast in each corner of the city areas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/tv-viewership-on-a-rise-in-india-survey/articleshow/65159050.cms|title=TV viewership on a rise in India: Survey|work=The Times of India|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=17 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817084210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/tv-viewership-on-a-rise-in-india-survey/articleshow/65159050.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/indians-are-watching-tv-for-3-hour-44-minutes-every-day-barc-india/articleshow/65151371.cms|title=Indians are watching TV for 3 hour 44 minutes every day: BARC India|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|date=26 July 2018|work=The Economic Times|access-date=5 August 2018|archive-date=5 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180805203018/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/indians-are-watching-tv-for-3-hour-44-minutes-every-day-barc-india/articleshow/65151371.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hajipur has the following FM radio stations—<br />
*[[AIR FM Rainbow]] 101.6 FM<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIR FM Rainbow details |url=http://allindiaradio.gov.in/Services/FM/Pages/Default.aspx |website=allindiaradio.gov.in |access-date=2015-11-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029164706/http://allindiaradio.gov.in/services/fm/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2015-10-29 }}</ref><br />
*[[Vividh Bharati|Vividh Bharati Patna]] (All India Radio) is broadcast on 102.5 FM.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/50-not-out-delight-in-Patna-AIR/articleshow/5389830.cms | title=50 not out, delight in Patna AIR | work=The Times of India | date=29 December 2009 | access-date=12 April 2014 | archive-date=4 February 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204123933/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/50-not-out-delight-in-Patna-AIR/articleshow/5389830.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Private FM stations {{nobold|(Patna)}}===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width:30%;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:Green; color:White; text-align:center;"|No.<br />
! style="background:Green; color:White; text-align:center;"|Name<br />
! style="background:Green; color:White; text-align:center;"|Frequency<br />
! style="background:Green; color:White; text-align:center;"|Language<br />
|-<br />
|01||[[Radio City (Indian radio station)|Radio City]]||91.1 FM||Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|02||[[Red FM 93.5|Red FM]]||93.5 FM||Hindi<br />
|-<br />
|03||[[Big FM (Indian radio station)|Big FM]]||95.0 FM||Hindi & Bhojpuri<br />
|-<br />
|04||[[Radio Mirchi]]||98.3 FM||Hindi<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Utility services==<br />
Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the [[Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-State-Electricity-Board-unbundled-into-five-companies/articleshow/17054046.cms |title=Bihar State Electricity Board unbundled into five companies&nbsp;– Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517120535/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-State-Electricity-Board-unbundled-into-five-companies/articleshow/17054046.cms |archive-date=17 May 2017 }}</ref> The city gets electricity from [[North Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited]] which is controlled by Bihar State Electricity Board.<ref>{{URL|http://www.nbpdcl.co.in|Hajipur electricity supply comes under North Bihar power distribution company limited}} nbpdcl.co.in</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nbpdcl.in/AtGlance.aspx?GL=2&PL=2 | title=North Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited- At a glance | publisher=nbpdcl.in | access-date=11 June 2016 | archive-date=16 June 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616211853/http://www.nbpdcl.in/AtGlance.aspx?GL=2&PL=2 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/additional-power-supply-to-light-up-more-areas-in-bihar-this-year/article4326234.ece Additional power supply to light up more areas in Bihar this year | Business Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928041004/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/additional-power-supply-to-light-up-more-areas-in-bihar-this-year/article4326234.ece |date=28 September 2013 }} thehindubusinessline.com</ref><br />
<br />
Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via [[DD Free Dish]], [[Airtel digital TV]], [[Dish TV]], [[Tata Play]], [[d2h]], [[Sun Direct]] and [[Independent TV (India)|Independent TV]] and all Cable operators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130312/jsp/bihar/story_16661786.jsp |title=Get set or go blank |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2013-03-12 |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130312/jsp/bihar/story_16661786.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 April 2013|title=Cable TV digitization: Bihar govt to seek deadline extension&nbsp;— The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cable-TV-digitization-Bihar-govt-to-seek-deadline-extension/articleshow/19372468.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201191024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Cable-TV-digitization-Bihar-govt-to-seek-deadline-extension/articleshow/19372468.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017|access-date=11 April 2014|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Patnaites rush to get Set Top Box installed before Mar 31 – The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patnaites-rush-to-get-Set-Top-Box-installed-before-Mar-31/articleshow/18856923.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202025720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Patnaites-rush-to-get-Set-Top-Box-installed-before-Mar-31/articleshow/18856923.cms|archive-date=2 December 2017|access-date=11 April 2014|publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hajipur has its own home network of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited]] (BSNL), India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both [[Global System for Mobile Communications]] (GSM) mobile services are available.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/RCom-launches-3G-services-in-Bihar/articleshow/7684242.cms |title=RCom launches 3G services in Bihar&nbsp;— The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2011-03-12 |access-date=2014-04-11 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213031916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/RCom-launches-3G-services-in-Bihar/articleshow/7684242.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.<ref>[http://bihar.bsnl.co.in/ BSNL Bihar homepage] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090410043247/http://www.bihar.bsnl.co.in/ |date=10 April 2009 }} 12 April 2014</ref> Among private enterprises, [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Reliance Communications|Reliance Jio]], [[Vodafone Idea]] and [[Tata Teleservices]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/videocon-to-launch-4g-mobile-services-in-bihar-uttar-pradesh-by-december-662343 | title=Videocon to Launch 4G Mobile Services in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh by December | publisher=ndtv.com | work=Press Trust of India | date=19 February 2015 | access-date=5 March 2015 | archive-date=23 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223140128/http://gadgets.ndtv.com/telecom/news/videocon-to-launch-4g-mobile-services-in-bihar-uttar-pradesh-by-december-662343 | url-status=live }}</ref> are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120204/jsp/bihar/story_15090816.jsp#.U0mEXIGDkTA |title=Bihar mobile users queue up for clarity |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2012-02-04 |access-date=2014-04-12 |archive-date=13 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125303/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120204/jsp/bihar/story_15090816.jsp#.U0mEXIGDkTA |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Recommendations on national broadband plan |url=http://www.trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/Recommendation/Documents/Rcommendation81210.pdf |publisher=Telecom Regulatory Authority of India |access-date=12 April 2014 |page=22 |date=8 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084149/http://trai.gov.in/WriteReadData/Recommendation/Documents/Rcommendation81210.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Piyush Kumar Tripathi|date=4 February 2012|title=Bihar mobile users queue up for clarity|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120204/jsp/bihar/story_15090816.jsp#.U0mEXIGDkTA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413125303/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120204/jsp/bihar/story_15090816.jsp#.U0mEXIGDkTA|archive-date=13 April 2014|access-date=12 April 2014|publisher=Telegraphindia.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Hajipur Junction railway station]]<br />
*[[Hajipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br />
*[[Hajipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]<br />
*[[List of villages in Hajipur block]]<br />
*[[Hajipur (community development block)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{Cite web|title=Urban Settlements in Eastern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHVIU-HsMswC&q=Patna+Portuguese&pg=PA117|last1 = Thakur|first1 = Baleshwar|year = 1980}}<br />
*{{cite book|editor=Lewis Sydney Steward O'Malley|title=Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna|date=1924|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|page=256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-QaOP5nK-MC&q=patna| isbn = 9788172681210}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Archaeology of Vaishali|last=Kumar|first=Dilip|year=1986|publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan}}<br />
*{{cite book |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan|last=Singer |first=Noel.F. |year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-313-0405-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXw9pgWvFxUC&q=Vaishali&pg=PA28 }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Sister project links|voy=Hajipur|d=Q1949403|wikt=yes|n=yes|q=yes|b=yes|v=yes}}<br />
*{{OSM relation|10261432}}<br />
*[https://vaishali.bih.nic.in Official website of Vaishali District]<br />
<br />
{{Geographic location<br />
|Centre =Hajipur<br />
|North =[[Muzaffarpur]]<br />
|Northeast =[[Samastipur]]<br />
|West =[[Chhapra]]<br />
|Northwest =[[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]<br />
|South =[[Patna]]<br />
|Southwest =[[Arrah]]<br />
|Southeast =[[Bihar Sharif]]<br />
|East =[[Barauni]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Vaishali district topics}}<br />
{{Tirhut Division topics}}<br />
{{Bihar}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hajipur]]<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Vaishali district]]<br />
[[Category:Populated places in Mithila, India]]<br />
[[Category:1350 establishments]]<br />
[[Category:14th-century establishments in India]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivian_Bose&diff=452008Vivian Bose2026-02-24T14:27:05Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=April 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date = September 2013}}<br />
{{short description|Indian Supreme Court jurist}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Vivian Bose<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Acting Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
| term_start = 9 September 1957<br />
| term_end = 30 September 1958<br />
| nominator = [[S. R. Das]]<br />
| appointer = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br />
| office1 = Judge of [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
| term_start1 = 5 March 1951<br />
| term_end1 = 8 June 1956<br />
| nominator1 = [[H. J. Kania]]<br />
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br />
| office2 = 3rd Chief Justice of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court#Nagpur High Court|Nagpur High Court]]<br />
| term_start2 = 20 February 1949<br />
| term_end2 = 23 February 1951<br />
| appointer2 = [[C. Rajagopalachari]]<br />
| predecessor2 = Frederick Louis Grille<br />
| successor2 = [[B. P. Sinha]]<br />
| office3 = Judge of Nagpur High Court<br />
| term_start3 = 9 January 1936<br />
| term_end3 = 19 February 1949<br />
| appointer3 = [[George V]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1891|6|9}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1983|11|29|1891|6|9}}<br />
| death_place = <br />
| parents = Mohun Bose <small>(father)</small> [[Bipin Krishna Bose]] <small>(grandfather)</small><br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| spouse = [[Irene Mott Bose]]<br />
| relatives = [[John Mott]] (father-in-law)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
Justice '''Vivian Bose''' (also rendered '''V. V. N. Bose''') (9 June 1891 – 29 November 1983), was a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]], who later (Nov 1957–Nov 1959) served as the national commissioner of the [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]].<br />
<br />
Scouting for Indian Boys was started by Justice Bose, [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]], [[Hridayanath Kunzru]], [[Annie Besant]] and [[George Arundale]], in 1913.<br />
<br />
He became Judge of Nagpur High Court on 9 January 1936 and later became its chief justice on 20 February 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghose |first=Sanjoy |date=2020-07-07 |title=Why can’t a Judge also be a Rockstar? A study of the interesting life of Justice Vivian Bose |url=https://www.barandbench.com/columns/why-cant-a-judge-also-be-a-rockstar-a-study-of-the-interesting-life-of-justice-vivian-bose |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Justice Bose was a member of the [[World Scout Committee]] of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] from 1947 until 1949.<br />
<br />
He was also the President of the [[International Commission of Jurists]]. Justice Bose is known for breaking new ground in law, the significance of which came to be realized in later years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nhrc.nic.in/Documents/JHidyaMemo-II.pdf|title = Documents &#124; National Human Rights Commission India}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{cquote|Lawyers occupy a specially privileged position in society and that thrusts great responsibilities on us (lawyers); at the same time it gives us immense opportunities to mold the life and thought of the Nation, not so much by talk though we can also be great talkers, beaten only by another class politicians and ministers, but by our life and example, by what we do in the courts of course, but also in spheres outside the range of bread and butter life.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010204/edit.htm|title = The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Editorial}}</ref><br />
<br />
The landmark judgement by Vivian Bose J in Virsa Singh v State of Punjab [1958 AIR 465] has set an important judicial precedent regarding the applicability of section 300 Thirdly of The Indian Penal Code of 1860.<br />
<br />
After initially retiring in June 1956, he rejoined the Court under Article 128 of the Constitution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The First Eight |url=https://www.scobserver.in/75-years-of-sc/the-first-eight-judges-of-the-supreme-court/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> Over the course of his tenure on the Supreme Court, Bose authored 124 judgments and sat on 364 benches. He retired for a second time in September 1958.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivian Bose |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/vivian-bose/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was married to Canadian [[Irene Mott]], the author of ''[[The Monkey Tree]]'' on 18 December 1930.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.antiqbook.com/boox/bibman/23345.shtml|title=The Monkey Tree – BOSE, IRENE MOTT (MRS. VIVIAN BOSE)}}</ref><ref>[http://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/Directtaxlaws/act2005/%5B1979%5D118ITR0989(Bom).htm HIGH COURT OF BOMBAY Commissioner of Income-tax v. Vivian Bose KANTAWALA, CJ. AND CHANDURKAR, J.]{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161906/https://law.incometaxindia.gov.in/Directtaxlaws/act2005/[1979]118ITR0989(Bom).htm |date=21 July 2011}}</ref> His father-in-law was [[John Mott]], a Nobel Prize laureate.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book |last=Gadbois |first=George H. |title=Judges of the Supreme Court of India: 1950–1989 |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-807061-0 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198070610.001.0001 |pages=34–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.bsgindia.org/ Bharat Scouts & Guides<!-- Bot generated title -->]<br />
* [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=B019D2274D9A3CB525B421C673DCFA5F.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=1470896 Cambridge Journals Online – Abstract<!-- Bot generated title -->]<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box |title= [[Bharat Scouts and Guides|National Commissioners of the Bharat Scouts and Guides]] |before= Dr. [[Hridyanath Kunzru]]|after= Professor Madan Mohan |years=1957–1959}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bose, Vivian}}<br />
[[Category:1891 births]]<br />
[[Category:1983 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br />
[[Category:Scouting pioneers]]<br />
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in India]]<br />
[[Category:World Scout Committee members]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{scout-bio-stub}}<br />
{{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banu_Qurayza&diff=454731Banu Qurayza2026-02-21T11:32:35Z<p>Joseph678: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|7th-century Jewish tribe within Arabia}}<br />
{{pp-pc}}<br />
{{Infobox tribe<br />
| name = Banu Qurayza<br />{{lang|ar|بنو قريظة}}<br />
| type = Tribe<br />
| image = Banū Qurayza.png<br />
| image_size =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption =<br />
| [[nisba]] =<br />
| location = [[Yathrib]], [[Hejaz]]<br />
| descended = Koreiza ben Elian <br />
| parent_tribe =<br />
| branches =<br />
| religion = [[Judaism]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Hebrew}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Pre_Islamic_Arabian_Tribes_(Harold_Dixon).svg|thumb|387x387px|Map of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in 600 AD, showing the various Arab tribes and their areas of settlement. The [[Lakhmid kingdom|Lakhmids]] (yellow) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Sasanian Empire]], while the [[Ghassanids]] (red) formed an Arab monarchy as clients of the [[Roman Empire]] A map published by the British academic Harold Dixon during [[World War I]], showing the presence of the Arab tribes in [[West Asia]], 1914]]<br />
<br />
The '''Banu Qurayza''' ({{langx|ar|بنو قريظة|Banū Qurayẓa}}; alternate spellings include '''Quraiza''', '''Qurayzah''', '''Quraytha''', and the archaic '''Koreiza''') were a [[Jewish tribes of Arabia|Jewish tribe which lived in northern Arabia]], at the oasis of Yathrib (now known as [[Medina]]). They were one of the three major [[Jews|Jew]]ish tribes of the city, along with the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] and [[Banu Nadir]].{{sfn|Rodgers|2012|p=54}}<br />
<br />
Jewish tribes reportedly arrived in [[Hijaz]] in the wake of the [[Jewish–Roman wars]] and introduced agriculture, putting them in a culturally, economically and politically dominant position.<ref name="Kurayza" />{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=192f}} However, in the 5th century, the [[Banu Aws]] and the [[Banu Khazraj]], two Arab tribes that had arrived from [[Yemen]], gained dominance.<ref name="Madina" /> When these two tribes became embroiled in conflict with each other, the Jewish tribes, now clients{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=192f}}<ref name="Judaica" /> or allies<ref name="Madina" /> of the Arabs, fought on different sides, the Qurayza siding with the Aws.<ref name="CambrWatt">Watt, "Muhammad", In: The Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 1A, pp. 39-49</ref><br />
<br />
In 622, the [[Islamic]] prophet [[Muhammad]] arrived at [[Yathrib]] from [[Mecca]] and reportedly established [[Constitution of Medina|a pact]] between the conflicting parties.<ref name="Kurayza" /><ref name="FirestoneJihad" /><ref name="Welch" /> While the city found itself at war with Muhammad's native Meccan tribe of the [[Quraysh]], tensions between the growing numbers of Muslims and the Jewish communities mounted.<ref name="CambrWatt" /><br />
<br />
In 627, when the Quraysh and their allies besieged the city in the [[Battle of the Trench]], the Qurayza initially tried to remain neutral but eventually entered into negotiations with the besieging army, violating the pact they had agreed to years earlier, the [[Constitution of Medina]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansary |first=Tamim |url=https://archive.org/details/destinydisrupted00ansa_0/page/n9/mode/2up |title=Destiny Disrupted: A History of the World Through Islamic Eyes |year=2009 |publisher=PublicAffairs |isbn=9781586486068}}</ref> Subsequently, the tribe was charged with treason and besieged by the Muslims commanded by [[Muhammad]].<ref name="Peterson" /><ref name="Ramadan140" /> The Banu Qurayza eventually surrendered and their men were beheaded.<ref name="Peterson" /><ref name="Ramadan140" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |title=A New Introduction to Islam |pages=81}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The historicity of this incident has been questioned by Islamic scholars<ref>{{Cite book |last=Meri |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |pages=754}}</ref><ref name="Arafat" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nemoy |title=Barakat Ahmad's 'Muhammad and the Jews' |pages=325}}</ref> of the [[Revisionist School of Islamic Studies]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred |title=Muhammad and the Believers - At the Origins of Islam |year=2012 |pages=73}}</ref> and by some Western specialists.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hughes |first=Aaron |title=Theorizing Islam: Disciplinary Deconstruction and Reconstruction |pages=50}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Ancestry ==<br />
The Banu Qurayza are descendants of an [[Israelite]] patriarch named Koreiza. According to [[Ibn Ishaq]], his full lineage was: Koreiza ben Elian ben Elika ben Elseke ben Elsbeth ben Elisha ben Saad ben Levi ben Jezebel ben Elian ben Eleazar ben Eleazar ben Aaron ([[Arabic]]: ''Qurayza ibn al-Nammam ibn al-Khazraj ibn al-Sarih ibn al-Sabt ibn al-Yasa ibn Saad ibn Lawi ibn Jabr ibn al-Nammam ibn Azar ibn Azar ibn Harun'').{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=7–9}} Their lineage to Aaron is considered by some to have made this tribe amongst the [[Kohanim]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives |url=https://www.royalhouseofdavid.us/archives/why-your-titles-should-be-no-longer-than-this |access-date=2024-05-22 |website=www.royalhouseofdavid.us}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History in pre-Islamic Arabia==<br />
<br />
===Early history===<br />
Extant sources provide no conclusive evidence whether the Banu Qurayza were ethnically [[Israelite]] or [[Arab]] [[Gerim|converts to Judaism]].<ref name="Kurayza">{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |url=https://archive.org/details/ei2-complete/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam_vol_5_1/page/436/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |edition=2 |volume=5 |pages=436 |language=en}}</ref> Just like the other Jews of Yathrib, the Qurayza claimed to be of [[Israelite]] descent<ref name="Madina">Watt, ''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]'', "Al-Madina".</ref> and observed the commandments of Judaism, but adopted many Arab customs and intermarried with Arabs.<ref name="Kurayza"/><br />
They were dubbed the "priestly tribe" (''kahinan'' in Arabic from the Hebrew [[kohen|kohanim]]).<ref name="Judaica">''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]'', "Qurayza".</ref>{{sfn|Stillman|1979|p=9}} [[Ibn Ishaq]], the author of the traditional Muslim biography of Muhammad, traces their genealogy to [[Aaron]] and further to [[Abraham]]{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=7–9}} but gives only eight intermediaries between Aaron and the purported founder of the Qurayza tribe.<ref name="Kurayza"/><br />
<br />
In the 5th century CE, the Qurayza lived in Yathrib together with two other major Jewish tribes, the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] and [[Banu Nadir]].<ref name="Kurayza"/> [[Abu al-Faraj al-Isfahani|Al-Isfahani]] writes in his [[Kitab al-Aghani|10th century collection of Arabic poetry]] that Jews arrived in Hijaz in the wake of the [[Jewish-Roman wars]]; the Qurayza settled in Mahzur, a [[wadi]] in [[Al Harra', Makkah|Al Harrah]].{{sfn|Serjeant|1978|p=2f}} The 15th century Muslim scholar [[Ali ibn Ahmad al-Samhudi|Al-Samhudi]] lists a dozen other Jewish clans living in the town of which the most important one was [[Banu Hadl]], closely aligned with the Banu Qurayza. The Jews introduced agriculture to Yathrib, growing [[date palm]]s and [[cereals]],<ref name="Kurayza"/> and this cultural and economic advantage enabled the Jews to dominate the local Arabs politically.{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=192f}} [[Al-Waqidi]] wrote that the Banu Qurayza were people of high lineage and of properties, "whereas we were but an Arab tribe who did not possess any palm trees nor vineyards, being people of only sheep and camels." [[Ibn Khordadbeh]] later reported that during the [[Persia]]n{{clarify|reason=There were several Persian empires, or dynasties, many centuries apart. Which one is meant? What century? The source, Peters p. 192, is not accessible.|date=December 2020}} domination in [[Hejaz]], the Banu Qurayza served as tax collectors for the [[shah]].{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=192f}}<br />
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===Account of the king of Himyar===<br />
Ibn Ishaq tells of a conflict between the last [[Yemen]]ite king of [[Himyar]]<ref>Muslim sources usually referred to Himyar kings by the dynastic title of "Tubba".</ref> and the residents of Yathrib. When the king was passing by the oasis, the residents killed his son, and the Yemenite ruler threatened to exterminate the people and cut down the palms. According to Ibn Ishaq, he was stopped from doing so by two [[rabbi]]s from the Banu Qurayza, who implored the king to spare the oasis because it was the place "to which a [[prophet]] of the [[Quraysh (tribe)|Quraysh]] would migrate in time to come, and it would be his home and resting-place". The Yemenite king thus did not destroy the town and converted to Judaism. He took the rabbis with him, and in [[Mecca]] they reportedly recognized the [[Kaaba]] as a temple built by Abraham and advised the king "to do what the people of Mecca did: to circumambulate the temple, to venerate and honor it, to shave his head and to behave with all humility until he had left its precincts." On approaching Yemen, tells Ibn Ishaq, the rabbis demonstrated to the local people a miracle by coming out of a fire unscathed and the Yemenites accepted Judaism.{{sfnm|Guillaume|1955|1pp=7–9|Peters|1994|2p=49f}}<br />
<br />
===Arrival of the Aws and Khazraj===<br />
The situation changed after two Arab tribes named [[Banu Aws]] and [[Banu Khazraj]] arrived to Yathrib from [[Yemen]]. At first, these tribes were clients of the Jews, but toward the end of the 5th century CE, they revolted and became independent.<ref name="Madina"/> Most modern historians accept the claim of the Muslim sources that after the revolt, the Jewish tribes became clients of the Aws and the Khazraj.{{sfn|Peters|1994|p=192f}}<ref name="Judaica"/> [[William Montgomery Watt]] however considers this clientship to be unhistorical prior to 627 and maintains that the Jews retained a measure of political independence after the Arab revolt.<ref name="Madina"/><br />
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Eventually, the Aws and the Khazraj became hostile to each other. They had been fighting possibly for around a hundred years before 620 and at least since 570s.<ref name="CambrWatt"/> The Banu Nadir and the Banu Qurayza were allied with the Aws, while the Banu Qaynuqa sided with the Khazraj.<ref>For alliances see {{harvnb|Guillaume|1955|p=253}}.</ref> There are reports of the constant conflict between Banu Qurayza and Banu Nadir, the two allies of Aws, yet the sources often refer to these two tribes as "brothers".<ref>''Encyclopedia of the Qur'an'', "Qurayza (Banu)".</ref> Aws and Khazraj and their Jewish allies fought a total of four wars.<ref name="Madina"/> The last and bloodiest altercation was the [[Yawm al-Buath|Battle of Bu'ath]],<ref name="Madina"/> the outcome of which was inconclusive.<ref name="Madina"/><ref name="CambrWatt"/><br />
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The Qurayza appear as a tribe of considerable military importance: they possessed large numbers of weaponry, as upon their surrender 1,500 [[sword]]s, 2,000 lances, 300 suits of armor, and 500 shields were later seized by the Muslims.<ref name="Heck">Heck, "Arabia Without Spices: An Alternate Hypothesis", p. 547-567.</ref>{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=93f}} [[Meir J. Kister]] notes that these quantities are "disproportionate relative to the number of fighting men" and conjectures that the "Qurayza used to sell (or lend) some of the weapons kept in their storehouses". He also mentions that the Qurayza were addressed as ''Ahlu al-halqa'' ("people of the weapons") by the Quraysh and notes that these weapons "strengthened their position and prestige in the tribal society".{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=93f}}<br />
<br />
==Arrival of Muhammad==<br />
{{Main|Migration to Medina}}<br />
<br />
The continuing feud between the Aws and the Khazraj was probably the chief cause for several emissaries to invite [[Muhammad]] to Yathrib in order to adjudicate in disputed cases.<ref name="Madina"/><ref name="CambrWatt"/> Ibn Ishaq recorded that after his arrival in 622, Muhammad established a compact, the [[Constitution of Medina]], which committed the Jewish and Muslim tribes to mutual cooperation. The nature of this document as recorded by Ibn Ishaq and transmitted by [[Ibn Hisham]] is the subject of dispute among modern historians, many of whom maintain that this "treaty" is possibly a collage of agreements, of different dates, and that it is not clear when they were made.<ref name="Kurayza"/><ref name="FirestoneJihad">Firestone, ''Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam'', p. 118, 170. For opinions disputing the early date of the Constitution of Medina, see e.g., {{harvnb|Peters|1994|p=119}}</ref><ref name="Welch">Alford Welch, ''Encyclopaedia of Islam'', "Muhammad".</ref> Watt holds that the Qurayza and Nadir were probably mentioned in an earlier version of the Constitution requiring the parties not to support an enemy against each other.<ref name="Kurayza"/><br />
<br />
Aside from the general agreements, the chronicles by Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi contain a report that after his arrival, Muhammad signed a special treaty with the Qurayza chief [[Ka'b ibn Asad]]. Ibn Ishaq gives no sources, while al-Waqidi refers to Ka’b ibn Malik of Salima, a clan hostile to the Jews, and Mummad ibn Ka’b, the son of a Qurayza boy who was sold into slavery in the aftermath of the siege and subsequently became a Muslim. The sources are suspect of being against the Qurayza and therefore the historicity of this agreement between Muhammad and the Banu Qurayza is open to grave doubt. Among modern historians, [[Robert Bertram Serjeant|R. B. Serjeant]] supports the historicity of this document and suggests that the Jews knew "of the penalty for breaking faith with Muhammad".{{sfn|Serjeant|1978|p=36}} On the other hand, [[Norman Stillman]] argues that the Muslim historians had invented this agreement in order to justify the subsequent treatment of the Qurayza.<ref name="Stillman14-16">Stillman, p. 14-16.</ref> Watt also rejects the existence of such a special agreement but notes that the Jews were bound by the aforementioned general agreement and by their alliance to the two Arab tribes not to support an enemy against Muhammad.<ref name="Kurayza"/> Serjeant agrees with this and opines that the Qurayza were aware of the two parts of a pact made between Muhammad and the Jewish tribes in the confederation according to which "Jews having their religion and the Muslims having their religion excepting anyone who acts wrongfully and commits crime/acts treacherously/breaks an agreement{{Clarify|date=March 2009}}, for he but slays himself and the people of his house."{{sfn|Serjeant|1978|p=36}}<br />
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During the first few months after Muhammad's arrival in Medina, the Banu Qurayza were involved in a dispute with the Banu Nadir: The more powerful Nadir rigorously applied ''[[lex talionis]]'' against the Qurayza while not allowing it being enforced against themselves. Further, the [[Blood money (restitution)|blood money]] paid for killing a man of the Qurayza was only half of the blood-money required for killing a man of the Nadir,<ref>Ananikian, "Tahrif or the alteration of the bible according to the Moslems", p. 63-64.</ref> placing the Qurayza in a socially inferior position. The Qurayza called on Muhammad as arbitrator, who delivered the Ayah {{CiteQuran Ayah|5|42-45}} and judged that the Nadir and Qurayza should be treated alike in the application of lex talionis and raised the assessment of the Qurayza to the full amount of blood money.{{sfnm|Serjeant|1978|1p=36|Guillaume|1955|2pp=267–268}}<ref name= Nomani>Nomani, ''Sirat al-Nabi'', p. 382.</ref><br />
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Tensions quickly mounted between the growing numbers of Muslims and Jewish tribes, while Muhammad found himself at war with his native Meccan tribe of the Quraysh. In 624, after his victory over the Meccans in the [[Battle of Badr]], Banu Qaynuqa threatened [[Muhammad]]'s political position and assaulted a Muslim woman which led to their expulsion from Medina for breaking the peace treaty of [[Constitution of Medina]].<ref name="Ishaq1">{{harvnb|Guillaume|1955|p=363}}; Stillman 122; ibn Kathir 2</ref><ref>Watt (1956), p. 209.</ref> The Qurayza remained passive during the whole Qaynuqa affair, apparently because the Qaynuqa were historically allied with the Khazraj, while the Qurayza were the allies of the Aws.<ref>See e.g. Stillman, p. 13.</ref><br />
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Soon afterwards, Muhammad came into conflict with the Banu Nadir. He had one of the Banu Nadir's chiefs, the poet [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], assassinated<ref name="Rubin">Rubin, "The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf", p. 65-71.</ref> and after the [[Battle of Uhud]] accused the tribe of treachery and plotting against his life and expelled them from the city.<ref name="stillman14">Stillman, p. 14.</ref> The Qurayza remained passive during this conflict, according to R. B. Serjeant because of the blood money issue related above.{{sfn|Serjeant|1978|p=36}}<br />
<br />
==Battle of the Trench==<br />
{{Main|Battle of the Trench}}<br />
In 627, the Meccans, accompanied by tribal allies as well as the Banu Nadir<ref>F. Donner: "Muhammad's Political Consolidation in Arabia up to the Conquest of Mecca", ''The Muslim World'' 69 (1979), p. 233.</ref><ref>V. Vacca, ''Encyclopedia of Islam'', "Banu Nadir".</ref> - who had been very active in supporting the Meccans<ref>Bernard Lewis, ''The Political Language of Islam'', p. 191.</ref> - marched against Medina - the Muslim stronghold - and laid siege to it. It is unclear whether their treaty with Muhammad obliged the Qurayza to help him defend Medina, or merely to remain neutral,<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> according to Ramadan, they had signed an agreement of mutual assistance with Muhammad.<ref name="Ramadan140">Ramadan, ''In the Footsteps of the Prophet'', p. 140f.</ref><ref name=":0">Hodgson, ''The Venture of Islam'', vol. 1, p. 191.</ref> The Qurayza did not participate in the fighting - according to David Norcliffe, because they were offended by attacks against Jews in Muhammad's preaching - but lent tools to the town's defenders.<ref>Norcliffe, ''Islam: Faith and Practice'', p. 21.</ref> According to Al-Waqidi, the Banu Qurayza helped the defense effort of Medina by supplying spades, picks, and baskets for the excavation of the defensive trench the defenders of Medina had dug in preparation.<ref name="Stillman14-16"/> According to Watt, the Banu Qurayza "seem to have tried to remain neutral" in the battle<ref name="WattMedina36">Watt, ''Muhammad at Medina'', p. 36-38.</ref> but later changed their attitude when a Jew from Khaybar persuaded them that Muhammad was sure to be overwhelmed<ref name="WattProphetStatesman">Watt, ''Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman'', p. 170-176.</ref> and though they did not commit any act overtly hostile to Muhammad, according to Watt,<ref name="Kurayza"/> they entered into negotiations with the invading army.<ref name="WattMedina36"/><br />
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Ibn Ishaq writes that during the siege, the Qurayza readmitted [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab]], the chief of the Banu Nadir whom Muhammad had exiled and who had instigated the alliance of his tribe with the besieging Quraysh and Ghatafan tribes.<ref name= Nomani/> According to Ibn Ishaq, Huyayy persuaded the Qurayza chief Ka'b ibn Asad to help the Meccans conquer Medina. Ka'b was, according to Al-Waqidi's account, initially reluctant to break the contract and argued that Muhammad never broke any contract with them or exposed them to any shame, but decided to support the Meccans after Huyayy had promised to join the Qurayza in Medina if the besieging army would return to Mecca without having killed Muhammad.{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|p=453}} [[Ibn Kathir]] and al-Waqidi report that Huyayy tore into pieces the agreement between Ka'b and Muhammad.<ref name="Kurayza"/><ref>See also above for the critical view on the historicity of this treaty.</ref><br />
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Rumors of this one-sided renunciation of the pact spread and were confirmed by Muhammad's emissaries, [[Sa'd ibn Mua'dh]] and [[Sa'd ibn Ubadah]], leading men of the Aws and Khazraj respectively. Sa'd ibn Mua'dh reportedly issued threats against the Qurayza but was restrained by his colleague.<ref name= "Muir259">Muir, ''A Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira'', [http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life3/chap17.htm chapter XVII], p. 259f.</ref> As this would have allowed the besiegers to access the city and thus meant the collapse of the defenders' strategy,<ref name="Ramadan140"/> Muhammad "became anxious about their conduct and sent some of the leading Muslims to talk to them; the result was disquieting."<ref name="Kurayza"/> According to Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad sent Nuaym ibn Masud, a well-respected elder of the Ghatafan who had secretly converted to Islam, to go to Muhammad's enemies and sow discord among them. Nuaym went to the Qurayza and advised them to join the hostilities against Muhammad only if the besiegers provide [[hostage]]s from among their chiefs. He then hurried to the invaders and warned them that if the Qurayza asked for hostages, it is because they intended to turn them over to the Medinan defenders. When the representatives of the Quraysh and the Ghatafan came to the Qurayza, asking for support in the planned decisive battle with Muhammad, the Qurayza indeed demanded hostages. The representatives of the besiegers refused, breaking down negotiations{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|p=458f}}<ref>Ramadan, p. 143.</ref> and resulting in the Banu Qurayza becoming extremely distrustful of the besieging army.<ref name="Peterson">Peterson, ''Muhammad: the prophet of God'', p. 125-127.</ref> The Qurayza did not take any actions to support them until the besieging forces retreated.<ref name="Stillman14-16"/> Thus the threat of a second front against the defenders never materialised.<ref name="WattMedina36"/><br />
<br />
==Siege and surrender==<br />
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Muhammad}}<br />
After the Meccans' withdrawal, Muhammad then led his forces against the Banu Qurayza, who retreated into their stronghold and endured the siege for 25 days. As their morale waned, Ka'b ibn Asad suggested three alternative ways out of their predicament: embrace Islam; kill their own children and women, then rush out for a charge to either win or die; or make a surprise attack on the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]]. The Banu Qurayza accepted none of these alternatives. Instead they asked to confer with [[Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir|Abu Lubaba]], one of their allies from the Aws. According to Ibn Ishaq, Abu Lubaba felt pity for the women and children of the tribe who were crying and when asked whether the Qurayza should surrender to Muhammad, advised them to do so.{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<ref name="Stillman140">Stillman, p. 137-141.</ref><ref name="Inamdar">Inamdar, ''Muhammad and the Rise of Islam'', p. 166f.</ref> The next morning, the Banu Qurayza surrendered and the Muslims seized their stronghold and their stores.<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/><ref>These included weapons, household goods, utensils, camels and cattle. The stored wine was spilled. See {{harvnb|Kister|1986|p=94}}</ref> The men - Ibn Ishaq numbers between 400 and 900{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=93f}}{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}} - were bound and placed under the custody of one [[Muhammad ibn Maslamah]], who had killed [[Ka'b ibn al-Ashraf]], while the women and children - numbering about 1,000{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=93f}} - were placed under Abdullah ibn Sallam, a former rabbi who had converted to Islam.<ref name= "Muir272">Muir, p. 272-274.</ref><ref name="Ramadan, p. 145">Ramadan, p. 145.</ref><br />
<br />
==Killing of the Banu Qurayza==<br />
{{main|Siege of Banu Qurayza}}<br />
[[File:Banu_Qurayza.png|right|thumb|Detail of a [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature painting]] depicting the execution of the Banu Qurayza, from a 19th-century manuscript illustrated by Muhammad Rafi Bazil.]]<br />
The circumstances of the Qurayza's demise have been related by [[Ibn Ishaq]] and other Muslim historians who relied upon his account. According to Watt, Peters and Stillman, the Qurayza surrendered to Muhammad's judgement<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/>{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<ref name="Stillman140"/> - a move Watt classifies as unconditional.<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> The Aws, who wanted to honor their old alliance with the Qurayza, asked Muhammad to treat the Qurayza leniently as he had previously treated the Qaynuqa for the sake of Ibn Ubayy. (Arab custom required support of an ally, independent of the ally's conduct to a third party.) Muhammad then suggested to bring the case before an arbitrator chosen from the Aws, to which both the Aws and the Qurayza agreed to. Muhammad then appointed [[Sa'd ibn Mu'adh]] to decide the fate of the Jewish tribe.<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/>{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<ref name="Stillman140"/><ref name="Adil">Adil, ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam'', p. 395f.</ref><br />
<br />
According to Hashmi, Buchanan and Moore, the tribe agreed to surrender on the condition of a Muslim arbitrator of their choosing.<ref>Hashmi, Buchanan & Moore, ''States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries''.</ref> According to Khadduri (also cited by Abu-Nimer), "both parties agreed to submit their dispute to a person chosen by them"<ref>Khadduri, ''War and Peace in the Law of Islam'', p. 233f.</ref><ref name = "Abu-Nimer">Abu-Nimer, "A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam", p. 247.</ref> in accordance with the Arabian tradition of arbitration.<ref name= "Abu-Nimer"/> Muir holds that the Qurayza surrendered on the condition that "their fate was decided by their allies, the Bani Aws".<ref name = "Muir272"/><ref>Muir (p. 272-274) rejects as unlikely the view that the Qurayza surrendered to Muhammad (as later espoused by Watt) as well accounts that the besieged Jews, refusing to surrender to Muhammad, instead named Sa'd as alternative and subsequently surrendered to him.</ref><br />
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In all accounts, the appointed arbitrator was [[Sa'd ibn Mua'dh]], a leading man among the Aws. During the Battle of the Trench, he had been one of Muhammad's emissaries to the Qurayza (see above)<ref name = "Muir272"/> and now was dying from a wound he had received later in the battle.{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<ref name="Stillman140"/><ref name="Adil"/> When Sa'd arrived, his fellow Aws pleaded for leniency towards the Qurayza and on his request pledged that they would abide by his decision.<ref name="Peterson"/> He then decreed that the men should be killed, the property divided, and the women and children captured and sold to slavery. Muhammad approved of the ruling, calling it similar to God's judgment.{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<ref name="Stillman140"/><ref name="Adil"/> [[Chiragh Ali]] argued that this statement may have referred to "king" or "ruler" rather than God.<ref>Chirāgh ʼAlī, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hC8XAAAAIAAJ&dq=critical+exposition+of+popular+jihad&pg=RA1-PA114 Critical Exposition of Popular Jihad]''.</ref><br />
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Sa'd dismissed the pleas of the Aws, according to Watt because being close to death and concerned with his afterlife, he put what he considered "his duty to God and the [[ummah|Muslim community]]" before tribal allegiance.<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> Tariq Ramadan argues that Muhammad deviated from his earlier, more lenient treatment of prisoners as this was seen "as sign of weakness if not madness",<ref name="Ramadan, p. 145"/> Peterson concurs that the Muslims wanted to deter future treachery by setting an example with severe punishment.<ref name="Peterson"/> Lings reports that Sa'ad feared that if expelled, the Qurayza would join the Nadir in the fight against the Muslims, as happened with the qurayshi captives after the battle of Badr.<ref name=":1">Lings, ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources'', pp. 229-231</ref><br />
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According to Stillman, Muhammad chose Sa'd so as not to pronounce the judgment himself, after the precedents he had set with the Banu Qaynuqa and the Banu Nadir: "Sa'd took the hint and condemned the adult males to death and the hapless women and children to slavery." Furthermore, Stillman infers from Abu Lubaba's gesture that Muhammad had decided the fate of the Qurayza even before their surrender.<ref name="Stillman14-16"/><br />
<br />
Ibn Ishaq describes the killing of the Banu Qurayza men as follows:<br />
{{blockquote|Then they surrendered, and the apostle confined them in Medina in the quarter of d. al-Harith, a woman of B. al-Najjar. Then the apostle went out to the market of Medina (which is still its market today) and dug trenches in it. Then he sent for them and struck off their heads in those trenches as they were brought out to him in batches. Among them was the enemy of Allah Huyayy b. Akhtab and Ka`b b. Asad their chief. There were 600 or 700 in all, though some put the figure as high as 800 or 900. As they were being taken out in batches to the apostle they asked Ka`b what he thought would be done with them. He replied, "Will you never understand? Don't you see that the summoner never stops and those who are taken away do not return? By Allah it is death!" This went on until the apostle made an end of them. Huyayy was brought out wearing a flowered robe in which he had made holes about the size of the finger-tips in every part so that it should not be taken from him as spoil, with his hands bound to his neck by a rope. When he saw the apostle he said, "By God, I do not blame myself for opposing you, but he who forsakes God will be forsaken." Then he went to the men and said, "God's command is right. A book and a decree, and massacre have been written against the Sons of Israel." Then he sat down and his head was struck off.{{sfn|Guillaume|1955|pp=461–464}}{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<ref>Stillman, p. 141f.</ref>}}<br />
<br />
Several accounts note [[Sahaba|Muhammad's companions]] as executioners, [[Ali]] and [[Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] in particular, and that each clan of the Aws was also charged with killing a group of Qurayza men.{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=93f}}<ref name="Inamdar"/> Subhash Inamdar argues that this was done in order to avoid the risk of further conflicts between Muhammad and the Aws. According to Inamdar, Muhammad wanted to distance himself from the events and, had he been involved, he would have risked alienating some of the Aws.<ref name="Inamdar"/><br />
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It is also reported that one woman, who had thrown a millstone from the battlements during the siege and killed one of the Muslim besiegers, was also beheaded along with the men.<ref name="Muir277">Muir (p. 277) follows Hishami and also refers to Aisha, who had related: "But I shall never cease to marvel at her good humour and laughter, although she knew that she was to die." ([https://web.archive.org/web/20040625103910/http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html#banu_qurayza#banu_qurayza Ibn Ishaq, ''Biography of Muhammad'']).</ref> [[Ibn Asakir]] writes in his ''[[History of Damascus (book)|History of Damascus]]'' that the Banu Kilab, a clan of Arab clients of the Banu Qurayza, were killed alongside the Jewish tribe.<ref name="Lecker">Lecker, "On Arabs of the Banū Kilāb executed together with the Jewish Banū Qurayza", p. 69.</ref><br />
<br />
Three boys of the clan of Hadl, who had been with Qurayza in the strongholds, slipped out before the surrender and converted to Islam. The son of one of them, Muhammad ibn Ka'b al-Qurazi, gained distinction as a scholar. One or two other men also escaped.<br />
<br />
The spoils of battle, including the enslaved women and children of the tribe, were divided up among the Islamic warriors that had participated in the siege and among the [[Muhajirun|emigrees from Mecca]] (who had hitherto depended on the help of the [[Ansar (Islam)|Muslims native to Medina]].{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=95f}}<ref name="rod213">Rodinson, ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', p. 213.</ref><br />
<br />
Muhammad collected [[khums|one-fifth of the booty]], which was then redistributed to the Muslims in need, as was customary. As part of his share of the spoils, Muhammad selected one of the women, [[Rayhana]], for himself and took her as [[Ma malakat aymanukum|part of his booty]].<ref name="rod213"/> Muhammad offered to free and marry her and according to some sources she accepted his proposal.<ref>Ramadan, p. 146.</ref> She is said to have later become a Muslim.<ref name="Kurayza"/><br />
<br />
Some of the women and children of the Banu Qurayza who were enslaved by the Muslims were later bought by Jews,<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> in particular the Banu Nadir. Peterson argues that this is because the Nadir felt responsible for the Qurayza's fate due to the role of [[Huyayy ibn Akhtab|their chieftain]] in the events.<ref name="Peterson"/><br />
<br />
===Analysis===<br />
<br />
According to Islamic traditions, the Qur'an briefly refers to the incident in Ayah {{CiteQuran Ayah|33|26}}.<ref name="Arafat">Arafat, "New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina", p. 100-107. Arafat relates the testimony of [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]], who denounced this and other accounts as "odd tales" and quoted [[Malik ibn Anas]], a contemporary of Ibn Ishaq, whom he rejected as a "liar", an "impostor" and for seeking out the Jewish descendants for gathering information about Muhammad's campaign with their forefathers.</ref> Muslim jurists have looked upon Ayah {{CiteQuran Ayah|8|55-58}} as a justification of the treatment of the Banu Qurayza, arguing that the Qurayza broke their pact with Muhammad, and thus Sa'd ibn Muadh's decision was justified in repudiating Muhammad's side of the pact and executing the Qurayza en masse.{{sfn|Peters|1994|pp=222–224}}<br />
<br />
Arab Muslim theologians and historians have either viewed the incident as "the punishment of the Medina Jews, who were invited to convert and refused, perfectly exemplify the Quran's tales of what happened to those who rejected the prophets of old" or offered a political, rather than religious, explanation.<ref>Peters, ''Islam. A Guide for Jews and Christians'', p. 77.</ref><br />
<br />
In the 8th and early 9th century many Muslim jurists, such as [[Ash-Shafii]], based their judgments and decrees supporting collective punishment for treachery on the accounts of the demise of the Qurayza, with which they were well acquainted.{{sfn|Kister|1986|p=66}} However, the proceedings of Muhammad with regard to the [[Banu Nadir]] and the Banu Qurayza were not taken as a model for the relationship of Muslim states toward its Jewish subjects.<ref>''Handwörterbuch des Islam'', "''Ahl al-Kitab''".</ref><ref>Ayoub, "Dhimmah in Qur'an and Hadith", p. 179; ''Sahih al-Bukhari'', [https://quranx.com/Hadith/Bukhari/USC-MSA/Volume-2/Book-23/Hadith-475 Vol. 2, Book 23, Number 475] and [https://quranx.com/Hadith/Bukhari/USC-MSA/Volume-5/Book-57/Hadith-50 Volume 5, Book 57, Number 50] as authorities.</ref><ref>''Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam'', "''Ahl al-Kitab''.</ref><ref>Lewis, ''The Jews of Islam'', p. 32.</ref>{{Clarify|date=March 2009}}<ref>Khadduri, p. 175.</ref><br />
<br />
In his 1861 biography of Muhammad, [[William Muir]] argued that the massacre cannot be justified by political necessity and "casts an odious blot upon the prophet's name".<ref>''Mahomet and Islam'', London 1895, p. 151. Quote: "The massacre of Banu Coreitza was a barbarous deed which cannot be justified by any reason of political necessity. Mahomet might... have been justified in making them quit altogether a neighborhood in which they formed a dangerous nucleus of disaffection at home, and an encouragement for attack abroad. But the indiscriminate slaughter of the whole tribe cannot but be recognized as an act of enormous cruelty, which casts an odious blot upon the prophet's name."</ref> [[Leone Caetani]] argued that the judgement was in fact dictated by Muhammad, making him responsible for the massacre.<ref>"Con questa versione la tradizione ha voluto togliere a Maometto la responsabilità diretta dell'inumano massacro di circa 900 innocenti: l'artifizio tradizionistico è tanto trasparente che non occorre nemmeno di porlo in rilievo. La sentenza di Sa'd fu in ogni caso dettata e ispirata dal Profeta, il quale gli fece certamente capire quale era la decisione da lui desiderata. La responsabilità dell'eccidio incombe tutta sul Profeta." (Annali dell' Islam, Vol. I, p. 632, Note 1.) Translation: "By this version the tradition has tried to remove from Muhammad the direct responsibility for the inhuman massacre of about 900 innocent persons; the artifice of the traditionists is so transparent that it is hardly necessary to set it in relief. The sentence of Sa'd was in any case dictated and inspired by the Prophet, who certainly made him understand what was the decision required of him. The responsibility for the slaughter falls entirely on the Prophet."</ref> [[Francesco Gabrieli]] commented that "we can only record the fact... that this God or at least this aspect of Him, is not ours".<ref>''Muhammad and the Conquest of Islam'', London 1968, p. 73. Quote: "This dark episode, which Muslim tradition, it must be said, takes quite calmly, has provoked lively discussion among western biographers of Muhammed, with caustic accusations on the one hand and legalistic excuses on the other.... In this case he was ruthless, with the approval of his conscience and of his God, for the two were one; we can only record the fact, while reaffirming our consciousness as Christians and civilized men, that this God or at least this aspect of Him, is not ours."</ref><br />
<br />
Paret<ref name=paret>Paret, ''Mohammed und der Koran'', p. 122-124.</ref> and Watt<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/><ref name=watt217>Watt, ''Muhammad at Medina'', p. 217-218.</ref> say that the Banu Qurayza were killed not because of their faith but for "treasonable activities against the Medinan community".<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> Watt relates that "no important clan of Jews was left in Medina"<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> but he and Paret also note that Muhammad did not clear all Jews out of Medina.<ref name=paret/><ref name=watt217/><ref>The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' (Vol. XI, col. 1212) estimates the Jewish population of Medina at 8,000 to 10,000. [[Barakat Ahmad]] (p. 43) calls this an understatement and calculates that there still remained 24,000 to 28,000 Jews in Medina, after the demise of the Qurayza. These figures are cited by {{harvnb|Peters|1994|p=301}} (note 41): "According to Ahmad, whose estimate of the Jewish population at 36,000-42,000 has already been cited, the departure of the Banu Nadir and the decimation of the Banu Qurayza would still have left between 24,000 and 28,000 Jews at Medina.") but are disputed by Reuven Firestone ("[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n4_v46/ai_20583579/print The failure of a Jewish program of public satire in the squares of Medina]"). Watt (''Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman'', p. 175f.) describes the remaining Jews as "several small groups".</ref><br />
<br />
Aiming at placing the events in their historical context, Watt points to the "harsh political circumstances of that era"<ref name="WattProphetStatesman"/> and argues that the treatment of Qurayza was regular Arab practice ("but on a larger scale than usual").<ref>Watt, ''Muhammad at Medina'', p. 296.</ref> Similar statements are made by Stillman,<ref name="Stillman14-16"/> Paret,<ref name=paret/> Lewis<ref>Bernard Lewis: ''The Political Language of Islam''. University of Chicago Press, 1991. p.191</ref> and Rodinson.<ref name="rod213"/> On the other hand, Michael Lecker and Irving Zeitlin consider the events "unprecedented in the Arab peninsula - a novelty" and state that "prior to Islam, the annihilation of an adversary was never an aim of war."<ref name="Lecker"/><ref>Zeitlin, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=_ScS1MjUzdYC The Historical Muhammad]'', p. 133.</ref> Similar statements are made by Hirschberg<ref>Hirschberg, ''Yisrael Ba'Arav'', p. 146.</ref> and Baron.<ref>Baron, ''A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Volume III: Heirs of Rome and Persia'', p. 79.</ref><br />
<br />
Some authors assert that the judgement of [[Sa'd ibn Mua'dh]] was conducted according to laws of [[Torah]].<ref>See {{bibleverse||Deuteronomy|20:10-18|31}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Ahmed|last1=Al-Dawoody|date=2011|title=The Islamic Law of War: Justifications and Regulations|page=27|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230111608|quote=It is pointed out that this sentence was given according to the rules of Banū Qurayzah's own religion, specifically the Book of Deuteronomy (20:10–15).}}</ref><ref>Lings, ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources'', p. 232</ref><ref>Daniel C. Peterson. ''Muhammad, Prophet of God'', Kindle loc. 2627. Quote: "Perhaps with some apologetic intent, the late English scholar Martin Lings notes, correctly, that Sa'd's judgment accords with that of the law of Moses as recorded in Dunt. 20:10-14."</ref><ref>Muhammad Hamidullah, ''Muslim Conduct of State: Being a Treatise on Siyar, That is Islamic Notion of Public International Law, Consisting of the Laws of Peace, War and Neutrality, Together with Precedents from Orthodox Practice and Preceded by a Historical and General Introduction'', Lahore 1961, §443 (quoted in {{harvnb|Kister|1986|p=64}})</ref><ref>Ahmed Zaki Yamani, "''Humanitarian International Law in Islam: A General Outlook''", Michigan Yearbook of International Legal Studies, Vol. 7, 1985, p. 203. (Cited in al-Dawoody, ''The Islamic Law of War'')</ref><ref>Marcel A. Boisard, ''Jihad: A Commitment to Universal Peace'' (Indianapolis, Ind.: American Trust Publications, 1988), p. 38.</ref><ref>P.J. Stewart, ''Unfolding Islam'', 2nd ed. (Reading, Berkshire: Garnet Publishing, 2008), p. 85.</ref> [[Muhammad Hamidullah]] goes further and says that Sa'd "applied to them their own Biblical law [...] and their own practice."<ref>Muhammad Hammīdullāh, ''Battlefields'', p. 3, footnote no. 1.</ref>{{dubious|date=September 2016}} No contemporaneous source says explicitly that Sa'd based his judgment on the Torah. Moreover, the respective verses of the Torah make no mention of treason or breach of faith, and the [[halakha|Jewish law]] as it existed at the time and as it is still understood today applies these Torah verses only to the situation of the conquest of [[Canaan]] under [[Joshua]], and not to any other period of history.<ref>''e.g.'', [[Tosefta]] ''Avodah Zarah'', 26b; The [[savoraim]], the Jewish sages of Babylonia and the Levant who were involved in the dissemination of rabbinic [[halakha]] as codified in the [[Mishnah]] and, later, the [[Talmud]], maintained close relations with the Jewish communities of [[Yemen]] and Arabia, and their rulings were accepted in those regions. Safrai, Shmuel. "The Era of the Mishnah and Talmud (70-640). ''A History of the Jewish People.'' H.H. Ben-Sasson, ed. Harvard Univ. Press, 1976. p.351-382. [[Maimonides]], writing in the 13th century, reported a long-standing tradition that Deuteronomy 20 applied only to the period of the conquest of Canaan and was never applicable thereafter. ''[[Mishne Torah]]'' [[Sanhedrin (tractate)|Sanhedrin]] 11. According to David M. Granskou and Peter Richardson (''Anti-Judaism in Early Christianity'') this command has not been practiced by Jews after times of [[David]].</ref><br />
<br />
=== Doubts about the historicity of the event ===<br />
Muslim scholars such as Walid N. Arafat have disputed the Banu Qurayza were killed on a large scale.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Si |first=Smirna |url=https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |year=2006 |isbn=0-415-96691-4 |volume=1 |pages=754 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |language=en}}</ref> Arafat disputes large-scale killings and argued that [[Ibn Ishaq]] gathered information from descendants of the Qurayza Jews, who embellished or manufactured the details of the incident. Arafat relates the testimony of [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani|Ibn Hajar]], who denounced this and other accounts as "odd tales" and quoted [[Malik ibn Anas]], a contemporary of Ibn Ishaq, whom he rejected as a "liar", an "impostor" and for seeking out the Jewish descendants for gathering information about Muhammad's campaign with their forefathers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arafat |first=Walid |url=https://archive.org/details/25203706 |title=New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1976 |language=en}}</ref> Watt, on the other hand, finds Arafat's arguments "not entirely convincing".<ref name="Kurayza" /> Barakat Ahmad argues that only some of the tribe were killed, while some of the fighters were merely enslaved.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmad |first=Barakat |url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAndTheJewsAReExaminationByBarakatAhmad_201702/page/n1/mode/2up |title=Muhammad and the Jews |year=1979 |pages=90–94 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Historians [[Fred Donner]] and Tom Holland cast doubt not only on the scale of the killings, but on their having happened at all, arguing that existence of the tribe and its slaughter is at odds with a more reliable document known as the [[Constitution of Medina]]. Along with including Jews as part of the ummah/community outlined in the constitution, the constitution gives a list of Jewish tribes/clans of Medina involved, with the Banu Qurayza (as well as two other Jewish tribes, the [[Banu Qaynuqa]] and [[Banu Nadir]] tribes) being "conspicuously absent". Donner also notes that while the conflict with the Jews and slaughter was alleged to have happened around 627 CE and led to a change in the direction of the [[Qibla]] from Jerusalem towards Mecca, the Qibla of many early 7th century mosques does not face towards Mecca. Donner concludes that the story of the massacre may have been invented or exaggerated a couple hundred years after the event to explain a break between the Jewish and Muslim communities at that time, but it is not certain. Tom Holland also notes that the sources talking about this exile and slaughter "are all suspiciously late" and "date from the heyday of Muslim greatness" when anti-non-Muslim sentiment was much greater.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donner |first=Fred |url=https://archive.org/details/MuhammadAndTheBelieversByFredM.Donner/page/n3/mode/2up |title=Muhammad and the Believers |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-674-05097-6 |pages=72–73 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Holland |first=Tom |title=In the shadow of the Sword |year=2012 |pages=132, 353 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Legacy==<br />
<br />
The killing of the Banu Qurayza has been used polemically in modern times to either support the idea of a timeless treachery of Jews towards Muslims (e.g. in speeches of Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] in 1972 or Pakistani President [[Pervez Musharraf]] in 2001) or that of timeless cruelty of Muslims towards Jews and the intrinsic violence of Muslims in general.{{sfn|Sharkey|2017|p=34}}<br />
<br />
The fate of the Banu Qurayza became the subject of [[Shaul Tchernichovsky]]'s [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] poem ''Ha-aharon li-Venei Kuraita'' (''The Last of the Banu Qurayza'').<ref name="Judaica"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule]]<br />
* [[Islamic–Jewish relations]]<br />
* [[Rules of war in Islam]]<br />
* [[Muhammad as a general]]<br />
* [[Criticism of Islam]]<br />
* [[Criticism of Muhammad]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
<br />
===General references===<br />
<br />
*''[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]''. Ed. P. Bearman et al., Leiden: Brill, 1960–2005.<br />
*''[[Encyclopedia Judaica]]'' (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. [[Cecil Roth]]. Keter Publishing House, 1997. {{ISBN|965-07-0665-8}}<br />
*''Shorter Encyclopaedia of Islam''. Ed. Hamilton A. R. Gibb, Johannes Hendrik Kramers. Leiden:Brill, 1953.<br />
*''Handwörterbuch des Islam''. Ed. A. J. Wensinck, J. H. Kramers. Leiden: Brill, 1941.<br />
*''[[Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources]]''. Dr. Martin Lings, Islamic Texts Society, 1983. {{ISBN|978-0946621330}}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Books and articles===<br />
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br />
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*{{Cite book |last=Bostom |first=Andrew G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LGkQAQAAIAAJ |title=The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims |date=2005 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-59102-307-4 |language=en}}<br />
*{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Buhl |first1=F. |last2=Welch |first2=A.T. |date=1993 |title=Muḥammad |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/muhammad-COM_0780 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |edition=2nd |publisher=Brill |volume=7 |isbn=978-90-04-09419-2 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bukay |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR4uDwAAQBAJ |title=Islam and the Infidels: The Politics of Jihad, Da'wah, and Hijrah |date=2017|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-51150-6 |language=en}}<br />
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* {{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nadbe2XP2o4C |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2007 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-3860-2 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gabriel |first=Richard A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0HQCBQAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad: Islam's First Great General |date=2014-10-22 |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |isbn=978-0-8061-8250-6 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gibb |first=H. A. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aRNtwAEACAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam 1: A-B |date=1960 |publisher=Brill |language=En}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Glubb |first=Sir John Bagot |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miAqAQAAMAAJ |title=The Life and Times of Muhammad |date=2001 |publisher=Cooper Square Press |isbn=978-0-8154-1176-5 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Matthew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KiawUHevW24C |title=The Rise of Islam |date=2005-05-30 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-32522-9 |language=en}}<br />
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* {{Cite book |last=Hazleton |first=Lesley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8b2JDQAAQBAJ |title=The First Muslim: The Story of Muhammad |date=4 February 2014 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-59463-230-3 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Hodgson |first=Marshall G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18b-K9AMLlwC |title=The Venture of Islam, Volume 1: The Classical Age of Islam |date=15 May 2009 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-34686-1 |language=en}}<br />
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* {{Cite book |last=Karsh |first=Efraim |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VGrAAAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Imperialism: A History |date=2013|publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-20133-8 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite journal |last=King |first=JaShong |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/10.1484/J.JAAJ.5.116612 |title=The Message of a Massacre: The Religious Categorization of the Banū Qurayẓa |journal=Judaïsme Ancien - Ancient Judaism |date=2018 |volume=6 |pages=203–226 |publisher=Brepols |doi=10.1484/J.JAAJ.5.116612 |language=En|url-access=subscription }}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Kister |first=M. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0PdbEAAAQBAJ |title=Society and Religion from Jahiliyya to Islam |date=2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-58502-5 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Knysh |first=Alexander |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nNjDQAAQBAJ |title=Islam in Historical Perspective |date=2016|publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-27338-7 |language=en}}<br />
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* {{Cite book |last=Lapidus |first=Ira M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcPZ1k65pqkC |title=Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51441-5 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Lewis |first=Bernard |date=2002 |url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-arabs-in-history-9780192803108?cc=us&lang=en& |title=The Arabs in History |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280310-8 |location=Oxford, New York}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last1=Lindemann |first1=Albert S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaEUDAAAQBAJ |title=Antisemitism: A History |last2=Levy |first2=Richard S. |date=28 October 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-923503-2 |language=en}}<br />
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*{{Cite book |last=Nagel |first=Tilman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YvgdEAAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam |date=6 July 2020 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-067498-9 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Norcliffe |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F1fYAQAACAAJ |title=Islam: Faith and Practice |date=1999 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-86-8 |language=en}}<br />
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* {{cite book |last=Peters |first=Francis E. |title=Muhammad and the Origins of Islam |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1994 |isbn=0-7914-1875-8}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Peterson |first=Daniel C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zpbEj0xA_sC |title=Muhammad, Prophet of God |date=2007-02-26 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0 |language=en}}<br />
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*{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nOxXXwAACAAJ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2012 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-3766-0 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Rodgers |first=Russ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE5BvgAACAAJ |title=The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah |date=2017 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=978-0-8130-5459-9 |language=en}}<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Rodinson |first=Maxime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ttPdDwAAQBAJ |title=Muhammad |date=2021-03-02 |publisher=New York Review of Books |isbn=978-1-68137-493-2 |language=en}}<br />
<!-- S--><br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sharkey|first=Heather J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dnM3DgAAQBAJ |title=A History of Muslims, Christians, and Jews in the Middle East |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-76937-2 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Spellberg |first=Denise A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wbrSSxiapBYC |title=Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr |date=1994 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-07999-0 |language=en}}<br />
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<!-- W--><br />
*{{Cite book|last1=Watt|first1=William Montgomery |date=1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zLN2hNidLw4C |title=Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-881078-0}}<br />
<!-- X--><br />
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{{refend}}<br />
<br />
===Jewish tribes===<br />
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br />
*Arafat, Walid N., "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070520021754/http://www.haqq.com.au/~salam/misc/qurayza.html New Light on the Story of Banu Qurayza and the Jews of Medina]", in: ''[[Royal Asiatic Society#Journal|JRAS]]'' 1976, p.&nbsp;100-107.<br />
*[[Barakat Ahmad|Ahmad, Barakat]], ''Muhammad and the Jews, a Re-examination'', New Delhi. Vikas Publishing House for Indian Institute of Islamic studies. 1979<br />
*Baron, Salo Wittmeyer. ''A Social and Religious History of the Jews. Volume III: Heirs of Rome and Persia''. Columbia University Press, 1957.<br />
*Firestone, Reuven, "[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0411/is_n4_v46/ai_20583579/print The failure of a Jewish program of public satire in the squares of Medina]", in: ''Judaism'' (Fall 1997).<br />
*Hirschberg, Hayyim Ze'ev, ''Yisrael Ba'Arav''. Tel Aviv: Mossad Bialik, 1946.<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Kister |first=Meir J. |author-link=Meir J. Kister |title=The Massacre of the Banu Quraiza. A re-examination of a tradition |journal=Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam |volume=8 |year=1986}}<br />
*Lecker, Michael, "On Arabs of the Banū Kilāb executed together with the Jewish Banū Qurayza", in: ''Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam'' 19 (1995), p.&nbsp;69.<br />
*Newby, Gordon Darnell, ''A History of the Jews of Arabia: From Ancient Times to Their Eclipse Under Islam'' (Studies in Comparative Religion). University of South Carolina Press, 1988.<br />
*Lewis, Bernard, ''The Jews of Islam''. Princeton University Press, 2004.<br />
*Lewis, Bernard, ''The Political Language of Islam'', University of Chicago Press, 1991.<br />
*Munir, Muhammad, [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2431824 "Some Reflections on the Story of Banu Qurayzah: A Re-evaluation of Ibn Ishaq's Account"], Islamabad Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 2. (April–June 2016), p.&nbsp;7-28.<br />
*Nemoy, Leon, "Barakat Ahmad's 'Muhammad and the Jews'", in: ''The Jewish Quarterly Review, New Series'', vol. 72, No. 4. (April 1982), p.&nbsp;325. <br />
*Rubin, Uri, "The Assassination of Kaʿb b. al-Ashraf", ''Oriens'' 32 (1990), p.&nbsp;65-71.<br />
* {{cite journal |last=Serjeant |first=R. B. |title=The "Sunnah Jami'ah, Pacts with the Yathrib Jews, and the "Tahrim" of Yathrib: Analysis and Translation of the Documents Comprised in the So-Called Constitution of Medina |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |publisher=University of London |volume=41 |year=1978 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00057761}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Stillman |first=Norman |author-link=Norman Stillman |title=The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book |location=Philadelphia |publisher=Jewish Publication Society of America |year=1979 |isbn=0-8276-0198-0}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
;Further reading<br />
*Lecker, Michael, ''Jews and Arabs in Pre- And Early Islamic Arabia''. Ashgate Publishing, 1999.<br />
<br />
===Background: Muhammad, Islam and Arabia===<br />
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}<br />
*Abu-Nimer, Mohammed, "A Framework for Nonviolence and Peacebuilding in Islam", in: ''Journal of Law and Religion'' Volume 15, No. 1/2 (2000-2001), p.&nbsp;217-265.<br />
*Adil, Hajjah Amina, ''Muhammad: The Messenger of Islam''. Islamic Supreme Council of America, 2002.<br />
*Ananikian, M. H., "Tahrif or the alteration of the bible according to the Moslems", in: ''The Muslim World'' Volume 14, Issue 1 (January 1924), p.&nbsp;63-64.<br />
*[[Mahmoud M. Ayoub|Ayoub, Mahmoud]], "Dhimmah in Qur'an and Hadith", in: ''Arab Studies Quarterly'' 5 (1983), p.&nbsp;179. <br />
*Brown, Daniel W., ''A New Introduction to Islam''. Blackwell Publishing, 2003. {{ISBN|0631216049}}<br />
*Firestone, Reuven, ''Jihad: The Origin of Holy War in Islam''. Oxford University Press, 1999. {{ISBN|0-19-512580-0}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Guillaume |first=Alfred |title=The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1955 |isbn=0-1963-6033-1}}<br />
*Hashmi, Sohail H., Buchanan, Allen E. & Moore, Margaret, ''States, Nations, and Borders: The Ethics of Making Boundaries''. Cambridge University Press, 2003.<br />
*Hawting, Gerald R. & Shareef, Abdul-Kader A., ''Approaches to the Qur'an''. Routledge, 1993. {{ISBN|0415057558}}<br />
*Heck, Gene W., "Arabia Without Spices: An Alternate Hypothesis", in: ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' 123 (2003), p.&nbsp;547-567.<br />
*Hodgson, Marshall G.S., ''The Venture of Islam''. University of Chicago Press, 1974.<br />
*Inamdar, Subhash, ''Muhammad and the Rise of Islam: The Creation of Group Identity''. Psychosocial Press, 2001.<br />
*Khadduri, Majid, ''War and Peace in the Law of Islam''. Johns Hopkins Press, 1955.<br />
*Lings, ''Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources'', p.&nbsp;229-233.{{clarify|date=August 2015}}<br />
*Meri, Josef W., ''Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia''. Routledge, 2005. {{ISBN|0415966906}}. <br />
*[[William Muir|Muir, William]], ''[[A Life of Mahomet and History of Islam to the Era of the Hegira]]'', [http://www.answering-islam.org/Books/Muir/Life3/ vol. 3]. London: Smith, Elder & Co, 1861.<br />
*[[Shibli Nomani|Nomani, Shibli]], ''Sirat al-Nabi''. Karachi: Pakistan Historical Society, 1970.<br />
*Norcliffe, David, ''Islam: Faith and Practice''. Sussex Academic Press, 1999.<br />
*Paret, Rudi, ''Mohammed und der Koran. Geschichte und Verkündigung des arabischen Propheten''.<br />
*Peters, Francis E., ''Islam. A Guide for Jews and Christians''. Princeton University Press, 2003.<br />
*Peterson, Daniel C., ''Muhammad: the prophet of God''. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B. Eerdmans, 2007. <br />
*[[Tariq Ramadan|Ramadan, Tariq]], ''In the Footsteps of the Prophet''. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.<br />
*[[Maxime Rodinson|Rodinson, Maxime]], ''Muhammad: Prophet of Islam'', Tauris Parke Paperbacks, 2002. {{ISBN|1860648274}}<br />
*[[William Montgomery Watt|Watt, William Montgomery]], "Muhammad", in: ''The Cambridge History of Islam'', vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 1970.<br />
*Watt, William Montgomery, ''Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman''. Oxford University Press, 1961.<br />
*Watt, William Montgomery, ''Muhammad at Medina'', 1956.<br />
*Zeitlin, Irving, ''The Historical Muhammad''. Polity Press 2007. {{ISBN|0745639984}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://www.pbs.org/muhammad/ma_jews.shtml PBS site on the Jews of Medina]<br />
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{{Arabian Peninsula Jewish tribes}}<br />
{{Jews and Judaism}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Banu Qurayza| ]]<br />
[[Category:Arabian tribes that interacted with Muhammad]]<br />
[[Category:Tribes of Saudi Arabia]]<br />
[[Category:7th century in Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East]]<br />
[[Category:Islam and slavery]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanyarkali&diff=468939Kanyarkali2026-02-14T23:42:34Z<p>Joseph678: general enhanced content based on references further and added references</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian folk dance ritual}}<br />
[[File:Kanyarkali.jpg|thumb|A kanyarkali Performance]]<br />
<br />
[[File:Kanyarkali in Panthal.jpg|thumb|Vettuvakanakkar Porattu]]<br />
[[File:Ashan Sri Pallassana Dwarakakrishnan.jpg|thumb|right|Ashan Late Pallassana K. Dwarakakrishnan Nair]]<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br />
[[File:Vattakalipallassana.JPG|thumb|Vattakali being performed]]<br />
'''Kanniyar Kali''' is a folk dance ritual performed in the temples of villages in the [[taluk]]s of [[Alathur]] and [[Chittur]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]] district, [[Kerala]], India. The event is usually a part of [[Vishu]] celebrations, occurring after the Vela (village fair) in the months of April and May. It is an agricultural festival dance of the [[Nair]] castes.<ref>{{cite book |title=Malayalam Literary Survey, Volume 1, Issue 2-4 |publisher=Kerala Sahithya Akademi|year=1977 |page=185}}</ref> Kanniyar Kali, despite the name of the Virgin, does not have anything to do with the [[Kannaki]] cult.<ref>{{cite book |last1=T. Madhava Menon |title=A Handbook of Kerala, Volume 2 |publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics, 2002 |page=423}}</ref> <br />
[[File:Erattakudan2.JPG|thumb|The Erattakudan purattu of kanyarkali]] Kanniyar Kali is in no way connected with the [[Kaniyar]] community, a community of authentic astrologers of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chummar Choondal |title=Studies in Folklore of Kerala |publisher=College Book House |page=78}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Performance ==<br />
The dance is performed at night and ends at dawn, and is conducted for four consecutive nights. In certain villages it is conducted only for three consecutive nights.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
The dance starts with the men of the community gathering in the temples and performing a rhythmic circular dance called ''vattakali'' (literally meaning "a circular dance"). The vattakali is followed by several ''puraattu''{{cn|date=September 2021}}, which literally means farce. The purattu does not have a standard format, but each lasts for about an hour. The purattu depict the life and social customs of various castes and tribes of medieval Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Since the purattu depict various heterogeneous castes and tribes, the various purattus have different costumes, style of dancing and songs with different tempos. Certain purattu which depict fierce tribes or warrior tribes have performances resembling stick fights and martial movements whereas certain other purattus have slow and rhythmic movements. Certain purattus are laced with humor and depict a scenario wherein a long lost husband and wife have a reunion.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00520537/|title = Traditions orales dans le monde indien|chapter = Les (Petites) vertus de la farce. Imaginaire et société dans un théâtre populaire du Kérala|series = Purusartha n°18|year = 1996|pages = 343–366|publisher = EHESS | last1=Tarabout | first1=Gilles | last2=Vitalyos | first2=Dominique }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is performed in a specially made square stage called a [[pandal]]. The pandal is located in front of the temple or its premises. It consists of a lighted lamp in the centre and consists of a roof supported by nine pillars. The singers occupy the central position of the stage and the dancers dance along the periphery of the pandal in a circular manner.<br />
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The songs are mostly in [[Malayalam]] and certain purattus have songs in which there is a heavy influence of Tamil.<br />
<br />
The accompanying instruments are the [[elatalam]], [[chenda]] and the chengalam. [[Madhalam|Maddalam]] is an accompaniment in vattakali.<br />
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The participants are solely men; women are represented by [[cross-dressing]] men who imitate the body language and way of speaking of women.<br />
<br />
In the last decade, women have made their debut Kanyarkali performance in a Desappanthal at [[Kakkayur]].{{cn|date=March 2025}}<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{commons category|Kanyarkali}}<br />
*[https://www.tattamangalam.com/newsite/2001/04/22/kanyar-kali-announcement-of-the-year-1966/ Old (1966) KanyarKali Announcement]<br />
*[https://www.tattamangalam.com/newsite/2013/02/21/kanyarkali-2012-photos-2/ 2012 Tattamangalam Kanyarkali photos]<br />
*[http://www.tattamangalam.com/newsite/2012/01/05/kanyarkali-1992-photos/ 1992 Tattamangalam Kanyar Kali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326082545/http://www.tattamangalam.com/newsite/2012/01/05/kanyarkali-1992-photos/ |date=26 March 2023 }}<br />
*[http://kanyarkali-palakkad.blogspot.in/ Girijavallabhan Blog on Kanyarkali]<br />
*[http://bp0.blogger.com/_pPLZpYqWVgY/SIMlGxvcm7I/AAAAAAAAACA/fUXAmp_rADI/s1600-h/13.jpg Kanniyaar Kali at Tattamangalam]<br />
*[http://bp3.blogger.com/_pPLZpYqWVgY/SIMkahMEaJI/AAAAAAAAAB4/O7V7Fh6Nqvc/s1600-h/11.jpg Purattu acts in Kanniyaar Kali]<br />
*[http://bp2.blogger.com/_pPLZpYqWVgY/SIMjFHRJY2I/AAAAAAAAABw/1zW7qQv-Gm0/s1600-h/1.jpg Introducing Porrattu]<br />
*[http://tattamangalam.bizhat.com/souhrida2005May/ Images of Porratu dances performed at Sreekurumba Temple, Tattamangalam, Palakkad]<br />
li Photos]<br />
{{Culture of Kerala}}<br />
{{Tourism in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindu festivals in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Folk festivals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Dance festivals in India]]<br />
[[Category:Festivals in Palakkad district]]<br />
[[Category:April observances]]<br />
[[Category:May observances]]<br />
[[Category:Hindu dance traditions]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._P._Singh_(biochemist)&diff=531283S. P. Singh (biochemist)2026-02-10T03:12:22Z<p>Joseph678: starting new bio</p>
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<div>{{independent sources|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Dr. S.P. Singh<br />
|image =<br />
|caption =<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|2|01}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Agra]], [[United Provinces (1937-1950)|United Provinces]], [[Dominion of India|India]]<br />
|death_date =<br />
|death_place =<br />
|other_names =<br />
|known_for =<br />
|occupation = Professor<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''S. P. Singh''' (born 1 February 1948), is a professor of [[biochemistry]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Singh received his [[Master's degree]] from [[Lucknow University]], Uttar Pradesh, India. and his [[PhD]] in Medical Biochemistry from [[Meerut University]], Uttar Pradesh, India. He took his early education from a primary village school at [[Tundla]], [[Agra]]. Later on he took his education up to 12th standard from Northern Railways Intermediate college where his father was posted in railways as station master.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Singh has written nine biochemistry books, one of which (''Manual of Practical Biochemistry'') has been translated into Persian and one of which has been written in Hindi at the request of HRD Ministry.<br />
<br />
In 1973, he founded the Department of Biochemistry at [[Baba Raghav Das Medical College]], [[Gorakhpur]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://brdmed.up.nic.in/dep-bioch.htm |title=Department of Biochemistry, BRD Medical University |access-date=27 April 2010 |archive-date=1 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801053558/http://brdmed.up.nic.in/Dep-bioch.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
He has taught for 40 years and since 1984 he is Head of the Department of Biochemistry at [[Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College]], [[Jhansi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He has so far published 65 research publications in various national and international journals.<br />
<br />
He is Vice President of the Uttar Pradesh Chapter of Association of Clinical Biochemists of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mefr.in/acbi.html |title=Uttar Pradesh Chapter of Association of Clinical Biochemists Launched |publisher=Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj Medical University |access-date=27 April 2010}}</ref> and serves on the [[editorial board]] of the Journal of Advance<!-- [sic] --> Researches in Biological Sciences.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jarbs.co.in/site/e_board.html |title=Editorial Board |work=Journal of Advance Researches in Biological Sciences |access-date=27 April 2010 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He is in the society of biological scientists of India,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sbsi.in/?page_id=294|title=Member|work=Society of Biological Scientists of India|access-date=12 November 2012|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120124357/http://sbsi.in/?page_id=294|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Honors and awards ==<br />
* Honored by International association of Lions Club, Jhansi, India (2007)<br />
* Honored by [[Lions Club]], Jhansi, India (1999)<br />
* Honored by [[Rotary Club]], Jhansi, India (1998–99)<br />
* Honored by Janwadi Lekhakh Sangh, Jhansi, India (1997)<br />
* [[World Health Organization|WHO]] [[Fellow]]ship at [[Texas A&M University]], U.S.A. (1986)<br />
* Appointed by [[Medical Council of India]] as an Inspector to inspect several medical colleges across India<br />
* Appointed by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]], Government of India as an Inspector<br />
* Fellow of The Association of Clinical Biochemists of India, ACBI<br />
* Nominated by Government of India for Medical [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] [[Fellow]]ship, U.K. (1993)<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{cite book |title=Concepts of Biochemistry for Physiotherapy and Pharmacy |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=2009 |publisher=CBS Publishers |isbn=978-81-239-1391-9}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Practical Manual of Biochemistry |edition=6th |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=2009 |publisher=CBS Publishers |isbn=978-81-239-1395-7}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Textbook of Biochemistry |edition=4th |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=2009 |publisher=CBS Publishers |isbn=978-81-239-1414-5}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Textbook of Dental Biochemistry |edition=3rd |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=2009 |publisher=CBS Publishers |isbn=978-81-239-1719-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Viva in Biochemistry |edition=4th |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=2008 |publisher=CBS Publishers |isbn=978-81-239-1582-1}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Principles of Biochemistry for Home Science and Nursing |last=Singh |first=Dr.S.P. |year=2006 |publisher=CBS Publishers |isbn=978-81-239-1322-3}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=MCQs in Biochemistry |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=1995 |publisher=CBS Publishers }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Viva Voce and Short Notes in Biochemistry |edition=2nd |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=1995 |publisher=CBS Publishers }}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Prayogatmak Jeev Rasayan Vigyan |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=1986 |publisher=Haryana Sahitya Academy }} (Hindi)<br />
* {{cite book |title=Manual of Biochemistry |last=Singh |first=S.P. |year=1995 |publisher=Translated in Persian By A. Nazarian }} (Persian)<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=Anurag |last2=Joshi |first2=L.D. |last3=Singh |first3=S.P. |year=1989 |title=Changes in serum lipids in normal and diabetic guinea pigs on feeding Phaseolus aureus (Green gram) |journal=Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry |publisher=Springer India |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=50–57 |doi=10.1007/BF02867652}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.mlbmcj.in/index.html Maharani Laxmi Bai Medical College] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031070650/http://www.mlbmcj.in/index.html |date=31 October 2020 }}<br />
* [http://cbspd.com/books.asp?catID=3&catName=Medical%20Sciences&currentpage=3&subcatID=73&show=4&subcatname=Biochemistry+Medical CBS Publishers]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, S. P.}}<br />
[[Category:1948 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian biochemists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian medical writers]]<br />
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Chaudhary Charan Singh University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Agra district]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]<br />
[[Category:People from Agra]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nirup_Bhandari&diff=522205Nirup Bhandari2026-02-05T22:34:08Z<p>Joseph678: starting a data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1984)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nirup Bhandari<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|08|13|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Puttur, Karnataka]], India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (VVIET)|VVIET]]<br />
| yearsactive = 2015–present<br />
| spouse = {{marriage |Dhanya|2016}}<br />
| notable works = ''[[RangiTaranga]]''<br />
| relatives = [[Anup Bhandari]] (Brother)<br />
| occupation = Actor<br />
}}<br />
'''Nirup Bhandari '''is an Indian actor who works in [[Kannada cinema]]. He made his debut in the 2015 critically and commercially acclaimed movie ''[[RangiTaranga]]'', directed by his brother, [[Anup Bhandari]], with whom he frequently collaborates with.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rangi Taranga: 100 days and still entertaining|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rangi-taranga-100-days-and-still-entertaining/article7751544.ece|access-date=29 August 2016|work=The Hindu|date=12 October 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=…And success follows|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/and-success-follows-rangitaranga/article7562129.ece|access-date=29 August 2016|work=The Hindu|date=20 August 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Nirup Bhandari was born on 13 August in [[Puttur, Karnataka]] to Sudhakar Bhandary and Rathna Bhandary. Later the family moved to [[Mysore]]. Nirup completed his graduation (Electronics & Communication Bachelor's degree) from [[Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology|Vidya Vikas Institute of Engineering & Technology (VVIET), Mysore]]. Upon completion of his graduation, he started working at [[SAP|SAP Labs India]].<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
While working at [[SAP]], Nirup started learning acting under renowned theatre personality Ratan Thakore Grant at MiSF!T school of acting. He acted in plays and short films before venturing into films.<br />
<br />
He debuted in [[Anup Bhandari]]'s directorial debut film ''[[RangiTaranga]]'', which also starred [[Radhika Narayan]], [[Avantika Shetty]] and [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]].<br />
<br />
''RangiTaranga'' turned out to be one of the biggest blockbusters. It also opened overseas market for Kannada films in a big way. It became the first Kannada film to release in many countries, the first Kannada film to appear on the New York Box Office Listing and the first and only Kannada film to run for 50 days in USA. ''RangiTaranga'' was also one of the 305 films shortlisted for the Academy Awards (The Oscars) but did not make it to the final nominations.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://www.timesofbengaluru.com/2015/08/rangitaranga-kannada-film-that-took-on-baahubali-and-almost-won/ |title=RangiTaranga Kannada film that took on Baahubali, and (almost) won! |website=Timesofbengaluru.com |date=2015-08-11 |access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya|first1=Prakash|title=Box Office Collection: 'RangiTaranga' Creates History to Overpower 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan', 'Baahubali', 'Vaalu' but fails to Beat "Brothers in US|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/us-box-office-collection-rangi-taranga-overpower-bajrangi-bhaijaan-beats-vaalu-brothers-643247#XKPwby8KQ5gXfJKf.97|access-date=29 August 2016|date=18 August 2015|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2018, he appeared in his second feature film ''[[Rajaratha]]'' directed by [[Anup Bhandari]] starring [[Avantika Shetty]]. The film is narrated from the point of view of a bus, which was voiced by [[Puneeth Rajkumar]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2016-07-07|title='RangiTaranga' director Anup Bhandari set to announce the title of his next film|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rangitaranga-director-anup-bhandari-set-announce-title-his-next-film-685822|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2016-07-11|title='Rajaratha:' Ravichandran, Juhi Chawla reveal the title of 'RangiTaranga' director Anup Bhandari's next film on 'Dancing Stars 3'|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajaratha-ravichandran-juhi-chawla-reveal-title-rangitaranga-director-anup-bhandaris-next-686146|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nirup Bhandari relives his college days through Rajaratha - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nirup-bhandari-relives-his-college-days-through-rajaratha/articleshow/63034615.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film was conceived by Anup Bhandari before ''RangiTaranga''.<ref name="O">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/why-does-anup-bhandari-work-with-his-brother-nirup-on-all-his-films/04c07cc4dd107|title=Why does Anup Bhandari work with his brother Nirup on all his films?|work=[[HT Media|OTT Play]]|author=Prathibha Joy}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, Nirup's next film ''[[Aadi Lakshmi Puraana]]'' with [[Radhika Pandit]] directed by [[V. Priya]] hit theatres.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nirup, Radhika's film is Aadi Lakshmi Purana - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/nirup-radhikas-film-is-aadi-lakshmi-purana/articleshow/65754297.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The film received appreciation from family audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Aadi Lakshmi Purana' movie review : A feel-good entertainer|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/jul/20/aadi-lakshmi-purana-movie-review--a-feel-good-entertainer-2006638.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Aadi Lakshmi Puraana Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Aadi Lakshmi Puraana by Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/aadi-lakshmi-puraana/movie-review/70291495.cms|access-date=2021-08-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2020, he completed work for his film ''[[Window Seat (film)|Window Seat]]'' starring [[Amrutha Iyengar]] and [[Sanjana Anand]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Teaser of Nirup Bhandari's Window Seat released - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/teaser-of-nirup-bhandaris-window-seat-released/articleshow/79211579.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nirup Bhandari later was part of the big budget action adventure movie '[[Vikrant Rona]]' where he shared the screen with Superstar [[Sudeep|Kichcha Sudeep]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirup Bhandari to play Sanjeev Gambhira in Sudeep-starrer Phantom|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/13/nirup-bhandari-to-play-sanjeev-gambhira-in-sudeep-starrer-phantom-19774.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kichcha Sudeep reveals Nirup Bhandari's look as Sanjeev Gambhir in Phantom - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kichcha-sudeep-reveals-nirup-bhandaris-look-as-sanjeev-gambhir-in-phantom/articleshow/77517940.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> The much anticipated movie was directed by [[Anup Bhandari]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-01|title=Sudeep-starrer Vikrant Rona illuminates Dubai's Burj Khalifa|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sudeep-vikrant-rona-illuminates-dubai-burj-khalifa-7169651/|access-date=2021-02-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/20/neetha-ashok-gets-her-first-big-break-in-phantom-2185705.html | title=Neetha Ashok gets her first big break in 'Phantom' }}</ref> Although Nirup was not initially considered for the role, he was later brought in after Sudeep told Anup that Nirup would fit the role.<ref name="O"/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Nirup is married to Dhanya.<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/RangiTaranga-actor-engaged-to-his-girlfriend/articleshow/48880080.cms |title=RangiTaranga actor engaged to his girlfriend |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2015-09-09 |access-date=2016-08-09}}</ref> His father, Sudhakar Bhandary, used to direct television serials. He is from Saaja a small town in Puttur. His elder brother [[Anup Bhandari]] is a director, lyricist and music composer, who has worked with Nirup in almost all of his films.<ref name="O"/><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{{Pending films key}}<br />
*''Note: All films are in Kannada unless noted otherwise.''<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font" ;height:50000px;"<br />
<br />
! Year <br />
! Film <br />
! Roles<br />
! Notes<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
| 2015<br />
| ''[[RangiTaranga]]''<br />
| Gautam Suvarna / Siddarth<br />
| Nominated- [[IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam Award for Best Performance in a Leading Role - Male - Kannada]]<br />Nominated - [[SIIMA|SIIMA Award for Best Debutant - Male - Kannada]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018<br />
| ''[[Rajaratha]]''<br />
| Abhi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2019<br />
|[[Amar (2019 film)|''Amar'']]<br />
|Krishna Subbaiah<br />
|Cameo appearance <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Aadi Lakshmi Puraana]]''<br />
|Aadi<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''[[Window Seat (2022 film)|Window Seat]]''<br />
|Raghu<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/dec/25/nirup-bhandari-stars-in-sheetal-shetty-directed-window-seat-16206.html|title=Nirup Bhandari stars in Sheetal Shetty-directed Window Seat|website=[[Cinema Express]]|access-date=2019-12-25}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' <br />
|Sanjeev Gambhira <br />
|Nominated - [[SIIMA|SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role - Kannada]]<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nirup Bhandari to play Sanjeev Gambhira in Sudeep-starrer Phantom {{!}} Cinemaexpress|url=https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/13/nirup-bhandari-to-play-sanjeev-gambhira-in-sudeep-starrer-phantom-19774.amp|access-date=2020-08-13|website=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-date=1 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801133000/https://m.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/aug/13/nirup-bhandari-to-play-sanjeev-gambhira-in-sudeep-starrer-phantom-19774.amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2025<br />
|''[[Edagaiye Apaghatakke Karana]]''<br />
|Raghav <br />
|Cameo appearance <br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=2023-09-27 |title=Nirup Bhandari makes a special cameo appearance in 'Edagaiye Apaghatakke Karana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kannada/2023/Sep/27/nirup-bhandarimakes-a-special-cameo-appearancein-edagaiye-apaghatakke-karana-2618455.html |access-date=2024-02-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |TBA<br />
|''Amara Madhura Prema†''<br />
|TBA<br />
|Filming<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-11-02 |title=Nagathihalli and team brave challenges to shoot in America |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Nov/02/nagathihalli-and-team-brave-challenges-to-shoot-in-america-2629142.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|''Sathya S/o Harishchandra†''<br />
|Sathya<br />
|Completed<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-12-11 |title=Nirup Bhandari teams up with debutant Sachin Vaali for a family entertainer |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Dec/11/nirup-bhandari-teams-up-with-debutant-sachin-vaali-for-a-family-entertainer-2640332.html |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|7111158}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhandari, Nirup}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Kannada actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:1984 births]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varsha_Usgaonkar&diff=474363Varsha Usgaonkar2026-02-05T04:53:50Z<p>Joseph678: basic adjust page per sources also and updated info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress and model (born 1968)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Varsha Usgaonkar<br />
| image = Varsha-Usgaonkar-Crop.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Usgaonkar in 2015<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|2|28|df=yes}}<br />
| years_active = 1982–present<br />
| birth_place = [[Usgao]], Goa, India<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|singer}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Ajay Shankar Sharma<br/>|2000}}<br />
| children = <br />
| father = [[A. K. S. Usgaonkar]]<br />
| relatives = [[Ravi (music director)|Ravi Shankar Sharma]] (father-in-law)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Varsha Usgaonkar''' (born 28 February 1968) is an Indian actress, singer, and stage performer, best known for her work in [[Marathi cinema]] and [[Television show|television]], with notable appearances in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Konkani cinema|Konkani]] films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-11 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar: TV, books, dance and riyaz kept me busy during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/varsha-usgaonkar-tv-books-dance-and-riyaz-kept-me-busy-during-lockdown/articleshow/77488154.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-22 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar : एव्हरग्रीन अभिनेत्री वर्षा उसगांवकर |url=https://www.mymahanagar.com/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-evergreen-actress-of-film-industry-learn-about-her-career-journey/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=My Mahanagar |language=mr}}</ref> Widely regarded as one of the most accomplished actresses in the Marathi industry during the late 1980s and 1990s, she earned acclaim for her versatility, glamorous image, and crossover appeal.<ref name=":3" /> Often referred to as the “Wonder Girl” of Marathi cinema, she emerged as one of the most popular and influential actresses of her generation, becoming a youth icon of the era.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhirvandekar |first=Harshada |title=Varsha Usgaonkar Birthday: मराठी मनोरंजन विश्वातील एव्हरग्रीन अभिनेत्री वर्षा उसगांवकर यांच्याबद्दल 'हे' माहितीय? |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/happy-birthday-varsha-usgaonkar-do-you-know-these-untold-facts-about-evergreen-marathi-actress-141709090298370.html |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mercury rising... |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2000/sep/25marat.htm |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> Over the course of her career, she has received numerous accolades, including three [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], two additional nominations, and nominations at both the [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Awards]] and [[Screen Awards|Screen Awards Marathi]].<br />
<br />
The daughter of politician [[A. K. S. Usgaonkar]], she began her artistic journey in theatre, performing in acclaimed productions such as ''Mahapur'', ''Karti Premat Padli'', and ''Brahmachari''. Her breakthrough as a leading lady came with the Marathi comedy ''[[Gammat Jammat]]'' (1987), which established her as a rising star. She went on to become a leading actress in Marathi cinema with films like ''Khatyal Sasu Nataal Soon'' (1987), ''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]'' (1989), ''[[Saglikade Bombabomb]]'' (1989), ''[[Shejari Shejari]]'' (1990), ''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]'' (1992), and ''Dhangad Dhinga'' (1999). She also made a significant mark in Hindi films, appearing in successful projects such as ''[[Saathi (1991 film)|Saathi]]'' (1991), ''[[Hafta Bandh]]'' (1991), and ''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]'' (1993).<br />
<br />
Usgaonkar’s critically acclaimed roles in films like ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'' (1993), ''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'' (1993), ''[[Lapandav]]'' (1993), ''Yadnya'' (1994), and ''[[Paij Lagnachi]]'' (1998) cemented her status as a strong and versatile actress. She also gained popularity on television for her portrayals of mythological and historical figures, appearing in acclaimed series such as ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988–89), ''Jhansi Ki Rani'' (1995–96), ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]'' (2001), and later took on prominent roles in ''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]'' (2009–2011), and ''[[Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!]]'' (2020–2024). Across her decades-spanning career, Usgaonkar has explored a variety of mediums, from Marathi commercial cinema and Hindi action dramas to Konkani and Rajasthani films, devotional serials, and stage musicals. She starred in the Konkani films ''Zanvoy No.1'' (2018) and ''Benddkar'' (2019), and made her tiatr debut in 2025 with ''Devachem Nanv, Jietam Hanv''.<br />
<br />
In addition to acting, she has recorded Konkani songs, performed in over a thousand live stage shows, and participated in ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''. She also served on the board of directors of the Indian Marathi Film Corporation. Her personal life and public image have often drawn media attention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-21 |title=actress varsha usgaonkar andmahesh tilekar visit sunita pawar house on occassion of hawahawai movie release {{!}} वीजेच्या धक्क्याने हात गमावलेल्या महिलेचे वर्षा उसगांवकरांकडून कौतुक, म्हणाल्या... |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/actress-varsha-usgaonkar-andmahesh-tilekar-visit-sunita-pawar-house-on-occassion-of-hawahawai-movie-release-avn-93-3141828/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}{{Failed verification|date=January 2026}}</ref> In 2000, she married Ajay Sharma, son of noted music director [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Varsha Usgaonkar was born on 28 February 1968 into a [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]] family in [[Usgao]], [[Goa]], to [[A. K. S. Usgaonkar]], a prominent politician, and Manikabai Usgaonkar, a classical singer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-18 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar Father : 'बाबा कुठेही असूदेत पण घरी नसूदेत'-वर्षा यांचं स्वतःच्या वडिलांनबद्दल का होतं असं मत? |url=https://marathi.itsmajja.com/actress-varsha-usgaonkar-father-inccident-marathi-info/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=marathi.itsmajja.com |language=mr-IN}}</ref> Her father was a senior leader of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] and served as a [[Minister (government)|Cabinet Minister]] in the Government of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]]. Influenced by her mother, Varsha developed an early interest in [[Indian classical music|classical music]], training under Pandit Sudhakar Karandikar, and also trained in [[Kathak]] during her childhood. A native Konkani speaker, she is the eldest of three sisters; her younger siblings are Tosha Kurade and Manisha Tarcar.<ref name="navhindtimes">{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/iexplore/goa-s-emerald-eyed-sridevi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102211943/http://www.navhindtimes.in/iexplore/goa-s-emerald-eyed-sridevi |archive-date=2 January 2014 |url-status=dead |title=Goa's emerald eyed 'Sridevi' &#124; iGoa |access-date=3 January 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
She completed her [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from Dempo College of Commerce and Economics in [[Panaji]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=वर्षा उसगांवकर |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-bio |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> During this time, she began pursuing a local acting career with the Kala Shuklendu, a theatre group with which she performed in several notable plays, including ''Mahapur'', ''Ek Hoti Vaghinn'', ''Andhar Mazha Sobti'', and ''Baki Itihaas''.<ref name="navhindtimes" /> Her performance in ''Mahapur'' earned her the Mumbai Inter-State Drama Gold Medal, and she received further acclaim for her role in ''[[Ashroonchi Zhali Phule]]'' earned her several accolades.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Pramod |date=2024-08-18 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar: गोवा कॅबिनेट मंत्र्याची लेक ते मराठीतील प्रसिद्ध अभिनेत्री, वर्षा उसगांवकर यांचा जीवनप्रवास |url=https://dainikgomantak.esakal.com/goa-entertainment/bigg-boss-marathi-season-5-contestants-varsha-usgaonkar-journey-goa-to-mumbai-marathi-entertainment-ppy92 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Goa News on Dainik Gomantak |language=mr}}</ref> Recognizing her potential, the [[Kala Academy]] awarded her a scholarship that enabled her to pursue an acting course at [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University]] in [[Aurangabad]], where Prashant Dalvi and [[Chandrakant Kulkarni]] were among her contemporaries.<ref name="navhindtimes" /> Though she had aspired to join the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII) in [[Pune]], but since admissions were closed at the time, she chose to take the course in Aurangabad instead.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=The years I spent in Aurangabad are invaluable: Varsha Usgaonkar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/the-years-i-spent-in-aurangabad-are-invaluable-varsha-usgaonkar/articleshow/17337126.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatre and Breakthrough in Marathi Films (1980s–1989) ===<br />
After moving to [[Bombay]] in the early 1980s to pursue acting, Usgaonkar was mentored by renowned Marathi theatre veteran [[Damu Kenkre]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last=Webdunia Marathi |date=2007-05-19 |title=वर्षा उसगांवकर : ग्लॅमरस अभिनेत्री |url=https://marathi.webdunia.com/marathi-film-stars/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-107051900005_1.htm |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=Webdunia Marathi}}</ref> She made her mark in the experimental play ''Karti Premat Padli'', an adaptation of [[P. G. Wodehouse]]'s novel ''[[The Small Bachelor]]'', directed by Vijay Kenkre.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=2019-11-07 |title=What ails theatre? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/what-ails-theatre/article29910352.ece |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The play marked Vijay Kenkre's first major success as a director and introduced Usgaonkar to a wider theatre audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FPJ Anniversary 2023: 'Theatre In All Forms Makes Me Happy,' Says Vijay Kenkre |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/weekend/fpj-anniversary-2023-theatre-in-all-forms-makes-me-happy-says-vijay-kenkre |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THEATRE KATTA Marathi Play/Drama - www.MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/marathi/theatre-katta-marathi-play-preview.asp |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=MumbaiTheatreGuide.com |language=en}}</ref> She went on to perform in the commercial play ''Brahmachari'', produced by Suyog Natya Sanstha and directed by Damu Kenkare, opposite [[Prashant Damle]].<ref name=":1" /> Her portrayal of a confident and modern heroine, wearing a [[T-shirt]] and [[shorts]], attracted widespread attention.<ref name=":2" /> The bold presentation was considered unconventional within the [[Marathi theatre]] scene at the time and brought her significant recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title='आमच्या सारखे आम्हीच' म्हणत ग्लॅमरस क्विन वर्षा उसगावकर जाणार राजकारणात ? |url=https://www.mensxp.com/marathi/entertainment/bollywood/95688-varsha-usgaonkar-biography-in-marathi.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=MensXP |language=mr-IN}}</ref> One of the audience members at a performance of the play was actor-director [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]], who later offered her a role in the Marathi film ''[[Gammat Jammat]]'' (1987).<ref name="Gammat_Jammat">{{cite web |title=Gammat Jammat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-ashok-saraf-ashi-hi-banwa-banwi-to-gammat-jammat-five-must-watch-comedy-movies-of-the-evergreen-star/photostory/76182430.cms?picid=76182773 |website=The Times of India |access-date=5 June 2020 |language=en |date=4 June 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although she signed ''Gammat Jammat'' first, her screen debut came with Damu Kenkre's ''Tuzya Wachun Karamena'', in which she appeared in a supporting role alongside [[Ashok Saraf]] and [[Alka Kubal]]. The song "Doli Ga Doli" was picturized on her character.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tuzya Wachun Karamena |url=https://www.movieposterdb.com/tuzya-wachun-karamena-i10380694 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=MoviePosterDB}}</ref> Later in 1987, ''Gammat Jammat'' was released, marking her first film as a lead actress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gammat Jammat Movie Box office Collection {{!}} Collection of Gammat Jammat Movie {{!}} Gammat Jammat |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/box-office-movie/gammat-jammat |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref> She portrayed the spirited daughter of a wealthy businessman who, after being kidnapped, turns the situation to her advantage to rebel against her restrictive upbringing. Introduced to audiences as a “wonder girl,” Usgaonkar brought a fresh and modern image to the Marathi film heroine.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-06-03 |title='Marathi cinema helped me identify myself' – Varsha Usgaonkar {{!}} The Navhind Times {{!}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/06/03/magazines/buzz/marathi-cinema-helped-me-identify-myself-varsha-usgaonkar/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was both a commercial and critical success, and her performance earned her the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-26 |title=#StarOfTheWeek: Varsha Usgaonkar: I am enjoying my second innings -Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/varsha-usgaonkar-i-am-enjoying-my-second-innings-exclusive/articleshow/94439129.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her next release was [[N. S. Vaidya]]’s drama ''Khatyal Sasu Nataal Soon'', in which she starred opposite [[Nitish Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=भन्नाट किस्सा! 'खट्याळ सासू नाठाळ सून' सिनेमात चार वर्षाच्या मुक्ताची अशी झाली होती एन्ट्री |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actress-mukta-barve-share-old-memories-of-khatyal-sasu-nathal-sun-movie-dance-with-laxmikant-berde/articleshow/109101235.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Usgaonkar played the title role of the ''soon'' (daughter-in-law), a strong-willed and intelligent woman who challenges her mother-in-law’s authority to assert her own place within the family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon (1987) |url=https://indiancine.ma/ABWZ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The following year, she appeared in ''Majjach Majja'', where she took on a dual role, portraying both male and female characters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=1988-01-17 |title=Majjach Majja ( मज्जाच मज्जा ) |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/majjach-majja.php |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> She was also seen in ''Reshmigathi'', playing the role of a beloved daughter considered a lucky charm by her family, who defies her parents’ wishes to be with her love interest, portrayed by [[Ashok Shinde]]. Around the same time, Usgaonkar made her television debut with a brief role in ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'', the iconic [[Doordarshan]] series based on the ancient Sanskrit epic.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-03 |title=Mahabharat: गोवा के पूर्व डिप्टी स्पीकर की बेटी हैं अभिमन्यु की उत्तरा, ऋषि कपूर के साथ कर चुकी हैं काम - Mahabharat on DD Metro ColorsTV Varsha Usgaonkar Played Abhimanyu Wife Uttara Daughter of Ex Deputy Speaker of Goa |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-mahabharat-on-dd-metro-colorstv-varsha-usgaonkar-played-abhimanyu-wife-uttara-daughter-of-ex-deputy-speaker-of-goa-20266515.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> She portrayed [[Uttarā]], the princess of [[Matsya]] and wife of [[Abhimanyu]], whose survival after the [[Kurukshetra War|Kurukshetra war]] ensured the continuation of the Pandava lineage.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Mahabharat actor Varsha Usgaonkar revisits the epic show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mahabharat-actor-varsha-usgaonkar-revisits-the-1988-epic-show-6419055/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Interestingly, Usgaonkar first visited the set as a spectator during casting, and was offered the role by [[Gufi Paintal]] on the spot—without a screentest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शूटिंग देखने गई इस एक्ट्रेस को अचानक मिली थी Mahabharat, बिना स्क्रीन टेस्ट शो में मिला था पॉपुलर कैरेक्टर - varsha usgaonkar got role of uttara in br chopra mahabharat without audition |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/tv-varsha-usgaonkar-got-role-of-uttara-in-br-chopra-mahabharat-without-audition-23722509.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jangam |first=Prerana |date=2024-08-31 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar : 'वन्डर गर्ल' वर्षा यांनी 'महाभारत' मध्ये देखील केलय काम, अशी मिळाली होती भूमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/bigg-boss-marathi-fame-varsha-usgaonkar-played-a-role-in-mahabharat-entertainment-news |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref> The series was highly acclaimed and, over the years, achieved cult status in Indian television history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood Actrsses: यह हीरोइन मेहमानों को दिखाने ले गई शूटिंग, बीआर चोपड़ा की महाभारत में मिल गया बड़ा रोल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/television/mahabharat-actor-varsha-usgaonkar-played-uttara-doordarshan-covid-19-colors-br-chopra-ravi-chopra-show-serial/1274895 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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In 1989, Usgaonkar appeared in the crime drama ''[[Bhutacha Bhau]]'' as part of a story about a ghost aiding his brother in avenging their father’s murder, followed by the comedy ''[[Saglikade Bombabomb]]'', where she played an actress who turns a rumor about herself into reality, and the romantic drama ''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1989 film)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]'', portraying a modern, extroverted college girl who wins over a disinterested suitor—all of which were well received.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhutacha Bhau |url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/bhutacha-bhau/2000033906/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=TVGuide.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-18 |title=10 evergreen Marathi comedy films you can watch online |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/10-evergreen-marathi-comedy-films-you-can-watch-online-6367912/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> That same year, she reunited with director N. S. Vaidya for the comedy-drama ''Navra Baiko'', which told the story of a constantly quarreling couple whose souls are swapped by [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]] in an unexpected divine twist. However, the film went largely unnoticed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Navara Baiko (1989) |url=http://mymarathicinema.blogspot.com/2020/08/navara-baiko-1989.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=MY MARATHI CINEMA मराठी चित्रपट}}</ref> Her most notable success that year came with the romantic comedy ''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]'', directed by Purushottam Berde, where she played an actress opposite [[Laxmikant Berde]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Hamal de Dhamal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/laxmikant-berde-superhit-comedy-films-of-the-actor-you-should-not-miss/hamal-de-dhamal/photostory/63415253.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her performance was praised and earned her a nomination for the Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite web |date=2015-11-06 |title=Latest Marathi News- Breaking News Today {{!}} Read Marathi Batmya from Maharashtra, India ब्रेकींग मराठी न्यूज|url=https://loksatta.com/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
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=== Marathi Stardom and Hindi Film Career (1990–1995) ===<br />
The following year, she appeared in ten films. Among them were ''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich|Aamchya Sarkhe Aamhich]]'', her fourth and final collaboration with Sachin as director, a comedy about two sets of lookalike brothers who decide to swap lives; and ''[[Shejari Shejari]]'', loosely based on the 1964 American film ''[[Good Neighbor Sam]]'', in which she played a suspicious yet determined woman who, after separating from her husband, pretends to be happily married to her friend’s husband in a comical scheme to secure her rightful inheritance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Editorial |first=M. M. W. |date=2015-01-01 |title=Aamachya Sarkhe Aamhich ( आमच्यासारखे आम्हीच ) |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/moviedetail/amachyasarkhe-amhich.php |access-date=2025-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shejari Shejari (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AFHJ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Both films were major commercial successes, with ''Shejari Shejari'' later remade in Hindi in 2005 as ''[[Ssukh]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MaFt.co.uk |title=Is the comedy movie 'Shejari Shejari' (1990) on Netflix USA? |url=https://usa.newonnetflix.info/info/80202085 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=New On Netflix USA}}</ref> Her other Marathi releases that year included ''Patli Re Patli'', inspired by the 1968 Hindi film ''[[Padosan]]'', where she reprised the role originally played by [[Saira Banu]]; the family drama ''Baap Re Baap''; and ''Kuthe Kuthe Shodhu Mi Tila'', which was based on a similar concept as the 1981 Hindi film ''[[Ladies Tailor]]''. The lattermost was one of the rare commercial failures during Laxmikant Berde’s peak career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Baap Re Baap (1990) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AEOZ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Komparify.com |title=Kuthe Kuthe Shodhu Mi Tila movie: Watch Online HD Full movie |url=https://www.komparify.com/entertainment/movie/kuthe-kuthe-shodhu-mi-tila1 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=komparify.com}}</ref> That year also marked Usgaonkar's debut in both Hindi and Bengali cinema. In the Hindi film ''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]'', she played a supporting role alongside [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Neelam Kothari]], while in the Bengali film ''Sei To Abar Kache Ele'', she starred opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Arjun Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कहां हैं बॉलीवुड एक्ट्रेस वर्षा उसगांवकर? अब राजनीति में आजमाएंगी किस्मत! {{!}} Actress Varsha Usgaonkar May Join Politics - Oneindia Hindi |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/photos/actress-varsha-usgaonkar-may-join-politics-oi70003.html |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=hindi.oneindia.com |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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The year 1991 proved to be one of the most successful periods of Usgaonkar’s career, including notable recognition in Hindi film industry. She starred in the crime drama ''[[Saathi (1991 film)|Saathi]]'', directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]], opposite [[Aditya Pancholi]] and [[Mohsin Khan (Pakistani cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=1 धांसू हॉलीवुड मूवी पर बनीं 4 बॉलीवुड फिल्में! 3 हुई थीं हिट, अमिताभ-मिथुन ही नहीं, ये एक्टर भी बन गया स्टार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-amitabh-bachchan-agneepath-mithun-chakraborty-mujrim-to-aditya-pancholi-saathi-4-bollywood-movies-inspired-by-al-pacino-scarface-huge-hit-6968243.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> She also appeared in the action film ''[[Hafta Bandh]]'', opposite [[Jackie Shroff]], where she played Marie, a village girl who falls in love with a police inspector. Both films were a surprise hit at the box office and helped establish her presence in the Hindi cinema.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title='हुई आंख नम' की अदाकारा को देख नहीं पहचान पाएंगे आप, पीक करियर पर छोड़ा बॉलीवुड, घरवालों ने ढाया सितम |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/hui-aankh-nam-aur-ye-dil-muskuraya-song-fame-varsha-usgaonkar-mahabharat-uttara-leave-bollywood-after-marriage-property-dispute-with-nanad-5415939.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> In Marathi, she featured in the crime-romance ''Aflatoon'', and ''Mumbai Te Mauritius'', a drama in which she portrayed a double role—one as a modern woman living in [[Mauritius]] and the other as a dancer in a troupe based in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Aflatoon (1991) |url=https://filmiclub.com/movie/aflatoon-1991-marathi-movie |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-07 |title=Happy Birthday Suresh Wadkar: FIVE soulful Marathi songs of eminent music director that you simply cannot miss |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/happy-birthday-suresh-wadkar-five-soulful-marathi-songs-of-eminent-music-director-that-you-simply-cannot-miss/photostory/77408055.cms?picid=77408187#%E2%80%8B'Navi%20Navi%20Preet%20Hi'-%20%E2%80%98Mumbai%20Te%20Mauritius%E2%80%99 |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> That same year, she also played the female lead in the Indo-Russian production ''[[Shikari (1991 film)|Shikari]]'', opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shikari (1991) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AGHG |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> While the film attempted to appeal to international audiences, many critics noted that Usgaonkar’s role was sidelined in favor of the Russian actress. Despite expectations, the film was a commercial failure in [[Russia]], where Indian cinema otherwise enjoyed strong popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=When Varsha Usgaonkar taught Naseeruddin Shah 'little bit of dance' in Ooty - Niharika Times |url=https://english.niharikatimes.com/when-varsha-usgaonkar-taught-naseeruddin-shah-little-bit-of-dance-in-ooty/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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In 1992, she had five Hindi film releases, including the action film ''[[Sone Ki Lanka]]'' opposite [[Chunky Panday|Chunky Pandey]], the romantic comedy ''[[Ghar Jamai (1992 film)|Ghar Jamai]]'' opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty|Mithun]], and the romantic drama ''Dilwale Kabhi Na Hare'' opposite Prithvi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Dilwale Kabhi Na Hare (1992) |url=https://filmiclub.com/movie/dilwale-kabhi-na-hare-1992-hindi-movie |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref> She also appeared alongside [[Rishi Kapoor]] in ''[[Honeymoon (1992 film)|Honeymoon]]'', a Hindi remake of the hit Marathi film ''Kiss Bai Kiss'' (1988), which met with moderate success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-23 |title=Varsha Usgaonker recalls working with Rishi Kapoor in the 1992 film 'Honeymoon': 'I always found him arrogant and never spoke to him much' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/varsha-usgaonker-recalls-working-with-rishi-kapoor-in-the-1992-film-honeymoon-i-always-found-him-arrogant-and-never-spoke-to-him-much/articleshow/100434444.cms |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, it was the Marathi family drama ''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]'' that stood out that year, emerging as one of the [[List of Marathi films of 1992|highest-grossing Marathi films of 1992]]. The year 1993 began on a high note with the Hindi blockbuster ''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]'', an action drama co-starring [[Raaj Kumar]] and [[Nana Patekar]], in which Usgaonkar played the love interest of Patekar’s character.<ref>{{Cite web |title='तिरंगा' में नाना पाटेकर की हीरोइन का बदल गया है पूरा लुक, लेटेस्ट फोटो में खूबसूरती देख कर फैंस हुए दीवाने |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/varsha-usgaonkar-in-film-tiranga-complete-look-has-changed-photo-viral-fans-shocked-3286027 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=NDTV India |language=hi}}</ref> The film, centered around preventing a nuclear terrorist attack on India, became one of the top-grossing Hindi films of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirangaa (1993) {{!}} Movie Review, Trailers, Music Videos, Songs, Wallpapers - Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508397 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127051228/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508397 |archive-date=2013-01-27 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> She also acted alongside [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Insaniyat Ke Devta]]'' and with [[Naseeruddin Shah]] in ''[[Hasti]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-20 |title=When Varsha Usgaonkar taught Naseeruddin Shah 'little bit of dance' in Ooty |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-varsha-usgaonkar-taught-naseeruddin-shah-little-bit-of-dance-in-ooty/articleshow/100377644.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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While her success in Hindi cinema remained inconsistent, she continued to deliver acclaimed performances in Marathi films. That year, she played a glamorous film star in ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'', directed by [[Jabbar Patel]] and written by veteran playwright [[Purushottam Laxman Deshpande|P. L. Deshpande]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-02-22 |title=Marathi classics ~ 2 |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=393588&catid=47 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206074848/https://archive.today/20130222144534/http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=393588&catid=47 |archive-date=6 December 2024 |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=archive.ph |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Her character encourages Aburao (played by Laxmikant Berde), a talented folk performer, to enter the film industry and later marries him for her own motives.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vipat |first=Anuradha |title=वर्षा उसगांवकर यांनी लक्ष्मीकांत बेर्डेंच्या आठवणींना दिला उजाळा |url=https://www.esakal.com/ampstories/web-story/varsha-usgaonkar-brought-to-light-the-memories-of-laxmikant-baird-aak11 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=mr}}</ref> The film, one of the rare Marathi productions exploring the lives of folk artists, was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]] and went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film|National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi]] (1992), along with five [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], including a Best Actress nomination for Usgaonkar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marathi films based on Tamasha |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/slideshow_marathi-films-based-on-tamasha_1649322-3#top |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=DNA India |publisher=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> Despite the critical acclaim, the film was a commercial failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-18 |title='मी पैशांचा विचार केला नाही, फक्त लक्ष्यासाठी...', वर्षा उसगांवकरांनी सांगितला 'तो' किस्सा |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-share-story-of-laxmikant-berde-over-ek-hota-vidushak-marathi-movie/784177 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref> She next starred in ''[[Lapandav]]'', the directorial debut of [[Shrabani Deodhar]], where she played the daughter of Ashok Saraf, a notable casting choice, as the two had previously been paired as romantic leads.<ref>{{Cite web |title="लपंडाव" चित्रपटातील सुनील बर्वेची "ही" अभिनेत्री आजही दिसते खूपच सुंदर.. अभिनय सोडून परदेशात करते हे काम |url=https://bolkyaresha.in/lapandav-movie-actress-pallavi-ranade-kharkar-latest-news/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Bolkya Resha |language=en-US}}</ref> The film, a satirical family drama, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi (1993).<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Film Award Best Marathi Feature Film – Silver Lotus Award For Best Feature Film In Marathi |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/best-marathi-feature-film-578.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref> Usgaonkar also took on a supporting role in ''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]'', by [[Smita Talwalkar]], where she played the girlfriend of a married man ([[Mohan Joshi]]), whose wife ([[Neena Kulkarni]]) responds with unexpected kindness and affection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawat Majhi Ladki (1993) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AOPO |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> The film was a major box-office success and earned Usgaonkar the [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2017-09-01 |title=Latest Marathi News – Breaking News Today{{!}}Read Marathi Batmya from Maharashtra, India ब्रेकींग मराठी न्यूज |url=https://loksatta.com/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2025}}</ref><br />
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Additionally, she made a appearance in [[Saawan Kumar Tak]]’s ''[[Khal-Naaikaa]]'', in which she was notably seen smoking a [[cigarette]] on screen, an uncommon portrayal for mainstream actresses at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=बॉलीवुड की वो 'खलनायिका', जो नहीं दे पाई थी 'खलनायक' को टक्कर, डूबा पूरा फिल्मी करियर, अब ऐसे गुजार रहीं जिंदगी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-anu-aggarwal-film-khal-naaikaa-could-not-compete-with-sanjay-dutt-khalnayak-after-that-shockingly-his-entire-film-career-sank-7938567.html |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> The following year was relatively less successful for Usgaonkar in terms of film roles, but she gained visibility on television with her brief but memorable appearance as Roopmati Nagrani in the fantasy series ''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]'', based on [[Devaki Nandan Khatri]]’s 1888 [[Chandrakanta (novel)|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=चंद्रकांता की रूपमती नागरानी का 29 साल में बदला लुक, वर्षा उसगांवकर की तस्वीरें देख फैंस कहेंगे- क्या ये वही है |url=https://ndtv.in/television/chandrakanta-rupmati-nagrani-aka-varsha-usgaonkar-look-changed-in-29-years-see-her-latest-pics-4185530 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=NDTV India |language=hi}}</ref><br />
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=== Television Career and Film Setbacks (1996–2008) ===<br />
From 1995 to 1996, she played the title role in [[Ravi Chopra]]’s 13-episode television series ''Jhansi Ki Rani'', which depicted [[Rani Lakshmibai]]’s leadership following the outbreak of conflict and her [[Central Indian campaign of 1858|battles against the British]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=इतनी बार परदे पर उतरीं 'खूब लड़ी मर्दानी वाली झांसी की रानी', पढ़िए मेहताब से कंगना तक की पूरी दास्तां |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-films-and-television-serials-on-jhansi-ki-rani-manikarnika-khoob-ladi-mardani-kangana-ranaut-kratika-sengar |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Presented in a documentary-style format, the series was made in both Hindi and English and was produced by [[Hema Malini]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-05-13 |title=Did you know: Daughter of former Goa deputy speaker Varsha Usgaonkar played Abhimanyu's wife Uttara in Mahabharat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/did-you-know-daughter-of-former-goa-deputy-speaker-varsha-usgaonkar-played-abhimanyus-wife-uttara-in-mahabharat/articleshow/75721603.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 1995, she saw a return to form with ''Painjan'', directed by [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]], where she portrayed the mistress of a missing ''tamasha'' performer, Pilajirao, whose relationships within the troupe become central to the investigation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Painjan (1995) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AJRJ |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> She also played a police inspector in ''Zakhmi Kunku'' and took on a complex lead role in ''Aboli'', portraying Mona, a mentally unstable actress who becomes dangerously possessive of a budding painter named Saya, gradually revealing her obsessive and disturbed nature.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2020-11-03 |title=Sayaji Shinde, Varsha Usgaonkar, 'Aboli' Marathi Movie {{!}} |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/aboli-completes-25-years-of-its-release.php/attachment/sayaji-shinde-varsha-usgaonkar-aboli-marathi-movie/ |access-date=2025-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
[[File:VarshaUsgaonkar.jpg|left|thumb|Usgaonkar at an event in late 2000s.]]<br />
In 1996, she reunited with Aditya Pancholi for [[K. C. Bokadia]]’s ''Muqadama'', though the film failed to make an impact at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muqadama - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2776 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> During the later part of the decade, she appeared in several films, though most did not garner significant attention. Notable among them were the comedy ''Bayko Chukli Standvar'' (1998), a role she reprised over a decade later in its 2010 remake ''Bayko Zali Gayab''; [[Mahesh Kothare]]’s ''Dhangad Dhinga'' (1999); and ''Ladhaai'' (1999), in which she played a strong-willed female protagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-01-17 |title=Mahesh cries remembering Lakshya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/mahesh-kothare-lakshmikant-berde/articleshow/45920849.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She won her third State Award and earned a [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi]] nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Best Actress]] for the 1998 drama ''[[Paij Lagnachi]]'', in which she portrayed a bold and confident young woman from a wealthy background who thrives on challenges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paij Lagnachi {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/paij_lagnachi |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> She was also seen in the biographical drama ''[[Dhyaas Parva]],'' based on the life of [[Raghunath Dhondo Karve]], a pioneer in promoting family planning and birth control in India, in which she portrayed [[Shakuntala Paranjpye]], an acclaimed writer, actress, and noted social reformer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-06-22 |title=Amol Palekar approaches NFAI for preservation of his films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/amol-palekar-approaches-nfai-for-preservation-of-his-films/articleshow/47758053.cms |access-date=2025-07-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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With the start of the new century, Usgaonkar remained active in both films and television. In 2000, she portrayed Goddess [[Mohini]], the female avatar of [[Vishnu]], in ''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]'', marking her third collaboration with Ravi Chopra, and also played the lead in ''Alvida Darling'', directed by [[Anant Mahadevan]], a light-hearted series about a divorcing couple growing unexpectedly close.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-23 |title=मोहिनी अवतार में होश उड़ा चुकी हैं ये एक्ट्रेस, आज भी नहीं हटती इनसे नजरें |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-amrita-parakh-madan-these-actress-played-the-role-of-goddess-mohini/905639 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Zee News Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-06-05 |title=Vishnu Puran serial cast: List of actors who play Prahlad, Dhruv and other major roles in serial on DD Bharati |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/serials/article/vishnu-puran-serial-cast-list-of-actors-who-play-key-roles-in-br-chopras-television-serial-on-doordarshan/592137 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.zoomtventertainment.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=I feel sad and deprived, I do miss Chamatkar |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/84269/ |access-date=3 January 2015 |newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref> She later appeared in an episode of [[Zee TV]]’s anthology series ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (2003 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]'' (2003) and began portraying maternal roles, such as in [[Zee Marathi]]’s ''Tuzyavina'', alongside [[Urmilla Kothare]] and [[Yatin Karyekar]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2004-01-14 |title=Zee debuts 15th series of 'Kabhie Kabhie' |url=https://plus.google.com/107324234873078450867 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125123456/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/jan/jan92.htm |archive-date=2021-01-25 |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref> In ''[[Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi]]'', she played Kamini, a manipulative antagonist who murders her son and daughter-in-law and attempts to kill their relative to seize the family wealth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=सिद्धार्थ शुक्ला के वो 8 यादगार किरदार, जिनकी वजह से वो दर्शकों के दिलों में हमेशा ज़िंदा रहेंगे |url=https://hindi.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/best-roles-of-sidharth-shukla/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=ScoopWhoop Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> In films, Usgaonkar was paired with younger actors such as [[Bharat Jadhav]] and [[Ankush Chaudhari]]; with Chaudhari, she played a rich college girl turned entrepreneur in ''Sakshatkar''. She starred opposite Laxmikant Berde for the last time in ''Tuzyacha Sathi'', portraying a woman who conspires with her lover to murder her husband.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tuzyacha Sathi Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Tuzyacha Sathi Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Tuzyacha Sathi |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/tuzyacha-sathi |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref> That same year, her final Hindi film in a leading role, ''[[Hatya (2004 film)|Hatya: The Murder]]'' opposite [[Akshay Kumar]], was released after being delayed since 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अक्षयला पाहून लाजल्या वर्षा उसगांवकर, या रोमॅन्टिक सिनेमात केलंय दोघांनी काम, पोस्टर आहे खूपच बोल्ड |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/varsha-usgaonkar-movie-with-akshay-kumar-hatya-the-murder-know-more-facts-about-bigg-boss-marathi-5-contestant/articleshow/112445722.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> In 2005, she appeared in comedy ''Sawaal Majha Premacha'', a tale of a mother and daughter, both accomplished dancers, who captivate a father and son, alongside [[Ajinkya Deo]], Ashok Saraf, and [[Madhu Kambikar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ajinkya Deo: News, Movies, Photos, Videos & Updates |url=https://indianexpress.com/about/ajinkya-deo/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She also took on character roles in Hindi films, notably as Rani Laxmibai in ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]'', and as a principled mother who supports her daughter’s ambitions, unaware of the sacrifices her daughter makes in ''[[Jigyaasa]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-08-11 |title='Mangal Pandey': Will history repeat itself for Aamir? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/mangal-pandey-will-history-repeat-itself-for-aamir/articleshow/1197953.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-10-01 |title=Much ado about Mallika |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1249244.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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=== Later Career and Resurgence (2009–Present) ===<br />
In 2009, she featured in [[Kothare Vision]]’s television drama ''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]'', where she played a high-society woman who insists her son marry a modern, educated daughter-in-law.<ref>{{Cite web |last=जोशी |first=मानसी |date=2022-07-20 |title=मन उधाण वाऱ्याचे: अनेकांच्या विस्मरणात गेलेली आठवणीतली मालिका |url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/marathi-serial-man-udhan-varyache/ |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Kalakruti Media |language=en-US}}</ref> The show garnered top ratings, and her role was especially well received by the audience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indiantelevision.com > TV Ratings > TAM's Top 100 Programmes |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=06/02/2011&endperiod=12/02/2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615063203/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Star+Pravah&startperiod=06/02/2011&endperiod=12/02/2011 |archive-date=15 June 2012 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.indiantelevision.com |url-status=live }}</ref> Around this time, she also appeared in the critically acclaimed action drama ''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]'' and the family drama ''Thoda Tuza Thoda Maza''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-09-26 |title=Bollywood gives music to Marathi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news-and-interviews/Bollywood-gives-music-to-Marathi/articleshow/10126989.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2013, she played the mother of an innocent, introverted boy (played by [[Swapnil Joshi]]) in [[Sanjay Jadhav]]’s coming-of-age romantic drama ''[[Duniyadari]]''. The film was a massive success, becoming [[List of Marathi films of 2013|the highest-grossing Marathi film of the year]] and earning cult status.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title=Highest grossing Marathi movies of all times |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/highest-grossing-marathi-movies-of-all-times/photostory/64015616.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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Her Rajasthani film debut came in 2016 with ''Kangana'', for which she earned a Best Supporting Performance nomination at the [[Rajasthan Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=487567288287370&set=pcb.487567678287331 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref> That same year, she appeared in ''[[Ardhangini Ek Ardhsatya]]'', based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]’s 1916 novel ''[[The Home and the World]]'', portraying a widow who resents her sister-in-law's growing affection for a houseguest and contributes to household tension.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-28 |title=Hindi film based on Tagore's Ghare Baire to release next month |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/hindi-film-based-on-tagores-ghare-baire-to-release-next-month/articleshow/52914945.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> However, the film was panned by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-06-27 |title=A Hindi reimagining of Ghare Baire |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/film/hindi-reimagining-ghare-baire-1246210 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> Usgaonkar made her Konkani film debut with ''Zanvoy No.1'' in 2018, which received an overwhelming response upon release and set a record in Mangalorean cinema as the first Konkani film to be screened simultaneously at 13 theatres across the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Director Harry Fernandes brings Bollywood touch to Konkani films |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=485279 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Super-hit Konkani film 'Zanvoy No.1' to hit screens in Dubai in Sept |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=515334 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> A year later, she reunited with the ''Zanvoy No.1'' team for the Konkani film ''Benddkar'', which also received a positive response from audiences and critics alike.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Benddkar' Konkani movie witnesses successful shows in Abu Dhabi, Sharjah |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=640266 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Konkani film 'Benddkar' set to release on Nov 22 |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=645284 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> After a decade, she reunited with Kothare Vision for the successful series ''[[Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!]]'', portraying a loving and resilient matriarch who selflessly endures immense loss and remains the emotional anchor of the family across generations.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-04 |title=Veteran actress Varsha Usgaonkar to feature in upcoming TV show Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veteran-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-to-feature-in-upcoming-tv-show-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta/articleshow/77346554.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She exited the series in 2024 and went on to participate in the reality television show [[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|''Bigg Boss'' ''Marathi 5'']], where she finished in 7th place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=2024-07-24 |title='बिग बॉस मराठी'च्या घरात दिसणार? 'सुख म्हणजे...मालिका सोडण्याचे कारण वर्षा उसगांवकरांनी स्पष्टच |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/varsha-usgaonkar-on-bigg-boss-marathi-season-5-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-revel-that-why-she-left-star-pravah-marathi-serial-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-1300445 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Naik |first=Payal |date=2024-07-24 |title=वर्षा उसगावकर यांनी का सोडली 'सुख म्हणजे...' मालिका? स्वतः सांगितलं कारण; बिग बॉसमध्ये जाण्याच्या अफवांवरही सोडलं मौन |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/varsha-usgaonkar-reveal-why-she-leave-sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-serial-know-the-reason-psn14 |access-date=2025-07-03 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><br />
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In 2022, she took on a darker role as Bagi Begum, a princess of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Adil Shahi Dynasty of Bijapur]], in [[Digpal Lanjekar]]’s historical action film ''[[Sher Shivraj]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-12 |title=Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta actress Varsha Usgaonkar to play 'Badi Begum' in historical film 'Sher Shivraj' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/sukh-mhanje-nakki-kay-asta-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-to-play-badi-begum-in-historical-film-sher-shivraj/articleshow/90794731.cms |access-date=2025-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> After 36 years, she and longtime collaborator Prashant Damle teamed up once again for the stage play ''Sarkha Kahitari Hotay'', a comedy that explores the humorous yet relatable challenges families face due to generational differences and received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Marathi Play 'Sarkha Kahitari Hotay' Garners Enthusiastic Response From Belagavi's Theater Aficionados - All About Belgaum |work=All About Belgaum |url=https://allaboutbelgaum.com/news/marathi-play-sarkha-kahitari-hotay-garners-enthusiastic-response-from-belagavis-theater-aficionados/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Video: वर्षा उसगांवकर प्रशांत दामले ३६ वर्षांनंतर पुन्हा रंगभूमीवर, लवकरच दिसणार नाटकात |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/mata-sanmaan/drama/after-36-years-prashant-damle-and-varsha-usgaonkar-working-together-in-new-project/articleshow/89593204.cms |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
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Continuing her artistic exploration, Usgaonkar made her ''[[tiatr]]'' debut in 2025 with ''Devachem Nanv, Jietam Hanv'', a production that touches on themes of family, marriage, land, and mental health.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Ramandeep |date=2025-06-26 |title=On the tiatr stage – The Navhind Times {{!}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2025/06/26/magazines/buzz/on-the-tiatr-stage/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> She portrayed a modern mother and mother-in-law who values family unity and also showcased her talents in singing and dancing, with her performance receiving much appreciation from the audience.<ref name=":5" /><br />
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==Personal life==<br />
[[File:Varsha-Ajay.jpg|thumb|right|Usgaonkar with husband Ajay Sharma in 2014]]<br />
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Usgaonkar is publicly reticent about her personal life. During the late 1980s, while filming the television series ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]],'' she met actor [[Nitish Bharadwaj]], who played the role of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-12 |title=वर्षा उसगांवकर आणि 'या' अभिनेत्याची आहे अत्यंत खास लव्ह स्टोरी, पहिल्याच भेटीत… |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/web-stories/marathi-cinema/know-about-the-love-story-of-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-and-actor-nitish-bharadwaj |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> The two began a romantic relationship during the production of the show, however, the relationship ended in 1991 reportedly due to opposition from Bharadwaj’s family.<ref>{{Cite web |title=वर्षा उसगांवकर होत्या 'या' अभिनेत्याच्या प्रेमात; घडलं असं काही अन् अपूर्ण राहिली प्रेमकहाणी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/bigg-boss-marathi-5-fame-varsha-usgaonkar-was-in-love-with-nitish-bharadwaj-while-mahabharat-serial/articleshow/115560750.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Which controversial actresses' life can be portrayed onscreen? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/which-controversial-actresses-life-can-be-portrayed-onscreen/photostory/41513473.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
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Initially, Usgaonkar was not ready for marriage. However, when she eventually began considering it after encouragement from actress [[Tanuja]], her parents expressed a desire for her to marry into a family with an artistic background.<ref name="UsgaonkarMarriageStory">{{cite web |last=online-lokmat |date=2024-02-16 |title="१० वर्षांपूर्वी आम्ही पहिल्यांदा भेटलो होतो पण...", वर्षा उसगावकर यांच्या लग्नाची गोष्ट |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/varsha-usgaonkar-marriage-love-story-ajay-sharma-10-years-ago-first-meeting-a1113/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=असा नवरा नको गं बाई! विवाहित पुरुषांच्या नादाला लागायचं नाही... वर्षा उसगावकर असं का म्हणाल्या? |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/varsha-usgaonkar-talked-about-her-marriage-she-did-not-want-married-husband/articleshow/107773981.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> In March 2000, she entered into an arranged marriage with Ajay Sharma, the son of [[Padma Shri]] awardee and renowned music director [[Ravi (composer)|Ravi Shankar Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=अभिनेत्री वर्षा उसगांवकर यांनी केलं होतं अरेंज मॅरेज, कोण आहेत त्यांचे पती? जाणून घ्या |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/4536189/who-is-varsha-usgaonkar-husband-ajay-shankar-son-of-indian-music-director-ravi-shankar-sharma-hrc-97/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref> Usgaonkar later admitted that she was hesitant about the match at the time, as she had envisioned a love marriage and felt that Ajay did not align with her earlier expectations.<ref name="VarshaMarriage">{{cite web |last=Moneycontrol News Desk |date=2024-09-16 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar reveals she was hesitant to marry her current husband Ajay Sharma, know why |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-reveals-she-was-hesitant-to-marry-her-current-husband-ajay-sharma-know-why-article-12823004.html |access-date=2025-06-25 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-27 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 5: Varsha Usgaonkar Reveals She Was Not Ready To Marry Her Current Husband For THIS Reason |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/bigg-boss-marathi-5-varsha-usgaonkar-reveals-she-was-not-ready-to-marry-her-current-husband-for-this-reason-article-112842738 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Interestingly, Ajay and Usgaonkar had first met nearly a decade earlier, when she was performing in a [[Lavani]] production for the British television channel [[Channel 4]], which was produced by Ajay.<ref name="UsgaonkarMarriageStory" /><br />
<br />
Tensions within the family surfaced publicly in 2010, when her father-in-law, Ravi, filed a complaint against Usgaonkar and Ajay, alleging mental harassment and claiming he had been barred from entering the first floor of his own residence.<ref name="outlookindia">{{cite web |url=http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=1&aid=672734 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411151546/http://m.outlookindia.com/story.aspx?sid=1&aid=672734 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Redirection From Mobile URL |publisher=m.outlookindia.com |access-date=3 January 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kotwani |first=Hiren |date=2010-01-18 |title=Varsha's harassing me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/varsha-s-harassing-me/story-0ZLLjegfa8Ywun5Ci9IvgP.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> A few years later, in 2013, she became involved in a legal dispute with her sisters-in-law, Chhaya Ojha and Veena Upadhyaya, regarding the ownership of their late father’s bungalow in [[Santacruz, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varsha Usgaonkar battles sisters-in-law after their home turns into war zone |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/varsha-usgaonkar-battles-sisters-in-law-after-their-home-turns-into-war-zone/articleshow/25079064.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> After Ravi’s passing, the sisters accused Usgaonkar and her husband of harassment and unauthorized occupation of the property. The matter escalated to police complaints and eventually reached the Bandra Metropolitan Magistrate’s Court in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Will Varsha Usgaonkar Open Up About Her Dirty Fight With Her Sisters-In-Law In Bigg Boss Marathi 5? - Exclusive |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/will-varsha-usgaonkar-open-up-about-her-dirty-fight-with-her-sisters-in-law-in-bigg-boss-marathi-5-exclusive-article-112136909 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> The court facilitated a settlement, dividing the property among the family members and ordering the installation of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras to prevent further conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-06 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar battles sisters-in-law |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/varsha-usgaonkar-battles-sisters-in-law/articleshow/25114025.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Her father, A. K. S. Usgaonkar, died on 16 June 2020 after a prolonged illness at [[Goa Medical College]] in [[Bambolim]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-06-16 |title=वर्षा उसगावकर यांचे वडिल अन् गोव्याचे माजी मंत्री अच्युत उसगावकर यांचे निधन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/varsha-usgavkars-father-and-former-goa-minister-achyut-usgavkar-passed-away-a601/ |access-date= |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=वर्षा उसगावकरांचे वडील अच्युत उसगावकरांचे गोव्यात निधन |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/varsha-usgaonkar-father-and-former-goa-minister-achyut-usgaonkar-passes-away/articleshow/76398737.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> Due to the [[COVID-19 lockdown in India]] at the time, she was unable to attend his funeral.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2024-08-18 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar: वडिलांचं अंत्यसंस्कारही वर्षा यांच्या नशिबात नव्हतं, कारण... |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-miss-the-funeral-of-his-father-due-to-covid-19-1253794.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In the media and other works ==<br />
[[File:Varsha Usgaonkar graces closing ceremony of IFFI 2017 in Goa (03).jpg|thumb|304x304px|Usgaonkar graces closing ceremony of [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] 2017 in [[Goa]].]]<br />
Usgaonkar is considered one of the most prominent faces in [[Marathi cinema]]. Widely regarded as a youth icon of her time, she enjoyed immense popularity for her screen presence, dance skills, and distinctive style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varsha Usgaonkar's Beauty Secret: A Love For Food And Daily Yoga |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/varsha-usgaonkars-beauty-secret-a-love-for-food-and-daily-yoga-9038709.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Her vibrant performances and crossover appeal in both Marathi and Hindi entertainment industries contributed to her widespread recognition during the late 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-28 |title=19व्या वर्षी पहिला चित्रपट, 25मध्ये टॉपलेस फोटोशूट, मालिकेतील 'माई' कशी बनली इंडस्ट्रीची ग्लॅमर क्वीन? |url=https://news18marathi.com/photogallery/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-first-film-at-19-topless-photo-shoot-at-25-how-did-mai-become-the-glamor-queen-of-the-industry-1345170.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=news18marathi.com |language=mr}}</ref> At the height of her career, she was frequently featured in film magazines, entertainment tabloids, and popular media.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-06 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar added glam to the IMA installation ceremony in Nagpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/varsha-usgaonkar-at-the-ima-installation-ceremony-in-nagpur/articleshow/34738150.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Regarded as a style icon, Usgaonkar was known for effortlessly blending traditional Indian attire with bold fashion choices, including wearing a swimsuit on screen—an uncommon move for Marathi actresses of that era.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-15 |title=Blast From The Past: Varsha Usgaonkar And Her Iconic Looks Of All Times |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/lifestyle/fashion/blast-past-varsha-usgaonkar-iconic-looks-times/2021/05/15 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=IWMBuzz |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-05-06 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar added glam to the IMA installation ceremony in Nagpur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/nagpur/varsha-usgaonkar-at-the-ima-installation-ceremony-in-nagpur/articleshow/34738150.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, she drew public attention for participating in a topless photoshoot for an English-language magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Varsha Usgaonkar: मराठमोळी अभिनेत्री वर्षा उसगांवकरांचा 'टॉपलेस' फोटो पुन्हा व्हायरल |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/varsha-usgaonkar-topless-photo-viral-on-social-media-141663061315927.html |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref> The shoot generated significant controversy and was widely criticized by audiences at the time, sparking debates around onscreen representation and celebrity image.<ref>{{Cite web |title=टॉपलेस फोटोशूटमुळे वादात सापडलेल्या वर्षा उसगांवकर; त्या फोटोंमुळे उडालेली खळबळ! |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/marathi-actress-varsha-usgaonkar-topless-photoshoot-for-magazine-cover/articleshow/98291964.cms |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the mid-1990s, she performed over a thousand stage shows titled ''Varsha Usgaonkar Nights'', and in 2008, released a Konkani music album ''Roop Tujem Laita Pixem'', featuring five songs sung by her in collaboration with noted singer Ulhas Buyao.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Rock and Raaga |url=http://www.rockandraaga.in/node/103 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171022181800/http://www.rockandraaga.in/node/103 |archive-date=22 October 2017 |access-date=3 January 2015 |publisher=rockandraaga.in}}</ref> In March 2015, she walked the ramp alongside hotelier Timmy Narang at the 10th Annual Caring with Style fashion event held in Mumbai, an initiative supporting cancer patients through the NGO Cancer Patients Aid Association (CPAA).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-03-02 |title=Sonakshi Sinha, Aamir Khan on ramp for charity |url=https://indianexpress.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/aamir-khan-sonakshi-sinha-walk-the-ramp-for-charity/ |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2015-03-03 |title=Sonakshi Sinha, Aamir Khan Shine on the Ramp |url=https://www.masala.com/gallery/sonakshi-sinha-aamir-khan-shine-on-the-ramp-190445 |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Masala.com}}</ref> In 2016, Usgaonkar contested and won the first-ever Indian Marathi Film Corporation election from the actors’ group, securing a position on the board of directors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=कोकणे |first=परशुराम |date=2020-01-11 |title=वर्षा उसगावकर म्हणाल्या.. कलाकारांची फसवणूक टाळण्यासाठी महामंडळ सज्ज! |url=https://www.esakal.com/paschim-maharashtra/film-actres-varsha-usgaonkar-news-251383 |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref name="UsgaonkarElection">{{cite web |last=online-lokmat |date=2016-04-27 |title=चित्रपट महामंडळाच्या निवडणूकीत वर्षा उसगावकर विजयी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/varsha-usgaonkar-wins-election-of-chitrapat-mahamandal-a562/ |access-date=2025-06-28 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography ==<br />
<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role <br />
!Language<br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1986<br />
|''Tuzya Wachun Karamena''<br />
|Dolly<br />
| rowspan="11" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1987|| ''[[Gammat Jammat]]''||Kalpana Korde / Gautami<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Khatyal Sasu Nataal Soon''<br />
|Maya Jagde<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |1988<br />
|''Majjach Majja''<br />
|Kamini Pratap Singh<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Reshimgathi''<br />
|Shimpli<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" |1989<br />
| ''[[Bhutacha Bhau]]''<br />
|Anjali<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saglikade Bombabomb]]'' ||Rajni Bala<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]''||Nandini Patwardhan<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Atmavishwas''<br />
|Nisha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Navra Baiko''<br />
|Varsha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pasant Aahe Mulgi (1989 film)|Pasant Aahe Mulgi]]''<br />
|Madhumati Dhurandhar <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="10" | 1990 || ''[[Doodh Ka Karz]]''||Kajri Lohar<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich|Aamchya Sarkhe Aamhich]]''||Nandini Deshpande <br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shejari Shejari]]''||Preeti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sei To Abar Kache Ele''<br />
|Sita<br />
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Changu Mangu]]''<br />
| rowspan="2" |Herself <br />
| rowspan="6" |Marathi<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''Ghanchakkar''<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''Patli Re Patli''<br />
|Nanda <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Kuthe Kuthe Shodhu Me Tila''<br />
|Sujata <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Baap Re Baap''<br />
|Naina<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Dokyala Taap Nahin''<br />
|Vandana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | 1991 || rowspan="2" | ''[[Shikari (1991 film)|Shikari: The Hunter]]''|| rowspan="2" |Chanchal<br />
|Hindi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Russian language|Russian]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Saathi (1991 film)|Saathi]]''|| Nisha<br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|<ref name=":4" /><br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hafta Bandh]]''||Maria<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Aflatoon''|| Bitti<br />
| rowspan="4" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mumbai Te Mauritius''<br />
|Aarti / Bharti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Yeda Ki Khula''<br />
|Aarti Divekar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Jeeva Sakha]]''<br />
|Paru<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" |1992 ||''Sone Ki Zanjeer''|| Sonali <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Shubh Mangal Savdhan]]''||Jaya<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Honeymoon (1992 film)|Honeymoon]]''||Asha S. Verma<br />
| rowspan="4" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Sone Ki Lanka]]''<br />
|Romu / Ram Pyari<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dilwale Kabhi Na Hare]]''||Shabnam<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ghar Jamai (1992 film)|Ghar Jamai]]''||Mona<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Maal Masala''||Varsha Deshmukh <br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Soona Ani Mona''<br />
|Mona<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="12" |1993<br />
| ''[[Tirangaa (film)|Tirangaa]]''|| Shanti<br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Insaniyat Ke Devta]]''|| Husna Bano<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''||Menaka<br />
| rowspan="5" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]]''|| Dr. Beena Karnik<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Lapandav]]''|| Rasika Samarth<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Aikava Te Navalach''<br />
|Dr. Vandana <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Paisa Paisa Paisa''<br />
|Tanuja (Tannu) Kelkar<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Hasti]]''|| Anita (Anu)<br />
| rowspan="8" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Khal-Naaikaa]]''|| Varsha Sharma<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pardesi (1993 film)|Pardesi]]''<br />
|Shanker's love interest<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Ghar Aaya Mera Pardesi''|| Radha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Parwane]]''|| Suzie<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="6" | 1994 || ''[[Pathreela Raasta]]'' || Mona<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Mr. Shrimati''<br />
|Sanju's Partner<br />
|Special appearance; TV Movie<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Beta Ho To Aisa]]''<br />
|Mini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Yadnya''<br />
|Nisha<br />
| rowspan="5" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Chal Gammat Karu''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Soodchakra''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |1995<br />
|''Painjan''<br />
|Jaswanti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Jamla Ho Jamla''<br />
|Radha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Dushmani: A Violent Love Story]]''<br />
|Dancer<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Special appearance in a song "''Mera Salaam Le''"<br />
|-<br />
|''Aboli''<br />
|Mona<br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Zakhmi Kunku''<br />
|Inspector Rajlaxmi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1996 || ''Shohrat''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shohrat - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2787 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>||Rajani<br />
| rowspan="3" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Muqadama''||Seema<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | 1997 || ''Jai Mahalaxmi Maa'' ||Laxmi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''<br />
|Pooja<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1998 || ''Haste Hasate''||Varsha <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Yeh Na Thi Hamari Qismat''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Bayko Chukli Standvar''<br />
|Hausa / Sribaby<br />
| rowspan="8" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="8" | 1999 || ''Rang Premacha''||Champa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Navra Mumbaicha''<br />
|Gauri<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Tuch Majhi Suhasini''<br />
|Suhasini<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Dhangad Dhinga''<br />
|Madhura Mone<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Karaycha Te Dankyat''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Ladhaai''|| Sunita Nadkarni<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sakhi Mazi''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Chehraa]]''||Menka <br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2000<br />
|''Sant Gyaneshwar''<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Dhani Kunkuwacha''<br />
|<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Kal Ka Aadmi''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Shakuntala Paranjpye|Shakuntala Paranjpe]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2001<br />
|''[[Dhyaas Parva]]''<br />
|Marathi<br />
|Dubbed version of ''Kal Ka Aadmi''<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Style (2001 film)|Style]]''<br />
|Police Inspector<br />
| rowspan="2" | Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2002<br />
|''Memsaab No.1''<br />
|<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
|''Shanti Ne Keli Kranti''<br />
|<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|''Baap Ka Baap''<br />
|Uma Dixit <br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2004 || ''[[Hatya (2004 film)|Hatya: The Murder]]''<br />
|Kavita Jaiswal<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sakshatkar''<br />
|Saudamini <br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Tuzyacha Sathi''<br />
|Radhika<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2005<br />
| ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising|Mangal Pandey]]''|| [[Rani Laxmibai]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Sawal Majha Premacha''<br />
|Jayshree Karadkar<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mr Ya Miss]]''<br />
|[[Parvati]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|Special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2006 || ''[[Jigyaasa]]''|| Malini Mathur<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''Mare Paryant Phashi''<br />
|Jailor's wife<br />
| rowspan="6" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2010<br />
|''Bayko Zali Gayab''<br />
|Hausa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Ladi Godi''<br />
|Rekha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || ''[[Arjun (2011 film)|Arjun]]''||Maya Thackeray <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2013<br />
|''Thoda Tuza Thoda Maza''<br />
|Malti<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Duniyadari]]''|| Rani Maa<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''Naam''||<br />
| rowspan="2" |Hindi<br />
|Unreleased<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Super Nani]]''||Chandani <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Hututu''<br />
|Madhu <br />
| rowspan="3" |Marathi <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Capuccino''<br />
|Sunanda <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''Marg Maza Aekala''<br />
|<br />
|Unreleased<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2016<br />
| ''Kangana''||Kangana<br />
|[[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Lord of Shingnapur''<br />
|<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Ardhangini Ek Ardhsatya]]''<br />
|Bara Rani <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2017<br />
|''[[Bhavishyachi Aishi Taishi]]''<br />
|Megha's mother <br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Oli Ki Suki]]''<br />
|Advocate <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''Zanvoy No.1'' ||Diana's mother-in-law <br />
|[[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Valan''<br />
|<br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Madhav - Every Child Needs Mentor''<br />
|Sharda Mehta<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''Benddkar''<ref>{{cite news |title=Konkani movie 'Benddkar' sees good opening |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/konkani-movie-benddkar-sees-good-opening-778973.html |access-date=5 June 2020 |work=Deccan Herald |date=22 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>||Jessy<br />
|Konkani<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2022<br />
|''Hawahawai''<br />
|Varsha<br />
| rowspan="2" |Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sher Shivraj]]''<br />
|Badi Begum<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Title <br />
!Role<br />
!Language <br />
!Notes<br />
|-<br />
|1989–1990<br />
|''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' <br />
|[[Uttarā|Uttara]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-20 |title=Mahabharat actor Varsha Usgaonkar revisits the epic show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/mahabharat-actor-varsha-usgaonkar-revisits-the-1988-epic-show-6419055/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1989–1990<br />
|''Mirza Ghalib: The Playful Muse''<br />
|Lavani dancer<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Episodic role<br />
|-<br />
|1994<br />
|''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''<br />
|Roopmati Nagrani<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995–1996<br />
|''Jhansi Ki Rani''<br />
|[[Rani of Jhansi|Rani Laxmi Bai]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1995<br />
|''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat 1]]''<br />
|Varsha <br />
|Hindi<br />
|Episodic role <br />
|-<br />
|1996–1997<br />
|''Ardhangini''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1997–1999<br />
|''Tanha''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|1998<br />
|[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|''Ghar Jamai'']]<br />
|Ms. Chamcham <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000–2001<br />
|''Devdas Ki Paro''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2000<br />
|''Alvida Darling''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2001<br />
|''[[Vishnu Puran (TV series)|Vishnu Puran]]''<br />
|[[Mohini]]<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2002<br />
|''Maa Shakti''<br />
|Maya<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Episodic role<br />
|-<br />
|2003<br />
|''[[Kabhie Kabhie (2003 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]''<br />
|Padma / Priya<br />
|Hindi<br />
|Episodic role<br />
|-<br />
|2005<br />
|''Tuzyavina''<br />
|Sai Deshmukh <br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2007<br />
|''[[Durgesh Nandinii]]''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2008–2009<br />
|''Ekach Maleche Mani''<br />
|Varsha<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''[[Jaane Pehchaane Se... Ye Ajnabbi|Jaane Pehchaane Se... Yeh Ajnabbi]]''<br />
|Kamini Vardhan Singh<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009<br />
|''Aye Dil-E-Nadaan''<br />
|<br />
|Hindi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2009-2011<br />
|''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]''<br />
|Anuradha Mohite<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2014<br />
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]'' <br />
|Kritika Khurana <br />
|Hindi<br />
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-26 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar makes a comeback on TV after a decade |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/varsha-makes-a-comeback-on-tv/articleshow/56574674.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-29 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2020-2024<br />
|''[[Sukh Mhanje Nakki Kay Asta!]]''<br />
|Nandini Shirke Patil (Maisaheb)<br />
|Marathi<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2024<br />
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5|Bigg Boss Marathi 5]]''<br />
|Contestant<br />
|Marathi<br />
|{{nowrap|7th Place}}<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Theatre ===<br />
<br />
* ''Mahapur'' <br />
* ''Ek Hoti Vaghinn'' <br />
* ''Andhar Mazha Sobti''<br />
* ''Baki Itihaas''<br />
* ''[[Ashroonchi Zhali Phule]]'' <br />
* ''Karti Premmat Padali''<br />
* ''Brahmachari'' (1982)<br />
* ''Piano For Sale'' (2018)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-12-01 |title=Varsha Usgaonkar and Kishori Shahane come together for a Marathi play |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/theatre/varsha-usgaonkar-and-kishori-shahane-come-together-for-a-marathi-play/articleshow/66898898.cms |access-date=2025-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
* ''Sarkha Kahitari Hotay'' (2022)<br />
* ''Devachem Nanv, Jietam Hanv'' (2025)<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
<br />
* 1987 – [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Gammat Jammat]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=सुधीर वासुदेव नांदगावकर |first=चैतन्य कुंटे |url=http://archive.org/details/20190823_20190823_0935 |title=शिल्पकार चरित्रकोश खंड ७ – चित्रपट, संगीत |date=2014}}</ref><br />
* 1989 – Nominated, [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Hamaal De Dhamaal]]''.<ref name=":0" /> <br />
* 1992 – Nominated, [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* 1993 – [[Maharashtra State Film Award]] for Best Supporting Actress for ''[[Savat Mazi Ladki]].''<ref name=":0" /> <br />
* 1998 – [[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* 1998 – Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Marathi|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] for ''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''.<ref name=":0" /><br />
* 2000 – Nominated, [[Screen Awards]] Best Actress (Marathi) For Film ''Tuch Majhi Suhasini''. <br />
* 2016 – Krutadnyata Awards for Contribution in Marathi Cinema<ref name=":3" /><br />
* 2024 – Sakal Premier Awards for Contributions in Cinema<ref>{{Cite web |last=वृत्तसेवा |first=सकाळ |date=2024-06-14 |title=Sakal Premier Awards 2024 : हा पुरस्कार पवित्र अन् मंगलमय : वर्षा उसगावकर |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/sakal-premier-awards-2024-is-pure-and-auspicious-varsha-usgaonkar-rjs00 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><br />
* 2024 – BIG Marathi Entertainment Awards for Evergreen Performer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabindra |date=2024-04-29 |title=Ashok Saraf, Siddharth Chandekar, Varsha Usgaonkar, and Others Win BIG Marathi Entertainment Awards 2024 |url=https://businessmicro.in/entertainment/ashok-saraf-siddharth-chandekar-varsha-usgaonkar-and-others-win-big-marathi-entertainment-awards-2024/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Business Micro |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* 2025 – Goa State Film Festival Lifetime Achievement Award<ref>{{Cite web |date= 18 August 2025|title=वर्षा उसगांवकर यांचा जन्मभूमीवर मोठा सन्मान; गोवा राज्य चित्रपट महोत्सवात 'या' पुरस्काराने केले सन्मानित |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/goa-cm-pramod-sawant-honors-varsha-usgaonkar-at-the-goa-state-film-festival-with-lifetime-award-nsp-98-5312110/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* {{IMDb name}}<br />
* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}<br />
{{Portal|Bollywood}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Usgaonkar, Varsha}}<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi theatre]]<br />
[[Category:Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Women musicians from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani people]]<br />
[[Category:Konkani-language singers]]<br />
[[Category:Singers from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Depsang_Plains&diff=469453Depsang Plains2026-01-23T23:06:54Z<p>Joseph678: further improved page for clarity also and cleaned formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Plains at the north of Aksai Chin divided between China and India}}<br />
{{about-distinguish|plains at the north of Aksai Chin|Depsang Bulge}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox valley<br />
| name = Depsang Plains<br />
| other_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| translation = <br />
| photo = <br />
| photo_caption = <br />
<!-- MAP --><br />
| map = Karakoram#India Ladakh#China Xinjiang Southern<br />
| map_image = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
<!-- Location --><br />
| location = <br />
| country = [[India]], [[China]]<br />
| region = [[Aksai Chin]]<br />
| state = [[Ladakh]], [[Xinjiang]]<br />
| district = [[Leh district]], [[Hotan County]]<br />
| city = <br />
| relief = 0<br />
| label = <br />
| label_position = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|35.32|77.99|type:landmark_dim:100000|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_ref = <br />
<!-- Statistics --><br />
| elevation = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| elevation_ft = 17400<br />
| elevation_ref = {{sfnp|Filippi, The Italian Expedition|1932|p=308}}<br />
| length = <br />
| length_mi = 25<br />
| length_km = <br />
| length_orientation = east-west<br />
| length_note = {{sfnp|Filippi, The Italian Expedition|1932|p=308}}<br />
| width = <br />
| width_mi = 12–13<br />
| width_km = <br />
| width_orientation = north-south<br />
| width_note = {{sfnp|Filippi, The Italian Expedition|1932|p=308}}<br />
| area = <br />
| area_mi2 = 310<br />
| area_km2 = <br />
| depth = <br />
| depth_ft = <br />
| depth_m = <br />
| type = <br />
| age = <br />
| border = <br />
| topo = <br />
| traversed = <br />
| river = [[Chip Chap River]]<br/>Tributaries of [[Karakash River]]<br/>Tributaries of Burtsa Nala<br />
<!-- Below --> <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| embed = <br />
}}<br />
{{Chinese<br />
|title=Depsang Plains<br />
|s=达普桑平地<br />
|t=達普桑平地<br />
|p=Dápǔsāng píngdì<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Depsang Plains''', a high-altitude [[gravel]]ly plain in the northwest portion of the disputed [[Aksai Chin]] region of [[Kashmir]], divided into [[Sino-Indian border dispute|Indian and Chinese administered portions]] by a [[Line of Actual Control]].<ref><br />
{{citation |title=Ladakh incursion: India turns to diplomacy to counter belligerent China amid border stand-off |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/ladakh-incursion-issue-india-turns-to-diplomacy-to-counter-china-159925-2013-04-24 |newspaper=India Today |date=2013-04-25}}<br />
</ref><ref name=depsangincursion><br />
{{cite news |author=Manoj Joshi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/making-sense-of-the-depsang-incursion/article4689838.ece |title=Making sense of the Depsang incursion |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2013-05-07}}<br />
</ref> India controls the western portion of the plains as part of [[Ladakh]], while the eastern portion is controlled by China and claimed by India.<ref><br />
{{citation |title=Khurshid to visit China on May 9, no date for flag meet |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2013-04-25 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/newdelhi/khurshid-to-visit-china-on-may-9-no-date-for-flag-meet/article1-1050021.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425101646/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Khurshid-to-visit-China-on-May-9-no-date-for-flag-meet/Article1-1050021.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 April 2013}}<br />
</ref> The [[Line of Control]] with Pakistan-administered [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] is {{Convert|80|km|mi|abbr=}} west of the Depsang Plains, with the [[Siachen Glacier]] in-between.<ref name="IE-09-17">{{citation|last=Kaushik|first=Krishn|title=No ground lost in Depsang but India hasn't accessed large parts for 15 years|date=2020-09-17|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ladakh-china-lac-no-ground-lost-in-depsang-but-india-hasnt-accessed-large-parts-for-15-years-6599063/|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=2020-09-18}}</ref> Ladakh's traditional trade route to Central Asia passed through the Depsang Plains, with the [[Karakoram Pass]] lying directly to its north.<br />
<br />
The Depsang plains are also part of the area called '''Sub-Sector North''' (SSN) by the Indian military.<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Singh |first=Rahul |title=Indian, Chinese armies hold talks on Ladakh's Depsang plains |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=2020-08-08 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-chinese-armies-hold-talks-on-ladakh-s-depsang-plains/story-SlnwijHCFvcbHm9JexLUnI.html}}<br />
</ref> The area sees frequent tension between China and India. Major standoffs between the two countries occurred in [[2013 Depsang standoff|2013]], 2015 and [[2020 China–India skirmishes#Depsang Plains (Sub Sector North)|2020]].<br />
<br />
== Name ==<br />
''Depsang'' (or ''Dipsang'') means 'open, elevated plain' in Tibetan.{{sfnp|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992}}<br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
[[File:Depsang Plains Survey of India map 1916.png|thumb|right|280px|Depsang Plains depicted on a 1916 Survey of India map]]<br />
{{OSM Location map<br />
| coord = {{coord|35.25|78.02}} <!-- Map center --><br />
| float = right<br />
| zoom = 9<br />
| width = 300<br />
| height = 290<br />
| caption = {{center|Depsang Plains<br/><br />
(and points on the "traditional customary boundary" of China declared in 1960).<ref name=declaration>{{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}, {{cite report |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |title=Chinese Report, Part 1 |pages=4–5}}<br/><br />
The location and terrain features of this traditional customary boundary line are now described as follows in three sectors, western, middle and eastern. ... The portion between Sinkiang and Ladakh for its entire length runs along the Karakoram Mountain range. Its specific location is as follows: From the Karakoram Pass it runs eastwards along the watershed between the tributaries of the Yarkand River on the one hand and the Shyok River on the other to a point approximately 78° 05' E, 35° 33' N, turns southwestwards and runs along a gully to approximately 78° 01' E, 35° 21' N; where it crosses the Chipchap River. It then turns south-east along the mountain ridge and passes through peak 6,845 (approximately 78° 12' E, 34° 57' N) and peak 6,598 (approximately 78° 13' E, 34° 54' N).<br />
</ref>{{efn|The border shown is that marked by the contributors to OpenStreetMap. It may not be fully accurate.}}}}<br />
| map-data = Q230830<br />
<!-- Karakoram Pass--><br />
| mark-coord1 = {{coord|35.5134588|77.8227031}}<br />
| mark1 = Mountain pass 12x12 ne.svg<br />
| mark-size1 = 10<br />
| label1 = Karakoram Pass<br />
| label-size1 = 10<br />
| label-color1 = grey<br />
| label-pos1 = top |label-offset-x1 = 0 |label-offset-y1 = 0<br />
| mark-title1 = [[Karakoram Pass]]<br />
| mark-image1 =<br />
| mark-description1 = Border pass between China and India<br />
<!-- Daulat Beg Oldi --><br />
| mark-coord2 = {{coord|35.3914432|77.9211371}}<br />
| mark2 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size2 = 6<br />
| label2 = DBO |labela2 = <br />
| label-size2 = 10<br />
| label-color2 = hard red<br />
| label-pos2 = right |label-offset-x2 = 0 |label-offset-y2 = 0<br />
| mark-title2 = [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] (DBO)<br />
| mark-image2 =<br />
| mark-description2 = Indian Army base with an Advanced Landing Ground<br />
<!-- Tianwendian --><br />
| mark-coord3 = {{coord|35.3297|78.1786}} <br />
| mark3 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size3 = 6<br />
| label3 = Tianwendian<br />
| label-size3 = 10<br />
| label-color3 = hard red<br />
| label-pos3 = top |label-offset-x3 = 0 |label-offset-y3 = 0<br />
| mark-title3 = [[Tianwendian]]<br />
| mark-image3 =<br />
| mark-description3 = Military camp in Chinese-administered Aksai Chin<br />
<!-- Gapshan --><br />
| mark-coord4 = {{coord|35.3123975|77.7588802}} <br />
| mark4 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size4 = 6<br />
| label4 = Gapshan<br />
| label-size4 = 10<br />
| label-color4 = hard red<br />
| label-pos4 = top |label-offset-x4 = 0 |label-offset-y4 = 0<br />
| mark-title4 = Gapshan<br />
| mark-image4 =<br />
| mark-description4 = Campsite in Indian-administered Ladakh<br />
<!-- Depsang La --><br />
| mark-coord5 = {{coord|35.2391804|77.9831325}}<br />
| mark5 = Mountain pass 12x12 n.svg<br />
| mark-size5 = 10<br />
| label5 = Depsang La <br />
| label-size5 = 10<br />
| label-color5 = hard red<br />
| label-pos5 = left |label-offset-x5 = 0 |label-offset-y5 = -10<br />
| mark-title5 = Depsang La<br />
| mark-image5 =<br />
| mark-description5 = Low pass in Depsang Plains<br />
<!-- Qizil Langar --><br />
| mark-coord6 = {{coord|35.2330663|77.9781827}}<br />
| mark6 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size6 = 6<br />
| label6 = Qizil Langar <!-- |labela6 = Langar --><br />
| label-size6 = 10<br />
| label-color6 = hard red<br />
| label-pos6 = left |label-offset-x6 = 0 |label-offset-y6 = 0<br />
| mark-title6 = Qizil Langar<br />
| mark-image6 =<br />
| mark-description6 = Campground close to the LAC<br />
<!-- Burtsa --><br />
| mark-coord8 = {{coord|35.1199040|78.0379510}} <br />
| mark8 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size8 = 6<br />
| label8 = Burtsa |labela8 = <br />
| label-size8 = 10<br />
| label-color8 = hard red<br />
| label-pos8 = left |label-offset-x8 = 0 |label-offset-y8 = 0<br />
| mark-title8 = Burtsa <br />
| mark-image8 =<br />
| mark-description8 = Military camp close to the LAC<br />
<!-- Murgo --><br />
| mark-coord9 = {{coord|35.0414263|77.9373021}} <br />
| mark9 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size9 = 6<br />
| label9 = Murgo <br />
| label-size9 = 10<br />
| label-color9 = hard red<br />
| label-pos9 = left |label-offset-x9 = 0 |label-offset-y9 = 0<br />
| mark-title9 = [[Murgo]]<br />
| mark-image9 =<br />
| mark-description9 = Village in the Nubra tehsil<br />
<!-- Sultan Chhushku --><br />
| mark-coord10 = {{coord|34.9637458|78.0026936}} <br />
| mark10 = Black pog.svg<br />
| mark-size10 = 6<br />
| label10 = Sultan |labela10 = Chhushku<br />
| label-size10 = 10<br />
| label-color10 = grey<br />
| label-pos10 = left |label-offset-x10 = 0 |label-offset-y10 = -5<br />
| mark-title10 = Sultan Chhushku<br />
| mark-image10 =<br />
| mark-description10 = Campground in the Nubra tehsil<br />
<!-- DEPSANG --><br />
| mark-coord12 = {{coord|35.2745|78.0111}}<br />
| mark12 = Red pog.svg<br />
| mark-size12 = 0<br />
| label12 = DEPSANG PLAINS |labela12 = <br />
| label-angle12 = 10<br />
| label-size12 = 12<br />
| label-color12 = grey<br />
| label-pos12 = top |label-offset-x12 = 0 |label-offset-y12 = 0<br />
| mark-title12 = Depsang Plains<br />
| mark-image12 =<br />
| mark-description12 = Depsang Plains<br />
<!-- RIVERS --><br />
<!-- Chip Chap River --><br />
| mark-coord21 = {{coord|35.3016|78.2704}}<br />
| mark21 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size21 = 10<br />
| label21 = Chip Chap |labela21 = River<br />
| label-size21 = 10<br />
| label-color21 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos21 = bottom<br />
| mark-title21 = [[Chip Chap River]]<br />
| mark-image21 =<br />
| mark-description21 = Tributary of the Shyok River<br />
<!-- Chip Chap River --><br />
| mark-coord22 = {{coord|35.3775|77.8448}}<br />
| mark22 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size22 = 10<br />
| label22 = Chip Chap |labela22 = <br />
| label-size22 = 10<br />
| label-color22 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos22 = top |label-offset-x22 = -5 |label-offset-y22 = 0<br />
| mark-title22 = [[Chip Chap River]]<br />
| mark-image22 =<br />
| mark-description22 = Tributary of the Shyok River<br />
<!-- Shyok River/Rimo River --><br />
| mark-coord23 = {{coord|35.3314|77.6472}}<br />
| mark23 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size23 = 10<br />
| label23 = Shyok |labela23 = River<br />
| label-size23 = 10<br />
| label-color23 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos23 = bottom<br />
| mark-title23 = [[Shyok River]]<br />
| mark-image23 =<br />
| mark-description23 = Tributary of the Indus River<br />
<!-- Shyok River flowing south --><br />
| mark-coord24 = {{coord|35.2007|77.7166}}<br />
| mark24 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size24 = 10<br />
| label24 = |labela24 = <br />
| label-size24 = 10<br />
| label-color24 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos24 = top<br />
| mark-title24 = [[Shyok River]] flowing south<br />
| mark-image24 =<br />
| mark-description24 = Tributary of the Indus River<br />
<!-- Burtsa Nala --><br />
| mark-coord25 = {{coord|35.0633|78.0266}}<br />
| mark25 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size25 = 10<br />
| label25 = Burtsa Nala<br />
| label-size25 = 10<br />
| label-color25 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos25 = bottom<br />
| mark-title25 = Burtsa Nala<br />
| mark-image25 =<br />
| mark-description25 = Tributary of the Shyok River, via the Murgo Nala<br />
<!-- Burtsa Nala upstream --><br />
| mark-coord26 = {{coord|35.156|78.1612}}<br />
| mark26 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size26 = 10<br />
| label26 = Burtsa Nala<br />
| label-size26 = 10<br />
| label-color26 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos26 = right<br />
| mark-title26 = Burtsa Nala<br />
| mark-image26 =<br />
| mark-description26 = Tributary of the Shyok River<br />
<!-- Jeong Nala --><br />
| mark-coord27 = {{coord|35.03|78.2307}}<br />
| mark27 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size27 = 10<br />
| label27 = Jeong Nala |labela27 =<br />
| label-size27 = 10<br />
| label-color27 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos27 = top |label-offset-x27 = 20 |label-offset-y27 = 0<br />
| mark-title27 = Jeong Nala<br />
| mark-image27 =<br />
| mark-description27 = Tributary of the Shyok River<br />
<!-- Karakash --><br />
| mark-coord29 = {{coord|34.9504|78.5595}} <!-- 35.042756|78.752434 --><br />
| mark29 = AS-rzeka-icon.svg<br />
| mark-size29 = 10<br />
| label29 = Karakash <br />
| label-size29 = 10<br />
| label-color29 = hard blue<br />
| label-pos29 = top |label-offset-x29 = 0 |label-offset-y29 = 0<br />
| mark-title29 = [[Karakash River]]<br />
| mark-image29 =<br />
| mark-description29 = Drains into the Tarim Basin<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point in the north --><br />
| mark-coord30 = {{coord|35|33|N|78|05|E}}<br />
| mark30 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size30 = 14<br />
| shape30 = <br />
| shape-color30 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline30 = yellow<br />
| label30 = |labela30 = |labelb30 = <br />
| label-size30 = 10<br />
| label-color30 = black<br />
| label-pos30 = bottom |label-offset-x30 = 0 |label-offset-y30 = 0<br />
| mark-title30 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image30 =<br />
| mark-description30 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point at Chip Chap --><br />
| mark-coord31 = {{coord|35|21|N|78|01|E}}<br />
| mark31 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size31 = 14<br />
| shape31 = <br />
| shape-color31 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline31 = yellow<br />
| label31 = |labela31 = |labelb31 = <br />
| label-size31 = 10<br />
| label-color31 = black<br />
| label-pos31 = bottom |label-offset-x31 = 0 |label-offset-y31 = 0<br />
| mark-title31 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image31 =<br />
| mark-description31 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point at peak 6,845 --><br />
| mark-coord32 = {{coord|34|57|N|78|12|E}}<br />
| mark32 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size32 = 14<br />
| shape32 = <br />
| shape-color32 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline32 = yellow<br />
| label32 = |labela32 = |labelb32 = <br />
| label-size32 = 10<br />
| label-color32 = black<br />
| label-pos32 = bottom |label-offset-x32 = 0 |label-offset-y32 = 0<br />
| mark-title32 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image32 =<br />
| mark-description32 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point at peak 6,598 --><br />
| mark-coord33 = {{coord|34|54|N|78|13|E}}<br />
| mark33 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size33 = 14<br />
| shape33 = <br />
| shape-color33 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline33 = yellow<br />
| label33 = |labela33 = |labelb33 = <br />
| label-size33 = 10<br />
| label-color33 = black<br />
| label-pos33 = bottom |label-offset-x33 = 0 |label-offset-y33 = 0<br />
| mark-title33 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image33 =<br />
| mark-description33 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point at Galwan --><br />
| mark-coord34 = {{coord|34|46|N|78|13|E}}<br />
| mark34 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size34 = 14<br />
| shape34 = <br />
| shape-color34 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline34 = yellow<br />
| label34 = |labela34 = |labelb34 = <br />
| label-size34 = 10<br />
| label-color34 = black<br />
| label-pos34 = bottom |label-offset-x34 = 0 |label-offset-y34 = 0<br />
| mark-title34 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image34 =<br />
| mark-description34 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point at peak 6,556 --><br />
| mark-coord35 = {{coord|34|32|N|78|26|E}}<br />
| mark35 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size35 = 14<br />
| shape35 = <br />
| shape-color35 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline35 = yellow<br />
| label35 = |labela35 = |labelb35 = <br />
| label-size35 = 10<br />
| label-color35 = black<br />
| label-pos35 = bottom |label-offset-x35 = 0 |label-offset-y35 = 0<br />
| mark-title35 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image35 =<br />
| mark-description35 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
<!-- Chinese boundary point at Changlung --><br />
| mark-coord36 = {{coord|34|22|N|78|53|E}}<br />
| mark36 = Pin location context.svg<br />
| mark-size36 = 14<br />
| shape36 = <br />
| shape-color36 = yellow<br />
| shape-outline36 = yellow<br />
| label36 = |labela36 = |labelb36 = <br />
| label-size36 = 10<br />
| label-color36 = black<br />
| label-pos36 = bottom |label-offset-x36 = 0 |label-offset-y36 = 0<br />
| mark-title36 = Chinese boundary point<br />
| mark-image36 =<br />
| mark-description36 = Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The Depsang plains are located in the north-western [[Aksai Chin]].<ref name="Palit"><br />
{{Cite book |last=Palit |first=D. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ukw1PuEt8IcC |title=War in High Himalaya: The Indian Army in Crisis, 1962 |date=1991 |publisher=Hurst |isbn=978-1-85065-103-1 |pages=32, 43}}<br />
</ref><br />
They are bounded on the north by the valley of the [[Chip Chap River]] and on the west by the [[Shyok River]]. On the east, they are bounded by low hills of the Lak Tsung range, which separate them from the basin of the [[Karakash River]]. In the south, the Depsang Plains proper end at the '''Depsang La''' pass, but in common parlance, the Depsang region is taken to include the mountainous region to the south of it, including the "[[Depsang Bulge]]". The latter is a bulge in theoretical Indian territory, housing the upper course of the [[Burtsa Nala]].<br />
<br />
The [[Karakoram Pass]] is located to the north of the Depsang Plains, while the Lingzi Thang plains lie to the southeast. On the west is the southern part of the [[Rimo Glacier|Rimo glacier]], the source of the [[Shyok River]].<ref name="Philip-09-19"><br />
{{citation |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2020-09-19 |title=Why Depsang Plains, eyed by China, is crucial for India's defence in Ladakh |url=https://theprint.in/defence/why-depsang-plains-eyed-by-china-is-crucial-for-indias-defence-in-ladakh/505373/ |access-date=2020-09-19 |newspaper=ThePrint-US}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[Francis Younghusband]], who travelled here in the late 19th century, described the area as follows:<ref>{{citation |last=Younghusband |first=Francis |title=The Heart of a Continent |publisher=Charles Scribner & Sons |date=1904 |pages=195–196 |url=https://archive.org/details/heartofcontinent01youn_0 |via=archive.org}}</ref><br />
{{quote|The Depsang Plains are more than seventeen thousand feet above sea-level, and are of gravel, as bare as a gravel-walk to a suburban villa. Away behind us the snowy peaks of Saser and Nubra appeared above the horizon like the sails of some huge ships; but before us was nothing but gravel plains and great gravel mounds, terribly desolate and depressing. Across these plains blew blinding squalls of snow, and at night, though it was now the middle of summer, there were several degrees of frost.}}<br />
<br />
=== Line of Actual Control ===<br />
In 1962, China and India fought a [[Sino-Indian War|war]] over the border dispute, following which the Depsang Plains have been divided between the two countries. The de facto border, called the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC), runs east of the traditional caravan route between Ladakh and Central Asia. Only the militaries of the two countries inhabit the region at the present time, distributed into numerous military camps. The nearest inhabited village is [[Murgo]].<ref>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/column/a-skull-from-daulat-baig-oldie-778393 A skull from Daulat Baig Oldie], The Tribune (Chandigarh), 26 May 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Locations ===<br />
'''Burtsa''', alternately spelled as ''Burtse'', is a historic halting spot on the [[trade route|caravan route]] at the southern end of the Depsang Plains region, where the Depsang Nala joins the Burtsa Nala.{{Efn|There were actually two campsites called Burtsa Gongma ("upper Burtsa") and Burtsa Yogma ("lower Burtsa"). Only ruined shelters now exist from those sites.}} It currently serves as a military camp of the [[Indo-Tibetan Border Police]] (ITBP) and the Indian Army on the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk-Shyok-DBO road]], about 15 kilometres on the India's side of the [[Line of Actual Control|LAC]].<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Khanna |first=Rohit |title=Arunachal to Ladakh, China Has Intruded: Can India Stay in Denial? |newspaper=TheQuint |date=2020-06-29 |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/news-videos/india-china-standoff-from-arunachal-to-ladakh-china-incursions-dont-seem-to-stop}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |title=China has occupied Y junction in Ladakh: Sibal |date=27 June 2020 |newspaper=Outlook India |author=IANS |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/china-has-occupied-y-junction-in-ladakh-sibal/1879049}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
North of Burtsa is Qizil Langar, also called Qazi Langar. It lies in a narrow, reddish gorge, immediately to the south of the Depasang La.<ref><br />
{{Cite book |last=Dainelli |first=Giotto |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6344 |title=Buddhists and Glaciers of Western Tibet |date=1933 |publisher=Kegal, Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co |page=217 |via=archive.org}}<br />
</ref> The Depsang Nala stream flows in the gorge from the west and takes a turn to the south at Qizil Langar. Depsang Nala joins the Burtsa Nala a little to the south of Burtsa and the combined river flows west and drains into the Murgo Nala near the village of Murgo.<br />
<br />
'''Gapshan''' or ''Yapshan'' is a halting place at the confluence of the [[Chip Chap River]] and the [[Shyok River]].{{sfnp|Kapadia, High Himalayas|2002|p=307}}{{sfnp|Kapadia, Into the Untravelled Himalaya|2005|p=188}} In the past, on numerous occasions, the Chong Kumdan glacier has blocked the flow of the [[Shyok River]] forming a lake called the Gapshan Lake; once the ice dam melts, the lake drains away.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last=Mason |first=Major Kenneth |date=1929 |title=Indus Floods and Shyok Glaciers |newspaper=Himalayan Journal |volume=01/3 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/01/3/indus-floods-and-shyok-glaciers/}}<br />
</ref> The view from Gapshan is dominated by the Shahi Kangri group of peaks.<ref><br />
{{citation |title=Karakoram Photos Part II |url=http://himalayancamping.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=225 |website=Himalayan Camping |quote=Shahi Kangri dominates the Depsang plains |access-date=2020-09-18}}<br />
</ref>{{sfnp|Kapadia, Into the Untravelled Himalaya|2005|p=188}} India's [[Sasoma–Saser_La_Road#Route_%26_current_status|Sasoma–Saser La-DBO Road]] passes through the region.<ref name=CLR1>[https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/wildlife-board-approves-5-roads-in-ladakh-including-daulat-beg-oldie-route-124101700391_1.html Wildlife Board approves 5 roads in Ladakh, including Daulat Beg Oldie route], Business Standard, 17 October 2024.</ref> <br />
<br />
At a campground, Polu (or Pulo/Pola) is a traditional temporary shelter built using local mud, four miles north of DBO along the ''DBO Nala'', Maj A. M. Sethi found a memorial stone left by [[Philips Christiaan Visser#India|Dr. Philips Christiaan Visser]] in 1935.{{sfnp|Kapadia, High Himalayas|2002|p=306}} It lies on the [[Sasoma–Saser_La_Road#Route_%26_current_status|DBO-Karakoram Pass Road]].<ref name=CLR1/> The memorial stone inside the tent is presently maintained by India's [[Border Roads Organisation]] (BRO).{{fact|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
[[Tianwendian]] ("astronomical point") is a border post in the Chinese-controlled territory. It was established after the 1962 war. Before that, another post called [[Point 5243]] served as the main base. From Tianwendian Defence Area, the Chinese have a [[Sightline|line of sight]] extending to [[Siachen Glacier|Siachen glacier]], 140&nbsp;km away. Closer to the Indian-controlled territory is ''forward post 5390'', a PLA observation point which acts as an extension of Tianwendian.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|pp=44–46}}<ref><br />
{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Col Vinayak |title=New radar, water pipelines: Satellite images decode Chinese troop movement in Ladakh's Depsang |newspaper=India Today |date=25 June 2020 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/new-radar-water-pipelines-satellite-images-decode-chinese-troop-movement-in-ladakh-s-depsang-1692718-2020-06-25 }}<br />
</ref> The Tiankong Highway within the China-administered Tibet runs parallel to the LAC, connecting Tianwendian and [[Kongka]] to the south.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
=== Caravan route ===<br />
[[File:Map of Tibet and Pangong Lake in 1873 from Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873 (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Trade routes between Ladakh and Xinjiang]]<br />
The Depsang Plains were regularly traversed by trade caravans, coming via the [[Karakoram Pass]] in the north from [[Yarkent|Yarkand]] beyond. [[Filippo de Filippi (explorer)|Filippo de Filippi]], who explored the area in 1913–1914, described:{{sfnp|Filippi, The Italian Expedition|1932|p=311}}<br />
{{quote|... the caravans come and go incessantly, in the summer, in astonishing numbers. The first one of the season passed on June 28th, coming from Sanju on the Yarkand road; then more and larger ones came; in July there were four in one day, almost all travelling from Central Asia toward Leh—the Ladakhis usually do their trading at home. The caravans were of all sizes, from small groups of 3 or 4 men with 5 or 6 animals to large parties with 40 or more pack-animals; the men on foot or riding asses, the better-to-do merchants on caparisoned horses ...}} <br />
Filippi also wrote that the experienced caravaners passed through the Depsang Plains without stopping, travelling a distance of 31 miles between [[Daulat Beg Oldi]] and [[Murgo]] in a single day.{{sfnp|Filippi, The Italian Expedition|1932|p=312}} Others stopped, either at Qizil Langar to the south of Depsang La, or at Burtsa further south. A stream running from below Depsang La, called Depsang Nala, waters these parts leading to the growth of the ''burtza'' plant, which served as fodder as well as fuel for the campers.{{sfnp|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012|loc=Chapter 15. The Final frontier: Upper Shyok}}<br />
<br />
The trading caravans declined during the 1940s during tensions in [[Xinjiang Autonomous Region|Xinjiang]] (Chinese Turkestan) and completely stopped in the 1950s.<ref><br />
{{citation |last=Fewkes |first=Jacqueline H. |title=Trade and Contemporary Society Along the Silk Road: An Ethno-history of Ladakh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nAmUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA140 |year=2008 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-97309-4 |pages=140–142}}<br />
</ref> In 1953, the Indian consulate in [[Kashgar]] was closed down. The Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] told the Parliament that the Chinese wish to treat [[Xinjiang]] as a "closed area". Subsequently, China built the Xinjiang–Tibet highway through [[Aksai Chin]] starting the [[Sino-Indian border dispute]], which persists till the present day.<ref>Claude Arpi, [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/we-shut-our-eyes-once-lets-not-do-so-again.html We shut our eyes once, let's not do so again], The Pioneer, 23 March 2017. {{ProQuest|1879722382}}</ref><br />
<br />
In modern times, the [[Darbuk–Shyok–DBO Road|Darbuk–Shyok–DBO]] Road (DS–DBO Road) has been laid by India along the old caravan route. From south to north, it passes through Sultan Chushku, Murgo, Burtsa and Qizil Langar, to reach Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO).{{fact|date=December 2024}}<br />
<br />
=== Exploration ===<br />
In 1893, [[Charles Murray, 7th Earl of Dunmore]], in his daily records of his travels with Major Roche through Ladakh, Tibet and [[Pamirs]], wrote of seeing [[musk deer]], [[kiang]], [[Tibetan antelope]] and a butterfly in the region in and around the Depsang Plains. Dunmore noted that [[K2]], the second highest mountain in the world, could be seen from the plateaus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunmore|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.9078|title=The Pamirs - Vol.1|date=1893|publisher=John Murry, London|pages=191–194|via=archive.org}}</ref> In 1906, [[Sven Hedin]] had travelled east from Burtsa to the [[Aksai Chin Lake|Aksai Chin lake]] on the traditional [[Silk Road|silk road]].<ref><br />
{{Cite book |last=Karkra |first=B. K. |title=The Police Warriors on The Indo-Chinese Border in Ladakh |date=2019-10-23 |publisher=Walnut Publication |isbn=978-81-943486-1-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIu5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA87 |pages=14, 87}}<br />
</ref> The traditional route to [[Shahidula]] passed through the plains; Kizil Jilga to Haji Langar to Shahidula.<ref name="Palit" /><br />
<br />
== Flora and fauna ==<br />
[[File:Procapra picticaudata.jpg|thumb|right|Tibetan gazelle, a species of the [[Tibetan antelope]]]]<br />
The Depsang Plains are widely observed as forming a high-altitude cold desert without any flora or fauna.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kumar|first=Maj Gen Brajesh|date=18 September 2020|title=Why Depsang Plains Are The New Conflict Point For India & China|url=http://thedialogue.co.in/article/RUTYNMS090EquEium8Ut|access-date=2020-10-01|website=The Dialogue|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Filippo de Filippi (explorer)|Filippo de Filippi]], who explored the region in the 1910s, wrote that "the surface of the [Depsang] plateau is a mass of minute [[detritus]], and is entirely devoid of vegetation, except for occasional patches of a yellowish-green plant".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Filippi|first=Filippo|date=1915|title=Expedition to the Karakoram and Central Asia, 1913-1914|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1780168|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=46|issue=2|pages=92: 85–99|doi=10.2307/1780168|issn=0016-7398|jstor=1780168|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A 1985 expedition to the Rimo Glacier found blooming plants at a few places and that "at places [the] plains are marshy and our mules were sinking and we all had to help them out."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sharma|first=G. K.|date=1985|title=Ascents in Rimo Group of Peaks : Himalayan Journal vol.41/18|url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/41/18/ascents-in-rimo-group-of-peaks/#|access-date=2020-10-08|website=www.himalayanclub.org}}</ref> Burtse (''[[Artemisia (genus)|Artemisia spp.]]'') plant of the [[Asteraceae]] family grows along the Burtsa Nala and Depsang Nala, lending its name to the region. Its leaves were used for fodder and its roots as firewood by caravaners.<ref><br />
{{Cite book|last=Bora|first=Nirmala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eReFv7cVZ0C&pg=PA123|title=Ladakh: Society and Economy|date=2004|publisher=Anamika Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7975-012-4|pages=123}}<br />
</ref><ref name="indiatravelogue"><br />
{{citation|last=Muni|first=Vineeta|title=India Travelogue Adventure: Mountaineering, Trekking, Climbing- Across the Himalayas Part 5|url=http://www.indiatravelogue.com/adve/moun/moun8_5.html|website=www.indiatravelogue.com|quote=We climbed up to Depsang La, 5,475 m from Burtse Gongma, slowly gaining altitude. Burtse is a name of a plant that grows there and can be used for firewood.|access-date=2020-09-18}}<br />
</ref> ''Potentilla pamirica'' is also found in the plains.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Amit|last2=Adhikari|first2=Bhupendra Singh|last3=Rawat|first3=Gopal Singh|date=26 June 2016|title=View of New phytogeographically noteworthy plant records from Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India {{!}} Journal of Threatened Taxa|url=https://threatenedtaxa.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2416/3706|access-date=2020-10-08|journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa|volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=8943–8947 |doi=10.11609/jott.2416.8.6.8943-8947 |doi-access=free}}</ref><br />
<br />
Small populations of [[Tibetan antelope]] (or "chiru"), [[mountain weasel]], [[Ladak pika|Ladakh pika]], [[bharal]] (blue sheep), [[Tibetan wolf]] and [[woolly hare]], among others, can be seen in the plains.<ref name="WTI">{{cite book|last1=Sarkar|first1=Prabal|url=https://wti.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/pub_mountain_migrants.pdf|title=Mountain Migrants: Survey of Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops Hodgsonii) and Wild Yak (Bos Grunniens) in Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, India|last2=Takpa|first2=Jigmet|last3=Ahmad|first3=Riyaz|last4=Tiwari|first4=Sandeep Kumar|last5=Pendharkar|first5=Anand|author6=Saleem-ul-Haq|last7=Miandad|first7=Javaid|last8=Upadhyay|first8=Ashwini|last9=Kaul|first9=Rahul|publisher=[[Wildlife Trust of India]]|year=2008|series=Conservation action series}}</ref> According to Brigadier Teg B Kapur, "the [Depsang] plain abounds with wild horses and hares".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Teg Bahadur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBMbyunREY4C|title=Ladakh, the Wonderland: A Geographical, Historical, and Sociological Study|date=1987|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-011-6|location=Delhi|pages=9|language=en}}</ref> The populations of chiru are [[Migration (ecology)|migratory]] and come to the high-altitude plains for summer grazing.<ref name="WTI" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fox|first1=Joseph L.|last2=Nurbu|first2=Chering|last3=Chundawat|first3=Raghunandan S.|date=26 February 1991|title=The Mountain Ungulates of Ladakh, India|url=https://snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/Fox_Nurbu_Chundawat_Ladakh_1991.pdf|journal=Biological Conservation|publisher=Elsevier|volume=58|issue=2|pages=186|doi=10.1016/0006-3207(91)90118-S|via=snowleopardnetwork.org/}}</ref> These populations are also the westernmost population of chiru, found at altitudes of up to 5500m.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Khursheed|last2=Kumar|first2=Ved P.|last3=Joshi|first3=Bheem Dutt|last4=Raza|first4=Mohamed|last5=Nigam|first5=Parag|last6=Khan|first6=Anzara Anjum|last7=Goyal|first7=Surendra P.|year=2016|title=Genetic diversity of the Tibetan antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) population of Ladakh, India, its relationship with other populations and conservation implications|journal=BMC Research Notes|volume=9|issue=477|page=477|doi=10.1186/s13104-016-2271-4|pmid=27769305|pmc=5073904|quote=It is clear that there has been reported migration and exchange of individuals towards the western part in its range, but habitat suitability analysis is needed for a better understanding of the reasons for lack of major exchange of individuals between the westernmost (Depsang Plains close to DBO in northern Ladakh and Aksi Chin near Kunlun range) and other populations.|s2cid=15629934 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Biodiversity">{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Khursheed|title=Biodiversity of the Himalaya: Jammu and Kashmir State|last2=Bhat|first2=Aijaz Ahmad|last3=Ahmad|first3=Riyaz|last4=Suhail|first4=Intesar|year=2020|isbn=978-981-32-9173-7|series=Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation|volume=18|page=945|chapter=Wild Mammalian Diversity in Jammu and Kashmir State|doi=10.1007/978-981-32-9174-4_36|s2cid=213922370 |quote=Chiru is a keystone species and world's hardiest mountain ungulates that can survive in temperatures as low as –40C. Most of their distribution range falls above 4,000 m, and in Depsang Plains in northern Ladakh, they can be found as high as 5500 m. [...] The Shahtoosh is banned as chiru are killed for Shahtoosh, from which fine woolen yarn is produced which commands a high price in the market}}</ref> A [[George Schaller|Schaller]] Conservation Survey of chiru conducted by the [[Wildlife Trust of India]] in 2005 sighted 149 individuals of chiru in 22 groups, all females and kids, in the Depsang area. The southernmost area where chiru were spotted was the Thuksu Doon Doon nullah which flows near the Depsang La.<ref name="WTI" /><ref name="Analysis of temporal population tre">{{cite journal|last1=Ahmad|first1=Khursheed|last2=Ahmad|first2=Riyaz|last3=Nigam|first3=Parag|last4=Takpa|first4=Jigmet|year=2017|title=Analysis of temporal population trend and conservation of Tibetan Antelope in Chang Chenmo Valley and Daulat beg Oldi, Changthang, Ladakh, India|journal=Gnusletter|volume=34|issue=2|pages=16–20}}</ref> The report says that "Chiru is a mixed feeder and favoured [[graminoid]]s and [[Forb|forb plant]] species".<ref name="WTI" /> In the past, Chiru were killed for their fine wool (called [[shahtoosh]]) and many efforts have been taken to protect them in India.<ref name="WTI" /><ref name="Biodiversity" /><ref name="Analysis of temporal population tre"/> Populations of [[Kiang]] also move back and forth across the disputed border.<ref name=":0" /> In 1990, it was reported that the proposed Daultberg–Depsang Sanctuary would contain the last [[wild yak]],<ref name=":0" /> but Schaller Conservation Survey did not locate any in the 2000s.<ref name="WTI" /><br />
<br />
[[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-reared double-humped [[Bactrian camel]]s (originally used along the silk route) will be deployed at DBO and Depsang by the Indian Army for patrolling and transportation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=19 September 2020|title=Indian Army to use double-humped camels for transportation, patrolling in Ladakh|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-army-to-use-double-humped-camels-for-transportation-patrolling-in-ladakh-1723246-2020-09-19|access-date=2020-10-01|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> [[Zaniskari|Zanskar ponies]] are also being used by the Indian Army.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Sino-Indian border dispute ==<br />
{{Further|Sino-Indian border dispute}}<br />
[[File:1947 ROC claim line in Ladakh.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ladakh border claimed by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in a 1947 map.{{efn|Even though the map is of very low resolution, it is apparent that the [[Chip Chap River]] is shown entirely within Ladakh. Qaratagh-su, a stream that flows down from the Qaratagh Pass and joins the [[Karakash River]] is shown as the source of Karakash. {{harvtxt|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020|loc=Figure 1}} gives more detailed maps showing Samzungling and Galwan river as part of Ladakh.}}]]<br />
[[File:Depsang Bulge claim lines (1962).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Chinese claim lines in the Depsang Plains: 1956 claim line in green, 1960 claim line in dark brown, 1962 ceasefire line in orange.{{efn|Map by the US Army Headquarters in 1962. In addition to the two claim lines, the blue line indicates the position in 1959, the purple line that in September 1962 prior to the Sino-Indian War, and the orange line, which largely coincides with the dark brown line, the position the end of the war. The dotted lines bound a 20-km demilitarisation zone proposed by China after the war.}}]]<br />
[[File:Depsang-Bulge-LSIB-2020.jpg|thumb|right|275px|Current situation at the mouth of Depsang Bulge: the established LAC from 1962 in red, the effective LAC in 2020 as per OpenStreetMap in green; additional Chinese claims further west.<ref name="Sushant Singh"><br />
{{citation|last=Sushant|first=Singh|title=What Rajnath Left Out: PLA Blocks Access to 900 Sq Km of Indian Territory in Depsang|date=17 September 2020|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/depsang-ladakh-india-china-rajnath-singh-parliament|newspaper=The Wire|access-date=2020-09-18}}<br />
</ref>]]<br />
<br />
The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]], having faced a revolution in Tibet in 1911, apparently made secret plans to acquire Aksai Chin plateau in order to create a road link between Xinjiang and Tibet. These plans began to get manifested in public maps only towards the end of its rule.<ref>{{harvp|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963|pp=17–18}}: "As a part of India, it [Aksai Chin] formed an awkward salient projecting between Sinkiang and Tibet; to get rid of this salient must be an objective of Chinese policy whenever opportunity might offer".<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the Republic of China claims included the Aksai Chin proper, they stopped at the foot of the Karakoram mountains, leaving all the rivers that flow into the Shyok River within India, including the [[Chip Chap River]]. (See map.) Communist China also published the "Big Map of the People's Republic of China" in 1956 with a similar boundary, now called the [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Aksai Chin|1956 claim line]].<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=103}}: 'However, the ''"Big Map of the People's Republic of China"'' published in 1956, reverted to the alignment shown on the 1947 Kuomintang map. It is important to note that Chou En-lai, in a letter of 17 December 1959, stated that the 1956 map "correctly shows the traditional boundary between the two countries in this sector."'</ref><ref name=Hoffmann/><br />
<br />
However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line further west, dissecting the Chip Chap River.<ref name=Hoffmann>{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|pp=76,&nbsp;93}}</ref> The Chinese said little by way of justification for this advancement other than to claim that it was their "traditional customary boundary" which was allegedly formed through a "long historical process". They claimed that the line was altered in the recent past only due to "British imperialism".{{efn|But the military justification for the advancement is not hard to see. The 1956 claim line ran along the watershed dividing the Shyok River basin and the Lingzitang lake basin. It conceded the strategic higher ground of the Karakoram Range to India. The 1960 claim line advanced it to the Karakoram ridge line despite the fact that it did not form a dividing line of watersheds.}}<ref><br />
{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|pp=7–8}}: "When questioned on the divergence between the two maps, Chen Yi, the Chinese Foreign Minister, made the demonstrably absurd assertion that the boundaries as marked on both maps were equally valid. There is only one interpretation that could make this statement meaningful: this was an implied threat to produce another map claiming additional Indian territory if New Delhi continued in its stubborn refusal to cede Aksai Chin."<br />
</ref><ref>{{harvp|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010|p=266}}: "Beijing insisted that there was no disparity between its maps of 1956 and 1960, a claim that only served to reinforce Delhi's opinion that the Chinese were untrustworthy. By the summer of 1960 meaningful diplomacy juddered to a halt."<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{harvp|van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute |1967|pp=101–102}}: "The Chinese officials maintained ... [the] traditional customary line, reflected in their map, was formed gradually through a long historical process, mainly by the extent up to which each side had exercised administrative jurisdiction;... Without admitting any inconsistency they also argued that the line of actual control differed from the traditional customary line because of British imperialism and the recent pushing forward of India. These factors apparently could not contribute to the continuous process of change."<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.<br />
<br />
=== 1962 war ===<br />
India's Intelligence Bureau patrols had come across indications of Chinese activity in the Depsang Plains prior to 1958.<ref name="Palit"/> However, the Bureau chief [[B. N. Mullik]] has stated that "the Chinese did not come into Depsang Plains till October, 1960".<ref>{{citation |first=B. N. |last=Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |page=627}}</ref><br />
<br />
The 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]] in the Depsang Plains lasted two days, 20–21 October 1962. The Chinese forces in the area were based at [[Point 5243]] in the present day Tianwendian area. The Indian posts, set up in accordance with India's "[[Sino-Indian War#Forward policy|forward policy]]", were manned by the 14th battalion of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Militia]] (later [[Ladakh Scouts]]), and were mostly of a [[platoon]] or a [[Section (military unit)|section]] strength.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=52}}<br />
<br />
The Chinese forces first targeted the post they called "Indian Stronghold No. 6" at "Red Top Hill". They regarded this post specially threatening to their lines of communication.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=52}} As per the Chinese assessment, the attacking troops had a superiority of 10 to 1 in numbers and 7 to 1 in fire power. The post was eliminated in under two hours, with 42 soldiers killed and 20 captured.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=53}} Following on this success, the Chinese eliminated 6–7 other Indian posts of a section strength (8–10 troops) and 2 further posts on the second day.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=53}}<br />
<br />
The remaining Indian posts were then given permission to withdraw, as they were not tactically sited and had no mutual support. By 24 October, the withdrawal was completed, with the Indians continuing to hold Saser Brangsa, Murgo, Sultan Chushku and the Galwan estuary on the Shyok River.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=53}} The Chinese forces advanced to their 1960 claim line in most locations.{{sfnp|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015|p=53}} The one exception was the Burtsa Nala valley to the south of Depsang Plains, where the Chinese eliminated the "bulge" in the Indian territory granted in 1960. This area, called [[Depsang Bulge]], continues to be contested till the present day.<ref><br />
P. J. S. Sandhu, [https://thewire.in/security/india-china-xi-jinping-lac-border-modi-1962-war It Is Time to Accept How Badly India Misread Chinese Intentions in 1962 – and 2020], The Wire, 21 July 2020. "However, there was one exception and that was in the Depsang Plain (southeast of Karakoram Pass) where they seemed to have overstepped their Claim Line and straightened the eastward bulge."<br />
</ref><ref><br />
[https://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/1963-Chinese-Agression-in-Maps.pdf Chinese Aggression in Maps: Ten maps, with an introduction and explanatory notes], Publications Division, Government of India, 1963 (via claurdearpi.net). Map 2.<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|loc=Map 6: India's Forward Policy, A Chinese View, p.&nbsp;105}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
[http://www.claudearpi.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Aksai-Chin.jpg ILLUSTRATION DES PROPOSITIONS DE LA CONFERENCE DE COLOMBO - SECTEUR OCCIDENTAL], claudearpi.net, retrieved 7 October 2020.</ref><br />
<br />
=== Depsang Bulge conflicts ===<br />
{{main|Depsang Bulge}}<br />
{{Original research section|date=August 2022}}<br />
[[File:Depsang-Bulge-mouth-2020.jpg|thumb|right|275px|The standoff at the "bottleneck"]]<br />
<br />
India continues to maintain the [[Depsang Bulge|bulge in the Indian territory]] as per China's 1960 claim line as Indian territory, while its troops have been asked to patrol up to the ceasefire line marked on Indian maps (which has been referred to as the Patrol Point 10 or PP-10).<ref>Praveen Swami, [https://www.news18.com/news/india/as-pla-seeks-to-cut-off-indian-patrol-routes-on-lac-bottleneck-emerges-as-roadblock-in-disengagement-2685571.html As PLA Seeks to Cut Off Indian Patrol Routes on LAC, ‘Bottleneck’ Emerges as Roadblock in Disengagement], News18, 24 June 2020.</ref><br />
<br />
In April 2013, the Chinese PLA troops set up a temporary camp at the mouth of Depsang Bulge, where the Raki Nala and Depsang Nala meet, claiming it to be Chinese territory. But, after a [[2013 Depsang standoff|three-week standoff]], they withdrew as a result of a diplomatic agreement with India.<ref><br />
{{citation |date=2013-05-02 |title=Chinese incursion 19km, but 750 sq km at stake for India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinese-incursion-19km-but-750-sq-km-at-stake-for-India/articleshow/19826487.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503123532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-02/india/38982705_1_indian-army-ladakh-chumar |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-05-03 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2014-03-15 }}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |date=2013-04-24 |title=China puts pre-conditions to pull back, wants India to give up its posts |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/china-puts-preconditions-to-pull-back-wants-india-to-give-up-its-posts/1106881/ |access-date=2014-03-15 |newspaper=Indian Express}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |title=Depsang Bulge incursion accidental, Chinese military thinktank says |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Depsang-Bulge-incursion-accidental-Chinese-military-thinktank-says/articleshow/21088756.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718161313/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/india/40589404_1_defence-ministry-pla-peace-and-tranquility |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-18 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=2013-07-15}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |author=Praveen Swami |author-link=Praveen Swami |date=29 April 2013 |title=China's Ladakh intrusion: Two maps tell this dangerous story |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/chinas-ladakh-intrusion-two-maps-tell-this-dangerous-story-738131.html |work=Firstpost}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Let's shake hands: 20 days on, China withdraws troops from Ladakh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-withdraws-troops-from-ladakh-161850-2013-05-04 |access-date=2014-03-15 |newspaper=India Today |date=2013-05-05}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |last=PTI |date=2013 |title=Chinese troops enter 25km into Indian territory |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/5RV5RVhJNtXy1adsE6TAgK/Chinese-troops-enter-25km-into-Indian-territory.html |access-date=2020-09-18 |newspaper=Livemint}}<br />
</ref> In 2015, China tried setting up a watch tower near Burtsa.<ref><br />
{{citation |title=LAC tense as China sets up watch tower near Burtse in northern Ladakh |newspaper=India Today |date=13 September 2015 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/lac-tense-as-china-sets-up-watch-tower-near-burtse-in-northern-ladakh-262647-2015-09-13}}<br />
</ref><ref><br />
{{citation |title=Ladakh again: India, China in standoff over surveillance structure by PLA |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/india-china-troops-face-off-near-lac-in-ladakh/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=2015-09-13}}<br />
</ref> Any threat to Depsang affects India's [[DS-DBO Road|DS-DBO road]].<ref name="Philip-09-19" /> Initially India had stationed about 120 tanks in the SSN, and over the years this number has increased.<ref name="Philip-09-19" /><br />
<br />
During the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|2020 standoff]], the Depsang Bulge was again mentioned as one of the areas where China extended its claims. It came to light that the Chinese troops had been blocking Indian patrols from proceeding along the Raki Nala valley near a location called "bottleneck" since 2017.<ref>Snehesh Alex Philip, [https://theprint.in/defence/india-china-tensions-at-depsang-a-disengagement-sticking-point-began-much-before-may/477612/ India-China tensions at Depsang, a disengagement sticking point, began much before May], The Print, 8 August 2020.</ref> After a resolution to the standoff at [[Pangong Lake]] in February 2021, it was reported that the Chinese started strengthening their positions at Depsang.<ref>Imran Ahmed Siddiqui, [https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/chinese-army-continues-to-strengthen-position-at-ladakhs-depsang-plains/cid/1808363 Chinese army continues to strengthen position at Ladakh's Depsang Plains], The Telegraph (India), 3 March 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
The new line being demanded by China amounted to a loss of 250 square kilometres of territory for India,<ref>{{cite news |title=China Gained Ground on India During Bloody Summer in Himalayas |newspaper=Bloomberg News |date=1 November 2020 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-11-01/china-gained-ground-on-india-during-bloody-summer-in-himalayas}}</ref> while the loss from India's perception of the Line of Actual Control was 900 square kilometres.<ref><br />
{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vijaita |title=China controls 1,000 sq. km of area in Ladakh, say intelligence inputs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-controls-1000-sq-km-of-area-in-ladakh-say-intelligence-inputs/article32490453.ece?homepage=true |access-date=31 August 2020 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=31 August 2020}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Sub Sector North ==<br />
The Indian military's Subsector North (SSN) is east of [[Siachen Glacier]], located between the Saser ridge on the southeastern side and the [[Saltoro Mountains|Saltoro Ridge]] on the Pakistani border. With regards to a [[Two-front war#India, Pakistan and China|two–front war]] for India, this area can provide for a linkage for Pakistan and China in Ladakh.<ref name="Sushant Singh" /><ref name="Banerjee"><br />
{{Cite book|last=Banerjee|first=Lt Gen Gautam|title=China's Great Leap Forward-II: The China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Strategic Reshaping of Indian Neighbourhood|publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC|year=2019|isbn=978-1-940988-43-6|pages=88–|chapter=7: The Hub of OBOR. Where Five National Boundaries Meet|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6c6PDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88}}<br />
</ref> The territorial wedge created by Depsang Plains–Karakoram Pass–Shyok Valley prevents this territorial linkup.<ref name="Banerjee" /><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Tianwendian]]<br />
* [[Daulat Beg Oldi]]<br />
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute]]<br />
*[[India-China Border Roads]]<br />
* [[List of locations in Aksai Chin]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Romesh |last=Bhattacharji |title=Ladakh: Changing, Yet Unchanged |publisher=Rupa Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2012 |url=https://www.academia.edu/3575075 |via=Academia.edu |ref={{sfnref|Bhattacharji, Ladakh|2012}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Filippo de |last=Filippi |title=The Italian Expedition to the Himalaya, Karakoram and Eastern Turkestan (1913-1914) |location=London |publisher=Edward Arnold & Co. |year=1932 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43716/page/n7/mode/2up |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Filippi, The Italian Expedition|1932}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Margaret Welpley |last2=Rose |first2=Leo E. |last3=Huttenback |first3=Robert A. |title=Himalayan Battleground: Sino-Indian Rivalry in Ladakh |date=1963 |publisher=Praeger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QE41AAAAIAAJ |ref={{harvid|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Hoffmann |first=Steven A. |title=India and the China Crisis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BpSRwC5_EPUC |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-06537-6 |ref={{sfnref|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Hudson |first1=Geoffrey Francis |chapter=The Aksai Chin |title=Far Eastern Affairs |date=1963 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Of4TAAAAIAAJ |ref={{harvid|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |title=High Himalayas, Unknown Valleys |edition=Second |year=1994 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=81-85182-87-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460914 |via=archive.org |ref={{sfnref|Kapadia, High Himalayas|1994}}}}<br />
** {{citation |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |title=High Himalaya Unknown Valleys |edition=Fourth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KNhJXSjSk70C |date=2002 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-117-7 |ref={{sfnref|Kapadia, High Himalayas|2002}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Kapadia |first=Harish |author-link = Harish Kapadia |title=Into the Untravelled Himalaya: Travels, Treks, and Climbs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5l1RhMStxgC&pg=PA215 |year=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-181-8 |ref={{sfnref|Kapadia, Into the Untravelled Himalaya|2005}}}}<br />
* {{cite journal |last1=Karackattu |first1=Joe Thomas |title=The corrosive compromise of the Sino-Indian border management framework: from Doklam to Galwan |journal=Asian Affairs |date=26 May 2020 |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=590–604 |ref={{harvid|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020}} |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726|s2cid=222093756 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=An "agreed" frontier: Ladakh and India's northernmost borders, 1846-1947 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIduAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562758-9 |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, An "agreed" frontier|1992}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Raghavan |first1=S. |title=War and Peace in Modern India |date=27 August 2010 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-0-230-24215-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtY6zwEACAAJ |ref={{harvid|Raghavan, War and Peace in Modern India|2010}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=van Eekelen |first1=Willem Frederik |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |date=1967 |publisher=Springer Netherlands |isbn=978-94-017-6436-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DyEsAAAAMAAJ |ref={{harvid|van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967}}}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{citation |last=Harris |first=Paul |title=Traces of Silk Journey to the Karakoram Pass |newspaper=Himalayan Journal |volume=54 |number=13 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/hj/54/13/traces-of-silk-journey-to-the-karakoram-pass/ |date=1998}}<br />
* [http://himalayancamping.com/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=231 Murgo to Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO)], ''Karakoram Story'', Himalayan Camping, 10 January 2008.<br />
<br />
{{Ladakh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Plains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Plains of China]]<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Xinjiang]]<br />
[[Category:Aksai Chin]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaudhvin_Ka_Chand:_The_Original_Screenplay&diff=493700Chaudhvin Ka Chand: The Original Screenplay2026-01-12T04:37:47Z<p>Joseph678: Starting details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Book by Dinesh Raheja and Jitendra Kothari}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox book<br />
| name = Chaudhvin Ka Chand: The Original Screenplay<br />
| image = Chaudhvin Ka Chand- The Original Screenplay cover.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| author = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Dinesh Raheja]]<br />
* Jitendra Kothari<br />
}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = {{Plainlist|<br />
* English<br />
* Hindi<br />
}}<br />
| series = <br />
| release_number = <br />
| subject = ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]''<br />
| genre = <br />
| set_in = <br />
| publisher = Om Books International<br />
| published = 2014<br />
| media_type = Print<br />
| pages = 251<br />
| isbn = 978-93-80070-98-8<br />
| isbn_note = <br />
| oclc = <br />
| dewey = <br />
| congress = <br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = <br />
| notes =<br />
| exclude_cover = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Chaudhvin Ka Chand: The Original Screenplay''''' is a 2014 book that was written by the journalist [[Dinesh Raheja]] and the film archivist Jitendra Kothari. It contains the original screenplay—in original [[Hindi]] and its [[English language|English]] translation—for the 1960 romantic drama ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'', along with interviews of the film's cast and crew team with the authors, speaking of their roles in the film and their experiences during the production. Upon release, the book was met with positive reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
== Development and release ==<br />
The book marked the journalist [[Dinesh Raheja]] and the film archivist Jitendra Kothari's fourth collaborations, having previously written 1996's ''The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema'', 2004's ''[[The Bollywood Saga]]'',{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} and 2012's ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam: The Original Screenplay]]''.{{sfn|Tejuja 2014, 'Chaudhvin Ka Chand'}} ''Chaudhvin Ka Chand: The Original Screenplay'' contains the original screenplay—in [[Hindi]] and its [[English language|English]] translation—for the 1960 romantic drama ''[[Chaudhvin Ka Chand]]'', as well as their interviews with the living cast and crew, and the authors' commentary on the film.{{sfn|Pathak 2014, Classic re-visited}}{{sfn|''Deccan Herald'' 2014, Book rack...}} In an interview with ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'', Raheja said of the book's writing: "They gave me a rough screenplay, which they must have salvaged. But in those days there was no leather bound script. There are minimum instructions in it and the scene changed several times. So, I saw the film at least 40–50 times."{{sfn|Unnikrishnan 2014, Chaudhvin Ka Chand}}<br />
<br />
The book was published in 2014 by Om Books International, and critics were appreciative of it.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} In an anonymous review in the entertainment portal [[Bollywood Hungama]], "... it must be added that this Muslim social from 1960 could well interest a very select set of readers for whom the book would strictly serve academic purposes. For such students of Indian cinema, the book could well turn out to be an educational pick."{{sfn|Bollywood Hungama News Network 2014, Book review}} Siddhi Pathak from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The book resonates the charisma and creativity of the legend, Guru Dutt. It successfully makes you relive the film on paper. For any film-amigo or cinema enthusiast, it's an absolute insightful delight."{{sfn|Pathak 2014, Classic re-visited}} Vivek Tejuja of [[News18]] described the book as a "delight to read", adding, "The commentary and extended analysis are a treat in this book to watch out for."{{sfn|Tejuja 2014, 'Chaudhvin Ka Chand'}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
{{refbegin|2}}<br />
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/396969/book-rack.html |title=Book rack... |date=5 April 2014 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=11 September 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|''Deccan Herald'' 2014, Book rack...}} |archive-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410061621/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/396969/book-rack.html |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-chaudhvin-ka-chand-the-original-screenplay/ |title=Book review – Chaudhvin Ka Chand – The Original Screenplay |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=11 September 2021 |date=4 April 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Bollywood Hungama News Network 2014, Book review}} |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911062712/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/book-review-chaudhvin-ka-chand-the-original-screenplay/ |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/classic-re-visited/ |title=Classic re-visited |date=18 April 2014 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |last=Pathak |first=Siddhi |access-date=11 September 2021 |ref={{Sfnref|Pathak 2014, Classic re-visited}} |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717124513/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/classic-re-visited/ |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/chaudhvin-ka-chand-is-a-comment-on-male-friendship-682743.html |title='Chaudhvin Ka Chand' is a comment on male friendship |date=21 April 2014 |publisher=[[News18]] |last=Tejuja |first=Vivek |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719085941/https://www.news18.com/news/books/chaudhvin-ka-chand-is-a-comment-on-male-friendship-682743.html |ref={{Sfnref|Tejuja 2014, 'Chaudhvin Ka Chand'}} |url-status=live }}<br />
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-chaudhvin-ka-chand-laid-the-seed-for-bromance-in-films-dinesh-raheja-1974248 |title=Chaudhvin Ka Chand laid the seed for bromance in films: Dinesh Raheja |last=Unnikrishnan |first=Chaya |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=2 April 2014 |ref={{Sfnref|Unnikrishnan 2014, Chaudhvin Ka Chand}} |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111192114/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/interview-chaudhvin-ka-chand-laid-the-seed-for-bromance-in-films-dinesh-raheja-1974248 |url-status=live }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]<br />
[[Category:Collaborative books]]<br />
[[Category:Books about individual films]]<br />
[[Category:Screenplays]]<br />
[[Category:English-language books]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi-language literature]]<br />
[[Category:1960 in Indian cinema]]<br />
[[Category:2014 in Indian cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Hindi cinema]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghatkopar_Assembly_constituency&diff=500378Ghatkopar Assembly constituency2026-01-06T00:12:21Z<p>Joseph678: Starting info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}} <br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency <br />
| name = Ghatkopar <br />
| type= SLA <br />
| state = Maharashtra <br />
| established = 1967 <br />
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> <br />
| electors = 219,325 <br />
| mla = [[Prakash Mehta]] <br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}} <br />
| constituency_no = <br />
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
| district = <br />
| loksabha_cons = <br />
| reservation = <br />
}} <br />
<b>Ghatkopar Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. <br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly == <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" <br />
|- <br />
! Election <br />
! Member <br />
! colspan=2|Party <br />
|- <br />
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || D. Samant || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}} <br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || R. Vishnunarayan Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Parekh Jayantilal Ghambhirdas || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}} <br />
|- <br />
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Liladhar Shamji Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}} <br />
|- <br />
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Virendra Bakshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}} <br />
|- <br />
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=4 | [[Prakash Mehta]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}} <br />
|- <br />
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] <br />
|} <br />
== Election results == <br />
===Assembly Election 2004=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Mehta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=73,548 |percentage=65.51% |change={{increase}}3.70 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maheshbhai Bhanushali |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,859 |percentage=30.16% |change={{increase}}7.68 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adagale Popat Pandurang |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,143 |percentage=1.91% |change={{increase}}1.28 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandeepbhai Krishna Pagare |party=Independent politician |votes=1,119 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,689 |percentage=35.35% |change= {{decrease}}3.98 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,268 |percentage=51.19% |change= {{decrease}}0.20 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 219,325 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.39 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.70 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1999=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Mehta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=70,641 |percentage=61.81% |change={{increase}}4.38 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Chandrika Premji Keniya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,689 |percentage=22.48% |change={{decrease}}13.41 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jyantibhai Gambhirdas Parekh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=15,995 |percentage=13.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pratap Jitendra Makwana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=724 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=44,952 |percentage=39.33% |change= {{increase}}17.79 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=114,292 |percentage=51.38% |change= {{decrease}}14.48 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 222,426 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.98 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.38 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1995=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Mehta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=81,700 |percentage=57.43% |change={{increase}}8.80 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bakshi Verandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,051 |percentage=35.88% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nautam Mehta |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,769 |percentage=1.95% |change={{decrease}}9.89 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Nair |party=Independent politician |votes=1,128 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sainath Maruti Dhasal |party=Independent politician |votes=956 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,649 |percentage=21.54% |change= {{increase}}10.01 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=142,263 |percentage=64.84% |change= {{increase}}8.45 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 215,993 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.22 }} <br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}8.80 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1990=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Mehta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,733 |percentage=48.62% |change={{increase}}22.66 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bakshi Verandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,982 |percentage=37.09% |change={{decrease}}6.95 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kishor R. Shah |party=Janata Dal |votes=13,076 |percentage=11.83% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,751 |percentage=11.54% |change= {{decrease}}6.54 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,505 |percentage=56.90% |change= {{increase}}9.61 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 192,467 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.82 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.58 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1985=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Virendra Bakshi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=34,692 |percentage=44.04% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Prakash Mehta]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,454 |percentage=25.97% |change={{decrease}}3.65 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Kashinath Shivram |party=Independent politician |votes=11,582 |percentage=14.70% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anant Ganpat Mane |party=Independent politician |votes=7,852 |percentage=9.97% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adhav Murlidhar Satwaji |party=Independent politician |votes=2,239 |percentage=2.84% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kantaram Sonawane |party=Independent politician |votes=598 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,238 |percentage=18.07% |change= {{increase}}14.77 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,772 |percentage=47.32% |change= {{increase}}3.93 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.06 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}11.12 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1980=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Liladhar Shamji Vyas |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=20,331 |percentage=32.92% |change={{increase}}18.21 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashwin Somnath Vyas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,292 |percentage=29.62% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Parekh Jayantilal Ghambhirdas |party=Janata Party |votes=16,789 |percentage=27.18% |change={{decrease}}22.33 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahire Kashinath Shivram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=2,398 |percentage=3.88% |change={{decrease}}1.92 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gunvanti Shah |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=2,210 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gopal Kushapara Dudhibal |party=Independent politician |votes=394 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,039 |percentage=3.30% |change= {{decrease}}31.25 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,760 |percentage=43.42% |change= {{decrease}}21.93 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,747 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.50 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (I) |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.59 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1978=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Parekh Jayantilal Ghambhirdas |party=Janata Party |votes=40,408 |percentage=49.51% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dadia Uttamchand Dosabhai |party=Independent politician |votes=12,209 |percentage=14.96% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vyas Lalidhar Shamji |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=12,003 |percentage=14.71% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bagwe Shashikant Sadashiv |party=Shiv Sena |votes=10,759 |percentage=13.18% |change={{increase}}2.08 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Phale Rambhaji Bhivaji |party=Republican Party of India |votes=4,737 |percentage=5.80% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,199 |percentage=34.55% |change= {{decrease}}12.41 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,610 |percentage=64.75% |change= {{increase}}4.56 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,010 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}28.67 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.56 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1972=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=R. Vishnunarayan Tripathi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,959 |percentage=60.07% |change={{increase}}31.30 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajanikant C. Thakar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=13,953 |percentage=13.10% |change={{decrease}}5.17 }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mohan Murari Sawant |party=Shiv Sena |votes=11,817 |percentage=11.10% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Charandas Haridas Khare |party=Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes=5,691 |percentage=5.35% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Liyakat H. I. Husain |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=5,382 |percentage=5.05% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Laxman Dharkar Prabhakar |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=2,799 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=50,006 |percentage=46.97% |change= {{increase}}34.85 }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=106,471 |percentage=59.86% |change= {{decrease}}7.71 }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,846 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.54 }} <br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Republican Party of India |swing= {{increase}}19.18 }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
===Assembly Election 1967=== <br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Ghatkopar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}} <br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=D. Samant |party=Republican Party of India |votes=34,631 |percentage=40.89% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=A. N. Magar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,366 |percentage=28.77% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=N. P. Shah |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=15,477 |percentage=18.27% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=C. C. John |party=Independent politician |votes=3,917 |percentage=4.62% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=839 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New'' }} <br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,265 |percentage=12.12% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=84,694 |percentage=64.93% |change= }} <br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 122,823 |ref = |change= }} <br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Republican Party of India |loser= |swing= }} <br />
{{Election box end}} <br />
==References== <br />
{{reflist}} <br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}} <br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br />
<br />
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ravi_Bahadur_Rana&diff=529955Ravi Bahadur Rana2026-01-05T22:17:13Z<p>Joseph678: starting a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 2002)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox football biography<br />
| name = Ravi Rana<br />
| fullname = Ravi Bahadur Rana<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<ref name=TFA/><br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|10|15|df=y}}<br />
| height = <br />
| currentclub =<br />
| clubnumber = <br />
| position = [[Right back|Right Back]]<ref name=ISL>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/defender-40642-ravi-bahadur-rana-profile |title=Ravi Rana - Indian Super League}}</ref><br />
| youthyears1 = 2016–2017<br />
| youthclubs1 = [[Tata Football Academy]]<br />
| years1 = 2018–2020<br />
| clubs1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]<br />
| caps1 = 6<br />
| goals1 = 0<br />
| years2 = 2020–2021<br />
| clubs2 = [[Himalayan Sherpa Club]]<ref name=IFTWC/> <br />
| caps2 = <br />
| goals2 = <br />
| years3 = 2021–2025<br />
| clubs3 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
| caps3 = 4<br />
| goals3 = 0<br />
| nationalyears1 = 2017<br />
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U15]]<br />
| nationalcaps1 = 4<br />
| nationalgoals1 = 4<br />
| nationalyears2 = 2019<br />
| nationalteam2 = [[India national under-20 football team|India U18]]<br />
| nationalcaps2 = 7<br />
| nationalgoals2 = 1<br />
| club-update = 20:34, 23 December 2023 (UTC)<br />
| nationalteam-update= <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ravi Bahadur Rana''' (born 15 October 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]].<ref name=ISL/><br />
<br />
==Club career==<br />
Born in [[Jammu]], Rana joined [[Tata Football Academy]] in [[Jamshedpur]] in 2016. He is the first player from [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to join the academy.<ref name=TFA>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tatasteel.com/media/newsroom/press-releases/india/2017/tfa-cadet-qualifies-for-india-under-16-football-team/ |title=TFA cadet qualifies for India Under-16 Football Team |date=18 August 2017 |website=tatasteel.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102031848/https://www.tatasteel.com/media/newsroom/press-releases/india/2017/tfa-cadet-qualifies-for-india-under-16-football-team/ |archive-date=2 January 2018 |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref> Over the years, he was promoted from [[Jamshedpur FC]] U18s to [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur FC Reserves]].<ref name=KN/><br />
<br />
He had a short stint with Napali side [[Himalayan Sherpa Club]] after the [[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship]].<ref name=IFTWC>{{cite web |url=https://iftwc.com/ravi-rana-says-atkmb-are-one-of-the-best/ |title=Ravi Rana - I Chose Mohun Bagan Because They Are One Of The Best Clubs In India |date=27 October 2021 |website=IFTWC.com |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2021, Rana signed for [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]. He made his debut on 1 December 2022, as an 89th-minute substitute in a 5–1 defeat against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] in the [[Indian Super League]]. He was included in the Mohun Bagan squad for the [[2022 AFC Cup]]. He made his [[AFC Cup]] debut in a 5–0 win over [[Blue Star SC]] on 12 August 2022. On 10 July 2022, Mohun Bagan SG announced a three-year contract extension with Rana.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.arunfoot.com/atk-mohun-bagan-extend-contract-of-youngsters-ravi-rana-abhishek-suryavanshi/ |title=ATK Mohun Bagan extend contract of youngsters Ravi Rana & Abhishek Suryavanshi! |date=10 July 2022 |website=arunfoot.com |access-date=10 February 2024}}</ref><ref name=KN>{{Cite web |url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-indian-super-league-atk-mohun-bagan-ravi-rana-contract-extension |title=Ravi Rana to extend contract at ATK Mohun Bagan for three more seasons |date=21 April 2022 |website=KhelNow |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==International career==<br />
In July 2017, Rana was called up to the [[India national under-17 football team|India national under-15 team]] squad for the [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship]].<ref name=TFA/> He scored four goals in the championship, including a hat-trick against [[Maldives national under-17 football team|Maldives]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ravi Bahadur Rana Indian football player profile|url=https://www.sonylijin.com/2017/08/ravi-bahadur-rana-football-player-profile.html|access-date=2021-12-07}}</ref> He scored the winner for the [[India national under-20 football team|India national under-18 team]] in the [[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship#Final|2019 SAFF U-18 Championship final]].<ref name=SAFFU19>{{Cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u-18-conquer-maiden-saff-title |title=India U-18 Conquer Maiden SAFF Title |date=29 September 2019 |website=the-aiff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704053708/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-u-18-conquer-maiden-saff-title |archive-date=4 July 2020 |access-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career statistics==<br />
===Club===<br />
{{updated|24 December 2023}}<ref name=SW>{{Soccerway|547583}}</ref><ref name=BeS>{{BeSoccer|927800}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
!rowspan="2"|Club<br />
!rowspan="2"|Season<br />
!colspan="3"|League<br />
!colspan="2"|National cup {{efn|Includes [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}<br />
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br />
!colspan="2"|Other<br />
!colspan="2"|Total<br />
|-<br />
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]<br />
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2020]]<br />
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]<br />
|6||0||0||0||colspan="2" |–||colspan="2" |–||6||0<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]<br />
|[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]<br />
|1||0||colspan="2" |– ||3{{efn|name=statsAFCC|Appearances in [[AFC Cup]]}}||0||0||0||4||0<br />
|-<br />
|{{nowrap|[[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2022–23]]}}<br />
|1||0||0||0||0||0||2{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0||3||0<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan SG season|2023–24]]<br />
|2||0||2||0||1{{efn|name=statsAFCC}} ||0||colspan="2" |–||5||0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="2" |Total<br />
!4!!0!!2!!0!!4!!0!!2!!0!!12!!0<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="3" |Career total<br />
!10!!0!!2!!0!!4!!0!!2!!0!!18!!0<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
'''India U15'''<br />
* [[SAFF U-17 Championship|SAFF U-15 Championship]]: [[2017 SAFF U-15 Championship|2017]]<ref name=SAFF17>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/india-wins-2017-saff-u15-championships |title=India wins 2017 SAFF U15 Championships |date=27 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211075451/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/india-wins-2017-saff-u15-championships |website=Sportskeeda |archive-date=11 February 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''India U18'''<br />
*[[SAFF U-20 Championship|SAFF U-18 Championship]]: [[2019 SAFF U-18 Championship|2019]]{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}<br />
<br />
'''Mohun Bagan'''<br />
* [[Indian Super League]]: [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/55517?type=club AIFF profile]<br />
* {{Soccerway|ravi-bamadur-rana/547583}}<br />
<br />
{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant squad}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Ravi Bahadur}}<br />
[[Category:2002 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jammu (city)]]<br />
[[Category:Footballers from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br />
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]<br />
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]<br />
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=P._Rajagopal_(businessman)&diff=454754P. Rajagopal (businessman)2026-01-05T02:13:45Z<p>Joseph678: minor updated lead for accuracy further and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian businessman and convicted Murderer (1947–2019)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Pitchai Rajagopal<br />
| image = P. Rajagopal.jpg<br />
| image_size = 200px<br />
| caption = Rajagopal with his sons in 2010<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|1947|08|05|df=yes}}<ref name="NYTobit"/><br />
| parents = <br />
| birth_place = Punnaiyadi, [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2019|07|18|1947|08|05|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/saravana-bhavan-founder-p-rajagopal-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/70272624.cms|title=Saravana Bhavan founder P Rajagopal dies in Chennai|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=2020-01-17|archive-date=28 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128232413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/saravana-bhavan-founder-p-rajagopal-dies-in-chennai/articleshow/70272624.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| known_for = Founder of [[Saravana Bhavan]], Murder of Santhakumar<br />
| networth = <br />
| criminal_charges = [[Murder]]<br />
| criminal_penalty = [[Life imprisonment]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = 2 sons<ref>{{cite news|title=Saravana Bhavan owner sentenced to life|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article48108.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508030422/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article48108.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2014|work=express buzz |date=20 March 2009}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
'''Pitchai Rajagopal''' (5 August 1947 – 18 July 2019) was a convicted murderer and also the founder of the [[Saravana Bhavan]] chain of restaurants based in [[Chennai]], India. Born in rural [[Tamil Nadu]] into a farming family, and with little education, Rajagopal built a global restaurant chain.<br />
<br />
In later life, he was convicted for a 2001 murder, and began serving a life sentence in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/saravana-bhavan-murder-how-dosa-king-with-empire-from-chennai-to-new-york-rose-and-fell/articleshow/106643132.cms?from=mdr | title=Saravana Bhavan murder and the rise and fall of Dosa King | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-date=3 February 2024 | access-date=3 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/saravana-bhavan-murder-how-dosa-king-with-empire-from-chennai-to-new-york-rose-and-fell/articleshow/106643132.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref> Several days after his imprisonment, he had a heart attack and died.<ref name="death1">{{cite news |date=18 July 2019 |title=Saravana Bhawan founder P Rajagopal passes away after heart attack in Chennai |journal=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/saravana-bhawan-founder-p-rajagopal-passes-away-after-heart-attack-in-chennai/articleshow/70272161.cms |access-date=18 July 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Rajagopal was born in Punnaiyadi, a tiny village now in [[Tuticorin District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref name="NYTobit">{{cite news |last1=Tsang |first1=Amie |date=25 July 2019 |title=P. Rajagopal, Restaurant Mogul Convicted of Murder, Dies at 71 |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/obituaries/rajagopal-saravana-bhavan-dead.html |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801173102/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/25/obituaries/rajagopal-saravana-bhavan-dead.html |url-status=live }}</ref> His father was an onion seller; his mother was a homemaker.<ref name="NYTobit" /><br />
<br />
==Business==<br />
In 1973, he moved to [[Madras]] and started a general provisions store in [[K K Nagar]]. He opened his first restaurant in 1981.<ref name="NYTobit" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Hotel Saravana Bhavan |work=Chennaibest.com |url=http://www.chennaibest.com/cityresources/Food_and_Dining/profiles01.asp |archive-date=3 April 2009 |access-date=31 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403021634/http://www.chennaibest.com/cityresources/Food_and_Dining/profiles01.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 2019, he had expanded to 111 restaurants in 22 countries, employing about 5,000 people. He built a temple in his village called Punnai Sri Srinivasaperumal Kovil.<br />
<br />
== Murder of Santhakumar ==<br />
On the advice of an astrologer, he obsessively tried to take Jeevajothi, the daughter of one of his assistant managers, as his third wife, but she was already married and rejected him. He orchestrated multiple threats, beatings, and exorcisms against her and her family. In 2001, after one attempted murder, he successfully orchestrated the murder of her husband, Prince Santhakumar. Santhakumar was kidnapped and his body was found strangled a few days later in a resort town in the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saravana Bhavan founder gets life term in murder case - TopNews |url=https://www.topnews.in/saravana-bhavan-founder-gets-life-term-murder-case-2141802 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=www.topnews.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=19 March 2009 |title=Saravana Bhavan founder gets life for murder |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.hindu.com/holnus/004200903191521.htm |archive-date=28 May 2013 |access-date=31 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528081015/http://www.hindu.com/holnus/004200903191521.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Life sentence for murder===<br />
In 2004, a Chennai court sentenced Rajagopal to 10 years in prison for the murder of Santhakumar. Upon appeal, the [[Madras High Court]] upgraded his prison term to a life sentence, upholding the lower court's conviction.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news |last=Romig |first=Rollo |date=7 May 2014 |title=Masala Dosa to Die For |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/magazine/masala-dosa-to-die-for.html?smid=fb-nytimes&WT.z_sma=MG_MDT_20140507&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1388552400000&bicmet=1420088400000&_r=1 |access-date=7 May 2014 |work=New York Times |archive-date=8 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508062301/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/11/magazine/masala-dosa-to-die-for.html?smid=fb-nytimes&WT.z_sma=MG_MDT_20140507&bicmp=AD&bicmlukp=WT.mc_id&bicmst=1388552400000&bicmet=1420088400000&_r=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Rajagopal was freed on bail for medical reasons while his case was appealed to the Indian Supreme Court. On 29 March 2019, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld Rajagopal's murder conviction and life imprisonment.<ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=Saravana Bhavan founder P Rajagopal sentenced to life for murder, SC upholds conviction |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saravana-bhavan-founder-p-rajagopal-sentenced-life-murder-sc-upholds-conviction-99129 |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web |date=29 March 2019 |title=SC upholds life term of Saravana Bhavan owner for employee's murder |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sc-upholds-life-imprisonment-of-saravana-bhavan-owner-p-rajagopal-5648204/ |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-03 |title=The spectacular fall of India's 'dosa king' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/the-spectacular-fall-of-indias-dosa-king-744506.html |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=3 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703185531/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/the-spectacular-fall-of-indias-dosa-king-744506.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was ordered to surrender to the authorities by 7 July 2019,<ref name="indianexpress.com" /> which he did on 9 July 2019. The Supreme Court rejected his request for a bail extension on medical grounds as well as his request that his hospitalization be counted towards his prison sentence.<br />
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==Death==<br />
A heart attack struck Rajagopal on 13 July 2019 after he surrendered to serve his life sentence on 9 July 2019.<ref>{{cite news |last=Vasudevan |first=Lokpria |date=16 July 2019 |title=Saravana Bhavan founder P Rajagopal critical, on ventilator |journal=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saravana-bhavan-founder-p-rajagopal-critical-on-ventilator-1569941-2019-07-16 |access-date=18 July 2019 |archive-date=17 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717194652/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/saravana-bhavan-founder-p-rajagopal-critical-on-ventilator-1569941-2019-07-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> After transferring from [[Stanley Medical College|Stanley Medical College Hospital]] to Vijaya Hospital in Chennai, he died of another heart attack on 18 July 2019.<ref name="death1" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajagopal, P.}}<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:2019 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi district]]<br />
[[Category:Businesspeople from Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Restaurant founders]]<br />
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]<br />
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]</div>Joseph678https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuzhalmannam_Gram_Panchayat&diff=511381Kuzhalmannam Gram Panchayat2025-12-28T17:34:00Z<p>Joseph678: Added first article initial version</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Gram Panchayat in Palakkad district of Kerala, India}}<br />
{{Other uses|Kuzhalmannam (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
'''Kuzhalmannam''' ('''Kozhalmannam''', '''Coyalmannam''', '''കുഴൽമന്ദം ''') is a [[gram panchayat]] in the [[Palakkad district]], state of [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It is a local government organisation that serves the villages of [[Kuzhalmannam-I]] and [[Kuzhalmannam-II]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory |publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224702&rlbtype=V |access-date=31 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101142825/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewGPmapcvills.asp?gpcode=224702&rlbtype=V |archive-date=1 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
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== Pictures ==<br />
{{gallery<br />
|title=Kuzhalmannam <br />
|File:KuzhalmanamGramam.jpg|Kuzhalmannam<br />
|File:Paddy fields in Kuzhalmannam.JPG|Paddy Fields<br />
|File:PaddyFields.JPG|Paddy Fields<br />
|Image:KuzhalmannamPaddyfieldsSnap1.jpg|Paddy Illathkalam<br />
|File:TraditionalHarvesting.jpg|Traditional harvesting<br />
|File:MechanizedHarvesting.jpg|Mechanical harvesting<br />
}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{coord|10.6600|N|76.7000|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
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[[Category:Gram panchayats in Palakkad district]]<br />
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{{Palakkad-geo-stub}}</div>Joseph678