https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JosefinaK97Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-08T09:39:02ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaipamangalam_Assembly_constituency&diff=507443Kaipamangalam Assembly constituency2026-05-08T16:46:44Z<p>JosefinaK97: Stub</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Kaipamangalam<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| state = Kerala<br />
| constituency_no = 69<br />
| map_image = കടപ്പുറം.JPG<br />
| map_caption = [[Perinjanam]] beach in Kaipamangalam Assembly constituency<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| electors = 1,73,965 (2021)<br />
| mla = [[K. K. Valsaraj]]<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br />
| latest_election_year = 2021<br />
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kaipamangalam State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Chalakudy Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = https://www.thrissurkerala.com/general/assembly-constituencies<br />
|website = www.thrissurkerala.com<br />
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Thrissur district, Kerala.<br />
}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[E. T. Taison]] of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].<br />
<br />
==Local self-governed segments==<br />
Kaipamangalam Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html<br />
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Thrissur District<br />
|access-date = 9 March 2021<br />
|archive-date = 12 March 2011<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110312073152/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/thrissur.html<br />
|url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"<br />
!width="30px" |Sl no.<br />
!width="100px" |Name<br />
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br />
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Edavilangu]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Edathiruthy]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Eriyad<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Kaipamangalam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Mathilakam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Perinjanam]]<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Sreenarayanapuram<br />
|Grama panchayat<br />
|[[Kodungallur]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Niyama<br/>Sabha<br />
!Name<br />
!colspan=2 |Party<br />
!Tenure<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br />
| 13th<br />
| [[V. S. Sunil Kumar]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India}}<br />
| 2011 – 2016<br />
|-<br />
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br />
| 14th<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[E. T. Taison]]<br />
|2016 – 2021<br />
|-<br />
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br />
| 15th<br />
| [[Incumbent]]<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===2026===<br />
<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaipamangalam}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|candidate = K. K. Valsaraj<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Indian National Congress <br />
|candidate = T M Nazar<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena <br />
|candidate = Athulyaghosh<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|candidate = Jayan Eratt<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = <br />
|percentage = <br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = <br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2021 ===<br />
There were 1,73,965 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaipamangalam}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[E. T. Taison]]|votes=73,161|percentage=53.76|change={{increase}}4.16|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Shoba Subin|votes=50,463|percentage=37.08|change=-|14}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=C. D. Sreelal|votes=9,066|percentage=6.66|change={{decrease}}15.64|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=M. K. Aslam|votes=1,671|percentage=1.23|change={{decrease}}0.26|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M.K. Shameer|votes=814|percentage=0.60|change=-|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=466|percentage=0.34|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Thankamany Tharayil|votes=442|percentage=0.32|change=-}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box margin of victory|<br />
|votes = 22,698<br />
|percentage = 16.68<br />
|change ={{decrease}}8.14<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,73,965|percentage=78.22|change={{decrease}}1.07}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|<br />
|winner = Communist Party of India<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing ={{increase}}4.16<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2016 ===<br />
There were 1,69,907 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaipamangalam}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=E. T. Taison|votes=66,824|percentage=49.60|change={{decrease}}0.60|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|candidate=M. T. Muhammed Nahas|votes=33,384|percentage=24.78|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=Unnikrishnan Thashnath|votes=30,041|percentage=22.30|change=-|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=K. K. Shahjahan|votes=2,002|percentage=1.49|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Abdul Kareem P. M.|votes=624|percentage=0.46|change=-|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=565|percentage=0.46|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. A. Kuttapan|votes=257|percentage=0.19|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Biju Ittithara|votes=238|percentage=0.18|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=N. D. Venu|votes=227|percentage=0.17|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=33,440|percentage=24.82|change={{increase}}13.21}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India|swing={{decrease}}0.60}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,34,726|percentage=79.29|change={{increase}}3.30}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2011 ===<br />
There were 1,79,535 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kaipamangalam}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=V. S. Sunil Kumar|votes=58,789|percentage=50.20|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|candidate=Umesh Challiyil|votes=45,219|percentage=38.61|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=A. N. Radhakrishnan|votes=10,716|percentage=9.15|change=|}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=M. M. Manoj|votes=937|percentage=0.80|change=-}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. A. Kuttapan|votes=811|percentage=0.69|change=|}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=C. U. Nimi|votes=638|percentage=0.54|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=P. A. Kuttapan|votes=257|percentage=0.19|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,570|percentage=11.59|change=}}<br />
{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India}}{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,379|percentage=75.99|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Thrissur district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voice_of_America&diff=547832Voice of America2026-05-06T16:50:50Z<p>JosefinaK97: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|International US-owned broadcaster}}<br />
{{Redirect|VOA|other uses|VOA (disambiguation)|and|Voice of America (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{distinguish|The Voice of America (TV series){{!}}''The Voice of America'' (TV series)}}<br />
{{Use American English|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
| logo = VOA logo.svg<br />
| type = [[State media|State]]-funded [[international broadcaster]]<br />
| abbreviation = VOA or VoA<br />
| leader_title = Director<br />
| leader_name = Michael Abramowitz<br />
| founded = {{Start date and age|1942|2|1}}<br />
| defunct = {{end date and age|2025|3|15}} <small>End of news reporting</small><br/>{{end date and age|2025|6|20}} <small>Reduced to statutory minimum function</small><br />
| headquarters = [[Wilbur J. Cohen Federal Building]]<br />
| location = [[Washington, D.C.]], United States<br />
| budget = US$267.5 million<ref name="usagm.gov">{{Cite web |url=https://www.usagm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/USAGM-VOA-OneSheet-02-10-23-1.pdf |title=The Voice of America, the largest U.S. international broadcaster, provides a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news, tells America's story and presents a balanced and comprehensive projection of significant American thought and institutions |access-date=March 3, 2025 |archive-date=January 23, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123173602/https://www.usagm.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/USAGM-VOA-OneSheet-02-10-23-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
| budget_year = [[Fiscal year]] 2023<br />
| num_staff = ~200<br />
| num_staff_year = 2025<br />
| website = {{Official URL}} (Old)<br />
https://editorials.voa.gov/ (Current)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Voice of America''' ('''VOA''' or '''VoA''') is an [[international broadcaster]], [[State media|funded]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-19 |title=Donald Trump cuts funding to international US public media |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2025/03/19/donald-trump-cuts-funding-to-international-us-public-media_6739335_4.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-26 |title=Under Trump, Voice of America Is Down but Not Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/26/us/politics/under-trump-voice-of-america-is-down-but-not-out.html |access-date=2025-11-09 |language=en |quote=For nearly two years, Voice of America, a federal news agency dedicated to projecting American values around the world, provided intensive Persian-language coverage of Israel’s war with Hamas.}}</ref> by the [[United States federal government]] and established in 1942.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Dettmer |first1=Jamie |last2=Körömi |first2=Csongor |last3=Vincour |first3=Nicholas |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Inside the scramble to save America's pro-democracy media outlets from Trump |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/america-pro-democracy-media-closures-donald-trump-radio-free-europe-radio-liberty-voice-of-america-radio-free-asia/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=[[Politico]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Farmer |first=Brit McCandless |date=March 30, 2025 |title=The history of Voice of America - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/voice-of-america-history-60-minutes/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Knauth |first=Dietrich |date=March 28, 2025 |title=US judge temporarily blocks Trump from firing Voice of America staff |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/us-judge-temporarily-blocks-trump-firing-voice-america-staff-2025-03-28/ |access-date=July 12, 2025 |work=Reuters }}</ref> It is the largest and oldest of the US's existing international broadcasters, producing digital, TV, and radio content in 48 languages for affiliate stations around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2022 |title=VOA Launches Programming in Sindhi |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6641147.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708021455/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6641147.html |archive-date=July 8, 2022 |access-date=July 7, 2022 |website=Inside VOA }}</ref><ref name="Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press-2020">* {{Cite web |date=April 28, 2020 |title=RCFP urges Congress to protect Voice of America's editorial independence |url=https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/voice-of-america-independence/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032040/https://www.rcfp.org/briefs-comments/voice-of-america-independence/ |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press]]}}<br />
* {{Cite web |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Voice of America directors resign |url=https://aib.org.uk/voice-of-america-directors-resign/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423205238/https://aib.org.uk/voice-of-america-directors-resign/ |archive-date=April 23, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[Association for International Broadcasting]]}} by<br />
* {{Cite web |last1=Wright |first1=Kate |last2=Scott |first2=Martin |last3=Bunce |first3=Mel |date=June 25, 2020 |title=Voice of America struggle for independence highlights issue of state role in government-backed media |url=https://theconversation.com/voice-of-america-struggle-for-independence-highlights-issue-of-state-role-in-government-backed-media-141326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627075435/https://theconversation.com/voice-of-america-struggle-for-independence-highlights-issue-of-state-role-in-government-backed-media-141326 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |title=Voice of America: A History |date=2003 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |jstor=10.7312/heil12674 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |title=Trump appointee sweeps aside rule that ensured 'firewall' at Voice of America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-firewall-michael-pack-trump/2020/10/27/02a4fbae-1854-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622003949/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-firewall-michael-pack-trump/2020/10/27/02a4fbae-1854-11eb-befb-8864259bd2d8_story.html |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Its targeted and primary audience is non-Americans outside the American borders, especially those living in countries without [[press freedom]] or independent journalism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Farmer |first=Brit McCandless |date=March 30, 2025 |title=The history of Voice of America - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/voice-of-america-history-60-minutes/ |access-date=July 12, 2025 |website=CBSNews.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grynbaum |first=Michael M. |date=March 28, 2025 |title=U.S. Judge Orders Halt to Trump's Effort to Dismantle Voice of America |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/28/business/media/voice-of-america-lawsuit-trump.html |access-date=July 12, 2025 |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
VOA was established in 1942, during [[World War II]]. Building on American use of [[shortwave radio]] during the war, it initially served as an anti-propaganda tool against [[Axis powers|Axis]] misinformation but expanded to include other forms of content like American music programs for [[cultural diplomacy]]. During the [[Cold War]], its operations expanded in an effort to fight communism and played a role in the decline of communism in several countries. Throughout its operations, it has aimed to broadcast uncensored information to residents under restrictive regimes, even airing behind the [[Iron Curtain]]. In response, some countries began investing in technology to [[Radio jamming|jam]] VOA broadcasts. In 2017, Russia designated VOA a [[Russian foreign agent law|foreign agent]], requiring it to establish a Russian legal entity. It was blocked in Russia along with some other western international broadcasters in 2022. Its programming can be accessed by Russian listeners using [[VPN]]s and other software. Its journalists often take substantial risks reporting inside repressive regimes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Raksha |date=April 4, 2025 |title=What's Lost if Voice of America Disappears: Watchdog Spirit, Intrepid Reporters, and Focus on the Global South |url=https://gijn.org/stories/whats-lost-if-voice-of-america-disappears-watchdog-spirit-intrepid-reporters-and-focus-on-the-global-south/ |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=gijn.org }}</ref><br />
<br />
It is headquartered in Washington, D.C., and overseen by the [[U.S. Agency for Global Media]] (USAGM), an [[independent agency of the U.S. government]] funded with Congressional approval, which also oversees [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.insidevoa.com/p/5728.html |title=VOA Charter |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161120165209/http://www.insidevoa.com/p/5728.html |archive-date=November 20, 2016 |website=Inside VOA |publisher=Voice of America Public Relations }}</ref> Funds are appropriated annually under the budget for embassies and consulates. As of 2022, VOA had a weekly worldwide audience of approximately 326 million (up from 237 million in 2016) and employed 961 staff with an annual budget of $267.5 million.<ref name="usagm.gov" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Borchers |first=Callum |date=January 26, 2017 |title=Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ |archive-date=August 18, 2018 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="VOANews2016">{{Cite web |last=VOA Public Relations |date=December 5, 2016 |title=The Largest U.S. International Broadcaster |url=https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2016/12/05/5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200906224328/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2016/12/05/5d1e6a53-3ed2-4c3e-b043-ecae12d9eed8.pdf |archive-date=September 6, 2020 |access-date=August 11, 2017 |website=VOA News |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref><br />
<br />
The VOA served its propaganda function by pursuing objective journalism, demonstrating that the US has [[Freedom of the press|free press]] and [[Freedom of speech|free speech]] and providing a contrast for people living in countries where the state exerts tight control over the media. Policies have been implemented to try to preserve its accuracy and independence, including the 1976 VOA charter, which mandates its reporting be "accurate, objective, and comprehensive",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/p/5831.html |title=Mission and Values |website=InsideVOA.com |url-status=live |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019095816/https://www.insidevoa.com/p/5831.html |archive-date=October 19, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg823.pdf 90 Stat. 823] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009220829/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-90/pdf/STATUTE-90-Pg823.pdf |date=October 9, 2017 }}, [https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-108/pdf/STATUTE-108-Pg4299.pdf 108 Stat. 4299]</ref> and the [[International Broadcasting Act|1994 U.S. International Broadcasting Act]], which prohibits editorial interference by government officials. The agency refers to these laws as its "firewall".<br />
<br />
Under the [[First presidency of Donald Trump|first Trump administration]], leadership at the agency was replaced with Trump allies and there were several allegations, both internal and external, of interference in hiring and coverage to be loyal to Trump. In [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|his second administration]], Trump signed an [[executive order]] cutting funding to the USAGM. On March 14, 2025, almost all of VOA's 1,300 journalists, producers and assistants were placed on administrative leave.<ref name="guard-15mar2025">{{cite news |last1=Helmore |first1=Edward |title=Trump sharpens attacks on US media as Voice of America employees put on administrative leave |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/mar/15/trump-media-attacks |access-date=March 17, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 15, 2025}}</ref><ref name="Reuters-2025">{{cite news |title=Voice of America staff put on leave, Trump ally says agency 'not salvageable' |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trump-signs-order-gut-voice-america-other-agencies-2025-03-15/ |access-date=March 17, 2025 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=March 15, 2025 |archive-date=March 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318155551/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/trump-signs-order-gut-voice-america-other-agencies-2025-03-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, many VOA foreign language broadcasts replaced news and other regularly scheduled programming with music and the VOA website ceased being updated.<ref name="silentCNN">{{cite news |title=Voice of America channels fall silent as Trump administration guts agency and cancels contracts |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2025/03/15/media/voice-of-america-trump-cuts/index.html |work=[[CNN]] |date=March 15, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025}}</ref><ref name="SilentNYT">{{cite news |title=As Voice of America Goes Dark, Some Broadcasts Are Replaced by Music |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/16/business/voa-trump-dismantle.html |access-date=March 17, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 16, 2025}}</ref> On May 6, 2025, Trump ally [[Kari Lake]], the acting head of the agency overseeing VOA, announced that [[One America News]] (OAN), a [[far-right]], pro-Trump network known for promoting [[conspiracy theories]], would provide news coverage for VOA.<ref name="guard-7may2025">{{cite news |last1=Gabbatt |first1=Adam |date=May 7, 2025 |title=Embattled Voice of America to use newsfeed from hard-right network |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/may/07/voice-america-one-america-news |access-date=May 7, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref name="CNN">{{Cite web |last=Stelter |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stelter |date=May 7, 2025 |title=MAGA outlet OAN to provide content for hollowed-out Voice of America, says Kari Lake |url=https://edition.cnn.com/voice-of-america-one-america-news-kari-lake |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On June 20, 2025, layoff notices were sent to 639 VOA employees, completing an 85% reduction in staff at the U.S. Agency for Global Media since the beginning of Trump's second term, and effectively shutting down the service. Of the entire USAGM, 250 employees remained on staff, close to the statutory minimum, with approximately 200 of those at VOA.<ref name="ap-20jun2025">{{cite news |last1=Bauder |first1=David |date=June 20, 2025 |title=Layoff notices delivered to hundreds of Voice of America employees |url=https://apnews.com/article/voice-of-america-layoffs-trump-global-media-7a862bdc530dd3d48657c00d2df54539 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620193953/https://apnews.com/article/voice-of-america-layoffs-trump-global-media-7a862bdc530dd3d48657c00d2df54539 |url-status=live |access-date=June 20, 2025 }}</ref><ref name="news">{{cite news |date=June 20, 2025 |url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/voice-america-parent-terminates-over-231500560.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9ndGEuYm9hcmRob3N0LmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAKCgBAAIhWmH7-CFX9EAKom0jnU0N-DaFDPRLkC2NiOVONONb0giua8DT-YB2_e-_0CBbbBrMesgj7gc3l21hsyr-_SulhrOjlZcxDxUhZ3RpKV9NsyDP2WTP8BKhMIM3BaIqd703idEW6Cnm1BMpPiVoz26aWnvCE4wAFSdbnHI |title=Voice of America parent terminates over 600 more staff in likely death knell |work=[[Yahoo News]] |agency=[[Reuters]] |access-date=June 21, 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On March 17, 2026, U.S. District Court Judge Royce Lamberth ordered more than 1,000 VOA employees to return to work by March 23.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Calhoun |first=Raquel |date=2026-03-17 |title=Voice of America Employees Ordered to Return to Work, Judge Says Kari Lake Is 'Unlawfully Withholding Agency Action' |url=https://www.thewrap.com/media-platforms/politics/voice-of-america-return-to-work-order-kari-lake/ |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=TheWrap |language=en-US}}</ref> This ruling followed Lamberth's March 7, 2026 invalidation of President Trump's appointment of Kari Lake to lead VOA's parent agency, which nullified the mass layoffs and other actions she took in 2025.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Salam |first=Erum |date=2026-03-08 |title=Judge voids Kari Lake’s mass layoffs at Voice of America |url=https://www.ms.now/news/judge-voids-kari-lakes-mass-layoffs-at-voice-of-america |access-date=2026-03-18 |website=MS NOW |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
===American private shortwave broadcasting before World War II===<br />
[[File:Voice of America headquarters and United States Capitol.jpg|thumb|Voice of America headquarters]]<br />
<br />
Before World War II, all American [[shortwave radio]] stations were in private hands.<ref name="Berg 1999 p105">{{cite book |last=Berg |first=Jerome S. |title=On the Short Waves, 1923–1945: Broadcast Listening in the Pioneer Days of Radio |date=1999 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-0506-6 |page=105 }}</ref> Privately controlled shortwave networks included the [[NBC|National Broadcasting Company]]'s International Network (or White Network), which broadcast in six languages, the [[CBS|Columbia Broadcasting System]]'s Latin American international network, which consisted of 64 stations located in 18 countries, the [[Crosley Broadcasting Corporation]] in Cincinnati, Ohio, and [[General Electric]] which owned and operated WGEO and WGEA, both based in [[Schenectady, New York]], and [[KGEI]] in [[San Francisco]], all of which had [[shortwave transmitter]]s.<ref>Chamberlain, A.B. "CBS International Broadcast Facilities". ''Proceedings of the IRE'', Volume 30, Issue 3, March 1942 pp. 118–129.</ref><ref>Library of Congress. "NBC Resources Held by the Recorded Sound Section." [https://www.loc.gov/rr/record/recnbc.html Library of Congress] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702121133/http://www.loc.gov/rr/record/recnbc.html |date=July 2, 2018 }}</ref> Experimental programming began in the 1930s, but there were fewer than 12 transmitters in operation.<ref name="Dizard_24">{{harvp|Dizard|2004|p=24}}</ref><br />
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In 1939, the U.S. [[Federal Communications Commission]] set the following policy, which was intended to enforce the [[US State Department]]'s [[Good Neighbor Policy]], but which some broadcasters felt was an attempt to direct censorship:<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=NABusiness |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771673-1,00.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322072617/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,771673-1,00.html |archive-date=March 22, 2008 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]}}</ref><br />
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<blockquote>A licensee of an international broadcast station shall render only an international broadcast service which will reflect the culture of this country and which will promote international goodwill, understanding and cooperation. Any program solely intended for, and directed to an audience in the continental United States does not meet the requirements for this service.<ref>Rose, Cornelia Bruère. ''National Policy for Radio Broadcasting.'' 1971, Ayer Publishing. {{ISBN|0-405-03580-2}}. p. 244</ref></blockquote><br />
<br />
Around 1940, shortwave signals to [[Latin America]] were regarded as vital to counter [[Nazi propaganda]].<ref name="Dizard_24" /> Initially, the US [[Office of the Coordinator of Information]] sent releases to each station, but this was seen as an inefficient means of transmitting news.<ref name="Berg 1999 p105" /> The director of Latin American relations at the Columbia Broadcasting System was [[Edmund A. Chester]], and he supervised the development of CBS's extensive [[La Cadena de las Américas]] radio network to improve broadcasting to [[South America]] during the 1940s.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166 ''Dissonant Divas In Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406003731/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=Edmund+Chester&pg=PA166 |date=April 6, 2023 }} Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 {{ISBN|978-0-8166-7316-2}} pp. 152–153 Edmund Chester, CBS, Franklin Roosevelt and "La Cadena De Las Americas"</ref><br />
<br />
===World War II===<br />
{{See also|Frank Shozo Baba}}<br />
{{External media|width=175px|image1="La Cadena de las Américas" – [[Edmund Chester]] CBS Radio Director in 1943 <br /> [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/radio-director-of-shortwave-broadcasts-edmund-a-chester-and-news-photo/537936608?adppopup=true '''Here on Getty Images''']|image2=The"[[Viva America]]" program on CBS Radio including vocalist [[Nestor Mesta Chayres]] in 1946 <br /> [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905998882?adppopup=true '''Here on Getty images''']|image3= "Viva America" – CBS Radio and [[Alfredo Antonini]], Conductor in 1946 <br /> [https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/viva-america-a-cbs-radio-program-featuring-latin-america-news-photo/905995866?adppopup=true '''Here on Getty Images''']}}<br />
Even before the December 1941 Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], the U.S. government's [[Office of the Coordinator of Information]] (COI) had already begun providing war news and commentary to the commercial American shortwave radio stations for use on a voluntary basis, through its Foreign Information Service (FIS) headed by playwright [[Robert E. Sherwood]], who served as President [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]]'s speech writer and information advisor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roberts |first=Walter R. |title=The Voice of America: Origins and Recollections |url=http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426030633/https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html |archive-date=April 26, 2018 |access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref> Direct programming began a week after the United States' entry into World War II in December 1941, with the first broadcast from the San Francisco office of the FIS via General Electric's KGEI transmitting to the Philippines in English (other languages followed). The next step was to broadcast to Germany, which was called ''Stimmen aus Amerika'' ("Voices from America") and was transmitted on February 1, 1942. It was introduced by the “[[Battle Hymn of the Republic]]" and included the pledge: "Today, and every day from now on, we will be with you from America to talk about the war... The news may be good or bad for us – We will always tell you the truth."<ref>Roberts, Walter R. [http://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html UNC.edu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180426030633/https://www.unc.edu/depts/diplomat/item/2009/1012/fsl/roberts_voice.html |date=April 26, 2018 }} See also: {{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Chris |title=A Belated Correction: The ''Real'' First Broadcast of the Voice of America |url=http://www.chriskern.net/essay/voaFirstBroadcast.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224123522/http://www.chriskern.net/essay/voaFirstBroadcast.html |archive-date=February 24, 2021 |access-date=October 3, 2010}}</ref> Roosevelt approved this broadcast, which then-Colonel [[William J. Donovan]] (COI) and Sherwood (FIS) had recommended to him. It was Sherwood who actually coined the term "The Voice of America" to describe the shortwave network that began its transmissions on February 1, from 270 [[Madison Avenue]] in New York City.<br />
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The [[Office of War Information]], when organized in the middle of 1942, officially took over VOA's operations. VOA reached an agreement with the [[British Broadcasting Corporation]] to share medium-wave transmitters in Great Britain, and expanded into [[Tunis]] in North Africa and [[Palermo]] and [[Bari, Italy]], as the Allies captured these territories. The OWI also set up the [[American Broadcasting Station in Europe]].<ref>{{harvp|Dizard|2004|pp=24–25}}</ref> Asian transmissions started with one transmitter in [[California]] in 1941; services were expanded by adding transmitters in [[Hawaii]] and, after recapture, the [[Philippines]].<ref name="Dizard_25">{{harvp|Dizard|2004|p=25}}</ref><br />
<br />
By the end of the war, VOA had 39 transmitters and provided service in 40 languages.<ref name="Dizard_25" /> Programming was broadcast from production centers in New York and San Francisco, with more than 1,000 programs originating from New York. Programming consisted of music, news, commentary, and relays of U.S. domestic programming, in addition to specialized VOA programming.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Sterling |first1=Christopher H. |title=Stay Tuned: a History of American Broadcasting |last2=Kittross |first2=John Michael |publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-8058-2624-1 |edition=3rd |series=LEA's Communication Series |page=263}}</ref> About half of VOA's services, including the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] service, were discontinued in 1945.<ref name="Rugh 2006, 13">{{harvp|Rugh|2006|p=13}}</ref> In late 1945, VOA was transferred to the US Department of State.<br />
<br />
Also included among the [[cultural diplomacy]] programming on the Columbia Broadcasting System was the musical show ''[[Viva America]]'' (1942–49) which featured the Pan American Orchestra and the artistry of several noted musicians from both North and South America, including [[Alfredo Antonini]], [[Juan Arvizu]], [[Eva Garza]], [[Elsa Miranda]], [[Nestor Mesta Chayres|Nestor Mesta Chaires]], [[Miguel Sandoval (composer)|Miguel Sandoval]], [[John Serry Sr.]], and [[Terig Tucci]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Settel |first=Irving |title=A Pictorial History of Radio |publisher=[[Grosset & Dunlap]] |year=1967 |location=New York |page=146 |lccn=67-23789 |oclc=1475068 |orig-year=1960}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor1=Bronfman, Alejandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ehN4sM0Xy_UC&pg=PA49 |title=Media Sound & Culture in Latin America|editor2=Wood, Andrew Grant|publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press<br />
|location=Pittsburgh |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8229-6187-1 |page=49 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=Edwin D. |title=Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs |publisher=National Archives and Record Services – General Services Administration |year=1973 |volume=Inventory of Record Group 229 |location=Washington D.C. |pages=25–26 |chapter=Records of the Radio Division |lccn=73-600146 <!-- dead --> |access-date=October 18, 2020 |chapter-url=https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=33 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004731/https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf#page=33 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> By 1945, broadcasts of the show were carried by 114 stations on CBS's [[La Cadena de las Américas]] network in 20 Latin American nations. These broadcasts proved to be highly successful in supporting President Roosevelt's policy of [[Pan-Americanism]] throughout South America during World War II.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166 ''Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of La Onda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406122859/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=ociaa&pg=PA166 |date=April 6, 2023 }} Deborah R. Vargas. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2012 pp. 152–155 {{ISBN|978-0-8166-7316-2}} OCIAA (Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs), FDR's Good Neighbor Policy, CBS, Viva America, La Cadena de las Americas</ref><br />
<br />
===Cold War===<br />
[[File:Iron Curtain map.svg|thumb|upright|The [[Iron Curtain]], in black:<br />
{{Legend|#004990|[[NATO]] members{{efn|[[Spain]] joined NATO in 1982.}}<br />
{{Legend|#FF8282|[[Warsaw Pact]] countries}}}}]]<br />
<br />
The VOA ramped up its operations during the [[Cold War]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2023 |title=Voice of America |url=https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5859 |website=Ohio Memory |publisher=Ohio History Connection, State Library of Ohio |access-date=February 12, 2024 |archive-date=December 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228034547/https://ohiomemory.ohiohistory.org/archives/5859 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Foy D. Kohler|Foy Kohler]], the director of VOA from 1949 to 1952, strongly believed that the VOA was serving its purpose, which he identified as aiding in the fight against communism.<ref name="Kohler-1951">{{Cite journal |last=Kohler |first=Foy |date=1951 |title=The Effectiveness of the Voice of America |journal=The Quarterly of Film Radio and Television |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=20–29 |doi=10.2307/1209931 |jstor=1209931 |hdl-access=free |hdl=2027/hvd.32044057212938}}</ref> He argued that the numbers of listeners they were getting such as 194,000 regular listeners in Sweden, and 2.1 million regular listeners in France, was an indication of a positive impact. As further evidence, he noted that the VOA received 30,000 letters a month from listeners all over the world, and hundreds of thousands of requests for broadcasting schedules.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kohler |first=Foy |date=1951 |title=Voice Of America |journal=Naval War College Information Service for Officers |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=1–20 |jstor=44792598}}</ref> There was an analysis done of some of those letters sent in 1952 and 1953 while Kohler was still director. The study found that letter writing could be an indicator of successful, actionable persuasion. It was also found that broadcasts in different countries were having different effects. In one country, regular listeners adopted and practiced American values presented by the broadcast. Age was also a factor: younger and older audiences tended to like different types of programs, no matter the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herzog |first=H. |date=1952 |title=Listener Mail to the Voice of America |journal=The Public Opinion Quarterly |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=607–611 |doi=10.1086/266423 |jstor=2746119}}</ref> Kohler used all of this as evidence to claim that the VOA helped to grow and strengthen the free world. It also influenced the UN in their decision to condemn communist actions in Korea, and was a major factor in the decline of communism in the "free world, including key countries such as Italy and France.<ref name="Kohler-1951" /> In Italy, the VOA contributed to the decline of communism and a process of "[[Westernization]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tobia |first=S |date=2013 |title=Did the RAI buy it? The role and limits of American broadcasting in Italy in the Cold War |journal=Cold War History |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=171–191 |doi=10.1080/14682745.2012.746665 |s2cid=154534690|url=http://americanae.aecid.es/americanae/es/registros/registro.do?tipoRegistro=MTD&idBib=3067296 }}</ref> The VOA also had an impact behind the [[Iron Curtain]]. Practically all defectors during Kohler's time said that the VOA helped in their decision to defect.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP65B00383R000100050038-7.pdf |title=Russian Defector Gives Witness to the Effectiveness of Voice of America |access-date=March 3, 2025 }}</ref> Another indication of impact, according to Kohler, was the Soviet response. Kohler argued that the Soviets responded because the VOA was having an impact. Based on Soviet responses, it can be presumed that the most effective programs were ones that compared the lives of those behind and outside the Iron Curtain, questions on the practice of slave labor, as well as lies and errors in [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s version of [[Marxism]].<ref name="Kohler-1951" /><br />
<br />
In 1947, VOA started broadcasting to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] citizens in Russia under the pretext of countering "more harmful instances of [[Soviet propaganda]] directed against American leaders and policies" on the part of the internal Soviet Russian-language media, according to John B. Whitton's treatise, ''Cold War Propaganda''.<ref name="whitton">{{Cite journal |last=John B. Whitton |year=1951 |title=Cold War propaganda |journal=[[American Journal of International Law]] |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=151–153 |doi=10.2307/2194791 |jstor=2194791 |s2cid=146989731}}</ref> The Soviet Union responded by initiating electronic [[radio jamming|jamming]] of VOA broadcasts on April 24, 1949.<ref name="whitton" /><br />
<br />
[[Charles W. Thayer]] headed VOA in 1948–49.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Thayer (1948–1949) |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/4488436.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012715/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/4488436.html |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=VOA |date=July 18, 2018 }}</ref> Over the next few years, the U.S. government debated the best role of Voice of America. The decision was made to use VOA broadcasts as part of [[Foreign policy of the United States|U.S. foreign policy]] to counter the propaganda of the [[Soviet Union]] and other countries. The Arabic service resumed on January 1, 1950, with a half-hour program. This program grew to 14.5 hours daily during the [[Suez Crisis]] of 1956, and was six hours a day by 1958.<ref name="Rugh 2006, 13" /> Between 1952 and 1960, Voice of America used a converted [[United States Coast Guard|U.S. Coast Guard]] cutter, ''[[USCGC Courier (WAGR-410)|Courier]],'' as its first mobile [[Offshore radio|broadcasting ship]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andrew Glass |title=Voice of America begins broadcasts to the Soviet Union, Feb. 17, 1947 |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/voice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012650/https://www.politico.com/story/2016/02/voice-of-america-begins-broadcasts-to-the-soviet-union-feb-17-1947-219288 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[Politico]] |date=February 17, 2016 }}</ref><br />
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[[File:Willis Conover 1969.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Willis Conover]] broadcasting with Voice of America in 1969]]<br />
<br />
Control of VOA passed from the State Department to the [[U.S. Information Agency]] when the latter was established in 1953<ref name="Rugh 2006, 13" /> to transmit worldwide, including to the countries behind the Iron Curtain and to the People's Republic of China. From 1955 until 2003, VOA broadcast American jazz on the ''[[Voice of America Jazz Hour]]''. Hosted for most of that period by [[Willis Conover]], the program had 30 million listeners at its peak. A program aimed at [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] in 1956 broadcast two hours nightly, and special programs such as ''The [[Newport Jazz Festival]]'' were also transmitted. This was done in association with tours by U.S. musicians, such as [[Dizzy Gillespie]], [[Louis Armstrong]], and [[Duke Ellington]], sponsored by the State Department.<ref>Appy, Christian G. Cold ''War Constructions: The Political Culture of United States Imperialism''. 2000, [[University of Massachusetts Press]]; {{ISBN|1-55849-218-6}}, p. 126.</ref> From August 1952 through May 1953, Billy Brown, a high school senior in [[Westchester County, New York]], had a Monday night program in which he shared everyday happenings in [[Yorktown Heights, New York]]. Brown's program ended due to its popularity: his "chatty narratives" attracted so much fan mail, VOA couldn't afford the $500 a month in clerical and postage costs required to respond to listeners' letters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folsom |first=Merrill |date=May 28, 1953 |title='Voice' to Drop Boy's Broadcasts; Can't Afford to Answer Fan Mail |work=[[The New York Times]] |volume=CII |issue=34823 |page=1 }}</ref> In 1953, VOA personnel were subjected to [[McCarthyism|McCarthyist]] policies, where VOA was accused by Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]], [[Roy Cohn]], and [[G. David Schine|Gerard David Schine]] of intentionally planning to build weak transmitting stations to sabotage VOA broadcasts. The charges were dropped after one month of court hearings in February and March 1953.<ref name="Central European University Press-2010">{{Cite book |title=Cold War broadcasting: impact on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe : a collection of studies and documents |date=2010 |publisher=Central European University Press |editor1=A. Ross Johnson |editor2=R. Eugene Parta |author=Timothy Garton Ash |isbn=978-1-4416-7708-2 |location=Budapest |oclc=671648365}}</ref><br />
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Sometime around 1954, VOA's headquarters were moved from New York to Washington, D.C. The arrival of cheap, low-cost transistors enabled the significant growth of shortwave radio listeners. During the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1956]], VOA's broadcasts were deemed controversial, as Hungarian refugees and revolutionaries thought that VOA served as a medium and insinuated the possible arrival of Western aid.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Uttaro |first=Ralph A. |date=1982 |title=The Voices of America in International Radio Propaganda |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191297 |url-status=live |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=103–122 |doi=10.2307/1191297 |issn=0023-9186 |jstor=1191297 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627133231/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1191297 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=March 17, 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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Throughout the [[Cold War]], many of the targeted countries' governments sponsored [[radio jamming|jamming]] of VOA broadcasts, which sometimes led critics to question the broadcasts' actual impact. For example, in 1956, the [[Polish People's Republic]] stopped jamming VOA transmissions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Varis |first=Tapio |date=1970 |title=The Control of Information by Jamming Radio Broadcasts |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158 |url-status=live |journal=Cooperation and Conflict |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=168–184 |doi=10.1177/001083677000500303 |issn=0010-8367 |jstor=45083158 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627012650/https://www.jstor.org/stable/45083158 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |s2cid=145418504|url-access=subscription }}</ref> but the [[People's Republic of Bulgaria]] continued to jam the signal through the 1970s. [[Edward R. Murrow]] said that: "The Russians spend more money jamming the Voice of America than we have to spend for the entire program of the entire Agency. They spend about $125 million <br />
[${{Format price|{{Inflation|US|125000000|1966|r=-8}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}] a year jamming it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6joTAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22voice+of+america%22+-voanews+russia&pg=PA942|title=Postal Rate Revision of 1962: Hearings Before the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, United States Senate, Eighty-seventh Congress, Second Session, on H.R. 7927, an Act to Adjust Postal Rates, and for Other Purposes, March 6, 13, 22; April 3, 10, 17; May 1, 21, 28; June 26; July 3, 10, 17, 24, 31; August 2, 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, and 23, 1962|first=United States Congress Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil|last=Service|date=February 12, 1962|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|via=Google Books}}</ref> [[Chinese language|Chinese-language]] VOA broadcasts were jammed beginning in 1956 and extending through 1976.<ref>''Broadcasting Yearbook'', 1976 and 1979 editions.</ref> Following the collapse of the [[Warsaw Pact]] and the Soviet Union, interviews with participants in anti-Soviet movements verified the effectiveness of VOA broadcasts in transmitting information to socialist societies.<ref>Conference Report, ''Cold War Impact of VOA Broadcasts,'' Hoover Institution and the Cold War International History Project of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Oct. 13–16, 2004</ref> The People's Republic of China diligently jams VOA broadcasts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bihlmayer |first=Ulrich |date=September 12, 2006 |title=Fighting the Chinese Government "Firedragon" – Music Jammer AND "Sound of Hope" Broadcasting (SOH), Taiwan |url=http://www.iarums-r1.org/iarums/prcdragon.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216021842/http://www.iarums-r1.org/iarums/prcdragon.pdf |archive-date=February 16, 2008 |access-date=January 15, 2008 |publisher=IARU Region 1 Monitoring System}}</ref> [[Cuba]] has also been reported to interfere with VOA satellite transmissions to [[Iran]] from its Russian-built transmission site at [[Bejucal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S.: Cuba Jamming TV Signals To Iran – Local News Story – WTVJ |url=http://www.nbc6.net/news/2334674/detail.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224191817/http://www.nbc6.net/news/2334674/detail.html |archive-date=December 24, 2008 |access-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref> David Jackson, former director of Voice of America, noted: "The [[North Korea]]n government doesn't jam us, but they try to keep people from listening through intimidation or worse. But people figure out ways to listen despite the odds. They're very resourceful."<ref>Jackson, David. "The Future of Radio II." ''World Radio TV Handbook'', 2007 ed., Billboard Books. {{ISBN|0-8230-5997-9}}. p 38.</ref><br />
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[[File:Martin Luther King Jr. addresses a crowd from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] addresses a crowd from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, where he delivered his "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.|left]]<br />
{{Listen<br />
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Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, VOA covered some of the era's most important news, including [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s 1963 "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vofsaBdqxWEC&pg=PA71 |title=Voice of America: A History |year=2003 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0231126748 }}</ref> the [[Assassination of John F. Kennedy]], and [[Neil Armstrong]]'s 1969 [[Apollo 11#Lunar surface operations|first walk on the Moon]], which drew an audience estimated at between 615 and 750 million people. In 1973, due to the détente policies in the Cold War, Soviet jamming of the VOA ceased; it restarted in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1841&context=mjil|title=Jamming and the Law of International Communications |access-date=March 3, 2025 |archive-date=June 10, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610195120/https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1841&context=mjil|url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:A Man on the Moon, AS11-40-5903 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Buzz Aldrin]] on the moon, in a photograph taken by [[Neil Armstrong]], who can be seen in the visor reflection along with Earth<ref name="Byrne. 2019">{{cite web |last=Byrne |first=Dave |title=Apollo 11 Image Library |website=hq.nasa.gov |date=July 8, 2019 |url=https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 |access-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-date=February 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224163200/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a11/images11.html#Mag37 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]<br />
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In the early 1980s, VOA began a $1.3 billion rebuilding program to improve broadcasting with better technical capabilities. During the implementation of [[Martial law in Poland]] between 1981 and 1983, VOA's Polish broadcasts expanded to seven hours daily. Throughout the 1980s, VOA focused on covering events from the "American hinterland", such as 150th anniversary of the [[Oregon Trail]].<ref name="Central European University Press-2010" /> Also in the 1980s, VOA also added a television service, as well as special regional programs to Cuba, [[Radio Martí]] and [[TV Martí]]. Cuba has consistently attempted to jam such broadcasts and has vociferously protested U.S. broadcasts directed at Cuba. In September 1980, VOA started broadcasting to [[Afghanistan]] in [[Dari language|Dari]] and in [[Pashto language|Pashto]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Broadcasting to Afghanistan |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/p/6455.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515235847/https://www.insidevoa.com/p/6455.html |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=VOA }}</ref> In 1981, VOA opened a bureau in [[Beijing]], China.<ref name=":Li">{{Cite book |last=Li |first=Hongshan |date=2024 |title=Fighting on the Cultural Front: U.S.-China Relations in the Cold War |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=9780231207058 |location=New York, New York |page=326 |doi=10.7312/li--20704 |jstor=10.7312/li--20704}}</ref> The next year, it began regular exchanges with [[China Radio International|Radio Peking]].<ref name=":Li" /><br />
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In 1985, VOA Europe was established as a special service in English that was relayed via satellite to AM, FM, and cable affiliates throughout Europe. With a contemporary format including live disc jockeys, the network presented top musical hits as well as VOA news and features of local interest (such as "EuroFax") 24 hours a day. VOA Europe was closed down without advance public notice in January 1997 as a cost-cutting measure.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Holland |first=Bill |date=March 8, 1997 |title=VOA Europe: A Victim of Bureaucracy? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |volume=109 |issue=10 |access-date=June 3, 2020 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161336/https://books.google.com/books?id=qQ4EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> It was followed by VOA Express, which from July 4, 1999, was revamped into VOA Music Mix.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |title=Voice of America: A History |date=2003 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |page=299 |jstor=10.7312/heil12674 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/heil12674 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since November 1, 2014, stations have been offering VOA1 (which is a rebranding of VOA Music Mix).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeno.fm/radio/voa1thehits/ |title=Listen to VOA1 |website=Zeno.FM }}</ref><br />
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In 1989, Voice of America expanded its [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] and [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] programming to reach millions of Chinese and inform the country about the pro-democracy movement within the country, including the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|demonstration in Tiananmen Square]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations. |title=The Radio Free China Act, S. 2985 : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, September 15, 1992 |date=1992 |publisher=U.S. G.P.O. |isbn=0-16-039614-X |location=Washington |oclc=27408482 }}</ref> Starting in 1990, the U.S. consolidated its international broadcasting efforts with the establishment of the Bureau of Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM |url=https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/history/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702010128/https://www.usagm.gov/who-we-are/history/ |archive-date=July 2, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=USAGM }}</ref><br />
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===Post–Cold War===<br />
With the breakup of the Soviet bloc in Eastern Europe, VOA added many additional language services to reach those areas. This decade was marked by the additions of services in [[Standard Tibetan]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] (to Iran and Iraq), [[Serbo-Croatian]] (Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian), [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], and [[Rwanda-Rundi]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=VOA Guide: Voice of America English Broadcasts Worldwide |date=1998 |publication-place=University of Minnesota |publisher=VOA|page=8 |chapter=Voice of America broadcasts in 52 languages |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ7DpUe1SO4C&pg=PA8 |issue=1 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161246/https://books.google.com/books?id=pJ7DpUe1SO4C&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Language Service Fact Sheets |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html#Eurasia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408170711/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html#Eurasia |archive-date=April 8, 2022 |access-date=April 19, 2022 |website=insidevoa.com |publisher=Voice of America Public Relations}}</ref> During this period, Voice of America’s coverage of Central and Eastern Europe included reporting by [[Jolyon Naegele]], who served as the region’s correspondent from 1984 to 1994.<br />
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In 1993, the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton|Clinton administration]] advised cutting funding for [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], as it believed post-Cold War information and influence were not needed in Europe. This plan was not well received, and US president [[Bill Clinton]] then proposed the compromise of the [[International Broadcasting Act]], which he signed into law in 1994. This law established the [[International Broadcasting Bureau]] as a part of the [[United States Information Agency]] (USIA), and established the [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]] (BBG) with oversight authority, which took control from the Board for International Broadcasters, which previously had overseen funding for RFE/RL.<ref name="Raghavan">Raghavan, Sudarsan V., Stephen S. Johnson, and Kristi K. Bahrenburg. "Sending cross-border static: on the fate of Radio Free Europe and the influence of international broadcasting," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 47, 1993, access on March 25, 2011.</ref> In 1998, the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act was signed into law, and mandated that the BBG become an [[Independent agencies of the United States government|independent federal agency]] as of October 1, 1999. This act also abolished the USIA and merged most of its functions into those of the State Department.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-306 |title=Records of the United States Information Agency (RG 306) |date=August 15, 2016 |website=National Archives }}</ref><br />
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The Arabic Service was abolished in 2002 and replaced by a new radio service, called the Middle East Radio Network or [[Radio Sawa]], with an initial budget of $22 million. [[Radio Sawa]] offered mostly Western and Middle Eastern popular songs with periodic brief news bulletins. It then expanded to television with [[Alhurra]] in February 2004 (and later to various social media and websites).<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM |url=https://www.usagm.gov/networks/mbn/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703122757/https://www.usagm.gov/networks/mbn/ |archive-date=July 3, 2022 |access-date=July 23, 2019}}</ref> In May 2004, the US government's international English-language TV service [[Worldnet Television and Film Service|Worldnet]] became part of VOA as "VOA TV".<br />
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As part of an effort to allocate resources to broadcasts in the [[Islamic world]],<ref name="post">{{Cite news |last=Lakshmi |first=Rama |date=September 12, 2008 |title=India Set to Lose Voice of America |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091103305.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228210333/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/11/AR2008091103305.html |archive-date=December 28, 2018 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref name="publica">{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2008 |title=Voice of America to Cut Language Services |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/voice-of-america-to-cut-language-services-709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611160646/https://www.propublica.org/article/voice-of-america-to-cut-language-services-709 |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=propublica.org}}</ref> radio programs in Russian, Hindi, Ukrainian, Serbian, Macedonian, and Bosnian ended in 2008.<ref name="post" /><ref name="publica" /> In September 2010, VOA began radio broadcasts in Sudan. As U.S. interests in [[South Sudan]] grew, there was a desire to provide people with free information.<ref>Abedje, Ashenafi. "Voice of America Expands its Sudan Programming," Voice of America News, September 17, 2010. Retrieved on March 25, 2011</ref> In 2013, budget cuts led VOA to end foreign-language transmissions on shortwave and medium wave to Albania, Georgia, Iran, and Latin America, as well as English-language broadcasts to the Middle East and Afghanistan.<ref name="inside">{{Cite web |date=March 26, 2013 |title=VOA Reducing Radio Frequencies |url=http://www.insidevoa.com/content/voa-reducing-radio-frequencies/1629194.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405082510/http://www.insidevoa.com/content/voa-reducing-radio-frequencies/1629194.html |archive-date=April 5, 2015 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=insidevoa.com}}</ref> Then, in 2014, most of its English-language transmissions to Asia were cut,<ref name="arrl">{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2014 |title=Voice of America Makes More Cuts to International Shortwave Broadcast Schedule |url=http://www.arrl.org/news/voice-of-america-makes-more-cuts-to-international-shortwave-broadcast-schedule |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331141645/http://www.arrl.org/news/voice-of-america-makes-more-cuts-to-international-shortwave-broadcast-schedule |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=arrl.org}}</ref> as well as shortwave transmissions in Azerbaijani, Bengali, Khmer, Kurdish, Lao, Uzbek, and Greek.<ref name="arrl" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2014 |title=Voice of America Ends Greek Broadcasts |url=http://www.bbg.gov/blog/2014/08/11/voice-of-america-ends-greek-broadcasts/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816115316/http://www.bbg.gov/blog/2014/08/11/voice-of-america-ends-greek-broadcasts/ |archive-date=August 16, 2014 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=bbg.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 2014 |title=After 72 years on air, VOA's Greek Service goes silent |url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite6_1_12/08/2014_542099 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819233735/http://ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite6_1_12/08/2014_542099 |archive-date=August 19, 2014 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=[[Kathimerini]]}}</ref><br />
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===Internet era===<br />
In 1994, Voice of America became the first broadcast news organization to offer continuously updated programs on the Internet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kern |first=Chris |title=The Voice of America: First on the Internet |url=http://www.chriskern.net/history/voaFirstOnTheInternet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709043008/http://www.chriskern.net/history/voaFirstOnTheInternet.html |archive-date=July 9, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2008}}</ref><br />
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From 1948 until its amendment in 2013, Voice of America was forbidden to broadcast directly to American citizens, pursuant to § 501 of the [[Smith–Mundt Act]].<ref name="chuck_nbc_2013">{{Cite news |last=Chuck |first=Elizabeth |date=July 20, 2013 |title=Taxpayer money at work: US-funded foreign broadcasts finally available in the US |url=http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/20/19502580-taxpayer-money-at-work-us-funded-foreign-broadcasts-finally-available-in-the-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723104400/http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/07/20/19502580-taxpayer-money-at-work-us-funded-foreign-broadcasts-finally-available-in-the-us |archive-date=July 23, 2013 |work=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> The intent of the 1948 legislation was to protect the American public from propaganda by its own government and to avoid any competition with private American companies.<ref>Broderick, James F., and Darren W. Miller. ''Consider the Source: A Critical Guide to 100 prominent news and information sites on the Web.'' Medford, NJ: Information Today, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-910965-77-4}}, p. 388.</ref> The act was amended via the passage of the ''Smith-Mundt Modernization Act'' provision of the [[National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2013|National Defense Authorization Act for 2013]].<ref name="smma">{{Cite news |last=Hudson |first=John |date=July 14, 2013 |title=U.S. Repeals Propaganda Ban, Spreads Government-Made News to Americans |url=http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/12/us_backs_off_propaganda_ban_spreads_government_made_news_to_americans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716002319/http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/12/us_backs_off_propaganda_ban_spreads_government_made_news_to_americans |archive-date=July 16, 2013 |access-date=July 16, 2013 |work=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref> The amendment was intended to adapt the law to the Internet and to allow American citizens access to VOA content.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 3, 2017 |title=VOA Through the Years |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105818/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2018}}</ref> The online presence of the VOA brought with it the [[VOA Pronunciation Guide]], which became a popular reference resource for pronouncing foreign non-English names in the news.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gimpel |first=Lee |date=2005-09-30 |title=VOA Maps a World of Tricky Pronunciations |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/29/AR2005092901959.html |access-date=2026-03-06 |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><br />
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''VOA Radiogram'' was an experimental Voice of America program that began in March 2013 and ended in June 2017, which transmitted [[Digital data|digital]] text and images via [[Shortwave radio|shortwave]] [[Radiogram (message)|radiograms]].<ref>{{cite web |title=VOA Radiogram |url=https://voaradiogram.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201161243/https://voaradiogram.net/ |archive-date=February 1, 2024 |access-date=August 11, 2023 |website=Tumblr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Radiogram |url=http://voaradiogram.net/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518080209/http://voaradiogram.net/ |archive-date=May 18, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2014 |publisher=VOA Radiogram}}</ref> There were 220 editions of the program, transmitted each weekend from the Edward R. Murrow transmitting station. The audio tones that comprised the bulk of each 30-minute program were transmitted via an [[Analog signal|analog]] [[transmitter]] and could be [[Digital-to-analog converter|decoded]] using a basic [[Amplitude modulation|AM]] [[shortwave receiver]] with freely downloadable software of the [[Fldigi]] family. This software was available for [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[Linux]], and [[FreeBSD]] systems. Broadcasts could also be decoded using the free TIVAR app from the [[Google Play]] Store using any [[Android (operating system)|Android]] device. The mode used most often on ''VOA Radiogram'', for both text and images, was [[Multiple frequency-shift keying|MFSK32]], but other modes were also occasionally transmitted. The final edition of ''VOA Radiogram'' was transmitted during the weekend of June 17–18, 2017, a week before the retirement of the program producer from VOA. An offer to continue the broadcasts on a contract basis was declined, so a follow-on show called ''Shortwave Radiogram'' began transmission on June 25, 2017, from the [[WRMI]] transmitting site in [[Okeechobee, Florida]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Radiogram, 20–21 May 2017: Special doomed edition |url=http://voaradiogram.net/post/160839098787/voa-radiogram-20-21-may-2017-special-doomed |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626230952/http://voaradiogram.net/post/160839098787/voa-radiogram-20-21-may-2017-special-doomed |archive-date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=June 26, 2017 |website=VOA Radiogram}}</ref><ref>[http://swradiogram.net/post/162168963047/shortwave-radiogram-25-june-2017-first-show Shortwave Radiogram, 25 June 2017: First show. Holding my breath.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626193433/http://swradiogram.net/post/162168963047/shortwave-radiogram-25-june-2017-first-show|date=June 26, 2017}} VOA Radiogram Official Site</ref><br />
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In 2021, Voice of America launched 52 Documentary, a series that publishes weekly films about human experiences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 9, 2021 |title=VOA Launches New Documentary Series |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6346520.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522065347/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/6346520.html |archive-date=May 22, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=VOA }}</ref> The series is presented on the streaming app, VOA+, and [[YouTube]]. Films average 10–15 minutes and are translated with captions in several languages, including Russian, Persian, Mandarin, Urdu, and English. [[Euna Lee]] directs the program.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shahbaz |first=Ali |title=Looking For Diverse Human Stories? Watch This Compelling New Documentary |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alishahbaz/2022/02/07/looking-for-diverse-human-stories-watch-this-compelling-new-documentary/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822152222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/alishahbaz/2022/02/07/looking-for-diverse-human-stories-watch-this-compelling-new-documentary/ |archive-date=August 22, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=[[Forbes]] }}</ref><br />
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===Changes during the first Trump administration===<br />
Following the [[First inauguration of Donald Trump|January 2017 inauguration]] of U.S. president [[Donald Trump]], tweets by Voice of America appeared to support debunked claims by White House press secretary [[Sean Spicer]] about the crowd size and related media coverage. This raised concerns over possible attempts by Trump to politicize VOA.<ref name="TrumpTV">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/ Voice of America says it won't become Trump TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818125538/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2017/01/26/voice-of-america-says-it-wont-become-trump-tv/|date=August 18, 2018}}, ''The Washington Post''</ref><ref name="stamp">[https://www.politico.com/story/2017/01/donald-trump-voice-america-234078 Trump moves to put his own stamp on Voice of America], ''Politico''</ref><ref name="megaphone">[https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-ol-voice-of-america-cold-war-bennett-20170215-htmlstory.html Can Donald Trump turn Voice of America into his own private megaphone?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308101933/https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-ol-voice-of-america-cold-war-bennett-20170215-htmlstory.html|date=March 8, 2021}}, ''LA Times''</ref><ref name="salon/01/24/2017">[http://www.salon.com/2017/01/24/donald-trump-sends-two-aides-to-voice-of-america-studios-raising-fears-hes-going-to-politicize-the-outlet/ Donald Trump sends two aides to Voice of America studios, raising fears he's going to politicize the outlet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031358/http://www.salon.com/2017/01/24/donald-trump-sends-two-aides-to-voice-of-america-studios-raising-fears-hes-going-to-politicize-the-outlet/|date=March 31, 2017}}, ''Salon''</ref> An Obama-era law gave the powers of the board of the [[Broadcasting Board of Governors]] to a CEO appointed by the president, and Trump's selection of aides to work with the CEO – a former writer for the [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] website ''The Daily Surge'' and a field director from [[Americans for Prosperity]] – during the [[First presidential transition of Donald Trump|presidential transition]], raised concerns about VOA being transformed into a more traditional state propaganda platform.<ref name="TrumpTV" /> VOA officials responded with assurances that they would not become "Trump TV",<ref name="TrumpTV" /> citing existing laws that prevent interference in editorial processes.<ref name="megaphone" /><br />
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During the COVID-19 pandemic, claims and messaging from the Trump administration diverged from that of public health experts and journalists.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Superville |first1=Darlene |last2=Woodward |first2=Calvin |date=March 4, 2020 |title=A disconnect between Trump and health officials on COVID-19 |url=https://apnews.com/7b4368cae934785657acac1f09873505 |access-date=May 15, 2020 |work=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=April 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417105921/https://apnews.com/7b4368cae934785657acac1f09873505 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PazApril9">{{cite news |last1=Paz |first1=Christian |date=April 27, 2020 |title=All the President's Lies About the Coronavirus |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/04/trumps-lies-about-coronavirus/608647/ |access-date=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |archive-date=May 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526121924/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2020/04/trumps-lies-about-coronavirus/608647/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2020, the [[White House]] published an article in its daily newsletter critical of VOA coverage of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|coronavirus pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2020 |title=Amid a Pandemic, Voice of America Spends Your Money to Promote Foreign Propaganda |url=https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/amid-a-pandemic-voice-of-america-spends-your-money-to-promote-foreign-propaganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120200021/https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/articles/amid-a-pandemic-voice-of-america-spends-your-money-to-promote-foreign-propaganda/ |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=June 16, 2020 |website=[[whitehouse.gov]] |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |quote=Even worse, while much of the U.S. media takes its lead from China, VOA went one step further: It created graphics with Communist government statistics to compare China's Coronavirus death toll to America's.}}</ref> [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) press official Michawn Rich sent a memo to agency employees telling them to deny interview requests by VOA.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jerreat |first=Jessica |date=June 14, 2020 |title=CDC Media Guidance Blacklists VOA Interview Requests |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/press-freedom_cdc-media-guidance-blacklists-voa-interview-requests/6191106.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903204825/https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/cdc-media-guidance-blacklists-voa-interview-requests |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |access-date=June 16, 2020 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref> When VOA reported that Vice President [[Mike Pence]]'s office required the press to wear masks to cover his visit to the Mayo Clinic, his office then threatened retaliation against the reporter, according to the ''Washington Post.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=April 30, 2020 |title=Pence's staff threatens action against reporter who tweeted about visit to clinic without surgical mask |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/pence-staff-threatens-action-against-reporter-who-tweeted-about-visit-to-clinic-without-surgical-mask/2020/04/30/27c63056-8b0a-11ea-9df-990f9dcc71fc_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830161659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/pence-staff-threatens-action-against-reporter-who-tweeted-about-visit-to-clinic-without-surgical-mask/2020/04/30/27c63056-8b0a-11ea-9dfd-990f9dcc71fc_story.html |archive-date=August 30, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><br />
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On June 3, 2020, the U.S. Senate confirmed [[Michael Pack]], a conservative documentarian and close ally of [[Steve Bannon]], to serve as head of the [[US Agency for Global Media]], which oversees VOA.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Edmondson |first=Catie |date=June 4, 2020 |title=Senate Confirms Conservative Filmmaker to Lead U.S. Media Agency |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/politics/senate-confirms-michael-pack-voa.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604204058/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/04/us/politics/senate-confirms-michael-pack-voa.html |archive-date=June 4, 2020 |access-date=June 20, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Subsequently, Director Bennet and Deputy Director Sandy Sugawara resigned from VOA. On June 17, the heads of VOA's Middle East Broadcasting, Radio Free Asia, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, and the Open Technology Fund were all fired, their boards were dissolved, and external communications from VOA employees required approval from senior agency personnel in what one source described as an "unprecedented" move.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Hansler |first1=Jennifer |last2=Stelter |first2=Brian |date=June 18, 2020 |title='Wednesday night massacre' as Trump appointee takes over at global media agency |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/media/us-agency-for-global-media-michael-pack/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215031602/https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/17/media/us-agency-for-global-media-michael-pack/index.html |archive-date=February 15, 2021 |access-date=June 18, 2020 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref> Four former members of the advisory boards filed suit challenging Pack's standing to fire them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=June 26, 2020 |title=Citing A Breached 'Firewall,' Media Leaders Sue U.S. Official Over Firings |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882654831/citing-a-breached-firewall-media-leaders-sue-u-s-official-over-firings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628201042/https://www.npr.org/2020/06/24/882654831/citing-a-breached-firewall-media-leaders-sue-u-s-official-over-firings |archive-date=June 28, 2020 |access-date=June 29, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> On July 9, NPR reported VOA would not renew the work visas of dozens of non-resident reporters, many of whom could face repercussions in their home countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=July 9, 2020 |title=U.S. Broadcasting Agency Will Not Extend Visas For Its Foreign Journalists |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889301025/u-s-broadcasting-agency-will-not-extend-visas-for-its-foreign-journalists |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710213127/https://www.npr.org/2020/07/09/889301025/u-s-broadcasting-agency-will-not-extend-visas-for-its-foreign-journalists |archive-date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=July 11, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> In late July, four contractors and the head of VOA's [[Urdu]]-language service were suspended after a video featuring extensive clips from a Muslim-American voter conference, including a campaign message from then-Democratic presidential candidate [[Joe Biden]], was determined not to meet editorial standards and taken down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Deleted Biden video sets off a crisis at Voice of America |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/30/deleted-biden-video-sets-off-a-crisis-at-voice-of-america-388571 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807132338/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/07/30/deleted-biden-video-sets-off-a-crisis-at-voice-of-america-388571 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |access-date=August 14, 2020 |publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref> The ''Post'' reported that VOA Spanish-language service White House correspondent's Brigo Segovia's interview with an official about the administration's response to Pack's personnel and other moves had been censored and his own access to VOA's computer system restricted.<ref name="Ellison-2020">{{Cite news |last1=Ellison |first1=Sarah |last2=Farhi |first2=Paul |date=September 2, 2020 |title=New Voice of America overseer called foreign journalists a security risk. Now the staff is revolting. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/new-voice-of-america-overseer-called-foreign-journalists-a-security-risk-now-the-staff-is-revolting/2020/09/01/da7fa0a8-eba2-11ea-ab4e-581edb849379_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903033621/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/new-voice-of-america-overseer-called-foreign-journalists-a-security-risk-now-the-staff-is-revolting/2020/09/01/da7fa0a8-eba2-11ea-ab4e-581edb849379_story.html |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><br />
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In response to Pack's August 27 interview with ''[[The Federalist (website)|The Federalist]]'' website, a group of VOA journalists sent a letter to VOA Acting Director Elez Biberaj complaining that Pack's "comments and decisions 'endanger the personal security of VOA reporters at home and abroad, as well as threatening to harm U.S. national security objectives.{{' "}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=August 31, 2020 |title=Voice of America Journalists: New CEO Endangers Reporters, Harms U.S. Aims |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/907764105/voice-of-america-journalists-new-ceo-endangers-reporters-harms-u-s-aims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903033622/https://www.npr.org/2020/08/31/907764105/voice-of-america-journalists-new-ceo-endangers-reporters-harms-u-s-aims |archive-date=September 3, 2020 |access-date=September 3, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> VOA's response indicated the journalists may be punished for sending the letter.<ref name="Ellison-2020" /><br />
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On September 29, six senior USAGM officials filed a whistleblower complaint in which they alleged that Pack or one of his aides had ordered research conducted into the voting history of at least one agency employee, which would be a violation of laws protecting civil servants from undue political influence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=September 30, 2020 |title=6 whistleblowers allege misconduct by government media boss |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/30/whistleblowers-allege-misconduct-agency-for-global-media-423758 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005112909/https://www.politico.com/news/2020/09/30/whistleblowers-allege-misconduct-agency-for-global-media-423758 |archive-date=October 5, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2020 |publisher=[[Politico]]}}</ref> NPR reported that two Pack aides had compiled a report on VOA White House bureau chief [[Steven L. Herman]]'s social media postings and other writings in an attempt to charge him with a conflict of interest, and that the agency released a conflict of interest policy stating in part that a "journalist who on Facebook 'likes' a comment or political cartoon that aggressively attacks or disparages the President must recuse themselves from covering the President."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=October 4, 2020 |title=VOA White House Reporter Investigated For Anti-Trump Bias By Political Appointees |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/04/919266194/political-aides-investigate-voa-white-house-reporter-for-anti-trump-bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007012527/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/04/919266194/political-aides-investigate-voa-white-house-reporter-for-anti-trump-bias |archive-date=October 7, 2020 |access-date=October 7, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> A [[preliminary injunction]] issued on November 20 barred Pack "from making personnel decisions involving journalists at the networks; from directly communicating with editors and journalists employed by them; and from investigating any editors or news stories produced by them," and characterized the investigation of Herman as an "unconstitutional prior restraint" of his, his editors', and fellow journalists' free speech.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=November 20, 2020 |title=Judge slaps down Trump appointee who has sought to reshape Voice of America and related agencies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/judge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies/2020/11/21/125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201121055435/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/judge-slaps-down-trump-appointee-who-has-sought-to-reshape-voice-of-america-and-related-agencies/2020/11/21/125d285a-2baa-11eb-92b7-6ef17b3fe3b4_story.html |archive-date=November 21, 2020 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><br />
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Suspended officials from Voice of America sued the agency's news outlet on October 8. They accused Pack of using Voice of America as a vehicle to promote the personal agenda of President Trump and of violating a statutory firewall intended to prevent political interference with the agency, and they sought their reinstatement.<ref>''[https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-michael-pack-lawsuits-district-of-columbia-15dcdd15d92bd8ce2c07fab82a6c6070 Suspended officials sue agency that runs Voice of America] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009171737/https://apnews.com/article/donald-trump-politics-michael-pack-lawsuits-district-of-columbia-15dcdd15d92bd8ce2c07fab82a6c6070|date=October 9, 2020}}'', [[Associated Press]] (AP), October 9, 2020</ref> In November 2020, US District Court [[Beryl A. Howell|Judge Beryl Howell]] found Pack violated the [[First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] rights of Voice of America journalists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Nicky |date=November 22, 2020 |title=Judge rules Voice of America head curbed First Amendment rights of journalists |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/21/business/voice-of-america-violated-journalists-rights/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122025551/https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/21/business/voice-of-america-violated-journalists-rights/index.html |archive-date=November 22, 2020 |access-date=November 22, 2020 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><br />
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In December 2020, ''The Washington Post'' reported that Pack was refusing to cooperate with [[President-elect of the United States|President-elect]] Biden's transition team and, in an end run around the court order, had persuaded VOA Acting Director Biberaj to step down, replacing him with [[Robert Reilly (politician)|Robert Reilly]], a former VOA director who had written critically of Muslims, gays, and lesbians.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=December 9, 2020 |title=Voice of America interim director pushed out by Trump-appointed overseer in final flurry of actions to assert control |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack/2020/12/08/3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209030816/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/voice-of-america-director-fired-trump-michael-pack/2020/12/08/3d9539f4-3997-11eb-98c4-25dc9f4987e8_story.html |archive-date=December 9, 2020 |access-date=December 9, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=December 8, 2020 |title=Trump appointee who oversees Voice of America refuses to cooperate with Biden transition team |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team/ar-BB1bK51F |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201208175329/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-appointee-who-oversees-voice-of-america-refuses-to-cooperate-with-biden-transition-team/ar-BB1bK51F |archive-date=December 8, 2020 |access-date=December 9, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On December 19, 33 days before President-elect Biden's inauguration, Pack named Ted Lipien, a former VOA veteran journalist who had since become an outspoken critic of the platform, as head of RFE/RL, and ''[[Breitbart]]'' writer [[Jeffrey Scott Shapiro]] as head of the Office of Cuba Broadcasting.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=January 22, 2021 |title=USAGM Chief Fires Trump Allies Over Radio Free Europe And Other Networks |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217230144/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/22/959848852/usagm-chief-fires-trump-allies-over-radio-free-europe-and-other-networks |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=USAGM |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Ted Lipien returns to U.S. international broadcasting as head of RFE/RL |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/18/ted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217230148/https://www.usagm.gov/2020/12/18/ted-lipien-returns-to-u-s-international-broadcasting-as-head-of-rfe-rl/ |archive-date=February 17, 2022 |access-date=February 17, 2022 |website=U.S. Agency for Global Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Trump appointee names conservative allies to run Radio Free Europe and Cuba broadcast agency |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/radio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack/2020/12/18/1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201220002303/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/radio-free-europe-marti-michael-pack/2020/12/18/1c48f86c-418f-11eb-8db8-395dedaaa036_story.html |archive-date=December 20, 2020 |access-date=December 20, 2020 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Matthew Lee |date=December 18, 2020 |title=Pro-Trump shakeups continue at VOA's parent agency |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501211817/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-michael-pack-f779133aeb9ab6d3abdec63e104f1c4c |archive-date=May 1, 2021 |access-date=May 1, 2021 |work=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> Pack attempted to add contractual language that would make it impossible to fire the broadcasting board members he had installed for two years, but it was withdrawn after inquiries from the media and Congress.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=December 30, 2020 |title=Trump Appointee Seeks Lasting Control Over Radio Free Europe, Radio Free Asia |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951126591/trump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115075446/https://www.npr.org/2020/12/30/951126591/trump-appointee-seeks-lasting-control-over-radio-free-europe-radio-free-asia |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Secretary Pompeo Delivers Remarks at the Voice of America (50828046222).jpg|thumb|left|Then-Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] speaks at VOA headquarters in January 2021.]]<br />
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On January 11, 2021, VOA interim director Reilly ordered veteran reporter [[Patsy Widakuswara]] off the White House beat. Secretary of State [[Mike Pompeo]] gave a speech critical of VOA and conducted an interview with VOA Director Robert Reilly about the dangers of censorship, then did not take permit press questions to Widakuswara, followed Pompeo out, trying to ask questions.<ref name="Gaouette 2021">{{Cite news |last1=Gaouette |first1=Nicole |last2=Hansler |first2=Jennifer |last3=Atwood |first3=Kylie |date=January 13, 2021 |title=Voice of America reassigns White House reporter who tried to ask Mike Pompeo a question |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/media/voa-reassigns-reporter/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023050054/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/12/media/voa-reassigns-reporter/index.html |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |work=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Voice Of America White House Reporter Reassigned After Questioning Pompeo |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/01/12/955976976/voice-of-america-white-house-reporter-reassigned-after-questioning-pompeo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019173808/https://www.npr.org/2021/01/12/955976976/voice-of-america-white-house-reporter-reassigned-after-questioning-pompeo |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |work=[[NPR]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oktavianti |first=Tri Indah |date=January 16, 2021 |title=Patsy Widakuswara: Jakarta native asking Trump administration tough questions |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/16/patsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023051850/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2021/01/16/patsy-widakuswara-jakarta-native-asking-trump-administration-tough-questions.html |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |work=[[The Jakarta Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 12, 2021 |title=Voice of America reassigns White House reporter after she sought to question Mike Pompeo |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-reassigns-white-house-reporter-after-she-sought-to-question-mike-pompeo/ar-BB1cFBq5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112064458/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-reassigns-white-house-reporter-after-she-sought-to-question-mike-pompeo/ar-BB1cFBq5 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=January 12, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |publisher=MSN News}}</ref> In response, dozens of VOA journalists, including Widakuswara, wrote and circulated a petition calling on Reilly and public affairs specialist Elizabeth Robbins to resign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Voice of America journalists demand resignation of news agency's top leadership |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-journalists-demand-resignation-of-news-agencys-top-leadership/ar-BB1cLd9b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114194616/http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/voice-of-america-journalists-demand-resignation-of-news-agencys-top-leadership/ar-BB1cLd9b |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |access-date=January 14, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> In a statement, [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee]] Chairman [[Gregory Meeks]] and ranking member [[Michael McCaul]] supported her reinstatement.<ref name="Gaouette 2021" /><br />
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As of 2024, the audience was larger than the next-largest international broadcaster, the [[BBC World Service]].<ref name="The Economist-2025">{{Cite news |date=March 19, 2025 |title=Donald Trump shoots his own global mouthpiece |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2025/03/19/donald-trump-shoots-his-own-global-mouthpiece |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613 |access-date=May 8, 2025 }}</ref><br />
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On January 19, the last full day of the Trump presidency, Pack named a slate of five directors to head each of the three USAGM boards for RFE/RL, Radio Free Asia, and Middle East Broadcasting Networks: conservative radio talk show host Blanquita Cullum, [[Liberty Counsel]] officer Johnathan Alexander, former White House staffer Amanda Milius, conservative writer Roger Simon, and [[Center for the National Interest]] Fellow Christian Whiton.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM CEO Michael Pack names Board of Directors |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2021/01/19/usagm-ceo-michael-pack-names-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119224436/https://www.usagm.gov/2021/01/19/usagm-ceo-michael-pack-names-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=January 19, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |website=usagm.com |publisher=US Agency for Global Media}}</ref> The following day, Pack resigned at the request of the Biden administration.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Matthew |date=January 20, 2021 |title=Trump global broadcasting chief quits amid VOA staff revolt |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-media-michael-pack-4c3796bf47085218b94ac7a080634bf1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121033456/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-media-michael-pack-4c3796bf47085218b94ac7a080634bf1 |archive-date=January 21, 2021 |access-date=January 20, 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> On January 21, Shapiro resigned from the Office of Cuba Broadcasting. Biden named veteran VOA journalist [[Kelu Chao]] to replace Pack. Chao, in turn, dismissed Riley and Robbins from VOA, naming Yolanda Lopez, another VOA veteran, as acting director; Lopez had also been reassigned in the wake of the Pompeo interview.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Farhi |first=Paul |date=January 21, 2021 |title=At Voice of America, a sweeping ouster of Trump officials on Biden's first full day |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/at-voice-of-america-a-sweeping-ouster-of-trump-officials-on-bidens-first-full-day/2021/01/21/4827f3cc-5c2c-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122010722/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/media/at-voice-of-america-a-sweeping-ouster-of-trump-officials-on-bidens-first-full-day/2021/01/21/4827f3cc-5c2c-11eb-8bcf-3877871c819d_story.html |archive-date=January 22, 2021 |access-date=January 22, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> On January 22, the Biden administration fired [[Victoria Coates]] and her deputy, Robert Greenway, from the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, naming Kelley Sullivan as acting head.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lippman |first=Daniel |date=January 21, 2021 |title=Biden administration ousts Victoria Coates, who was falsely accused of being 'Anonymous' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/22/biden-victoria-coates-anonymous-461532 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123015315/https://www.politico.com/news/2021/01/22/biden-victoria-coates-anonymous-461532 |archive-date=January 23, 2021 |access-date=January 23, 2021 |work=[[Politico]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Lee |first=Matthey |date=January 23, 2021 |title=More heads roll at US-funded international broadcasters |url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-cuba-media-middle-east-052e16ac28ac264e3ed9b17eb6bf5031 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124012812/https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-donald-trump-cuba-media-middle-east-052e16ac28ac264e3ed9b17eb6bf5031 |archive-date=January 24, 2021 |access-date=January 24, 2021 |publisher=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref><br />
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===Changes during the second Trump administration===<br />
In December 2024, Donald Trump, as president-elect, announced [[Kari Lake]] would be his choice for VOA Director. Lake had called for imprisoning journalists whose reporting she called "lies",<ref name="ElectionLies">{{Cite news |last=Dale |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Dale |date=October 16, 2021 |title=Fact-checking Kari Lake, serial promoter of election lies and early frontrunner in GOP primary for Arizona governor |url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/16/politics/fact-check-kari-lake-arizona-governor-election-lies/index.html |access-date=October 17, 2021 |publisher=[[CNN]] |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620001825/https://www.cnn.com/2021/10/16/politics/fact-check-kari-lake-arizona-governor-election-lies/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{Original research inline|date=December 2025|certain=true}} called for imprisoning a political opponent,<ref name="ElectionLies" />{{Original research inline|date=December 2025}} and left her previous job as a newscaster for the [[Phoenix, Arizona]] television station KSAZ. <ref>{{cite news |last1=Treisman |first1=Rachel |last2=Folkenflik |first2=David |date=December 12, 2024 |title=Trump says Kari Lake will lead Voice of America. He attacked it during his first term |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/12/12/nx-s1-5226920/voice-of-america-kari-lake-voa |access-date=December 14, 2024 |publisher=[[NPR]]}}</ref> Though the president may make a nomination, under the International Broadcasting Act, only the [[U.S. Agency for Global Media#International Broadcasting Advisory Board|International Broadcasting Advisory Board]] has the authority to approve the appointment or removal of the VOA Director.<ref name="IBAB">{{cite web |title=Statute, ByLaws, and Functions |url=https://www.ibab.gov/about-us/statute-bylaws-and-functions/ |access-date=December 14, 2024 |website=IBAB.gov |publisher=International Broadcasting Advisory Board |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213123754/https://www.ibab.gov/about-us/statute-bylaws-and-functions/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="VOA News">{{cite news |title=Trump names Kari Lake as choice for VOA director |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/trump-names-kari-lake-as-choice-for-voa-director/7899195.html |publisher=Voice of America |access-date=December 14, 2024 }}</ref><br />
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In February 2025, [[Elon Musk]], the functional leader of DOGE,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Shalal |first1=Andrea |last2=Bose |first2=Nandita |date=February 20, 2025 |title=Trump appears to contradict White House, says Elon Musk in charge of DOGE |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-appears-contradict-white-house-says-elon-musk-charge-doge-2025-02-20/ |access-date=March 23, 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> called for VoA and [[Radio Free Europe]] to shut down,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pravda |first1=Ukrainska |author-link1= |date=February 9, 2025 |title=Elon Musk calls for Radio Free Europe and Voice of America to be shut down |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-calls-shutting-down-171116744.html |url-access= |access-date=March 7, 2025 |work= |publisher=Yahoo! Finance |location= |publication-place= |publication-date=February 9, 2025 |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote=American billionaire Elon Musk, who heads the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), has called for the US-funded radio stations Radio Free Europe and Voice of America to be shut down. |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |script-work= |trans-work= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |eissn= |hdl= |ismn= |medrxiv= |pmc-embargo-date= |sbn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |archive-format= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |script-quote= |archive-date=March 19, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319013324/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/elon-musk-calls-shutting-down-171116744.html |url-status=live }}</ref> coming after previously made suggestions by other government officials to shutter the agency.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Robinson |first1=Dan |author-link1= |date=February 11, 2016 |title=Shut Down the Voice of America? |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/shut-down-voice-america |url-access= |access-date=March 7, 2025 |publisher=USC Center on Public Diplomacy |publication-place= |publication-date=February 11, 2016 |via= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |trans-work= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |eissn= |hdl= |ismn= |medrxiv= |pmc-embargo-date= |sbn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |archive-format= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |script-quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Belida |first1=Alex |author-link1= |name-list-style= |date=February 11, 2017 |title=The Fate of VOA in the Balance |script-title= |trans-title= |url=https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/fate-voa-balance |url-access= |access-date=March 7, 2025 |publisher=USC Center on Public Diplomacy |edition= |publication-place= |publication-date=February 11, 2017 |via= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |quote= |trans-quote= |bibcode-access= |doi-access= |hdl-access= |jstor-access= |ol-access= |osti-access= |title-link= |trans-work= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |eissn= |hdl= |ismn= |medrxiv= |pmc-embargo-date= |sbn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |archive-format= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |script-quote= |archive-date=February 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215220738/https://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/fate-voa-balance |url-status=live }}</ref> In February and March 2025, it was reported that a chief national correspondent of VOA was placed on paid leave, and veteran reporter [[Patsy Widakuswara]] was reassigned from the White House [[Beat (journalism)|beat]].<ref name="Folkenflik-2025" /> Widakuswara had been given the same reassignment during the first Trump administration, which was reversed under Biden.<ref name="Beitsch 2021">{{Cite news |last=Beitsch |first=Rebecca |date=January 22, 2021 |title=VOA reinstates White House reporter reassigned after questioning Pompeo |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/535387-voa-reinstates-white-house-reporter-reassigned-for-questioning-pompeo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023061637/https://thehill.com/policy/international/535387-voa-reinstates-white-house-reporter-reassigned-for-questioning-pompeo |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> At the same time, it was also reported that at least two articles containing criticism of Trump were not published or were changed after publication. A Trump administration official, [[Richard Grenell]], called the VOA chief correspondent's comments "[[treason]]ous" in a post on X.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Enrich |first1=David |last2=Kim |first2=Minho |date=February 28, 2025 |title=Voice of America Journalists Face Investigations for Trump Comments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/02/28/business/media/voice-of-america-trump.html |access-date=March 16, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="Folkenflik-2025">{{Cite news |last=Folkenflik |first=David |author-link=David Folkenflik |date=March 1, 2025 |title=Voice of America bias inquiry sparks concerns of political meddling |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/03/01/g-s1-51489/voice-of-america-bias-inquiry |access-date=March 16, 2025 |work=[[NPR]] |archive-date=March 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317220911/https://www.npr.org/2025/03/01/g-s1-51489/voice-of-america-bias-inquiry |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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[[File:VOA Burmese Myanmar Evening 2025-03-15.webm|thumb|VOA Burmese goes dark at 21:00 Myanmar Time on March 15, 2025, as a result of staff reductions and lockouts.]]<br />
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On the night of March 14, Trump signed an [[executive order]], labeling the agency "the Voice of Radical America" and reducing the functions of several agencies, including the U.S. Agency for Global Media, to the minimum required by law.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2025 |title=Trump signs order to gut staff at Voice of America and other US-funded media organizations |url=https://apnews.com/article/trump-voice-of-america-cuts-3faf72e620dbc5f42e5508a2b9d8c8da |access-date=March 19, 2025 |website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2025 |title=Continuing the Reduction of the Federal Bureaucracy |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/continuing-the-reduction-of-the-federal-bureaucracy/ |access-date=March 19, 2025 |website=The White House |archive-date=March 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318164742/https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/03/continuing-the-reduction-of-the-federal-bureaucracy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The next day, all employees could not access VOA headquarters, and many VOA foreign language broadcasts replaced news and other regularly scheduled programming with music.<ref name="silentCNN" /><ref name="SilentNYT" /><ref name="Schick-2025">{{Cite web |last1=Schick |first1=Camilla |last2=Gómez |first2=Fin Daniel |last3=Jiang |first3=Weijia |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Voice of America's full-time staff and contractors placed on leave following Trump directive |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-signs-order-to-cut-staff-at-voice-of-america-media/ |access-date=March 19, 2025 |website=[[CBS News]] }}</ref> More than 1,300 Voice of America employees were placed on leave.<ref name="Reuters-2025" /><ref name="silentCNN" /><ref name="Schick-2025" /> VOA has also set about ending contracts with the [[Associated Press]], [[Reuters]], and [[Agence France-Presse]]. Kari Lake, the special advisor to the USAGM selected by Trump, estimated that ending these contracts would save $53 million.<ref name="Bauder-2025">{{Cite web |last=Bauder |first=David |date=March 14, 2025 |title=Voice of America ending contracts with Associated Press, Reuters and Agence France Presse |url=https://apnews.com/article/voa-government-media-contracts-2bd47cf0c1bbcdc5cbe08eea030c1454 |access-date=March 16, 2025 |website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref> Michael Abramowitz, the director of VOA, said in a [[Facebook]] post on March 15 that he was also placed on leave, along with "virtually the entire staff" of 1,300. The announcement came exactly 24 hours after President Trump signed an executive order to gut VOA's parent agency, as well as the network having a move to terminate contracts with the Associated Press, Reuters, and Agence France-Presse.<ref name="Bauder-2025" /> Some of VOA's local-language radio stations have stopped broadcasting news reports and switched over to music automation to fill the airtime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stelter |first=Brian |author-link=Brian Stelter |date=March 15, 2025 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/15/media/voice-of-america-trump-cuts/index.html |title=Voice of America channels fall silent as Trump administration guts agency and cancels contracts |website=CNN Business |access-date=March 16, 2025 }}</ref><br />
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Writing for ''[[The Atlantic]]'', [[Toluse Olorunnipa]] reported:<ref name="Atlantic" /><br />
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{{blockquote<br />
|text=For the first time since VOA was founded in 1942, to counter Nazi propaganda during World War II, the network went dark in March. In some parts of the world, viewers wondered if the blank screens meant a coup had taken place in the U.S., [[Steven L. Herman|Steve Herman]], who recently retired from VOA after a 20-year career, told me.<br />
}}<br />
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The decision to cut the service, which has primarily served to counter propaganda in authoritarian countries, was met with praise from Russian and Chinese [[state media]] pundits and condemnation by [[Reporters Without Borders]], who said it sends a "chilling signal" to China and Russia that they "now have free rein to spread their propaganda unchecked."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=David E. |date=March 22, 2025 |title=How Elon Musk's DOGE Cuts Leave a Vacuum That China Can Fill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/22/us/politics/elon-musk-doge-china.html |access-date=March 23, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Russian TV celebrates Trump's "awesome" move to shut down Voice of America |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russian-tv-trump-shut-down-voice-america-2045867 |access-date=March 23, 2025 |website=[[Newsweek]] |archive-date=March 22, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322001759/https://www.newsweek.com/russian-tv-trump-shut-down-voice-america-2045867 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2025 |title=VOA journalists sound off on 'betrayal' after Trump dismantles broadcaster |url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-media-voice-america-bloody-saturday-b2716583.html |access-date=March 23, 2025 |website=[[The Independent]] }}</ref> Since the cuts, [[China Radio International]] added more than 80 new frequencies, including some that VOA formerly used.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Minho |title=Under Trump, Voice of America Is Down but Not Out |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/26/us/politics/under-trump-voice-of-america-is-down-but-not-out.html |access-date=26 October 2025 |work=New York Times |date=26 October 2025}}</ref><br />
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In response, lawsuits were filed against the Trump administration in March 2025. One lawsuit noted that some VOA employees were foreign nationals with J-1 visas and faced risks to their safety if they were forced to return to their home countries if their visas were to be revoked due to loss of employment. In March 2025, the [[District Court for the Southern District of New York]] issued a temporary restraining order, preventing the Trump administration from carrying out any further actions resulting from the executive order, including terminating staff, ending contracts, or closing offices.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/109984/voice-of-america-litigation/ |title=Unpacking the Voice of America Litigation |date=April 10, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite court |url=https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/3-Widakuswara-v-Kari-Lake-tro.pdf |litigants=Widakuswara v. Lake |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331130938/https://www.justsecurity.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/3-Widakuswara-v-Kari-Lake-tro.pdf |archive-date=March 31, 2025 |url-status=live |access-date=October 2, 2025 }}</ref> At the defendants' request, this case was transferred to the District of Columbia district court.<ref>{{cite web |title=ORDER |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69771249/61/widakuswara-v-lake/ |website=CourtListener.com |publisher=United States District Court, Southern District of New York |access-date=August 31, 2025 |date=April 4, 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 22, 2025, a preliminary injunction from the [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia|U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia]] ordered the Trump administration to 1) restore VOA and return its employees and contractors to work, 2) restore VOA's 2025 grants to [[Radio Free Asia]] (RFA) and [[Middle East Broadcasting Networks]], and 3) restore VOA as "a consistently reliable and authoritative source of news."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Feng |first=Emily |date=April 22, 2025 |title=Judge blocks Trump administration plans to dismantle Voice of America |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/22/nx-s1-5372530/voa-trump-radio-free-asia |access-date=May 4, 2025 |work=[[NPR]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ORDER |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69791808/29/abramowitz-v-lake/ |website=CourtListener.com |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Columbia |access-date=August 31, 2025 |date=April 22, 2025}}</ref> On May 3, a three-judge panel of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit|Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] stayed the first two parts of the injunction in a 2-1 decision, citing a lack of jurisdiction by the district court, one judge (appointed by Barack Obama) dissenting from the decision of the other two (who were both appointed by Donald Trump).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shepardson |first=David |date=May 3, 2025 |title=US court halts ruling ordering Voice of America employees back to work |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/us-court-halts-ruling-ordering-voice-america-employees-back-work-2025-05-03/ |access-date=May 4, 2025 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ORDER |url=https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/orders/docs/2025/05/25-5144LDSN5.pdf |website=media.cadc.uscourts.gov |publisher=United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit |access-date=August 31, 2025 |date=May 3, 2025}}</ref> The third part of the district court's injunction remains in effect. On August 25, the district court ordered Lake and two other defendants to sit for depositions before September 15 as "one final opportunity, short of a [[Contempt of court|contempt]] trial" to show they were complying with the third part of the injunction.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 25, 2025 |title=Order |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69791808/72/abramowitz-v-lake/ |website=CourtListener.com |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Columbia |access-date=August 31, 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
On May 6, 2025, Kari Lake announced that [[One America News]] (OAN), a [[far-right]], pro-Trump network known for promoting [[conspiracy theories]], will provide news coverage for VOA.<ref name="guard-7may2025" /><ref name="CNN" /> Following the [[June 2025 Israeli strikes on Iran]], several dozen [[Farsi]]-speaking VOA staffers were called back to work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stelter |first=Brian |date=June 14, 2025 |title=Voice of America brings back Farsi-speaking staff amid Israel-Iran conflict |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/06/13/media/voice-of-america-iran-israel-trump |access-date=June 14, 2025 |website=[[CNN]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
On June 20, 2025, layoff notices were sent to 639 VOA employees, effectively shutting down the service.<ref name="ap-20jun2025" /> On June 29, the layoffs were rescinded by Kari Lake due to errors in the notices.<ref>{{cite web |last=Kim |first=Minho |date=June 28, 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/06/27/us/politics/trump-voa-layoffs-errors.html |title=Trump Administration Rescinds Voice of America Layoffs after Errors in Notices |work=The New York Times }}</ref><br />
<br />
Mass layoffs forced many VOA journalists on J-1 visas to leave the U.S. within 30 days of losing their jobs. In July, referring to former VOA employees, Lake told the right-wing [[Real America's Voice]] media channel that "If you overstay your visa, [[Immigration and Customs Enforcement|ICE]] is going to find you."<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite news |last1=Olorunnipa |first1=Toluse |title=Kari Lake's Attempt to Deport Her Own Employees |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2025/08/kari-lake-deports-voice-of-america-journalists/683832/ |access-date=August 12, 2025 |agency=[[The Atlantic]] |date=August 12, 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
In late August 2025, the Trump administration announced further reductions, paring the staff to 108 persons. Two areas that are not being eliminated are Farsi-speaking staff and those in its Office of Cuba Broadcasting division.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cdd38v3zvjdo |title=Trump administration moves to fire most Voice of America staff |date=August 30, 2025 |website=BBC.com }}</ref><br />
<br />
On August 29, Lake announced on social media that all but about 100 VOA employees would receive layoff notices. From broadcasting in 49 languages daily to 360 million people, as of that date, VOA broadcast in only four languages (Persian, Mandarin, and the Afghan languages Dari and Pashto).<ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Minho |date=August 29, 2025 |title=Trump Officials Move to Fire Most Voice of America Journalists |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/08/29/us/politics/voice-of-america-layoffs-kari-lake-trump.html |access-date=August 31, 2025 |work=New York Times }}</ref> In February 2026, RFA announced the resumption of service to China, Tibet, North Korea and Myanmar citing "private contracting with transmission services." Mandarin content was online only while Tibetan, Uyghur, Korean and Burmese content aired over short- and medium-wave radio frequencies.<ref>{{cite news |title=Radio Free Asia says it resumes broadcasts to China |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/radio-free-asia-says-it-resumes-broadcasts-to-china-2026-02-17/ |access-date=18 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=17 February 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Subsequently, 532 full-time VOA employees received layoff notices. However, on September 30, the district court ordered the layoff suspended and the defendants to provide information, including a plan to restore VOA as a reliable and authoritative news source by October 14. In its order, the court noted the "concerning disrespect" the defendants had shown toward its earlier orders that it said "would more than support a trial on civil contempt."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69791808/100/abramowitz-v-lake/ |title=Memorandum Order |website=CourtListener.com |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Columbia |access-date=October 1, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Minho |date=September 30, 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/29/us/politics/voa-voice-of-america-layoffs.html |title=Judge Reinstates over 500 Voice of America Journalists and Staff |work=New York Times |access-date=October 1, 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2026, ''The New York Times'' reported that VOA "ran stories that appeared to violate the law that mandates unbiased coverage". It highlighted a January 2026 article published by VOA in Chinese that praised Trump in glowing terms, cited his dubious claim of ending eight wars, featured a photoshopped image of Trump in front of an American flag imposed on a world map, and did not feature opposing views of the president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Minho |date=September 30, 2025 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/02/25/us/politics/trump-radio-free-europe.html|title=Trump Officials Seek to Break Editorial 'Firewall' at U.S.-Funded News Agencies<br />
|work=The New York Times |access-date=January 26, 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Kari Lake's leadership at USAGM, which oversees Voice of America (VOA), faced criticism for alleged resource cuts and restrictions on VOA Persian amid U.S.-Iran tensions. Critics accused Lake of appointing controversial figure [[Ali Javanmardi]], a former activist and VOA journalist described as divisive and accused of personal biases, to lead or oversee the Persian service as senior adviser. In early 2026, VOA Persian staff alleged editorial interference under Javanmardi, including alleged bans on mentioning [[Reza Pahlavi]] or related protester chants against the regime, with claims of reprimands or blacklisting for violations.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nover |first=Scott |date=February 25, 2026 |title=Voice of America is covering Iran's protests, but not its best-known dissident |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2026/02/25/reza-pahlavi-iran-protests-voa |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> <br />
<br />
On March 6, journalist [[Ahmad Batebi]] claimed he was fired after confronting Javanmardi over alleged censorship of protester support for regime-change motivations.<ref name="TheHill-2026">{{cite news |last=Kelly |first=Laura |date=March 6, 2026 |title=VOA Persian journalist says he was fired over coverage of Reza Pahlavi |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/5772307-voa-persian-service-censorship-claims/ |work=The Hill}}</ref> On March 23, VoA journalists filed suit against Javanmardi and other Trump appointees, claiming they were interfering with VoA editorial decisions in violation of law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Minho |last2=Montague |first2=Zach |title=Voice of America Journalists Sue, Saying Trump Officials Interfered in Coverage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/23/us/politics/voice-of-america-lawsuit-trump.html |access-date=25 March 2026 |work=New York Times |date=23 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
On March 7, U.S. District Court Judge Royce Lamberth ruled that President Trump's appointment of Kari Lake to lead VOA's parent agency was illegal as it violated the federal Vacancies Act,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kim |first1=Minho |title=Judge Voids Mass Layoffs at Voice of America |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/07/us/politics/judge-kari-lake-voa-layoffs.html |access-date=8 March 2026 |work=New York Times |date=8 March 2026}}</ref> which in turn nullified the mass layoffs and other actions she took during 2025.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
On March 17, 2026, Lamberth ordered more than 1,000 VOA employees to return to work by March 23.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Oladipo |first1=Gloria |title=Judge orders more than 1,000 Voice of America employees to be reinstated |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2026/mar/17/voice-of-america-employees-reinstated |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=The Guardian |date=17 March 2026}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=ORDER |url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/69791808/133/abramowitz-v-lake/ |website=www.courtlistener.com |publisher=United States District Court for the District of Columbia |access-date=18 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
[[File:Voice of America (18183).jpg|thumb|Voice of America building front in Washington, DC]]<br />
<br />
=== List of directors ===<br />
* &nbsp;&nbsp;1941–1942 [[Robert E. Sherwood]] (Foreign Information Service)<br />
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br />
# 1942–1943: [[John Houseman]]<br />
# 1943–1945: Louis G. Cowan<br />
# 1945–1946: John Ogilvie<br />
# 1948–1949: [[Charles W. Thayer]]<br />
# 1949–1952: [[Foy D. Kohler]]<br />
# 1952–1953: Alfred H. Morton<br />
# 1953–1954: Leonard Erikson<br />
# 1954–1956: John R. Poppele<br />
# 1956–1958: Robert E. Burton<br />
# 1958–1965: [[Henry Loomis (broadcasting executive)|Henry Loomis]]<br />
# 1965–1967: [[John Chancellor]]<br />
# 1967–1968: [[John Charles Daly]]<br />
# 1969–1977: [[Kenneth R. Giddens]]<br />
# 1977–1979: R. Peter Straus<br />
# 1980–1981: [[Mary G. F. Bitterman]]<br />
# 1981–1982: James B. Conkling<br />
# 1982: John Hughes<br />
# 1982–1984: [[Kenneth Tomlinson]]<br />
# 1985: Gene Pell<br />
# 1986–1991: [[Dick Carlson]]<br />
# 1991–1993: [[Chase Untermeyer]]<br />
# 1994–1996: [[Geoffrey Cowan]]<br />
# 1997–1999: [[Evelyn S. Lieberman]]<br />
# 1999–2001: [[Sanford J. Ungar]]<br />
# 2001–2002: [[Robert R. Reilly]]<br />
# 2002–2006: David S. Jackson<br />
# 2006–2011: Danforth W. Austin<br />
# 2011–2015: [[David Ensor (journalist)|David Ensor]]<br />
# 2016–2020: [[Amanda Bennett]]<br />
# 2020–2021: [[Robert R. Reilly]]<br />
# 2021–2024: ''vacant''<br />
# 2024–present: Michael Abramowitz<br />
{{end div col}}<br />
<br />
The incumbent director, Michael Abramowitz, assumed the position in July 2024. He previously served as president of [[Freedom House]] and spent nearly 25 years as a reporter and editor for [[The Washington Post]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |date=April 19, 2024 |title=Voice of America Will Get a New Director |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/19/business/media/voice-of-america-director.html |access-date=July 23, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2024, president-elect Trump announced he would name former news anchor [[Kari Lake]] to be the director of VOA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2024 |title=Trump picks hardline Republican Kari Lake to lead Voice of America |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/trump-picks-hardline-republican-kari-lake-lead-voice-america-2024-12-12/ |website=[[Reuters]] }}</ref> Under the International Broadcasting Act only the [[U.S. Agency for Global Media#International Broadcasting Advisory Board|International Broadcasting Advisory Board]] has the authority to approve the appointment or removal of the VOA Director.<ref name="IBAB" /><ref name="VOA News" /> But in the first week of his second presidency, Trump fired all IBAB members except the Secretary of State Marco Rubio and in March 2025, Trump signed an executive order to shutting down the USAGM and its child agencies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Donald Trump Suffers Legal Blow in Bid To Fire VOA Director |url=https://www.newsweek.com/donald-trump-suffers-legal-blow-in-bid-to-fire-voa-director-10838045 |website=Newsweek |access-date=19 January 2026 |date=7 October 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Agencies ===<br />
Voice of America has been a part of several agencies. From its founding in 1942 to 1945, it was part of the [[Office of War Information]], and then from 1945 to 1953 as a function of the State Department. VOA was placed under the [[U.S. Information Agency]] in 1953. When the USIA was abolished in 1999, VOA was placed under the BBG which is an autonomous U.S. government agency, with bipartisan membership. The Secretary of State has a seat on the BBG.<ref>{{harvp|Rugh|2006|p=14}}</ref> The BBG was established as a buffer to protect VOA and other U.S.-sponsored, non-military, international broadcasters from political interference. It replaced the Board for International Broadcasting (BIB) that oversaw the funding and operation of [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], a branch of VOA.<ref name="Raghavan" /><br />
<br />
=== Editorial policies ===<br />
Voice of America's editorial policies are intended to cultivate a reputation for accuracy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice of America Goes Quiet. And, Apocalypse Now? {{!}} On the Media |url=https://www.wnycstudios.org/podcasts/otm/articles/voice-of-america-goes-quiet-and-apocalypse-now?tab=transcript |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=WNYC Studios }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2025 |title=Voice of America is required by law to report the news accurately. Could Donald Trump change that? |url=https://apnews.com/article/voice-america-democracy-trump-lake-fake-news-90039c76a8915d7906f5d7608c9e05f4 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=[[Associated Press]] |archive-date=March 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324123504/https://apnews.com/article/voice-america-democracy-trump-lake-fake-news-90039c76a8915d7906f5d7608c9e05f4 |url-status=live }}</ref> It has enacted several policies over time to reduce the ability of politicians to interfere.<br />
<br />
Under the Eisenhower administration in 1959, VOA Director [[Henry Loomis (broadcasting executive)|Henry Loomis]] commissioned a formal statement of principles to protect the integrity of VOA programming and define the organization's mission, and was issued by Director [[George V. Allen]] as a directive in 1960 and was endorsed in 1962 by USIA director [[Edward R. Murrow]].<ref>{{harvp|Rugh|2006|pp=13–14}}</ref> VOA's charter was signed into law by President [[Gerald Ford]].<ref name="Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press-2020" />{{Rp|page=218}} The charter requires it to "present the policies of the United States clearly and effectively."<ref name="Workneh-2019">{{Cite journal |last=Workneh |first=Téwodros W. |date=June 26, 2019 |title=Journalistic Autonomy in Voice of America's Amharic Service: Actors, Deterrents, and Safeguards |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1461670x.2019.1634484 |journal=Journalism Studies |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=217–235 |doi=10.1080/1461670x.2019.1634484 |issn=1461-670X |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Rp|page=218}} Academics including Téwodros W. Workneh have described this as a [[public diplomacy]] function.<ref name="Workneh-2019" />{{Rp|page=218}} VOA's charter also requires it to be "a reliable and authoritative source of news" which "shall be accurate, objective, and comprehensive".<ref name="Workneh-2019" />{{Rp|page=218}} According to former VOA correspondent Alan Heil, the internal policy of VOA News is that any story broadcast must have two independently corroborating sources or have a staff correspondent witness an event.<ref>Columbia University Press. [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/publicity/heilinterview.html Interview with Alan Heil, author of ''Voice of America''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706051252/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/cup/publicity/heilinterview.html|date=July 6, 2007}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Voice of America "Firewall" was put into place with the 1976 VOA Charter and laws passed in 1994 and 2016. The firewall's aim is to guard against propaganda while promoting unbiased and objective journalistic standards in the agency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2019 |title=VOA and the Firewall – Law for More than 40 Years |url=https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/07/02/a2cdade1-ffb3-41b5-a086-2a09861ae452.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723154331/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/07/02/a2cdade1-ffb3-41b5-a086-2a09861ae452.pdf |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=VOA }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Beitsch |first=Rebecca |date=April 6, 2021 |title=In departure from Trump, State affirms editorial freedom of Voice of America |url=https://thehill.com/policy/international/546793-in-departure-from-trump-state-affirms-editorial-freedom-of-voice-of |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701170614/https://thehill.com/policy/international/546793-in-departure-from-trump-state-affirms-editorial-freedom-of-voice-of/ |archive-date=July 1, 2022 |access-date=October 23, 2021 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
Despite the firewall, some VOA employees have emphasized how their work serves the goals of the U.S. government. In one instance, a VOA employee told another journalist that "I always keep the best U.S. interests in mind when explaining official policies and why democracy is the best political system to foreign audiences."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schick |first=Camilla |date=March 17, 2025 |title=Voice of America's full-time staff and contractors placed on leave following Trump directive |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-signs-order-to-cut-staff-at-voice-of-america-media/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319072241/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-signs-order-to-cut-staff-at-voice-of-america-media/#expand |archive-date=March 19, 2025 |access-date=May 28, 2025 |work=[[CBS News]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Transmission facilities ===<br />
[[File:VOA SiteB building.JPG|thumb|[[International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station|Edward R. Murrow Greenville Transmitting Station]], the VOA broadcasting station in North Carolina's [[Inner Banks]]]]<br />
[[File:2009-0725-CA-Delano-VOArelay.jpg|thumb|The [[Delano, California|Delano]] Transmitting Station was closed in 2007.]]<br />
<br />
The [[Voice of America Bethany Relay Station|Bethany Relay Station]], operational from 1944 to 1994, was based on a {{convert|625|acre|km2|adj=on}} site in [[West Chester Township, Butler County, Ohio|Union Township]] (later West Chester Township) in [[Butler County, Ohio]], near [[Cincinnati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice of America – Ohio History Central |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Voice_of_America |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155050/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Voice_of_America |archive-date=December 2, 2018 |access-date=December 2, 2018 |website=ohiohistorycentral.org }}</ref> Major transmitter upgrades first were undertaken around 1963, when shortwave and medium-wave transmitters were built, upgraded, or rebuilt.<ref name="Central European University Press-2010" /> The site later became a recreational park with a Voice of America museum. Other former sites include California ([[Dixon, California|Dixon]] and [[Delano, California|Delano]]), Hawaii, [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]], Liberia (Monrovia), Costa Rica, Belize, and at least two in Greece ([[Kavala (regional unit)|Kavala]] and Rhodos).<br />
<br />
Between 1983 and 1990, VOA made significant upgrades to transmission facilities in Botswana ([[Selebi-Phikwe]]), Morocco, Thailand ([[Udon Thani Province|Udon Thani]]), Kuwait, and [[São Tomé]] ([[Almas, São Tomé and Príncipe|Almas]]).<ref>{{Cite news |title=VOA Through the Years |url=https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513105818/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/3794247.html |archive-date=May 13, 2022 |access-date=December 2, 2018 |work=VOA }}</ref> Some of them are shared with [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]] and [[Radio Free Asia]].<br />
<br />
VOA and USAGM continue to operate shortwave radio transmitters and [[antenna farm]]s at [[International Broadcasting Bureau Greenville Transmitting Station]] (known as "Site B") in the United States, close to [[Greenville, North Carolina]]. They do not use [[FCC]]-issued [[call sign]]s, since the FCC does not regulate communications by other federal government agencies. The [[International Broadcasting Bureau]] also operates transmission facilities on São Tomé and Tinang, [[Concepcion, Tarlac]], Philippines, for VOA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2007 |title=Report of Inspection: The International Broadcasting Bureau's Philippines Transmitting Station |url=https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/104117.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617071115/https://www.stateoig.gov/system/files/104117.pdf |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |publisher=United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Languages ===<br />
The Voice of America website had five English-language broadcasts as of 2014 (worldwide, [[Learning English (version of English)|Learning English]], [[Cambodia]], [[Zimbabwe]], and [[Tibet]]). Additionally, the VOA website has versions in 48 foreign languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USAGM |url=https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/ |website=USAGM |access-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-date=October 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009032532/https://www.usagm.gov/networks/voa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="usagm.gov" /><br />
<br />
Radio programs are marked with an "R"; television programs with a "T":<br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}<br />
# [[Oromo language|Afan Oromo]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Albanian language|Albanian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Amharic language|Amharic]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Armenian language|Armenian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Bambara language|Bambara]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Bengali language|Bangla]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Burmese language|Burmese]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Cantonese Chinese|Cantonese]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Dari (Eastern Persian)|Dari Persian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[English language|English]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[French language|French]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Georgian language|Georgian]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Haitian Creole]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Hausa language|Hausa]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Khmer language|Khmer]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Kinyarwanda]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Kirundi]]<br />
# [[Korean language|Korean]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Lao language|Lao]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Lingala]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Ndebele language (Zimbabwe)|Ndebele]]<br />
# [[Pashto language|Pashto]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Persian language|Persian]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]<br />
# [[Russian language|Russian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Sango language|Sango]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Serbian language|Serbian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Shona language|Shona]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br />
# [[Somali language|Somali]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Spanish language|Spanish]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Swahili language|Swahili]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Thai language|Thai]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] <sup>{{small|R}}</sup><br />
# [[Turkish language|Turkish]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] <sup>{{small|T}}</sup><br />
# [[Urdu language|Urdu]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] <sup>{{small|R, T}}</sup><br />
# [[Wolof language|Wolof]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
The number of languages varies according to the priorities of the United States government and the world situation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQs, How do you make decisions to cut or add languages or programs? |url=http://www.bbg.gov/about-the-agency/history/faqs/#q8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201064438/http://www.bbg.gov/about-the-agency/history/faqs/#q8 |archive-date=December 1, 2014 |access-date=December 3, 2014 |publisher=bbg.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VOA Languages |url=https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/06/25/7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125045325/https://docs.voanews.eu/en-US-INSIDE/2019/06/25/7719dfbe-792c-4f43-9759-f24100444dca.pdf |archive-date=November 25, 2021 |access-date=August 27, 2021 |publisher=Voice of America}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Region-specific reception ==<br />
Voice of America is seen by some as having a positive impact and serving the [[foreign policy of the United States]]. Others see it as [[American propaganda]].<ref name="Zhang-2002" />{{Better source needed|reason=This academic source is has only 4 citations since publication in 2002|date=July 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Dan |date=March 30, 2017 |title=Spare the indignation: Voice of America has never been independent |url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/broadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520112752/https://www.cjr.org/opinion/broadcasting_board_of_governors_house_trump.php |archive-date=May 20, 2022 |access-date=June 25, 2022 |website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]] |type=Opinion}}</ref>{{Undue weight inline|date=July 2025|reason=Seems to be false balance/emphasis given low quality of sources}} Voice of America has attended to more remote areas that are poorly covered by other media, helping to boost democracy efforts by shining a spotlight on autocrats so the people can make them accountable.<ref name="The Economist-2025" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grynbaum |first=Michael M. |date=March 28, 2025 |title=U.S. Judge Orders Halt to Trump's Effort to Dismantle Voice of America |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/28/business/media/voice-of-america-lawsuit-trump.html |access-date=May 8, 2025 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2025 |title=Voice of America wins in court, for now, as judge blocks Trump administration from firing staff |url=https://apnews.com/article/voice-of-america-trump-a1ed0ad37917055a1565da5325bd4fd8 |access-date=May 8, 2025 |website=[[Associated Press]] }}</ref><br />
<br />
===China===<br />
A study was done on Chinese students in America. It found that through the VOA, they disapproved of the actions of the Chinese government.<ref name="Zhang-2002">{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Lena Liqing |date=2002 |title=Are They Still Listening? Reconceptualizing the Chinese Audience of the Voice of America in the Cyber Era. |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fjradstud9&div=31&id=&page= |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Radio Studies |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=317–337 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627020703/https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals%2Fjradstud9&div=31&id=&page= |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |access-date=November 29, 2020}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=July 2025|reason=This study does not have many citations - secondary source is best to establish notability}} Another study was done on Chinese scholars in America, and found that the VOA had an effect on their political beliefs. Their political beliefs did not change in relation to China, though, as they did not tend to believe the VOA's reports on China.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Liquing |last2=Dominick |first2=Joseph R. |date=1998 |title=Penetrating the Great Wall: the ideological impact of Voice of America newscasts on young Chinese intellectuals of the 1980s |journal=Journal of Radio Studies |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=82–101 |doi=10.1080/19376529809384531}}</ref><br />
<br />
In February 2013, a documentary released by [[China Central Television]] interviewed a Tibetan alleged [[self-immolation protests by Tibetans in China|self-immolator]] who survived his suicide attempt. The interviewee said he was motivated by Voice of America's broadcasts of commemorations of people who committed suicide in political self-immolation. VOA denied instigating self-immolations and demanded that the Chinese station retract its report.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Flanagan |first=Ed |date=February 7, 2013 |title=Chinese documentary alleges US broadcaster incites Tibetan self-immolations |url=http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/07/16878280-chinese-documentary-alleges-us-broadcaster-incites-tibetan-self-immolations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210005405/http://behindthewall.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/07/16878280-chinese-documentary-alleges-us-broadcaster-incites-tibetan-self-immolations |archive-date=February 10, 2013 |access-date=February 26, 2013 |work=Behind the Wall |publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Guo Wen-gui in April 2017.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Guo Wengui]]]]<br />
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On April 19, 2017, the VOA Mandarin Service interviewed Chinese real estate tycoon [[Guo Wengui]] in a live broadcast. The [[government of China]] warned VOA representatives not to interview Guo about his "unsubstantiated allegations".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shih |first=Gerry |date=April 20, 2017 |title=China says Interpol notice issued for outspoken tycoon Guo |url=https://apnews.com/article/8dd2d876a4ec4fcc964aa8c79874bcde |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914203808/https://apnews.com/article/8dd2d876a4ec4fcc964aa8c79874bcde |archive-date=September 14, 2022 |access-date=December 12, 2020 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=China says Interpol notice issued for outspoken tycoon Guo |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-interpol-notice-issued-billionaire-guo-wengui-095609234.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226092137/https://www.yahoo.com/news/china-says-interpol-notice-issued-billionaire-guo-wengui-095609234.html |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |website=Yahoo! News |date=April 20, 2017 |publisher=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> During the interview, Guo said he had evidence of corruption among the members of the [[Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party|Politburo Standing Committee of China]], the highest political authority of China. It was then abruptly halted by VOA leadership less than half-way into the three-hour interview. Guo's allegations involved Fu Zhenhua and [[Wang Qishan]] (a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, and the leader of the anti-graft movement).<ref>[https://qz.com/968941/what-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-most-wanted-man/ China's most wanted man is in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831113006/https://qz.com/968941/what-you-need-to-know-about-chinas-most-wanted-man/|date=August 31, 2019}}. ''Quartz''.</ref> The following August, four U.S. Congressmen requested an investigation into the event, with the [[Office of Inspector General]] (OIG) concluding that the VOA leadership decision to curtail the Guo interview was based solely on [[Journalism ethics and standards|journalistic best practices]], rather than due to any pressure from the Chinese government.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2017 |title=Members of Congress request OIG investigation of VOA and BBG handling of Guo Wengui interview |url=http://bbgwatch.com/bbgwatch/members-of-congress-request-oig-investigation-of-voa-and-bbg-handling-of-guo-wengui-interview-exclusive/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725144425/http://bbgwatch.com/bbgwatch/members-of-congress-request-oig-investigation-of-voa-and-bbg-handling-of-guo-wengui-interview-exclusive/ |archive-date=July 25, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2017 |website=BBG Watch}}</ref> Another investigation by [[Philip Merrill College of Journalism|Mark Feldstein]], Chair of Broadcast Journalism at the [[University of Maryland, College Park]], came to similar conclusions, criticizing the VOA Mandarin Service interview team for not following instructions by VOA leadership.<ref>{{Cite news |title=VOA fires journalist over interview with Chinese exile |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2018/12/03/voa-fires-journalist-over-interview-with-chinese-exile/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204211706/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2018/12/03/voa-fires-journalist-over-interview-with-chinese-exile/ |archive-date=December 4, 2020 |access-date=August 3, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=VOA Dismisses Mandarin Service Chief Over Interview With Chinese Exile |url=https://www.voanews.com/usa/voa-dismisses-mandarin-service-chief-over-interview-chinese-exile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724183834/https://www.voanews.com/usa/voa-dismisses-mandarin-service-chief-over-interview-chinese-exile |archive-date=July 24, 2021 |access-date=August 3, 2021 |work=Voice of America }}</ref><br />
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===Horn of Africa service===<br />
Peter Heinlein led the service from 2012 to 2014. In 2013, he wrote a complaint about the service, citing role confusion whereby non-journalist translators took on the role of journalists.<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET">{{cite Q|Q122546796|url-status=live}}</ref> The service was mostly seen as anti-Ethiopian government until 2018, when Negussie Mengesha, the head of the VOA Africa division for several years, met the newly appointed Ethiopian prime minister [[Abiy Ahmed]].<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /> In May 2021, several former employees accused VOA's [[Amharic]] service, under Mengesha, of being biased in favor of the government of Ahmed and failing to report on [[war crimes in the Tigray war|atrocities]] committed during the [[Tigray War]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Nick Turse |date=May 21, 2021 |title=Propaganda Machine: Voice of America Is Accused of Ignoring Government Atrocities in Ethiopia |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/05/21/voice-of-america-ethiopia-bias |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230914230416/https://theintercept.com/2021/05/21/voice-of-america-ethiopia-bias |archive-date=September 14, 2023 |newspaper=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref> VOA journalist Jason Patinkin reported the problems "at every level of the VOA hierarchy" and resigned, saying it had "sided with the perpetrators both by commission and omission" of "potential crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing and perhaps even genocide".<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /> In June 2021, ''[[Mail & Guardian]]'' reported on an investigation which found that during the Tigray War, the only major foreign news service that was not harassed by Ethiopian security services was VOA.<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /> VOA frequently covered the [[Mai Kadra massacre]], mostly attributed to Tigrayan youth and documented by [[Amnesty International]], while later focusing on the Ethiopian government's dismissal of Amnesty International's report on the [[Axum massacre]] rather than on the methods and content of the report itself. A majority of the stories about the war only showed government or military officials' points of view.<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /> Instructions emailed to staff stated that the terms "civil war" and "war" were forbidden in reporting on the Tigray War, with Scott Stearns writing on November 14, according to ''Mail & Guardian'', "There are to be no deviations from these instructions by any member of any Africa division language service on any platform."<ref name="MailGuardian_VOA_is_airing_ET" /><br />
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=== Israel and Palestine ===<br />
After the [[October 7 Hamas attack|October 7, 2023, Hamas attack]] on Israel, an email was sent to Voice of America staff from the associate editor for news standards with guidance related to how to refer to the actions ("terrorist acts" or "acts of terror") and advice about how to refer to individual members of [[Hamas]], i.e. to use the term "terrorist" only in direct quotes from sources.<ref name="Farhi 2023">{{cite news |last1=Farhi |first1=Paul |date=November 29, 2023 |title=GOP senators blast Voice of America for Hamas 'militants' terminology |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2023/11/29/voice-of-america-hamas-israel-terrorist-militant-hagerty/ |access-date=February 20, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> At the time, VOA was not the only news outlet with journalists discussing how to objectively refer to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref name="Farhi 2023" /> Six Republican members of Congress signed a letter sent by Senator [[Bill Hagerty]], which criticized and strongly objected to the editorial guidance about how to refer to individual members of Hamas.<ref name="Farhi 2023" /> USAGM chief executive Amanda Bennett sent a letter to the senators to clarify that the VOA email was guidance only, and "There is no policy prohibiting the use of the words 'terror,' 'terrorism,' or 'terrorist{{' "}} at VOA, and stating the news organizations within USAGM "counsel care and attention in the use of the words but do not place any restrictions on the appropriate use."<ref name="Farhi 2023" /> The controversy prompted Congress to reduce the budget of VOA's parent organization, USAGM.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 3, 2024 |title=Darrell Issa: Congress Cut Voice of America's Budget over Hamas Controversy |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/darrell-issa-congress-cut-voice-of-americas-budget-over-hamas-controversy/ |access-date=July 24, 2024 |website=National Review }}</ref><br />
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===Kurdistan and Iran===<br />
VOA's service in Iran had a negative impact on [[Kurd]]s and [[Kurdistan]] according to the publication ''[[Kurdish Life]]'' in 2000. They claimed that the VOA exacerbated the conflict between the [[Talabani]] and the [[Barzani (tribe)|Barzani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2000 |title=The Kurdish Disservice |work=Kurdish Life |url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A132000325/GIC?u=viva_gmu&sid=GIC&xid=47c |url-status=live |access-date=February 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914203755/https://login.gmu.edu/idp/profile/cas/login?execution=e1s1 |archive-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref> They further claimed that the VOA covered up wrongful imprisonments, wrongful arrests, and the building of extremist mosques. According to the same publication, Kurds were being turned into fanatics, and a new generation of terrorists was forming because of the VOA. They claimed the VOA was doing this to help [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Revisiting the Kurdish Disservice |work=Kurdish Life}}</ref><br />
<br />
On April 2, 2007, [[Abdul Malik Rigi]], the leader of [[Jundallah (Iran)|Jundullah]], an Iranian Muslim [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[Salafi]] militant group with possible links to [[al-Qaeda]], appeared on Voice of America's [[Persian language|Persian-language]] service. The interview was condemned by the [[Iranian government]].<ref name="swissinfo.org">{{Cite web |title=Iranian speaker says U.S. supports 'terrorists' |url=http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Iranian_speaker_says_U_S_supports_terrorists.html?siteSect=143&sid=7692846&cKey=1175790190000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205232531/http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/international/ticker/detail/Iranian_speaker_says_U_S_supports_terrorists.html?siteSect=143&sid=7692846&cKey=1175790190000 <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2008 |publisher=swissinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=fa:گفتوگوي صداي آمريکا با قاتل مردم بلوچستان! |url=http://www.baztab.com/news/63969.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070410034234/http://baztab.com/news/63969.php |archive-date=April 10, 2007 |access-date=January 15, 2008 |language=fa}}</ref> He also alleges he had American support in an official TV broadcast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 26, 2010 |title=Iran 'militant' claims US support |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8537567.stm |access-date=August 18, 2025 }}</ref> Jundullah was linked to attacks on both Iranian military and civilians.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=M. Hersh |first=Seymour |date=June 28, 2008 |title=Preparing the Battlefield |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_hersh?printable=true |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627031726/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/07/080707fa_fact_hersh?printable=true |archive-date=June 27, 2014 |access-date=February 20, 2020 |magazine=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref><ref name="washt400killed">{{Cite news |last=Massoud |first=Ansari |date=January 16, 2006 |title=Sunni Muslim group vows to behead Iranians |url=http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060116-124019-6619r.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403203656/http://www.washtimes.com/world/20060116-124019-6619r.htm |archive-date=April 3, 2007 |access-date=April 5, 2007 |work=[[The Washington Times]]}}</ref> Rigi was captured by the Iranian security services and executed in 2010 in [[Evin Prison]] in [[Tehran]].<ref>{{cite news |date=June 20, 2010 |title=Iran hangs Sunni militant leader Abdolmalek Rigi |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/10359415.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109135059/https://www.bbc.com/news/10359415 |archive-date=January 9, 2016 |access-date=March 16, 2011 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2010 |title=Iran hangs Sunni group leader |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062034410244183.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203064900/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2010/06/201062034410244183.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 |access-date=March 5, 2020 |website=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Pakistan ===<br />
The VOA's DEEWA Radio airs in Pakistan. Although in 2015 some listeners were suspicious that the program was promoting an American agenda, others said they were experiencing a positive effect. Some listeners felt that the programs were giving a voice to the voiceless, giving them a sense of empowerment.<ref name="Jan-2015">{{Cite journal |last=Jan |first=F |date=2015 |title=International Broadcasting as Component of U.S. Public Diplomacy (A Case Study of Voice of America's DEEWA Radio) |url=http://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/10_2/Dialogue_April_June2015_152-165.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Dialogue |volume=10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422055243/https://qurtuba.edu.pk/thedialogue/The%20Dialogue/10_2/Dialogue_April_June2015_152-165.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2021}}</ref> In 2018, the Pakistani authorities blocked the website of VOA's Pashto and Urdu language radio service.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/29/2018-a-year-of-media-suppression-and-rights-abuses-in-pakistan|title=2018: A year of media suppression and rights abuses in Pakistan|first=Rabia|last=Mehmood|website=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1451133|title=Urdu, Pashto VOA websites inaccessible in Pakistan|first=Ikram|last=Junaidi|date=December 13, 2018|website=DAWN}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Russia ===<br />
In January 2016, upon his arrival in Moscow, Russian authorities detained and then deported [[Jeff Shell]], the chairman of the Broadcasting Board of Governors that oversees the Voice of America, despite his having a valid Russian visa.<ref name="www.arkansasonline.com-2016">{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2016 |title=Russia detains, deports U.S. Voice of America official &#124; Arkansas Democrat Gazette |url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2016/jul/14/russia-detains-deports-us-voice-america-official/ |website=ArkansasOnline.com }}</ref> Russian authorities did not explain their actions.<ref name="www.arkansasonline.com-2016" /><br />
<br />
Round-the-clock broadcasting of Russian language TV news channel ''Current Time'' began on February 7, 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Time TV Channel Новости, видео и репортажи из России, Украины, стран Азии – Настоящее Время |url=https://www.currenttime.tv/p/6018.html |access-date=March 28, 2020 |website=Настоящее Время |language=ky |ref={{sfnref | Настоящее Время}} |archive-date=April 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408141641/https://www.currenttime.tv/p/6018.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Current Time TV |url=https://www.voanews.com/author/current-time-tv-rfe-rl-voa/kv-yo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328090933/https://www.voanews.com/author/current-time-tv |archive-date=March 28, 2020 |website=Voice of America}}</ref><ref name="usagm.gov2">{{cite web |date=February 12, 2019 |title=Current Time celebrates two years of impact and growth |url=https://www.usagm.gov/2019/02/12/current-time-celebrates-two-years-of-impact-and-growth/ |access-date=March 28, 2020 |website=USAGM |ref={{sfnref | USAGM | 2019}} |archive-date=June 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601143438/https://www.usagm.gov/2019/02/12/current-time-celebrates-two-years-of-impact-and-growth/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2017, under a new directive from Russia's [[Kremlin]] after a new law was passed by the [[State Duma]] (Russia's lower house of parliament) and the upper house [[Federation Council]] and signed by Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]], Voice of America was deemed a "foreign agent" under the [[Russian foreign agent law]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russia labels VOA and RFE as 'foreign agents' – DW – 12/06/2017 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/russia-labels-voice-of-america-and-radio-free-europe-as-foreign-agents/a-41651707 |website=dw.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/12/05/568502826/russia-slaps-restrictions-on-voice-of-america-and-radio-free-europe "Russia Slaps Restrictions On 'Voice Of America' And 'Radio Free Europe'"]</ref> In June 2021, the Russian news agency [[TASS]] reported that Russia's state communications watchdog ''[[Roskomnadzor]]'' complained that the foreign agent Voice of America radio station challengingly refused to observe Russian law because it had not established a Russian legal entity.<ref name="TASS">{{Cite web |title=Voice of America, Radio Liberty ignore Russian laws — watchdog |url=https://tass.com/society/1301669 |website=TASS}}</ref> ''Roskomnadzor'' also said that VOA was as a foreign agent "obliged to mark their content and provide information about all aspects of their activity, including a detailed description of contacts with the authorities."<ref name="TASS" /><br />
<br />
In March 2022, VOA and other news broadcasters, including the [[BBC]], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], and [[Deutsche Welle]] were blocked in Russia,<ref name="Reuters March 2022">{{cite news |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Russia blocks access to BBC and Voice of America websites |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/russia-restricts-access-bbc-russian-service-radio-liberty-ria-2022-03-04/ |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=[[Reuters]] |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305001129/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/russia-restricts-access-bbc-russian-service-radio-liberty-ria-2022-03-04/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as after the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]] in February 2022, Russian authorities increased censorship of independent journalism, anti-war protests, and dissenting voices.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Troianovski |first1=Anton |last2=Safronova |first2=Valeriya |date=March 4, 2022 |title=Russia Takes Censorship to New Extremes, Stifling War Coverage |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/europe/russia-censorship-media-crackdown.html |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305091221/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/04/world/europe/russia-censorship-media-crackdown.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2022 |title=Russia: Kremlin's ruthless crackdown stifles independent journalism and anti-war movement |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/russia-kremlins-ruthless-crackdown-stifles-independent-journalism-and-anti-war-movement/ |website=Amnesty International |access-date=February 11, 2024 |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405182447/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/03/russia-kremlins-ruthless-crackdown-stifles-independent-journalism-and-anti-war-movement/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT Mar 7 2022">{{cite news |last1=Satariano |first1=Adam |last2=Hopkins |first2=Valerie |date=March 7, 2022 |title=Russia, Blocked From the Global Internet, Plunges Into Digital Isolation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/07/technology/russia-ukraine-internet-isolation.html |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Klar-2022">{{Cite web |last=Klar |first=Rebecca |date=March 8, 2022 |title=Grassroots effort uses shortwave radio to broadcast VOA in Ukraine, Russia |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/597411-grassroots-effort-uses-shortwave-radio-to-broadcast-voa-in-ukraine-russia/}}</ref> Nevertheless, many Russians have used [[VPN]]s and other software to get around Russian government blocks.<ref>{{cite news |last1=McGil |first1=Margaret Harding |date=March 12, 2022 |title=How Russians are evading the internet blockade |url=https://www.axios.com/2022/03/09/vpns-evading-russias-internet-blockade |access-date=February 22, 2024 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bicknell |first=John |date=June 21, 2022 |title=Radio to Russia: Can Old Technologies Make a Dent in Putin's Information Blockade? |url=https://information-professionals.org/radio-to-russia-can-old-technologies-make-a-dent-in-putins-information-blockade/ |website=Information Professionals Association}}</ref> As of March 2022, VOA broadcasts were reaching people in Russia and the region through TV, FM and medium wave radio, digital, and direct-to-home satellite.<ref name="Klar-2022" /> In May 2023, Russia banned then-acting VOA chief Yolanda Lopez from ever entering the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weprin |first=Alex |date=May 19, 2023 |title=Russia Bans Late Night Hosts Stephen Colbert, Jimmy Kimmel, Seth Meyers From Entering the Country |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/russia-bans-jimmy-kimmel-stephen-colbert-seth-meyers-rachel-maddow-1235496448/ |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=February 12, 2024 |archive-date=April 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406184329/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/russia-bans-jimmy-kimmel-stephen-colbert-seth-meyers-rachel-maddow-1235496448/ |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Azerbaijan ===<br />
From 2019 to 2025, [[Azerbaijan]]i journalist and human rights activist [[Ulviyya Ali]] worked with the Azerbaijani Service of Voice of America, where she authored and broadcast over 1000 news-pieces and reports. Her work often focused on politically sensitive topics such as [[Human rights in Azerbaijan|political trials in Azerbaijan]], human rights violations, protests, rallies, and civil disobedience actions against the regime of [[Ilham Aliyev]]. During her journalistic activities, she faced multiple instances of detention, police obstruction, and ill-treatment.<ref name=":B" >{{cite news |title=Состояние азербайджанской журналистки Ульвии Али ухудшилось в СИЗО |work=DOXA |date=May 10, 2025 |url=https://doxa.team/news/2025-05-14-meydan |access-date=May 10, 2025 |language=ru }}</ref> In February 2025, Voice of America journalist's accreditations in Azerbaijan were revoked.<ref name=":B" /> Ulviyya Ali was arrested in May 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=She covered human rights for VOA in Azerbaijan. Now she's in jail. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/05/15/voice-of-america-journalist-arrested-azerbaijan/ |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=May 15, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Another Courageous Journalist Jailed in Azerbaijan |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/05/16/another-courageous-journalist-jailed-azerbaijan |work=Human Rights Watch |date=May 16, 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Turkey ===<br />
On June 30, 2022, the Turkish media watchdog, [[Radio and Television Supreme Council]] (RTÜK), blocked access to VOA's website amerikaninsesi.com in [[Turkey]] because VOA had not applied for the necessary license, which would subject VOA to certain obligations.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2023/08/23/us-concerned-by-turkeys-threat-to-silence-voa-turkish/ |title=US 'Concerned' by Turkey's Threat to Silence VOA Turkish |first=Hamdi Firat |last=Buyuk |date=August 23, 2023 |access-date=March 3, 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=June 30, 2022 |title=Turkey blocks access to Deutsche Welle, Voice of America for not getting licenses – official |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630211954/https://www.reuters.com/business/media-telecom/turkey-blocks-access-deutsche-welle-voice-america-not-getting-licenses-official-2022-06-30/ |archive-date=June 30, 2022 }}</ref> The RTÜK regulation requires foreign news outlets that publish in Turkey to apply for publication licenses, mandates that at least half of the media organization be owned by a Turkish citizen, and would force VOA to remove content deemed inappropriate by RTÜK.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkeys-media-watchdog-rtuk-once-again-orders-dw-to-apply-for-license-news-63301 |title=Turkey's media watchdog RTÜK once again orders DW to apply for license |publisher=Duvar English |date=October 11, 2023 |website=DuvarEnglish.com }}</ref> VOA Turkish subsequently broadcast over a different VOA website domain name, voaturkce.com, which in August 2023 was blocked as well.<ref name="Voice of America-2023">{{Cite web |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/voa-website-banned-in-turkey-for-lack-of-broadcast-license/7246368.html |title=VOA Website Banned in Turkey for Lack of Broadcast License |date=August 29, 2023 |website=Voice of America }}</ref> VOA said that "Given VOA's status as a public service international broadcaster legally required to provide 'accurate, objective, and comprehensive' news coverage to its global audience, VOA cannot comply with any directive intended to enable censorship."<ref name="Voice of America-2023" /> VOA Turkey, after it was blocked, shared instructions on its social media accounts as to how to use a VPN to access its content.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.turkishminute.com/2023/08/23/us-press-organizations-slam-impending-access-ban-on-voa-turkish/ |title=US, press organizations slam impending access ban on VOA Turkish |first=Turkish |last=Minute |date=August 23, 2023 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Historical list of languages ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 87%;"<br />
|-<br />
! Language<ref>[http://tedlipien.com/blog/2012/03/06/voice-of-america-history/ Voice of America History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903204647/http://tedlipien.com/blog/2012/03/06/voice-of-america-history/|date=September 3, 2017}}, [https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html VOA Language Service Fact Sheets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903211753/https://www.insidevoa.com/a/voa-fact-sheets/3780820.html|date=September 3, 2017}}</ref>!! Target audience !! from !! to !! Website !! Remarks<br />
|-<br />
| English || Worldwide || 1942 || rowspan="2" | present || [https://www.voanews.com/ www.voanews.com] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mandarin Chinese]] || {{flag|Republic of China (1912–1949)|name=Republic of China}} (1941–1949)<br />{{flag|People's Republic of China}} (1949–present) || 1941 || [https://www.voachinese.com/ 美国之音] || rowspan="2" | see also [[Radio Free Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Cantonese]] ||[[Guangdong]]<br />[[Guangxi]]<br />{{flag|Hong Kong}} (1997–present)<br />{{flag|Macau}} (1999–present)|| 1941<br />1949<br />1987 || data-sort-value="present" | 1945<br />1963<br />present || [https://www.voacantonese.com/ 美國之音] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Brazilian Portuguese]] || {{flag|Brazil}} || 1941<br />1946<br />1961 || 1945<br />1948<br />2001 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amoy dialect|Amoy]] || [[Fujian]] (1941–1945, 1951–1963)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg}} ''[[Japanese Taiwan]]'' (1941–1945)<br />{{flag|Taiwan}} (1951–1963)|| 1941<br />1951 || data-sort-value="1963" | 1945<br />1963 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]]/[[Filipino language|Filipino]] || ''{{flag|Commonwealth of the Philippines}}'' (1941–1942, 1945–1946)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg}} ''[[Philippine Executive Commission]]'' (1942–1943)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1943-1945).svg}} [[Second Philippine Republic|Republic of the Philippines]] (1943–1945)|| 1941 || 1946 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Korean language|Korean]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg}} ''[[Japanese Korea]]'' (1942–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Committee of Korea.svg}} [[People's Republic of Korea]] (1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Provisional People's Committee for North Korea.svg}} ''[[Soviet Civil Administration|Soviet Civil Administration in North Korea]]'' (1945–1948)<br />{{flag|North Korea}} (1948–present)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of South Korea (1945–1948).svg}} ''[[United States Army Military Government in Korea]]'' (1945–1948)<br />{{flag|South Korea}} (1948–2025)|| rowspan="2" | 1942 || rowspan="2" | present || [https://www.voakorea.com/ VOA 한국어] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Indonesian language|Indonesian]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Japan (1870–1999).svg}} ''[[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese-occupied Dutch East Indies]]'' (1942–1945)<br />''{{flag|Dutch East Indies}}'' (1945–1949)<br />''{{flag|Netherlands New Guinea}}'' (1949–1962)<br />{{flagicon|United Nations}} ''[[United Nations Temporary Executive Authority|West New Guinea (UN Protectorate)]]'' (1962–1963)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[Indonesian National Revolution#Formation of the Republican government|Republic of Indonesia]] (1945–1949)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[United States of Indonesia]] (1949–1950)<br />{{flag|Indonesia}} (1950–present)|| [https://www.voaindonesia.com VOA Indonesia] || see also [[Voice of America Indonesia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Turkish language|Turkish]] || {{flag|Turkey}} || 1942<br />1948 || data-sort-value="present" | 1945<br />present || [https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/ Amerika'nın Sesi]<br />[https://www.voaturkce.com/ VOA Türkçe] ||<br />
|-<br />
| Spanish || [[Latin America]] || 1942<br />1946<br />1953<br />1961 || data-sort-value="present" | 1945<br />1948<br />1956<br />present || [https://www.voanoticias.com/ Voz de América] || see also [[Radio y Televisión Martí]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Persian language|Persian]] || {{flagicon image|State flag of Iran (1964–1980).svg}} [[Imperial State of Iran]] (1942–1945, 1949–1960, 1964–1966)<br />{{flag|Islamic Republic of Iran}} (1979–present) || 1942<br />1949<br />1964<br />1979 || data-sort-value="present" | 1945<br />1960<br />1966<br />present || [https://ir.voanews.com/ صدای آمریکا] || see also [[Radio Farda]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Thai language|Thai]] || {{flag|Thailand}} || 1942<br />1962<br />1988 || data-sort-value="present" | 1958<br />1988<br />present || [https://www.voathai.com/ วอยซ์ ออฟ อเมริกา] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Modern Greek|Greek]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Greece (1822-1978).svg}} [[Hellenic State (1941–1944)|Hellenic State]] (1942–1944)<br />''[[Axis occupation of Greece|Axis-occupied Greece]]'' (1942–1944)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg}} ''[[Italian Islands of the Aegean]]'' (1942–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|State Flag of Greece (1863-1924 and 1935-1973).svg}} [[Kingdom of Greece]] (1944–1973)<br />{{flag|Hellenic Republic}} (1973–2014)|| rowspan="7" | 1942 || 2014 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20120601222838/http://gr.voanews.com/ Φωνή της Αμερικής]<br/>(no longer active, kept for historical reasons) ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || {{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria}} (1942–1946)<br />{{flagicon|People's Republic of Bulgaria}} [[People's Republic of Bulgaria|Bulgarian People's Republic]] (1946–1989)<br />{{flag|Bulgaria}} (1989–2004) || rowspan="6" | 2004 || – || rowspan="6" | see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Czech language|Czech]] || ''{{flag|Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia}}'' (1942–1945)<br />[[Czechs|Czech]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] (1945–1960)<br />[[Czechs|Czech]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1960–1969)<br />{{flagicon|Czech Socialist Republic}} [[Czech Socialist Republic|Czech SR]] (1969–1990)<br />{{flag|Czech Republic}} (1990–2004) || – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] || {{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1915-1918, 1919-1946).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Kingdom of Hungary]]<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Hungary (1946-1949, 1956-1957; 1-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[Second Hungarian Republic|Hungarian Republic]] (1946–1949)<br />{{flag|Hungarian People's Republic}} (1949–1989)<br />{{flag|Hungary}} (1989–1993) || – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Polish language|Polish]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[General Government|General Government of Polish Region]]'' (1942–1944)<br />''[[Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany]]''<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland|Republic of Poland]] (1944–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Poland (1928–1980).svg}} [[Provisional Government of National Unity|Republic of Poland]] (1945–1947)<br />{{flag|Polish People's Republic}} (1947–1989)<br />{{flag|Poland}} (1990–2004)|| – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]] || {{flag|Kingdom of Romania}} (1942–1947)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Romania (1952-1965).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Romania#Romanian People's Republic|Romanian People's Republic]] (1947–1965)<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Romania}} (1965–1989)<br />{{flag|Romania}} (1989–2004) || – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Slovak language|Slovak]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Slovakia (1939–1945).svg}} [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] (1942–1945)<br />[[Slovaks|Slovak]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Third Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovak Republic]] (1945–1960)<br />[[Slovaks|Slovak]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of the Czech Republic.svg}} [[Czechoslovak Socialist Republic]] (1960–1969)<br />{{flagicon|Slovak Socialist Republic}} [[Slovak Socialist Republic|Slovak SR]] (1969–1990)<br />{{flag|Slovakia}} (1990–2004)|| – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Arabic]] || {{flagicon image|Flag of the Arab League.svg}} [[Arab world|Arab World]] || 1942<br />1950 || data-sort-value="2002" | 1945<br />2002 || – || see also [[Radio Sawa]] and [[Alhurra]]<br />
|-<br />
| Spanish ||{{flag|Spanish State}} (1942–1955, 1955–1975)<br />{{flag|Spain}} (1975–1993)|| 1942<br />1955 || data-sort-value="1993" | 1955<br />1993 || rowspan="2" | –<br />(for local radio stations) ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Portugal.svg}} [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]] (1942–1945, 1951–1953)<br />{{flag|Portugal}} (1976–1987, 1987–1993)|| 1942<br />1951<br />1976<br />1987 || data-sort-value="1993" | 1945<br />1953<br />1987<br />1993 ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[German language|German]] || {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} [[Nazi Germany|German Reich]] (1942–1943)<br />''{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} [[Austria under National Socialism|German-occupied Austria]]'' (1942–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} [[Nazi Germany|Greater German Reich]] (1943–1945)<br />''{{flag|Allied-occupied Germany}}'' (1945–1949)<br />''{{flag|Saar Protectorate}}'' (1947–1956)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany.svg}} [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] (1949–1960)<br />''{{flagicon|Berlin}} [[History of Berlin#West and East Germany (1945–1990)|Allied-occupied Berlin]]'' (1949–1960)<br />{{flag|German Democratic Republic}} (1949–1960)<br />{{flag|Germany}} (1991–1993)|| 1942<br />1991 || 1960<br />1993 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Japanese language|Japanese]] ||{{flag|Empire of Japan}} (1942–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Allied Occupied Japan.svg|border=}}''[[Occupation of Japan|Occupied Japan]]'' (1951–1952)<br />{{flag|Japan}} (1952–1962)|| 1942<br />1951 || data-sort-value="1962" | 1945<br />1962 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[French language|French]] || {{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[Vichy France|French State]] (1942–1944)<br />{{flag|Free France}} (1942–1944)<br />{{flagicon image|War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg}} ''[[German military administration in occupied France during World War II|Military Administration in France]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[French people|French]]- and [[Walloons|Walloon]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg}} ''[[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[French people|French]]- and [[Walloons|Walloon]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1944)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg}} ''[[Italian occupation of France|Italian Military Administration in France]]'' (1942–1943)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Italy (1861-1946) crowned.svg}} ''[[Italian occupation of Corsica|Occupied Corsica]]'' (1942–1943)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French Republic]] (1944–1946)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg}} [[French Fourth Republic|French Republic]] (1946–1958)<br />{{flagicon|France}} [[French Fifth Republic|French Republic]] (1958–1961)|| 1942 || 1961 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Italian language|Italian]] ||{{flag|Kingdom of Italy}} (1942–1945)<br />{{flag|Italian Republic}} (1951–1957)<br />{{flagicon image|Free Territory Trieste Flag.svg}} ''[[Free Territory of Trieste]]'' (1951–1954)|| rowspan="2" | 1942<br />1951 || data-sort-value="1957" | 1945<br />1957 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Finnish language|Finnish]] || {{flag|Finland}} || data-sort-value="1953" | 1945<br />1953 ||| – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Afrikaans]] || {{flag|Union of South Africa}} || rowspan="4" | 1942 || 1949 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Danish language|Danish]] || {{flag|Denmark}} || rowspan="3" | 1945 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Flemish dialects|Flemish]] || [[Flemish people|Flemish]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg}} ''[[Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1942–1944)<br />[[Flemish people|Flemish]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France]]'' (1944)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[Reichsgau Flandern]]'' (1944–1945) || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[Reichskommissariat Norwegen]]''|| – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Serbian language|Serbian]] ||{{flagicon image|War Ensign of Germany (1938–1945).svg}} ''[[Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia]]'' + {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[German occupied territory of Montenegro|German-occupied Montenegro]]'' (1943–1944)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|Federated State of Serbia]] + {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993), Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|Federated State of Montenegro]] (1944–1946)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|People's Republic of Serbia]] + {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993), Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro|People's Republic of Montenegro]] (1946–1963)<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of Serbia}} + {{flagicon image|Flag of Montenegro (1946–1993), Flag of Serbia (1947–1992).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Montenegro]] (1963–1992)<br />{{flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} (1992–2003)<br />{{flag|State Union of Serbia and Montenegro}} (2003–2006)<br />{{flag|Serbia}} (2006–present)<br />{{flag|Montenegro}} (2006–present)|| 1943 || present || [https://www.glasamerike.net/ Glas Amerike] || rowspan="2" | see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Albanian language|Albanian]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1943–1944).svg}} [[German occupation of Albania|Albanian Kingdom]] (1943–1944)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Albania (1944–1946).svg}} [[Democratic Government of Albania]] (1944–1945)<br />{{flag|People's Republic of Albania}} (1951–1976)<br />{{flag|People's Socialist Republic of Albania}} (1976–1998)<br />{{flag|Republic of Albania}} (1998–present) <br />{{flag|Republic of Kosovo}} (2008–present)<br />
| rowspan="3" | 1943<br />1951 || rowspan="2" data-sort-value="present" | 1945<br />present || [https://www.zeriamerikes.com/ Zëri i Amerikës] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Burmese language|Burmese]] ||{{flag|State of Burma}} (1943–1945)<br />{{flag|Union of Burma}} (1951–1974)<br />{{flag|Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma}} (1974–1988)<br />{{flag|Union of Myanmar}} (1988–2011)<br />{{flag|Myanmar}} (2011–present)|| [https://burmese.voanews.com/ ဗွီအိုအေ မြန်မာဌာန] || rowspan="2" | see also [[Radio Free Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] ||{{flag|French Indochina}} (1943–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Empire of Vietnam (1945).svg}} [[Empire of Vietnam]] (1945)<br />''{{flagicon image|Flag of Colonial Annam.svg}} [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Protectorate of Tonkin]] + {{flagicon image|First flag of the Nguyen Dynasty.svg}} [[Annam (French protectorate)|Protectorate of Annam]] + {{flagicon image|Flag of Republic of Cochinchina.svg}} [[French Cochinchina]]'' (1945–1946)<br />{{flag|State of Vietnam}} (1951–1955)<br />{{flag|North Vietnam}} (1955–1976)<br />{{flag|South Vietnam}} (1955–1975)<br />{{flagicon image|FNL Flag.svg}} ''[[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|North Vietnamese-occupied South Vietnam]]'' (1969–1976)<br />{{flag|Vietnam}} (1976–present)|| data-sort-value="present" | 1946<br />present || [https://www.voatiengviet.com/ Ðài Tiếng nói Hoa Kỳ] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Croatian language|Croatian]] ||{{flag|Independent State of Croatia}} (1943–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Croatia|Federated State of Croatia]] (1945–1946)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg}} [[People's Republic of Croatia]] (1946–1963)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Croatia (1947–1990).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Croatia]] (1963–1990)<br />{{flagicon|Croatia|1990}} [[Republic of Croatia]] (1990–1991)<br />{{flag|Croatia}} (1991–2011)|| rowspan="2" | 1943 || 2011 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Swedish language|Swedish]] ||{{flag|Sweden}}|| 1945 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Slovene language|Slovene]] ||[[Slovenes|Slovenian]]-inhabited lands of {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[Reichsgau Steiermark]]'', ''[[Reichsgau Kärnten]]'' and ''[[Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral]]'' (1944–1945)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945–1991).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia|People's Republic of Slovenia]] (1949–1963)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Slovenia (1945–1991).svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]] (1963–1990)<br />{{flag|Slovenia}} (1990–2004)|| 1944<br />1949 || data-sort-value="2004" | 1945<br />2004 || style="vertical-align:top;" | – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Wu Chinese]] || [[Shanghai]] || rowspan="3" | 1944 || 1946 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dutch language|Dutch]] || {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg}} ''[[Reichskommissariat Niederlande]]'' || 1945 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || {{flag|Kingdom of Iceland}}|| 1944 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || {{flagicon|Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic}} [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] (1947–1991)<br />{{flag|Russia}} (1991–present) || 1947 || rowspan="2" | present || [https://www.golosameriki.com/ Голос Америки] || rowspan="4" | see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || {{flagicon|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]] (1949–1991)<br />{{flag|Ukraine}} (1991–present)|| 1949 || [https://www.holosameryky.com/ Голос Америки] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || {{flagicon|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian SSR]] (1951–1991)<br />{{flag|Armenia}} (1991–present)|| rowspan="2" | 1951 || rowspan="2" | present (web) || [https://www.amerikayidzayn.com/ Ամերիկայի Ձայն] <br />
|-<br />
| [[Georgian language|Georgian]] ||{{flagicon|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian SSR]] (1951–1991)<br />{{flag|Georgia}} (1991–present)|| – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Urdu]] ||{{flag|Pakistan}}|| 1951<br />1954 || data-sort-value="present" | 1953<br />present || [https://www.urduvoa.com/ وائس آف امریکہ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] || {{flagicon|Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azeri SSR]] (1951–1953, 1982–1991)<br />{{flag|Azerbaijan}} (1991–present) || 1951<br />1982 || data-sort-value="?" | 1953<br />present (web) || [https://www.amerikaninsesi.org/ Amerikanın Səsi] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]] ||Northern {{flag|India}}|| 1951<br />1954 || data-sort-value="2008" | 1953<br />2008 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Estonian language|Estonian]] ||{{flagicon|Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Estonian SSR]] (1951–1990)<br />{{flag|Estonia}} (1990–2004)|| rowspan="8" | 1951 || rowspan="3" | 2004 || – || rowspan="3" | see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Latvian language|Latvian]] ||{{flagicon|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]] (1951–1990)<br />{{flag|Latvia}} (1990–2004)|| – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] ||{{flagicon|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Lithuanian SSR]] (1951–1990)<br />{{flag|Lithuania}} (1990–2004)|| – <br />
|-<br />
| [[Malaysian language|Malayan]] ||[[File:Flag of Malaya.svg|24px]] [[Federation of Malaya]]|| 1955 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hakka Chinese|Hakka]] ||[[Hakka people|Hakka]]-inhabited lands of Southern {{flag|People's Republic of China}}|| 1954 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] ||{{flag|Israel}}|| rowspan="3" | 1953 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shantou dialect|Swatow]] ||[[Shantou]]|| – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tatar language|Tatar]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of the Tatar ASSR.svg}} [[Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Tatar ASSR]]|| – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||[[Madras State]] (1954–1969)<br />{{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]] (1969–1970)<br />{{flag|Dominion of Ceylon}} ([[Sri Lanka]], ex-Ceylon) || 1954 || 1970 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Khmer language|Khmer]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of Cambodia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)|Kingdom of Cambodia]] (1955–1957, 1962–1970)<br />{{flag|Khmer Republic}} (1970–1975)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg}} [[Democratic Kampuchea]] (1975–1979)<br />{{flag|People's Republic of Kampuchea}} (1979–1989)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Cambodia.svg}} [[People's Republic of Kampuchea#Transition and State of Cambodia (1989–1993)|State of Cambodia]] (1989–1993)<br />{{flag|Kingdom of Cambodia}} (1993–present)|| 1955<br />1962 || data-sort-value="present" | 1957<br />present || [https://khmer.voanews.com/ វីអូអេ]<br />[https://www.voacambodia.com/ www.voacambodia.com] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malayalam]] ||{{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]<br />[[Lakshadweep|Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands]]|| rowspan="4" | 1956 || 1961 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] ||[[Gujarati people|Gujarati]]-inhabited lands of [[Bombay State]]|| rowspan="2" | 1958 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||[[Combined Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]]|| – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] ||{{flagicon|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]]|| 1957 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||{{flag|Bangladesh}} <br />{{flag|India}}|| 1958 || rowspan="15" | present || [https://www.voabangla.com/ ভয়েস অফ আমেরিকা] ||<br />
|-<br />
| French (to Africa) || || 1960 || [https://www.voaafrique.com/ VOA Afrique] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] ||{{flag|Pakistan}}|| 2022 July || [https://www.urduvoa.com/z/7020 VOA Sindhi] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lao language|Lao]] ||{{flag|Kingdom of Laos}} (1962–1975)<br />{{flag|Lao People's Democratic Republic}} (1975–present)|| rowspan="2" | 1962 || [https://lao.voanews.com/ ສຽງອາເມຣິກາ ວີໂອເອ] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Swahili language|Swahili]] || || [https://www.voaswahili.com/ Sauti ya Amerika] ||<br />
|-<br />
| English (to Africa) || || 1963 August 4 || [https://www.voanews.com/p/5749.html www.voaafrica.com]{{dead link|date=April 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br />[https://www.voazimbabwe.com/ www.voazimbabwe.com] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] ||{{flagicon|Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic}} [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Uzbek SSR]] (1972–1991)<br />{{flag|Uzbekistan}} (1991–present)|| <br />1972 || [https://www.amerikaovozi.com/ Amerika Ovozi] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Liberty]]<br />
|-<br />
| Portuguese (to Africa) || || 1976 || [https://www.voaportugues.com/ Voz da América] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hausa language|Hausa]] ||{{flag|Nigeria}}|| 1979 January 21 || [https://www.voahausa.com/ Muryar Amurka] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dari language|Dari]] |||{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1980–1987).svg}} [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] (1980–1987)<br /> [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Republic of Afghanistan]] (1987–1992)<br />{{flag|Islamic State of Afghanistan}} (1992–1996, 2001–2002)<br />''{{flag|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan}}'' (1996–2001)<br />{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (2002–2004).svg}} [[Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan]] (2002–2004)<br />{{flagicon|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}} [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] (2004–2021)|| 1980 || [https://www.darivoa.com/ صدای امریکا] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amharic]] ||{{flag|Ethiopia}}|| 1982 September || [https://amharic.voanews.com/ የአሜሪካ ድምፅ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pashto language|Pashto]] ||[[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-inhabited lands of {{flag|Afghanistan}}|| 1982 || [https://www.pashtovoa.com/ اشنا راډیو] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[French-based creole languages|Creole]] ||[[Haiti]]|| 1987 || [https://www.voanouvel.com/ Lavwadlamerik] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] ||[[Tibet Autonomous Region]]<br />[[Qinghai]]<br />{{flag|Bhutan}}||1991 || [https://www.voatibetan.com/ ཨ་རིའི་རླུང་འཕྲིན་ཁང་།]<br />[https://www.voatibetanenglish.com/ www.voatibetanenglish.com] || see also [[Radio Free Asia]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kurdish languages|Kurdish]] ||[[File:Flag of Kurdistan.svg|24px]] [[Kurdistan Region|Iraqi Kurdistan]]<br />{{flagicon image|De facto SA-NES Flag.svg}} [[Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria]]<br />[[Turkish Kurdistan|Kurdish-inhabited lands of Turkey]]<br />[[Iranian Kurdistan|Kurdish-inhabited lands of Iran]]|| 1992 || [https://www.dengiamerika.com/ دهنگی ئهمهریکا]<br />[https://www.dengeamerika.com/ Dengê Amerîka] ||<br />
|-<br />
|| [[Somali language|Somali]] ||{{flag|Somalia}}|| 1992<br />2007 || data-sort-value="present" | 1995<br />present || [https://www.voasomali.com/ VOA Somali] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Nepali language|Nepali]] ||{{flag|Kingdom of Nepal}}|| 1992 || 1993 || – ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Oromo language|Afaan Oromo]] ||{{flagicon image|Flag of the Oromia Region.svg}} [[Oromia Region]]|| 1996 July || rowspan="4" | present || [https://www.voaafaanoromoo.com/ Sagalee Ameerikaa] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bosnian language|Bosnian]] ||{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}|| 1996 || [https://ba.voanews.com/ Glas Amerike] || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kinyarwanda]]/[[Kirundi]] ||{{flag|Rwanda}}<br />{{flag|Burundi}}<br />Eastern {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}}<br />Southern {{flag|Uganda}}<br />Northwestern {{flag|Tanzania}}|| rowspan="2" | 1996 July || [https://www.radiyoyacuvoa.com/ Ijwi ry'Amerika] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]] ||{{flag|Eritrea}}|| [https://tigrigna.voanews.com/ ድምፂ ረድዮ ኣሜሪካ] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] ||{{flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia|Republic of Macedonia]]|| 1999 || 2008 || – || see also [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|Radio Free Europe]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zimbabwean Ndebele language|Ndebele]] ||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}|| rowspan="2" | 2003 || rowspan="4" | present || [https://www.voandebele.com/ VOA Ndebele] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shona language|Shona]] ||{{flag|Zimbabwe}}<br />{{flag|Mozambique}}|| [https://www.voashona.com/ VOA Shona] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pashto]]||[[Pashtuns|Pashtun]]-inhabited lands of {{flag|Pakistan}}|| 2006 || [https://www.voadeewaradio.com/ ډیوه ریډیو] ||<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bambara language|Bambara]] ||{{flag|Mali}}|| 2013 March || [https://www.voabambara.com/ VOA Bambara] ||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of international broadcasters]]<br />
* [[List of public broadcasters by country]]<br />
* [[List of world news channels]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
===Notes===<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
===Citations===<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
{{Library resources box}}<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Cull |first=Nicholas J. |title=The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945-1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0521819978}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Dizard |first=Wilson P. |title=Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |year=2004 |isbn=1-58826-288-X}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Heil |first=Alan L. |title=Voice of America: A History |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=2006 |isbn=0231126751}}<br />
* Pomar, Mark G. (2022) ''Cold War Radio: The Russian Broadcasts of the Voice of America and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty'' (University of Nebraska Press, 2022) [https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=58687 online scholarly book review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721224130/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showpdf.php?id=58687 |date=July 21, 2024 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Rugh |first=William A. |url=https://archive.org/details/americanencounte00rugh |title=American Encounters with Arabs: The "Soft Power" of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East |publisher=Praeger |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-275-98817-3 |url-access=registration }}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons-inline}} <br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
<br />
{{Broadcasting Board of Governors}}<br />
{{US Shortwave Radio}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Voice of America| ]]<br />
[[Category:1942 establishments in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br />
[[Category:Cold War broadcasting]]<br />
[[Category:Democracy promotion]]<br />
[[Category:Good Neighbor policy]]<br />
[[Category:International broadcasters]]<br />
[[Category:Mass media companies based in Washington, D.C.]]<br />
[[Category:Media listed in Russia as foreign agents]]<br />
[[Category:Organizations established in 1942]]<br />
[[Category:Peabody Award winners]]<br />
[[Category:Publicly funded English language broadcasters]]<br />
[[Category:Radio organizations in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Shortwave radio stations in the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1942]]<br />
[[Category:Tibetan-language radio stations]]<br />
[[Category:United States government propaganda organizations]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaguar_Land_Rover&diff=505187Jaguar Land Rover2026-05-04T18:50:58Z<p>JosefinaK97: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|British multinational automotive company}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox company<br />
| name = Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC<br />
| logo = [[File:JLR logo 2023.svg|frameless|upright=0.6|class=skin-invert]]<br />
| type = [[Subsidiary]]<br />
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]<br />
| foundation = {{start date and age|2008|01|18|df=y}} (as Jaguar Land Rover)<br />
| location_city = [[Whitley, Coventry]]<br />
| predecessors = {{Plainlist|<br />
* Jaguar Cars Limited<br />
* Land Rover Limited<br />
}}<br />
| key_people = {{Plain list|<br />
* [[PB Balaji]] (CEO)<br />
* [[Gerry McGovern]] (CCO)<br />
}}<br />
| products = {{ubl|[[Luxury vehicle]]s|[[Sport utility vehicle]]s}}<br />
| brands = {{ubl|[[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]]|[[Land Rover]]|[[Rover (marque)|Rover]] (dormant)|[[Daimler Company|Daimler]] (dormant)|[[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] (dormant)}}<br />
| production = {{decrease}} 428,854 (2025)<ref name="Financials 2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.jlr.com/annual-report-2025|title = Annual Report 2025}}</ref><br>(Jaguar and Land Rover)<br />
| production_year = <br />
| revenue = {{decrease}} £28.961 billion (2025)<ref name="Financials 2025">{{cite web |url=https://www.jlr.com/annual-report-2025|title = Annual Report 2025}}</ref><br><br />
| operating_income = {{increase}} £2.47 billion (2025)<br />
| net_income = {{decrease}} £1.8 billion (2025)<br />
| assets = {{increase}} £26.096 billion (2025)<br />
| equity = {{increase}} £8.94 billion (2025)<br />
| parent = [[Tata Motors]]<br />
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list<br />
| Jaguar Land Rover Holdings Limited<br />
| [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]] (50%)<br />
| [[Bowler Motors]]<br />
| Jaguar Land Rover India<br />
| Jaguar Land Rover Limited<br />
}}<br />
| homepage = {{URL|https://jlr.com}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC''' (JLR) is a British [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[automobile manufacturer]] which produces [[luxury vehicle]]s and [[SUV]]s and has its head office in [[Whitley, Coventry]], United Kingdom. The principal activity of Jaguar Land Rover is the design, development, manufacture and sale of vehicles bearing the [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] marques. The company is the largest automotive employer in the UK with 33,000 employees as of September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Emma |date=2025-09-02 |title=Jaguar Land Rover shuts down IT systems after cyberattack |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/jaguar-land-rover-cyberattack-sales-disruption-c20cqwdx3 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Both marques have long histories prior to their merger – Jaguar going back to the 1930s and Land Rover to the 1940s – first coming together in 1968 as part of the [[British Leyland]] conglomerate, later again independent of each other, and then as subsidiaries of [[BMW]] (in the case of Land Rover), and [[Ford Motor Company]] (Jaguar). In 2000, [[Rover Group]] was broken up by BMW and Land Rover was sold on to Ford Motor Company, becoming part of its [[Premier Automotive Group]].<br />
<br />
Jaguar Land Rover has been a subsidiary of India-based [[Tata Motors]] since they founded it as a holding company for the acquisition of Jaguar Cars and Land Rover from Ford in 2008.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Both businesses having been part of [[British Leyland]] for parts of their histories until 1984, Jaguar Cars and Land Rover were eventually reunited into the same group by the [[Ford Motor Company]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=Superboss Dover takes over at Jaguar |date=9 November 2001 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-79902464 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190717233227/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-79902464/superboss-dover-takes-over-at-jaguar |newspaper= [[Coventry Telegraph|Coventry Evening Telegraph]] |archive-date= 17 July 2019 }}</ref> Ford had acquired Jaguar Cars in 1989 and then Land Rover from BMW in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |title=The Years 1989 to 1986 |publisher=Jaguar Cars Ltd. |access-date=19 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624005733/http://www.jaguar.com/int/en/jaguar_ownership/company/heritage/1989_1996.htm |archive-date=24 June 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/761794.stm | publisher=BBC | title=BMW, Ford seal Land Rover deal | date=24 May 2000 | access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref> In 2006, Ford purchased the [[Rover (marque)|Rover brand name]] from BMW for around £6{{nbsp}}million. This reunited the Rover and Land Rover brands for the first time since the Rover group was broken up by BMW in 2000.<br />
<br />
On 18 January 2008, [[Tata Motors]], a part of the India-based [[Tata Group]], established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a British-registered and wholly owned subsidiary. The new company was to be used as a holding company for the acquisition from Ford of the two businesses – Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover for US$2.23{{nbsp}}billion. That acquisition was completed on 2 June 2008.<ref name=jlrar2010-2011>{{cite web|title=2010/2011 Annual Report|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover PLC|page=5|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126065823/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/9e562e87-04c0-418f-8931-a2b9a27e28e7/20102011annualreport.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mike Rutherford ponders Tata's takeover of Land Rover and Jaguar |first=Mike | last = Rutherford |date=29 March 2008 |work=The Daily Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrmoney129.xml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408233420/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/motoring/main.jhtml?xml=/motoring/2008/03/29/mrmoney129.xml |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 April 2008 |location=London}}</ref> Included in the deal to buy Land Rover and Jaguar Cars were the rights to three other British brands: the [[Daimler Company|Daimler marque]], as well as two dormant brands [[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] and [[Rover (marque)|Rover]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.leftlanenews.com/5-for-2-special-tata-acquires-3-other-british-marques-in-jaguar-land-rover-deal.html#more-6922 | title = 5 for 2 special: Tata acquires 3 other British marques in Jaguar, Land Rover deal | publisher = Leftlane News | date = 28 March 2008 | access-date = 28 March 2008 | archive-date = 5 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120305034339/http://www.leftlanenews.com/5-for-2-special-tata-acquires-3-other-british-marques-in-jaguar-land-rover-deal.html#more-6922 | url-status = dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
On 1 January 2013, the group, which had been operating as two separate companies (Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover), although on an integrated basis, underwent a fundamental restructuring. The parent company was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC, Jaguar Cars Limited was renamed to Jaguar Land Rover Limited and the assets (excluding certain Chinese interests) of Land Rover were transferred to it. The consequence was that Jaguar Land Rover Limited became responsible in the UK for the design, manufacture and marketing of both Jaguar and Land Rover products.<ref name=jlrar2012-2013>{{cite web|title=Annual Report 2012/2013|url=https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Automotive PLC|page=91|access-date=26 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180126070639/https://b.jcms-api.com/download/f34fc56c-5b61-490e-910f-98463d8fd553/jaguarlandroverautomotiveplcannualreport20122013.pdf|archive-date=26 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to the Jaguar and Land Rover marques, JLR also owns the rights to the dormant [[Daimler Company|Daimler]], [[Lanchester Motor Company|Lanchester]] and [[Rover (marque)|Rover]] marques. The latter was acquired by Land Rover, whilst still under Ford ownership, from BMW in the aftermath of the collapse of [[MG Rover Group]]; BMW had retained ownership of the marque when it broke up [[Rover Group]] in 2000, then licensed it to MG Rover.<ref name=jlrar2010-2011 /><ref name=jlrar2012-2013 /><br />
<br />
In April 2025, Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would delay shipments to the United States after [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration#Automobile and auto part tariffs|President Donald Trump imposed tariffs earlier that month]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Davis |first=Wes |date=5 April 2025 |title=Jaguar Land Rover pauses US shipments over Trump tariffs |url=https://www.theverge.com/news/644055/jaguar-land-rover-shipments-pause-april-trump-tariffs |access-date=5 April 2025 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In May 2025, it was announced that [[PB Balaji]], the [[CFO]] of Tata Motors, would be the CEO from November 2025, succeeding Adrian Mardell who would be retiring after three years in the role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Partridge |first=Joanna |date=5 August 2025 |title=Trump attacks 'seriously woke' Jaguar Land Rover as company names new CEO |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2025/aug/05/trump-attacks-seriously-woke-jaguar-land-rover-new-ceo-pb-balaji |access-date=7 August 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== 2025 cyberattack ===<br />
{{main|Jaguar Land Rover cyberattack}}<br />
On 2 September 2025, the company announced it had been subject to a [[Jaguar Land Rover cyberattack|cyberattack]] that it said had "severely disrupted" its operations, including forcing it to pause all production and retail operations.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Powell |first=Emma |date=2025-09-02 |title=Jaguar Land Rover shuts down IT systems after cyberattack |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/jaguar-land-rover-cyberattack-sales-disruption-c20cqwdx3 |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Koopman |first=Saskia |date=2025-09-02 |title=Jaguar Land Rover hit by major cyber attack |url=https://www.cityam.com/jaguar-land-rover-hit-by-cyber-attack-forcing-production-shutdown-at-uk-plant/ |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=City AM |language=en-GB}}</ref> On 24 September, JLR announced the pause in operations had been extended to 1 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Jaguar Land Rover extends shutdown again after cyberattack |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/jlr-jaguar-land-rover-cyberattack-extends-shutdown-6wzmlpqcl |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.thetimes.com |language=en}}</ref> As of 22 October, JLR was slowly restarting parts of its production processes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-22 |title=JLR hack 'is costliest cyber attack in UK history', experts say |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy9pdld4y81o |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> In their accounts, released in November 2025, it was revealed that the cyber attack cost the business £196 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Direct cost of Jaguar Land Rover cyber attack which impacted UK economic growth revealed |url=https://news.sky.com/story/direct-cost-of-jaguar-land-rover-cyber-attack-which-impacted-uk-economic-growth-revealed-13470193 |access-date=2025-11-14 |website=Sky News |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Investment and expansion ==<br />
In March 2011, Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would hire an additional 1,500 staff at its [[Jaguar Land Rover Halewood|Halewood plant]], and signed over £2{{nbsp}}billion of supply contracts with UK-based companies, to enable production of its new [[Range Rover Evoque]] model.<ref name=tele23apr2011>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar-plans-UK-expansion-set-to-create-1000-jobs.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8470371/Jaguar-plans-UK-expansion-set-to-create-1000-jobs.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jaguar plans UK expansion set to create 1,000 jobs|date=23 April 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=20 September 2011|location=London|first=Graham|last=Ruddick}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-12627680|title=Jaguar announces £2bn supply contracts for Evoque model|access-date=20 September 2011|work=BBC News|date=2 March 2011}}</ref> In September 2011, the company confirmed that it would be investing £355{{nbsp}}million in the construction of a new engine plant at the [[i54]] business park near [[Wolverhampton]], central England, to manufacture a family of four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-autos-jlr-idUKTRE78I16A20110919|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152140/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-autos-jlr-idUKTRE78I16A20110919|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 November 2016|title=Tata's Jaguar Land Rover picks UK for new plant|date=19 September 2011|work=Reuters|access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar-Land-Rover-to-confirm-new-UK-plant.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/8773359/Jaguar-Land-Rover-to-confirm-new-UK-plant.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jaguar Land Rover confirms new UK plant|date=19 September 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=20 September 2011|location=London|first=Donna|last=Bowater}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In November 2011 Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be creating 1,000 new jobs at its [[Solihull plant]], a 25 per cent increase in the size of the workforce at the site.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8880695/Jaguar-Land-Rover-to-create-1000-jobs-at-Solihull-factory.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/8880695/Jaguar-Land-Rover-to-create-1000-jobs-at-Solihull-factory.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jaguar Land Rover to create 1,000 jobs at Solihull factory|date=10 November 2011|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=10 November 2011|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-15670539|title=Jaguar Land Rover creates more than 1,000 Solihull jobs|date=10 November 2011|publisher=BBC|access-date=10 November 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
In March 2012, Jaguar Land Rover announced the creation of 1,000 new jobs at its Halewood plant, and a shift to 24-hour production at the plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/jaguar-land-rover-creates-1000-new-jobs-7565423.html|title=Jaguar Land Rover creates 1,000 new jobs|date=13 March 2012 |newspaper=The Independent|access-date=21 March 2012|location=London|first=Alan|last=Jones}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-17353024|title=Land Rover to create 1,000 jobs at Halewood|date=13 March 2012 |publisher=BBC|access-date=21 March 2012}}</ref> In the same month, Jaguar Land Rover and the China-based carmaker [[Chery]] agreed to invest an initial US$2.78{{nbsp}}billion in a new joint venture, the activities of which would include the manufacture of Jaguar and Land Rover vehicles and engines, the establishment of a research and development facility, the creation of a new automobile marque, and sales of vehicles produced by the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-jaguar-chery-idUSBRE82K0HV20120321|title=Jaguar Land Rover seals JV with China's Chery|date=21 March 2012|work=Reuters|access-date=21 March 2012|first=Henry|last=Foy}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/mar/21/jaguar-land-rover-chery-automobile-china|title=Jaguar Land Rover and Chery Automobile agree deal to sell vehicles in China|date=21 March 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=21 March 2012|location=London}}</ref> Jaguar Land Rover planned to create 4,500 manufacturing and engineering jobs in the UK over the next five years.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/jaguarlr-to-generate-4-500-jobs-in-uk/968286/| title= JaguarLR to generate 4,500 jobs in UK |work=The Indian Express| date=29 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
In late 2012, the company announced a [[joint venture]] for Jaguars and Land Rovers to be built in China, now the world's biggest car-market. The agreement was with [[Chery]], China's sixth largest auto manufacturer, and called for a new Chinese factory in [[Changshu]] to build vehicles starting in 2014. Trial production at the facility began in April 2014, with a potential capacity of 130,000 vehicles annually.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://europe.autonews.com/article/20140404/ANE/140409917/jaguar-land-rover-begins-production-trials-at-china-assembly-plant |title=Jaguar Land Rover begins production trials at China assembly plant |date=4 April 2014 |publisher=Automotive News |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref> The first production model by the [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]] venture was the Evoque, with other models planned that also include modifications, such as longer wheelbases, to satisfy Chinese market demand.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.autoblog.com/2014/10/22/jaguar-land-rover-china-factory-opens/ |title=Jaguar Land Rover opens first overseas factory in China |first=Noah |last=Joseph |date=22 October 2014 |publisher=autoblog |access-date=16 December 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
In September 2013, Jaguar Land Rover announced an additional 1,700 jobs and £1.5{{nbsp}}billion investment at its facility in Solihull. The money was to be spent on designing systems to allow the chassis of future models to be made out of aluminium; the first of these would be a new mid-sized sports saloon car to be introduced in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.solihullobserver.co.uk/2013/09/21/news-Jaguar-Land-Rover-announce-1,700-jobs-83540.html|title=Jaguar Land Rover announce 1,700 jobs|work=Solihull Observer|date=10 September 2013|access-date=25 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403230452/http://www.solihullobserver.co.uk/2013/09/21/news-Jaguar-Land-Rover-announce-1,700-jobs-83540.html|archive-date=3 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The same month, the company announced plans to open a £100{{nbsp}}million research and development centre called the [[National Automotive Innovation Campus]] at the [[University of Warwick]], Coventry to create a new generation of vehicle technologies. Jaguar Land Rover was to invest £50{{nbsp}}million in the facility, the university and the UK government.<ref name="naicannounce">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-coventry-warwickshire-24227662|title=NAIC Announcement|date=24 September 2013|access-date=27 February 2014|work=BBC News}}</ref> The carmaker said around 1,000 academics and engineers would work there and that construction would start in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Reuters]]|title=Jaguar Land Rover to open new £100{{nbsp}}million R&D centre in UK in 2016|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-jaguarlandrover-idUKBRE98N0SI20130924 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111005119/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-jaguarlandrover-idUKBRE98N0SI20130924 |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 January 2016 | date=24 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Online|first=AM|title=Jaguar Land Rover to build £100m Warwick research facility|url=http://www.am-online.com/news/2013/9/25/jaguar-land-rover-to-build-100m-warwick-research-facility/33654/}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under its chief executive, [[Ralf Speth]], JLR has significantly increased its investment in research and development. In 2013, according to Speth, it invested £3{{nbsp}}billion in "product creation" and claimed to be the "biggest R&D investor in the UK in the automotive business".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=965 |publisher=Ingenia |access-date=14 May 2015 |title=R&D Investment Makes Good Business Sense }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2017 a plant for [[Ingenium engine family|Ingenium]] engine production was added to the Chery Jaguar Land Rover facility in China.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://automotivelogistics.media/news/jaguar-land-rovers-first-overseas-engine-plant-opens-china |title=Jaguar Land Rover's first overseas engine plant opens in China |date=25 July 2017|publisher=Automotive Logistics|access-date=3 August 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 13 April 2018, Jaguar Land Rover announced that it would be cutting 1,000 temporary contract jobs in the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]], citing a slump in sales due to uncertainty over changes to taxes on diesel cars and [[Brexit]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43756202|title=Jaguar Land Rover to shed 1,000 contract staff|date=13 April 2018|website=BBC News|access-date=13 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Farrell|first1=Sean|title=Jaguar Land Rover to cut 1,000 jobs after 'slump due to Brexit'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/apr/13/jaguar-land-rover-to-announce-1000-job-cuts-next-week|access-date=13 April 2018|work=The Guardian|date=13 April 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2019, Jaguar Land Rover purchased [[Bowler Motors]], which became part of its SVO (Special Vehicle Operations) division.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carscoops.com/2021/02/who-needs-a-humvee-when-you-can-buy-this-bowler-military-truck-instead/|title=Who Needs a Humvee when You Can Buy This Bowler Military Truck Instead|date=25 February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.carscoops.com/2019/12/bowler-officially-joins-the-jaguar-land-rover-family/|title=Bowler Officially Joins the Jaguar Land Rover Family|date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.evo.co.uk/land-rover/202067/land-rover-purchases-bowler|title = Land Rover purchases Bowler}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/features/old-bulldog-new-tricks-how-bowler-thriving-under-jlr|title=Old Bulldog, new tricks: How Bowler is thriving under JLR &#124; Autocar|website=www.autocar.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/jaguar-land-rover-buys-performance-4x4-firm-bowler|title = Jaguar Land Rover buys performance 4x4 firm Bowler}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Sales ==<br />
In the year ended 31 March 2013, Jaguar Land Rover sold a total of 374,636 units. In 2016, Jaguar Land Rover became the biggest car manufacturer in the UK, producing 489,923 cars and overtaking [[Nissan]], the previous leader.<ref name=guardian20160121>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/21/jaguar-land-rover-biggest-uk-carmaker|title=Jaguar Land Rover races past Nissan to become UK's biggest carmaker|access-date=22 January 2016|work=The Guardian|date=21 January 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
In January 2014, the [[Wall Street Journal]] reported that Jaguar Land Rover sold a record 425,006 vehicles in 2013 as demand for its luxury vehicles increased in all major markets including in China, North America and Europe.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303819704579316370292236120?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052702303819704579316370292236120.html|work=The Wall Street Journal |date=12 January 2014|title=Jaguar Land Rover Posts Record Sales for 2013 }}</ref><br />
<br />
JLR was struggling by mid-2019 and Tata Motors wrote down its investment in JLR by $3.9{{nbsp}}billion. Much of the financial problem was due to a 50% drop in sales in China during 2018, although the situation was improving by autumn 2019. This was confirmed by a third quarter profit of £156{{nbsp}}million (pre-tax) versus a £395{{nbsp}}million loss in the second quarter; JLR had also experienced a boost in sales in China of 24%. The new Range Rover Evoque was helpful in boosting profit, with a 54.6% increase in worldwide sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.automotiveworld.com/news-releases/jaguar-land-rover-returns-to-profit-revenues-rise-8-in-second-quarter-of-2019-2020-financial-year/ |title=Jaguar Land Rover returns to profit, revenues rise 8% in second quarter of 2019/2020 financial year |date=25 October 2019 |publisher=Automotive World |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/93ca0ec4-f732-11e9-a79c-bc9acae3b654 |title=Jaguar Land Rover back in the black as Renault's revenues fall |date=25 October 2019 |publisher=Financial Times |access-date=28 October 2019}}</ref> Tata was open to considering a partnership with another company, according to a statement in mid-October, if the partnership agreement would allow Tata to maintain control of the business. The company ruled out the possibility of a sale of JLR to another entity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 October 2019 |title=Tata Looks for Jaguar Land Rover Partners, But Rules Out Sale |language=en |work=Bloomberg.com |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-15/tata-chairman-awaiting-brexit-deal-says-tariffs-are-new-normal |access-date=26 May 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Corporate affairs ==<br />
Jaguar Land Rover Automotive is a [[public limited company]] incorporated under the laws of England and Wales (Company No. 06477691). The immediate parent of Jaguar Land Rover Automotive is TML Holdings, [[Singapore]] and the ultimate parent undertaking and controlling party is [[Tata Motors]] of India.<ref name=201011annrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/2010-2011_annual_report.pdf|title=2010/11 Annual Report|access-date=14 July 2012|page=31|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904082408/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/2010-2011_annual_report.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> <br />
<br />
Jaguar Land Rover Automotive's principal active subsidiaries are:<ref>{{cite web|title=Jaguar Land Rovewr Annual Report 2012/2013|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Automotive_plc_Annual_Report_2012-2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021139/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Jaguar_Land_Rover_Automotive_plc_Annual_Report_2012-2013.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref><br />
* Jaguar Land Rover Holdings<br />
* Jaguar Land Rover (designs, manufactures and sells [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] and [[Land Rover]] vehicles)<br />
<br />
=== Senior leadership ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Name<ref name=201011annrep /><br />
! Position<ref name=201011annrep /><br />
! Year appointed<ref name=201011annrep /><br />
|-<br />
| Natarajan Chandrasekaran<br />
| Chairman<br />
| 2017<br />
|-<br />
| [[PB Balaji]]<br />
| Chief Executive Officer<br />
| 2025<br />
|-<br />
|[[Gerry McGovern]]<br />
|Chief Creative Officer<br />
|2013<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== List of former chairmen ===<br />
<br />
# [[Ratan Tata]] <br />
# [[Cyrus Mistry]]<br />
<br />
=== List of former CEOs ===<br />
# [[Ralf Speth]] (2010–2020)<br />
# [[Thierry Bolloré]] (2020–2022)<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Thierry Bollor leaves the company for personal reasons, Adrian Mardel now interim CEO {{!}} Jaguar Land Rover CEO Thierry Bolloré leaves the company for personal reasons |date=6 October 2023 |url=https://huntdailynews.in/thierry-bollor-leaves-the-company-for-personal-reasons-adrian-mardel-now-interim-ceo-jaguar-land-rover-ceo-thierry-bollore-leaves-the-company-for-personal-reasons/ |access-date=20 November 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116200130/https://huntdailynews.in/thierry-bollor-leaves-the-company-for-personal-reasons-adrian-mardel-now-interim-ceo-jaguar-land-rover-ceo-thierry-bollore-leaves-the-company-for-personal-reasons/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
# Adrian Mardell (2023–2025)<br />
<br />
=== Financial data ===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year ending<br />
! Turnover (£M)<br />
! EBITDA (£M)<br />
! Net income / (loss) before tax (£M)<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2023<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2023 {{!}} JLR Corporate Website |url=https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/annual-report-2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |website=www.jaguarlandrover.com}}</ref><br />
|22,809<br />
|2,571<br />
|(64)<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2022<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yazdani |first=Baback |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-tv.48.832 |title = Lean Product Development - Jaguar and Land Rover | access-date=1 March 2023 |website= IET.tv |doi=10.1049/iet-tv.48.832 }}</ref><br />
|18,320<br />
|1,896<br />
|(455)<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2021<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yazdani |first=Baback |title=Annual Report 2022 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-tv.48.832 |access-date=1 March 2023 |doi=10.1049/iet-tv.48.832 }}</ref><br />
|19,731<br />
|2,531<br />
|(861)<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2020<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Investor Relations |url=https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/investor-relations|access-date=18 February 2021|website= jaguarlandrover.com}}</ref><br />
|22,984<br />
|2,000<br />
|(422)<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2019<ref name=":0" /><br />
|24,214<br />
|1,981<br />
|(3,629)<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2018<ref name=":0" /><br />
|25,786<br />
|2,794<br />
|1,512<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2017<ref name=":0" /><br />
|24,339<br />
|3,000<br />
|1,600<br />
|-<br />
|31 March 2016<ref>{{cite web|title=Archive {{!}} JLR Corporate Website|url=https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/2021/archive|access-date=18 February 2021|website=www.jaguarlandrover.com|archive-date=1 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301044940/https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/2021/archive|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|22,208<br />
|3,313<br />
|1,557<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2015<ref name="finres201115">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/investor-relations/news/2015/05/26/jaguar-land-rover-reports-full-year-results-for-fiscal-201415/|title=Jaguar Land Rover results for the year ended 31 March 2015|access-date=26 May 2015|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd|archive-date=27 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527040442/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/gl/en/investor-relations/news/2015/05/26/jaguar-land-rover-reports-full-year-results-for-fiscal-201415/|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
| 21,866<br />
| 4,132<br />
| 2,614<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2014<ref name="finres201114">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/media/23101/q4-fy14-investor-presentation-v5.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140803034238/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/media/23101/q4-fy14-investor-presentation-v5.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 August 2014|title=Jaguar Land Rover results for the year ended 31 March 2014|access-date=21 February 2015|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd}}</ref><br />
| 19,386<br />
| 3,393<br />
| 2,501<br />
<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2013<ref name="finres201113">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Q4_FY2013_Investor_Presentation.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806181531/https://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Q4_FY2013_Investor_Presentation.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 August 2018|title=Jaguar Land Rover Results Under IFRS for the year ended 31 March 2013|access-date=1 June 2013|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd}}</ref><br />
| 15,785<br />
| 2,402<br />
| 1,674<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2012<ref name="finres201112">{{cite web|url=http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2011-2012.pdf|title=Jaguar Land Rover Results Under IFRS for the period ended 31 March 2012|access-date=13 July 2012|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover Ltd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617131828/http://www.jaguarlandrover.com/pdf/Investor_Presentation_FY2011-2012.pdf|archive-date=17 June 2012}}</ref><br />
| 13,512<br />
| 2,027<br />
| 1,479<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2011<ref name="201011annrep" /><br />
| 9,870.7<br />
| 1,501.7<br />
| 1,115<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2010<ref name="201011annrep" /><br />
| 6,527.2<br />
| 349.1<br />
| 51.4<br />
|-<br />
| 31 March 2009<ref name="201011annrep" /><br />
| 4,949.5<br />
| (83.9)<br />
| (375.7)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Operations ==<br />
[[File:Where rabbits once hopped... - geograph.org.uk - 119794.jpg|thumb|[[Jaguar Land Rover Halewood]], Liverpool]]<br />
Jaguar Land Rover has six main facilities for research and development, manufacturing and vehicle assembly, of which five are in the UK and one in India.<br />
<br />
Jaguar Land Rover has three research and development facilities in the UK:<br />
* [[Jaguar Land Rover Gaydon Centre]], [[Warwickshire]] – an engineering and development facility which was formerly the Land Rover headquarters. Formerly an RAF bomber base before being acquired by [[British Leyland]] and redeveloped as a vehicle design, development and testing centre.<br />
* [[Whitley plant]], [[Coventry]] – an engineering and development site and headquarters of Jaguar Land Rover which was formerly the Jaguar Cars head office. This site was acquired from [[Peugeot]] in the 1980s, and was formerly a First World War airfield, an aircraft factory and then a missile factory before being sold to the [[Rootes Group]] (later [[Chrysler Europe]]).<br />
* JLR is a partner in the [[National Automotive Innovation Centre]] at the [[University of Warwick]], Coventry.<br />
<br />
Vehicle assembly plants:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/interview/jlr-ensuring-logistics-not-victim-success|title=JLR part 1: Ensuring logistics is not a victim of success|work=Automotive Logistics|date=30 September 2016|author=Christopher Ludwig|access-date=24 February 2017|archive-date=25 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225131957/http://automotivelogistics.media/interview/jlr-ensuring-logistics-not-victim-success|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://automotivelogistics.media/intelligence/jlr-part-2-big-cat-hunting-outbound-efficiencies |title=JLR part 2: The big cat is hunting for outbound efficiencies|work=Automotive Logistics|date=30 September 2016 |author=Christopher Ludwig|access-date=24 February 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[Jaguar Land Rover Halewood]], [[Halewood]], [[Merseyside]]. Used by Jaguar Land Rover for Land Rover production. Originally a Ford assembly plant (the [[Ford Escort (European)|Ford Escort]] being its most prolific model) it was given to Jaguar in 2000 for production of the X-Type. Ford still owns the transmission manufacturing operation at Halewood.<br />
** [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]], [[Range Rover Evoque]]<br />
* [[Solihull plant]], Lode Heath, [[Solihull]], [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]. Jaguar Land Rover's principal Land Rover assembly plant. This was originally an aircraft engine plant during World War Two, then became a [[Rover Company]] plant after the war. It produced Rover passenger cars until 1982, and has been the production site of the classic Land-Rover (both [[Land Rover Series|Series]] and [[Land Rover Defender|Defender]]) and the full-size [[Range Rover]] for their entire production runs. In 2014, the Jaguar XE became the first Jaguar car to be assembled here, followed by the F-Pace in 2016.<br />
** [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover]], [[Range Rover Sport (L494)|Range Rover Sport]], [[Range Rover Velar]], [[Jaguar F-Pace]]<br />
* Jaguar Land Rover India, [[Pune]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/land-rover-assembly-begins-in-india |title=Land Rover assembly begins in India – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><br />
** [[Jaguar XF]], [[Range Rover Evoque]], [[Range Rover Velar]]<br />
*Jaguar Land Rover India, [[Tamil Nadu]], India (planned)<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2024 |title=Tata Motors to manufacture Jaguar Land Rover cars at new $1 billion plant in India: Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/tata-motors-to-manufacture-jaguar-land-rover-cars-at-new-1-billion-plant-in-india-report/articleshow/109398419.cms |access-date=18 April 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=18 April 2024 |title=Tata Motors plans JLR luxury cars production at $1 bn Tamil Nadu plant: Report |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/tata-motors-to-invest-1-billion-in-new-plant-for-jaguar-land-rover-luxury-cars-in-tamil-nadu-report-11713433790981.html |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2024 |title=Tata Motors to use new $1 billion plant to make Jaguar Land Rover cars: Report |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/tata-motors-to-use-new-1-billion-plant-to-make-jaguar-land-rover-cars-report-12666941.html |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref><br />
* [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Changshu]], China<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/evocative-logistics-at-chery-jlr |title=Chery JLR puts complex logistics plan into action – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><br />
** [[Range Rover Evoque]], [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]], [[Jaguar XE]], [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]]<br />
* JLR Brazil, [[Itatiaia]], [[Brazil]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/jaguar-land-rover-opens-plant-brazil-local-supply |title=Jaguar Land Rover opens plant in Brazil for local supply – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><br />
** [[Range Rover Evoque]], [[Land Rover Discovery Sport]]<br />
* [[Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia|JLR Slovakia]], [[Nitra]], Slovakia<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.leftlanenews.com/jaguar-land-rover-settles-on-slovakia-for-new-plant-89342.html |title=Jaguar Land Rover settles on Slovakia for new plant |publisher=Leftlanenews.com |date=11 August 2015 |access-date=28 August 2018 |archive-date=13 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150813173850/http://www.leftlanenews.com/jaguar-land-rover-settles-on-slovakia-for-new-plant-89342.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/jlr-considers-slovakia-for-plant-citing-supply-chain-and-logistics-benefits |title=JLR targets Slovakia for plant, citing supply chain and logistics benefits – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref><br />
** [[Land Rover Discovery#Third generation (L462; 2017–present)|Land Rover Discovery]], [[Land Rover Defender (L663)|Land Rover Defender]]<br />
<br />
Pressed steel body panel production plant:<br />
* [[Castle Bromwich Assembly]], [[Birmingham]]. Formerly Jaguar Land Rover's main Jaguar assembly plant before production of complete cars was ended in May 2024. The plant continues to produce pressed steel panel body components for Jaguar cars built elsewhere. Originally an aircraft factory during World War Two – [[Supermarine Spitfire|Spitfires]] were built here – it was later acquired by [[Pressed Steel Company|Pressed Steel Fisher]] and became a vehicle body assembly works. It came under the auspices of Jaguar through the merger with [[British Motor Corporation|BMC]] in the 1960s.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}<br />
<br />
SVO facility:<br />
* [[Ryton-on-Dunsmore]], [[Warwickshire]] – where the Special Vehicle Operations development centre was created in 2016. The site was previously used by Rootes for aircraft production plant for World War Two, and later became the Rootes/Chrysler/Peugeot [[Ryton plant|car plant]] which was closed in 2006 and has since been demolished.<br />
<br />
Engine assembly plants:<br />
* [[Engine Manufacturing Centre]], [[Wolverhampton]]. A £500{{nbsp}}million facility located at the i54 site in Staffordshire close to Wolverhampton where the [[Ingenium engine family|Ingenium]] family of modular diesel and petrol engines are built. The plant was officially opened by [[Queen Elizabeth II]] on Thursday 30 October 2014.<br />
* [[Chery Jaguar Land Rover]], [[Changshu]], China.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Peter |date=20 July 2017 |title=Jaguar Land Rover opens first engine plant outside UK in China |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2bfdae04-6d5f-11e7-bfeb-33fe0c5b7eaa |access-date=17 March 2025 |work=Financial Times}}</ref><br />
<br />
Planned facilities:<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-25247483 | work=BBC News | title=Jaguar Land Rover confirms Brazil car factory plans | date=5 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702303997604579240033481099004 |title=Jaguar Land Rover to Start Making Cars in Brazil| work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref><br />
* Software engineering facility, [[Shannon, County Clare|Shannon]], Ireland<br />
* Storage depot, [[Stone, Staffordshire]]<br />
* [[Ranipet]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
<br />
Co-operations<br />
* The [[Magna Steyr]] company in [[Graz]], Austria,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://automotivelogistics.media/news/magna-will-assemble-vehicles-for-jaguar-land-rover-in-graz |title=Magna will assemble vehicles for Jaguar Land Rover in Graz – Automotive Logistics |publisher=Automotivelogistics.media |access-date=28 August 2018}}</ref> built the [[Jaguar E-Pace]] (2017–2024) and the [[Jaguar I-Pace]] (2018–2024).<br />
<br />
In 2020, Jaguar Land Rover's UK production facilities were halted for the period from 20 March to 20 April due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-51974742|title=Jaguar Land Rover halt production over virus fears|date=20 March 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=20 March 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Products ==<br />
Jaguar Land Rover currently sells vehicles under the Jaguar and Land Rover marques.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.carscoops.com/2024/07/jaguar-to-kill-five-low-profit-models-this-year-only-f-pace-temporarily-survives/|title=Jaguar To Kill Five Low-Profit Models This Year, Only F-Pace Temporarily Survives &#124; Carscoops}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== NOx emissions ratings ===<br />
In March 2019, Jaguar Land Rover became the first European car producer to submit new cars from its marques to [[AIR Index]] to receive NOx emissions ratings.<ref name="PA_20190228">{{cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=JLR tests new cars with AIR index, new diesel engines among cleanest for NOx emissions |url=http://www.autocarpro.in/news-international/jlr-tests-new-cars-with-air-index--new-diesel-engines-among-cleanest-for-nox-emissions-42329 |website=Professional Autocar |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ AIR Index ratings for JLR cars (Euro 6 allows up to 80{{nbsp}}mg/km NOx emission)<br />
|-<br />
!Model!!Year!!Fuel!!NOx<br />measured<br />(mg/km)!!AIR Index<br />rating<br />
|-<br />
|[[Jaguar E-Pace|Jaguar E-Pace HSE 2.0I 180{{nbsp}}hp]]||2019||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|14||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A<br />
|-<br />
|[[Range Rover Evoque (L551)|Land Rover Range Rover Evoque TD4 2.0I 180{{nbsp}}hp]]||2019||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|17||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A<br />
|-<br />
|[[Land Rover Discovery (L462)|Land Rover Discovery 3.0 TD6 HSE]]||2018||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|33||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A<br />
|-<br />
|[[Land Rover Discovery Sport (L550)|Land Rover Discovery Sport 2.0I 180{{nbsp}}hp]]||2019||Diesel||style="text-align:center"|34||style="text-align:center;background: #5CAE38"|A<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Future electrification ===<br />
In September 2017, Jaguar Land Rover announced that all new Jaguar and Land Rover models launched from the 2020 model year will have an all-electric or hybrid powertrain option.<ref name="JLR_20170907">{{cite press release |title=Every Jaguar and Land Rover Launched from 2020 will be Electrified |url=http://media.jaguarlandrover.com/news/2017/09/every-jaguar-and-land-rover-launched-2020-will-be-electrified |access-date=22 December 2017|publisher=Jaguar Land Rover |date=7 September 2017}}</ref> In October 2017, JLR announced that its electrification programme will start with the [[Range Rover Sport (L494)|Range Rover Sport P400e]] for the 2018 model year, a plug-in hybrid model due in the showrooms in late 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Glon|first1=Ronan |title=Land Rover begins electrification push with plug-in Range Rover Sport P400e |url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/cars/land-rover-range-rover-sport-p400e-performance-specs-range/ |access-date=22 December 2017|work=Digital Trends|publisher=Designtechnica Corporation|date=4 October 2017}}</ref> and be followed by the launch of a plug-in hybrid [[Range Rover (L405)|Range Rover]] due in 2018 for the 2019 model year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Edelstein |first1=Stephen |title=Land Rover continues its electrification push with a Range Rover plug-in hybrid |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/land-rover-range-rover-p400e-140424533.html |access-date=22 December 2017|publisher=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |date=11 October 2017}}</ref> Jaguar Land Rover paid $49.5{{nbsp}}million in fines for missing its American [[Corporate Average Fuel Economy]] targets over the 2009–2013 model years.<ref>{{cite web |title=CAFE PIC Civil Penalties |url=https://one.nhtsa.gov/cafe_pic/CAFE_PIC_Fines_LIVE.html |website=one.nhtsa.gov |publisher=US Department of Transportation |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the beginning of June 2019, JLR and [[BMW]] announced that they will collaborate "to develop next generation electric drive units".<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://media.jaguarlandrover.com/news/2019/06/jaguar-land-rover-bmw-group-announce-collaboration-next-generation-electrification|title=Jaguar Land Rover & BMW Group Announce Collaboration For Next Generation Electrification Technology|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> On 5 July 2019, JLR confirmed that they intended to build an [[Jaguar XJ (electric)|all-electric XJ]] luxury saloon car, at their [[Castle Bromwich Assembly|Castle Bromwich plant]].<ref name="Autocar_20190705">{{cite web |last1=Burgess |first1=Rachel |date=5 July 2019 |title=Electric Jaguar XJ confirmed, to be built at Castle Bromwich |url=https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/electric-jaguar-xj-confirmed-be-built-castle-bromwich |website=Autocar |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> The car was expected to be launched in 2020.<ref name="BBC_20190705">{{cite news |last1=Jack |first1=Simon |date=5 July 2019 |title=Jaguar Land Rover announces electric car investment |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-48875406 |work=BBC News |access-date=6 July 2019}}</ref> On 15 February 2021, CEO Thierry Bolloré announced that development on the all-electric XJ saloon has been cancelled due to poor sales of saloons in general, as people around the world are preferring crossovers, SUVs, and pick-up trucks over saloons, coupes, convertibles, estates, hatchbacks, and compact cars, especially in the Americas, Oceania, Africa, and the Middle East.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br />
<br />
In February 2021, JLR announced that the entire Jaguar range will become all-electric for the 2025 model year. The company also stated that it will introduce its first all-electric Land Rover vehicle in 2023 as a 2024 model year. JLR also stated that it will end production and sales of diesel-powered Land Rover vehicles in 2026, with production and sales of petrol-powered Land Rover vehicles ending in 2030. This will lead to Jaguar Land Rover becoming 100% all-electric by the 2030s. CEO Thierry Bolloré clearly stated that this is to help JLR comply with the incoming more stringent emission standards and the phase-out and banning of fossil fuel vehicles by 2030 from Europe, India, China, South Korea, Japan, United States, etc. due to climate change and air pollution. This also comes after the United Kingdom passed legislation in February 2020, that will ban new sales of all fossil fuel vehicles from the UK by 2030. Bolloré also stated that all the upcoming electric vehicles being introduced by JLR and other car manufacturers should also become more mainstream and eventually overtake fossil fuel vehicles.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-15/jaguar-going-all-electric-marks-new-ceo-s-turnaround-plan |title=Jaguar's Electric Shift May Leave U.K. Plant With No Car to Make |publisher=Bloomberg |first=Siddharth Vikram |last=Philip |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=9 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jaguar Cars to Go All-Electric by 2025 as JLR Plans Full Range of E-Models by 2030 |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/technology/articles/2021-02-15/jaguar-land-rover-to-go-100-electric-by-2039 |access-date=16 February 2021|publisher=U.S. News |date=15 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Former Jaguar products ===<br />
* [[Jaguar XE]] ([[compact executive car]])<br />
* [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]] ([[executive car|executive]] [[Saloon (automobile)|saloon]] & [[station wagon|estate]])<br />
* [[Jaguar F-Type]] ([[sports car]] - [[Coupe|coupé]] and [[convertible]])<br />
* [[Jaguar E-Pace]] (high end subcompact luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Jaguar F-Pace]] (compact luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Jaguar I-Pace]] (compact luxury electric SUV)<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! [[Jaguar XE]]<br />
! [[Jaguar XF (X260)|Jaguar XF]]<br />
! [[Jaguar F-Type]]<br />
! [[Jaguar E-Pace]]<br />
! [[Jaguar F-Pace]]<br />
! [[Jaguar I-Pace]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:2020 Jaguar XE R-Dynamic S AWD Auto.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:Jaguar XF S (2016) (33215930653).jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:White Jaguar F-Type.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:2018 Jaguar E-Pace R-Dynamic SE Diesel AWD 2.0 Front.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[File:2021 Jaguar F-Pace HSE Diesel MHEV AWD Automatic facelift 2.0 Front.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:2018 Jaguar I-Pace EV400 AWD Front.jpg|150px]]<br />
|}<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
=== Current Land Rover products ===<br />
* [[Land Rover Discovery (L462)|Discovery]] (mid-size luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Discovery Sport]] (subcompact luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Land Rover Defender (L663)|Defender]] (off-road luxury 4x4)<br />
* [[Range Rover (L460)|Range Rover]] (full-size luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Range Rover Sport (L461)|Range Rover Sport]] (mid-size luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Range Rover Velar]] (high end compact luxury SUV)<br />
* [[Range Rover Evoque (L551)|Range Rover Evoque]] (high end subcompact luxury SUV)<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! [[Land Rover Discovery (L462)|Discovery]]<br />
! [[Discovery Sport]]<br />
! [[Land Rover Defender (L663)|Defender]]<br />
! [[Range Rover (L460)|Range Rover]]<br />
! [[Range Rover Sport (L461)|Range Rover Sport]]<br />
! [[Range Rover Velar]]<br />
! [[Range Rover Evoque (L551)|Range Rover Evoque]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:2017 Land Rover Discovery HSE TD6 Automatic 3.0 Front.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[File:2019 Land Rover Discovery Sport R-Dynamic SE 2.0 Front.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:Land Rover Defender (L663) at IAA 2019 IMG 0688.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[File:LAND ROVER RANGE ROVER (L460) China.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:2023 Range Rover Sport 1.jpg|150x150px]]<br />
|[[File:2017 Land Rover Range Rover Velar First Edition D3 3.0 Front.jpg|150px]]<br />
|[[File:2019 Land Rover Range Rover Evoque R-Dynamic S 2.0 Front.jpg|alt=|150x150px]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
{{Finance links<br />
| name = Jaguar Land Rover<br />
| reuters = TAMOJL.UL<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Jaguar Land Rover}}<br />
{{Navboxes<br />
|titlestyle = background:#ccccff<br />
|list1=<br />
{{Tata Motors}}<br />
{{Tata Group}}<br />
{{Automotive industry in the United Kingdom}}<br />
{{British Leyland}}<br />
{{British car industry}}<br />
{{British Royal Warrant holders}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jaguar Land Rover| ]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in England]]<br />
[[Category:2008 mergers and acquisitions]]<br />
[[Category:British companies established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:British subsidiaries of foreign companies]]<br />
[[Category:Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Holding companies established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Holding companies of the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]<br />
[[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Coventry]]<br />
[[Category:Tata Motors]]<br />
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2008]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pamulaparthi_Sadasiva_Rao&diff=524023Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao2026-04-30T00:46:00Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created new bio initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --><br />
| name = Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao<br />
| image = Pamulaparti_sadasivarao.jpg<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1921|7|21|mf = y}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = 1996 (aged 75)<br />
| death_place =<br />
| occupation = [[Poet]], [[Journalist]], [[Political]] [[Intellectual|thinker]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao''' (17 July 1921 &ndash; 26 August 1996) was a [[Intellectual|thinker]], [[philosopher]], and [[free lance]] journalist. He started the monthly magazine ''[[Kakatiya Patrika in 1944]]'' in [[Warangal]], India, in 1948 with his cousin [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], later [[Prime Minister of India]].<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sadasiva Rao was born in Warangal to Durgabai and Hanumantha Rao. He was educated at the then Collegiate High School, [[Hanamakonda|Hanamkonda]] in [[Warangal district]] of the then [[Hyderabad State]].{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br />
<br />
===Literary career===<br />
Among his Telugu writings were ''GatiTarkika Bhotika Vadam'' (on [[dialectic materialism]]), ''Charitra, Sanskriti'', ''Kala'' (history, tradition, culture and art), and ''Tatva Shastra Praadhamika Paathalu'' (fundamentals of philosophy).<br />
<br />
He translated ''Theory of Knowledge'', an English language book by [[Maurice Cornforth]], into the Telugu ''Gyana Siddhantam'', published by the [[Visalandhra Publishing House]].<br />
<br />
===Death===<br />
He died of cancer on 26 August 1996.<br />
<br />
==Commemoration==<br />
There is a memorial trust and an annual Pamulaparthi Sadasiva Rao endowment lecture at [[Kakatiya University]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001001349/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/20/stories/2006102015520300.htm The Hindu, 20 October 2006]</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141217164552/http://kakatiyapatrika.com/]<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*Ekashila Vaithalikulu, Edited by T.Ranga Swamy, Srilekha Sahithi, Warangal, 1991 (Pages 27–36)<br />
*Kovela Suprasannacharyulu- Vajmaya Jeevitha Suchika, T.Ranga Swamy, Visalandhra Book House, 1991 (Pages 5,6)<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Pamulaparthi Sadasiva}}<br />
[[Category:People from Warangal]]<br />
[[Category:1921 births]]<br />
[[Category:1996 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu poets]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male poets]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:Poets from Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male journalists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singri_(Assam)&diff=536094Singri (Assam)2026-04-23T06:54:40Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added a details</p>
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<div>{{short description|Village in Assam, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{More sources|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Singri<br />
}}<br />
'''Singri''' is a village in Dhekiajuli, [[Sonitpur district|Sonitpur]] district in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. It is situated in the bank of the [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra river]]. It is known for Singri Tea Estate and Gupteshwar Temple as well as the ancient ruins of Vishwakarma Temple.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
Singri has been a [[pilgrimage]] site for [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]], Monpas, Shajalongs and [[Bhutan]]ese since the 14th century, as mentioned by [[Jigme Lingpa]] in the 18th century. Thangtong Gyalpo or Lama Chag Zhampa (Tibetan Yogi) visited in 13th century. He mentioned there were a stupa also. Monpa H.E. 12th and 13th Thegtse Rinpoche Namgye Tsering and Yeshe Zangpo also visited annually in 18th and 19th centuries as a pilgrimage.<br />
<br />
Gopteswar temple of Singari Hill is held in high veneration by the Tibetan Buddhist and Bhutanese since very early times. The Ahom chronicles informs us that, during the Ahom-Mughal war (1615-- 1638 C. E.) the silver cap of the idol of Gopeswar temple earlier endowed by the Bhutanese was damaged and looted by the Mughals. Ahoms established a military station and also a market under the supervision of a Duaria Baruah near this temple. <br />
<br />
Swargadeo Siva Singha [[Sutanphaa]] repaired the ancient Gopeswar temple belonging to 7th -- 10th century A. D. Besides Gopeswar, ruins of three temples were seen of Bhaga Mandir, Bangla basti and Biswakarma mandir. The extensive ruins of temples of Singari belong to Buddhist, Shiva and Durga shrines of about 9th century A. D. <br />
<br />
[[Buranji]] mention the name of the Singari Hill as also variously as Chungari and Chowari. A division of [[Ahom kingdom]] army was stationed by [[Suhungmung]] against the Muslim invaders. According to the chronicles seizing of the Mughal boats and killing of a Mughal merchant who traded aloe wood at Singari trade mart was the immediate cause for the Ahom-Mughal war in 1615 C. E. During the reign of [[Supatphaa]] Swargadeo Gadadhar Singha at Singari Chawki (Check post) was established to protect traders and travellers.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
The tea estate and its adjacent settlements are inhabited mostly by tea-garden workers. According to data of [[2011 Census of India|Census of India, 2011]], Singri has a population of 3,722 including 1,897 males and 1,825 females.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=323283|title=Singri - Census of India, 2011|date=2011|website=Govt. of India}}</ref> 1,172 are workers, including 1,032 males and 140 females. <br />
<br />
== Singri Tea Estate ==<br />
Singri Tea Estate is run by Bokahola Tea Co Pvt Ltd and provides the bulk of jobs in the area. A factory and an adjacent office are present.<br />
<br />
== Gupteswar temple ==<br />
Gupteshwar Temple is located along the bank of river [[Brahmaputra]]. People from around Assam and abroad come to Gupteshwar Temple during [[Maha Shivaratri|Maha Shivratri]]. It is a prehistoric temple of lord [[Shiva]]. While the Sringhi Rishi was meditating in the Singri hills, the rakshasas became jealous and chased him. He entered a pool to hide. Tinali Center lies downhill of guptshwar. <br />
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A large fair with attractions and a circus takes place during the temple's annual festival.<br />
<br />
== Vishwakarma temple (ruins) ==<br />
Various sculptures and carvings of the walls are present in the temple ruins. A fair takes place during the annual festival of Vishwakarma.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references /><br />
<br />
[[Category:Sonitpur district]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=M._M._Sundresh&diff=513921M. M. Sundresh2026-04-23T06:38:43Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added Some Post V1</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1962)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = M. M. Sundresh<br />
| image = Justice MM Sundresh.jpg<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = <br />
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
| term_start = 31 August 2021<br />
| term_end = <br />
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br />
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]<br />
| office1 = Judge of the [[Madras High Court]]<br />
| term_start1 = 31 March 2009<br />
| term_end1 = 30 August 2021<br />
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]<br />
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]<br />
| birth_name = M. M. Sundresh<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|07|21}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Erode]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = Advocate Mr. V K Muthusamy<br />
| website = <br />
| signature = <br />
| signature_alt = <br />
| alma_mater = [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]], [[Madras Law College]] <br />
}}<br />
'''M. M. Sundresh''' (born 21 July 1962) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He previously served as a judge of the [[Madras High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=TNSJA {{!}} Board {{!}} Profiles|url=http://www.tnsja.tn.gov.in/aboutus_profile.html|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.tnsja.tn.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
M. M. Sudresh was born in Erode on 21 July 1962. Sundresh completed his schooling and P.U.C (Pre University Course) at Erode. He obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts in History]] degree from [[Loyola College, Chennai]]. Sundresh received a law degree from the [[Madras Law College]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madras High Court – Present Judges|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/prejudge.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Advocate ==<br />
Sundresh registered his name in the roll of [[advocate]]s, in 1985 in the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] appointed Sundresh as the counsel for the state government. He was working as government advocate from 1991 to 1996. Sundresh appeared for the TNSSIDC (Corporation for the Development of Small Scale Industries) and practiced on all the fields of law at [[Madras High Court]]. He joined the chamber of S. Sivasubramaniam. He also joined the chamber of his father V. K. Muthusamy. He was selected to the RO System Monitoring Committee to watch the erection of ROS (Reverse Osmosis System) in [[Tiruppur|Thiruppur District]], [[Karur]] District and [[Erode District]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madras High Court {{!}} Profile of Judges|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/mmsj.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Judicial career ==<br />
Sundresh was elevated to the [[Madras High Court]] from the bar, on 31 March 2009. On 29 March 2011, his appointment was made permanent.<br />
<br />
Sundresh had participated in the inaugural function of the new building for [[Mediation]] and [[Conciliation]], [[Lok Adalat]] and [[Arbitration]] Center at the [[Madras High Court]] premises, in the presence of the other administrative judges and judicial officers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Judge|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/jan/19/public-office-is-a-position-of-trust-chief-justice-2251984.html}}</ref> He was elevated as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 26 August 2021 and took his oath on 31 August 2021.<br />
<br />
== Notable cases ==<br />
<br />
=== Elephant poaching case ===<br />
<br />
A division bench of Justices Sundresh and N. Sathish Kumar had ordered a [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] probe into a series of [[elephant poaching]] incidents reported in the State. They also observed the network involved was cutting across boundaries. The court order was passed on the basis of the report submitted by the [[Wildlife Crime Control Bureau]], which carried out an extensive study in this regard.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Elephant poaching case|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hc-orders-cbi-probe-into-elephant-poaching-incidents-madurai-meghamalai/article33803328.ece}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Netaji's photo in currency note case ===<br />
Justices Sundresh and S Ananthi of the [[Madras High Court]] has asked the central government to consider having [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]'s photo on Indian currency notes. The bench lauded the sacrifices made by Netaji. Justices Sundresh and Ananthi said that Netaji's contribution towards the Indian freedom movement was unparalleled. The advocate for the [[Government of India|Union Government]] opposed the plea stating that it was not maintainable. At last, the bench had refused to allow the request of the petitioner.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nethaji Subash Chandra Bose Photo on Currency Notes case|url=https://www.theleaflet.in/madras-hc-asks-centre-to-consider-request-to-print-photo-of-subhas-chandra-bose-on-currency-calls-his-contribution-in-freedom-movement-unparalleled/}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== EWS certificate case ===<br />
A batch of petitions were filed by 'Akhila Bharatha Brahmin Association' and others seeking issuance of the income certificate for EWS. Justices M M Sundresh and R Hemalatha, of the [[Madras High Court]] while hearing the case relating to the "[[Economically Weaker Section]] Certificate (EWS Certificates)" had asked the Advocate General Vijay Narayan to know as to why such a condition that the certificate would be valid only for getting central government jobs and admissions in the centrally-run educational institutions, was laid down?<br />
<br />
Advocate General Vijay Narayan said it was for the [[Government of India|Central Government]] to clarify.<br />
<br />
Advocate for the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] submitted to the High Court that the EWS certificate issued to the Economically Weaker Sections can be used only to apply for posts under the 10 per cent quota in Central Government jobs and educational institutions only.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EWS Certificate Case|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/income-certificate-for-ews-only-valid-for-central-jobs-educational-institutions-tn-govt-to-madras-hc/story-LVBaD8eqZu15DBIL0Xh3JM.html}}</ref><br />
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=== RBI case ===<br />
[[File:Seal of the Reserve Bank of India.svg|alt=|thumb|220x220px|Seal of the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI )]]<br />
Justice Sundresh and Justice R Hemalatha, of the Madras High Court issued a notice to the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI). asking it to respond to a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) filed with the Court challenging. The Non-Performing Assets (NPA) norms set by the banking regulator was challenged by the Petitioner. in that [[Public interest litigation in India|Public Interest Litigation Petition]], the Bench had ordered the RBI to file the Reply.<br />
<br />
In this case a direction was sought for from the Court to direct [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]] to form a committee consisting of experts, stake-holders, bankers, economists and chartered accountants to re-look at the income-recognition and asset-classification norms currently in force and recommend a new set of norms.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RBI Case|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/madras-hc-issues-notice-to-rbi-to-respond-to-pil-challenging-npa-norms-120070901219_1.html}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Private complaint acquittal case ===<br />
The full bench of Justices Sundresh, Bharathidasan, and Venkatesh have ruled that a challenge to an acquittal order passed by a Magistrate Court in private complaint should be filed before the [[High court]] and not before the [[Sessions Court]]. It also observed that a private complainant (such as a complainant in a cheque bouncing case) is different from that of a victim in a police report.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Private Complaint Acquittal Case Larger Bench|date=28 May 2020 |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/cheque-bounce-cases-appeal-against-aquittal-157450}}</ref><br />
<br />
Justice P. N. Prakash of the [[Madras High Court]] was hearing this case earlier. But later, he had referred the case to the larger bench to decide whether the Judgement in Ganapathy Case relying on Satya Pal Singh V. [[Madhya Pradesh|State of Madhya Pradesh]] and others (2015) was correct or not? In the Satya Pal case, the Supreme Court had found that the term 'victim' also includes 'a complainant'. Therefore, it was held that a complainant can also invoke the proviso to Section 372 of CrPC and file an appeal against an order of acquittal.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
When answering the question, the larger bench ruled that the S Ganapathy judgment had been passed without considering an earlier three-Judge Bench ruling of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in Damodar S. Prabhu v. Sayed Babalal H (2010). In the Damodar case it was held by the Supreme Court that in the case of acquittal by the judicial magistrate first class, the complainant could appeal to the High Court under Section 378(4) of the CrPC, and thereafter for special leave to appeal to the Supreme Court under Article 136.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
The judgment was delivered by Justice Sundresh on behalf of Justice Bharathidasan. Justice Venkatesh pronounced a judgement concurring with the main judgment by stating that a victim in a case rooted in a police report and a complainant in a case arising out of a private complaint have been given a separate path to work out their right of appeal and one cannot cross over into the path of the other.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
<br />
Almost all the [[High court]]s have held that a complainant can file an Appeal against acquittal only before the High Court under Section 378 (4) of Cr.PC.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundresh, M. M.}}<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]<br />
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]<br />
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br />
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Erode district]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahendra_Singh_Chouhan&diff=514964Mahendra Singh Chouhan2026-04-23T06:38:20Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added The Bio Nd Citations...</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = Member of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Bhainsdehi Assembly constituency|Bhainsdehi]]<br />
| term_start = 2013<br />
| term_end = 2018<br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| predecessor = Dharmu Singh Sirsam<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| constituency1 = [[Bhainsdehi Assembly constituency|Bhainsdehi]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2023<br />
}}<br />
'''Mahendra Singh Chouhan''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a two time [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]] and [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Bhainsdehi Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhainsdehi, Election Result 2023 Live: Winning And Losing Candidates & Parties, 2019 vs 2024 Results, Voting Percentage, Exit Polls-News18 Assembly Election 2023 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/madhya-pradesh/bhainsdehi-constituency-s12aed2008a133/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Bhainsdehi Madhya Pradesh Assembly Constituency Election 2023: Date of Result, Voting, Counting; Candidates |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/bhainsdehi-madhya-pradesh-constituency-election-2023-candidates-list-election-voting-election-result-date-winner-runner-up-details/3281843/ |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Chouhan, Mahendra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]<br />
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2013–2018]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Naubatpur_(1745)&diff=490164Battle of Naubatpur (1745)2026-04-22T02:13:22Z<p>JosefinaK97: started data</p>
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<div>{{Short description|1745 battle between Alivardi and Marathas}}<br />
{{aI-generated|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Battle of Naubatpur<br />
| place = Muhib-Alipur, [[Naubatpur]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal Subah]]<br />
| partof = [[Fourth Maratha invasion of Bengal]] and [[Afghan insurrections in Bengal]]<br />
| date = 14–21 December 1745<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|25|26|40|N|84|49|40|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| map_type = Bihar#India<br />
| map_size = 320<br />
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg<br />
| map_marksize = 12<br />
| map_relief = yes<br />
| map_label = '''Battle at Naubatpur'''<br />
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rahim|1971|p=296}} "মারাঠাদেরকে অনুসরণ করিয়া আলীবর্দী বিহারে আসেন এবং মুহিব-আলীপুর নামক স্থানে ইহাদেরকে পরাজিত করেন (১৪ই নবেম্বর, ১৭৪৫)।"{{Break}}{{Translation|Alivardi followed the Marathas to Bihar and defeated them at a place called Muhib-Alipur (November 14, 1745).}}</ref><br />
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]<br />
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}<br />
*[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]<br />
**[[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]] [[Kingdom of Nagpur]]<br />
{{Tree list/end}}<br />
'''Afghan rebels'''<br />
| commander1 = [[Alivardi Khan]]<br />[[Mir Jafar]]<br />Shamshir Khan<br />
| commander2 = [[Raghoji I]]{{WIA}}<br />Mahimaji Baba{{KIA}}<br />Sankaraji Baba{{KIA}}<br />Murtaza Khan<br />Buland Khan<br />
| strength1 = 12,000<ref name=":2" /><br />
| strength2 = 14,000 or 20,000<ref name=":1" /><br />
| casualties1 = Unknown<br />
| casualties2 = Unknown<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Battle of Naubatpur''' was a military confrontation during the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]] in 1745. It pitted the forces of the [[Bengal Subah]], led by Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]], against the invading Maratha army under [[Raghuji I|Raghuji Bhonsle]] of [[Kingdom of Nagpur|Nagpur]]. The battle, fought near Muhib Alipur, northeast of [[Naubatpur]] (in present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]]), marked a key clash in the fourth Maratha incursion into [[Bengal]] and Bihar.<br />
<br />
== Background ==<br />
{{Further|Siege of Barabati (1745)}}<br />
In 1745, [[Raghuji I|Raghuji Bhonsle]] invaded [[Odisha|Orissa]], [[Siege of Barabati (1745)|captured Cuttack]], and took the governor, Durlabh Ram, prisoner. The Marathas then gained control of all of Orissa up to [[Midnapore]].<ref name=":0">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n483/mode/1up 462]}}</ref> In the meantime, Afghan leader Mustafa Khan was slain in the [[Battle of Jagdishpur (1745)|battle of Jagdishpur]] on 20 June 1745.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n116/mode/1up 95]}}</ref> His army fled away to the village of Magror near [[Chainpur subdivision|Chainpur]] and [[Sasaram]] under Mustafa's son Murtaza Khan.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Around this time, Murtaza Khan along with Buland Khan and other beleaguered Afghans, who had endured hardship in the Magror hills following Mustafa Khan's death, dispatched desperate pleas to Raghuji Bhonsle for deliverance. Raghuji encamped near [[Ramgarh district|Ramgarh]]. Deeming their alliance advantageous to his cause, he advanced in [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] in September 1745.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shejwalkar|1941|p=376}} "So Raghuji encamped in the Ramgarh jungle for the rainy season for about a month and then proceeded to Gaya in September"</ref> Raghuji arrived near Fatua, pillaged and burned [[Sheikhpura district|Shaikhpura]] and numerous villages in the [[Tekari Raj]], ultimately reaching the [[Sone River|Son River]]. After fording it, he advanced to Magror, where he rescued the [[Pashtuns|Afghans]] and recovered their property.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n118/mode/1up 96]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n99/mode/1up 75]}}</ref> He looted the surrounding area for two months.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shejwalkar|1941|p=376}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Battle ==<br />
The combined forces of Marathas and Afghans swelling up to 14,000 or 20,000 troops proceeded towards [[Patna]].<ref name=":1">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n118/mode/1up 96]}} "Due to the alliance of the Afghans, the number of his soldiers now swelled to 20,000 men."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n99/mode/1up 75]}} "… by this junction of forces gathered round himself an army of 14,000 men consisting of swift tireless [[Bargis|Maratha light horse]] (10,000) and redoubtable Afghan fighters (2,000 men under Mustafa Khan’s son Murtaza and 2,000 troops of [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] [[zamindar]]s)"{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Shejwalkar|1941|p=376}} "Alivardi came upon him. Turning back Raghuji surrounded Alivardi with his ten thousand horse and an Afghan army of four thousand under Mustafa's son."</ref> Alivardi determined to expel the Marathas out of Bengal, left [[Murshidabad]] to Bihar at the head of 12,000 [[cavalry]] in October 1745.<ref name=":2">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n118/mode/1up 96]}} "Alivardi left Murshidabad for Bihar in the month of October, 1745, at the head of 12,000 choice horsemen, with a strong determination to expel the Marathas out of that province"{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n100/mode/1up 76]}} "With 12,000 picked troops he hastened to Patna …"</ref> Upon learning of Alivardi's advance, the Marathas withdrew from Patna southward. The Nawab encamped for several days at [[Bankipore|Bankipur]], to organise his army and collect supplies. He then advanced against the enemy via [[Naubatpur]] with a fully replenished army backed by formidable artillery. The Marathas, however, eschewed open battle and moved ahead of him, maintaining a distance beyond cannon range plundering villages until his forces reached Muhib Alipur,{{Efn|Muhib Alipur lies 8 miles (13 km) west of [[Arwal]] and 13 miles (21 km) northeast of [[Naubatpur]], which is situated on the eastern bank of the [[Sone River]].{{Sfn|Sarkar|1964|p=73}}}} the site of Raghuji's encampment.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n118/mode/1up 96]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n100/mode/1up 76]}}</ref><br />
<br />
There the early ranks of the Bengal army, under [[Mir Jafar|Mir Jafar Khan]] and Shamshir Khan, launched a sudden attack on Raghuji. Raghuji was surrounded by rest of the Nawab's forces. The Marathas exerted themselves to rescue their leader, who ultimately escaped owing to negligence on Shamshir Khan's part, or more likely accepted [[Bribery|bribe]]. Meanwhile, Alivardi advanced to join his army in punishing the Marathas. Raghuji, however, fought valiantly and held his position during eighteen days of combat, despite sustaining a chance gunshot wound to the mouth which knocked one of his tooth. A running fight continued from 14 November till 20.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n484/mode/1up 463]}}</ref> Two of Maratha generals, Mahimaji Baba and Sankaraji Baba, were killed on 14 and 20 November, respectively.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n119/mode/1up 97]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n100/mode/1up 76]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Aftermath ==<br />
{{Main|Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)}}<br />
The Nawab's rapid march outpaced his baggage and tents, halting him for days. Envoys were sent by Nawab's wife to negotiate peace with Raghuji. Though Raghuji was amenable, Mir Habib refused and urged a dash to loot undefended [[Murshidabad]]. The Marathas doubled back toward Bengal, with Alivardi in pursuit amid severe food shortages. Alivardi's small escort at [[Champapuri|Champanagar]] was attacked by Raghuji. Nawab's main army to arrive and repel them in [[Battle of Bhagalpur (1745)|battle at Bhagalpur]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n120/mode/1up 97–98]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n484/mode/1up 463]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[First Maratha invasion of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Second Maratha invasion of Bengal]]<br />
* [[Third Maratha invasion of Bengal]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{{Refbegin}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485 |title=Alivardi and His Times |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=M. A. |title=Bangladesher Itihas |date=1971 |publisher=M. Alam Iden Press |editor-last=Rahim |editor-first=M. A |editor-link=Muhammad Abdur Rahim |edition=1st |location=Dhaka |pages=285–305 |language=bn |trans-title=Bangladesh's History |editor-last2=Abdul Momin |editor-first2=Chowdhury |editor-link2=Abdul Momin Chowdhury |editor-last3=Mahmood |editor-first3=A. B Mahiuddin |editor-last4=Islam |editor-first4=Sirajul |editor-link4=Sirajul Islam}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_Bengal.html?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=The University of Dhaka |volume=II |location=Ramna, Dhaka |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire 1739-1754 |date= |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=I |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Shejwalkar |first=T. S. |date=1941 |title=The Bengal Episode in Maratha History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42931283 |journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute |volume=2 |issue=3/4 |pages=361–382 |issn=0045-9801}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]<br />
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1745]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ampati_Assembly_constituency&diff=486112Ampati Assembly constituency2026-04-19T19:23:02Z<p>JosefinaK97: started new post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Ampati<br />
| state = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Ampati Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| constituency_no = 53<br />
| district = [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura Lok Sabha constituency|Tura]]<br />
| established = 2008<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| mla = [[Miani D Shira]]<br />
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:33101}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Ampati''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan =4| Ampatigiri<br />
|- <br />
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Jagabandhu Barman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Bhadreswar Koch <br />
|- <br />
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Monendro Agitok || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | Dr. Mukul Sangma <br />
|- <br />
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || rowspan=2 | Dr. Mukul Sangma <br />
|- <br />
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br />
<br />
|-<br />
! colspan =4| Ampati<br />
|- <br />
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan=2 | Dr. Mukul Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|- <br />
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
|- <br />
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Miani D Shira]] || {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2023===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampati<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Miani D Shira]] |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=13,446 |percentage=45.04% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Stevie M. Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=11,169 |percentage=37.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Premananda Koch |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,762 |percentage=15.95% |change={{decrease}}16.82 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Uttora Guri Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=476 |percentage=1.59% |change={{decrease}}62.00 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=233 |percentage=0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,277 |percentage=7.63% |change= {{decrease}}23.19 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,853 |percentage=90.19% |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,101 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.44 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Trinamool Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.55 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2018===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampati<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,721 |percentage=63.59% |change={{decrease}}5.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakul Ch. Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,617 |percentage=32.77% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joyanto K Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=546 |percentage=2.08% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=208 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,104 |percentage=30.82% |change= {{decrease}}10.73 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,295 |percentage=91.71% |change= {{increase}}1.29 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,673 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.44 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.08 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2013===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampati<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,031 |percentage=68.67% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clement G. Momin |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=5,935 |percentage=27.11% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahiran Hajong |party=Independent politician |votes=924 |percentage=4.22% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,096 |percentage=41.55% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=21,890 |percentage=90.42% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,209 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===Assembly Election 2008===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,626 |percentage=55.47% |change={{increase}}14.48 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Clement G. Momin |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,660 |percentage=39.99% |change={{increase}}11.38 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monendro Agitok |party=Independent politician |votes=510 |percentage=2.66% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharmeswar Koch |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=360 |percentage=1.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,966 |percentage=15.48% |change= {{increase}}3.10 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,156 |percentage=90.53% |change= {{increase}}13.33 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,161 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}14.48 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2003===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,080 |percentage=40.99% |change={{decrease}}16.88 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Eril Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,941 |percentage=28.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amiya Kr. Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,710 |percentage=21.48% |change={{increase}}6.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monendro Agitok |party=Independent politician |votes=1,110 |percentage=6.43% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruparth Areng |party=Communist Party of India |votes=227 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monendro Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,139 |percentage=12.38% |change= {{decrease}}18.48 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,271 |percentage=77.20% |change= {{decrease}}3.05 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,372 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.51 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.88 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1998===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,235 |percentage=57.87% |change={{increase}}51.10 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monendro Agitok |party=Independent politician |votes=4,310 |percentage=27.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amiya Kr. Hajong |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,412 |percentage=15.12% |change={{increase}}4.73 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,925 |percentage=30.86% |change= {{increase}}28.88 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,957 |percentage=82.07% |change= {{decrease}}4.53 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,885 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.51 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1993===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=4,015 |percentage=27.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Momendro Agitok |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,726 |percentage=25.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagabandhu Barman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,070 |percentage=14.18% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipra Mohan Koch |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,515 |percentage=10.38% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Mree |party=Independent politician |votes=1,367 |percentage=9.37% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=William Cegil Marak |party=Indian National Congress |votes=988 |percentage=6.77% |change={{decrease}}25.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krehot N. Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=780 |percentage=5.34% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=289 |percentage=1.98% |change= {{decrease}}5.77 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,594 |percentage=86.92% |change= {{increase}}2.06 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,215 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.23 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}12.80 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1988===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Monendro Agitok |party=Independent politician |votes=5,025 |percentage=40.31% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhadreswar Koch |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,059 |percentage=32.56% |change={{decrease}}0.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagabandhu Barman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,050 |percentage=16.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Mree |party=Independent politician |votes=1,141 |percentage=9.15% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupendra Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=191 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=966 |percentage=7.75% |change= {{increase}}5.76 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,466 |percentage=85.38% |change= {{increase}}7.41 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,071 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.25 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1983===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhadreswar Koch |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,053 |percentage=33.16% |change={{decrease}}30.20 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monendro Agitok |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,870 |percentage=31.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagabandhu Barman |party=Independent politician |votes=2,324 |percentage=25.24% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baikunthanath Roy Koch |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=961 |percentage=10.44% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=183 |percentage=1.99% |change= {{decrease}}35.74 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,208 |percentage=78.29% |change= {{increase}}9.30 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,228 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.36 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}30.20 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1978===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhadreswar Koch |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,551 |percentage=63.36% |change={{increase}}25.85 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagabandhu Barman |party=Independent politician |votes=1,841 |percentage=25.63% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benoy Bhushan Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=791 |percentage=11.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,710 |percentage=37.73% |change= {{increase}}34.50 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,183 |percentage=69.28% |change= {{increase}}21.40 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,883 |ref = |change= {{increase}}48.05 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Ampatigiri<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagabandhu Barman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,230 |percentage=37.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhindra Hajong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,124 |percentage=34.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binoy Bhusan Marak |party=Independent politician |votes=925 |percentage=28.21% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=106 |percentage=3.23% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,279 |percentage=47.80% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,351 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[South West Garo Hills district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.47|89.93|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:South West Garo Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:2008 establishments in Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cow_protection_movement&diff=494944Cow protection movement2026-04-19T08:53:48Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created entry - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|South Asian religious and political movement}}<br />
{{Hinduism}}<br />
{{Jainism}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
The '''cow protection movement''' is a predominantly [[Hinduism|Hindu religious]] and political movement aiming to protect [[Cattle|cows]], whose slaughter has been [[Cattle slaughter in India|broadly opposed]] by [[Hindus]], [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Jainism|Jains]], [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] and [[Sikhs]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ|year= 2011|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979076-0|pages=58–65, 100–101, 110}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Clive Phillips|title=The Welfare of Animals: The Silent Majority |url =https://books.google.com/books?id=eq28F0MMrhIC |year= 2008|publisher= Springer |isbn=978-1-4020-9219-0|pages=98–103}}</ref><ref>[a] {{cite book|author1= Robert J. Muckle|author2=Laura Tubelle de González|title= Through the Lens of Anthropology: An Introduction to Human Evolution and Culture |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3FUACwAAQBAJ |year= 2015|publisher= University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-1-4426-0863-4|pages=299–300}}; [b] {{cite journal | last1=Eliasi | first1=Jennifer R. | last2=Dwyer | first2=Johanna T. | title=Kosher and Halal | journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=102 | issue=7 | year=2002 | doi=10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90203-8 | pages=911–913| pmid=12146548 }}; [c] {{cite book|author=Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair|title=Sikhism: A Guide for the Perplexed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdhLAQAAQBAJ |year= 2013|publisher= Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-4411-0231-7|pages=171–172}}</ref> While the opposition to slaughter of animals, including cows, has extensive and ancient roots in Indian history, the term refers to modern movements dating back to colonial era British India.<ref>''Religious Nationalism, Hindus and Muslims in India'', Peter van der Veer, pp. 83-94, {{ISBN|0-520-08256-7}}.</ref> The earliest such activism is traceable to [[Namdhari]] (Kooka) [[Sikhs]] of [[Punjab]] who opposed cow slaughter in the 1860s.<ref name=metcalf152>{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of Modern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ| year=2012|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-139-53705-6|pages=152–153}}</ref><ref name="Veer1994p90"/> The movement became popular in the 1880s and thereafter, attracting the support from the [[Arya Samaj]] founder [[Dayananda Saraswati|Swami Dayananda Saraswati]] in the late 19th century,<ref name="Partition p. 240">''From Plassey to Partition, a History of modern India'', Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, p. 240, {{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}}.</ref> and from [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in the early 20th century.<ref name=gandhi115/><br />
<br />
The cow protection movement gained broad support among the followers of Indian religions, particularly Hindus, but it was broadly opposed by Muslims. Numerous cow protection-related riots broke out in the 1880s and 1890s in British India. The 1893 and 1894 cow killing riots started on the day of Eid-ul-Adha, a Muslim festival where animal sacrifices are a part of the celebration. Cow protection movement and [[Cow vigilante violence in India|related violence]] has been one of the sources of religious conflicts in India. Historical records suggest that both Hindus and Muslims have respectively viewed "cow protection" and "cow slaughter" as a religious freedom.<ref name="Tejani2008p49">{{cite book|author=Shabnum Tejani|title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA49|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22044-8|pages=43–49}}</ref><br />
<br />
The cow protection movement is most connected with India, but has been active since colonial times in predominantly Buddhist countries such as [[Sri Lanka]] and [[Myanmar]].<ref name=stewart11/><ref>{{cite book|author=Erik Braun|title=The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX7GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2013|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-00094-7|pages=35–36}}</ref><ref name="Matthew J. Walton 2016 35, 92">{{cite book|author=Matthew J. Walton|title=Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdhsDQAAQBAJ |year=2016|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-15569-5|pages=35, 92}}</ref> Sri Lanka is the first country in South Asia to wholly legislate on harm inflicted against cattle. Sri Lanka currently bans the sale of cattle for meat throughout all of the island, following a legislative measure that united the two main ethnic groups on the island (Tamils and Sinhalese),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=166727|title=The Island|last=LTD|first=Lankacom PVT|website=www.island.lk|access-date=2018-08-24|archive-date=2018-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824183531/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=166727|url-status=dead}}</ref> whereas legislation against cattle slaughter is in place throughout most states of India except Kerala, West Bengal, and parts of the North-East.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-no-beef-nation/|title=The states where cow slaughter is legal in India|date=2015-10-08|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Attitudes towards the cow==<br />
===Hinduism===<br />
According to Nanditha Krishna, the cow veneration in ancient India "probably originated from the pastoral Aryans" in the Vedic era, whose religious texts called for non-violence towards all bipeds and quadrupeds, and often equated killing of a cow with the killing of a human being, especially a Brahmana.<ref>{{citation |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |title=Sacred Animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-182-6 |pages=80, 101–108}}</ref> The hymn 10.87.16 of the Hindu scripture ''[[Rigveda]]'' (c. 1200–1500 BCE), states Nanditha Krishna, condemns all killings of men, cattle and horses, and prays to god [[Agni]] to punish those who kill.<ref>{{citation |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |title=Sacred Animals of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DF_af8_547EC&pg=PT108 |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-182-6 |pages=15, 33}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Rajasthan, India - Festival of the Cattle (Gopashtami); shrine hanging (pichhavai) - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The iconography of popular Hindu deity [[Krishna]] often includes cows. He is revered in [[Vaishnavism]].]]<br />
According to Harris, the literature relating to cow veneration became common in 1st millennium CE, and by about 1000 CE vegetarianism, along became a well accepted mainstream Hindu tradition.<ref name=harris201/> This practice was inspired by the belief in Hinduism that a soul is present in all living beings, life in all its forms is interconnected, and non-violence towards all creatures is the highest ethical value.<ref name=harris201/><ref name="Kemmerer2011p59"/> Vegetarianism is a part of the Hindu culture. The god [[Krishna]], one of the incarnations ([[Avatar]]) of Vishnu, is associated with cows, adding to its endearment.<ref name=harris201>Marvin Harris (1990), [http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf India's sacred cow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329091317/http://academic.regis.edu/rlumpp/PDF%20files/RT%20201%20India%27s%20Sacred%20Cow.pdf |date=2017-03-29 }}, Anthropology: contemporary perspectives, 6th edition, Editors: Phillip Whitten & David Hunter, Scott Foresman, {{ISBN|0-673-52074-9}}, pages 201-204</ref><ref name="Kemmerer2011p59">{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-979076-0|pages=59–68 (Hinduism), pp. 100–110 (Buddhism)}}</ref><br />
<br />
Many ancient and medieval Hindu texts debate the rationale for a voluntary stop to cow slaughter and the pursuit of vegetarianism as a part of a general abstention from violence against others and all killing of animals.<ref name="Alsdorf2010p32">{{cite book|author=Ludwig Alsdorf|title=The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHKMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-16641-0|pages=32–44 with footnotes}}</ref><ref name=mclane271>{{cite book|author=John R. McLane|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7023-3|pages=271–280 with footnotes}}</ref> Some significant debates between pro-non-vegetarianism and pro-vegetarianism, with mention of cattle meat as food, are found in several books of the Hindu epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', particularly its Book III, XII, XIII and XIV.<ref name="Alsdorf2010p32"/> It is also found in the ''[[Ramayana]]''.<ref name=mclane271/> These two epics are not only literary classics, but they have also been popular religious classics.<ref>{{cite book|author1=John McLaren|author2=Harold Coward|title=Religious Conscience, the State, and the Law: Historical Contexts and Contemporary Significance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJSPG3iVbbYC&pg=PA199 |year=1999|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-4002-5|pages=199–204}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Mahabharata debate presents one meat-producing hunter who defends his profession as [[dharma|dharmic]].<ref name="Alsdorf2010p32"/> The hunter, in this ancient Sanskrit text, states that meat consumption should be allowed because animal sacrifice was practiced in the Vedic age, that the flesh nourishes people, that man must eat to live and plants like animals are alive too, that the nature of life is such every life form eats the other, that no profession is totally non-violent because even agriculture destroys numerous living beings when the plough digs the land.<ref name="Alsdorf2010p32"/> The hunter's arguments are, states Alsdorf, followed by stanzas that present support for restricted meat-eating on specific occasions.<ref name="Alsdorf2010p32"/><br />
<br />
The pro-vegetarianism sections of these Hindu texts counter these views. One section acknowledges that the Vedas do mention sacrifice, but not killing the animal. The proponents of vegetarianism state that Vedic teachings explicitly teach against killing, its verses can be interpreted in many ways, that the correct interpretation is of the sacrifice as the interiorized spiritual sacrifice, one where it is an "offering of truth (''[[satya]]'') and self-restraint (''[[Temperance (virtue)#Hinduism|damah]]'')", with the proper sacrifice being one "with reverence as the sacrificial meal and Veda study as the herbal juices".<ref>{{cite book|author=Ludwig Alsdorf|title=The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHKMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-16641-0|pages=39–42 with footnotes}}</ref><ref>[[Paul Deussen]] (1921), [https://archive.org/stream/vierphilosophisc00deusuoft#page/470/mode/2up Mahabharata XII], pages 471-473, 423-437, 764-765, 791-792 (in German)</ref> The sections that appeal for vegetarianism, including abstention from cow slaughter, state that life forms exist in different levels of development, some life forms have more developed sensory organs, that non-violence towards fellow man and animals who experience pain and suffering is an appropriate ethical value. It states that one's guiding principle should be conscientious ''atmaupamya'' (literally, "to-respect-others-as-oneself").<ref name="Alsdorf2010p32"/><br />
<br />
According to Ludwig Alsdorf, "Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on ''[[ahimsa]]'' (non-violence)" as evidenced by ancient ''[[smriti]]s'' and other ancient texts of Hinduism. He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism, it has become integral to its theology.<ref name=alsdorf2/> The respect for cattle is widespread but not universal. According to Christopher Fuller, animal sacrifices have been rare among the Hindus outside a few eastern states and Himalayan regions of the Indian subcontinent.<ref name=alsdorf2/><ref>{{cite book|author=Christopher John Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC |year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12048-X|pages=46, 83–85, 141}}</ref> To the majority of modern Indians, states Alsdorf, respect for cattle and disrespect for slaughter is a part of their ethos and there is "no ''ahimsa'' without renunciation of meat consumption".<ref name=alsdorf2>{{cite book|last= Alsdorf|first= Ludwig|title=The History of Vegetarianism and Cow-Veneration in India|year =2010|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-11351-66-410|pages=2–4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHKMAgAAQBAJ }}</ref><br />
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===Jainism===<br />
[[Jainism]] is against violence to all living beings, including cattle. According to the Jaina sutras, humans must avoid all killing and slaughter because all living beings are fond of life, they suffer, they feel pain, they like to live, and long to live. All beings should help each other live and prosper, according to Jainism, not kill and slaughter each other.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Susan J. Armstrong|author2=Richard G. Botzler|title=The Animal Ethics Reader|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=qiQlDwAAQBAJ |year= 2016|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-317-42197-9|page=44}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Dundas|author-link=Paul Dundas|title= The Jains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X8iAAgAAQBAJ |year=2003| publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-04152-66-055|pages= 160–162}}</ref><br />
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In the Jain tradition, neither monks nor laypersons should cause others or allow others to work in a slaughterhouse.<ref name=kemmerer57>{{cite book|author1=Lisa Kemmerer|author2=Anthony J. Nocella|title=Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lq70lgRwlRQC |year=2011|publisher=Booklight |location=New York |isbn=978-1-59056-281-9|pages=57–60}}</ref><br />
<br />
Jains have led a historic campaign to ban the slaughter of cows and all other animals, particularly during their annual festival of [[Paryushana]] (also called Daslakshana by Digambara).<ref>{{cite book|author=Vilas Adinath Sangave|title=Jaina Community: A Social Survey|url=https://archive.org/details/jainacommunityso0000sang |url-access=registration|year=1980|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-317-12346-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jainacommunityso0000sang/page/235 235], 266–267, 401 with note 64}}</ref> Historical records, for example, state that the Jain leaders lobbied Mughal emperors to ban slaughter of cow and other animals, during this 8 to 12 day period. In some cases, such as during the 16th century rule of Akbar, they were granted their request and an edict was issued by Akbar.<ref>{{cite book|author=Audrey Truschke|title=Culture of Encounters: Sanskrit at the Mughal Court|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DMJ1CwAAQBAJ |year= 2016|publisher= Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-54097-1|pages=34–37, 43–47, 188–190}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vilas Adinath Sangave|title=Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC |year=2001|publisher=Popular |isbn=978-81-7154-839-2|pages=180–181}}</ref><br />
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===Buddhism===<br />
The texts of [[Buddhism]] state [[ahimsa]] to be one of five ethical precepts, which requires a practicing Buddhist to "refrain from killing living beings".<ref name="Kemmerer2011p100"/> Slaughtering cow has been a taboo, with some texts suggest taking care of a cow is a means of taking care of "all living beings". Cattle is seen as a form of reborn human beings in the endless rebirth cycles in [[samsara]], protecting animal life and being kind to cattle and other animals is good [[karma]].<ref name="Kemmerer2011p100">{{cite book|author=Lisa Kemmerer|title=Animals and World Religions|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=fidwAgAAQBAJ| year=2011| publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-979076-0|pages=100–101, 110}}</ref><ref name= Stewart187>{{Citation | last =McFarlane| first =Stewart | year =2001 | editor =Peter Harvey| title= Buddhism| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oZCvAwAAQBAJ |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-1-4411-4726-4| pages=187–191}}</ref><br />
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The Buddhist texts not only state that killing or eating meat is wrong, it urges Buddhist laypersons to not operate slaughterhouses, nor trade in meat.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harvey |first=Peter |title=An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC |year=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |edition=2nd |isbn=978-05216-767-48 |pages=83, 273–274}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Thich Nhat Hanh|title=The Heart of the Buddha's Teaching: Transforming Suffering into Peace, Joy, and Liberation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XJkmCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115 |year=2015|publisher=Potter |isbn=978-1-101-90573-9|page=115}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Martine Batchelor|title=The Spirit of the Buddha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fL3mykqlOJcC&pg=PT59 |year=2014|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-17500-4 |pages=59 }}; Quote: These five trades, O monks, should not be taken up by a lay follower: trading with weapons, trading in living beings, trading in meat, trading in intoxicants, trading in poison."</ref> Indian Buddhist texts encourage a plant-based diet.<ref name="Kemmerer2011p59"/><ref name=harris201/><br />
<br />
Sacrifice of cattle is particularly condemned in the Brāhmaṇadhammika Sutta of the Sutta Nipata of the Pali Canon, where cows are referred to in the following terms:<ref name="metcalf1522" /><br />
<br />
{{Quote|text=Like a mother, father,<br />
<br />
brother, or other relative,<br />
<br />
cows are our foremost friends.<br />
<br />
From them comes medicine.<br />
<br />
They give food, strength,<br />
<br />
beauty, & happiness.}}<br />
<br />
The sutta claims that cow sacrifice causes devas and rakshas to cry out 'An injustice' when a knife falls upon a cow who is sacrificed.<br />
<br />
=== Sikhism ===<br />
During the 1860s, the [[Namdhari]] [[Sikhs]] opposed cattle-slaughter.<ref name="metcalf1522">{{cite book |author1=Barbara D. Metcalf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c7UgAwAAQBAJ |title=A Concise History of Modern India |author2=Thomas R. Metcalf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-139-53705-6 |pages=152–153}}</ref><ref name="Veer1994p902">{{cite book |author=Peter van der Veer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC |title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India |publisher=University of California Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-520-08256-4 |pages=90–91}}</ref> According to a ''Khalsa Bahadur (Lahore)'' article dated to 5 September 1903, the Sikhs consider cattle to be a useful animal but do not go to the lengths of the Hindus by considering it to be sacred.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Myrvold |first=Kristina |title=Sikh News in India, 1864-1924: Colonial Reports on Vernacular Newspapers of Punjab |publisher=Brill |date=Dec 2, 2024 |isbn=9789004707085 |volume=2: Religious Places, Practices, and Relations |pages=712 |chapter=2 |quote=What he meant to say was that the Sikhs were not quite so sensitive as the Hindus in regard to the slaughter of cows. For instance, the latter would not even eat certain vegetables the names of which being with ''gaf'', the first letter in ''gai'' (cow). In the same way some of them abstain from the use of ''masur'' pulse because it is the colour of blood. They also regard cow-dung and cow urine as sacred. The Sikhs, on the contrary, do not go to such lengths in their reverence for this animal, although they agree with the Hindus in considering it a very useful one.}}</ref> According to Arvind-Pal Singh Mandair, many Sikhs refrain from eating beef as cows, oxen, and buffalo are a central part of the livelihood of rural Sikhs, with many Sikhs coming from agricultural-backgrounds.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind-Pal Singh |title=Sikh Philosophy: Exploring gurmat Concepts in a Decolonizing World |date=Jul 14, 2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |pages=189–190 |chapter=Diet, drugs, alcohol, tobacco}}</ref> Thus, Sikhs generally respect cattle and do not slaughter them for food.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
===Zoroastrianism===<br />
{{See also|Cattle in religion and mythology#Zoroastrianism}}<br />
The term ''geush urva'' means "the spirit of the cow" and is interpreted as the soul of the earth. In the [[Gathas|Ahunavaiti Gatha]], [[Zarathustra]] (or Zoroaster) accuses some of his co-religionists of abusing the cow.<ref name="autogenerated1">Clark, P. 13 ''Zoroastrianism''</ref>{{failed verification|date=June 2022|reason= given citation doesn't speak of any such thing}}<br />
<br />
The lands of Zarathustra and the [[Vedic]] priests were those of cattle breeders.<ref>Vogelsang, P. 63 ''The Afghans''</ref> The 9th chapter of the ''[[Vendidad]]'' of the ''[[Avesta]]'' expounds the purificatory power of ''gōmēz'' – cow urine.<ref name="autogenerated2">P. 72 ''Some Aspects of Ancient Indian Culture'' by D. R. Bhandarkar</ref> It is declared to be a panacea for all bodily and moral evils,<ref name="autogenerated2"/> understood as which it features prominently in the 9-night purification ritual [[Barashnûm]].<br />
<br />
===Christianity===<br />
There are no explicit food restrictions in Christianity though groups that follow the rulings of the Apostolic Council refrain from consumption of blood, meat containing blood, meat of animals that have been sacrificed to idols and the meat of animals that were strangled: "the Holy Spirit and we ourselves have favored adding no further burden to you, except these necessary things, to abstain from things sacrificed to idols, and from blood, and from things strangled, and from fornication. If you carefully keep yourselves from these things, you will prosper." (Acts 15:27–28). When speaking about the consumption of pork and other meats regarded as unclean in the Old Testament, Christ says: "And he saith unto them, Are ye so without understanding also? Do ye not perceive, that whatsoever thing from without entereth into the man, it cannot defile him; Because it entereth not into his heart, but into the belly, and goeth out into the draught, purging all meats?." Mark 7:18-19. <br />
<br />
The diet rules, states Tanya MacLaurin, vary among Christian denominations, with most not advocating any restrictions.<ref name="albala1187">{{cite book|author=Tanya MacLaurin|editor=Ken Albala|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of Food Issues|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9g5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1187 |year=2015|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-4301-6|pages=1187–1188}}</ref> According to David Grumett, Rachel Muers and other scholars, many Christian saints<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael A Fox|title=Deep Vegetarianism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0s3X_vh1_EC&pg=PA13|publisher=Temple University Press|isbn=978-1-59213-814-2|pages=13–22}}</ref> and preachers of Christianity such as [[Charles Spurgeon]], [[Ellen G. White]], [[John Todd Ferrier]], and [[William Cowherd]] practiced and encouraged a meat-free diet.<ref>{{cite book|author1=David Grumett|author2=Rachel Muers|title=Theology on the Menu: Asceticism, Meat and Christian Diet|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ijWMAgAAQBAJ |year= 2010|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-18832-0|pages=63–72}}</ref> Devout Catholics and Orthodox Christians avoid meat on Fridays and particularly during Lent, states MacLaurin.<ref name="albala1187"/><br />
<br />
===Judaism===<br />
{{main|Cattle in religion and mythology#Judaism}}<br />
<br />
According to the Bible,<ref name="Exodus324">{{bibleref2|Exodus|32:4}}.</ref> the Israelites adored a cult image of a [[golden calf]] when the prophet [[Moses]] went up to [[Mount Sinai]]. <br />
Moses considered this a great sin against the God and it is the explanation for the priest role [[Levites]] had.<br />
A cult of golden calves appears later during the rule of [[Jeroboam]].<br />
<br />
According to the [[Hebrew Bible]], an unblemished [[red heifer|red cow]] was an important part of ancient Jewish rituals. The cow was sacrificed and burned in a precise ritual, and the ashes were added to water used in the [[ritual purification]] of a person who had come in to contact with a human corpse. The ritual is described in the [[Book of Numbers]] in Chapter 19, verses 1–14.<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last =Carmichael<br />
|first =Calum<br />
|title =The Book of Numbers: A Critique of Genesis<br />
|publisher =[[Yale University Press]]<br />
|year =2012<br />
|location =[[New Haven, Connecticut]]<br />
|pages =103–121<br />
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=6uy6LVXGOxkC&q=%22Red+heifer%22+Numbers&pg=PA106<br />
|isbn =9780300179187<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Observant Jews study this passage every year in early summer as part of the [[weekly Torah portion]] called [[Chukat]]. A contemporary Jewish organization called the [[Temple Institute]] is trying to revive this ancient religious observance.<ref>{{cite news<br />
|title =Apocalypse Cow|newspaper =[[The New York Times]] |date =30 March 1997 |url =https://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/30/magazine/apocalypse-cow.html|access-date= 21 December 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Traditional Judaism considers beef [[kosher]] and permissible as food,<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last = Hersh<br />
|first = June<br />
|title = The Kosher Carnivore: The Ultimate Meat and Poultry Cookbook<br />
|publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers]]<br />
|year =2011<br />
|pages =19–21<br />
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=g73sRottbmkC&q=kosher+beef<br />
|isbn =9781429987783<br />
}}</ref> as long as the cow is slaughtered in a religious ritual called ''[[shechita]]'', and the meat is not served in a meal that [[Milk and meat in Jewish law|includes any dairy foods]].<ref>{{cite book<br />
|last =Goldman<br />
|first =Ari L.<br />
|title =Being Jewish: The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today<br />
|publisher =[[Simon & Schuster]]<br />
|year =2007<br />
|pages =234<br />
|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Smnm85rsWi8C&q=kosher+separation+meat+milk&pg=PA234<br />
|isbn =9781416536024<br />
}}</ref><br />
<br />
Some Jews committed to [[Jewish vegetarianism]] believe that Jews should refrain from slaughtering animals altogether<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jewishveg.org/rabbinic-statement|title=Rabbinic Statement|work=Jewish Veg|access-date=2017-10-16}}</ref> and have condemned widespread cruelty towards cattle on factory farms.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jewish veganism and vegetarianism : studies and new directions|author1=Labendz, Jacob Ari |author2=Yanklowitz, Shmuly |isbn=9781438473611|publisher=SUNY Press|location=Albany, New York|oclc=1041228582|date = 25 March 2019|pages=206}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Islam===<br />
According to the verses of the [[Quran]], such as 16:5–8 and 23:21–23, God created cattle to benefit man and recommends Muslims to eat cattle meat, but forbids pork.<ref name="Phillips2008p116">{{cite book|author=Clive Phillips|title= The Welfare of Animals: The Silent Majority|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eq28F0MMrhIC |year= 2008|publisher= Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-9219-0|pages=116–117, 98–99, 184}}</ref><br />
<br />
Cattle slaughter had been and continued to be an approved practice among the followers of Islam, particularly on festive occasions such as the [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-ul-Adha]], except the cows which are pregnant or ill or wounded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Qurbani of Pregnant animal |url=https://darulifta-deoband.com/home/en/qurbani-slaughtering/43789 |website=darulifta-deoband.com}}</ref><ref name="Phillips2008p116"/><br />
<br />
Muslims sacrifice cows during the Eid-ul-Adha festival. Although [[goat]] slaughter is an available alternative for the festival, according to Peter van der Veer, Muslims [in India] have considered it "imperative not to bow down to Hindu encroachments on their 'ancient' right to sacrifice cows on Bakr-Id".<ref name="Religious Nationalism p. 92"/><br />
<br />
==History in India==<br />
There can be little doubt, states Peter van der Veer, "that protection of the cow already had a political significance in India before the [colonial era] British period".<ref name="Veer1994p90">{{cite book|author=Peter van der Veer|title=Religious Nationalism: Hindus and Muslims in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p29ArJ7j6zgC|year=1994|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08256-4|pages=90–91}}</ref> The Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] banned the killing of cow.<ref name="McLane2015p276"/> After the collapse of the Mughal Empire, cow slaughter was a capital offense in many Hindu and Sikh ruled regions of the subcontinent. The East India Company continued the ban on cow slaughter in many domains. [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Henry Lawrence]], after the British annexed Punjab, banned cattle slaughter in it in 1847, in order to win the popular Sikh support.<ref name="McLane2015p276">{{cite book|author=John R. McLane|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=efp9BgAAQBAJ|date=8 March 2015|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-7023-3|pages=276–283}}</ref> In the 1857 revolt, the Muslim emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] threatened to execute any Muslim caught sacrificing a cattle during Bakr-Id.<ref name="McLane2015p276"/> The independence leader of India, [[Mahatma Gandhi]], championed cow protection.<ref name=gandhi115>{{cite book|author=Mohandas Karmchand Gandhi|title=Soul Force: Gandhi's Writings on Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wwkt5TX623UC&pg=PA115 |year=2004| editor= V Geetha | publisher=Tara| location=London |isbn=978-81-86211-85-4|pages=115–117, 183–184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Simone Panter-Brick|title=Gandhi and Nationalism: The Path to Indian Independence |year=2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-aIcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-1-78453-023-5|pages=118–119}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Janet M. Davis|title=The Gospel of Kindness: Animal Welfare and the Making of Modern America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OU0nDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-973315-6|page=174}}</ref> Later in 1970's Indian Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi launched the ''Gosamrakshana.''{{Unreliable source?|sure=y|reason=The author "Janet" doesn't seem to be a known author, is he an established one ? |date=June 2022}}<br />
<br />
=== Spread of the movement ===<br />
In the 1870s, cow protection movements spread rapidly in the [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], the North-West provinces, [[Awadh]] and [[Rohilkhand]]. [[Arya Samaj]] had a tremendous role in skillfully converting this sentiment into a national movement.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Freitag|first=Sandria|title=Sacred Symbols as Mobilizing Ideology: The North Indian Search for a "Hindu" Community|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|date=October 1980|volume=22|issue=4|pages=597–625|doi=10.1017/s0010417500009567|s2cid=67853505 }}</ref> Vijaypal Baghel has been dedicating to save cow and conducting a mass movement in the northern India.<br />
<br />
The first ''Gaurakshini sabha'' (cow protection society) was established in the Punjab in 1882.<ref>''The Making of an Indian Metropolis, Colonial governance and public culture in Bombay, 1890/1920'', Prashant Kidambi, p. 176, {{ISBN|978-0-7546-5612-8}}.</ref> The movement spread rapidly all over [[North India]] and to [[Bengal]], [[Bombay]], [[Madras]] and other central provinces.{{failed verification|date=June 2022|reason=page 176 does not mention of a gaurahshini sabha}} The organisation rescued wandering cows and reclaimed them to groom them in places called ''gaushalas'' (cow refuges). Charitable networks developed all through North India to collect rice from individuals, pool the contributions, and re-sell them to fund the ''gaushalas''. Signatures, up to 350,000 in some places, were collected to demand a ban on cow sacrifice.<ref name="Vishnu pp. 67-69"/><br />
<br />
The cow protection societies petitioned that the cows are essential economic wealth because "these animals furnish bullocks for agriculture, manure for enriching the soil, and give milk to drink and feed the owner", states Tejani. Further, these societies stated that cow slaughter be banned in British India for public health and to prevent further famines and reduce price inflation in agriculture produce, and that such a policy would benefit Christians, Hindus and Muslims simultaneously.<ref name=Secularism>{{cite book|title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950|author=Shabnum Tejani|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]}}</ref>{{rp|47}} By the late 1880s, bands of cow protection activists would seize cows on their way to slaughterhouses and cattle fairs and take them to cow shelters.<ref name="Vishnu pp. 67-69">''Vishnu's crowded temple, India since the great rebellion'', pp. 67-69, Maria Misra, 2008, Yale University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-300-13721-7}}.</ref><ref name=Sandra/>{{rp|217}} During the religious riots of the 1890s, those who slaughter cows and eat beef were denounced in public meetings.<ref name=Misra/>{{rp|68}}<br />
<br />
=== Arya Samaj ===<br />
[[Arya Samaj]] and its founder Dayananda Saraswati were one of the early supporters of the cow protection movement.<ref>''Religious Nationalism, Hindus and Muslims in India'', Peter van der Veer, p. 91, {{ISBN|0-520-08256-7}}.</ref><ref name="Partition p. 240"/><br />
<br />
Dayananda Saraswathi published the ''Gokarunanidhi'' (Ocean of mercy to the cow) in 1881. It strongly opposed cow slaughter.<ref>''Hindu-Muslim relations in British India'', G.R. Thursby, p. 77.</ref> According to Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, during Dayananda's time, cow protection movement was initially not overtly anti-Muslim, but gradually became a source of communal tension.<ref name="Partition p. 241">''From Plassey to Partition, a History of modern India'', Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa, p. 241, {{ISBN|81-250-2596-0}}.</ref> Many cow protection leaders also insisted that their cause was neither religious, nor motivated by prejudice.<ref name=Secularism/>{{rp|48}}<br />
<br />
=== Religious antagonism ===<br />
According to Shabnum Tejani, the cow dispute has been overwhelmingly interpreted as evidence of "fundamental antagonism between Hindus and Muslims".<ref name=Secularism/>{{rp|48}} The cow protection societies were careful in their public statements, states Tejani, but an "anti-Muslim sentiment" was a part of their movement. This is evidenced by the brochures and pamphlets they distributed in the 1880s and 1890s to mobilize support for cow protection.<ref>{{cite book|author=Gene R. Thursby|title=Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India |url=https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-04380-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur/page/76 76]–88}}</ref><ref name=Secularism/>{{rp|48}} For example, a common theme were illustrations and posters of a "villainous Muslim stalking the god-fearing Brahman and his gentle cow"; often the Muslim was depicted with a long sword.<ref name=Secularism/>{{rp|48}} Dramas were staged that depicted Muslims secretly abducting cows and then sacrificing them at [[Bakr-Id]]. The movement even set up tribunals to prosecute Hindus who sold cows to Muslims or the British.<ref name=Misra>{{cite book|author=Maria Misra|title=Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QjxiMSd0YwoC |year=2008 |publisher= Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-14523-6 }}</ref>{{rp|68}}<br />
<br />
After the 1893 major cow-related riots, the response of some Hindus to Muslim view on cow-protection was to blame "the unfortunate ignorance and fanaticism of the uneducated members of the Mahomedan community", states Tejani. The response of Muslims to Hindu opinions, add Tejani, was equally stark.<ref>{{cite book|author=Shabnum Tejani|title=Indian Secularism: A Social and Intellectual History, 1890-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xtrPKa59j4C&pg=PA48|year=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-22044-8|pages=47–49}}; Quote: "Opinion on the other side was equally stark."</ref> Muslim volunteers went around distributing pamphlets and raising community funds to defend Muslims arrested during cow-killing riots of the 1890s.<ref name="Tejani2008p49"/> These stated that "Hindus have begun rebellion and had without rhyme or reason become enemies of our life and property, honour and reputation... we are forbidden to make sacrifices - Hindus interfere in our legitimate luxury".<ref name="Tejani2008p49"/> A ban on cow sacrifice, stated these Muslims, is a beginning not only of an end to their right to animal sacrifice, but "tomorrow from their even proclaiming the hour of prayer and the day after from praying altogether".<ref name="Tejani2008p49"/><br />
<br />
=== Colonial era laws ===<br />
The section 295 of Indian Penal Code, enacted as the British India's colonial state law, stated that "anyone who destroys, damages or defiles any place of worship or any object held sacred by a class of persons", either by intent or knowledge that such an action would cause insult to the religion of those persons, was to be arrested and punished by imprisonment.<ref name=Sandra/>{{rp|217}} In 1888, the High Court of the North Western Provinces (now part of [[Uttar Pradesh]]) declared that cow is not a "sacred object".<ref name="Religious Nationalism p. 92">''Religious Nationalism, Hindus and Muslims in India'', Peter van der Veer, p. 92, {{ISBN|0-520-08256-7}}.</ref><ref name=Sandra>{{cite book|title=Contesting the Nation: Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy|publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|editor= David Ludden}}</ref>{{rp|217}}<br />
<br />
Sandra Freitag states that this ruling dramatically accelerated cow protection movement, because people believed that the state had selectively denied a religious right to them, while Muslims believed that the state had affirmed their right to sacrifice a cow on Eid-ul-Adha festival.<ref name=Sandra/>{{rp|217–218}} Individuals and local groups began providing cow protection when the state refused to recognize what they considered sacred. According to Freitag, thousands of people would block roads, seize cows from butchers and take them to shelters.<ref name=Sandra/>{{rp|217–218}} In other cases, crowds "as large as 5,000 to 6,000 people" would march for hours to gather before Muslim landlords to pressure the landlord from proceeding ahead with cow slaughter on a Muslim festival. Some groups would hold mock trials of those accused of cow sacrifice or those who sold the cow for sacrifice, simulating the colonial era court procedures, then sentencing those they declared guilty.<ref name=Sandra/>{{rp|217–218}}<br />
<br />
===Violence===<br />
Cow-protection-related violence is perpetrated by individuals or groups for the purposes of protecting cows and related cattle from slaughter or theft. Numerous cow-related Hindu-Muslim riots broke out between 1900 and 1947, in different parts of British India,<ref name="Menon2012p22">{{cite book|author=Meena Menon|title=Riots and After in Mumbai: Chronicles of Truth and Reconciliation| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=QRmJCwAAQBAJ |year= 2012|publisher= SAGE Publications|isbn= 978-81-321-1935-7|pages= 22–37, 55–58, 73–82}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Gene R. Thursby|title=Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India |url= https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur|url-access=registration| year=1975| publisher= BRILL Academic |isbn= 90-04-04380-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur/page/76 76]–88}}</ref> particularly on Islamic festival of sacrifice called [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-ul-Adha]], killing hundreds.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} After the Partition of the Indian subcontinent into a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan, one of the significant triggers of riots, the killings of Hindus and Muslims, and other violence in the 1950s and 1960s was cow slaughter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/312 312]–344}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Before 1800s====<br />
Under the [[Scindia]] of [[Gwalior state]] and the [[Sikh Empire]], people were executed for killing cows.<ref name="McLane2015p276"/><br />
<br />
The "Holi Riot" of 1714 in [[Gujarat]] was in part cow-related.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Ishrat Haque|title=Glimpses of Mughal Society and Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8KbEa118soC&pg=PA92 |year=1992|publisher=Concept|isbn=978-81-7022-382-5|page=92}}</ref> A Hindu had attempted to start the spring festivities of [[Holi]] by burning a public [[Holika]] bonfire, a celebration that his Muslim neighbors objected to. The Muslims retaliated by slaughtering a cow in front of the Hindu's house.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><ref name="Ghurye1968p305">{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/305 305]–306}}</ref> The Hindus gathered, attacked the Muslims, seized the Muslim butcher's son and killed him.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><ref name="Ghurye1968p305"/> The Muslims, aided by the Afghan army, sacked the neighborhood, which led Hindus across the city to retaliate. Markets and homes were burnt down. Many Hindus and Muslims died during the Holi riot.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/> The cycle of violence continued for a few days devastating the neighborhoods in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref name="Hasan2005p133">{{cite book|author1=Mushirul Hasan|author2=Asim Roy|title=Living Together Separately: Cultural India in History and Politics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5v56AAAAMAAJ |year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-566921-3|pages=132–133, 135–139, 143–145}}</ref> The cow-related violence and riots repeated in the years that followed,<ref>{{cite book|author=Partha Sarathy Ghosh|title=BJP and the Evolution of Hindu Nationalism |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sy-KAAAAMAAJ |year=1999|publisher=Manohar|isbn=978-81-7304-253-9|pages=155–156}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=James Campbell |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency, Volume IV: Ahmedabad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8xYIAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA256 |year=1879|publisher=Government Central Press|page=256}}</ref> though the only documented 18th-century riots in Ahmedabad are of 1714.<ref name="Hasan2005p133"/><br />
<br />
====1800s====<br />
According to Mark Doyle, the first cow protection societies on the Indian subcontinent were started by Kukas of [[Sikhism]], a reformist group seeking to purify Sikhism.<ref name=doyle249>{{cite book|author=Mark Doyle|title=Communal Violence in the British Empire: Disturbing the Pax|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK2tDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-6826-4|pages=249 note 16}}</ref> The Sikh Kukas or Namdharis were agitating for cow protection after the British annexed Punjab. In 1871, states Peter van der Veer, Sikhs killed Muslim butchers of cows in [[Amritsar]] and [[Ludhiana]], and viewed cow protection as a "sign of the moral quality of the state".<ref name="Veer1994p90"/> According to Barbara Metcalf and Thomas Metcalf, Sikhs were agitating for the well-being of cows in the 1860s, and their ideas spread to Hindu reform movements.<ref name="metcalf152"/><br />
<br />
According to Judith Walsh, widespread cow protection riots occurred repeatedly in [[British India]] in the 1880s and 1890s. These were observed in regions of [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], Bihar, [[Bengal]], [[Bombay Presidency]] and in parts of South [[Myanmar]] (Rangoon). The anti-Cow Killing riots of 1893 in Punjab caused the death of at least 100 people.<ref name=yang576>{{cite journal | last=Yang | first=Anand A. | title=Sacred Symbol and Sacred Space in Rural India: Community Mobilization in the "Anti-Cow Killing" Riot of 1893 | journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=22 | issue=4 | year=1980 | doi=10.1017/s0010417500009555 | pages=576–596| s2cid=143728142 }}</ref><ref name=Judith>{{cite book|author=Judith E. Walsh|title=A Brief History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iekF9X3OwwMC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0825-4|pages=161–162}}</ref> The 1893 cow killing riots started during the Muslim festival of Bakr-Id, the riot repeated in 1894, and they were the largest riots in British India after the 1857 revolt.<ref name=doyle157>{{cite book|author=Mark Doyle|title=Communal Violence in the British Empire: Disturbing the Pax|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QK2tDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-6826-4|pages=157–161}}</ref><br />
<br />
Riots triggered by cow-killings erupted in [[Lahore]], [[Ambala]], [[Delhi]], [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|United Provinces]], [[Bihar]] and other places in the late 19th century. In Bombay alone, several hundred people were killed or injured in cow-related violence in 1893, according to Hardy.<ref name="Hardy1972p140">{{cite book|author=P. Hardy|title=The Muslims of British India|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimsofbritish0000hard |url-access=registration|year= 1972|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-0-521-09783-3|pages= [https://archive.org/details/muslimsofbritish0000hard/page/140 140]–141}}, Quote: "This assertiveness expressed itself in violent defense of the cow. (...) In the early nineties [1890s], rioting spread to the United Provinces and Bihar and in August 1893 there was a major disturbance in Bombay, in which several hundred people were killed or injured."</ref> One of the issues, states Walsh, in these riots was "the Muslim slaughter of cows for meat, particularly as part of religious festivals such as Bakr-Id".<ref name=Judith/> The cow protection-related violence were a part of larger communal riots, religious disputes, and class conflicts during the colonial era.<ref name=Judith/><br />
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Elsewhere, in 1893 there were riots in [[Azamgarh]] and [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]], in eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The Azamgarh riots were born out of administrative disputes regarding cow slaughter. Reportedly an inexperienced British officer (Henry Dupernex) ordered Muslims to register with the police, if they wished to slaughter cows for [[Eid al-Adha]]. Many of the Muslims interpreted the order as an invitation to sacrifice.<ref name=Groves>{{cite journal|title=Law, Religion and Public Order in Colonial India: Contextualising the 1887 Allahabad High Court Case on 'Sacred' Cows|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|author=Matthew Groves|pages=96–97}}</ref><br />
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In the town of Mau, there were riots in 1806, states John McLane, that had led to Sadar Nizamat Adawlat to prohibit cow sacrifices in 1808.<ref name=mclane314/> The Hindus had interpreted this to mean a prohibition to all cattle slaughter. In early 19th-century the prohibition was enforced in a manner Hindus interpreted it. However, in the 1860s, the interpretation changed to Muslim version wherein cattle sacrifice was banned in 1808, but not cattle slaughter. This, states McLane, triggered intense dissatisfaction among Hindus.<ref name=mclane314/><ref name="Coplandp59">{{cite journal | last=Copland | first=Ian | title=What to do about cows? Princely versus British approaches to a South Asian dilemma | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=68 | issue=1 | year=2005 | doi=10.1017/s0041977x05000030 | pages=59–76| s2cid=159537827 }}</ref> Mau, with nearly half of its population being Muslim, resisted Hindu interpretation. When a "local Muslim ''zamindar'' (landowner) insisted on sacrificing an animal for his daughter's wedding", a group of local Hindus gathered to object, according to McLane.<ref name=mclane314/> Four thousand men from [[Ballia district]] and two thousand from [[Ghazipur district]] joined the Hindus in Mau to stop the sacrifice in 1893. They were apparently motivated by the belief that cows had not been killed in Mau since Akbar's time, but the British were now changing the rules to allow cow killing in new locations. The cow-protecting Hindus attacked the Muslims and looted a bazaar in Mau. The British officials estimated seven Muslims were killed in the riots, while locals placed the toll at 200.<ref name=mclane314>{{cite book|title=Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress|author=John R. McLane|date=8 March 2015| publisher= Princeton University Press | isbn= 978-1-4008-7023-3| pages=314–315}}</ref><br />
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====1900–1947====<br />
Cattle protection-related violence continued in the first half of the 20th century. Examples of serious cow protection agitation and riots include the 1909 Calcutta riot after Muslims sacrificed a cow in public, the 1912 Faizabad riots after a Maulvi taunted a group of Hindus about a cow he was with, the 1911 Muzaffarpur riot when in retribution for cow slaughter by Muslims, the Hindus threatened to desecrate a mosque.<ref name="Thursby1975p80">{{cite book|author=Gene R. Thursby|title=Hindu-Muslim Relations in British India: A Study of Controversy, Conflict, and Communal Movements in Northern India 1923-1928|url=https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur|url-access=registration|year=1975|publisher=BRILL Academic|isbn=90-04-04380-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur/page/80 80]–83}}</ref> In 1916 and 1917, over the Muslim festival of Eid-ul-Adha, two riots broke out in Patna with widespread rioting, looting and murders in major cities of Bihar. The British officials banned cow slaughter during Muslim Id festival of sacrifice. According to British colonial records, Hindu crowds as large as 25,000 attacked Muslims on Id day, violence broke out at multiple sites simultaneously, and local authorities were unable to cope.<ref name="Thursby1975p80"/> Many serious anti cow slaughter and cow protection-related riots broke out between 1917 and 1928 across India particularly on Muslim festival of sacrifice, from Punjab through Delhi to Orissa, leading to the arrests of hundreds.<ref name="Thursby1975p80"/><br />
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In the 1920s, over 100 riots, 450 deaths and 5,000 injuries were recorded in [[Bengal]] which was divided in 1947 into [[East Pakistan]] and [[West Bengal]]. Two primary causes of the violence, states Nitish Sengupta, were Hindus [[Durga Puja]] processions playing music which continued as they passed near Muslim mosques, and Muslims killing cows in open during [[Eid al-Adha|Eid-ul-Adha]].<ref name="Sengupta2011p347">{{cite book|author=Nitish K. Sengupta|title=Land of Two Rivers: A History of Bengal from the Mahabharata to Mujib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kVSh_TyJ0YoC |year=2011|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341678-4|pages=347–348}}</ref><br />
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In 1946, rumors spread in Bengal that Hindus had secretly conspired to stop cow sacrifice on Eid-ul-Adha by bringing in Sikhs and arms into their homes. On the day of Islamic festival of sacrifice (September 1946), states Batabyal, the rumor spread among the Bengali Muslims congregated in mosques. The crowd coming out of the mosques then raided a large number of Hindu homes trying to find the arms and the Sikhs. Violence continued for about a week with "frequent instances of stray killings" and looting.<ref>{{cite book|author=R Batabyal|title=Communalism in Bengal: From Famine To Noakhali, 1943-47|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=96_LRi9O06oC|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3335-9|pages=279–280}}</ref><br />
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====1947–2014====<br />
After the 1947 Partition of the Indian subcontinent into Pakistan and India, frequent riots and fatal violence broke in newly created India over cow slaughter. Between 1948 and 1951, cow slaughter led to a spate of riots broke out in Azamgarh, Akola, Pilbhit, Katni, Nagpur, Aligarh, Dhubri, Delhi and Calcutta.<ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/313 313]–314}}</ref> Riots triggered by slaughter of cows continued in rural and urban locations of India in the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{cite book|author=Govind Sadashiv Ghurye|author-link=G. S. Ghurye|title=Social tensions in India |url=https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47 |url-access=registration|year=1968|publisher=Popular Prakashan|pages=[https://archive.org/details/socialtensionsin0000ghur_47/page/335 335]–344}}</ref> According to Ian Copland and other scholars, it was the practical stop of cow sacrifice ritual as Islamic festivals after 1947 that largely led to a reduction in riots from the peak observed just before India's independence.<ref name="Copland2013p237">{{cite book|author1=Ian Copland|author2=Ian Mabbett|author3=Asim Roy, Kate Brittlebank and Adam Bowles|title=A History of State and Religion in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uWcZulI5tL0C&pg=PA238| year=2013|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-45950-4|pages =237–239}}</ref> However, they add, the riots re-emerged in the 1960s, when a new generation of Muslims born after the independence reached adolescence, who were less aware of the trauma of religious violence in India of the 1940s, began to assert their rights.<ref name="Copland2013p237"/><br />
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During the [[1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation]], 100 members of Indian parliament signed a petition for a nationwide ban on cow slaughter. Hindu ''sadhus'' (monks) gathered in Delhi to protest against cow slaughter, launched ''go-raksha'' (cow protection) agitation and demanded a ban. During a huge procession that was walking towards the parliament to press their demand, before they could reach the parliament, some people began a disturbance and rioting started.<ref>{{cite book|author=Indrani Jagjivan Ram|title=Milestones: A Memoir|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYCynd34aIwC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-08187-5|pages=215–218}}</ref> These riots killed eight people.<ref name=BBC/> Indira Gandhi, the newly nominated Prime Minister, continued her father's policy of no national ban on cow slaughter.<ref name="Kalhan1997">{{cite book|author=Promilla Kalhan|title=Gulzarilal Nanda: A Life in the Service of the People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuhcRfddkQMC |year=1997|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-81-7023-693-1|pages=54–57, 120–131}}</ref><br />
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In 2002, five Dalit youths were killed by a mob in [[Jhajjar district]], [[Haryana]] after accusations of cow slaughter. The mob were reportedly led by members of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], according to Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k3/asia6.html|title=World Report 2003 - India|work=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2004/35516.htm |title= India: International Religious Freedom Report 2004; BUREAU OF DEMOCRACY, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND LABOR|year=2004|author=U.S. Department of State|access-date=2017-05-24}}</ref> According to People's Union for Democratic Rights, the Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Gauraksha Samiti have defended violent vigilantism around cow protection as sentiments against the "sin of cow-slaughter" and not related to "the social identity of the victims".<ref>{{citation |author=People's Union for Democratic Rights |chapter=Dalit Lynching at Dulina: Cow-Protection, Caste and Communalism |editor=Ujjwal Kumar Singh |title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7829-884-9 |page=155}}, Quote: "It needs to be recalled that the very first response of the VHP and the Gauraksha Samiti was to glorify the killings as just retribution for the sin of cow-slaughter. The social identity of the victims appeared unimportant, except that they were possibly cow-slaughterers".</ref> Various groups, such as the families of the Dalits victims of cow-related violence in 2002, did not question the legitimacy of cow protection but questioned instead the false allegations.<ref>{{citation |author=People's Union for Democratic Rights |chapter=Dalit Lynching at Dulina: Cow-Protection, Caste and Communalism |editor=Ujjwal Kumar Singh |title=Human Rights and Peace: Ideas, Laws, Institutions and Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yx00xCWCulEC |year=2009 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-81-7829-884-9 |pages=155}}, Quote: "Noticeably none of the groups concerned, including the state, disputed that the response of the mob was a completely understandable response to cow-slaughter. The emphasis was rather on the truth value of the allegation itself. It is evident that the issue of cow-protection is central to an understanding of the incident."</ref><br />
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====Post-2014====<br />
{{main|Cow vigilante violence in India}}<br />
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There has been a rise in cow protection related violence since the election of the [[Narendra Modi]]'s [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in 2014.<ref name=BBC>{{cite news|author=Soutik Biswas|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Why the humble cow is India's most polarising animal|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34513185}}</ref><ref name=Risk>{{cite news|author=Ian Marlow and Bibhudatta Pradhan|title=Cow-Saving Vigilantes Are a Sign of Rising Political Risk in India|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/politics/articles/2017-04-19/shuttered-abattoir-a-sign-of-rising-political-risk-in-india}}</ref> The violence has included notable killings, such as the lynchings at [[2015 Dadri mob lynching|Dadri]], [[2016 Jharkhand mob lynching|Jharkhand]] and [[2017 Alwar mob lynching|Alwar]]. According to the [[Human Rights Watch]], the post-2014 violence has included instances of assault, harassment, extortion, and it has targeted Muslims and lower-caste Hindus.<ref name="HRW1">{{cite web|title=India: 'Cow Protection' Spurs Vigilante Violence|date=27 April 2017|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/27/india-cow-protection-spurs-vigilante-violence}}</ref> According to a Reuters report, citing IndiaSpend analysis, a total of "28 Indians – 24 of them Muslims – have been killed and 124 injured", between 2010 and June 2017 in cow-related violence.<ref name=reuters20102017>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests-muslims-beef-idINKBN19J2BV|title=Protests held across India after attacks against Muslims|work=Reuters|date=28 June 2017|access-date=29 June 2017|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009014122/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-protests-muslims-beef-idINKBN19J2BV|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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==History in Myanmar==<br />
In predominantly Buddhist [[Myanmar]], the Cattle Slaughter Act became the local law during the colonial era, and it restricted the killing of cattle.<ref name="Kawanami2016p39"/> Permission was needed in advance, and violators were subject to prison terms. In 1956, after Buddhism was declared a state religion in the post-colonial nation, the reach of this Act was expanded to "include the possession of any quantity of beef" states Hiroko Kawanami.<ref name="Kawanami2016p39"/> This law was opposed by the Muslims of Myanmar, who pressed that it is their religious right to make sacrifice offerings on Muslim festivals.<ref name="Kawanami2016p39">{{cite book|author=Hiroko Kawanami|title=Buddhism and the Political Process|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YZAYDAAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-57400-8|pages=39–43}}</ref><br />
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The Burmese Buddhist monk community has historically supported its cow protection movement. The 19th-century [[Ledi Sayadaw]], for example, has been an influential champion of cow protection. His work published in 1885, titled ''Nwa Metta Sa'' (or ''The Letter on Cows'') urged social action to protect cows from slaughter.<ref>{{cite book|author=Erik Braun|title=The Birth of Insight: Meditation, Modern Buddhism, and the Burmese Monk Ledi Sayadaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZX7GAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA35|year=2013|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-00094-7|pages=34–37}}</ref><ref name="Matthew J. Walton 2016 35, 92"/> More recently, the monks and Buddhist leader Wirathu of the [[Patriotic Association of Myanmar|Ma Ba Tha]] movement have lobbied Burmese authorities to ban ritual slaughter of cows for the Islamic festival of Eid al-Adha. According to some media reports, the Islamic sacrifice festival has become a flashpoint for Burma's Buddhist nationalists. In 2016, three Muslim men were arrested for illegal procurement of nearly 100 cows for sacrifice. Islamic leaders allege that this discriminates against their religious right to sacrifice cows.<ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/myanmar-muslims-on-trial-for-illegally-importing-90-cows-for-eid-al-adha/story-vr2ldFsCSnFvLofHc2l8bO.html Myanmar Muslims on trial for illegally importing 90 cows for Eid al-Adha], The Hindustan Times (Oct 10, 2016)</ref><br />
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In the Irrawaddy Delta region of Myanmar, various Buddhist organizations such as 969,{{refn|group=note|Their name "969" is in response to the older Islamic organization in Myanmar called "786". The name 786 is based on the Arabic [[Abjad]] numeral system and is a coded reference to the opening passage of the Quran which opens with the words “In the name of Allah, the beneficent, the merciful.” The numerical value of these words in the Arabic Abjad system comes to 786. It is found written on shops, homes and buildings in parts of South Asia and Southeast Asia as a kind of code to denote, "this is a Muslim place." The 969 is based on number of ethical precepts and steps of right living assigned to the Buddha, lay Buddhists and the monks.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Jerryson|title=The Oxford Handbook of Contemporary Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rBk1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA550 |year=2016|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936238-7|pages=550–551}}</ref>}} Ma Ba Tha, and others have purchased the license to slaughter cattle in the Delta, not to slaughter, but as a strategy to prevent their slaughter by Muslims.<ref name=walton11/> The Muslims continued their slaughter without permit and paid bribes to the municipal authorities to overlook their practice. Two members of 969 organization then proceeded to vigilante investigate the illegal operations. They visited a Muslim-owned cow slaughterhouse. Both monks were beaten up by the Muslims and hospitalized.<ref name=walton11/> The beating up of the monks became a social media topic and the news spread across the region. Rumors also spread that Muslims were going house-to-house killing people with knives. Leading 969 Buddhist monks from elsewhere gathered in the region, and the situation became tense. The situation normalized when Islamic leaders represented that they were unaware of the permit rules and agreed that Muslims would stop the cow slaughter.<ref name=walton11>Matthew J Walton, Matt Schissler & Phyu Phyu Thi (2017), Failed riots: Successful conflict prevention in four Myanmar cities, Myanmar Media and Society (M.MAS) project Paper 2.1, Programme on Modern Burmese Studies at St Antony’s College, University of Oxford, pages 11-12</ref> The Ma Ba Tha has collected donations from Myanmar's majority Buddhist population to buy cattle slaughter licenses and farmers who wish to sell their cows, and donated these cows to impoverished Buddhists in the north state affected by Buddhist-Muslim violence. The 969 vigilante Buddhists have conducted night raids into Muslim owned business to check compliance of cow slaughter restrictions in Myanmar.<ref>[http://www.myanmar-now.org/news/i/?id=9ba61afc-285d-49bd-8f73-8b9efaf941c0 SPECIAL REPORT - With official help, Myanmar’s radical Buddhists target Muslim-owned businesses], Myanmar Now 17 September 2015</ref><br />
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According to media reports, "Buddhist nationalists", "firebrand leaders" and "hardline monks" in various anti-minority Myanmar Buddhist organizations have been campaigning for a complete prohibition of cattle slaughter and have been targeting Muslim cattle smugglers.<ref>[http://www.ucanews.com/news/hardline-monks-turn-up-political-heat-ahead-of-myanmar-elections/73822 Hardline monks turn up political heat ahead of Myanmar elections], John Zaw and Simon Lewis, Yangon Myanmar</ref><ref>[https://international.la-croix.com/news/buddhist-hardliners-force-muted-festivities-for-muslims-in-myanmar/1930 Buddhist hardliners force muted festivities for Muslims in Myanmar], John Zaw, Mandalay, Myanmar</ref><ref>[http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/16745-ma-ba-tha-branch-steps-up-activities-in-shan-state.html Ma Ba Tha branch steps up activities in Shan State], The Myanmar Times (30 September 2015);<br>[https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/radical-buddhists-in-myanmar-target-beef-trade Radical Buddhists in Myanmar Target Beef Trade], Craig Lewis (September 18, 2015)</ref> According to a Myanmar Now report, the 969 organization of Buddhist monks in Myanmar is "extremist" in its attempt to protect the cows.<ref>[http://www.myanmar-now.org/news/i/?id=9ba61afc-285d-49bd-8f73-8b9efaf941c0 SPECIAL REPORT - With official help, Myanmar’s radical Buddhists target Muslim-owned businesses], Myanmar Now 17 September 2015, '''Quote:''' "Ma Ba Tha, or the Patriotic Association of Myanmar, an association born out of the Buddhist extremist movement known as 969".</ref><br />
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==History in Sri Lanka==<br />
The cow is held in high regard and cow protection is an important part of Sinhalese Buddhist culture of [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>James Stewart (2013), Cow protection in Sinhala Buddhist Sri Lanka, The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volume 45, pages 19-22 (full: 19-48)</ref> The Buddhists of Sri Lanka have campaigned for laws to protect the cow with a "halal abolitionist movement" and "anti-cow slaughter movement". The Sri Lankan Buddhists believe that the halal form of ritual killing of cattle by Muslims, where the animal's throat is cut and it bleeds to death, and slaughter in general, is against the Buddhist teaching of compassion towards animals.<ref name=stewart11>{{cite book|author=James Stewart|title= Vegetarianism and Animal Ethics in Contemporary Buddhism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RNBgCgAAQBAJ |year= 2015|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-317-62398-4|pages =11–16, 113–126, 136–137, 142–143, 192–196}}</ref> The Part II of Animals Act of Sri Lanka prohibits the slaughter of cow and cow-calves, allowing local governments to regulate the slaughter in exceptional conditions.<ref name="ANIMALS ACT">[http://srilankalaw.lk/Volume-I/animals-act.html ANIMALS ACT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708025403/http://srilankalaw.lk/Volume-I/animals-act.html |date=2017-07-08 }}, Part II: Slaughter of cows and cow-calves prohibited, Laws of Sri Lanka, Blackhall Publishing</ref> The law was originally passed in 1958, amended in 1964.<ref name="daph.gov.lk">[http://www.daph.gov.lk/web/images/pdf/animal_act.pdf Animal Act Acts Nos. 29 of 1958, 20 of 1964.], Government of Sri Lanka</ref><br />
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Sri Lankan lawmakers have tabled stricter laws on cow slaughter. In 2009, parliament discussed an expanded Bill calling for a total ban on the slaughter of cattle. The Bill was introduced by Wijedasa Rajapakse, who added that a ban on cattle slaughter "would affect about 300 to 400 people engaged in the meat business, but would generate thousands of new job opportunities for local youth in the dairy industry", states the Sri Lankan newspaper ''The Sunday Times''. Rajapakse said that the practice of cattle slaughter practice in Sri Lanka is a source of bribery, corruption and counterfeit licences. The demand was responsible for cattle-theft in Sri Lanka, with hundreds of cattle stolen from rural areas.<ref name="sundaytimes.lk">[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/090301/News/sundaytimesnews_10.html Meat suppliers discuss proposed ban on cattle slaughter], The Sunday Times (March 1, 2009)</ref><br />
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According to Mohammad Yusoff and Athambawa Sarjoon, the anti-Halal and anti-cattle slaughtering campaigns mark the "reemergence of majoritarian [Buddhist] ethno-religious anti-minority [Muslim] nationalist forces and their intensified anti-minority hatred and violence". These campaigns, they state, are motivated by Buddhist ideology and have "had a severe impact on the religious practice and economic well-being of Muslims".<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Yusoff | first1=Mohammad | last2=Sarjoon | first2=Athambawa | title=Anti-Halal and Anti-Animal Slaughtering Campaigns and Their Impact in Post-War Sri Lanka | journal=Religions | volume=8 | issue=4 | date=2017-03-26 | doi=10.3390/rel8040046 | pages=46–50| doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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==Cow slaughter ban initiatives==<br />
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===India===<br />
{{further|1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation|Cattle slaughter in India}}<br />
In the 20th century, the movement to ban cow slaughter continued. Many leaders of the [[Indian National Congress]] supported it as did [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name="gandhi115"/><ref name="ChapISec11">{{cite web|url=http://dahd.nic.in/related-links/chapter-i-introduction|title=Report of the National Commission on Cattle - Chapter I (11. Leaders of Swaraj movement – Assurance to the public)|publisher=[[Ministry of Agriculture (India)|DAHD]]|access-date=2013-11-08}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=Christophe/>{{rp|204}}<br />
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In 1955, a senior Congress member of parliament [[Seth Govind Das]] drafted a bill for India's parliament for a nationwide ban on cow slaughter, stating that a "large majority of the party" was in favour. India's first Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] opposed this national ban on cow slaughter, and threatened to resign if the elected representatives passed the bill in India's parliament. The bill failed by a vote of 95 to 12.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ls38Az4-J64C&pg=PA160 |title=India and the Politics of Developing Countries: Essays in Memory of Myron Weiner|author = Steven Wilkinson| editor= Myron Weiner, Ashutosh Varshney and Gabriel Almond | year = 2004|publisher=SAGE Publications| isbn=9780761932871| page=160 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLpRFbLSxvAC&pg=PA117 |title=Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India|last=Wilkinson|first=Steven I.|year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=9780521536059| pages=117 }}</ref> Nehru declared that it was individual states to decide their laws on cow slaughter, states Donald Smith, and criticized the ban on cow slaughter as "a wrong step".<ref name=smith487>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8zXWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA487 |title=India as a Secular State|last=Smith|first=Donald Eugene|year=2015|publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=9781400877782| pages= 486–488 }}, Quote: "Although Nehru had declared that this [cow slaughter law] was a matter for the states to decide for themselves, he did not hesitate to criticize the U.P. decision as 'a wrong step'. (...) The U.P. bill was passed, and similar legislation imposing a total ban on cow slaughter has been enacted in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. All of these governments, of course, have been controlled by the Congress party."</ref><br />
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Nehru's opposition to the ban laws was largely irrelevant, states Steven Wilkinson, because, under India's Constitution and federal structure, laws such as those on cattle slaughter are an exclusive State subject rather than being a Central subject. State legislatures such as those of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh enacted their own laws in the 1950s.<ref name=smith487/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLpRFbLSxvAC&pg=PA117 |title=Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India|last=Wilkinson|first=Steven I.|year=2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=9780521536059| pages=117–119 with footnotes }}</ref> In 1958, Muslims of Bihar petitioned the Supreme Court of India that the ban on cow slaughter violated their religious right. The Court unanimously rejected their claim.<br />
<br />
In 1966, cow protection groups held large demonstrations in Delhi. The protests were led by [[Prabhudutt Brahmachari]], [[M. S. Golwalkar]], [[Seth Govind Das]], [[Digvijay Nath]] and members from [[Ram Rajya Parishad]], [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] and RSS.<ref name=Christophe/>{{rp|206–7}} They demanded greater protection of the cow. The total estimates of the protests varied between 125,000 and 700,000.{{clarify|Is this people who attended, or number of protests nationwide?|date=July 2017}} One of the leaders of the protest called for an attack the [[Lok Sabha]], causing the ''sadhus'' to attempt to break the police cordon and commit acts of vandalism against public buildings. In the violence that ensued, eight people were killed, including one policeman.<ref name=Christophe>{{cite book|title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s : Strategies of Identity-building, Implantation and Mobilisation|author=[[Christophe Jaffrelot]]|year=1999}}</ref>{{rp|206–7}}<br />
<br />
Some Indian states have expanded their cattle slaughter bans. For example, in March 2015, [[Maharashtra]] [[Cattle slaughter in India#Maharashtra|passed stricter legislation]] expanded its ban to the slaughter of bulls and bullocks.<ref name=PRI>{{cite journal|title=Sacred Slaughter: An Analysis of Historical, Communal, and Constitutional Aspects of Beef Bans in India|journal=Politics, Religion & Ideology|volume=17|issue=4|author=Radha Sarkar}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Sri Lanka===<br />
The Animals Act of Sri Lanka prohibits the slaughter of cow and cow-calves below age 12, allowing local governments to regulate the slaughter in exceptional conditions.<ref name="ANIMALS ACT"/> The law was originally passed in 1958, amended in 1964.<ref name="daph.gov.lk"/><br />
<br />
The Sri Lankan lawmakers have tabled stricter laws on cow slaughter in its parliament.<ref name="sundaytimes.lk"/> Buddhist and Hindu activists in Sri Lanka have petitioned its parliament to protect the cow and enforce the ban on slaughter. Members of its Parliament such as [[Athuraliye Rathana Thero]] have called it a cause against a "sinful act" that is not only important to the religious sentiments of the Buddhists but also to the long term nutritional needs of Sri Lankan population.<ref>[http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=166727 Cow unites Buddhists and Hindus for its protection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621062535/http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=166727 |date=2017-06-21 }}, The Island (June 15, 2017)</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=25em|small=yes}}<br />
'''Related Indian topics:'''<br />
* [[1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation]]<br />
* [[Diet in Hinduism]]<br />
* [[Diet in Sikhism]]<br />
* [[Cattle slaughter in India]]<br />
* [[Cattle smuggling in India]]<br />
* [[Cattle theft in India]]<br />
* [[Cow vigilante violence in India]]<br />
* [[Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal]]<br />
* [[Govatsa Dwadashi]]<br />
<br />
'''Related International topics:'''<br />
* [[Animal rights]]<br />
* [[Horse slaughter]]<br />
* [[Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork]]<br />
* [[Whale meat]]<br />
* [[Food and drink prohibitions]]<br />
* [[Carol J. Adams]] – vegetarian, feminist<br />
* [[John Wesley]] – vegetarian, the founder of Christian Methodist denomination<br />
* [[Sylvester Graham]] – vegetarian activist, a Presbyterian preacher<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
'''Other topics:'''<br />
* [[Cattle in religion and mythology]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130609104244/http://www.iscowp.org/index.html The International Society for Cow Protection, Inc] (archived 9 June 2013)<br />
* [http://www.cowprotection.com/ Cow Protection]<br />
* [http://www.bgrd.in/ Bhartiya Gau Raksha Dal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110015404/http://bgrd.in/ |date=2016-01-10 }}<br />
* [http://www.pawanpandit.com/ Cow Protection Movement Leader]<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Cow Protection Movement}}<br />
[[Category:Hindu movements]]<br />
[[Category:Protests in British India]]<br />
[[Category:Animal welfare organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Social movements in India]]<br />
[[Category:Cattle welfare organisations based in India]]<br />
[[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akhila_Chandra_Naik&diff=485274Akhila Chandra Naik2026-04-18T20:07:46Z<p>JosefinaK97: started details - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Akhila Chandra Naik<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| caption = <br />
| image = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]]<br />
| term_start = 4 June 2024<br />
| predecessor = Jagannath Naik<br />
| constituency1 = <br />
| term1 = <br />
| term_end1 = <br />
| successor1 = <br />
| office2 = <br />
| constituency2 = <br />
| term_start2 = <br />
| predecessor2 = <br />
| successor2 = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| other_party = <br />
| website = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| profession = Politician<br />
| date = <br />
| year = <br />
| source = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akhila Chandra Naik''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Patna Assembly constituency|Patna]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Akhila Chandra Naik Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=806 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Patna Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Akhila Chandra Naik of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/patna-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916461.html |website=News18 |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024: BJP all set to form govt with 78 seats, BJD second with 51 |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-election-2024/odisha-the-biggest-helper-for-bjp-as-ruling-bjd-is-being-trounced-on-most-seats-728535 |website=WION |publisher=Apoorna Sharma |access-date=23 September 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Akhila Chandra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dantewara_Assembly_constituency&diff=495552Dantewara Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:25:10Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Dantewara<br />
| mla = Chaitram Atarmi<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
| alliance = {{legend2|#FF6644|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]|border=solid 1px #000}}<br />
| latest_election_year = 2023<br />
| preceded_by = [[Devati Karma]]<br />
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| division = [[Bastar division|Bastar]]<br />
| district = [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Bastar Lok Sabha constituency|Bastar]]<br />
| established = 1951<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:192806}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 88<br />
| map_image = Dantewara Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
}}<br />
'''Dantewara''' (also known as '''Dantewada''') is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceoMap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Dantewada district|Dantewada]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable"<br />
!Election<br />
!Name<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br />
|Boda{{Efn|No Reservation in 1952|group=}}<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br />
|Sheoram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br />
|Lachhu<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br />
|R. Boti<br />
|-<br />
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br />
|Lakshman Karma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br />
|Sukuldhar Bhawani<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br />
|[[Mahendra Karma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|Lakshman Karma<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br />
|Barsa Dularam<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br />
|Nandaram Sori<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br />
|[[Mahendra Karma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br />
|[[Mahendra Karma]] <br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]] <br />
| [[Bhima Mandavi]]<ref name="election2018" /><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br />
|[[Devati Karma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]] <br />
| [[Bhima Mandavi]]<ref name="election2018" /><br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019^{{efn|by-poll}}<br />
| [[Devati Karma]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
|[[Chaitram Atami]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|}<br />
{{noteslist}}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
<br />
=== 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dantewada<ref name=election2023/>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Chaitram Atami]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 57,739<br />
|percentage = 42.92<br />
|change = +9.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chhavindra Karma|party=Indian National Congress|votes=40,936|percentage=30.43|change=-13.21}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bhimsen Mandavi|party=Communist Party of India|votes=9,217|percentage=6.85|change=+0.17}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Balloo Ram Bhawani|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=7,202|percentage=5.35|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Keshav Netam|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=5,427|percentage=4.03|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Amulkar Nag|party=Independent politician|votes=3,248|percentage=2.41|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Bela Telam|party=Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|votes=2,143|percentage=1.59|change=}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=8,620|percentage=6.41|change=+1.37}}<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=16,803|percentage=12.49|change=+2.73}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=134,532|percentage=69.78|change=+9.13}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-Election, 2019: Dantewara}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[Devati Karma]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 50,028<br />
|percentage = 43.64<br />
|change ={{increase}}10.22<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Ojasvi Bhima Mandavi<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 38,836<br />
|percentage = 33.88<br />
|change = {{increase}}2.37<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Bhimsen Mandavi<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|votes = 7,664<br />
|percentage = 6.68<br />
|change = {{decrease}}4.05<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 5,779<br />
|percentage = 5.04<br />
|change = {{decrease}}3.70<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 11,192<br />
|percentage = 9.76<br />
|change = {{increase}}7.85<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 1,14,617<br />
|percentage = 60.65<br />
|change = {{increase}}0.01<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dantewara<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=Statistical data of General Election to Chhatisgarh Assembly - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Bhima Mandavi]]<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|votes = 37,990<br />
|percentage = 33.42<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[Devati Karma]]<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|votes = 35,818<br />
|percentage = 31.51<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Nanda Ram Sori<br />
|party = Communist Party of India<br />
|votes = 12,195<br />
|percentage = 10.73<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Keshav Netam<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 6,119<br />
|percentage = 5.38<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Baloo Ram Bhawani<br />
|party = Aam Aadmi Party<br />
|votes = 4,903<br />
|percentage = 4.31<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Jaya Kashyap<br />
|party = Independent politician<br />
|votes = 3,555<br />
|percentage = 3.13<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = Sudhru Ram Kunjam<br />
|party = Bhartiya Panchyat Party<br />
|votes = 3,154<br />
|percentage = 2.77<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|votes = 9,929<br />
|percentage = 8.74<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
|votes = 2,172<br />
|percentage = 1.91<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
|votes = 113,599<br />
|percentage = 60.64<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Dantewada district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|18.9|81.35|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Dantewada district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Shilpi_Siddanthi_Siddalinga_Swami&diff=537099Sri Shilpi Siddanthi Siddalinga Swami2026-04-13T16:51:17Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description |Indian artist, guru, writer (1885–1952)}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{BLP one source|date=April 2026}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=April 2026}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| image = ಶ್ರೀ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿ ಸಿದ್ದನ್ತಿ.jpg<br />
| imagesize = 180px<br />
| caption = Sri Shilpi Siddanthi Siddalinga Swami<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1885|11|20|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Kollegal]], [[Mysore State]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1952|7|11|1885|11|20|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Mysore]], [[Mysore State]]<br />
| occupation = Archutect, [[ascetic]], painter, sculptor, and writer<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sri Shilpi Siddanthi Siddalinga Swami''' ([[Kannada]], ಶ್ರೀ ಶಿಲ್ಪಿ ಸಿದ್ದನ್ತಿ ಸಿದ್ದಲಿಂಗ ಸ್ವಾಮಿ; 20 November 1885 – 11 July 1952) was a royal guru of [[Mysore State]] and personal guru of Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] of [[Mysore]]. He was also a prominent painter, sculptor, architect and writer, known for his contribution to [[Mysore painting]] and architecture.<ref>Shakapurusha Siddhalingaswamigalu by Shivalingappa L. Karnataka Shilpakala Academy.<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/Forgotten-architect-of-the-Vidhana-Soudha-domes/articleshow/14382144.cms | title=Forgotten Architect | work= [[The Times of India]] | accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Sri Siddalinga Swami was born to Siddappaji and mother Mallajamma, a veerashaiva jangam family, near [[Kollegal]] in 1885. Since childhood, he was well versed in his family traits.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Around 1908, he had an opportunity to work in Mysore under Maharaja [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]. <br />
<br />
He composed ''Manasar''’, a bibliography of Indian sculptural art with emphases on [[Hoysala Kingdom|Hoysala]] and early [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan]] art. His other famous works include ''Gurugita'' and ''Shivagita'' on sculpture and painting with his own commentary. <br />
<br />
Later, he founded a sculpture school opposite to the Kamakameshwari temple in Mysore. The school was named Jagadguru Shaivashilpa Brahmarshi Gurukula and it was inaugurated by Maharajah Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar in 1949. <br />
<br />
Sri Siddalinga Swami served as official palace artist until his death in 1952.<br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:ಶ್ರೀ ಗಾಯತ್ರಿ ದೇವಿ.jpg| Sri Gayatridevi at Mysore Palace museum<br />
File:ಶ್ರೀ ಚಾಮುಂಡೇಶ್ವರಿ ದೇವಿ.jpg| Sri Chamundeshwari at Mysore Palace museum<br />
File:Vidhana Soudha.jpg| Domes, pillars and plaques of Vidhan Soudha were designed by Sri Siddalinga Swami<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1885 births]]<br />
[[Category:1952 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian sculptors]]<br />
[[Category:Artists from Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Gurus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian founders]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male painters]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male sculptors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Chamarajanagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mysore]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Raj_Quartet&diff=540657The Raj Quartet2026-04-06T06:00:27Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Four-volume novel series by Paul Scott}}<br />
{{italic title}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox book series<br />
| name = ''The Raj Quartet''<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| books = {{Plainlist|<br />
*''[[The Jewel in the Crown (novel)|The Jewel in the Crown]]''<br />
*''[[The Day of the Scorpion]]''<br />
*''[[The Towers of Silence]]''<br />
*''[[A Division of the Spoils]]''}}<br />
| author = [[Paul Scott (novelist)|Paul Scott]]<br />
| country = United Kingdom<br />
| language = English<br />
| genre = <br />
| publisher = [[Penguin Books]]<br />
| pub_date = <br />
|media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]])<br />
| preceded_by =<br />
| followed_by =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''The Raj Quartet''''' is a four-volume [[novel sequence]], written by [[Paul Scott (novelist)|Paul Scott]], about the concluding years of the [[British Raj]] in India. The series was written during the period 1965&ndash;75. ''[[The Times]]'' called it "one of the most important landmarks of post-war fiction."<ref>[http://www.randomhouse.co.uk/catalog/book.htm?command=Search&db=main.txt&eqisbndata=0099439964 Publisher's website]</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The story of ''The Raj Quartet'' begins in 1942. [[World War II]] is at its zenith, and in [[South East Asia]], the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] have suffered great losses. [[British Burma|Burma]] has fallen, and the Japanese invasion of the [[Indian subcontinent]] from the east appears imminent. The year 1942 is also marked by Indian nationalist leader [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s call for the [[Quit India|Quit India movement]] to the British rulers of India. ''The Raj Quartet'' is set in this tumultuous background for the British soldiers and civilians stationed in India who have a duty to manage this part of the [[British Empire]], known as the "jewel in the crown" of the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]]. One recurrent theme is the moral certainty of the older generation as contrasted with the [[anomie]] of the younger.<ref>For instance, in ''Day of the Scorpion'', Sarah Layton envies the "self-assurance" of her older aunt. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=S3K2JoacH24C&dq=%22virtues+of+self-assurance+and+moral+certainty%3B+what%22&pg=PT423 ''Day of the Scorpion'', Book Two Part Two ch. IV]</ref> Another theme is the treatment of Indians by Britons living in India.<ref>For example, in ''Day of the Scorpion'', Hari Kumar describes how a group of [[Anglo-Indians]] were shocked at the egalitarian attitude displayed by a recent English immigrant towards an Indian. See [https://books.google.com/books?id=rcDyGQ-2EngC&dq=%22Chatterjee+was+incapable+of+accepting+immediately%22&pg=PT183 ''Day of the Scorpion'' Book Two Part One Ch. I]</ref> As a reflection of these themes, the British characters let themselves be "trapped by codes and principles, which were in part to keep their own fears and doubts at bay."<ref>[http://www.spectator.co.uk/print/books/397731/when-the-sun-finally-set.thtml review of ''Raj Quartet''] in [[The Spectator]]</ref> Most of the major characters suffer difficulties, and some die, either because they try to follow codes which have become outmoded (Ahmed Kasim, Merrick, Teddie Bingham) or because they reject the codes and become outsiders (Kumar, Lady and Daphne Manners, Sarah Layton).<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWhsUiF8fbkC&dq=%22raj+quartet%22+layton&pg=PA153 P. Morey, ''Fictions of India: Narrative and Power'', p.153]</ref><br />
Some critics have compared ''The Raj Quartet'' to the epic novels of Proust and Tolstoy.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z85YwWg4vCUC&dq=%22raj+quartet%22&pg=PA125 Steinberg, ''Twentieth Century Epic Novels'', p.125]</ref> Though some critics have thought the ''Quartet'' to be a straightforward example of nineteenth-century style [[Realism (art movement)|realism]], others have argued that its non-linear narrative style and occasional "outburst of dreams, hallucinations and spiritual revelations" give it an added dimension.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uWhsUiF8fbkC&dq=%22the+towers+of+silence%22+batchelor&pg=PA158 Morey, ''Fictions of India'', p.158]</ref><br />
<br />
The main characters of the first novel are Daphne Manners, a young Englishwoman who has recently arrived in India, and her British-educated Indian paramour, Hari Kumar. Ronald Merrick, a British police officer belonging to the [[Indian Police Service]], is another main character. By the end of the series the narrative lead is taken by Guy Perron.<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[Salman Rushdie]] wrote, "The ''Quartet''{{'}}s form, tells us, in effect, that the history of the end of the Raj was largely composed of the doings of the officer class and its wife. Indians get walk-ons, but remain, for the most part, bit-players in their own history."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://granta.com/outside-the-whale/|title=Outside the Whale|date=March 1984}}</ref> Conversely, [[Tariq Ali]] praised the books for providing a nuanced class analysis of the British in India and the Anglicized Indian upper classes who served the British during the Raj and later took control over [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] after the independence and the partition.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/I136/articles/tariq-ali-midnight-s-children | title=Midnight's Children | journal=New Left Review | date=December 1982 | issue=I/136 | pages=87–95 | last1=Ali | first1=Tariq }}</ref><br />
<br />
==The novels==<br />
The manner of narration is, especially in the first volume, looping and elliptical, shifting from 1942 to 1964 and back again, with detours back to the early 1900s. The voices shift as well as the perspective, from a third-person narrative about the doomed schoolteacher Edwina Crane to a first-person narration by another character, Lady Chatterjee, to a tour of Mayapore one evening in 1964.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1984/12/16/arts/tv-view-jewel-in-the-crown-superb-drama.html ''New York Times'' review of TV series]</ref> This shifting chronology, while never confusing, has inspired much discussion.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQvjM0C5UnkC&pg=PA63 N. Hale, ''Chronotopicity in Paul Scott's "The Raj Quartet"'']</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EPivynfWHbgC&dq=%22jewel+in+the+crown%22+%22paul+scott%22+chronology&pg=PA17 Lennard, ''The Raj Quartet and Staying On'', p.17]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=VCR3d2NY280C&dq=%22raj+quartet%22&pg=PA192 Eva Brann, ''Paul Scott's Raj Quintet'', p.192]</ref><br />
<br />
The four volumes are: <br />
*''[[The Jewel in the Crown (novel)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' (1966)<br />
*''[[The Day of the Scorpion]]'' (1968)<br />
*''[[The Towers of Silence]]'' (1971)<br />
*''[[A Division of the Spoils]]'' (1975)<br />
Some of the characters are carried through to a further novel called<br />
*''[[Staying On]]'' (1977)<br />
<br />
==Film, TV or theatrical adaptations==<br />
*1984:''[[The Jewel in the Crown (TV series)|The Jewel in the Crown]]'' is a television mini-series based upon parts of all four books. The selection of parts to be dramatised resulted in the series giving greater emphasis to the narrative as experienced and understood by the British characters as compared to the experiences of the Indian characters. The series was created by [[Granada Television]] for [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] and starred [[Susan Wooldridge]], [[Art Malik]], [[Om Puri]], [[Geraldine James]], [[Saeed Jaffrey]], [[Karan Kapoor]], [[Peggy Ashcroft]], [[Judy Parfitt]], [[Tim Pigott-Smith]] and [[Charles Dance]].<br />
*2005: A 9-part [[BBC Radio 4]] adaptation under the original title, using the book titles as subtitles.<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Raj Quartet}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj Quartet, The}}<br />
[[Category:Novel series]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in India]]<br />
[[Category:British novels adapted into television shows]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_women%27s_national_under-19_cricket_team&diff=503991India women's national under-19 cricket team2026-04-04T08:17:49Z<p>JosefinaK97: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian women's U19 cricket team}}<br />
{{About||the men's U19 team|India national under-19 cricket team}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket team<br />
| name = India Under-19s<br />
| image = Flag of India.svg <!--Do not replace with BCCI logo--><br />
| coach = Dhruv Gupta<br />
| captain = Niki Prasad<br />
| founded = 2022<br />
| colors = Blue<br />
| association = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]<br />
| icc_region = [[Asian Cricket Council]]<br />
| title1 = [[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|World Cup]]<br />
| title1wins = {{gold1}} ([[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023]], [[2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2025]])<br />
| title2 = [[Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]<br />
| title2wins = {{gold1}} ([[2024 ACC Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|2024]])<br />
| first_t20 = v. {{crw19|NZ}} at [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], [[Mumbai]], India; 27 November 2022<br />
| t_pattern_la = _blueborder<br />
| t_pattern_b = _ind_t20wc_24<br />
| t_pattern_ra = _blueborder<br />
| t_pattern_pants = _white_stripes_adidas<br />
| t_leftarm = FB671DFF<br />
| t_body = 1350C1<br />
| t_rightarm = FB671DFF<br />
| t_pants = 1350C1<br />
| t_title = T20I [[Cricket clothing and equipment|kit]]<br />
| asofdate = <br />
}}<br />
The '''India women's national under-19 cricket team''' represents India in under-19 international [[women's cricket|cricket]]. It is administered by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]. They are the current [[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|World]] and [[Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|Asian Champions]].<br />
<br />
The team played their first matches against [[New Zealand women's national under-19 cricket team|New Zealand]] in late 2022, in preparation for the [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023 World Cup]], the first ever edition of the under-19 tournament.<ref name="announce">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/south-africa-to-host-inaugural-icc-u19-t20-world-cup |title=South Africa to host inaugural ICC U19 T20 World Cup |work=Women's CricZone |date=10 April 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131094056/https://www.womenscriczone.com/south-africa-to-host-inaugural-icc-u19-t20-world-cup |url-status=dead }}</ref> India's squad for was announced in December 2022.<ref name="23squad">{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555953/india-u19-women-s-squad-for-icc-world-cup-and-sa-series-announced |title=India U19 Women's squad for ICC World Cup and SA series announced |publisher=BCCI |date=4 December 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> The team won both the inaugural [[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|World Cup]] and [[Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|Asia Cup]] in [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023]] and [[2024 ACC Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|2024]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Ind Vs Eng India Create History Lift U 19 Title After Beating England |url=https://www.esakal.com/amp/krida/ind-vs-eng-india-create-history-lift-u-19-title-after-beating-england-india-women-u19-won-by-7-wkts-shafali-verma-create-a-history-cricket-news-kgm00&ved=2ahUKEwj5rvLbuO38AhVL-zgGHTmACRwQFnoECAwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw26RWYLQCKnjy8w0RaArrI_ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=ESakal}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The inaugural [[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|Women's Under-19 World Cup]] was scheduled to take place in January 2021, but was postponed multiple times due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref name="postpone">{{cite web |url=https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-postpones-2021-womens-world-cup-qualifier-due-to-covid-19 |title=ICC postpones 2021 Women's World Cup Qualifier due to COVID-19 |work=Women's CricZone |date=12 May 2020 |access-date=2 January 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929064845/https://www.womenscriczone.com/icc-postpones-2021-womens-world-cup-qualifier-due-to-covid-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The tournament eventually took place in January [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023]], in [[South Africa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup 2022/23 {{!}} Live Score, Schedule, News |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250908181437/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137 |archive-date=2025-09-08 |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> As a [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Member]] of the ICC, India qualified automatically for the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2637447 |title=Excitement builds ahead of inaugural ICC U19 Women's T20 World Cup as Qualifier begins |work=International Cricket Council |date=31 May 2022 |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
In November and December 2022, in preparation for the World Cup, India played a five-match T20I series against [[New Zealand women's national under-19 cricket team|New Zealand]], winning the series 5–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/New_Zealand_Under-19s_Women_in_India_2022-23.html |title=New Zealand Under-19s Women in India 2022/23 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref> During the series, India announced their 15-player squad for the World Cup, on 5 December 2022.<ref name="23squad"/> They also played a six-match T20I series against [[South Africa women's national under-19 cricket team|South Africa]] in the lead-up to the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/37/India_Under-19s_Women_in_South_Africa_2022-23.html |title=India Under-19s Women in South Africa 2022/23 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=2 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the World Cup, the side topped both their group in the initial group stage and their Super Six group, qualifying for the semi-finals.<ref name="2023cricinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137 |title=ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup 2022/23 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> They beat [[New Zealand women's national under-19 cricket team|New Zealand]] in the semi-finals before beating [[England women's under-19 cricket team|England]] in the final by 7 wickets to claim the inaugural Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-face-england-in-inaugural-womens-u19-t20-world-cup-final-1356157 |title=India to face England in Women's U-19 T20 World Cup final |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-women-s-under-19-t20-world-cup-2022-23-1336137/india-women-under-19s-vs-england-women-under-19s-final-1336195/match-report |title=Dominant India win inaugural U-19 Women's T20 World Cup |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=29 January 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref> India batter [[Shweta Sehrawat]] was the tournament's leading run-scorer, with 297 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=15002;type=tournament |title=Records/ICC Women's Under-19 T20 World Cup, 2022/23/Most Runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Current squad==<br />
The table below lists all the players who have been selected for the [[2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556171/india-s-squad-for-icc-under-19-women-s-t20-world-cup-2025-announced |title=India’s squad for ICC Under-19 Women’s T20 World Cup 2025 announced |publisher=Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Niki Prasad (c)<br />
* Sanika Chalke (vc)<br />
* Bhavika Ahire (wk)<br />
* Ishwari Awsare<br />
* VJ Joshitha<br />
* [[G Kamalini]] (wk)<br />
* Drithi Kesari<br />
* Anandita Kishor<br />
* [[Vaishnavi Sharma]]<br />
* [[Shabnam Shakil]]<br />
* Aayushi Shukla<br />
* [[Parunika Sisodia]]<br />
* [[Gongadi Trisha]]<br />
* Mithila Vinod<br />
* [[Sonam Yadav]]<br />
<br />
''Standby players'': Nandhana S, Ira J, Anadi T<br />
<br />
==Performance record==<br />
''A red box around the year indicates tournaments played within [[India]]''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
|+'''Key'''<br />
|style="background:gold" width="20"|<br />
|align="left"| '''Champions'''<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:silver" width="20"|<br />
|align="left"| '''Runners-up'''<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#cc9966" width="20"|<br />
|align="left"| '''Semi-finals'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===U19 World Cup===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! width="90" |Year<br />
! Result<br />
! width="40" |Position<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|T|Drawn}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|NR|No result}}<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor=gold<br />
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023]]<br />
|'''Champions'''<br />
|'''1st'''<br />
|7<br />
|6<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|- bgcolor=gold<br />
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2025]]<br />
|'''Champions'''<br />
|'''1st'''<br />
|7<br />
|7<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|Bangladesh}}{{Flagicon|Nepal}} [[2027 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2027]]<br />
| colspan=7|'''''Qualified'''''<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!colspan=2|2 titles<br />
!14<br />
!13<br />
!1<br />
!0<br />
!0<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===U19 Asia Cup===<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
! width="90" |Year<br />
! Result<br />
! width="40" |Position<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|Pld|Games played}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|W|Won}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|L|Lost}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|T|Drawn}}<br />
! width="20" |{{Abbr|NR|No result}}<br />
|-<br />
|- bgcolor=gold<br />
|{{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[2024 ACC Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|2024]]<br />
|'''Champions'''<br />
|'''1st'''<br />
|5<br />
|4<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|{{flagicon|unknown}} [[2026 ACC Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|2026]]<br />
|TBD<br />
| colspan="7" |TBC<br />
|-<br />
!Total<br />
!colspan=2|1 title<br />
!5<br />
!4<br />
!0<br />
!0<br />
!1<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
===ICC===<br />
*'''[[Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|World Cup]]'''<br />
** '''Champions:''' [[2023 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2023]], [[2025 Under-19 Women's T20 World Cup|2025]]<br />
<br />
===ACC===<br />
*'''[[Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]'''<br />
** '''Champions:''' [[2024 ACC Under-19 Women's T20 Asia Cup|2024]]<br />
<br />
==Records & statistics==<br />
===International match summary===<br />
<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
|+Playing record<br />
|-<br />
! Format !! M !! W !! L !! T !! D/NR !! Inaugural match<br />
|-<br />
| align="left"|Women's under-19 Twenty20 Internationals ||18||15||1 || 0 || 2 ||27 November 2022<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Record versus other nations===<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
|+[[List of International Cricket Council members#Full members|ICC Full members]]<br />
|-<br />
!Opponent !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! First match !! First win<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|AUS}}||1||0|||1||0||0||21 January 2023||<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|ENG}}||2||2|||0||0||0||29 January 2023||29 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|NZ}} ||6||6||0||0||0||27 November 2022 ||27 November 2022<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|RSA}} ||7||5||0|| 0 || 2||27 December 2022 ||27 December 2022<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|SL}} ||1||1||0|| 0 ||0||22 January 2023 ||22 January 2023<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"<br />
|-<br />
|+[[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate members|Associate members]]<br />
|-<br />
! Opponent !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! First match !! First win<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|SCO}}<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|18 January 2023<br />
|18 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|{{crw19|UAE}}<br />
|1<br />
|1<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|0<br />
|16 January 2023<br />
|16 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Leading run scorers===<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Rank!!Players!!Runs!!Average!!Career span<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament|date=30 January 2023|title=India women's under-19 cricket team batters statistics|work=www.espncricinfo.com|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Shweta Sehrawat]]||444||99.00 ||2022–present<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Gongadi Trisha]]||238||23.20||2022–present<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Shafali Verma]]||223||24.57||2022–present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Leading wicket takers===<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Rank!!Player!!Wickets!!Average!!Career span<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=15002;team=6994;type=tournament|date=30 January 2023|title=India womens under-19 cricket team bowling statistics|work=www.espncricinfo.com|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1||Mannat Kashyap||20||10.33 ||2022–present<br />
|-<br />
|2||Parshavi Chopra||16||7.00 ||2022–present<br />
|-<br />
|3||Archana Devi||15||13.12||2022–present<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Highest individual innings===<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Rank!!Player!!Score!!Opposition!!Match Date<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament|title=India Womens U-19 cricket team batters statistics|work=www.espncricinfo.com|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1||[[Shweta Sehrawat]]||92 [[not out]]||{{crw19|RSA}}||14 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|2||[[Shafali Verma]]||78||{{crw19|UAE}}||16 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|3||[[Shweta Sehrawat]]||74 not out||{{crw19|UAE}}||16 January 2023<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Best individual bowling figures===<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Rank!!Player!!Score!!Opposition!!Match date<ref>{{cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament|title=India Womens U-19 cricket team bowler statistics|work=www.espncricinfo.com|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|1||Parshavi Chopra||4/5||{{crw19|SL}}||22 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|2||Mannat Kashyap||4/12||{{crw19|SCO}}||18 January 2023<br />
|-<br />
|3||Archana Devi||3/14||{{crw19|SCO}}||18 January 2023<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Highest team totals===<br />
{{updated|29 January 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Rank!!Dates!!Totals!!Opposition!!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|1||16 January 2023||219/3 (20 Overs)||{{crw19|UAE}}||<ref name="Etii2023">{{cite news|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?id=15002;team=6995;type=tournament|title=India Womens U-19 cricket team highest & lowest totals statistics|work=www.espncricinfo.com|access-date=30 January 2023}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2||29 November 2022||176/6 (20 Overs)||{{crw19|NZ}}||<br />
|-<br />
|3||18 January 2023||149/4 (20 Overs)||{{crw19|SCO}}||<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Lowest team totals===<br />
{{updated|30 January 2023}}<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
!Rank!!Dates!!Totals!!Opposition!!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|1||21 January 2023||87/10 (18.5 Overs)||{{crw19|AUS}}||<ref name="Etii2023"/><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[India men's national cricket team]]<br />
*[[India women's national cricket team]]<br />
*[[India national under-19 cricket team]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Cricket in India}}<br />
{{National sports teams of India}}<br />
{{Women's under-19 cricket teams}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:India women's under-19 cricket team}}<br />
[[Category:Women's Under-19 cricket teams]]<br />
[[Category:National youth sports teams of India|Cricket]]<br />
[[Category:India in international cricket]]<br />
[[Category:Cricket in India|*]]<br />
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:National sports teams established in 2022]]<br />
[[Category:India women's national cricket team|U]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kusum_Sarovar&diff=511325Kusum Sarovar2026-03-31T21:09:42Z<p>JosefinaK97: Done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}<br />
{{short description|Historic and sacred site in Vrindavan, Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox historic site<br />
| name = Kusum Sarovar<br />
| caption = Kusum Sarovar, Govardhan after extensive restoration, 2017<br />
| image = Chhatris of Kusum Sarovar.jpg<br />
| location = [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]<br />
| architecture = [[Rajasthani architecture|Rajasthani]]<br />
| built_for = [[Radha Krishna]]<br />
| restored_by = [[Jawahar Singh|King Jawahar Singh]]<br />
| locmapin = Uttar Pradesh<br />
| map_caption = Location of Kusum Sarovar in [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|27|30|43.86|N|77|28|39.61|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Kusum Sarovar''' is considered in Hinduism a [[Sacred waters|sacred water]] reservoir with a historic sand monument in its backdrop. It is situated on the holy [[Govardhan Hill]] between Manasi Ganga and [[Radha Kund]] in [[Mathura district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Kusum Sarovar – Brijwale|url=https://www.brijwale.com/kusum-sarovar/|access-date=2021-07-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Kusum Sarovar is considered one of the sacred spots that witnessed the pastimes of [[Hindus|Hindu]] deities [[Radha]] and [[Krishna]]. Kusum Sarovar has Narada Kund, where Bhakti Sutra verses were written by [[Narada]] and the Sri Sri Radha Bana Bihari Temple in the vicinity.<ref name="Prasad">{{cite book|author=Dev Prasad|title=Krishna: A Journey through the Lands & Legends of Krishna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0_5caqiUH0C&pg=PT147|date=27 January 2015|publisher=Jaico Publishing House|isbn=978-81-8495-170-7|pages=PT 147}}</ref><ref name="Keene">{{cite book|author=Henry George Keene|title=A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood|url=https://archive.org/details/ahandbookforvis05keengoog|year=1878|publisher=Thacker, Spink|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ahandbookforvis05keengoog/page/n95 71]–72}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Radha Krishna Legend ==<br />
Kusum Sarovar dates back to the era of [[Radha Krishna]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=vyasasan|date=2021-02-13|title=The Beautiful Kusum Sarovar, Vrindavan|url=http://theharekrishnamovement.com/2021/02/the-beautiful-kusum-sarovar-vrindavan/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Hare Krishna Movement|language=en-US}}</ref> As the name suggests, Kusum Sarovar is a place surrounded by a variety of flowers and [[Neolamarckia cadamba|Kadamb]] trees. It is said that Radha would come here under the pretext of collecting flowers for her friends, but would secretly meet with Krishna and have playful conversations.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Incredible India {{!}} Kusum Sarovar|url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/mathura-vrindavan/kusum-sarovar.html|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref> According to legends, once while collecting flowers, Radha's dress got stuck in thorns and Krishna came to help Radharani disguised as the gardener and took out her stuck dress from the thorns. It is also believed that Krishna used to play hide and seek with his friends on this ancient site and would collect flowers to make garlands for Radha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Architecture==<br />
[[File:The ceiling of King Surajmal’s cenotaph at Goverdhan near Mathura 1949.jpg|thumb|The ceiling of King Surajmal’s cenotaph, 1949]]<br />
<br />
=== Kusum Sarovar Ghat ===<br />
Kusum Sarovar ghat is 450 feet long and 60 feet deep tank. The ''ghats'' (banks) of pond has Rajasthani structure.<ref name=":0" /> On all four sides of the Kusum Sarovar, there is a series of steps that lead upward to the historical building made by King Jawahar Singh. The arcade walls that surround the pond boast a depth of around 60 m.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Kusum Sarovar Govardhan {{!}} History, Interesting Facts & Best Time to Visit {{!}} UP Tourism|url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/uttarpradesh/kusum-sarovar-govardhan.html|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.tourmyindia.com}}</ref> Filled with emerald green water, the pond is bordered on all sides by forest containing variety of flowers.<ref name=":2" /><br />
[[File:Kusum Sarovar -Mathura -Uttar Pradesh -PXL 20210217 103440204.jpg|thumb|upright|The cenotaph]]<br />
=== Monumental Structure ===<br />
King [[Jawahar Singh]] constructed the historical monument in memory of his parents. The main tomb is dedicated to King [[Suraj Mal]] which is erected in the area of 57 square feet is located in the center of monumental structure. On both sides of this tomb, there are two other historical structures that are comparatively smaller in size. These tombs were dedicated to two queens of King Suraj Mall - Kishori and Hansiya. The entire construction is supported by a 460 feet long terrace along with a pavilion, which serves as the cover protecting both the ends of the structure.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="Jat1">[http://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaJats.htm Jat Kingdom of Bharatpur]</ref><ref name="Har-rev-2">{{Cite web |url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gurgaon_1910/History.pdf |title=Haryana Revenue Gazeteer of Gurgaon 1910, Section B - History |access-date=30 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009000200/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gurgaon_1910/History.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Growse pp. 307–308">{{cite book|author=Frederic Salmon Growse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1sLAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA437|title=Mathurá: A District Memoir|publisher=New Order Book Company|year=1883|pages=307–308}}</ref> The architecture and carving inside the tomb is in the [[Jali|pierced stone style]] and the ceiling of cenotaphs are adorned with the beautiful paintings depicting the divine pastimes of [[Radha Krishna]] and events of Maharajs Suraj Mal's court.<ref name="cent1">Madan Prasad Bezbaruah, Dr. Krishna Gopal, Phal S. Girota, 2003, [https://books.google.com/books?id=GAfgAAAAMAAJ&q=surajmal+smadhi+govardhan Fairs and Festivals of India: Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh], p. 480-494.</ref><ref name="cent2">D. Anand, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=EsvSwdUgQYcC&dq=surajmal+smadhi+govardhan&pg=PA56 Krishna: The Living God of Braj], Page 56.</ref><ref name="Keene" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Frederic Salmon Growse|title=Mathurá: A District Memoir|url=https://archive.org/details/mathuradistrict00growgoog|year=1883|publisher=New Order Book Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathuradistrict00growgoog/page/n64 40]}}</ref> The structure also houses a replica of the lotus feet of Lord Krishna and Radha.<ref name=":3" /><br />
<br />
== Significance ==<br />
Kusum Sarovar is one of the important tourist attraction of [[Braj|Braj region]]. Pilgrims from all over the country visit the lake to explore the magnificent structures that surround the Sarovar (pond) and he beautiful paintings depicting the life of Krishna and his pastimes with Radha. It is believed that [[Radha Krishna]] has performed many pastimes here. [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], a Vaishnava saint and a great devotee of Krishna also used to visit this pond during his time in [[Vrindavan]]. During the time of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, Kusum Sarovar was also called Suman Sarovar.<ref name=":0" /> It is said that anyone who take dips in the pond of Kusuma Sarovara will achieve pure love of Krishna.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Timings ==<br />
The time zone ([[UTC+05:30]]) observed through India by the local authorities<ref name=":3" /> -<br />
<br />
Everyday - 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM.<br />
<br />
== Gallery ==<br />
<gallery><br />
Kusum Sarover Perspetive.jpg|Landscape of Kusum Sarovar<br />
Kusum Sarovar Mathura DSC 2595.jpg|Side view of Kusum Sarovar<br />
Inside of kusum Sarovar Chhatris.jpg|Artwork inside the Monument<br />
Pillars of kusum Sarovar Chhatris.jpg|Interior of Monument<br />
ਕੁਸੁਮ ਸਰੋਵਰ.jpg|Ghat of Kusum Sarovar<br />
Kusum Sarovar Mathura DSC 2124.jpg|Pillars of monument<br />
Kusum Sarovar.jpg|Front view of Kusum Sarovar<br />
Temple of Kishn Soraba, Gobardun -View across the Kusum Sarovar Tank towards Suraj Mal's Cenotaph, Gobardhan-; a photo by William Henry Baker, 1860's.jpg|View across the Kusum Sarovar Tank towards Suraj Mal's Cenotaph, 1860s<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Radha Kund]]<br />
* [[Govardhan Hill|Goverdhan Hill]]<br />
* [[Radha Krishna]]<br />
* [[Nidhivan, Vrindavan]]<br />
* [[Vrindavan]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* {{cite book|author=A. W. Entwistle|title=Braj, centre of Krishna pilgrimage|year=1987|publisher=E. Forsten|chapter=Kusum Sarovar}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category: Radha Krishna temples]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Mathura district]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Andalus&diff=463826Al-Andalus2026-03-26T18:37:45Z<p>JosefinaK97: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Muslim-ruled parts of the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492)}}<br />
{{About|the Muslim-ruled Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2022}}<br />
<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| total_width = 370<br />
| image1 = Al-Andalus732.svg<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = [[Umayyad]] Hispania at its greatest extent in 719 AD<br />
| image2 = Califato de Córdoba - 1000-en.svg<br />
| alt2 = <br />
| caption2 = [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] {{circa}} 1000 AD, at the zenith of [[Almanzor]]<br />
}}<br />
{{History of al-Andalus}}<br />
<br />
'''Al-Andalus''' ({{Langx|ar|الأَنْدَلُس|al-ʾAndalus|engvar=gb}}){{efn|Other translations:<br />
* {{langx|an|al-Andalus}};<br />
* {{langx|ast|al-Ándalus}};<br />
* {{langx|eu|al-Andalus}};<br />
* {{langx|ber|ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ|label=[[Berber languages|Berber]]|translit=Andalus|engvar=gb}};<br />
* {{langx|ca|al-Àndalus}};<br />
* {{langx|gl|al-Andalus}};<br />
* {{langx|oc|Al Andalús}};<br />
* {{langx|pt|al-Ândalus}};<br />
* {{langx|es|al-Ándalus}}.<br />
Also known in English, perhaps in a slightly dated or quaint sense, as '''Moorish Spain'''.}} was the [[Muslims|Muslim]]-ruled area of the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. The name refers to the different Muslim<ref name="árabesmedievales" /><ref name="Ruano(Spain)2002" /> states that controlled these territories at various times between 711 and 1492. At its greatest geographical extent, it occupied most of the peninsula<ref name="IrvinSunquist2002">{{cite book |last1=Irvin |first1=Dale T. |last2=Sunquist |first2=Scott |title=History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453 |date=2002 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-567-08866-6 |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PA30 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="FrydeReitz2009">{{cite book|author= Luis Corral, Fernando|editor1=Natalie Fryde|editor2=Dirk Reitz|title=Walls, Ramparts, and Lines of Demarcation: Selected Studies from Antiquity to Modern Times|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9_moud2DyQC&pg=PA67|year=2009|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3-8258-9478-8|page=67|chapter=The Christian Frontier against al-Andalus (Muslim Spain): concept and politics during the reigns of King Fernando I of Castile and Leon and his successors until 1230}}</ref><ref name="García-Fitz2010">{{cite book |last1=García Fitz |first1=Francisco |editor1-last=Rogers |editor1-first=Clifford J. |editor2-last=Caferro |editor2-first=William |editor3-last=Reid |editor3-first=Shelley |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533403-6 |pages=325–326 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&pg=RA1-PA325 |language=en |quote=Barely eight years after the initial crossing of the Straits of Gibraltar, the Muslims had come to dominate almost the entire Peninsula with the exception of a few northern mountainous regions along Cantabrian and Pyrenean ranges. In these areas, indigenous populations, including the Asturians, Cantabrians, and Basques, who had been brought under Visigothic control, were able to escape Islamic domination.}}</ref> as well as [[Septimania]] under [[Umayyad dynasty|Umayyad]] rule. These boundaries changed through a series of conquests that Western [[historiography]] has traditionally characterised as the ''[[Reconquista]]'',<ref name=árabesmedievales>"Para los autores árabes medievales, el término Al-Andalus designa la totalidad de las zonas conquistadas&nbsp;– siquiera temporalmente&nbsp;– por tropas arabo-musulmanas en territorios actualmente pertenecientes a Portugal, España y Francia" ("For medieval Arab authors, Al-Andalus designated all the conquered areas&nbsp;– even temporarily&nbsp;– by Arab-Muslim troops in territories now belonging to Spain, Portugal and France"), [[:es:José Ángel García de Cortázar|García de Cortázar, José Ángel]]. ''V Semana de Estudios Medievales: Nájera, 1 al 5 de agosto de 1994'', Gobierno de La Rioja, Instituto de Estudios Riojanos, 1995, p. 52.</ref><ref name="Ruano(Spain)2002">{{cite book |author= Benito Ruano, Eloy|title=Tópicos y realidades de la Edad Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX35wGGJaaIC |year=2002 |publisher=Real Academia de la Historia |isbn=978-84-95983-06-0 |page=79 |quote=Los arabes y musulmanes de la Edad Media aplicaron el nombre de Al-Andalus a todas aquellas tierras que habian formado parte del reino visigodo: la Peninsula Ibérica y la Septimania ultrapirenaica. ("The Arabs and Muslims from the Middle Ages used the name of al-Andalus for all those lands that were formerly part of the Visigothic kingdom: the Iberian Peninsula and Septimania")|author-link=:es:Eloy Benito Ruano }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ríos Saloma |first=Martín Federico |title=La Reconquista: una construcción historiográfica (siglos XVI-XIX) |date=2011 |publisher=Universidad nacional autónoma de México, Instituto de inversigaciones históricas M. Pons |isbn=978-84-92820-47-4 |series=Marcial Pons Historia |location=México Madrid}}</ref><ref name="García Sanjuán2003">{{Cite journal |last=García Sanjuán |first=Alejandro |date=2020 |title=Weaponizing Historical Knowledge: the Notion of Reconquista in Spanish Nationalism |url=https://repositori.udl.cat/server/api/core/bitstreams/511f9f1e-1c78-4f30-b55b-deb674484119/content |journal=Imago Temporis: Medium Aevum |volume=XIV |doi=10.21001/itma.2020.14.04 |issn=1888-3931 |s2cid=226491379 |quote=The notion of Reconquista is the product of 19th-century Spanish Nationalist thinking. Although developed as an academic concept, it played, at the same time, a crucial political and ideological role, thus holding a very powerful and potentially toxic ideological burden, chiefly consisting of the idea that Spain is a nation shaped against Islam. Its dual academic and ideological nature makes it a highly problematic concept that greatly contributed to produce a largely biased and distorted vision of the Iberian medieval past, aimed at delegitimizing the Islamic presence (al-Andalus) and therefore at legitimizing the Christian conquest of the Muslim territory. Over the last years and in the framework of the Clash of Civilizations doctrine, conservative and far-right scholarly and political outlets reignited the most ideological version of the Reconquista, thus raising a major challenge for academic historians. |hdl-access=free |hdl=10272/19498}}</ref><ref name=Oxford>{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|author=Esposito, John L.|isbn=0195125584|location=New York|oclc=50280143|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001|title-link=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam}}</ref> eventually shrinking to the south and finally to the [[Emirate of Granada]].<br />
<br />
As a political domain, it successively constituted a province of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]], initiated by the Caliph [[al-Walid I]] (711–750); the [[Emirate of Córdoba]] ({{Circa|750}}–929); the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (929–1031); the first ''[[taifa]]'' kingdoms (1009–1110); the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid Empire]] (1085–1145); the second ''taifa'' period (1140–1203); the [[Almohad Caliphate]] (1147–1238); the third ''taifa'' period (1232–1287); and ultimately the [[Emirate of Granada|Nasrid Emirate of Granada]] (1238–1492). Under the Caliphate of Córdoba, the city of [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]] became one of the leading cultural and economic centres throughout the [[Mediterranean Basin]], Europe, and the [[Islamic world]]. Achievements that advanced Islamic and Western science came from al-Andalus, including major advances in trigonometry ([[Jabir ibn Aflah]]), astronomy ([[al-Zarqali]]), surgery ([[al-Zahrawi]]), pharmacology ([[Ibn Zuhr]]),<ref name="rediscScience">{{Cite journal|last=Covington|first=Richard|year=2007|editor-last=Arndt|editor-first=Robert|title=Rediscovering Arabic Science|url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200703/rediscovering.arabic.science.htm|journal=Saudi Aramco World|publisher=Aramco Services Company|volume=58|issue=3|pages=2–16}}</ref> and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution|agronomy]] ([[Ibn Bassal]] and [[Abu ʾl-Khayr al-Ishbīlī|Abu'l-Khayr al-Ishbili]]). Al-Andalus became a conduit for cultural and scientific exchange between the Islamic and [[Christians|Christian]] worlds.<ref name="rediscScience"/><br />
<br />
For much of its history, al-Andalus existed in conflict with Christian kingdoms to the north. After the fall of the Umayyad caliphate, al-Andalus was fragmented into ''taifa'' states and principalities, some of which (such as the [[Taifa of Toledo]], the [[Taifa of Zaragoza]], the [[Taifa of Seville]] and the [[Taifa of Badajoz]]) reached considerable territorial extent. After the Christian capture of [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]] in 1085, the Almoravid empire intervened and repelled attacks on the region, then brought al-Andalus under direct Almoravid rule. For the next century and a half, al-Andalus became a province of the Muslim empires of the Almoravids and their successors, the [[Almohads]], both based in [[Marrakesh]].<br />
<br />
Ultimately, the northern Christian kingdoms overpowered the Muslim states to the south. In the 13th century, most of the south quickly fell under Christian rule, with [[Gharb al-Andalus]], the [[Baetic Depression|Guadalquivir Valley]] and [[Sharq al-Andalus|Eastern al-Andalus]] falling to Portuguese, Castilian, and Aragonese conquests. This left the [[Emirate of Granada]], that was to become a tributary state of the Crown of Castile, as the remaining Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and was surrendered in 1492 to the [[Catholic Monarchs]].<br />
<br />
==Etymology==<br />
{{Main|Etymology of Andalusia}}<br />
<br />
The toponym ''al-Andalus'' is first attested by inscriptions on coins minted in 716 by the new Muslim government of Iberia.<ref name="PanzramCallegarin2018">{{cite book|author1=Panzram, Sabine |author2=Laurent Callegarin|title=Entre civitas y madina: El mundo de las ciudades en la península ibérica y en el norte de África (siglos IV-IX)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HsZ6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA145|date=November 22, 2018|publisher=Casa de Velázquez|isbn=978-84-9096-227-5|page=145}}</ref> These coins, called ''[[dinars]]'', were inscribed in both [[Latin language|Latin]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="MMOA">{{cite book |author= L. Bates, Michael |title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-87099-636-8 |editor=[[Jerrilynn D. Dodds]] |page=384 |chapter=The Islamic Coinage of Spain |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lLAryx8bC8UC&pg=PA384}}</ref><ref name="Glick2005">{{cite book |author=Glick, Thomas F.|title=Islamic And Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWqmebvcjj0C&pg=PR21 |year=2005 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-14771-3 |page=21}}</ref> The etymology of the name ''al-Andalus'' has traditionally been derived from the name of the [[Vandals]] (''vándalos'' in Spanish, ''vândalos'' in Portuguese).<br />
<br />
Since the 1980s, several alternative etymologies have challenged this tradition.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://verne.elpais.com/verne/2016/09/09/articulo/1473434604_706233.html |title=De dónde vienen los nombres de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas |first=Pablo |last=Cantó |date=September 9, 2016 |access-date=April 15, 2019 |newspaper=[[El País]] |publisher=[[Prisa]] |language=es}}</ref> In 1986, Joaquín Vallvé proposed that ''al-Andalus'' was a corruption of the name ''[[Atlantis]]''.<ref name="Vallvé1986">{{cite book |author= Vallvé, Joaquín|title=La división territorial de la España musulmana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9p0cAAAAMAAJ |year=1986 |publisher=Instituto de Filología |isbn=978-84-00-06295-8 |pages=55–59}}</ref> Heinz Halm in 1989 derived the name from a Gothic term, ''*landahlauts'',<ref name="Halm1989">{{cite journal |last=Halm |first=Heinz |title=Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors |journal=Der Islam |year=1989 |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages=252–263 |doi=10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252/html|s2cid=161971416 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> and in 2002, Georg Bossong suggested its derivation from a pre-Roman substrate.<ref name="Bossong2002">{{cite journal |last=Bossong |first=Georg |title=Der Name al-Andalus: neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem |journal=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs |year=2002 |volume=141 |series=Sounds and systems: studies in structure and change. |page=149 |url=http://www.rose.uzh.ch/dam/jcr:ffffffff-c23e-37d9-0000-00001d0776dd/boss_bask_120.pdf |editor1-first=David |editor1-last=Restle |editor2-first=Dietmar |editor2-last=Zaefferer |trans-title=The Name al-Andalus: Revisiting an Old Problem |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |location=Berlin |language=de |issn=1861-4302 |isbn=978-3-11-089465-3 |quote=Only a few years after the Islamic conquest of Spain, ''al-Andalus'' appears in coin inscriptions as the Arabic equivalent of ''Hispania''. The traditionally held view that the etymology of this name has to do with the Vandals is shown to have no serious foundation. The phonetic, morphosyntactic, and historical problems connected with this etymology are too numerous. Moreover, the existence of this name in various parts of central and northern Spain proves that ''al-Andalus'' cannot be derived from this [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribe]]. It was the original name of the Punta Marroquí cape near Tarifa; very soon, it became generalised to designate the whole Peninsula. Undoubtedly, the name is of Pre-Indo-European origin. The parts of this compound (''anda'' and ''luz'') are frequent in the indigenous toponymy of the Iberian Peninsula. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627064440/http://www.rose.unizh.ch/seminar/personen/bossong/boss_bask_120.pdf |archive-date=June 27, 2008 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{See also|Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula}}<br />
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===Province of the Umayyad Caliphate===<br />
{{Main|Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula}}<br />
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[[File:Map of expansion of Caliphate.svg|thumb|Expansion of the Caliphate {{legend|#a1584e|[[Muhammad]], 622–632}} {{legend|#ef9070|[[Rashidun Caliphate]], 632–661}} {{legend|#fad07d|[[Umayyad Caliphate]], 661–750}}]]<br />
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During the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph [[Al-Walid I]], the commander [[Tariq ibn-Ziyad]] led an army of 7,000 that landed at [[Gibraltar]] on April 30, 711, ostensibly to intervene in a [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] civil war. After a decisive victory over King [[Roderic]] at the [[Battle of Guadalete]] on 19 July 711, Tariq, accompanied by his ''[[mawla]]'', governor [[Musa ibn Nusayr]] of [[Ifriqiya]], brought most of the [[Visigothic Kingdom]] under Muslim rule in a seven-year campaign. They crossed the [[Pyrenees]] and occupied Visigothic [[Septimania]] in southern France.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
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Most of the Iberian peninsula became part of the expanding [[Umayyad|Umayyad Empire]], under the name of ''al-Andalus''. It was organised as a province subordinate to [[Ifriqiya]], so, for the first few decades, the [[List_of_Umayyad_governors_of_al-Andalus|governors of al-Andalus]] were appointed by the emir of [[Kairouan]], rather than the Caliph in [[Damascus]]. The regional capital was set at [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]], and the first influx of Muslim settlers was widely distributed.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br />
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Following the Muslim conquest of Spain, al-Andalus, then at its greatest extent, was divided into five administrative units, corresponding very roughly to: modern [[Andalusia]]; [[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of León|León]]; [[Navarre]], [[Aragon]], and [[Catalonia]]; [[Portugal]] and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]; and the [[Languedoc-Roussillon]] area of [[Occitania (administrative region)|Occitania]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Callaghan |first=Joseph F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yA3p6v3UxyIC&pg=PA142 |title=A History of Medieval Spain |date=October 31, 1983 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=0801468728 |location=Ithaca |page=142 |oclc=907117391}}</ref><br />
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The small army Tariq led in the initial conquest consisted mostly of [[Berbers]], while Musa's largely Arab force of over 12,000 soldiers was accompanied by a group of ''mawālī'' (Arabic, موالي), that is, non-Arab Muslims, who were clients of the Arabs. The Berber soldiers accompanying Tariq were garrisoned in the centre and the north of the peninsula, as well as in the Pyrenees,<ref name="Collins2012">{{cite book|author=Roger Collins|title=Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVBzo8Vak7sC&pg=PA12|date=May 7, 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-631-18184-2|pages=8–9}}</ref> while the Berber colonists who followed settled in all parts of the country{{Snd}} north, east, south and west.<ref name="Ṭāha2016">{{cite book|author='Abdulwāhid Dḥanūn Ṭāha|title=Routledge Library Editions: Muslim Spain|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RCglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166|date=July 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-98576-0|pages=166–177|chapter=Early Muslim Settlement in Spain: The Berber Tribes in Al-Andalus}}</ref> Visigothic lords who agreed to recognise Muslim [[suzerainty]] were allowed to retain their fiefs (notably, in Murcia, Galicia, and the Ebro valley). Resistant [[Visigoths]] took refuge in the [[Cantabrian Mountains|Cantabrian]] highlands, where they carved out a rump state, the [[Kingdom of Asturias]].<br />
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[[File:Map Iberian Peninsula 750-en.svg|thumb|left|The province of al-Andalus in 750]]<br />
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In the 720s, the al-Andalus governors launched several ''sa'ifa'' raids into [[Aquitaine]] but were decisively defeated by Duke [[Odo the Great]] of Aquitaine at the [[Battle of Toulouse (721)]]. However, after crushing Odo's Berber ally [[Uthman ibn Naissa]] in the eastern Pyrenees, [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi]] led an expedition north across the western Pyrenees and defeated the Aquitanian duke, who in turn appealed to the [[Franks|Frankish]] leader [[Charles Martel]] for assistance, offering to place himself under Carolingian sovereignty. At the [[Battle of Tours|Battle of Poitiers]] in 732, the al-Andalus raiding army was defeated by Charles Martel and Al Ghafiqi was killed.<ref name="Pérès2007">{{cite encyclopaedia |last1=Pérès |first1=Henri |editor1-last=Bearman |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Th. Bianquis |editor2-first=Th. |editor3-last=C.E. Bosworth |editor3-first=C.E. |editor4-last=van Donzel |editor4-first=E. |editor5-last=Heinrichs |editor5-first=W.P. |title=Balāṭ al-S̲h̲uhadāʾ |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |date=2007 |pages=988–989 |doi=10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_1135 |quote=Balāṭ al-S̲h̲uhadāʾ: an expression used by the Arab historians for the Battle of Poitiers, which was fought between Charles Martel, at the head of the Christian Frankish armies, and the governor of Muslim Spain ʿAbd al-Raḥmān b. ʿAbd Allāh al-Ghāfiḳī in Ramaḍān 114/October 732.}}</ref> In 734, the Andalusi launched raids to the east, capturing [[Avignon]] and [[Arles]] and overran much of [[Provence]]. In 737, they travelled up the [[Rhône]] valley, reaching as far north as [[Burgundy (region)|Burgundy]]. Charles Martel of the Franks, with the assistance of [[Liutprand, King of the Lombards|Liutprand]] of the [[Lombards]], invaded Burgundy and Provence and expelled the raiders by 739.<br />
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In 740, a [[Berber Revolt]] erupted in the [[Maghreb]] (North Africa). To put down the rebellion, the Umayyad Caliph [[Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik|Hisham]] dispatched a large Arab army, composed of regiments (''[[Jund]]s'') from [[Bilad Ash-Sham]],<ref>Specifically, the army of 27,000 troops comprised 6,000 men from each of the four main ''junds'' of [[Jund Dimashq|Jund Dimashq (Damascus)]], [[Jund Hims|Jund Hims (Homs)]], [[Jund al-Urdunn|Jund al-Urdunn (Jordan)]], and [[Jund Filastin|Jund Filastin (Filastin)]], plus 3,000 from [[Jund Qinnasrin]]. An additional 3,000 were recruited in [[Egypt]]. See R. Dozy (1913) ''Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain'' (translated by Francis Griffin Stokes from Dozy's original (1861) French ''Histoire des Musulmans d'Espagne'', with consultation of the 1874 German version and the 1877 Spanish version) Chatto & Windus, London, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AtQ7yAftTdQC&pg=PA133 page 133]</ref> to North Africa. This Umayyad army was defeated by the Berber rebels at the [[Battle of Bagdoura]] (in Morocco). Heartened by the victories of their North African brethren, the Berbers of al-Andalus quickly raised their own revolt. Berber garrisons in the north of the Iberian Peninsula mutinied, deposed their Arab commanders, and organised a large rebel army to march against the strongholds of Toledo, Córdoba, and Algeciras.<br />
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In 741, Balj b. Bishr led a detachment of some 10,000 Arab troops across the [[Strait of Gibraltar|straits]].<ref name="Collins201212">{{cite book|author=Roger Collins|title=Caliphs and Kings: Spain, 796–1031|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVBzo8Vak7sC&pg=PA12|date=May 7, 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-631-18184-2|page=12}}</ref> The Arab governor of al-Andalus, joined by this force, was victorious over the Berber rebels in a series of battles in 742. A dispute erupted between the Syrian commanders and the Andalusi, the so-called "original Arabs" of the earlier contingents. The Syrians defeated them at the hard-fought Battle of Aqua Portora in August 742 but were too few to impose themselves on the province.<br />
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The quarrel was settled in 743 when [[Abu l-Hattar al Husam ibn Darar al-Kalbi|Abū l-Khaṭṭār al-Ḥusām]], the new governor of al-Andalus, assigned the Syrians to regimental fiefs across al-Andalus<ref name="Makki1992">{{cite book|author=Mahmoud Makki|editor=Salma Khadra Jayyusi |editor2=Manuela Marín|title=The Legacy of Muslim Spain|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cbfORLWv1HkC&pg=PA12|year=1992|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-09599-3|pages=12–13|chapter=The Political History of Al-Andalus}}</ref>{{Snd}} the Damascus jund was established in Elvira ([[Granada]]), the Jordan jund in Rayyu ([[Málaga]] and [[Archidona]]), the Jund Filastin in [[Medina-Sidonia]] and [[Jerez]], the Emesa (Hims) jund in [[Seville]] and [[Niebla, Spain|Niebla]], and the Qinnasrin jund in [[Jaén, Spain|Jaén]]. The Egypt jund was divided between [[Beja (Portugal)|Beja]] ([[Alentejo]]) in the west and Tudmir ([[Murcia]]) in the east.{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1950|p=48}}{{sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=45}} The arrival of the Syrians substantially increased the Arab element in the Iberian peninsula and helped strengthen the Muslim hold on the south. However, at the same time, unwilling to be governed, the Syrian ''junds'' carried on an existence of autonomous feudal anarchy, severely destabilising the authority of the governor of al-Andalus.<br />
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A second significant consequence of the revolt was the expansion of the [[Kingdom of the Asturias]], hitherto confined to enclaves in the Cantabrian highlands. After the rebellious Berber garrisons evacuated the northern frontier fortresses, the Christian king [[Alfonso I of Asturias]] set about immediately seizing the empty forts for himself, quickly adding the northwestern provinces of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and [[León (province)|León]] to his fledgling kingdom. The Asturians evacuated the Christian populations from the towns and villages of the Galician-Leonese lowlands, creating an empty buffer zone in the [[Douro River]] valley (the "[[Desert of the Duero]]"). This newly emptied frontier remained roughly in place for the next few centuries as the boundary between the Christian north and the Islamic south. On the Muslim side of the frontier, al-Andalus had three large [[March (territory)|march territories]] (''thaghr'', pl. ''thughūr''): the [[Lower March]] (capital at [[Mérida, Spain|Mérida]] and [[Badajoz]], featuring a population primarily of Berber and ''[[Muladí|Muwallad]]'' stock), the [[Central March|Middle March]] (centred at Toledo, primarily ''muwallad''), and the [[Upper March]] (centred at [[Zaragoza]], with a more intrincate ethnic mix and a more substantial population of Arab stock as well as maintaining more complex relations with its Carolingian and Navarrese neighbours).{{sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=52; 56–59}}<br />
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These disturbances and disorder also allowed the Franks, now under the leadership of [[Pepin the Short]], to invade the strategic strip of [[Septimania]] in 752, hoping to deprive al-Andalus of an easy launching pad for raids into [[Francia]]. After a lengthy siege, the last Arab stronghold, the citadel of [[Narbonne]], finally [[Siege of Narbonne (752–759)|fell to the Franks in 759]]. Al-Andalus was sealed off at the Pyrenees.<ref>[[Franco Cardini|Cardini, Franco]]. ''Europe and Islam'', Wiley-Blackwell, 2001, p. 9.</ref><br />
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The third consequence of the Berber revolt was the collapse of the authority of the [[Damascus]] Caliphate over the western provinces. With the Umayyad Caliphs distracted by the challenge of the [[Abbasid]]s in the east, the western provinces of the Maghreb and al-Andalus spun out of their control. From around 745, the [[Fihrids]], an illustrious local Arab clan descended from [[Uqba ibn Nafi|Oqba ibn Nafi al-Fihri]], seized power in the western provinces and ruled them almost as a private family empire of their own{{Snd}} [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Habib al-Fihri]] in Ifriqiya and [[Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri|Yūsuf al-Fihri]] in al-Andalus. The Fihrids welcomed the fall of the Umayyads in the east, in 750, and sought to reach an understanding with the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasids]], hoping they might be allowed to continue their autonomous existence. But when the Abbasids rejected the offer and demanded submission, the Fihrids declared independence and, probably out of spite, invited the deposed remnants of the Umayyad clan to take refuge in their dominions. It was a fateful decision that they soon regretted, for the Umayyads, the sons and grandsons of caliphs, had a more legitimate claim to rule than the Fihrids themselves. Rebellious-minded local lords, disenchanted with the autocratic rule of the Fihrids, conspired with the arriving Umayyad exiles.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br />
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=== Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba ===<br />
{{Main|Emirate of Córdoba}}<br />
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==== Establishment ====<br />
[[File:Abd al-Rahman I, Crónica general de España.jpg|thumb|19th-century portrait of [[Abd al-Rahman I]], from ''[[Estoria de España]]'']]<br />
In 755, the exiled Umayyad prince [[Abd al-Rahman I]] (also called ''al-Dākhil'', the 'Immigrant') arrived on the coast of Spain.<ref name="Safran2013">{{cite book |last1=Safran |first1=Janina M. |title=Defining Boundaries in al-Andalus: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Islamic Iberia |year=2013 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-0-8014-6801-8 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V45HDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA42}}</ref> He had fled the Abbasids, who had overthrown the Umayyads in Damascus and were slaughtering members of that family, and then he spent four years in exile in North Africa, assessing the political situation in al-Andalus across the Straits of Gibraltar, before he landed at [[Almuñécar]].<ref name="Flood2018">{{cite book |last1=Flood |first1=Timothy M. |title=Rulers and Realms in Medieval Iberia, 711–1492 |date=2018 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-7471-1 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Duh3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24}}</ref><br />
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News of his arrival spread across al-Andalus, and when word reached its governor, [[Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri|Yūsuf al-Fihri]], he was not pleased. During this time, Abd al-Rahman and his supporters quickly conquered [[Málaga]] and then [[Seville]], finally besieging the capital of al-Andalus, [[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]. Abd al-Rahman's army was exhausted after their conquest, meanwhile Governor Yūsuf al-Fihri had returned from quashing another rebellion with his army. The siege of Córdoba began, and noticing the starving state of Abd al-Rahman's army, al-Fihri began throwing lavish feasts every day as the siege went on, to tempt Abd al Rahman's supporters to defect to his side. However, Abd al-Rahman persisted, even rejecting a truce that would have allowed Abd al-Rahman to marry al-Fihri's daughter. After decisively defeating Yūsuf al-Fihri's army, Abd al-Rahman was able to conquer Córdoba, where he proclaimed himself emir in 756.<ref name="Kennedy201431">{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87041-8 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31}}</ref> The rest of al-Andalus was easily conquered, and Abd al-Rahman soon had control of all of al-Andalus.<ref name="WHistEnc2020">{{Cite web|title=Abd al-Rahman I|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Abd_al-Rahman_I/|access-date=October 14, 2020|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]}}</ref><br />
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==== Rule ====<br />
Abd al Rahman's rule was stable in the years after his conquest – he built major public works, most famously the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Mosque of Córdoba]], and helped urbanise the emirate while defending it from invaders, including the quashing of numerous rebellions, and decisively repelling the invasion by [[Charlemagne]] (which would later inspire the epic, [[Chanson de Roland]]). By far the most important of these invasions was the attempted reconquest by the [[Abbasid Caliphate]]. In 763 Caliph [[Al-Mansur]] of the Abbasids installed [[Al-Ala ibn Mughith al-Judhami|al-Ala ibn-Mugith]] as governor of Africa (whose title gave him dominion over the province of al-Andalus). He planned to invade and destroy the Emirate of Córdoba, so in response Abd al Rahman fortified himself within the fortress of [[Carmona, Spain|Carmona]] with a tenth as many soldiers as al-Ala ibn-Mugith. After a long siege, it appeared that Abd al Rahman would be defeated, but in a last stand Abd al Rahman with his outnumbered forces opened the gates of the fortress and charged at the resting Abbasid army, and decisively defeated them. After being sent the embalmed head of al-Ala ibn-Mugith, it is said Al Mansur exclaimed "Praise be to God who has put the sea between me and this devil!"<ref name="WHistEnc2020" /><ref name="Kennedy2014">{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87041-8 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref><br />
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[[File:Colonnes de la Mezquita (8281472877).jpg|thumb|Interior of the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba]], the former Great Mosque built by Abd ar-Rahman I in 785, later expanded by his successors<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Barrucand |first1=Marianne |url=https://archive.org/details/moorisharchitect00mari/mode/2up |title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia |last2=Bednorz |first2=Achim |publisher=Taschen |year=1992 |isbn=3822896322 |location= |pages=40 (and after) |language=en}}</ref>]]<br />
Abd al Rahman I died in 788 after a lengthy and prosperous reign. He was succeeded by his son, [[Hisham I of Córdoba|Hisham I]], who secured power by exiling his brother who had tried to rebel against him. Hisham enjoyed a stable reign of eight years and was succeeded by his son [[Al-Hakam I]]. The next few decades were relatively uneventful, with only occasional minor rebellions, and saw the rise of the emirate. In 822 Al Hakam died and was succeeded by [[Abd al-Rahman II]], the first great emir of Córdoba. He rose to power with no opposition and sought to reform the emirate. He quickly reorganised the bureaucracy to be more efficient and built many mosques across the emirate. During his reign science and art flourished, as many scholars fled the Abbasid caliphate due to the disastrous [[Fourth Fitna]]. The scholar [[Abbas ibn Firnas]] made an attempt to fly, though accounts vary on his success. In 852 Abd al Rahman II died, leaving behind him a powerful and well-established state that had become one of the most powerful in the Mediterranean.<ref name="Kennedy201459">{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-87041-8 |pages=59–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NFfJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=newsthelinks|title=Abbas Ibn Firnas: the first human to fly {{!}} The Links News|date=May 29, 2020|url=https://thelinksnews.com/2020/05/29/abbas-ibn-firnas-the-first-human-to-fly/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123140113/https://thelinksnews.com/2020/05/29/abbas-ibn-firnas-the-first-human-to-fly/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=January 23, 2021|access-date=October 14, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=TheBiography.us|last2=TheBiography.us|title=Biography of Emir de al-Andalus Abd al-Rahman o Abderramán II (792–852)|url=http://thebiography.us/en/abd-al-rahman-ii|access-date=October 14, 2020|website=thebiography.us|language=en|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921054301/https://thebiography.us/en/abd-al-rahman-ii|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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Abd al Rahman was succeeded by [[Muhammad I of Córdoba]], who according to legend had to wear women's clothing to sneak into the imperial palace and be crowned, since he was not the heir apparent. His reign marked a decline in the emirate, which was ended by [[Abd al-Rahman III]]. His reign was marked by multiple rebellions, which were dealt with poorly and weakened the emirate, most disastrously following the rebellion of [[Umar ibn Hafsun]]. When Muhammad died, he was succeeded by emir [[Abdullah ibn Muhammad al-Umawi]] whose power barely reached outside of the city of Córdoba. As Ibn Hafsun ravaged the south, Abdullah did almost nothing, and slowly became more and more isolated, barely speaking to anyone. Abdullah purged his administration of his brothers, which lessened the bureaucracy's loyalty towards him. Around this time several local Arab lords began to revolt, including one Kurayb ibn Khaldun, who was able to conquer Seville. Some loyalists tried to quell the rebellion, but without proper material support, their efforts were in vain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barton|first=S|date=April 1, 1999|title=Shorter notices. Medieval Iberia. Readings from Christian, Muslim and Jewish sources. OR Constable [ed]|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/114.456.403|journal=The English Historical Review|volume=114|issue=456|pages=403–404|doi=10.1093/ehr/114.456.403|issn=0013-8266|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
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He declared that the next emir would be his grandson [[Abd al-Rahman III]], ignoring the claims of his four living children. Abdullah died in 912, and the throne passed to Abd al Rahman III. Through force of arms and diplomacy, he put down the rebellions that had disrupted his grandfather's reign, obliterating Ibn Hafsun and hunting down his sons. After this he led several sieges against the Christians, sacking the city of [[Pamplona]], and restoring some prestige to the emirate. Meanwhile, across the sea the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimids]] had risen up in force, ousted the Abbasid government in North Africa, and declared themselves a caliphate. Inspired by this action, Abd al Rahman joined the rebellion and declared himself caliph in 929.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=García-Arenal|first=Mercedes|date=July 2004|title=The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain. María Rosa Menocal|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0038713400090308|journal=Speculum|volume=79|issue=3|pages=801–804|doi=10.1017/s0038713400090308|issn=0038-7134|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Caputo|first=Nina|date=December 1, 2019|title=Brian A. Catlos. Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhz1187|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=124|issue=5|pages=1823–1825|doi=10.1093/ahr/rhz1187|issn=0002-8762|url-access=subscription}}</ref><br />
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For nearly 100 years under the Córdoban Umayyad period, from the 9th century to the 10th, al-Andalus also extended its presence from [[Fraxinetum]] into the Alps with a series of organised raids.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Versteegh |first=Kees |date=January 1, 1990 |title=The Arab Presence in France and Switzerland in the 10th Century |journal=Arabica |language=en |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=359–388 |doi=10.1163/157005890X00041 |issn=1570-0585 |jstor=4057147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wenner |first=Manfred W. |date=August 1980 |title=The Arab/Muslim Presence in Medieval Central Europe |journal=International Journal of Middle East Studies |language=en |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=59–79 |doi=10.1017/S0020743800027136 |issn=1471-6380 |jstor=163627 |s2cid=162537404}}</ref>{{sfn|Ekkehard|1877|p=137f}}{{sfn|Lévi-Provençal|1950|p=60}}{{sfn|Reinaud|1964|p=149f}}<br />
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=== Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba ===<br />
{{Main|Caliphate of Córdoba}}<br />
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[[File:La civilització del califat de Còrdova en temps d'Abd-al-Rahman III.jpg|thumb|[[Abd al-Rahman III]] receiving [[John of Gorze]], ambassador of [[Otto the Great|Otto I]], at the [[Medina Azahara]], by [[Dionisio Baixeras Verdaguer]], 1885]] <br />
The period of the [[Caliphate]] is seen as the [[Islamic Golden Age|golden age]] of al-Andalus. Córdoba under the Caliphate, with a population of more than half a million, eventually overtook [[Constantinople]] as the largest and most prosperous city in the world.<ref name="Chandler1987">Chandler, Tertius. ''Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census'' (1987), St. David's University Press ([http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD etext.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211233018/http://www.etext.org/Politics/World.Systems/datasets/citypop/civilizations/citypops_2000BC-1988AD |date=February 11, 2008 }}). {{ISBN|0-88946-207-0}}.</ref> Al-Andalus became a centre for the arts, medicine, science, music, literature and philosophy. The work of its most important philosophers and scientists, such as [[Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi|Abulcasis]] and [[Averroes]], had a major influence on the intellectual life of medieval Europe. Muslims and non-Muslims often came from abroad to study at the libraries and universities of al-Andalus, and after the reconquest of Toledo, several translation institutions such as the [[Toledo School of Translators]] were established for translating books and texts from Arabic into Latin. The most noted figures in this being [[Gerard of Cremona]] and [[Michael Scot]], who took these works to Italy. The transmission of ideas significantly affected the formation of the European [[Renaissance]].<ref name="MP">Perry, Marvin; Myrna Chase, Margaret C. Jacob, James R. Jacob. [https://books.google.com/books?id=kKGgoNo4un0C&pg=PA261&lpg=PA261 ''Western Civilization: Ideas, Politics, and Society''] (2008), 903 pages, pp. 261–262.</ref><br />
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The Caliphate of Córdoba also had extensive trade with other parts of the Mediterranean, including Christian parts. Trade goods included luxury items (silk, ceramics, gold), essential foodstuffs (grain, olive oil, wine), and containers (such as ceramics for storing perishables). In the tenth century, [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfitans]] were already trading [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] silks in Córdoba.<ref name="Metcalfe2013">{{Cite journal|last1=Metcalfe|first1=Alex|last2=Rosser-Owen|first2=Mariam|date=April 1, 2013|title=Forgotten Connections? Medieval Material Culture and Exchange in the Central and Western Mediterranean|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236145160|journal=Al-Masaq|volume=25|pages=1–8|doi=10.1080/09503110.2013.767010|s2cid=161283814 |doi-access=}}</ref> Later references to Amalfitan merchants were sometimes used to emphasise the previous golden age of Córdoba.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Skinner|first=Patricia|date=August 1, 2012|title=Amalfitans in the Caliphate of Cordoba{{Snd}} Or Not?|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263375006|journal=Al Masaq: Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean|volume=24|issue=2|pages=125–138|doi=10.1080/09503110.2012.684742|s2cid=162395730}}</ref> Fatimid Egypt was a supplier of many luxury goods, including elephant tusks, and raw or carved crystals. The Fatimids were traditionally thought to be the only supplier of such goods, and control over these trade routes would be a cause for conflict between the Umayyads and Fatimids.<ref name="Metcalfe2013" /><br />
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===''Taifas'' period===<br />
{{Main|Taifa}}<br />
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[[File:Taifas2.gif|thumb|The taifas (green) in 1031 AD|alt=]]<br />
The [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] effectively collapsed during a [[Fitna of al-Andalus|ruinous civil war]] between 1009 and 1013, although it was not finally abolished until 1031 when ''al-Andalus'' broke up into a number of mostly independent mini-states and principalities called ''[[taifa]]s''. In 1013, [[Sacks of Córdoba (1009–13)|invading Berbers sacked Córdoba]], massacring its inhabitants, pillaging the city, and burning the palace complex to the ground.<ref>{{Cite book |title= Jews of Spain: A History of the Sephardic Experience|last=Gerber|first=Jane S.|date=1994|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9780029115749|pages=[https://archive.org/details/jewsofspainhisto0000gerb/page/54 54]|language=en|url=https://archive.org/details/jewsofspainhisto0000gerb/page/54}}</ref> The largest of the taifas to emerge were [[Taifa of Badajoz|Badajoz]] (''Batalyaws''), [[Taifa of Toledo|Toledo]] (''Ṭulayṭulah''), [[Taifa of Zaragoza|Zaragoza]] (''Saraqusta''), and [[Taifa of Granada|Granada]] (''Ġarnāṭah''). After 1031, the ''taifas'' were generally too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from the Christian states to the north and west, which were known to the Muslims as "the Galician nations",<ref>Khaldun. The Muqaddimah</ref> and which had spread from their initial strongholds in [[Kingdom of Galicia|Galicia]], [[Kingdom of Asturias|Asturias]], [[Cantabria]], the Basque country, and the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian]] ''[[Marca Hispanica]]'' to become the Kingdoms of [[Kingdom of Navarre|Navarre]], [[Kingdom of León|León]], [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]], [[Kingdom of Castile|Castile]] and [[Kingdom of Aragon|Aragon]], and the [[County of Barcelona]]. During the eleventh century several centres of power existed among the taifas, and the political situation shifted rapidly. Before the rise of the [[Almoravids]] from Africa or the Christians from the north, the [[Abbadid dynasty|Abbadid]]-ruled [[Taifa of Seville]] succeeded in conquering a dozen lesser kingdoms, becoming the most powerful and renowned of the taifas, such that it could have laid claim to be the true heir to the Caliphate of Córdoba. The taifas were vulnerable and divided but had immense wealth.<ref>{{Cite book |title= The New Cambridge Medieval History.|editor-last=McKitterick|editor-first = Rosamond|year=1995|isbn=978-1-139-05571-0|pages=157|oclc=921054517}}</ref> During its prominence the Taifa of Seville produced technically complex [[lusterware]] and exerted significant influence on ceramic production across al-Andalus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Barceló|first1= Carmen|last2=Heidenreich|first2=Anja|date=October 19, 2014|title=Lusterware Made in the Abbadid Taifa of Seville (Eleventh Century) and Its Early Production in the Mediterranean Region |journal=Muqarnas Online|language=en|volume=31|issue=1|pages=245–276|doi=10.1163/22118993-00311P10|issn=0732-2992}}</ref><br />
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In the 1080s, the ''taifa'' kingdoms began to face an existential threat from the Christian kingdoms to the north, as [[Alfonso VI of León and Castile|Alfonso VI]] of Castile escalated attacks against them.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=|pp=152–153}} In 1083, he led a punitive expedition against Seville that reached all the way to [[Tarifa]] at the southern tip of al-Andalus.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=161}} In 1085, he [[Siege of Toledo (1085)|annexed Toledo]], a turning point which galvanised the remaining ''taifa'' leaders into seeking outside help.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=153}}<br />
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===Almoravids and Almohads===<br />
{{Further|Almoravid dynasty|Almohad Caliphate}}[[File:Empire almoravide.PNG|thumb|upright|Map showing the extent of the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid empire]]]]After the fall of Toledo, most of the major ''taifa'' rulers agreed to request the intervention of the Almoravids, a Berber empire based in [[Marrakesh]] that had conquered much of northwest Africa. The Almoravid leader, [[Yusuf ibn Tashfin|Yusuf Ibn Tashfin]], led several campaigns into al-Andalus, initially in defence of the ''taifa'' kingdoms. At the [[Battle of Sagrajas]] (or Battle of Zallaqa in Arabic), a Muslim army led by the Almoravids soundly defeated Alfonso VI.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=|pp=159–162}} By 1090, however, Yusuf ibn Tashfin was disillusioned with the disunity of the ''taifa'' leaders and he returned on a campaign to conquer al-Andalus instead. Most of the ''taifas'', except for Zaragoza, were annexed by 1094.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=|pp=164–166}} Valencia, which had come under the control of [[El Cid]] at the end of [[Taifa of Valencia|its taifa period]], was eventually occupied in 1102, after El Cid's death.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=166}} Zaragoza was annexed in 1110.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=|pp=173–174}}<br />
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Modern scholarship has sometimes admitted originality in North African architecture, but according to Yasser Tabbaa, historian of Islamic art and architecture, the Iberocentric viewpoint is anachronistic when considering the political and cultural environment during the rule of the Almoravid dynasty.<ref name="Neci̇poğluBailey2008">{{cite book|author=Yasser Tabbaa|editor1=Gülru Neci̇poğlu|editor2=Julia Bailey|title=Frontiers of Islamic Art and Architecture: Essays in Celebration of Oleg Grabar's Eightieth Birthday; the Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture Thirtieth Anniversary Special Volume|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K8stDgJSiJ4C&pg=PA133|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-17327-9|pages=133–134|chapter=Andalusian Roots And Abbasid Homage In The Qubbat Al-Barudiyyin In Marrakech|quote=Whereas this Hispanocentric perspective might apply for Moroccan architecture of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries—when many Andalusian artisans are known to have resettled in Morocco—it seems anachronistic in dealing with periods when Andalusia itself was ruled by dynasties from Morocco, in particular the Almoravids (1061–1147) and the Almohads (1130–1260).}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=September 2023|reason=This statement seems out of place for a summary of historical events, it probably belongs in another section or another article.}} The rise and fall of the Almoravids is sometimes seen as an expression of [[Ibn Khaldun]]'s [[asabiyyah]] paradigm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Messier|first=Ronald|date=January 1, 2001|title=Re-thinking the Almoravids, re-thinking Ibn Khaldun|journal=The Journal of North African Studies|volume=6|issue=1|pages=59–80|doi=10.1080/13629380108718421|s2cid=145567635|issn=1362-9387}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=September 2023|reason=This statement seems out of place for a summary of historical events, it probably belongs in another section or another article.}}<br />
[[File:Almohad Expansion.png|thumb|upright|Expansion of the Almohad state in the 12th century]]By 1147, the Almoravids were overthrown in North Africa by the [[Almohad]]s, another Berber dynasty, under the leadership of [[Abd al-Mu'min]]. As Almoravid rule collapsed, another brief period of ''taifa'' kingdoms followed in al-Andalus, during which the Christian kingdoms expanded southward again.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=|pp=74–75}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=202}} From 1146 onward, the Almohads intervened and took control of al-Andalus.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=|pp=74–78, 341}} One of Abd al-Mu'min's successors, [[Ya’qub al-Mansur|Ya'qub al-Mansur]], won a major victory over the Castilian [[Alfonso VIII of Castile|Alfonso VIII]] at the [[Battle of Alarcos]] in 1195.{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=108}}<br />
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In 1212, a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the [[Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa]]. Almohad rule was diminished in prestige and in 1228 the Almohad caliph [[Idris al-Ma'mun|al-Ma'mun]] withdrew from al-Andalus altogether.{{Sfn|Boloix-Gallardo|2021|p=122}} In this political vacuum, a new wave of ''taifa'' kingdoms emerged, which were progressively conquered by Portugal, Castile, and Aragon. Córdoba was [[Siege of Córdoba (1236)|conquered in 1236]] and Seville was [[Siege of Seville|conquered in 1248]].{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=266–272}} Some Muslim city-states, such as [[Taifa of Murcia|Murcia]] and [[Taifa of Niebla|Niebla]], survived as vassal kingdoms of Castile until the 1260s.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=271}} Only the region of Granada remained unconquered.<br />
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===Emirate of Granada, its fall, and aftermath===<br />
{{Main|Emirate of Granada}}<br />
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[[File:Nasrid Dynasty Textile Fragment.jpg|thumb|A silk textile fragment from the last Muslim dynasty of Al-Andalus, the [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid Dynasty]] (1232–1492), with the epigraphic inscription "glory to our lord the Sultan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/447048|title=Textile Fragment|website=www.metmuseum.org|access-date=December 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Masterpieces from the Department of Islamic Art in The Metropolitan Museum of Art|last=Ekhtiar|first=Maryam|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2011|pages=82}}</ref>]]<br />
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From the mid 13th to the late 15th century, the only remaining domain of al-Andalus was the [[Emirate of Granada]], the last Muslim stronghold in the Iberian Peninsula. The emirate was established by [[Muhammad I of Granada|Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar]] in 1230 and was ruled by the [[Nasrid dynasty]], the longest reigning dynasty in the history of al-Andalus. Although surrounded by Castilian lands, the emirate was wealthy through being tightly integrated in Mediterranean trade networks and enjoyed a period of considerable cultural and economic prosperity.<ref name="Page 120">{{cite book|last=Arrighi|first=Giovanni|title=The Long Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri_968|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-84467-304-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/longtwentiethcen00arri_968/page/n135 120]}}</ref><br />
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Despite internal conflicts, the Nasrids of Granada were able to survive in part by playing the Christian kingdoms of the north against each other, while at other times soliciting aid from the [[Marinids]], a new Berber dynasty ruling in North Africa from their capital in [[Fez, Morocco|Fez]].{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=280–300}} For much of its existence, Granada paid tribute to the Castilian kings. Along with this political status, its favourable geographic location, with the [[Sierra Nevada (Spain)|Sierra Nevada]] as a natural barrier, helped to prolong Nasrid rule.{{Sfn|Catlos|2018|p=337}}{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=|pp=277–278}}<br />
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[[File:Alhambra Löwenhof mit Löwenbrunnen 2014.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Court of the Lions]] in the [[Alhambra]], the palace of [[Nasrid dynasty|Nasrid]] Granada]]<br />
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Granada also accommodated a large number of Muslim refugees fleeing the ''[[Reconquista]]'' or expelled from Christian-controlled territories, which grew the city and the emirate's population.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=277}}{{Sfn|Harvey|1990|pp=14–15}} The city even became one of the largest in Europe throughout the 15th century in terms of population.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXuCjDbxC1YC|title=Urban World History: An Economic and Geographical Perspective|date=2009|publisher=Presses de l'Universite du Quebec|isbn=9782760522091|page=260|author=Tellier, L.N.}}</ref><ref name="google152">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283|url-access=registration|title=The Oxford History of Mexico|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, US|isbn=978-0-19-511228-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195112283/page/31 31]|author1=Meyer, M. C.|author2=Beezley, W. H.}}</ref> The most visible legacy of the Nasrids is the [[Alhambra]], their fortified palace complex, partly preserved today.{{Sfn|Catlos|2018|p=354}} The independent Nasrid kingdom was also a trade hub between the Atlantic and Mediterranean, and was frequented especially by [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] merchants.<ref name="Metcalfe2013" /><br />
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The Marinids intervened in the south of the Iberian Peninsula multiple times up until their defeat at the [[Battle of Río Salado]] in 1340. After this, they ceased to play a major role.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=278–289}} The subsequent internal turmoil within Castile, however, helped Nasrid Granada to enjoy a period of relative external peace and internal prosperity until the end of the 14th century, under the reigns of [[Yusuf I of Granada|Yusuf I]] ({{Reign|1333|1354}}) and [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]] ({{Reign|1354|1359|1362|1391}}).{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|pp=288–292}} Important cultural figures, such as [[Ibn al-Khatib]], [[Ibn Zamrak]], and [[Ibn Khaldun]] all served in the Nasrid court during this period.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=291}}{{Sfn|Catlos|2018|pp=357–359}}<br />
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In 1468, [[Isabella I of Castile|Isabella]], the only child of [[Henry IV of Castile]], married [[Ferdinand II of Aragon|Ferdinand]], the son of [[John II of Aragon]], and by 1479 they were rulers of a united Castile and Aragon.{{Sfn|Catlos|2018|p=377}} This development meant that Granada could no longer exploit divisions between the two kingdoms and the new royal couple, also known as the [[Catholic Monarchs of Spain|Catholic Monarchs]], were united in their intention to conquer it.{{Sfn|Harvey|1990|p=268}} The final [[Granada War|war to conquer Granada]] began in earnest in 1482.{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=300}} Year by year, the Christian advance captured new cities and fortresses{{Sfn|Kennedy|1996|p=|pp=300–303}} until the last Nasrid ruler, [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII]] (known as Boabdil to the Christians), formally [[Treaty of Granada (1491)|surrendered Granada]] to the Catholic Monarchs on January 2, 1492.{{Sfn|Harvey|1990|pp=308–323}}<br />
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[[File:Salida de la familia de Boabdil de la Alhambra.jpg|thumb|[[Manuel Gómez-Moreno González|Manuel Gómez-Moreno González's]] 19th-century depiction of [[Muhammad XII of Granada|Muhammad XII's]] family in the Alhambra moments after the [[Granada War|fall of Granada]].]]<br />
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By this time Muslims in Castile numbered half a million. After the fall, "100,000 had died or been enslaved, 200,000 emigrated, and 200,000 remained as the residual population. Many of the Muslim elite, including Muhammad XII, who had been given the area of the [[Alpujarras]] mountains as a principality, found life under Christian rule intolerable and passed over into North Africa."<ref>{{cite book |first=Henry |last=Kamen |title=Spain 1469–1714: A Society of Conflict |publisher=Pearson |edition=Third |year=2005 |isbn= 9780582784642|pages=37–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j7Acr02a9KUC&pg=PA37 }}</ref> Under the conditions of the Capitulations of 1492, the Muslims in Granada were to be allowed to continue to practice their religion. From 1492 to 1493, tens of thousands of expulsed Muslims and Jews from al-Andalus were rescued when the Ottomans under orders of Sultan Bayezid II sent ships. Thousands of Jews were transported to Ottoman lands, and many settled in North Africa.{{cn|date=February 2026}}<br />
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Mass [[Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain|forced conversions]] of Muslims in 1499 led to a [[Rebellion of the Alpujarras (1499–1501)|revolt]] that spread to Alpujarras and the mountains of [[Ronda]]; after this uprising the capitulations were revoked.<ref name="Mediano2013">{{cite book|author=Fernando Rodríguez Mediano|title=The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYSQWmuaLLgC&pg=PA41|date=April 19, 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25029-1|page=42}}</ref> In 1502 the Catholic Monarchs decreed the forced conversion of all Muslims living under the rule of the Crown of Castile,<ref name="Majid2004">{{cite book|author=Anouar Majid|title=Freedom and Orthodoxy: Islam and Difference in the Post-Andalusian Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xk0RyYpWz-kC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-4981-7|page=25}}</ref> although in the kingdoms of [[Crown of Aragon|Aragon]] and [[Valencia]] (both now part of Spain) the open practice of Islam was allowed until 1526.<ref name="Grieve2009">{{cite book|author=Patricia E. Grieve|title=The Eve of Spain: Myths of Origins in the History of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JcI0iI1TiD4C&pg=PA6|date=March 19, 2009|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-9036-9|page=6}}</ref> Descendants of the Muslims were subject to expulsions from Spain between 1609 and 1614 (see [[Expulsion of the Moriscos]]).<ref>Harvey, L. P. ''Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614''. University of Chicago Press, 2008, {{ISBN|9780226319650}}, p. 1 ({{Google books|U-kQJr-D_ikC|excerpt|page=1}})</ref> The last mass prosecution against [[Morisco]]s for [[crypto-Islam]]ic practices occurred in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. The Morisco community including these final convicts kept their identity alive at least through the late eighteenth century.<ref>[http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=4040221 ''Vínculos Historia'': ''The moriscos who remained. The permanence of Islamic origin population in Early Modern Spain: Kingdom of Granada, XVII–XVIII centuries''] (In Spanish)</ref><br />
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== Science ==<br />
There was much scientific activity in al-Andalus, especially in the fields of [[medicine]], [[astronomy]], [[mathematics]], and [[agronomy]]. At the same time, Andalusi scholars were also highly active in [[philosophy]] (see below), especially in the field of [[logic]].<ref name=":0522">{{Cite book |last=Forcada |first=Miquel |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2022 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=al-Andalus, religious and rational sciences |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> The earliest evidence of such activities in al-Andalus dates to the reign of [[Abd ar-Rahman II]] ({{Reign|822|852}}), when developments were spurred by exposure to older works translated from, Greek, Persian and other languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Samsó |first1=Julio |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8fADwAAQBAJ&pg=PR37 |title=The Formation of al-Andalus, Part 2: Language, Religion, Culture and the Sciences |last2=Fierro |first2=Maribel |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-351-88958-2 |pages=xxxvii |language=en}}</ref> Scientific studies continued to be pursued in the following centuries, though certain fields and subjects thrived more depending on the period.<ref name=":0522" /> Scholars often worked in many different and overlapping subjects, so it is difficult to place those discussed here into a single scientific field each.<ref name="Bakar2006">{{Cite journal|last=Bakar|first=Osman|date=2006|title=The Golden Age of Andalusian Science|journal=Islamica Magazine|issue=18|pages=106–112}}</ref><br />
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=== Medicine ===<br />
[[File:Albucasis blistering a patient in the hospital at Cordova. Wellcome L0015000.jpg|thumb|The Andalusian physician [[Al-Zahrawi|Abu'l Qasim Al-Zahrawi]], who performed the first modern surgery, determined how to remove kidney stones, was known as the father of surgery, and developed many inventions and instruments.]]<br />
There were many notable surgeons, physicians, and medical scholars from al-Andalus including [[Ibn al-Baitar|Ibn al-Baytar]] (d. 1248), [[Al-Zahrawi|Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi]] (Albucasis; d. 1013), Muhammad al-Shafrah (d. 1360), Abu Marwan 'Abd al-Malik ibn Habib (d. 853), and [[Ibn Zuhr|Abu Marwan ibn Zuhr]] (Avenzoar; d. 1162).<ref name="Pormann2007a">{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic medicine|last=Pormann, Peter E.|date=2007|publisher=Georgetown University Press|others=[[Savage-Smith, Emilie]].|isbn=9781589011601|location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=71581787}}</ref> And of particular note is al-Zahrawi, who is considered by many to be "probably the greatest physician in the entire history of Western Islam."<ref name="Ashgate1998b">{{Cite book|title=The formation of al-Andalus|date=1998|publisher=Ashgate|author1=Marín, Manuela |author2=Samsó, Julio |author3=Fierro, Ma. Isabel |isbn=0-86078-708-7|location=Aldershot|pages=xlvi|oclc=38890783}}</ref> Around the year 1000 C.E, he wrote a book with a title that roughly translates to ''The Arrangement of Medical Knowledge for One Who is Not Able to Compile a Book for Himself'' (''Kitab al-tasrif li-man 'ajiza 'an al-ta'alif'')—a comprehensive medical encyclopaedia with the goal of summarising all existing medical knowledge and eliminating the need for students and practitioners to rely on multiple medical texts.<ref name="Ashgate1998b" /> The book is renowned for its chapter on surgery which included important illustrations of surgical instruments, as well as sections "on [[cauterization]], on incisions, [[Venipuncture|venesection]] and wounds, and on bone-setting."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic medicine|last=Pormann, Peter E.|date=2007|publisher=Georgetown University Press|others=Savage-Smith, Emilie.|isbn=978-1-58901-160-1|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=61–62|oclc=71581787}}</ref> For hundreds of years after its publication it was one of the most widely used medical texts for students and medical practitioners and was translated into Hebrew, Latin, and Castilian.<ref name="Bakar2006" /><ref name="Pormann2007b">{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic medicine|last=Pormann, Peter E.|date=2007|publisher=Georgetown University Press|others=Savage-Smith, Emilie.|isbn=978-1-58901-160-1|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=117|oclc=71581787}}</ref> This encyclopaedia is also significant for its inclusion of al-Zahrawi's personal experiences as a surgeon, which provided important case studies for aspiring surgeons. This distinguishes it from other strictly factual medical works of the time, most notably Ibn Sina's ''[[The Canon of Medicine|Canon of Medicine]]''.<ref name="Pormann2007b" /><br />
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Other important medical texts include al-Baytar's ''Comprehensive Book on Simple Drugs and Foodstuffs''—an encyclopaedia with descriptions of the medical uses of over 1400 plants and other types of medicine—and ibn Habib's ''Book of the Medicine of the Arabs'' (''Kitab tibb al-'arab'')—a historical summary of Arabic medicine until the 9th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic medicine|last=Pormann, Peter E.|date=2007|publisher=Georgetown University Press|others=Savage-Smith, Emilie.|isbn=978-1-58901-160-1|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=53–54|oclc=71581787}}</ref> Ibn Habib's work is significant because it is one of the oldest known writings in the field of [[prophetic medicine]], which uses [[hadith]]s to create Islamic-based medicinal guidelines. His book is also significant because it uses principles of [[Galenic medicine]], such as [[humorism]] and the theory of [[four temperaments]], as the basis of its medical recommendations.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The formation of al-Andalus|date=1998|publisher=Ashgate|author1=Marín, Manuela |author2=Samsó, Julio |author3=Fierro, Ma. Isabel |isbn=0-86078-708-7|location=Aldershot|pages=393–394|oclc=38890783}}</ref><br />
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The ibn Zuhr family played a very important role in the production of Andalusi medical knowledge, as they produced five generations of medical experts, particularly in the fields of dietary sciences and [[Medication|medicaments]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval Islamic medicine|last=Pormann, Peter E.|date=2007|publisher=Georgetown University Press|others=Savage-Smith, Emilie.|isbn=978-1-58901-160-1|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=82; 119|oclc=71581787}}</ref> Abu Marwan ibn Zuhr (d. 1162) is particularly notable, as he wrote the ''Book of Moderation'' (''Kitab al-Iqtisad'')—a treatise on general therapy; the ''Book of Foods'' (''Kitab al-Aghdhiya'')—a manual on foods and regimen which contains guidelines for a healthy life; and the ''Kitab al-Taysir''—a book written to act as a compendium to [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd's]] [[Colliget]]. In ''Kitab al-Taysir'' he provides one of the earliest clinical descriptions of the [[scabies]] mite.<br />
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The Maristan of Granada was founded in 1367 by the Nasrid ruler Muhammad V of Granada and stands as one of the clearest examples of institutional medicine in late al-Andalus. Established as a charitable hospital in the Islamic tradition, it provided care for the sick, including those suffering from mental illness, and was funded through religious endowment. Contemporary sources describe it as a purpose-built structure organised around a central courtyard with water features, reflecting both hygienic and therapeutic concerns. The maristan illustrates the integration of medical practice, urban planning, and social welfare in Nasrid Granada, continuing the broader Andalusi engagement with the classical medical heritage of figures such as Ibn Sina while adapting it to local needs. The maristam has reopened in recent years as a museum for visitors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The bimaristan: How early Islamic hospitals pioneered treatments like eye surgery and music therapy |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/islam-hospitals-bimaristan-pioneered-eye-surgery-music-therapy |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=Middle East Eye |language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Astronomy ===<br />
Three of the most notable Andalusi astronomers were [[Ibn Tufail]] (d. 1185), [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd]] (Averroes; d. 1198), and [[Nur ad-Din al-Bitruji]] (Alpetragius; d. 1204). All lived around the same time and focused their astronomical works on critiquing and revising [[Geocentrism|Ptolemaic astronomy]] and the problem of the [[equant]] in his astronomical model.<ref name="Saliba1994">{{Cite book|title=A history of Arabic astronomy : planetary theories during the golden age of Islam|last=Saliba, George.|date=1994|publisher=New York University Press|isbn=0-8147-8023-7|location=New York|pages=62–63|oclc=35666761}}</ref> Instead, they accepted [[Aristotle]]'s model and promoted the theory of homocentric spheres.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of optical telescopes in astronomy|last=Wall, Wilson|isbn=978-3-319-99088-0|location=Cham, Switzerland|publisher=Springer|pages=9–10|oclc=1060593202|date = October 2018}}</ref><br />
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Al-Bitruji is believed to have studied under Ibn Tufail and Bitruji's ''Book on Cosmology'' (''Kitab fi al-hay'a'') built on Ibn Tufail's work, as well as that of Ibn Rushd, Ibn Bajja, and Maimonides. The book's goal was "to overcome the physical difficulties inherent in the geometrical models of [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Almagest]]'' and to describe the cosmos in agreement with Aristotelian or Neoplatonic physics," which it succeeded in doing to an extent.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Samsó|first=Julio|title=Biṭrūjī: Nūr al-Dīn Abū Isḥāq &#91;Abū Jaҁfar&#93;Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al-Biṭrūjī|chapter=Biṭrūjī: Nūr al-Dīn Abū Isḥāq [Abū Jaҁfar]Ibrāhīm ibn Yūsuf al-Biṭrūjī|date=2007|encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|pages=133–134|editor-last=Hockey|editor-first=Thomas|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_164|isbn=978-0-387-30400-7|editor2-last=Trimble|editor2-first=Virginia|editor3-last=Williams|editor3-first=Thomas R.|editor4-last=Bracher|editor4-first=Katherine}}</ref> Bitruji's book set a precedent of criticising the ''Almagest'' in future works in the field of astronomy.<ref name="Saliba1994" /><br />
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Although Ibn Rushd originally trained and practiced as a jurist, he was exposed to astronomy—possibly through Ibn Tufail—and became a renowned scientist in the field.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Islamic philosophy|author1=Nasr, Seyyed Hossein |author2=Leaman, Oliver |isbn=978-0-203-82459-7|location=London|publisher=Routledge|pages=330–343|oclc=1081429768}}</ref> His most popular work was his ''Summary of the Almagest'', but he also published shorter works discussing Aristotle's planetary theories.<ref>{{Citation|last=Forcada|first=Miquel|title=Ibn Rushd: Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd |date=2007|encyclopedia=The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|pages=564–565|editor-last=Hockey|editor-first=Thomas|publisher=Springer New York|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-0-387-30400-7_687|isbn=978-0-387-30400-7|editor2-last=Trimble|editor2-first=Virginia|editor3-last=Williams|editor3-first=Thomas R.|editor4-last=Bracher|editor4-first=Katherine}}</ref> Ibn Rushd published writings on philosophy, theology, and medicine throughout his life too, including commentaries on the works of Ibn Sina.<ref name="Bakar2006" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tbakhi Abdelghani|last2=Amr Samir S.|date=March 1, 2008|title=Ibn Rushd (Averroës): Prince of Science|journal=Annals of Saudi Medicine|volume=28|issue=2|pages=145–147|doi=10.5144/0256-4947.2008.145|pmc=6074522|pmid=18398288}}</ref><br />
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In addition to writing the important ''Book of the Medicine of the Arabs'', Ibn Habib also wrote the ''Book on Stars'' (''Kirab fi l-nujim''). This book included important "teachings on the lunar mansions, the signs of the zodiac, [and] the division of the seasons."<ref>{{Cite book|title=The formation of al-Andalus|date=1998|publisher=Ashgate|author1=Marín, Manuela |author2=Samsó, Julio |author3=Fierro, Ma. Isabel |isbn=0-86078-708-7|location=Aldershot|pages=277|oclc=38890783}}</ref> In these teachings, Ibn-Habib calculated the phases of the moon and dates of the annual solstices and equinoxes with relative accuracy.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The formation of al-Andalus|date=1998|publisher=Ashgate|author1=Marín, Manuela |author2=Samsó, Julio |author3=Fierro, Ma. Isabel |isbn=0-86078-708-7|location=Aldershot|pages=277–281|oclc=38890783}}</ref><br />
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Another important astronomer from al-Andalus was [[Maslama al-Majriti]] (d. 1007), who played a role in translating and writing about Ptolemy's ''[[Planisphaerium]]'' and ''Almagest''. He built on the work of older astronomers, like [[Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi]], whose astronomical tables he wrote a discussion on and subsequently improved.<br />
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[[Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī|Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali]] (d. 1087) had many influential astronomical successes, as shown by [[Copernicus]]'s recognition of him in his ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres]]'' five centuries later. Along with other astronomers, he undertook extensive work to edit the [[Toledan Tables|Toledan Zij]] astronomical tables. He also accurately calculated the motion of the solar apogee to be 12.04 seconds per year, which is relatively close to today's calculation of 11.8 seconds per year.<ref name="Bakar2006" /><br />
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=== Agronomy ===<br />
Other important scientific advances in al-Andalus occurred in the field of [[agronomy]]. These advances were in part facilitated by technological innovations in irrigation systems. State organised, large-scale irrigation projects provided water to city baths, mosques, gardens, residential homes, and governing palaces, such as the [[Alhambra|al-Hambra]] and its gardens in Granada. Collective, peasant-built irrigation infrastructure also played an important role, especially in agriculture. Many of these irrigation techniques, especially those utilised by peasants, were brought to al-Andalus by migrating [[Berbers|Berber]] and Arab tribes. Although some irrigation projects built on existing [[Roman Empire|Roman]] infrastructure, most of al-Andalus's irrigation systems were new projects built separate from old Roman aqueducts. However, there is some debate about this among scholars.<ref name="Abate2018">{{Cite book|title=Convivencia and Medieval Spain: Convivencia and Medieval Spain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R_d5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |isbn=978-3-319-96481-2|location=Cham|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|pages=66–83|oclc=1066115111|last1 = Abate|first1 = Mark T.|date = November 14, 2018}}</ref><br />
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One notable [[Agriculturist|agriculturalist]] was [[Ibn al-'Awwam]], who wrote the ''Book of Agriculture''. This book contains 34 chapters about various aspects of agriculture and animal husbandry, including discussions of over 580 different types of plants and how to treat plant diseases.<ref name="Bakar2006" /><br />
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Other agronomic innovations in al-Andalus include the cultivation of the pomegranate from Syria, which has since become the namesake and ubiquitous symbol of the city of Granada, as well as the first attempt to create a botanical garden near Córdoba by '[[Abd al-Rahman I]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The formation of al-Andalus|date=1998|publisher=Ashgate |author1=Marín, Manuela |author2=Samsó, Julio |author3=Fierro, Ma. Isabel |isbn=0-86078-708-7|location=Aldershot|pages=xxxviii|oclc=38890783}}</ref><br />
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==Culture==<br />
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===Society===<br />
{{See also|Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus|La Convivencia|Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain|Mozarabs}}<br />
[[File:Geschichte_des_Kostüms_(1905)_(14784104832).jpg|thumb|Clothing of al-Andalus in the 15th century, during the [[Emirate of Granada]] ]]<br />
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The society of al-Andalus was made up of three main religious groups: Muslims, Christians, and Jews. The Muslims, although united on the religious level, had several ethnic divisions, the main being the distinction between the Arabs and the [[Berbers]]. The Arab elite regarded non-Arab Muslims as second-class citizens; and they were particularly scornful of the Berbers.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC |title=Moorish Spain |last2=Fletcher |first2=Richard A. |date=2006 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520248403 |page=27 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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The ethnic structure of al-Andalus consisted of Arabs at the top of the social scale followed by, in descending order, Berbers, Muladies, [[Mozarabes]], and Jews.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruiz |first=Ana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5pseHOJuX_8C |title=Medina Mayrit: The Origins of Madrid |date=2012 |publisher=Algora Publishing |isbn=9780875869261 |page=57 |language=en}}</ref> Each of these communities inhabited distinct neighbourhoods in the cities. In the 10th century a massive conversion of Christians took place, and ''muladies'' formed the majority of Muslims.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} The Muwalladun had spoken in the local [[Romance languages|Romance]] dialects of Latin collectively called [[Andalusi Romance]] or [[Mozarabic language|''Mozarabic'']] while increasingly adopting the Arabic language, which eventually evolved into the [[Andalusi Arabic]] in which Muslims, Jews, and Christians became monolingual in the last surviving Muslim state in the Iberian Peninsula, the Emirate of Granada (1230–1492). [[Thomas Glick]] claims that Muladies, together with other Muslims, comprised eighty per cent of the population of al-Andalus by 1100.{{sfn|Glick|1999|loc=Chapter 5: Ethnic Relations}}<ref>"The rate of conversion is slow until the tenth century (less than one-quarter of the eventual total number of converts had been converted); the explosive period coincides closely with the reign of 'Abd al-Rahmdn III (912–961); the process is completed (eighty per cent converted) by around 1100. The curve, moreover, makes possible a reasonable estimate of the religious distribution of the population. Assuming that there were seven million Hispano-Romans in the peninsula in 711 and that the numbers of this segment of the population remained level through the eleventh century (with population growth balancing out Christian migration to the north), then by 912 there would have been approximately 2.8 million indigenous Muslims (muwalladûn) plus Arabs and Berbers. At this point Christians still vastly outnumbered Muslims. By 1100, however, the number of indigenous Muslims would have risen to a majority of 5.6 million.", (Glick 1999, Chapter 1: At the crossroads of civilization)</ref> [[Mozarab]]s were Christians who had long lived under Muslim and Arab rule, adopting many Arab customs, [[Mozarabic art and architecture|art and architecture]], and words, while still maintaining their Christian and [[Mozarabic Rite|Latin rituals]] and their own [[Mozarab language|Romance languages]].{{Sfn|Bennison|2016|p=166}}<br />
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[[File:ChristianAndMuslimPlayingChess-cropped2.jpg|left|thumb|A Christian and a Muslim play chess in 13th-century al-Andalus.]]<br />
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The Jewish population worked mainly as tax collectors, in [[trade]], or as doctors or ambassadors. At the end of the 15th century there were about 50,000 [[Jews]] in Granada and roughly 100,000 in the whole of Islamic Iberia,<ref>Wasserstein, 1995, p. 101.</ref> which had been reduced to the territory of the [[Emirate of Granada]].<br />
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Non-Muslims were given the status of ''[[Dhimmi|ahl al-dhimma]]'' (people under protection), with adult men paying a "[[Jizya]]" tax equal to one dinar per year with exemptions for the elderly and the disabled. Those who were neither Christians nor Jews, such as pagans, were given the status of ''[[Majus]]''.<ref>Jayyusi. ''The legacy of Muslim Spain''.</ref> The treatment of non-Muslims in the Caliphate has been a subject of considerable debate among scholars and commentators, especially those interested in drawing parallels to the co-existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Cohen|first=Mark R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fgbib5exskUC|title=Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780691010823|access-date=November 24, 2012}}</ref><br />
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[[History of the Jews in Spain|Jews]] constituted more than five per cent of the population.<ref>{{Citation|title=Spain&nbsp;– Al Andalus|url=http://countrystudies.us/spain/5.htm|website = Country Studies US }}</ref> Al-Andalus was a key centre of Jewish life during the early [[Middle Ages]], produced important scholars and was one of the most stable and wealthy Jewish communities.<br />
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[[File:Andalus cantor.JPG|thumb|Image of a Jewish [[Hazzan|cantor]] reading the [[Passover]] story in al-Andalus, from a 14th-century Spanish [[Haggadah]]]]<br />
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The longest period of relative tolerance began after 912, with the reign of [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] and his son, [[Al-Hakam II]], and the Jews of al-Andalus prospered by devoting themselves to the service of the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]], the study of the sciences, and to commerce and industry, especially by trading in [[silk]] and [[slavery|slaves]], which thus promoted the prosperity of the country. Southern Iberia became an asylum for the oppressed Jews of other countries.<ref>Stavans, 2003, p. 10.</ref><ref>Kraemer, 2005, pp. 10–13.</ref><br />
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Under the [[Almoravids]] and the [[Almohads]], there may have been intermittent persecution of Jews,<ref>O'Callaghan, 1975, p. 286.</ref> but sources are extremely scarce and do not give a clear picture though the situation appears to have deteriorated after 1160.<ref>Roth, 1994, pp. 113–116.</ref> Muslim [[pogroms]] against Jews in al-Andalus occurred in Córdoba (1011) and [[1066 Granada massacre|in Granada]] (1066).<ref name="Schweitzer267-268">Schweitzer, Frederick M.; Marvin Perry. ''Anti-Semitism: myth and hate from antiquity to the present'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, {{ISBN|0-312-16561-7}}, pp. 267–268.</ref><ref>[http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=412&letter=G&search=Granada Granada] by Richard Gottheil, Meyer Kayserling, ''[[Jewish Encyclopedia]]''. 1906 ed.</ref><ref>Harzig, Hoerder and Shubert, 2003, p. 42.</ref> However, massacres of ''[[dhimmis]]'' are believed to be rare in [[Islamic history]].<ref name="BL45">{{Citation|last=Lewis|first=Bernard|title=The Jews of Islam|pages=44–45|year=1987|orig-year=1984|location=[[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, N.J.]]|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-00807-3|lccn=84042575|oclc=17588445|author-link=Bernard Lewis}}</ref><br />
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The Almohads, who had taken control of the Almoravids' Maghribi and Andalusi territories by 1147,<ref name="islamicworldeb">[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-26925 "Islamic world". (2007). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.] ''Encyclopædia Britannica Online''. Retrieved September 2, 2007.</ref> far surpassed the [[Almoravides]] in fundamentalist outlook, and treated the non-Muslims harshly. Faced with the choice of either death or conversion, many Jews and Christians emigrated.<ref name="frank">Frank and Leaman, 2003, pp. 137–138.</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=The Almohads|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213223723/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/history_community/Medieval/IntergroupTO/JewishMuslim/Almohads.htm|archive-date=February 13, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> Some, such as the family of [[Maimonides]], fled east to more tolerant Muslim lands.<ref name="frank" /><br />
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Many ethnicities and religions co-existed in al-Andalus, each of which contributed to its intellectual prosperity. Literacy in Islamic Iberia was far more widespread than in many other nations in the West of the time.<ref>Previte-Orton (1971), vol. 1, p. 377.</ref><br />
[[File:MoorsinIberia.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the Moors in Iberia, from ''[[Cantigas de Santa Maria|The Cantigas de Santa Maria]]'']]<br />
Though the number of the early inhabitants of al-Andalus after the 7th-century conquest was small, many native Iberian inhabitants converted to Islam, known as ''[[Muwalladun]]'' in Arabic or ''Muladíes'' in Spanish. By 1000, according to [[Ronald Segal]], some 5,000,000 of Iberia's 7,000,000 inhabitants, most of them descended from indigenous Iberian converts, were Muslim. There were also [[Black people|Sub-Saharan Africans]] who had been absorbed into al-Andalus to be used as soldiers and [[Muslim slave trade|slaves]]. The Berber and Sub-Saharan African soldiers were known as "tangerines" because they were imported through [[Tangier]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Richard A. Fletcher |author-link=Richard A. Fletcher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wrMG-LfuU7oC |title=Moorish Spain |date=May 5, 2006 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=9780520248403 |page=61}}</ref><ref>Ronald Segal, ''Islam's Black Slaves'' (2003), Atlantic Books, {{ISBN|1-903809-81-9}}</ref><br />
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In the 11th century, the [[Arabic numeral system|Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] (base 10) had reached Europe via al-Andalus through Spanish Muslims, together with knowledge of astronomy and instruments like the [[astrolabe]], which was first imported by [[Pope Sylvester II|Gerbert of Aurillac]]. For that reason, the numerals came to be known in Europe as [[Arabic numerals]] despite their origins in India.<br />
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From the earliest days, the Umayyads wanted to be seen as intellectual rivals to the Abbasids and for Córdoba to have libraries and educational institutions to that of their rival, [[Baghdad]]. Although there was a clear rivalry between the two powers, there was freedom to travel between the two caliphates,{{citation needed|date=November 2015}} which helped spread new ideas and innovations over time.<br />
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===Language===<br />
[[Multilingualism]], [[language contact]], and [[code-switching]] were important features of the shifting linguistic landscape in al-Andalus, which included [[Arabic]], in vernacular [[Andalusi Arabic]] and formal [[Classical Arabic]] registers, vernacular [[Andalusi Romance]] and formal [[Latin]], [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], and {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|al-lisān al-gharbī}} or [[Berber languages|Berber]].<ref name=":103">{{Cite book |last1=López-Morillas |first1=Consuelo |title=The literature of Al-Andalus |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-17787-0 |editor-last=Menocal |editor-first=María Rosa |chapter=Language |oclc=819159086 |editor-last2=Scheindlin |editor-first2=Raymond P. |editor-last3=Sells |editor-first3=Michael}}</ref> Multilingual households were an attested phenomenon.<ref name=":103"/><br />
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Initially, most of the population spoke [[Romance languages|Romance dialects]]. The [[Western Romance languages|dialects of Iberian Romance]] that were spoken in al-Andalus are collectively referred to as [[Andalusi Romance]] or Mozarabic.<ref name=":103"/> What is hypothesised about these dialects is based on [[Andalusi Romance#Archival record|sparse evidence]], including Romance topographical and personal names and the ''[[kharja]]s'' of some [[Muwashshah|''{{Transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|DIN|muwaššaḥ}}'']] poetry.<ref name=":103"/><br />
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Arabic arrived with the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Umayyad conquest of Hispania]] in 711 and [[Arabization|spread]] gradually over the following centuries, primarily through [[conversion to Islam]].<ref name=":103"/> Arabic in al-Andalus became the language of administration and of literature<ref name=":052222">{{Cite book |last=García Sanjuán |first=Alejandro |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three |publisher=Brill |year=2017 |isbn=9789004161658 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |location= |pages= |language=en |chapter=al- Andalus, political history |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}</ref> and a "vehicle for a higher culture, a literate and literary civilization."<ref name=":103"/> It was widely adopted by the end of the 9th century, even among Andalusi Christians{{Sfn|Catlos|2018|p=104}} and Jews, who wrote Arabic in [[Hebrew alphabet|Hebrew letters]] but did not have a distinct dialect.<ref name=":103"/> The [[vernacular]] varieties of Arabic spoken in al-Andalus, referred to as [[Andalusi Arabic]], were [[Maghrebi Arabic]] dialects influenced by their contact with Romance, just as [[Influence of Arabic on Spanish|Arabic influenced Spanish]].<ref name=":103"/> By about 1260, following the [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohad]] period, most Christians had migrated to the north and Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the [[Emirate of Granada]], in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have largely disappeared.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bulliet |first=Richard W. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4159/harvard.9780674732810 |title=Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period |date=December 31, 1979 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-0-674-73280-3 |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674732810}} ''Cited in'' {{Citation |last=Morillas |first=Consuelo López |title=Language |date=August 31, 2000 |work=The Literature of Al-Andalus |pages=31–59 |editor-last=Menocal |editor-first=María Rosa |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781139177870A009/type/book_part |access-date=February 17, 2023 |edition=1 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521471596.004 |isbn=978-0-521-47159-6 |editor2-last=Scheindlin |editor2-first=Raymond P. |editor3-last=Sells |editor3-first=Michael|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |year=2009 |title=Cyrille; Mayte PENELAS y Philippe ROISSE (eds.) (Madrid, 2008), ¿Existe una identidad mozárabe? Historia, lengua y cultura de los cristianos de al-Andalus (siglos IX-XII) |url=https://gredos.usal.es/bitstream/handle/10366/100529/%C2%AB%C2%BFExiste_una_identidad_mozarabe%3F_Histori.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=Studia Histórica. Historia Nedieval |publisher=[[University of Salamanca|Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca]] |volume=27}}</ref><br />
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The literary traditions of Hebrew—which was used for prayer and ceremonial writings, but not for oral communication—experienced a revolution through contact with Arabic and its literary traditions. Consuelo López Morillas writes that Jews in al-Andalus "wrote Hebrew poetry using Arabic prosodic models and adopted nearly the entire range of Arabic poetic genres and stylistic devices in Hebrew," looking to [[Biblical Hebrew]] as a source for literary expression as Muslims looked to Quranic Arabic.<ref name=":103"/><br />
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[[Berber languages]], referred to in contemporary sources as {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|[[Lisan al-Gharbi|al-lisān al-gharbī]]}} ({{Lang|ar|اللسان الغربي}}, Arabic for 'the western tongue'), were especially present in periods of Berber rule, particularly under the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]]<ref name=":0" /> and [[Almohad Caliphate|Almohads]].<ref name=":032">{{Citation |last1=Jones |first1=Linda G. |title=The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar |date=January 1, 2013 |work=Spanning the Strait |pages=71–101 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004256644_004 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |publisher=BRILL |doi=10.1163/9789004256644_004 |isbn=9789004256644|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":103"/> Under Almohad rule, it was compulsory to deliver the [[Khutbah|''khuṭba'']] (sermon) at [[Friday prayer]] in Arabic and {{Transliteration|engvar=gb|ar|al-lisān al-gharbī}}.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Linda G. |url= |title=Spanning the Strait: Studies in Unity in the Western Mediterranean |publisher=Brill |year=2013 |isbn=978-90-04-25664-4 |editor-last=Liang |editor-first=Yuen-Gen |pages=76–80 |language=en |chapter=The Preaching of the Almohads: Loyalty and Resistance across the Strait of Gibraltar |editor-last2=Balbale |editor-first2=Abigail |editor-last3=Devereux |editor-first3=Andrew |editor-last4=Gómez-Rivas |editor-first4=Camilo |chapter-url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789004256644/B9789004256644_004.xml}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Literature and poetry===<br />
{{Main|Literature of al-Andalus}}<br />
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In al-Andalus, there are 11,831 known scholars who were active and 13,730 known works that were written or transmitted from the eighth to fifteenth centuries.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |last=Fierro |first=Maribel |title=The "Bestsellers" of al-Andalus |date=2021 |work=Artistic and Cultural Dialogues in the Late Medieval Mediterranean |series=Mediterranean Perspectives |pages=31–56 |editor-last=Marcos Cobaleda |editor-first=María |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-53366-3_2 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-53366-3_2 |isbn=978-3-030-53366-3|hdl=10261/226645 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Of these scholars, those who are well known and remembered in the West, such as [[Averroes|Ibn Rushd]], [[Ibn Hazm]], or [[Ibn Arabi]], are not necessarily the same scholars that are remembered in Islamic culture, such as [[Ibn 'Abd al-Barr|Abū ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-Barr]], [[Abu al-Walid al-Baji|Abū l-Walīd al-Bājī]], [[Ibn 'Atiyya|Ibn ʿAtịyya]], [[Ibn al-Arif|Ibn al-ʿArīf]], or [[Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi|Abū Isḥāq aš-Šāṭibī]].<ref name=":2" /><br />
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Poetry was considered the prime literary genre in Arabic.<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last1=Menocal |first1=María Rosa |title=The literature of al-Andalus |last2=Scheindlin |first2=Raymond P. |last3=Sells |first3=Micheal |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-17787-0 |oclc=819159086}}</ref> Traditional [[Arabic prosody|forms]] of [[Arabic poetry]] from the [[Mashriq]], or Muslim East, especially the [[monometer]], [[monorhyme]] ''[[Qasida|qaṣīda]]'' and the [[Prosimetrum|prosimetric]] [[Maqama|''maqāma'']], were adopted in al-Andalus.<ref name=":4">{{Citation |last=Reynolds |first=Dwight F. |title=Rhyme in Arabic Oral Poetry |date=2022 |work=Rhyme and Rhyming in Verbal Art, Language, and Song |volume=14 |pages=47–62 |editor-last=Sykäri |editor-first=Venla |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv371cp40.5 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |publisher=Finnish Literature Society |jstor=j.ctv371cp40.5 |isbn=978-951-858-587-2 |editor2-last=Fabb |editor2-first=Nigel}}</ref> The major Andalusi innovation in poetry was the '[[rhyme revolution]]' embodied in the 10th-11th century [[Strophic form|strophic]] song form called the ''[[Muwashshah|muwaššaḥ]]'' ('girdled'; pl. ''muwaššaḥāt'').<ref name=":4" /> The ''muwaššaḥ'' features a complex rhyme scheme usually containing five ''aghsān'' ('branches'; sing. ''ghusn''), with uniform rhyme within each strophe, interspersed with ''asmāṭ'' ('threads for stringing pearls'; sing. ''simṭ'') with common rhyme throughout the song, as well as a terminal ''[[kharja]]'', the song's final ''simṭ'', which could be in a different language.<ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Rosen |first=Tova |title=The muwashshah |date=August 31, 2000 |work=The Literature of Al-Andalus |pages=163–189 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/chol9780521471596.010 |access-date=June 16, 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/chol9780521471596.010 |isbn=978-0-521-47159-6|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Andalusi ''[[zajal]]'' was strophic poetry in [[Andalusi Arabic|Andalusi vernacular Arabic]], usually associated with [[Ibn Quzman]].<ref name=":10" /> Andalusi strophic poetry had an impact on poetic expression in Western Europe, especially the [[Occitan literature|Old Occitan/Provençal]] [[Lyric poetry|lyric]] of the [[troubadour]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menocal |first=María Rosa |date=1981 |title=Close Encounters in Medieval Provence: Spain's Role in the Birth of Troubadour Poetry |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/472655 |journal=Hispanic Review |volume=49 |issue=1 |pages=43–64 |doi=10.2307/472655 |jstor=472655 |issn=0018-2176|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and in the wider Muslim world.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqUuxgEc9G0C&q=978-90-04-13822-3 |title=Muwaššah, Zajal, Kharja: Bibliography of Eleven Centuries of Strophic Poetry and Music from Al-Andalus and Their Influence on East and West |date=January 2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13822-3}}</ref> [[File:Hadith Bayad wa Riyad.jpg|thumb|Lute song in a garden for a noble lady. 13th century manuscript from Andalusi ''[[Hadith Bayad wa Riyad]]''.]]<br />
''[[Rithā' al-Andalus]]'' is considered the most significant of a series of poems that were written in the classical tradition of ''[[rithā']]'' (which denotes both lamentation and a literary genre in itself<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=BRILL |year=1989 |isbn=9004090827 |volume=6 |page=603}}</ref>) by Andalusi poets who had taken inspiration from the fall of Andalusi cities and territories.<ref name="EI 606">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=Clifford Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tPsUAAAAIAAJ |title=The Encyclopedia of Islam |publisher=BRILL |year=1989 |isbn=9004090827 |volume=6 |page=606}}</ref> [[Jewish poetry from Al-Andalus]] also developed, mostly but not exclusively in [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], with significant consonance with Arabic poetry in both theme and form.<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Beeston, A. F. L. |title=The Cambridge history of Arabic literature. the literature of Al-Andalus |author2=Ashtiany, Julia |author3=Badawi, M. M. |author4=Menocal, María Rosa |author5=Scheindlin, Raymond P. |author6=Sells, Michael |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-24015-8 |chapter=The Languages of al-Andalus Between the Arrival of the Muslims and the Reconquista: Jews |oclc=929473299}}</ref><ref>Sarah Stroumsa, ''Andalus and Sefarad'', 2019, page 86.</ref><br />
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One specialist of al-Andalus' intellectual history, Maria Luisa Avila, says that "[[Biographical dictionary|biographical dictionaries]] have recorded information about thousands of distinguished people in every period from al-Andalus, who were “cultivators of knowledge”'','' particularly in the legal-religious sciences as well as authors", and that "the exact number of scholars which appears in the biographical sources has not been established yet, but it surely exceeds six thousand."<ref>Maria Luisa Avila, "Women in Andalusi Biographical Sources" in Randi Deguilhem/Manuela Marin (ed.), ''Writing the Feminine: Women in Arab Sources'', I.B.Tauris (2002), p. 152.</ref> It has been estimated that in the 10th century between 70,000 and 80,000 manuscripts were copied on a yearly basis in Córdoba alone.<ref>Roman, Stephan (1990). ''The development of Islamic library collections in Western Europe and North America'', Mansell Publishing, p. x.</ref><br />
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===Music===<br />
{{Main|Andalusi classical music}}<br />
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[[File:Flautista (26465295758).jpg|thumb|Fragment of the dome of the [[Royal Monastery of Saint Clare|palace of ibn Mardanīsh]] in Murcia displaying a female figure playing a wind instrument, the [[mizmar (instrument)|mizmar]].<ref>{{Cite web|website=[[Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|CSIC]]|title=Fragmento de adaraja con flautista|url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/19586/1/fragmentoadarajaflautista.pdf|access-date=November 19, 2025}}</ref>]]<br />
The [[Andalusi music|music of al-Andalus]] is part of an influential musical tradition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Aramco World : Listening for Al-Andalus |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201104/listening.for.al-andalus.htm |access-date=August 14, 2020 |website=archive.aramcoworld.com}}</ref> [[Ziryab]], a poet and musician, who came from the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] Caliphate and arrived in Córdoba in 822, played a role in Andalusi music as well as other aspects of Andalusi culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lebbady, H. |title=Feminist traditions in andalusi-moroccan oral narratives. |date=2014 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=978-1-349-38217-0 |oclc=951516389}}</ref> Poetic forms such as the ''[[muwashshah]]'' and its ''[[kharja]]'', the [[Andalusi nubah|''nawba'']], and the ''[[zajal]]'' are prominent in Andalusi music.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Glasser |first=Jonathan |title=The lost paradise : Andalusi music in urban North Africa |date=April 8, 2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-32706-8 |oclc=912872749}}</ref><br />
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===Philosophy===<br />
====Al-Andalus philosophy====<br />
{{See also|Early Islamic philosophy|Sufism in al-Andalus}}<br />
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The historian [[Said al-Andalusi|Said al-Andalus]] wrote that Caliph [[Abd-ar-Rahman III]] had collected libraries of books and granted patronage to scholars of [[medicine]] and "ancient sciences". Later, ''al-Mustansir'' ([[Al-Hakam II]]) went yet further, building a university and libraries in Córdoba.<ref name="Hamerly2017">{{cite book |last1=Hamerly |first1=Don |title=Libraries - Traditions and Innovations: Papers from the Library History Seminar XIII |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |year=2017 |isbn=978-3-11-045084-2 |editor1-last=Kimball |editor1-first=Melanie A. |chapter=The Córdovan Library of Caliph al-Hakam II |editor2-last=Wisser |editor2-first=Katherine M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2vNDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4}}</ref> Córdoba became one of the world's leading centres of medicine and philosophical debate.<br />
[[File:Averroes (3701015945).jpg|left|thumb|[[Averroes]], founder of the [[Averroism]] school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of [[Secularism|secular thought]] in [[Western Europe]]. Statue of Averroes in Córdoba.]]<br />
When Al-Hakam's son [[Hisham II]] took over, real power was ceded to the ''hajib'', [[al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir]]. Al-Mansur was a distinctly religious man and disapproved of the sciences of astronomy, [[logic]], and especially of [[astrology]], so much so that many books on these subjects, which had been preserved and collected at great expense by [[Al-Hakam II]], were [[Book burning|burned publicly]]. With Al-Mansur's death in 1002, interest in philosophy revived. Numerous scholars emerged, including Abu Uthman Ibn Fathun, whose masterwork was the philosophical treatise "Tree of Wisdom". [[Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti]] (died 1008) was an outstanding scholar in astronomy and astrology; he was an intrepid traveller who journeyed all over the Islamic world and beyond and kept in touch with the [[Brethren of Purity]]. He is said to have brought the 51 "[[Epistles of the Brethren of Purity]]" to ''al-Andalus'' and added the compendium to this work, although it is quite possible that it was added later by another scholar with the name al-Majriti. Another book attributed to al-Majriti is the ''[[Picatrix|Ghayat al-Hakim]]'', "The Aim of the Sage", which explored a synthesis of [[Platonism]] with [[Hermes Trismegistus|Hermetic philosophy]]. Its use of incantations led the book to be widely dismissed in later years, although the [[Sufi]] communities continued to study it.<br />
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A prominent follower of al-Majriti was the philosopher and geometer [[Abu al-Hakam al-Kirmani]] who was followed, in turn, by Abu Bakr Ibn al-Sayigh, usually known in the Arab world as [[Ibn Bajjah]], "[[Avempace]]".<br />
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The al-Andalus philosopher [[Averroes]] (1126–1198) was the founder of the [[Averroism]] school of philosophy, and his works and commentaries influenced medieval thought in Western Europe.<ref name="Hasse">{{cite web |last1=Hasse |first1=Dag Nikolaus |date=2021 |title=Influence of Arabic and Islamic Philosophy on the Latin West |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/arabic-islamic-influence/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref> Another influential al-Andalus philosopher was [[Ibn Tufail]].<br />
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====Jewish philosophy and culture====<br />
{{Main|Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain}}<br />
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[[File:Maimonides Memorial-Córdoba.jpg|thumb|Memorial to [[Maimonides]] in Córdoba]]<br />
As [[History of the Jews in Iraq#Babylonia as the centre of Judaism|Jewish thought in Babylonia]] declined, the tolerance of ''al-Andalus'' made it the new centre of Jewish intellectual endeavours. Poets and commentators like [[Judah Halevi]] (1086–1145) and [[Dunash ben Labrat]] (920–990) contributed to the cultural life of ''al-Andalus'', but the area was even more important to the development of Jewish philosophy. A stream of Jewish philosophers, cross-fertilising with Muslim philosophers (see [[joint Jewish and Islamic philosophies]]), culminated with the widely celebrated Jewish thinker of the Middle Ages, [[Maimonides]] (1135–1205), though he did not actually do any of his work in ''al-Andalus'', his family having fled persecution by the [[Almohad dynasty|Almohads]] around 1159.<ref name="Hurvitz2020">{{cite book |last1=Hurvitz |first1=Nimrod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RQMEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |title=Conversion to Islam in the Premodern Age: A Sourcebook |date=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-96910-0 |page=215 |quote=He and his family had left their native town of Córdoba around 554/1159 to escape persecution by the Almohads, who had recently conquered al-Andalus and replaced the ruling Almoravid dynasty. After fleeing Córdoba, Maimonides settled in Fez but fled persecution again in 560/1165, moving first to Palestine and finally to Fusṭāṭ, near Cairo, where he would remain.}}</ref><br />
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In al-Andalus, Jews played a significant role in the medical sphere and achieved prominence as physicians. [[Hasdai ibn Shaprut]], a Jewish court official and physician in 10th-century Córdoba, was involved in the Arabic translation of [[Dioscorides]]' ''[[Materia medica|Materia Medica]]'', collaborating with both Christian and Muslim scholars.<ref name=":33">{{Citation |last1=Ferrario |first1=Gabriele |title=Science and Medicine |date=2021 |work=The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 5: Jews in the Medieval Islamic World |volume=5 |pages=844–851 |editor-last=Lieberman |editor-first=Phillip I. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-judaism/science-and-medicine/AC6F034D01994F6501EA22A2B0558C76 |access-date=July 14, 2025 |series=The Cambridge History of Judaism |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-51717-1 |last2=Kozodoy |first2=Maud}}</ref> In 11th-century Zaragoza, [[Jonah ibn Janah]] authored a pharmacological treatise that provided multilingual drug names and detailed discussions of weights and measures used in medicine.<ref name=":33" /> His contemporary, Jonah ibn Biklārish, compiled a medical dictionary for Zaragoza's rulers, presenting materia medica in tabular form across several languages, including Syriac, Persian, Greek, Latin, and Spanish.<ref name=":33" /> According to historian Y. Tzvi Langermann, Andalusian medicine evolved distinctive characteristics and, by the 11th century, increasingly shifted away from eastern Islamic models in favour of closer ties with North African traditions.<ref name=":33" /> The influence of Andalusian medicine is evident in later Jewish figures such as [[Maimonides]] (1135–1204), whose teachers were trained in this tradition and who himself adopted its emphasis on holistic, [[Galen]]ic approaches to care.<ref name=":33" /><br />
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===Art and architecture===<br />
{{Main|Moorish architecture|Mudéjar art}}<br />
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[[File:Great Mosque of Córdoba (Spain).jpg|thumb|A section of the hypostyle hall in the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba]], begun in 785]]<br />
In Córdoba, [[Abd al-Rahman I|Abd ar-Rahman I]] built the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Great Mosque of Córdoba]] in 785. It was expanded multiple times up until the 10th century, and after the Reconquista it was converted into a Catholic cathedral. Its key features include a [[hypostyle]] hall with marble columns supporting [[two-tiered arch]]es, a [[Horseshoe arch|horseshoe-arch]] [[mihrab]], ribbed domes, a courtyard (''[[sahn]]'') with gardens, and a [[minaret]] (later converted into a [[bell tower]]).<ref name="Bloom2020">{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1 |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780300218701 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=17–21, 61–79}}<ref name="Ruggles2011">{{Cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=848k_veh0IkC&q=generalife&pg=PA155 |title=Islamic Gardens and Landscapes |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780812207286 |location= |pages=90–93}}</ref> Abd ar-Rahman III, at the height of his power, began construction of [[Madinat al-Zahra]], a luxurious palace-city to serve as a new capital.<ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|pages=51–58}} The Umayyads also reconstructed the [[Roman bridge of Córdoba|Roman-era bridge]] over the Guadalquivir River in Córdoba, while the Almohads later added the [[Calahorra Tower]] to the bridge.<ref name="Barrucand1992" />{{Rp|pages=39, 45, 101, 137}} The [[Mosque of Cristo de la Luz|Bab al-Mardum Mosque]] (later converted to a church) in Toledo is a well-preserved example of a small neighbourhood mosque built at the end of the Caliphate period.<ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|page=79}}<br />
[[File:Spagna, cordoba, pisside col nome di al-mughina, avorio, X sec. 04.JPG|left|upright=.7|thumb|The [[Pyxis of al-Mughira]], a carved ivory casket made at [[Madinat al-Zahra]], dated to 968]]<br />
The official workshops of the Caliphate, such as those at [[Madinat al-Zahra]], produced luxury goods for use at court or as gifts for guests, allies, and diplomats, which stimulated artistic production. Many objects produced in the caliph's workshops later made their way into the collections of museums and Christian cathedrals in Europe.{{Sfn|Catlos|2018|pp=139–141}} Among the most famous objects of this period are ivory boxes which are carved with vegetal, [[Figurative art|figurative]], and epigraphic motifs. Notable surviving examples include the [[Pyxis of al-Mughira]], the [[Pyxis of Zamora]], and the [[Leyre Casket]].<ref name="BloomBlair2009">{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&pg=RA1-PA332 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780195309911 |editor-last=Bloom |editor-first=Jonathan M. |location= |page=332 |chapter=Córdoba |editor-last2=Blair |editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref name="Met1992">{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain |title=Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |year=1992 |isbn=0870996371 |editor-last=Dodds |editor-first=Jerrilynn D. |location=New York}}</ref><br />
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During the Taifas period, art and culture continued to flourish despite the political fragmentation of al-Andalus. The [[Aljafería|Aljaferia Palace]] of Zaragoza is the most significant palace preserved from this period, featuring complex ornamental [[Arcade (architecture)|arcades]] and [[stucco]] decoration. In other cities, a number of important palaces or fortresses were begun or expanded by local dynasties such as the [[Alcazaba of Málaga]] and the [[Alcazaba of Almería]]. Other examples of architecture from around this period include the [[El Bañuelo|Bañuelo]] of Granada, an [[Hammam|Islamic bathhouse]].<ref name="Barrucand1992">{{Cite book |last1=Barrucand |first1=Marianne |title=Moorish architecture in Andalusia |last2=Bednorz |first2=Achim |publisher=Taschen |year=1992 |isbn=3822876348}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=116–128}}[[File:La Giralda, Seville, Spain - Sep 2009.jpg|thumb|The [[Giralda]] of Seville, originally built by the Almohads, is a prime example of Andalusi architecture.]]<br />
In Seville, Almohad rulers built the Great Mosque of Seville (later transformed into the [[Seville Cathedral|Cathedral of Seville]]), which consisted of a hypostyle prayer hall, a courtyard (now known as the ''Patio de los Naranjos'' or Court of Oranges), and a massive minaret tower now known as the [[Giralda]]. The minaret was later expanded after being converted into a bell tower for the current cathedral.<ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|pages=130–133}} Almohad architecture promoted new forms and decorative designs such as the [[multifoil arch]] and the [[sebka]] motif, probably influenced by the Caliphate-period architecture of Córdoba.<ref name="Marçais1954">{{Cite book |last=Marçais |first=Georges |title=L'architecture musulmane d'Occident |publisher=Arts et métiers graphiques |year=1954 |location=Paris |language=fr}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=232–234, 257–258}}<br />
[[File:Granada's sunset.jpg|thumb|The [[Alhambra]], begun by the first Nasrid emir [[Muhammad I of Granada|Ibn al-Ahmar]] in the 13th century|left]]<br />
Artists and intellectuals took refuge at Granada after the Christian kingdoms expanded significantly in the 13th century. The palaces of the [[Alhambra]] and the [[Generalife]] in Granada reflect the culture and art of the last centuries of Muslim rule of al-Andalus.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Alhambra, The |volume=1|pages=656–658}}</ref> The complex was begun by Ibn al-Ahmar, the first Nasrid emir, and the last major additions were made during the reigns of [[Yusuf I of Granada|Yusuf I]] (1333–1353) and [[Muhammad V of Granada|Muhammad V]] (1353–1391).<ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|page=152}} It integrates buildings and gardens with the natural qualities of the site and is a testament to Andalusi culture and to the skills of the Muslim artisans, craftsmen, and builders of their era. Nasrid architecture continued the earlier traditions of Andalusi architecture while also synthesising them into its own distinctive style, which had many similarities with contemporary Marinid architecture in North Africa.<ref name="Arnold2017">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=219, 224}}<ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|pages=149–168}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Irwin |first=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M64VYn8Qq-QC&dq=robert+irwin+alhambra&pg=PP1 |title=The Alhambra |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2004 |isbn=9780674063600 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=78–82}} It is characterised by the use of the [[courtyard]] as a central space and basic unit around which other halls and rooms were organised. Courtyards typically had water features at their centre, such as a [[Reflecting pool|reflective pool]] or a fountain. Decoration was focused on the inside of buildings and was executed primarily with [[Zellij|tile mosaics]] on lower walls and carved stucco on the upper walls. [[Islamic geometric patterns|Geometric patterns]], [[Arabesque|vegetal motifs]], and [[Islamic calligraphy|calligraphy]] were the main types of decorative motifs. Additionally, "stalactite"-like sculpting, known as [[muqarnas]], was used for three-dimensional features like [[Vault (architecture)|vaulted]] ceilings, particularly during the reign of Muhammad V and after.<ref name="BermúdezLópez2011">{{Cite book |last=Bermúdez López |first=Jesús |title=The Alhambra and the Generalife: Official Guide |publisher=TF Editores |year=2011 |isbn=9788492441129 |location= |pages= |chapter=}}</ref><ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|page=|pages=164–167}}<br />
<br />
Even after Muslim territories were conquered by the Christian kingdoms, Andalusi art and architecture continued to appear for many centuries as a prestigious style under new Christian patrons employing Muslim craftsmen, originating the [[Mozarabic art and architecture|Mozarabic art]] in the [[Kingdom of León|Kingdom of Leon]] during the 10th century and becoming what is known as the [[Mudéjar art|Mudéjar style]] (named after the [[Mudéjar]]s or Muslims under Christian rule). Numerous examples are found in the early churches of Toledo (e.g. the [[Church of San Román, Toledo|Church of San Román]], 13th century) and in the cities of Aragon such as Zaragoza and [[Teruel]].<ref name="Marçais1954" />{{Rp|pages=361–368}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Borrás Gualís |first1=Gonzalo M. |title=Mudéjar Art: Islamic Aesthetics in Christian Art (Islamic Art in the Mediterranean) |last2=Lavado Paradinas |first2=Pedro |last3=Pleguezuelo Hernández |first3=Alfonso |last4=Pérez Higuera |first4=María Teresa |last5=Mogollón Cano-Cortés |first5=María Pilar |last6=Morales |first6=Alfredo J. |last7=López Guzman |first7=Rafael |last8=Sorroche Cuerva |first8=Miguel Ángel |last9=Stuyck Fernández Arche |first9=Sandra |publisher=Museum Ohne Grenzen (Museum With No Frontiers) |year=2018 |isbn=9783902782144}}</ref> Among the most famous examples is the [[Alcázar of Seville]], the former Abbadid and Almohad palace redeveloped by Christian rulers such as Peter of Castile, who in 1364 started adding new Moorish-style sections with the help of Muslim craftsmen from Granada and Toledo.<ref name="Bloom2020" />{{Rp|page=171}} Some surviving 13th and 14th-century [[Jews|Jewish]] [[synagogue]]s were also built (or rebuilt) in Mudéjar style under Christian rule, such as the [[Synagogue of Santa María la Blanca|Synagogue of Santa Maria la Blanca]] in Toledo (rebuilt in its current form circa 1250),<ref name="Qantara2020a">{{Cite web |title=Qantara – Synagogue of Santa Maria la Blanca |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=1349&lang=en |access-date=November 21, 2020 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> the [[Córdoba Synagogue|Synagogue of Córdoba]] (1315),<ref name="Qantara2020b">{{Cite web |title=Qantara – Synagogue de Cordoue |url=https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=177 |access-date=November 21, 2020 |website=www.qantara-med.org}}</ref> and the [[Synagogue of El Tránsito]] (1355–1357).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit Sefardí Museum, El Tránsito Synagogue {{!}} TCLM |url=http://en.www.turismocastillalamancha.es/patrimonio/museo-sefardi-sinagoga-del-transito-2264/descripcion/ |access-date=November 22, 2020 |website=en.www.turismocastillalamancha.es |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title="El Transito" Synagogue in Toledo, Spain |url=https://www.bh.org.il/el-transito-synagogue-in-toledo-spain/ |access-date=November 22, 2020 |website=Beit Hatfutsot |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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===Food and agriculture===<br />
[[File:Spread sugarcane.JPG|thumb|The cultivation of sugarcane had reached the south of the Iberian Peninsula by the 16th century AD due to Arab conquest and administration of the region.]]{{Main|Arab Agricultural Revolution|Mediterranean cuisine|Qanat}}<br />
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[[File:Bananas Muslim world.JPG|thumb|Diffusion of bananas from India to the Iberian peninsula during Islamic rule]]<br />
Crops produced using irrigation, along with food imported from the Middle East, provided areas around ''Andalusī'' cities with an agricultural economic sector that was the most advanced in Europe by far, sparking the [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]].<ref name="Squatriti">{{cite journal |author=Squatriti, Paolo |title=Of Seeds, Seasons, and Seas: Andrew Watson's Medieval Agrarian Revolution Forty Years Later |journal=The Journal of Economic History |date=2014 |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=1205–1220 |doi=10.1017/S0022050714000904|s2cid=154969169 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ruggles |first=D. Fairchild |author-link=D. Fairchild Ruggles |title=Islamic Gardens and Landscapes |url=https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg |url-access=registration |date=2008 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0812240252 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/islamicgardensla0000rugg/page/15 15–36]}}</ref> A variety of foodstuffs, spices and crops were introduced to Spain and [[Emirate of Sicily|Sicily]] during Arab rule, via the commercial networks of the Islamic world. These include sugarcane,<ref name="spanish-food.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.spanish-food.org/spanish-food-history-arab-influence.html|title=Arab Influence {{!}} Spanish-food.org|website=www.spanish-food.org|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> rice,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crist|first=Raymond E.|date=1957|title=Rice Culture in Spain|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_scientific-monthly_1957-02_84_2/page/66|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=84|issue=2|pages=66–74|issn=0096-3771|jstor=21775|bibcode=1957SciMo..84...66C}}</ref> cotton, alfalfa, oranges,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ft.lk/ft-lite/the-story-of-andalusian-oranges-in-spain/6-579841|title=The story of Andalusian Oranges in Spain|website=www.ft.lk|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> lemons,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/fruits/lemon-types.asp|title=The Nibble: Lemon History|website=www.thenibble.com|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> apricots,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2016/06/14/481932829/moon-of-the-faith-a-history-of-the-apricot-and-its-many-pleasures|title='Moon Of The Faith:' A History Of The Apricot And Its Many Pleasures|website=NPR.org|date=June 14, 2016|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019|last1=Denker|first1=Joel}}</ref> spinach,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://underwoodgardens.com/history-spinach/|title=History of Spinach {{!}} Terroir Seeds|last=Scott|first=Stephen|date=February 28, 2014|website=Terroir Seeds {{!}} Underwood Gardens|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> eggplants,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marie-Christine Daunay and Jules Janick|date=2007|title=History and Iconography of Eggplant|url=https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/chronicaeggplant.pdf|journal=Chronica Horticulturae|volume=47|pages=16–22}}</ref> carrots,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html|title=History of Carrots{{Snd}} A brief summary and timeline|website=www.carrotmuseum.co.uk|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-date=July 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728070445/http://www.carrotmuseum.co.uk/history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[saffron]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/|title=The history of saffron|date=October 4, 2018|website=Saffron|language=en-US|access-date=July 7, 2019|archive-date=July 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707215152/https://cyrussaffron.com/the-history-of-saffron/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and bananas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=1560989661&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true|title=Bananas: an American History|website=www.worldcat.org|access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref> The Arabs also continued extensive cultivation and production of olive oil (the Spanish words for 'oil' and 'olive'—''aceite'' and ''aceituna'', respectively—are derived from the Arabic ''al-zait'', meaning 'olive juice'),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thespruceeats.com/grades-of-spanish-olive-oil-3082923|title=Learn All About Spanish Olive Oil|website=The Spruce Eats|language=en|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref> and pomegranates (the heraldic symbol of Granada) from classical [[Greco-Roman world|Greco-Roman]] times.<br />
<br />
Arabic influence still lingers on in Spanish cuisine through these fruits, vegetables, spices and cooking and agricultural techniques.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefoodieslarder.com/food/moorish-influence-on-andalusian-cuisine/|title=History of Spanish Food{{Snd}} The Moorish Influence on Andalusian Cuisine|date=June 12, 2013|website=The Foodies Larder|language=en-US|access-date=July 7, 2019}}</ref><ref name="spanish-food.org"/> One of the largest palm groves in the world, called the [[Palmeral of Elche]], was established by the Arabs between the 7th–10th centuries to facilitate fruit (including pomegranate and date crops) and vegetable growth underneath the cool shade of palm trees and irrigation channels, and is cited by [[UNESCO]] as an example of the transfer of agricultural practices from one continent (North Africa) to another (Iberian Peninsula of Europe).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/es/list/930|title=Centro del Patrimonio Mundial -|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=es|access-date=April 6, 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
The period of Arab rule also involved the extension of Roman irrigation channels as well as the introduction of novel irrigation techniques from the [[Persianate society|Persianate]] world, such as the ''[[acequia]]'' (deriving from the classical Arabic ''as-sāqiya'') – subterranean channels used to transport water from highland aquifers to lowland fields in arid environments –first originating in either the Arabian Peninsula or the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] (referred to as ''qanat'' or ''karez'' in the Middle East). These structures are still found in Andalusia province, particularly in Granada.<ref name="McKenzie2017">{{cite web |author1=Clinton McKenzie |title=Acequias: Irrigation for a Growing Community |url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=0dde16704b1f4a7e8f329782729d6eda |website=www.arcgis.com |publisher=Bexar County Information Technology |access-date=March 28, 2020 |date=October 30, 2017}}</ref><br />
<br />
The confection ''[[alfajor]]'' (supposedly from {{lang|ar|الفاخر}}) has its origins in al-Andalus.<ref name="Krondl2011">{{cite book|author=Michael Krondl|title=Sweet Invention: A History of Dessert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt0RErSFvE8C|date=October 1, 2011|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=978-1-56976-954-6|page=129}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Homosexuality and pederasty===<br />
The ''[[Encyclopedia of Homosexuality]]'' states that "Al-Andalus had many links to Hellenistic culture, and except for the Almoravid and Almohadic periods (1086–1212), it was hedonistic and tolerant of homosexuality, indeed one of the times in world history in which sensuality of all sorts has been most openly enjoyed. Important rulers such as Abd al-Rahman III, al-Hakam II, Hisham II, and al-Mu-tamid openly chose boys as sexual partners, and kept [[catamites]]. Homosexual prostitution was widespread, and its customers came from higher levels of society than those of heterosexual prostitutes." The verses of [[Ibn Quzman]] describe an openly bisexual lifestyle.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Spanish Writers on Gay and Lesbian Themes|year=1999|editor-first =David William|editor-last = Foster|publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn = 9780313303326}}</ref> Andalusi anthologies of poetry such as the ''[[Rāyāt al-mubarrizīn wa-ghāyāt al-mumayyazīn]]'' are known in part for their homoerotic and "abundant pederastic poetry". Such themes were also found in the Sephardic Jewish poetry of the time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dynes |first1=Wayne R. |title=Encyclopedia of Homosexuality |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317368120 |pages=1237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g7TOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT487 |access-date=May 10, 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the book ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia'', Daniel Eisenberg describes [[homosexuality]] as "a key symbolic issue throughout the Middle Ages in Iberia", stating that "in al-Andalus homosexual pleasures were much indulged in by the intellectual and political elite. Evidence includes the behaviour of rulers, such as Abd al-Rahmn III, Al-Hakam II, Hisham II, and Al Mu'tamid, who openly kept male harems; the memoirs of [[Abdallah ibn Buluggin]], last Zirid king of Granada, makes references to male prostitutes, who charged higher fees and had a higher class of clientele than did their female counterparts: the repeated criticisms of Christians; and especially the abundant poetry. Both [[pederasty]] and love between adult males are found. Although homosexual practices were never officially condoned, prohibitions against them were rarely enforced, and usually there was not even a pretense of doing so." Male homosexual relations allowed nonprocreative sexual practices and were not seen as a form of identity. Very little is known about the homosexual behaviour of women.<ref name="GerliArmistead2003">{{cite book|author=Eisenberg, Daniel |editor1=E. Michael Gerli |editor2=Samuel G. Armistead|title=Medieval Iberia|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ra9BtjLRNMsC&pg=PA398|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93918-8|page=398|chapter=Homosexuality}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Slavery===<br />
{{Main|Slavery in al-Andalus}}<br />
<br />
Slavery existed in Muslim al-Andalus as well as in the Christian kingdoms, and both sides of the religious border followed the custom of not enslaving people of their own religion. Consequently, Muslims were enslaved in Christian lands, while Christians and other non-Muslims were enslaved in al-Andalus.<ref name="Phillips2014">{{cite book|author=William D. Phillips|title=Slavery in Medieval and Early Modern Iberia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KbboAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA58|year=2014|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=978-0-8122-4491-5|pages=58–59}}</ref><br />
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The Moors imported white Christian slaves from the 8th century until the end of the [[Reconquista]] in the late 15th century. The slaves were exported from the Christian section of Spain, as well as Eastern Europe (''[[Saqaliba]]''). Saqaliba slavery in al-Andalus was especially prominent in the [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] where white slaves constituted most of the administrative personnel in the courts and palaces.<ref>Fernandez-Morera 2016 pp. 163–164</ref><br />
<br />
The slaves of the Caliph were often European [[saqaliba]] slaves trafficked from Northern or Eastern Europe. While male saqaliba could be given work in a number of tasks, such as offices in the kitchen, falconry, mint, textile workshops, the administration or the royal guard (in the case of [[harem]] guards, they were castrated), female saqaliba were placed in the harem.<ref name="Scales1993">{{cite book|author=Peter C. Scales|title=The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba: Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-Wvg__iHPAC&pg=PA134|date=December 31, 1993|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09868-2|page=134}}</ref><br />
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The harem could contain thousands of slave concubines; the harem of [[Abd al-Rahman I]] consisted of 6,300 women.<ref name="Man1999">{{cite book|author=Man, John |title=Atlas of the Year 1000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-CgtWP38nsC&pg=PA72|year=1999|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-54187-0|page=72}}</ref> They were appreciated for their light skin.<ref name="Ruiz2007">{{cite book|author=Ruiz, Ana |title=Vibrant Andalusia: The Spice of Life in Southern Spain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMBlwWbxq3kC&pg=PA35|year=2007|publisher=Algora Publishing|isbn=978-0-87586-541-6|page=35}}</ref> The concubines ([[jawaris]]) were educated in accomplishments to please their master, and many became known and respected for their knowledge in a variety of subjects from music to medicine.<ref name="Ruiz2007" /> Jawaris concubines who gave birth to a child attained the status of an ''[[umm walad]]'', which meant that they could no longer be sold and were to be set free after the death of her master.<br />
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==Legacy==<br />
{{See also|Islamic Golden Age|Moorish architecture|Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe}}<br />
[[File:Jaume I, Cantigas de Santa Maria, s.XIII.jpg|thumb|The Moors request permission from [[James I of Aragón]], from ''The Cantigas de Santa Maria'']]<br />
As Andalusi cities were conquered by Leon, Castile, and other Christian Spanish kingdoms, Christian monarchs such as [[Alfonso X of Castile]] started translating the mountainous libraries of al-Andalus into Latin. These libraries contained translations of Ancient Greek texts, as well as new ones made by Muslims in the [[Islamic Golden Age]]. That, combined with the interaction with Muslims during the [[Crusades]], and the [[Fall of Constantinople]] introducing Greek scholars to the west, helped launch the [[Renaissance]].{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Scientists and philosophers such as [[Averroes]] and [[Al-Zahrawi]] (fathers of rationalism and surgery, respectively) heavily inspired the Renaissance, and their ideas are still world renowned to this day.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} Al Andalus has also left art and architecture and has some of the best preserved Islamic Golden Age architecture in the world, with examples including the [[Mosque–Cathedral of Córdoba|Cathedral of Córdoba]], the [[Alhambra]], the [[Giralda]] and many more.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Andalus: the Legacy|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0008w6v|website=BBC Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Menocal|first=Maria|title=The Ornament of the World|isbn=0316168718}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=York|first=University of|title=The Legacy of al-Andalus: Craftsmanship and architectural fragments from Islamic Spain|url=https://www.york.ac.uk/news-and-events/events/public-lectures/spring-2020/legacy-al-andalus/|access-date=September 17, 2020|website=University of York|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Moorish Influence On Renaiss|url=https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/engl257/Don%20Quixote/moorish_influence_on_renaiss.htm|access-date=September 17, 2020|website=www.webpages.uidaho.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Al-Andalus {{!}} Facts, History, & Maps|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Andalus|access-date=September 17, 2020|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en}}</ref><br />
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As a result of the Reconquista and fall of many important Andalusi cities, substantial numbers of Andalusi migrated to the Maghreb where they found place at the courts of Maghrebi rulers. Many of the elite Andalusi immigrants were Arabs. For a variety of reasons, "Andalusi" came to be almost synonymous with "Arab" in the Maghreb.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rouighi |first=Ramzi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ap67DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Inventing the Berbers: History and Ideology in the Maghrib |date=August 2, 2019 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-5130-2 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the Iberian Peninsula, many Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity, particularly in the latter period of the Reconquista and following the decrees of 1502 and 1526. These converts and their descendants, known as Moriscos, remained under intense persecution until their expulsion in the early 17th century. This is indicated by a "high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%)" that "attests to a high level of religious conversion (whether voluntary or enforced), driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance, that ultimately led to the integration of descendants." The "high mean proportion of North African ancestry (10.6%)" in modern Iberian populations attests not to voluntary integration, but primarily to the forced conversion and subsequent absorption of these populations before the expulsions, driven by centuries of social and religious intolerance.<ref>[http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2808%2900592-2 Adams et al., "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula"], ''Cell'', 2008. Quote: "Admixture analysis based on binary and Y-STR haplotypes indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North African (10.6%) ranging from zero in Gascony to 21.7% in Northwest Castile."</ref><ref>[http://www.upf.edu/enoticies/home_upf_en/1206.html Elena Bosch, "The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have had a profound impact on the population of the Iberian Peninsula"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521105207/http://www.upf.edu/enoticies/home_upf_en/1206.html|date=May 21, 2009}}, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2008, Quote: "The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had a relevant impact on modern populations both in Spain, especially in the Balearic Islands, and in Portugal."</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Gharb al-Andalus]]<br />
* [[Arab diaspora]]<br />
* [[La Convivencia]]<br />
* [[History of Islam]]<br />
* [[History of the Jews under Muslim rule]]<br />
* [[Hispanic and Latino American Muslims|Hispanic and Latino Muslims]]<br />
* [[Islam and antisemitism#Iberian Peninsula|Islam and anti-Semitism in Iberia]]<br />
* [[Islam in Spain]]<br />
* [[Islam in Portugal]]<br />
* [[List of Moroccan writers#List of Moorish writers|List of Andalusi and Moroccan writers]]<br />
* [[Moorish Gibraltar]]<br />
* [[Early Muslim conquests|Muslim conquests]]<br />
* [[Kemal Reis]]<br />
* [[Social and cultural exchange in al-Andalus]]<br />
* [[Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
===History===<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{History of Spain}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{History of Portugal}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{History of Gibraltar}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
{{refbegin|30em}}<br />
* Alfonso, Esperanza, 2007. ''Islamic Culture Through Jewish Eyes: al-Andalus from the Tenth to Twelfth Century''. NY: Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0-415-43732-5}}<br />
* Al-Djazairi, Salah Eddine 2005. ''The Hidden Debt to Islamic Civilisation''. Manchester: Bayt Al-Hikma Press. {{ISBN|0-9551156-1-2}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Bennison |first=Amira K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19JVDwAAQBAJ |title=The Almoravid and Almohad Empires |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2016 |isbn=9780748646821 |location= |pages= |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Boloix-Gallardo |first=Bárbara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tBhREAAAQBAJ |title=A Companion to Islamic Granada |publisher=Brill |year=2021 |isbn=978-90-04-42581-1 |editor-last=Boloix-Gallardo |editor-first=Bárbara |pages=122–163 |language=en |chapter=Granada, Capital of al-Andalus and Core of the Nasrid Kingdom (7th–9th/13th–15th Centuries)}}<br />
* Bossong, Georg. 2002. "Der Name ''Al-Andalus'': Neue Überlegungen zu einem alten Problem", ''Sounds and Systems: Studies in Structure and Change. A Festschrift for Theo Vennemann'', eds. David Restle & Dietmar Zaefferer. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, pp.&nbsp;149–164. (In German) Also available [https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110894653.149/html online]<br />
* Calderwood, Eric. 2018. ''Colonial al-Andalus : Spain and the making of modern Moroccan culture''. Harvard University Press<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Catlos |first=Brian A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKBfDwAAQBAJ |title=Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain |publisher=Basic Books |year=2018 |isbn=978-0465055876 |location=New York}}<br />
* Cohen, Mark. 1994. ''Under Crescent and Cross: The Jews in the Middle Ages''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|0-691-01082-X}}<br />
* Collins, Roger. 1989. ''The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710–797'', Oxford: Blackwell. {{ISBN|0-631-19405-3}}<br />
* {{cite book | author=Dodds, Jerrilynn D. | title=Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 | location=New York | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1992 | isbn=9780870996368 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Ekkehard|title=Causus sancti Galli|year=1877}}<br />
* Fernandez-Morera, Dario. 2016. ''The Myth of the Andalusian Paradise: Muslims, Christians, and Jews under Islamic Rule in Medieval Spain''. NY: [[Intercollegiate Studies Institute]]. {{ISBN|978-1610170956}}<br />
* Frank, Daniel H. & Leaman, Oliver. 2003. ''The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Jewish Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-65574-9}}<br />
* Gerli, E. Michael, ed., 2003. ''Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia''. NY: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-93918-6}}<br />
* {{cite web|last=Glick|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas F. Glick|title=Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages|url=http://libro.uca.edu/ics/emspain.htm|year=1999|access-date=October 23, 2011}}<br />
* Halm, Heinz. 1989. "Al-Andalus und Gothica Sors", ''[https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/islm.1989.66.2.252/html]'' 66:252–263.<br />
* Hamilton, Michelle M., Sarah J. Portnoy, and David A. Wacks, eds. 2004. ''Wine, Women, and Song: Hebrew and Arabic Literature in Medieval Iberia''. Newark, Del.: Juan de la Cuesta Hispanic Monographs.<br />
*{{Cite book |last=Harvey |first=Leonard Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWyXAwAAQBAJ |title=Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500 |publisher=University of Chigaco Press |year=1990 |isbn=0226319628}}<br />
* Harzig, Christiane, Dirk Hoerder, and Adrian Shubert. 2003. ''The Historical Practice in Diversity''. Berghahn Books. {{ISBN|1-57181-377-2}}<br />
* Jayyusi, Salma Khadra. 1992. ''The Legacy of Muslim Spain'', 2 vols. Leiden–NY–Cologne: Brill [chief consultant to the editor, Manuela Marín].<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Hugh |title=Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus |date=1996 |publisher=Longman |location=Harlow |isbn=0-582-49515-6}}<br />
* Kraemer, Joel. 1997. "Comparing Crescent and Cross (book review)", ''The Journal of Religion'' 77, no. 3 (1997): 449–454.<br />
* Kraemer, Joel. 2005. "Moses Maimonides: An Intellectual Portrait", ''The Cambridge Companion to Maimonides'', ed. Kenneth Seeskin. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-81974-1}}<br />
* Kraemer, Joel. 2008. ''Maimonides: the Life and World of One of Civilization's Greatest Minds''. NY: Doubleday. {{ISBN|0-385-51199-X}}<br />
* Lafuente y Alcántara, Emilio, trans. 1867. ''[[Akhbār majmūʿa|Ajbar Machmua (colección de tradiciones): crónica anónima del siglo XI, dada a luz por primera vez, traducida y anotada]]''. Madrid: Real Academia de la Historia y Geografía. In Spanish and Arabic. Also available in the public domain online, see External Links.<br />
* {{cite book|last=Lévi-Provençal|first=Évariste|title=Histoire de l'Espagne musulmane|language=fr|location=Paris|publisher=Maisonneuve|year=1950}}<br />
* Luscombe, David and Jonathan Riley-Smith, eds. 2004. ''The New Cambridge Medieval History: Volume 4, c. 1024{{Snd}} c. 1198, Part 1''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-41411-3}}<br />
* Marcus, Ivan G., "Beyond the Sephardic mystique", ''Orim'', vol. 1 (1985): 35–53.<br />
* Marín, Manuela, ed. 1998. ''The Formation of Al-Andalus'', vol. 1: ''History and Society''. Aldershot: Ashgate. {{ISBN|0-86078-708-7}}<br />
* Menocal, Maria Rosa. 2002. ''Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain''. Boston: Little, Brown and Company; London: Back Bay Books. {{ISBN|0-316-16871-8}}<br />
* Monroe, James T. 1970. ''Islam and the Arabs in Spanish scholarship: (Sixteenth century to the present)''. Leiden: Brill.<br />
* Monroe, James T. 1974. ''Hispano-Arabic Poetry: A Student Anthology''. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press.<br />
* Netanyahu, Benzion. 1995. ''The Origins Of The Inquisition in Fifteenth Century Spain''. NY: Random House {{ISBN|0-679-41065-1}}<br />
* O'Callaghan, Joseph F. 1975. ''A History of Medieval Spain''. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. {{ISBN|0-8014-9264-5}}<br />
* [[Rageh Omaar|Omaar, Rageh]]. 2005. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20050619025658/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/islamic-history-europe.shtml An Islamic History of Europe]''. video documentary, [[BBC]] 4, August 2005.<br />
* {{cite book|last=Reinaud|first=JT|year=1964|trans-title=Muslim colonies in France, northern Italy and Switzerland|title=Invasions des Sarrazins en France, et de France en Savoie, en Piémont et en Suisse|language=fr}}<br />
* Reilly, Bernard F. 1993. ''The Medieval Spains''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|0-521-39741-3}}<br />
* Roth, Norman. 1994. ''Jews, Visigoths and Muslims in Medieval Spain: Cooperation and Conflict''. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-06131-2}}<br />
* [[Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña|Sanchez-Albornoz, Claudio]]. 1974. ''El Islam de España y el Occidente''. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe. Colección Austral; 1560. [Originally published in 1965 in the conference proceedings, ''L'occidente e l'islam nell'alto medioevo: 2–8 aprile 1964'', 2 vols. Spoleto: Centro Italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo. Series: Settimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi sull'Alto Medioevo; 12. Vol. 1:149–308.]<br />
* Schorsch, Ismar 1989. "The myth of Sephardic supremacy", ''The Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook'' 34 (1989): 47–66.<br />
* Stavans, Ilan. 2003. ''The Scroll and the Cross: 1,000 Years of Jewish-Hispanic Literature''. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-92930-X}}<br />
* {{cite book | title=The Art of medieval Spain, A.D. 500–1200 | location=New York |url=http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/45966/rec/1 | publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art | year=1993 | isbn=0870996851}}<br />
* Wasserstein, David J. 1995. "Jewish élites in Al-Andalus", ''The Jews of Medieval Islam: Community, Society and Identity'', ed. Daniel Frank. Leiden: Brill. {{ISBN|90-04-10404-6}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{sister project links||d=Q123559|c=Category:Al-Andalus|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929144046/http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/cultura/bibliotecavirtualandalucia/consulta/resultados_autores.cmd?campo=idautor&idValor=5772&forma=ficha&posicion=1 Photocopy of the Ajbar Machmu'a, translated by Lafuente 1867]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051211030956/http://www.unesco.org/culture/al-andalus/html_eng/article.shtml The routes of al-Andalus] (from the [[UNESCO]] web site)<br />
* [http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne2.htm The Library of Iberian Resources Online]<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070512082946/http://www.paradoxplace.com/Photo%20Pages/Spain/Spain_History/Al-Andalus_Chronology.htm Al-Andalus Chronology and Photos]<br />
* [http://libro.uca.edu/martyrs/martyrs.htm Christian Martyrs in Muslim Spain] by Kenneth Baxter Wolf<br />
* [http://www.islamicspain.tv "Cities of Light: The Rise and Fall of Islamic Spain"] (documentary film)<br />
* [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/metpublications/Al_Andalus_The_Art_of_Islamic_Spain Al-Andalus: the art of Islamic Spain], Scholarly essays and exhibition catalog from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF or on Google Books)<br />
* Patricia, Countess Jellicoe, 1992, [https://web.archive.org/web/20110708141619/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/199205/the.art.of.islamic.spain.htm The Art of Islamic Spain], ''Saudi Aramco World''<br />
* [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/41035 History of the Spanish Muslims], by [[Reinhart Dozy]], in French<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091014132337/http://www.afropop.org/Alandalus/Alandalus.html The Musical Legacy of Al-Andalus]&nbsp;– historical maps, photos, and music showing the Great Mosque of Córdoba and related movements of people and culture<br />
{{Coord|37|-4|region:ES_type:country_scale:5000000|display=title}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Al-Andalus| ]]<br />
[[Category:Former countries on the Iberian Peninsula]]<br />
[[Category:Former Islamic monarchies in Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Former Arab states]]<br />
[[Category:History of Andalusia]]<br />
[[Category:History of Portugal by polity]]<br />
[[Category:Invasions of Europe]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in Gibraltar]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in Portugal]]<br />
[[Category:Islam in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval Islamic world]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval history of Portugal]]<br />
[[Category:Medieval history of Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Former Islamic monarchies]]<br />
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1492]]<br />
[[Category:1490s disestablishments in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:1492 disestablishments in Europe]]<br />
[[Category:1st millennium in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:2nd millennium in Spain]]<br />
[[Category:Subdivisions of the Umayyad Caliphate]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rajani_LaRocca&diff=528413Rajani LaRocca2026-03-25T23:50:19Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created a info v1</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian-American writer of children's literature}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Rajani LaRocca<br />
| image = Rajani LaRocca at BookExpo (05295).jpg<br />
| caption = LaRocca at BookExpo in New York City, May 2019<br />
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<br />
| occupation = Writer, physician<br />
| language = English<br />
| nationality = American<br />
| notable_works = {{plainlist|<br />
* ''[[Red, White, and Whole]]'' (2021)<br />
* ''[[Sona and the Golden Beasts]]'' (2024)<br />
}}<br />
| website = {{URL|https://www.rajanilarocca.com/}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|*[[Harvard College]]<br />
*[[Harvard Medical School]]}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Rajani LaRocca''' is an Indian-American author of [[children's literature]] and a [[primary-care physician]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Makhijani |first1=Pooja |title=Q & A with Rajani LaRocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-authors/article/87355-q-a-with-rajani-larocca.html |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Publishers Weekly }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |last1=Rath |first1=Arun |last2=Ruhalter |first2=Kana |date=14 July 2023 |title='A Vaccine is Like a Memory' teaches children about the history of vaccines |url=https://www.wgbh.org/culture/2023-07-14/a-vaccine-is-like-a-memory-teaches-children-about-the-history-of-vaccines |access-date=15 February 2024 |work=[[WGBH Educational Foundation]] |publisher=}}</ref> She writes [[middle grade fiction]] relating to [[Indian-American]] identity and [[medicine]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Vicky |title=Out to the Ball Game With Rajani LaRocca |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/news-and-features/articles/rajani-larocca-much-ado-about-baseball-interview/ |website=Kirkus Reviews }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news |last1=Groban |first1=Betsy |date=17 September 2021 |title=Physician, podcast host, and children's author Rajani LaRocca discusses her six-book year |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2021/09/17/lifestyle/physician-podcast-host-childrens-author-rajani-larocca-discusses-her-six-book-year/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=Boston Globe}}</ref> She won a 2022 [[Newbery Honor]] for her novel ''Red, White and Whole.''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barron |first=Christina |date=2022-01-24 |title='The Last Cuentista' wins 2022 Newbery Medal for best children's book |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/kidspost/2022/01/24/newbery-award-caldecott-award-2022/ |access-date=2024-02-15 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><br />
<br />
LaRocca enjoyed creative writing in high school and college but stopped when she began attending medical school. She began writing again in 2011.<ref name=":0" /> She signed with TriadaUS Literary Agency in 2017.'''''<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Laura Fineberg |date=2023-07-18 |title=Interview: Kidlit Author Rajani LaRocca Discusses Four Eagerly Awaited Books |url=https://writersrumpus.com/2023/07/18/interview-kidlit-author-rajani-larocca-discusses-four-eagerly-awaited-books/ |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Writer's Rumpus |language=en}}</ref>'''''<br />
<br />
LaRocca is of [[Tamils|Tamil]] descent.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |last1=Balaban |first1=Samantha |date=5 August 2021 |title=Hop in the minivan: 'Summer Is for Cousins' invites you on a family vacation |url=https://www.kios.org/2023-08-05/hop-in-the-minivan-summer-is-for-cousins-invites-you-on-a-family-vacation |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=[[NPR]] |publisher=}}</ref> She was born in [[Bangalore]]'''''<ref name=":4" />''''' but grew up in [[Louisville, Kentucky]], where she attended [[Louisville Collegiate School]].<ref name=":0" /> She moved to Boston for college.<ref name=":0" /> She is a graduate of [[Harvard College]] and [[Harvard Medical School]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=LaRocca |first1=Rajani |date=13 July 2021 |title=How I Managed to Get Six Books Published in 2021 |url=https://www.writersdigest.com/be-inspired/how-i-managed-to-get-six-books-published-in-2021 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Writer's Digest}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2022, she lived in [[Concord, Massachusetts]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boles |first1=Sydney |last2=Dearing |first2=Tiziana |date=2 August 2022 |title=Local author Rajani LaRocca on writing complicated identities |url=https://www.wbur.org/radioboston/2022/08/02/rajani-larocca-red-white-whole |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=WBUR}}</ref> with her family.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shohet West |first1=Nancy |date=4 March 2022 |title=Even during the pandemic, these Greater Boston authors kept writing |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2022/03/04/metro/even-during-pandemic-these-local-authors-kept-writing/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |publisher=Boston Globe}}</ref><br />
<br />
Four of LaRocca's books are [[Junior Library Guild]] selections: ''Much Ado about Baseball'' (2021),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Much Ado about Baseball |url=https://www.juniorlibraryguild.com/much-ado-about-baseball-9781499811018j |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Junior Library Guild]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Red, White, and Whole'' (2021),<ref name="Red, White, and Whole">{{Cite web |title=Red, White, and Whole |url=https://www.juniorlibraryguild.com/red-white-and-whole-9780063047426j |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Junior Library Guild]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Summer Is for Cousins'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summer Is for Cousins |url=https://www.juniorlibraryguild.com/summer-is-for-cousins-9781419757334j |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Junior Library Guild]] |language=en}}</ref> and ''[[Sona and the Golden Beasts]]'' (2024),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sona and the Golden Beasts |url=https://www.juniorlibraryguild.com/sona-and-the-golden-beasts-9780063295407j |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Junior Library Guild]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Publications ==<br />
<br />
=== Picture books ===<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Seven Golden Rings: A Tale of Music and Math |date=2020 |publisher=Lee & Low Books Incorporated |others=Illustrated by Archana Sreenivasan |isbn=978-1-885008-97-8 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=Seven Golden Rings: A Tale of Music and Math by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781885008978 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Bracelets for Bina's Brothers |date=2021 |publisher=Charlesbridge Publishing |others=Illustrated by Chaaya Prabhat |isbn=978-1-62354-129-3 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-22 |title=Bracelets for Bina's Brothers (Storytelling Math) by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781623541293 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=My Little Golden Book About Kamala Harris |date=2021 |publisher=Random House Children's Books |others=Illustrated by Ashley Evans |isbn=978-0-593-43022-4 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=The Secret Code Inside You: All About Your DNA |date=2021 |publisher=little bee books |others=Illustrated by Steven Salerno |isbn=978-1-4998-1075-2 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The Secret Code Inside You: All About Your DNA |url=https://www.slj.com/review/the-secret-code-inside-you-all-about-your-dna |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[School Library Journal]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Summer is for Cousins |date=2021 |publisher=Abrams |others=Illustrated by Abhi Alwar |isbn=978-1-4197-5733-4}}<ref name=":3" /> <br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Where Three Oceans Meet |date=2021 |publisher=Abrams |others=Illustrated by Archana Sreenivasan |isbn=978-1-64700-500-9 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-17 |title=Where Three Oceans Meet by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781419741296 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=I'll Go and Come Back |date=2022 |publisher=Candlewick Press |others=Illustrated by Sara Palacios |isbn=978-1-5362-0717-0 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-27 |title=I'll Go and Come Back by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781536207170 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=Chicken Soup for the Soul BABIES: Now! (Barks Dog) |date=2022 |publisher=Charlesbridge Publishing |others=Illustrated by Greg Paprocki |isbn=978-1-63289-339-0 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=Chicken Soup For the Soul KIDS: Lucas's Tricky Day: Looking on the Bright Side |date=2022 |publisher=Charlesbridge |others=Illustrated by India Valle |isbn=978-1-62354-283-2 |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=A Vaccine is Like a Memory |date=2023 |publisher=Little Bee Books |others=Illustrated by Kathleen Marcotte |isbn=978-1-4998-1326-5}}<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-27 |title=A Vaccine Is Like a Memory by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781499813265 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=RaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Your One and Only Heart |date=2023 |publisher=Dial Books |others=Illustrated by Lauren Paige Conrad |isbn=978-0-593-32633-6}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-24 |title=Your One and Only Heart |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/rajani-larocca/your-one-and-only-heart/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Masala Chai, Fast and Slow |date=2023 |publisher=Candlewick Press |others=Illustrated by Neha Rawat |isbn=978-1-5362-1940-1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-05 |title=Masala Chai, Fast and Slow by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781536219401 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Mauntie and Me |date=2024 |publisher=Candlewick Press |others=Illustrated by Nadia Alam |isbn=978-1-536-22941-7}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-01 |title=Mauntie and Me |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/products/9794013 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Booklist]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Some of Us: A Story of Citizenship and the United States |date=2025 |publisher=Christy Ottaviano |others=Illustrated by Huy Voun Lee |isbn=978-0-316-57175-3}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-01 |title=Some of Us |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/products/9805136 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Booklist]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Middle grade novels ===<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=Midsummer's Mayhem |date=2019 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |others=Illustrated by Rachel Suggs |isbn=978-1-4998-0889-6 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-02 |title=Midsummer's Mayhem by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781499808889 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=[[Red, White, and Whole]] |date=2021 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-304744-0 |language=en}}<ref name="Red, White, and Whole"/><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |url= |title=Much Ado About Baseball |date=2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-4998-1223-7 |language=en}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-30 |title=Much Ado About Baseball |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/rajani-larocca/much-ado-about-baseball/ |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=The Secret of the Dragon Gems |last2=Baron |first2=Chris |date=2023 |publisher=Little Bee |isbn=978-1-4998-1463-7}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=The Secret of the Dragon Gems by Rajani Larocca, Chris Baron |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781499814637 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=Mirror to Mirror |date=2023 |publisher=Quill Tree Books |isbn=978-0-063-04747-1}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-01 |title=Mirror to Mirror |url=https://www.booklistonline.com/products/9772000 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=[[Booklist]]}}</ref><br />
* {{Cite book |last=LaRocca |first=Rajani |title=[[Sona and the Golden Beasts]] |date=2024 |publisher=Quill Tree |isbn=978-0-06329-540-7}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-14 |title=Sona and the Golden Beasts by Rajani Larocca |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780063295407 |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=[[Publishers Weekly]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:LaRocca, Rajani}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American women medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:American women children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:American children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Louisville, Kentucky]]<br />
[[Category:Newbery Honor winners]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard Medical School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:People from Concord, Massachusetts]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Kentucky]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Kentucky]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_FC&diff=519000Mumbai FC2026-03-25T15:53:51Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added A Article Initial Version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Distinguish|Mumbai City FC}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Mumbay FC}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br />
{{Short description|Indian professional football club}}<br />
{{Infobox football club<br />
| clubname = Mumbai<br />
| image = Mumbai FC logo.svg<br />
| upright = 1<br />
| fullname = Mumbai Football Club<br />
| nickname = Mumbaikars, Yellow Brigade<br />
| short name = MFC<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|2007|6|27|df=y}}<br />
| dissolved = {{end date and age|2017}}<br />
| ground = [[Cooperage Ground]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| capacity = 5,000<br />
| owner = [[Essel Group]]<br />
| chairman = Amit Goenka<br />
| manager = <br />
| league = [[Mumbai Football League]]<br />
| season = {{Indian football updater|Mumbai2}}<br />
| position = {{Indian football updater|Mumbai3}}<br />
| current =<br />
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| socks2 = E15F0E<br />
| website =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Mumbai Football Club''' was an Indian professional [[association football|football]] club based in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai FC blank Central Railway|url=http://www.magzmumbai.com/mumbai-fc-blank-central-railway/|access-date=6 November 2015|work=Magz Mumbai|date=31 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085341/http://www.magzmumbai.com/mumbai-fc-blank-central-railway/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/sport/football/Mum-are-ready/articleshow/50516021.cms|title=Mumbai FC are ready|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717130741/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/football/Mum-are-ready/articleshow/50516021.cms|archive-date=17 July 2021|website=mumbaimirror.com|publisher=The Mumbai Mirror|access-date=30 June 2021}}</ref> The club predominantly competed in [[I-League]],<ref>{{cite web|title=MUMBAI VS. HINDUSTAN AERO 4—0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/12/22/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-sc/1215934/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2012|archive-date=19 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219212544/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2011/12/22/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/hindustan-aeronautics-limited-sc/1215934/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MUMBAI VS. CHURCHILL BROTHERS 2 – 1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/02/06/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/1216066/|work=Soccerway|access-date=16 November 2012|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221045342/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/02/06/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/churchill-brothers-sc/1216066/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I-League 2017: Mumbai FC 0–4 East Bengal: Yellow Brigade end dismal season with Red and Gold thrashing|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mumbai-v-east-bengal/366pt9syic6aoegy7s7vbn561|access-date=2021-01-26|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109230242/http://www.goal.com/en-in/match/mumbai-v-east-bengal/366pt9syic6aoegy7s7vbn561}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pailan Arrows 2–2 Mumbai FC: Four goal thriller ends in a stalemate|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91298/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=26 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922080311/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/91298/pailan-arrows-vs-mumbai-fc/report|archive-date=22 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> then top flight of [[Indian football league system]]. Mumbai also participated in [[Mumbai Football League|MDFA Elite League]], now known as Mumbai Premier League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2842&news=Alfred-Jaryan-Earns-A-Point-For-Mumbai-Against-Dempo |title=Alfred Jaryan earns a point for Mumbai against Dempo |publisher=Feverpitch |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129165356/http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2842&news=Alfred-Jaryan-Earns-A-Point-For-Mumbai-Against-Dempo |archive-date=2016-01-29 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai FC blank Central Railway|url=http://www.magzmumbai.com/mumbai-fc-blank-central-railway/|access-date=6 November 2015|website=magzmumbai.com|publisher=Magz Mumbai Sports|date=31 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085341/http://www.magzmumbai.com/mumbai-fc-blank-central-railway/}}</ref> The club was founded in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sonpal|first=Jal|title=Mumbai FC sign Amoes and Reisangmei Vashum|url=http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/InnerNews.aspx?TNid=472&Nid=PreMatchNews|work=Mumbai F.C.|access-date=24 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231113405/http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/InnerNews.aspx?TNid=472&Nid=PreMatchNews|archive-date=31 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref> with the objective of providing a platform for the young aspiring footballers from the city to showcase their talent and to try to make it to the big stage.<ref name=History>{{cite web|title=History of Mumbai Football Club|url=http://mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/History.aspx|work=Mumbai Football Club|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026070612/http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/History.aspx|archive-date=26 October 2012}}</ref> They were nicknamed both "Mumbaikars,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 1–0 Mumbai FC: Chizoba wins it for the Mariners|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122926/mohun-bagan-ac-vs-mumbai-fc/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416021305/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122926/mohun-bagan-ac-vs-mumbai-fc/report}}</ref> and "Yellow Brigade."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/ja/article/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade-3/|title=クリケットの街から眺めるインドサッカー界の未来|trans-title=The future of Indian football seen from the city of cricket|language=ja|website=vice.com|publisher=Vice Japan|first=Kit|last=Caless|date=19 February 2017|access-date=28 February 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128164820/https://www.vice.com/ja/article/ywqwyj/in-search-of-indias-football-culture-with-mumbai-fcs-yellow-brigade|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
The club gained promotion to the I-League after winning the [[2008 I-League 2nd Division]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_division_2016-17/news.html|title=I-League 2nd Division 2016–17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806152853/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/ileague_2nd_division_2016-17/news.html|archive-date=6 August 2021|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football Network|access-date=6 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhury|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ileague2.html|title=List of Winners and Runners-ups of I-League 2nd Division|website=indianfootball.de|access-date=19 August 2021|publisher=Indian Football Network|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927141440/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/ileague2.html|archive-date=27 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> and finished 7th in their maiden I-League campaign in [[2008–09 I-League|2008–09]] season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|website=Goal.com|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg}}</ref> Mumbai FC has a local rivalry with another Mumbai-based club [[Air India FC|Air India]] and state rivalry with [[Pune FC|Pune]] dubbed as the 'Maha' derby as both clubs play in the state of Maharashtra.<ref name=MahaDerby>{{cite web|title=Pune FC eye revenge in Maha-Derby|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/SportsDetailsPage/2011/sportsDetails140511d.php|publisher=India Blooms|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101231314/http://www.indiablooms.com/SportsDetailsPage/2011/sportsDetails140511d.php|archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> The club became defunct by 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Swapnaneel Parasar|title=ISL: Pratik Chowdhary set to sign for Mumbai City FC {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-pratik-chowdhary-mumbai-city-fc/12rkzfthilqtczn2qmg3uunae|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=16 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916030915/https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-pratik-chowdhary-mumbai-city-fc/12rkzfthilqtczn2qmg3uunae|url-status=dead|date=21 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-clubs-we-wish-still-existed|title=Five Indian football clubs fans wish were still in existence|website=Khel Now|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714173058/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-clubs-we-wish-still-existed}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
===Beginning===<br />
Mumbai FC was officially founded at a grand launch in [[Mumbai]] on 27 June 2007.<ref name=History/><ref>{{cite web|first=Hans|last=Schöggl|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiafound.html|title=India — List of Foundation Dates|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023194819/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indiafound.html|archive-date=23 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Nisanth V Easwar|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|title=I-League: How newly-promoted teams have performed|website=goal.com|publisher=Goal|date=10 September 2020|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926143637/https://www.goal.com/en-in/lists/i-league-how-newly-promoted-teams-have-performed/ma7hveltk8i91ieo2d5oos8jg|archive-date=26 September 2021}}</ref> The club was created to provide Indian football another non-institutional club and to provide young aspiring footballers in the city a chance to show off their skills on a proper platform.<ref name=History/><ref>{{Cite news<br />
|title = Mumbai Football Club launched<br />
|date = 28 June 2007<br />
|work = Rediff News<br />
|url = http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm<br />
|access-date = 9 June 2009<br />
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100702234130/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2007/jun/28foot.htm<br />
|archive-date = 2 July 2010}}</ref> Mumbai FC then set about their goals in which they wanted to build a strong first team, build a good youth development program which would serve as the platform in the ladder to the first-team for potential youngsters, build a good football culture in Mumbai, and develop the football infrastructure in Mumbai.<ref name=History/> The club started building their team straight away with the signing of [[England|Englishmen]] [[David Booth (football manager)|David Booth]].<ref name=History/> The team then started making some major signings in Indian internationals, and were carried in various tournaments by Pepsi Itmaizah [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]], [[Khalid Jamil]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30180/Khalid_Jamil.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Jamil, Khalid|website=national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=26 November 2021|archive-date=14 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814135847/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/30180/Khalid_Jamil.html}}</ref> [[Noel Wilson]], and [[Kalyan Chaubey]] along with potential youngsters Dane Pereira and [[Darren Caldeira]].<ref name=History/> <br />
<br />
[[File:Noel playing against his hometown club HAL in 2010-11 I-League season.jpg|thumb|Noel Wilson in action with Mumbai FC against [[HAL SC]] in an [[I-League]] encounter]]<br />
The team then added their first round of foreign players [[Felix Aboagye]] and [[James Dissiramah]].<ref name=History/> The club then began their grassroots project in November 2007 with [[Aqueel Ansari]] being the head coach.<ref name=History/> Mumbai FC then participated in their first tournament, the [[Mumbai Football League]] Elite Division in 2007. Mumbai FC lost their match in the Mumbai Football League to RCF 2–1 with Dane Pereira scoring the first goal.<ref name=History/> Mumbai FC then won the first match in their history against [[Bengal Mumbai FC|Bengal Mumbai]]; in their second match, won 7–0 with Abhishek Yadav scoring four goals.<ref name=History/> The club then won their first-ever championship, the Abhijit Kadam Memorial Cup, in which Mumbai defeated then [[I-League]] club [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]].<ref name=History/> The club then finished in second place in the Mumbai Football League Elite Division behind I-League club [[Mahindra United]].<ref name=History/><br />
<br />
===I-League 2nd Division===<br />
The club played in their first national competition in 2008 when they participated in the [[2008 I-League 2nd Division]].<ref name=History/><ref>{{cite web|author=Rahul Bali|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/11/12/959995/india-goalless-between-dempo-and-mumbai|title=India: Goalless Between Dempo And Mumbai|date=12 November 2008|website=Goal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105190559/https://www.goal.com/en/news/1263/india-south-central-asia/2008/11/12/959995/india-goalless-between-dempo-and-mumbai|archive-date=5 November 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The club was placed in Group B with [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]], [[Indian Bank Recreational Club|Indian Bank]], [[Amity United FC|Amity United]], [[Oil India Ltd FC|Oil India]], and [[New Delhi Heroes FC|New Delhi Heroes]].<ref name=History/> The club won their first four matches in their group, only losing the final match of the group stage against Mohammedan which did not matter as the club was already qualified for the Final Round.<ref name=History/> The club won their first match of the Final Round which was a revenge match against Mohammedan. The club then played local rivals [[Pune F.C.|Pune]] for the first time in their history and thus started the Maha Derby (however the match was on neutral territory) with Mumbai winning the match.<ref name=History/> The club then drew against [[Vasco S.C.|Vasco]] which was followed by a two-goal victory over Indian Bank.<ref name=History/> The club then officially secured promotion to the [[I-League]] when they defeated [[United S.C.|Chirag United]] despite being a man-down.<ref name=History/><br />
<br />
===2008–2009: I-League===<br />
[[Image:Abhishek_Yadav_of_Mumbai_FC_Samir_Naik_of_Dempo_SC_I-league_Goa_13_Feb_2009.jpg|thumb|[[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]] of Mumbai FC and Samir Naik of Dempo SC during a [[2008–09 I-League]] match at the [[Fatorda Stadium]] in Goa]]<br />
The club played their first season in the [[I-League]] during the [[2008–09 I-League]] season.<ref name=History/> The club played their first I-League match against historic club [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] on 27 September 2008 in which [[Abel Hammond]] scored the first I-League goal for Mumbai FC as Mumbai went on to win 2–1 at the [[Barasat Stadium]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Player Ratings: Mohun Bagan 1–2 Mumbai FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2008/09/27/884736/player-ratings-mohun-bagan-1-2-mumbai-fc|publisher=Goal.com|access-date=29 September 2012|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305054328/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/105/main/2008/09/27/884736/player-ratings-mohun-bagan-1-2-mumbai-fc|url-status=live}}</ref> Mumbai then completed a double against the two giant Kolkata clubs after they defeated [[East Bengal F.C.|East Bengal]] at the [[Salt Lake Stadium]] 1–0 with [[Felix Aboagye]] scoring the only goal.<ref name=History/> Mumbai then played their first home match in their history at the [[Cooperage Ground]] on 11 October 2008 with Kalia Kulothungan scoring the only goal in the match.<ref name=History/> Halfway through the season Mumbai was placed in sixth place in the table.<ref name=History/> The club however did finish in 7th place which currently remains their best position to date.<ref name=History/><br />
<br />
===Khalid Jamil era (2009–2016)===<br />
[[File:Khalid_Jamil_At_Mumbai_FC_Pre_Match_Conference.JPG|thumb|200px|[[Khalid Jamil]] was Mumbai FC's first Indian manager as well as longest serving coach]]<br />
Khalid is the longest running manager in the [[I-league]]. He has managed Mumbai from 2009 to 2016 for long seven years.<ref name="Mumbai">{{cite news |last1=Shukla |first1=Kaushal |title=Back home, Mumbai FC's Pratik Chaudhari says he is thriving under Khalid Jamil's faith |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/back-home-mumbai-fcs-pratik-chaudhari-says-he-is-thriving-under-khalid-jamils-faith/ |access-date=16 June 2018 |work=Football Counter |date=26 January 2016 |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616103419/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/back-home-mumbai-fcs-pratik-chaudhari-says-he-is-thriving-under-khalid-jamils-faith/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kratik|last=Malhotra|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65445/salgaocar-sc-vs-mumbai-fc/report|title=Federation Cup: Salgaocar SC Held By Mumbai FC To A Goalless Draw|date=18 September 2011|access-date= 31 October 2011|publisher=Goal|website=goal.com|archive-date=25 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925145035/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65445/salgaocar-sc-vs-mumbai-fc/report|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated|title=Indian Football: Transfer Season 2012/13 Updated|date=3 December 2012|access-date=15 July 2022|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|archive-date=21 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321155010/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/indian-football-transfer-season-201213-updated}}</ref><br />
<br />
Mumbai FC acquired foreigners in [[Josimar da Silva Martins|Josimar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=I-League: Mumbai FC Sign Forward Josimar da Silva Martins |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/ileague/i-league-mumbai-fc-sign-forward-josimar-da-silva-martins-1511569 |website=sports.ndtv.com/ |publisher=NDTV Sports |access-date=9 June 2019 |date=9 October 2014 |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420183321/https://sports.ndtv.com/ileague/i-league-mumbai-fc-sign-forward-josimar-da-silva-martins-1511569 }}</ref> [[Chika Wali]] and [[Taisuke Matsugae]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC sign Taisuke Matsugae for upcoming season|url=http://sports-nova.com/mumbaifc-sign-taisuke-matsugae/|work=Sports-nova.com|date=9 September 2014|access-date=9 September 2014|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702011206/http://sports-nova.com/mumbaifc-sign-taisuke-matsugae/}}</ref> The squad consisted of a strong base of Mumbai-based players like Dane Pereira, [[Ashutosh Mehta]], [[Jayesh Rane]], John Coutinho, [[Rahul Bheke]], [[Collin Abranches]], [[Abhishek Yadav (footballer)|Abhishek Yadav]], [[Rohit Mirza]], [[Cletus Paul]], [[Allan Dias (Indian footballer)|Allan Dias]] and Paresh Shivalkar.<ref>[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/mumbai-fc/10631/ Mumbai Football club profile, archive, players and statistics]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927023041/https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/mumbai-fc/10631/ |date=27 September 2021 }}. ''Soccerway.com''. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</ref> The team captain is [[Climax Lawrence]] and vice-captain is [[Nidhin Lal]].<br />
<br />
The club started the season in the best possible form blowing away all teams and building an unassailable lead in the MDFA Elite League. Nine wins in nine games having scored 37 goals and conceding only 4. The biggest victory was their latest game in the League which was an 8–0 win over Maharashtra State Police. Josimar is the highest goal scorer with 11 goals in the eight games he has played.<br />
<br />
Mumbai failed to carry the momentum in the Federation Cup as they got knocked out in the Group stage itself. The club was pit in Group A alongside Dempo SC, East Bengal, Sporting Clube de Goa and Royal Wahingdoh. All group stage games were played at [[Fatorda Stadium]], Goa. The team lost their first game 2–1 against newbies [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]] with Josimar scoring the consolation goal in the game. A solitary Samapth Kutty Mani goal in the 1–0 win against [[Sporting Clube de Goa|Sporting Goa]] gave Mumbai a glimmer of hope to qualify for the semi-finals. In the next game against East Bengal unfortunately ended in a 0–0 draw. Mumbai's inability to finish their chances cost them a win although the draw left them top of the Group. The last game against [[Dempo S.C.|Dempo]] ended in a 2–0 defeat for Mumbai which knocked Mumbai out of the Federation Cup.<br />
<br />
[[File:Collin abranches at mumbai fc press confernce.jpg|thumb|Mumbai FC player Collin Abranches in press meet in 2015]]<br />
The dismal form continued in the [[2014–15 I-League]] as Mumbai lost their first three matches in a row. The losses included a 3–1 loss at Kolkata against [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]], a 1–0 loss against [[Shillong Lajong F.C.|Shillong Lajong]] and a 3–2 defeat in the Maha Derby against [[Pune FC]]. The next match against Sporting Goa was a big game for the club as it was Mumbai's homecoming. The club would play their first game at their home ground – [[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Football Stadium]] after a five-year hiatus. The match ended in a 0–0 draw thereby handing Mumbai their first point in the league. The first match at the Cooperage saw a 2,500 strong crowd.<br />
<br />
Mumbai took advantage of getting back at the Cooperage and went on to win two straight home games by thrashing Goan giants [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] 3–0 and then on 20 February 2015 defeating the then league leaders [[Royal Wahingdoh F.C.|Royal Wahingdoh]] 2–1. Mumbai FC went on to win their first away game when they beat I-League newcomers [[Bharat FC|Bharat]] 2–0 which made it three wins in a row and took them to 4th place in the I-League table. They also defeated [[Churchill Brothers SC]] 4–2 as Ghanaian player [[Yusif Yakubu]] scored a hat-trick.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wifa.in/i-league-hattrick-hero-yusif-yakubu-powers-mumbai-fc-to-a-4-2-win-over-churchill-bros/|title=I-League: Hattrick-hero Yusif Yakubu powers Mumbai FC to a 4-2 win over Churchill Bros|publisher=[[Western India Football Association|WIFA]]|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416071614/https://wifa.in/i-league-hattrick-hero-yusif-yakubu-powers-mumbai-fc-to-a-4-2-win-over-churchill-bros/|url-status=live}}</ref> The next match against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] at the Cooperage ended in a 1–1 draw as an equalizer in the second-half from the in-form Mumbai striker Josimar rescued a point for the Mumbaikars. Khalid Jamil ensured Mumbai survived relegation that season as they finished 6th in the I-League with 24 points in 20 league matches.<ref name="discipline">{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20142015/regular-season/r29929/players/|title=Players - I-League - India - Results, fixtures, tables and news - Soccerway|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716061353/https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/20142015/regular-season/r29929/players/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/statistics/|title=Hero I-League FairPlay Points Table|work=[[I-League]]|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716061355/http://i-league.org/statistics/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Rafi-mumbai fc.JPG|thumb|180px|[[Mohammed Rafi (footballer)|Mohammed Rafi]] in action with Mumbai FC during an [[I-League]] match at the [[Cooperage Ground]] in 2015]]<br />
[[File:Chinta Chandrashekar Rao Indian Footballer.jpg|180px|thumb|[[Chinta Chandrashekar Rao]] with Mumbai FC in 2015]]<br />
The [[2015–16 I-League]] season saw a flurry of changes for them. Khalid Jamil refreshed the squad and his Yellow army briefly fought for the top places before losing track and ultimately finishing at 5th place, which is still Mumbai's highest ever finish in the I-League.<ref name=History/><br />
<br />
===2016–2017===<br />
<br />
[[File:Santosh_kashyap.JPG|thumb|right|[[Santosh Kashyap]] as manager of Mumbai FC in 2016 during the team's press conference.]]<br />
[[Khalid Jamil]] was sacked on 15 June 2016, making him the longest running manager in I-League.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/15/24663182/i-league-khalid-jamil-steps-down-as-mumbai-fc-coach|title=I-League: Khalid Jamil steps down as Mumbai FC coach|date=15 June 2016|access-date=15 June 2016|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630190309/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/15/24663182/i-league-khalid-jamil-steps-down-as-mumbai-fc-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2016, Mumbai roped in former [[Royal Wahingdoh]] and [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar FC]] manager [[Santosh Kashyap]] as their head soach. After making huge changes in both style of play and squad, Mumbai won their initial 2 games aiming for a 'top 3'. But after 12 winless games which included 6 games winless streak and a 5–0 to [[DSK Shivajians]] he was sacked. This made his reign the shortest in Mumbai's history.<br />
<br />
[[File:Taisuke Matsugae In Press Confernce.jpg|thumb|Japanese player Taisuke Matsugae with Mumbai in 2016]]<br />
In March 2017, Mumbai FC roped in Spaniard [[Óscar Bruzón]] as their new head coach,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3087946/mumbai-fc-appoint-oscar-bruzon-as-head-coach|title=Mumbai FC appoint Oscar Bruzon as head coach|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=22 March 2017|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061519/http://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3087946/mumbai-fc-appoint-oscar-bruzon-as-head-coach|url-status=live}}</ref> and signed [[Trinidad and Tobago national football team|Trinidadian and Tobago]] international [[Densill Theobald]] as marquee player, who represented his nation at the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/amp/news/i-league-201617-mumbai-fc-welcome-densill-theobald/106so31z8pb891cubn5mko699u|title=I-League 2016/17 EXCLUSIVE - Mumbai FC welcome Densill Theobald|website=Goal.com|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008122401/https://www.goal.com/en-om/amp/news/i-league-201617-mumbai-fc-welcome-densill-theobald/106so31z8pb891cubn5mko699u|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Defunction==<br />
Facing financial problems since 2010, Mumbai FC was relegated from the [[I-League]] in 2017,<ref>{{cite web|title=After Shillong United shut shop, a look at clubs that withdrew from the I-League in the last 5 years|url=https://scroll.in/field/888836/after-shillong-united-shut-shop-a-look-at-clubs-that-withdrew-from-the-i-league-in-the-last-5-years|website=scroll.in|publisher=[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]|date=1 August 2018|access-date=26 November 2022|archive-date=28 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228071930/https://scroll.in/field/888836/after-shillong-united-shut-shop-a-look-at-clubs-that-withdrew-from-the-i-league-in-the-last-5-years}}</ref><ref name="2016 season">{{cite web |title=I-League 2016–17 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2017/regular-season/r35297/?ICID=PL_3N_01 |website=Soccerway |access-date=30 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904160308/http://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league/2017/regular-season/r35297/?ICID=PL_3N_01 |archive-date=4 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making|title=Kenkre FC's I-League dreams: 21 years in the making|website=freepressjournal.in|publisher=The Free Press Journal|first=Anil|last=Dias|location=Mumbai|date=8 December 2021|access-date=28 November 2022|archive-date=8 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208150044/https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/football/kenkre-fcs-i-league-dreams-21-years-in-the-making}}</ref> and consequently decided to shut down rather than playing the second division.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sengupta|first1=Somnath|title=Indian Club Football: How Financially Sustainable Is Football In India?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|website=www.thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=8 July 2011|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114125910/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2011/indian-club-football-how-financially-sustainable-is-football-in-india/|archive-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Ajgoankar|first1=Ashlesh|title=Indian Football: Can Kerala Produce Next I.M. Vijayan?|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|website=www.thehardtackle.com|publisher=The Hard Tackle|date=18 January 2013|access-date=11 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101110236/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/indian-football-can-kerala-produce-next-i-m-vijayan/|archive-date=1 November 2014}}</ref> USports CEO Supratik Sen confirmed their interest in playing the I-League from Mumbai after the success of Mumbai FC for a decade.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mumbai-likely-to-have-a-team-in-the-i-league/articleshow/69721861.cms Mumbai likely to have a team in the I-League for upcoming seasons]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416071609/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/mumbai-likely-to-have-a-team-in-the-i-league/articleshow/69721861.cms |date=16 April 2022}} ''The Times of India''. Retrieved 7 May 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
<i>"We feel that football in Mumbai has tremendous potential and it’s imperative that we have a team in the I-League. Just when fans started coming to the stadium in large numbers for the I-League games, Mumbai FC got relegated and the city didn't have a team in the league anymore"</i>, Sen said. Later in 2019, the club was made defunct.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ISL: Pratik Chowdhary set to sign for Mumbai City FC {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-pratik-chowdhary-mumbai-city-fc/12rkzfthilqtczn2qmg3uunae|last=Parasar|first=Swapnaneel|date=2019-08-21|website=goal.com|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212063629/https://www.goal.com/en/news/isl-pratik-chowdhary-mumbai-city-fc/12rkzfthilqtczn2qmg3uunae}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Crest & colours==<br />
The Club crest consists of a shield with a yellow figurine of a footballer in front of the [[Gateway of India]].<ref>[https://www.footballcounter.com/2014/candid-chat-with-john-coutinho/ Candid chat with John Coutinho] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928034611/https://www.footballcounter.com/2014/candid-chat-with-john-coutinho/ |date=28 September 2021 }} ''footballcounter.com''. Retrieved 23 September 2021</ref><br />
<br />
The colours of Mumbai FC are yellow and blue, which are derived from the club crest.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The home kit consists of a yellow jersey with yellow shorts and blue socks while the away kit consists of an orange jersey and white shorts and black socks; the reason why they were nicknamed "yellow submarines".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/opponent-watch-sporting-club-de-goa-federation-cup-2016/|title=Opponent watch – Sporting Club de Goa – Federation Cup 2016|first1=Siddharth|last1=Yadav|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter India|date=30 April 2016|access-date=31 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231080431/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/opponent-watch-sporting-club-de-goa-federation-cup-2016/|archive-date=31 December 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Home stadium==<br />
{{Main|Cooperage Ground}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Cooperage Football Ground.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Football Ground]] before renovation]]<br />
Since being promoted to the I-League in 2008, Mumbai FC has used the [[Cooperage Ground]] as its home ground,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |title=Stadiums in India |publisher=World Stadiums |access-date=2014-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924095432/http://www.worldstadiums.com/asia/countries/india.shtml |archive-date=24 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html#u-19_ileague|title=Mumbai F.C beat Mohun Bagan and save religation|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711123552/https://www.kolkatafootball.com/indiafootball_news_2010/may7_2010.html|access-date=24 January 2014|website=kolkatafootball.com|publisher=Kolkata Football}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC 1-1 Sporting Clube de Goa: Kalu's penalty wins a point for the visitors|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=21 September 2013|archive-date=24 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924023331/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report}}</ref> which has a seating capacity of 5,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-sanctions-2-million-grant-for-cooperage-1532025|title=FIFA sanctions 2 million grant for Cooperage|publisher=DNA India|website=dnaindia.com|date=15 April 2011|first=Mihir|last=Vasavda|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621094538/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-fifa-sanctions-2-million-grant-for-cooperage-1532025|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Rosy Sequeira|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688|title=A Shot in the arm for Cooperage Ground|publisher=DNA|date=11 June 2011|access-date=20 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621071505/http://www.dnaindia.com/sports/report-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-cooperage-ground-in-mumbai-1553688|archive-date=21 June 2018}}</ref> They also used the stadium for [[MDFA Elite Division]] (now known as Mumbai Mumbai Premier League) matches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mumbai FC thump Customs 8-3 in MDFA Elite Division Opener|url=http://www.mumbaifc.com/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=517|access-date=6 December 2016|work=Mumbai Football Club|date=6 December 2016|archive-date=20 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220081616/http://www.mumbaifc.com/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=517}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai in Kolhapur|url=http://esselgroup.com/the-i-league-beckons.html|publisher=Essel Group|access-date=29 September 2012|archive-date=18 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518110025/http://esselgroup.com/the-i-league-beckons.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/newcomers-kenkre-fc-put-mumbai-back-on-the-i-league-map-101640453818579.html|title=Newcomers Kenkre FC put Mumbai back on the I-League map|date=25 December 2021|access-date=1 February 2023|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Mumbai|first=Rutvick|last=Mehta|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206122858/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/football/newcomers-kenkre-fc-put-mumbai-back-on-the-i-league-map-101640453818579.html|archive-date=6 December 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Kunal Sawant (4).JPG|thumb|left|Mumbai FC players during an I-League match against [[SC East Bengal|East Bengal]] at the [[Cooperage Ground|Cooperage Football Ground]] in 2015.]]<br />
From [[2011–12 I-League|2011–12]] onwards till [[2013-14 I-League|2013–14]],<ref name=debut>{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC 1-1 Sporting Goa: Kalu's penalty wins a point for the visitors|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report|website=Goal.com|access-date=21 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130924023331/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122548/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report|archive-date=24 September 2013}}</ref> the club along with local rivals [[Air India F.C.|Air India]] played their home fixtures at the [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Balewadi Sports Complex]] in [[Pune]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Srivastava|first=Ayush|title=Mumbai FC 0–0 Churchill Brothers — The Red Machines fail to break past their resilient hosts|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96243/mumbai-fc-vs-churchill-brothers-sc/report|work=Goal.com|accessdate=2 February 2013|archive-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130020006/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/96243/mumbai-fc-vs-churchill-brothers-sc/report}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=MUMBAI VS. DEMPO 1—1|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/29/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/dempo-sports-club/1585287/|website=Soccerway.com|access-date=29 September 2013|archive-date=27 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131027220949/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/09/29/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/dempo-sports-club/1585287/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Man Utd start their football school in Mumbai|url=http://www.news4education.com/article.php?id=2978|publisher=News 4 Education|access-date=29 September 2012|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629212639/http://www.news4education.com/article.php?id=2978|archive-date=29 June 2017}}</ref> The club returned to its original and newly renovated Cooperage Stadium in Mumbai from the [[2014-15 I-League|2014–15]] season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/mumbai-fc-returns-to-cooperage-football-stadium|title=Mumbai FC returns to Cooperage Football Stadium|website=the-aiff.com|publisher=All India Football Federation|access-date=13 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927002438/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/mumbai-fc-returns-to-cooperage-football-stadium|date=27 October 2014|archive-date=27 September 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the [[2010–11 I-League]] season, [[Rajarshi Shahu Stadium]] in [[Kolhapur, Maharashtra|Kolhapur]], hosted numerous matches of Mumbai teams due to unavailability of [[Cooperage Ground]]. Mumbai FC played its home games at this ground throughout the season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/goan-bashing-for-mumbai-fc/story-stHvLxvGWceGagl5ev1v9H.html|title=Goan bashing for Mumbai FC|date=18 December 2010|website=hindustantimes.com|publisher=The Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119091916/https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/goan-bashing-for-mumbai-fc/story-stHvLxvGWceGagl5ev1v9H.html|archive-date=19 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Rivalry==<br />
Mumbai FC used to have a rivalry with fellow [[Maharashtra]]-based club [[Pune FC]], with whom it contested the "Maha derby".<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC, Pune FC ready for 'Maha derby'|url=http://www.wifa.in/?p=3944|work=Western India Football Association| date=9 February 2013 |access-date=19 October 2013|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603143346/http://www.wifa.in/?p=3944}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=25 September 2017|first1=Joe|last1=Williams|url=https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|title=The Goa and Maha Derby: A thing past in I-League|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720065558/https://khelnow.com/football/goa-maha-derby-i-league|archive-date=20 July 2021|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now News|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Kaushik|last=Saha|url=http://www.goaldentimes.org/i-league-mid-term-review/|title=I-League 2013-14 : Mid-Season Review|website=goaldentimes.org|publisher=Golden Times|date=10 January 2014|access-date=28 December 2021|archive-date=9 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909224830/http://www.goaldentimes.org/i-league-mid-term-review/}}</ref> Both the teams faced each other in yearly competitions like [[I-League]] and [[Mumbai Football League|MDFA Elite League]] (now known as Mumbai Premier League).<ref>{{cite web|title=Pune FC win grudge battle move into Top-3 after second win|url=http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-2-pune-fc-3-2-mumbai-fc|publisher=Pune Football Club|access-date=12 October 2012|archive-date=28 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928190016/http://punefc.com/?match-reports=i-league-rnd-2-pune-fc-3-2-mumbai-fc}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:center"<br />
|-<br />
!Period<br />
!Kit manufacturer<br />
!Shirt sponsor<br />
|-<br />
|2007–2009<br />
|rowspan=4|[[Adidas]]<br />
|Playwin<br />
|-<br />
|2009–2010<br />
|[[Dish TV]]<br />
|-<br />
|2010–2011<br />
|<small>''none''</small><br />
|-<br />
|2011–2012<br />
|rowspan=2|[[TEN Sports|TEN HD]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://forum.indianfootballnetwork.com/discussion/118/mumbai-fc-news/p20|title=Mumbai FC News|website=indianfootballnetwork.com|date=5 February 2015 |archive-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716063704/https://forum.indianfootballnetwork.com/discussion/118/mumbai-fc-news/p20|access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2012–2014<br />
|rowspan=2|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160315212139/http://www.7070sports.in/ 7070 Sports]<br />
|-<br />
|2014–2015<br />
|rowspan=2|Playwin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mumbaifc.com/Partners.aspx|title=Mumbai FC partners|website=Mumbai Football Club|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318081722/http://www.mumbaifc.com/Partners.aspx|archive-date=18 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2015–2017<br />
|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-nivia-official-match-ball-sponsor|title=Nivia joins hands with ISL as official match ball sponsor|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|date=18 August 2018|access-date=16 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804054434/https://khelnow.com/football/isl-2018-19-nivia-official-match-ball-sponsor|archive-date=4 August 2020}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Honours==<br />
{{main article|List of Mumbai F.C. seasons}}<br />
===Senior===<br />
;League<br />
* '''[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]'''<br />
**Champions (1): [[I-League 2nd Division 2008|2008]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2008/final-group/r6523/|title=I-LEAGUE 2ND DIVISION|website=Soccerway|access-date=22 February 2021|archive-date=19 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319081736/https://int.soccerway.com/national/india/i-league-2nd-division/2008/final-group/r6523/}}</ref><br />
* '''[[Mumbai Football League]]'''<br />
**Champions (1): 2010–11<ref>{{Cite web|first=Chittu|last=Shetty|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/why-this-would-be-the-right-time-to-bring-back-rovers-cup/|title=Why this would be the right time to bring back 'Rovers Cup'|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=11 August 2019|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627133540/https://www.footballcounter.com/2019/why-this-would-be-the-right-time-to-bring-back-rovers-cup/}}</ref><br />
<br />
;Cup<br />
* '''[[Western India Football Association|Nadkarni Cup]]'''<br />
**Champions (4): 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016<ref>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|title=India — List of Nadkarni Cup Finals|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=1 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129033202/http://www.rsssf.com/tablesi/indianadkarnicuphist.html|archive-date=29 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*'''Abhijit Kadam Memorial Cup'''<br />
**Champions (1): 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/mumbai-fc-lift-abhijit-kadam-cup.html|title=Mumbai FC lift Abhijit Kadam cup|date=13 March 2008|first=Mahesh|last=Bhalerao|website=esselnewsletter.com|publisher=Essel Newsletter|access-date=16 December 2021|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216103328/http://www.esselnewsletter.com/news/mumbai-fc-lift-abhijit-kadam-cup.html|archive-date=16 December 2021}}</ref><br />
*'''Kolhapur All-India Football Championship'''<br />
**Champions (1): 2009<ref>{{Cite web|title=Josco FC to build soccer city|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/mar/26/josco-fc-to-build-soccer-city-142534.html|date=26 March 2010|location=Kochi|access-date=2021-09-23|website=newindianexpress.com|publisher=The New Indian Express|archive-date=24 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924170722/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/2010/mar/26/josco-fc-to-build-soccer-city-142534.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Youth===<br />
*'''[[I-League U20]]'''<br />
**Runners-up (1): 2012<ref>{{cite web|title=U20 I-League: Champions Pune FC sign off on all-win note, down Prayag United 3–1|url=http://punefc.com/?news=u20-i-league-champions-pune-fc-sign-off-on-all-win-note-down-prayag-utd-3-1|work=Pune Football Club|date=18 May 2012|access-date=28 July 2012|archive-date=31 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000500/http://punefc.com/?news=u20-i-league-champions-pune-fc-sign-off-on-all-win-note-down-prayag-utd-3-1}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notable players==<br />
{{Category see also|Mumbai FC players}}<br />
*The foreign players below had senior/youth international cap(s) for their respective countries. Players whose name is listed, represented their countries before or after playing for ''Mumbai FC''.<br />
<br />
'''World Cup player'''<br />
* {{flagicon|TRI}} [[Densil Theobald]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7982/Densill_Theobald.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Theobald, Densill|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=6 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206032814/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/7982/Densill_Theobald.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Nikhil|last=Jitendran|url=https://www.goal.com/en-om/amp/news/i-league-201617-mumbai-fc-welcome-densill-theobald/106so31z8pb891cubn5mko699u|title=I-League 2016/17 EXCLUSIVE - Mumbai FC welcome Densill Theobald|website=goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|date=18 January 2017|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008122401/https://www.goal.com/en-om/amp/news/i-league-201617-mumbai-fc-welcome-densill-theobald/106so31z8pb891cubn5mko699u|archive-date=8 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
'''Foreign internationals'''<br />
*{{flagicon|GHA}} [[Felix Aboagye]] (2007–2009)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6309/Felix_Ahmed_Aboagye.html|title=Felix Ahmed Aboagye (Player) – National Team Appearances – Club Appearances|website=www.national-football-teams.com|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=28 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428164331/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/6309/Felix_Ahmed_Aboagye.html|archive-date=28 April 2022|author=Benjamin Strack-Zimmermann}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Kayne Vincent]] (2009–2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oceaniafootballcenter.org/kayne-vincent/|title=Player profile: Kayne Vincent|access-date=16 March 2023|website=oceaniafootballcenter.org|date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=16 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316145746/https://oceaniafootballcenter.org/kayne-vincent/|publisher=Oceania Football Confederation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57772/Kayne_Vincent.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Vincent, Kayne|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007195432/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/57772/Kayne_Vincent.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Zohib Islam Amiri]] (2011–2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://i-league.org/all-our-players-play-professional-club-football-abroad-haroon-amiri/|title=All our players play professional club football abroad: Haroon Amiri|website=the-ileague.org|publisher=[[I-League|Hero I-League]]|date=14 June 2021|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701134001/https://i-league.org/all-our-players-play-professional-club-football-abroad-haroon-amiri/|archive-date=1 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12453/Zohib_Islam_Amiri.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Amiri, Zohib Islam|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2022|archive-date=9 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209012837/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12453/Zohib_Islam_Amiri.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Orok Essien]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-minerva-punjab-fc-complete-double-deal-rope-in-brazilian-winger-and-nigerian-striker|title=Indian football transfers: Minerva Punjab FC rope in Sergio Barboza Jr and Orok Essien in a double deal|website=Sportskeeda.com|date=10 August 2019|first=Sounak|last=Mullick|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013102115/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-transfers-minerva-punjab-fc-complete-double-deal-rope-in-brazilian-winger-and-nigerian-striker|archive-date=13 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/orok-eyes-cfa-title-with-viva-before-joining-kolkata-club/articleshow/52256972.cms|title=Orok eyes CFA title with Viva before joining Kolkata club|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 May 2016|agency=TNN|location=Chennai|first=Damayanti|last=Dasgupta|access-date=20 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920134912/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/orok-eyes-cfa-title-with-viva-before-joining-kolkata-club/articleshow/52256972.cms|archive-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Sandjar Ahmadi]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite web|last=George|first=Joseph|title=Sandjar Ahmadi: "Winning SAFF Cup Was Important For Afghanistan"|url=http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/sandjar-ahmadi-india-won-2011-saff-cup-with-the-help-of-referees/|date=14 May 2018|work=The Hard Tackle|access-date=13 January 2014|archive-date=3 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203100954/http://www.thehardtackle.com/2013/sandjar-ahmadi-india-won-2011-saff-cup-with-the-help-of-referees/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45875/Sandjar_Ahmadi.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Ahmadi, Sandjar|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=2 February 2023|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210112728/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45875/Sandjar_Ahmadi.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Ahmad Hatifi]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC rope in Afghanistan's Hashmatullah Barikzai and Ahmad Hatifie|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/11/01/4374696/mumbai-fc-rope-in-afghanistans-hashmatullah-barikzai-and?ICID=HP_BN_1|work=Goal.com|date=1 November 2013|access-date=2 November 2013|archive-date=4 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104112743/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2013/11/01/4374696/mumbai-fc-rope-in-afghanistans-hashmatullah-barikzai-and?ICID=HP_BN_1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45874/Ahmad_Hatifie.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Ahmad, Hatifie|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210131915/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/45874/Ahmad_Hatifie.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Hashmatullah Barakzai]] (2013–2014)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/23575/Hashmatullah_Barakzai.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Barakzai, Hashmatullah|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225083031/https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/23575/Hashmatullah_Barakzai.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[Son Min-chol]] (2015–2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/minchol-son-expects-a-strong-challenge-in-his-new-club-mumbai-fc/|title=Minchol Son expects a strong challenge in his new club Mumbai FC|date=1 January 2016|first=Siddharth|last=Yadav|access-date=15 January 2022|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter India|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620145308/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/minchol-son-expects-a-strong-challenge-in-his-new-club-mumbai-fc/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mumbai-fc-sign-two-foreign-players/article8034310.ece/|title=Mumbai FC sign two foreign players|date=27 December 2015|agency=PTI|access-date=15 January 2022|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724074707/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mumbai-fc-sign-two-foreign-players/article8034310.ece}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon|AFG|2013}} [[Djelaludin Sharityar]] (2017)<ref>{{cite web|last=Strack-Zimmermann|first=Benjamin|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12448/Djelaluddin_Sharityar.html|title=NFT player — National team & Club appearances: Shaityar, Djelaluddin|publisher=National Football Teams|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210131909/http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12448/Djelaluddin_Sharityar.html|website=national-football-teams.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Fans==<br />
A recognised fan club by the name "Yellow Brigade" had been in support for the ''[[Mumbai|Mumbaikars]]'' from 2015 until the withdrawal of senior team in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|first=Manasi|last=Pathak|date=18 August 2017|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/mumbai-fc-failure-secure-i-league-berth-indian-football-the-club-/l004n6vauvuf1dfkvqep9xel7|title=Mumbai FC: Failure to secure an I-League berth could see the club shut shop?|website=www.goal.com|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184353/https://www.goal.com/en-in/amp/news/mumbai-fc-failure-secure-i-league-berth-indian-football-the-club-/l004n6vauvuf1dfkvqep9xel7|archive-date=9 July 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Marar|first=Nandakumar|date=4 January 2017|title=Steven Dias to lead Mumbai Football Club in I-League|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/steven-dias-to-lead-mumbai-football-club-in-i-league/article17068721.ece1|access-date=24 June 2020|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626134926/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/steven-dias-to-lead-mumbai-football-club-in-i-league/article17068721.ece1}}</ref> The [[Cooperage Ground]] has seen an average attendance of 3500 spectators.<br />
<br />
==Managerial history==<br />
{{main article|List of Mumbai F.C. managers}}<br />
:''As of January 2017''<ref name=Squad>{{cite web<br />
| title = The Team<br />
| url = http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/TeamInfo.aspx<br />
| publisher = Mumbai F.C.<br />
| access-date = 29 September 2012<br />
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120324082413/http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/TeamInfo.aspx<br />
| archive-date = 24 March 2012<br />
| url-status = dead<br />
}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"<br />
|-<br />
!Picture!!Name!!Nationality!!From!!class="unsortable"|To!!P!!W!!D!!L!!GF!!GA!!Win%!!class="unsortable"|Honours!!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|align=left|[[David Booth (football manager)|David Booth]]<br />
|align=left|{{ENG}}<br />
|align=left|2007<br />
|align=left|August 2009<br />
{{WDL|27|11|7|9|for=24|against=21}}<br />
| 1 ([[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]])<br />
| <ref><br />
*{{cite news|title= I-League: All The Best – Mumbai FC Director To Henry, David Booth And Arshad|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/04/25/1228399/i-league-all-the-best-mumbai-fc-director-to-henry-david|website=goal.com|date=25 April 2009|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-date=3 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003003048/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/04/25/1228399/i-league-all-the-best-mumbai-fc-director-to-henry-david|url-status=dead}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|title=The League of foreign coaches|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|agency=TNN|location=Margao|date=29 September 2008|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616070718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/the-league-of-foreign-coaches/articleshow/3537878.cms|archive-date=16 June 2024}}<br />
</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Sujay|last=Sharma|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/701|title=David Booth officially signs 3-year deal with Mahindra United|date=13 May 2009|publisher=Indian Football|website=indianfootball.com|access-date=6 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517062631/http://www.indianfootball.com/en/news/articleId/701|archive-date=17 May 2009}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Khalid_Jamil_At_Mumbai_FC_Pre_Match_Conference.JPG|90px]]<br />
|align=left|[[Khalid Jamil]]<br />
|align=left|{{IND}}<br />
|align=left|August 2009<br />
|align=left|June 2016<br />
{{WDL|78|22|21|35|for=79|against=106}}<br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_khalid-jamil-fares-well-in-debut-season_1391664|title=Khalid Jamil fares well in debut season|website=dnaindia.com|publisher=DNA India|date=4 June 2010|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605124145/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/report_khalid-jamil-fares-well-in-debut-season_1391664|archive-date=5 June 2010|author=Deepak Narayanan|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69376/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report| title = Mumbai FC 2–1 Sporting Clube De Goa: Khalid Jamil's Men Hand Flaming Oranje Their First Defeat| access-date = 23 November 2011| publisher = goal.com| archive-date = 25 November 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111125131617/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69376/mumbai-fc-vs-sporting-clube-de-goa/report }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Santosh_kashyap.JPG|90px]]<br />
|align=left|[[Santosh Kashyap]]<br />
|align=left|{{IND}}<br />
|align=left|22 June 2016<br />
|align=left|17 March 2017<br />
{{WDL|14|2|4|8|for=8|against=23}}<br />
|<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sumedh Bilgi|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/22/24908182/i-league-santosh-kashyap-announced-as-new-mumbai-fc-head|title=I-League – Santosh Kashyap announced as new Mumbai FC Head Coach|date=22 June 2016|website=goal.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112034237/http://m.goal.com/s/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2016/06/22/24908182/i-league-santosh-kashyap-announced-as-new-mumbai-fc-head|archive-date=12 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[File:Oscar bruzon 01.jpg|90px]]<br />
|align=left|[[Oscar Bruzon]]<br />
|align=left|{{ESP}}<br />
|align=left|20 March 2017<br />
|align=left|May 2017<br />
{{WDL|4|0|3|1|for=1|against=5}}<br />
|<br />
| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3087946/mumbai-fc-appoint-oscar-bruzon-as-head-coach|title=Mumbai FC appoint Oscar Bruzon as head coach|website=espn.com|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=22 March 2017|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027061519/http://www.espn.com/soccer/india/story/3087946/mumbai-fc-appoint-oscar-bruzon-as-head-coach|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/former-mumbai-fc-gaffer-oscar-bruzon-joins-maldivian-side/we2s8bdi904o1vvh15opgpwkk|title=Former Mumbai FC gaffer Oscar Bruzon joins Maldivian side New Radiant SC|publisher=Goal|website=goal.com|date=26 June 2017|access-date=26 October 2018|archive-date=27 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027143043/https://www.goal.com/en-sg/news/former-mumbai-fc-gaffer-oscar-bruzon-joins-maldivian-side/we2s8bdi904o1vvh15opgpwkk|author=Manasi Pathak|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Youth section==<br />
The club operated its U19 youth men's section (known as Mumbai FC Colts),<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 December 2016|title=Mumbai FC go down after a spirited second half showing against DSK Shivajians|url=http://www.mumbaifc.com/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=525|website=Mumbai FC|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=6 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006062007/http://mumbaifc.com/NewsDetails.aspx?newsid=525}}</ref> that participated in [[Youth League (India)|Hero U19 I-League]].<ref>{{cite news|title=U19 I-League: Arif Shaikh strikes three in Pune FC's 6–1 Maha-Derby win over Mumbai FC|url=http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/sports-details/SN/1497/u19-i-league-arif-shaikh-strikes-three-in-pune-fc-s-6-1-maha-derby-win-over-mumbai-fc.html|access-date=2 May 2016|work=IndiaBlooms|date=7 January 2015|archive-date=31 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531051440/http://www.indiablooms.com/ibns_new/sports-details/SN/1497/u19-i-league-arif-shaikh-strikes-three-in-pune-fc-s-6-1-maha-derby-win-over-mumbai-fc.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 January 2017|agency=TNN|location=Bengaluru|title=Ozone squander lead to go down to Kenkre|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/ozone-squander-lead-to-go-down-to-kenkre/articleshow/56705939.cms|work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first=Biju Babu|last=Cyriac|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=16 April 2022|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416054215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/i-league/ozone-squander-lead-to-go-down-to-kenkre/articleshow/56705939.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|title=I-League (under-19) 2008/09|work=indianfootball.de|date=2008|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718223024/http://www.indianfootball.de/seasons/2008-09ilj.html|archive-date=18 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/05/20/under-20-i-league-pune-fc-champions-stats-facts/ |title=U20 I-League: Pune FC champions, Stats and Facts |access-date=20 June 2012 |archive-date=25 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525013613/http://www.sportskeeda.com/2012/05/20/under-20-i-league-pune-fc-champions-stats-facts/ |website=Sportskeeda.com |date=20 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/aiff_u20_ileague_2012/index.html |title=AIFF U20 : Fixtures and Results |access-date=22 April 2012 |archive-date=22 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422180750/http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/aiff_u20_ileague_2012/index.html |website=kolkatafootball.com }}</ref> In [[2011 I-League U19|2011 season]], they reached championship round and achieved third place.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jct-wins-u19-ileague-title/article2135068.ece|title=JCT wins u-19 I-League title|website=thehindu.com|location=Kolkata|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 June 2011|access-date=26 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712005632/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jct-wins-u19-ileague-title/article2135068.ece|archive-date=12 July 2021}}</ref> During the [[2012 I-League U20]], Mumbai's [[Jayesh Rane]] ended as top scorer of the league with thirteen goals.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jayesh Rane: Fans Player of the Year|url=http://www.wifa.in/?p=6196|access-date=7 October 2016|location=Mumbai|website=wifa.in|publisher=Western Indian Football Association|date=1 May 2015|archive-date=30 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730123649/http://www.wifa.in/?p=6196}}</ref><br />
<br />
Both the U15 and U13 teams of Mumbai FC participated in DSK Cup in [[Pune]], organized by [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvaraj|first=Jonathan|title=Minerva FC set for the big leap ahead of I-league debut|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/3033245/minerva-fc-set-for-the-big-leap-ahead-of-i-league-debut|website=espn.in|publisher=[[ESPN]]|language=en-US|access-date=26 August 2020|date=6 January 2017|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710172042/https://www.espn.in/football/story/3033245/minerva-fc-set-for-the-big-leap-ahead-of-i-league-debut}}</ref> In youth football leagues, the club also shared rivalry with [[Pune FC#Academy & youth|Pune FC]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Arunava|title=Pune FC trounce rivals Mumbai FC 6–1 in U-19 I-league; Arif Shaikh gets a hat-trick|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/under-19-i-league-arif-shaikh-strikes-three-pune-fcs-6-1-maha-derby-win-mumbai-fc|access-date=29 January 2017|work=Sportskeeda|date=8 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427164857/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/under-19-i-league-arif-shaikh-strikes-three-pune-fcs-6-1-maha-derby-win-mumbai-fc|archive-date=27 April 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Association football}}<br />
*[[List of football clubs in India|Football clubs in Mumbai]]<br />
*[[:Category:Defunct football clubs in India|Defunct football clubs in India]]<br />
*[[Sports in Maharashtra]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
===General sources===<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Bibliography===<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Kapadia |first1=Novy |year=2017|title=Barefoot to Boots: The Many Lives of Indian Football |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=978-0-143-42641-7 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last1=Martinez| first1=Dolores |last2=Mukharji |first2=Projit B|year=2009|title=Football: From England to the World: The Many Lives of Indian Football |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&q=kerala+footballer+in+Burma |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-138-88353-6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702174505/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=nbzhAQAAQBAJ&dq=kerala+footballer+in+Burma&source=gbs_navlinks_s |archive-date=2 July 2022 }}<br />
*{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: Empire, Nation, Diaspora|year=2001|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|location=[[London]], United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2|page=33|last1=Dineo|first1=Paul|last2=Mills|first2=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=71JHZiiP3hoC|archive-date=25 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725072732/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Soccer_in_South_Asia.html?id=71JHZiiP3hoC&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y}}<br />
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ|title=History of Indian Football: Upto 2009–10|first=Nirmal|last=Nath|year=2011|publisher=Readers Service|isbn=9788187891963|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722172604/https://books.google.co.in/books/about/History_of_Indian_Football.html?id=QbUFaAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y|archive-date=22 July 2022}}<br />
*{{cite journal |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |title=Regionalism and club domination: Growth of rival centres of footballing excellence |publisher=Taylor & Francis |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=1 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301202832/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14660970500106410?journalCode=fsas20 |journal=Soccer & Society |volume=6:2–3 |issue=2–3 |pages=227–256 |doi=10.1080/14660970500106410 |s2cid=216862171 |url-access=subscription }}<br />
<br />
===Further reading===<br />
*{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65445/salgaocar-sc-vs-mumbai-fc/report| title = Federation Cup: Salgaocar SC Held By Mumbai FC To A Goalless Draw| access-date = 31 October 2011| publisher = goal.com| archive-date = 25 September 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110925145035/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/65445/salgaocar-sc-vs-mumbai-fc/report}}<br />
*{{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69219/mumbai-fc-vs-east-bengal/report| title = Mumbai FC 1-4 East Bengal – Tolgay Ozbey Inspires The Kolkata Side To Seal Their First Full Points In The League| access-date = 5 November 2011| publisher = goal.com| archive-date = 7 January 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120107011334/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/69219/mumbai-fc-vs-east-bengal/report}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=Mumbai 0–1 Salgaocar|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/03/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394158/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091845/http://int.soccerway.com/matches/2012/11/03/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/1394158/}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=Mumbai 1–3 Salgaocar|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/18/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/1585306/|website=Soccerway|access-date=20 February 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128115118/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/10/18/india/i-league/mumbai-fc/salgaocar-sports-club/1585306/}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=HAL Bangalore vs Mumbai FC Lineups and Statistics |url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/69697/hal-bangalore-vs-mumbai-fc/lineup-stats |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130124085200/http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/69697/hal-bangalore-vs-mumbai-fc/lineup-stats |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 January 2013 |website=goal.com |publisher=GOAL |access-date=18 April 2012 }}<br />
*{{cite news|last1=Yadav|first1=Siddharth|title=MFA Elite Division 2016–17: The Big Preview|url=http://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mdfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|access-date=7 December 2016|website=footballcounter.com|publisher=Football Counter|date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804170231/https://www.footballcounter.com/2016/mdfa-elite-division-2016-17-big-preview/|archive-date=4 August 2018|location=Mumbai}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-sporting-clube-spoil-mumbai-fcs-party|title=I-League: Sporting Clube spoil Mumbai FC's party|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=21 September 2013|access-date=7 October 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082439/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-sporting-clube-spoil-mumbai-fcs-party}}<br />
*{{Cite web|first=Sukalp|last=Sharma|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/|title=Indias biggest league|date=31 May 2010|access-date=16 July 2021|website=financialexpress.com|publisher=The Financial Express|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718090105/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/indias-biggest-league/626797/}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/form-favours-chirag-united-against-minnows-mumbai-fc_569443.html|title=Form favours Chirag United against minnows Mumbai FC|date=8 October 2009|publisher=|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084550/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/form-favours-chirag-united-against-minnows-mumbai-fc_569443.html}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/10/09/1550765/i-league-chirag-hold-on-for-win-over-mumbai-fc|title=I-League: Chirag Hold On For Win Over Mumbai FC — Goal.com|website=www.goal.com|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083508/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/10/09/1550765/i-league-chirag-hold-on-for-win-over-mumbai-fc}}<br />
*{{cite news|title=Elite Tata academy spawns 13 dribblers|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151103/jsp/jharkhand/story_51063.jsp#.Vtq-xpMrLBI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603124123/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151103/jsp/jharkhand/story_51063.jsp#.Vtq-xpMrLBI|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2016|access-date=5 March 2016|work=Telegraph India|date=3 November 2015}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=Henry Ezeh, Rahul Bheke and Sehnaj Singh join Mumbai FC|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/01/14/4542734/henry-ezeh-rahul-bheke-and-sehnaj-singh-join-mumbai-fc|work=Goal.com|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=14 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314040950/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2014/01/14/4542734/henry-ezeh-rahul-bheke-and-sehnaj-singh-join-mumbai-fc}} {{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan 1–0 Mumbai FC: Chizoba wins it for the Mariners|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122926/mohun-bagan-ac-vs-mumbai-fc/report|work=Goal.com|access-date=21 January 2014|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416021305/http://www.goal.com/en-india/match/122926/mohun-bagan-ac-vs-mumbai-fc/report}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2842&news=Alfred-Jaryan-Earns-A-Point-For-Mumbai-Against-Dempo |title=Alfred Jaryan earns a point for Mumbai against Dempo |website=feverpitch.in |publisher=Fever Pitch |date=6 April 2014 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129165356/http://feverpitch.in/news.php?newsid=2842&news=Alfred-Jaryan-Earns-A-Point-For-Mumbai-Against-Dempo |archive-date=2016-01-29 }}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?tb_match=9208|title=Dempo sports club vs Mumbai FC|website=i-league.com|publisher=I-League|date=5 April 2014|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405014231/http://i-league.org/?tb_match=9208}}<br />
*{{Cite web|first=Anubhav|last=Roda|title=Chandigarh's Minerva FC is putting North India back on the country's football map|url=https://scroll.in/field/822106/chandigarhs-minerva-fc-is-putting-north-india-back-on-the-countrys-football-map|website=scroll.in|publisher=Scroll|language=en-US|access-date=26 August 2020|date=21 November 2016|archive-date=8 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108164209/https://scroll.in/field/822106/chandigarhs-minerva-fc-is-putting-north-india-back-on-the-countrys-football-map}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=Mumbai FC sign 26 year old defender Justine Stephen|url=http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/InnerNews.aspx?TNid=407&Nid=PreMatchNews-|access-date=26 November 2016|first=Jal|last=Sonpal|work=mumbaifc.com|date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009125106/http://www.mumbaifc.com/MumbaiFC2012/InnerNews.aspx?TNid=407&Nid=PreMatchNews-|archive-date=9 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/vasco-appoint-subrata-bhattacharya-as-their-new-head-coach|title=Vasco appoint Subrata Bhattacharya as their new head coach|date=3 January 2013|access-date=26 November 2020|website=sportskeeda.com|publisher=Sportskeeda|first=Amoy|last=Ghoshal|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327155711/https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/vasco-appoint-subrata-bhattacharya-as-their-new-head-coach}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2015-chennaiyin-fc-sign-indian-goalkeeper-pawan-kumar|title=ISL 2015: Chennaiyin FC sign Indian goalkeeper Pawan Kumar|date=10 November 2015|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|access-date=13 January 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075456/http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/isl-2015-chennaiyin-fc-sign-indian-goalkeeper-pawan-kumar}}<br />
*{{cite news|date=11 September 2014|title=Rahul Bheke pens contract extension at Mumbai FC|work=Goal.com|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/09/11/5097740/rahul-bheke-pens-contract-extension-at-mumbai-fc|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404072756/https://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2014/09/11/5097740/rahul-bheke-pens-contract-extension-at-mumbai-fc|archive-date=4 April 2019}}<br />
*{{cite news|first1=Abhijit|last1=Bharali|title=I-League champions Aizawl set to lose 4 players as big clubs circle|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-champions-aizawl-set-to-lose-4-players-as-east-bengal-circle|access-date=8 January 2018|work=Sportskeeda.com|date=23 May 2017|archive-date=9 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109063838/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-champions-aizawl-set-to-lose-4-players-as-east-bengal-circle}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|date=19 October 2011|access-date=8 January 2023|title=Indian football: Suspects vs outsiders|first1=Mario|last1=Rodrigues|website=livemint.com|publisher=LiveMint News|location=Mumbai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601004022/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xnKJleyLIrReFHjpIYSx9M/Suspects-vs-outsiders.html|archive-date=1 June 2018}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/form-favours-chirag-united-against-minnows-mumbai-fc_569443.html|title=Form favours Chirag United against minnows Mumbai FC|date=8 October 2009|publisher=|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084550/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/football/form-favours-chirag-united-against-minnows-mumbai-fc_569443.html}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/10/09/1550765/i-league-chirag-hold-on-for-win-over-mumbai-fc|title=I-League: Chirag Hold On For Win Over Mumbai FC — Goal.com|website=goal.com|access-date=9 February 2018|archive-date=12 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212083508/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2009/10/09/1550765/i-league-chirag-hold-on-for-win-over-mumbai-fc}}<br />
*{{cite web|first1=Atanu|last1=Mitra|title=Minerva Punjab's Baoringdao Bodo becomes youngest ever scorer in I-League, overtakes Samuel Lalmuanpuia|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/minerva-punjabs/1fzr5k8nit2jf1qkdi58kd01o9|website=Goal.com|date=4 February 2017|archive-date=4 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250404111936/https://www.goal.com/en-ae/news/minerva-punjabs/1fzr5k8nit2jf1qkdi58kd01o9|access-date=4 April 2025}}<br />
*{{cite web|title=Minerva Punjab FC defeat Mumbai FC, register maiden I-League victory|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/minerva-punjab-fc-defeat-mumbai-fc-register-maiden-i-league-victory/story-JFWqjzrKMg5Gp93JB5YB9K.html|work=The Hindustan Times|date=4 February 2017|archive-date=12 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170212053553/http://www.hindustantimes.com/football/minerva-punjab-fc-defeat-mumbai-fc-register-maiden-i-league-victory/story-JFWqjzrKMg5Gp93JB5YB9K.html|access-date=12 February 2017}}<br />
* {{cite web| url = http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/11/04/2741651/players-to-watch-sporting-clube-de-goa-striker-victorino| title = Players To Watch – Sporting Clube De Goa Striker Victorino Fernandes| access-date = 3 November 2011| publisher = goal.com| archive-date = 7 November 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111107003301/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/1064/i-league/2011/11/04/2741651/players-to-watch-sporting-clube-de-goa-striker-victorino }}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons}}<br />
<br />
===Official websites===<br />
* {{Official website}} ([https://web.archive.org/web/20211216204819/http://mumbaifc.com/ archived] 16 December 2021)<br />
*{{Facebook|mumbaifc}}<br />
*{{Twitter|mumbaifc}}<br />
*{{Instagram|mumbaifc}}<br />
<br />
===Other websites===<br />
*[http://www.goal.com/en-india/teams/india/1217/mumbai-fc Mumbai FC] at [[Goal (website)|Goal]]<br />
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/mumbai-fc/1697/ Mumbai FC] at GSA<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai F.C.}}<br />
{{Essel Group}}<br />
{{Football in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Maharashtra Sports}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Mumbai FC| ]]<br />
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2007]]<br />
[[Category:Football clubs in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:I-League clubs]]<br />
[[Category:I-League 2 clubs]]<br />
[[Category:2007 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Defunct football clubs in India]]<br />
[[Category:Essel Group]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Dewans_of_Mysore&diff=512301List of Dewans of Mysore2026-03-25T03:35:58Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added Initial Entry Added Tags...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}<br />
{{Mysore Kingdom series}}<br />
<br />
The following lists the dalvoys and [[Diwan of Mysore|dewans of Mysore]] from the 18th century to the 20th.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-family: arial;"<br />
! colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#e7dcc3;" | '''Prime Ministers of Mysore'''<br />
|-<br />
! No.<br />
! Portrait<br />
! Name<br />
! Tenure<br />
! Term<br />
! Maharaja<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC;" | '''Dalvoys of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]]'''<br /><span class="small"><small>(1732–1782)</small></span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VII]]<br /><small>(1732–1734)</small><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Devarajaiya Urs<br />
| 1732 - 1734<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar II]]<br />
<small>(1734–1766)</small><br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| Devarajaiya Urs<br />
| 1734 - 1761<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| [[File:Hyder Ali Chitrashala Press.jpg|frameless|104x104px]]<br />
| [[Hyder Ali]]<ref name="Robson">{{cite book |last1=Robson |first1=Francis |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.514522/page/n3/mode/2up |title=The Life Of Hyder Ally: With an Account of His Usurpation of the Kingdom of Mysore |date=1786 |publisher=S Hooper, High Holborn |location=London |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dallapiccola |first=A. L. |date=July 1997 |title=Mysore royal Dasara. By Swami Sivapriyananda, photographs by Gajendra Singh Auwa pp. 160, 137 col. illus. New Delhi, Abhinav Publications, 1995. Rs 1800. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300009044 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=306–307 |doi=10.1017/s1356186300009044 |s2cid=162104644 |issn=1356-1863|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
| 1761 - 1766<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Nanjaraja Wodeyar]]<br />
(1766–1770)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| [[File:Hyder Ali Chitrashala Press.jpg|frameless|104x104px]]<br />
| [[Hyder Ali]]<br />
| 1766 - 1770<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII]]<br />(1770–1776)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| [[File:Hyder Ali Chitrashala Press.jpg|frameless|104x104px]]<br />
| [[Hyder Ali]]<br />
| 1770 - 1776<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]]<br />(1776–1782)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
| [[File:Hyder Ali Chitrashala Press.jpg|frameless|104x104px]]<br />
| [[Hyder Ali]]<br />
| 1776 - 1782<br />
|<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC;" | '''Dewans of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Kingdom]]'''<br /><span class="small">(1782–1949)</span><br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Chamaraja Wodeyar IX]] <br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| [[File:Purniya, Chief Minister of Mysore.tif|75px]]<br />
| [[Purnaiah]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhargava |first=Moti Lal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XwEhAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Modern India |date=1970 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |pages=261 |language=en}}</ref><br />
| Dec 1782 - May 1799<br />
| 1<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Krishnaraja Wadiyar III]]<br />(1799–1881)<br />
|-<br />
| (1)<br />
| [[File:Purniya, Chief Minister of Mysore.tif|75px]]<br />
| [[Purnaiah]]<br />
| May 1799 - Apr 1811<br />
| 2<br />
| rowspan="19" | [[File:Krishnaraja Wodeyar III.jpg|205x205px]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
|<br />
| [[Bargir Bakshi Balaji Rao]]<br />
| Apr 1811 - Jan 1812<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
|<br />
| Savar Bakshi Rama Rao<br />
| Feb 1812 - Oct 1817<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 4<br />
|<br />
| Babu Rao<br />
| Nov 1817 - Apr 1818<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 5<br />
|<br />
| Siddharaj Urs<br />
| May 1818 - Feb 1820<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| (4)<br />
|<br />
| Babu Rao<br />
| Mar 1820 - Aug 1821<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
| 6<br />
|<br />
| Lingaraj Urs<br />
| Nov 1821 - Nov 1822<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| (4)<br />
|<br />
| Babu Rao<br />
| Dec 1822 - Nov 1825<br />
| 3<br />
|-<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
| (None)<br />
| Nov 1825 - May 1827<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
| 7<br />
|<br />
| Venkata Urs<br />
| May 1827 - Oct 1831<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 8<br />
|<br />
| Venkataramanaiya<br />
| Oct 1831 - May 1832<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| (4)<br />
|<br />
| Babu Rao<br />
| May 1832 - Aug 1834<br />
| 4<br />
|-<br />
| 9<br />
|<br />
| Kollam Venkata Rao<br />
| Apr 1834 - 1838<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 10<br />
|<br />
| Surappaya<br />
| 1838 - 1840<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| (9)<br />
|<br />
| Kollam Venkata Rao<br />
| 1840 - 1844<br />
| 2<br />
|-<br />
| 11<br />
|<br />
| Kola Krishnama Naidu<br />
| 1844 - 1858<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 12<br />
|<br />
| Kola Vijayarangam Naidu<br />
| 1858 - 1864<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 13<br />
|<br />
| Arunachala Mudaliar<br />
| 1864 - 1866<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| (None)<br />
| 1866 - 1868<br />
| -<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[British Raj|British Crown]]<br />(1881–1894)<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
|<br />
| (None)<br />
| 1868 - 20 Mar 1881<br />
| -<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]<br />(1881–1894)<br />
|-<br />
| 14<br />
| [[File:C. V. Rungacharlu.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[C. V. Rungacharlu]]<br />
| Mar 1881 - Jan 1883<br />
| 1<br />
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Chamaraja Wodeyar 1863-94.jpg|175px]]<br />
|-<br />
| 15<br />
| [[File:K Seshadri Iyer.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[K. Seshadri Iyer]]<br />
| Jan 1883 - Dec 1894<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]]<br />(1894–1940)<br />
|-<br />
| (15)<br />
|[[File:K Seshadri Iyer.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[K. Seshadri Iyer]]<br />
| Dec 1894 - Aug 1900<br />
| (1)<br />
| rowspan="9" | [[File:Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar 1881-1940.jpg|275x275px]]<br />
|-<br />
| [15]<br />
| [[File:T._R._A._Thumboo_Chetty_Portrait.jpg|frameless|134x134px]]<br />
| [[T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty]](acting for Iyer)<br />
| Aug 1900 - Mar 1901<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 16<br />
| [[File:Sir Purniah Narasinga Rao Krishnamurti (3).jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[P. N. Krishnamurti]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Harry Halén |title=Handbook of oriental collections in Finland: manuscripts, xylographs, inscriptions and Russian minority literature, Issues 31-34 |publisher=Curzon Press |year=1978 |page=73 |quote=The leader of the Hebbar Iyengars, Krishnaiengar, had also died and instead they supported P. N. Krishnamurthi, the grandson of the great Purnaiya.}}</ref><br />
| Mar 1901 - Jun 1906<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 17<br />
| [[File:V. P. Madhava Rao.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[V. P. Madhava Rao]]<ref name="Prasad">{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=S Narendra |date=23 June 2015 |title=Revisiting days of yore |agency=Deccan Herald |issue=Bangalore |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/485093/revisiting-days-yore.html |access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref><br />
| Jun 1906 - Mar 1909<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 18<br />
| [[File:T. Ananda Rao.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[T. Ananda Rao]]<br />
| Apr 1909 - Sep 1912<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 19<br />
| [[File:Vishveshvarayya in his 30's.jpg|94x94px]]<br />
| [[M. Visvesvaraya]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2002 |title=Diwans take over |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030622220420/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/15/stories/2002081500220200.htm |archive-date=22 June 2003 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
| Nov 1912 - Dec 1918<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 20<br />
|<br />
| [[M. Kantaraj Urs]]<br />
| Dec 1918 - Feb 1922<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 21<br />
|[[File:Albion Rajkumar.jpg|frameless|109x109px]]<br />
| [[A. R. Banerjee]]<br />
| Mar 1922 - Apr 1926<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 22<br />
| [[File:Diwan Sir Mirza Ismail.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Mirza Ismail]]<ref name="london-gazette.co.uk2">{{Cite web |title=Page 29 {{!}} Issue 34470, 4 January 1938 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34470/page/29 |access-date=2021-06-14 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk}}</ref><ref name="auto">P. 254-258, ''Business Legends'' by [[Gita Piramal]] (1998) – Published by Viking Penguin India</ref><br />
| May 1926 - Aug 1940<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#EFE;" | Under [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]<br />(1940-1950)<br />
|-<br />
| (22)<br />
| [[File:Diwan Sir Mirza Ismail.jpg|80px]]<br />
| [[Mirza Ismail]]<ref name="london-gazette.co.uk2" /><ref name="auto" /><br />
| Aug 1940 - 1941<br />
| (1)<br />
| rowspan="4" | [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|175px]]<br />
|-<br />
| 23<br />
|<br />
| M. N. Krishna Rao<br />
| 1941 - 1941<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 24<br />
| [[File:N. Madhava Rao.jpg|75px]]<br />
| [[N. Madhava Rao]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Kadati Reddera Basavaraja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bv4dAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of Karnataka: Early Times to Unification |publisher=Chalukya Publications |year=1984 |page=334}}</ref><br />
| 1941 - 1946<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| 25<br />
| [[File:Ramaswamy Mudaliar.jpg|frameless|89x89px]]<br />
| [[Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar|A. R. Mudaliar]]<ref name="diwanofmysore1">{{Cite web |title=Diwans of Mysore |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Mahisur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024205524/http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 |access-date=2008-11-04 |work=Princely States of India K–Z |publisher=worldstatesman.org}}</ref><br />
| 1946 - 1949<br />
| 1<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;background-color:#99CCCC;" | '''Chief Ministers of Karnataka'''<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|List of chief ministers of Karnataka]]<br />
* [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad]]<br />
* [[List of Diwans of Travancore|List of Dewans of Travancore]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Mahisur Mysore, Princely States of India], WorldStatesmen.org<br />
<br />
{{Mysore topics}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Dewans of Mysore| ]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of people from Karnataka|Diwans of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:India history-related lists|Diwans of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Julia_Lore_McGrew&diff=506675Julia Lore McGrew2026-03-23T01:12:55Z<p>JosefinaK97: Stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Argentine-born American physician; medical missionary (1849–1942)}}<br />
{{Infobox medical person<br />
| honorific_prefix = Dr.<br />
| honorific_suffix = M.D.<br />
| image = Anna Julia Lore Mcgrew (passport photo, 1920).png<br />
| caption = U.S. passport photo, 1920<br />
| birth_name = Anna Julia Lore<br />
| birth_date = June 17, 1849<br />
| birth_place = [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina<br />
| death_date = February 5, 1942<br />
| death_place = [[Washington, D.C.]]<br />
| education = [[University of Michigan]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|physician|medical missionary}}<br />
| field = Women's health<br />
| work_institutions = [[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Julia Lore McGrew''' (1849–1942) was an American physician and medical missionary in India. Affiliated with the [[Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]],<ref name="Wheeler1883">{{cite book |last1=Wheeler |first1=Mary Sparkes |title=First Decade of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church: With Sketches of Its Missionaries |date=1883 |publisher=Phillips & Hunt |pages=179–88 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_kpBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA179 |access-date=1 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=Anna Julia Lore, M.D.}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> she was, in 1876, the first to provide medical missionary services in [[Moradabad]].<ref name="Price1907">{{cite book |editor-last1=Price |editor-first1=Frederick B. |title=India Mission Jubilee of the Methodist Episcopal Church in Southern Asia: Story of the Celebration Held at Bareilly, India, from December 28th, 1906, to January 1st, 1907, Inclusive |date=1907 |publisher=Methodist Publishing House |page=105 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oH-tAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA105 |chapter=Work of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society – Medical |first=Edna |last=Beck |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Anna Julia Lore was born in [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina, June 17, 1849.<ref name="auspostalhistory">{{cite web |title=Julia Lore, Medical Missionary, Moradabad, India 1874|url=https://www.auspostalhistory.com/articles/432.php |website=auspostalhistory.com |access-date=1 February 2024 |language=en-AU |date=4 April 2023}}</ref> Her father, Dallas Dayton Lore, D.D. (1815–1875), joined the Philadelphia Conference of the [[Methodist Episcopal Church]] in 1837. In 1840, he was nominated as a missionary to Africa, but circumstances prevented his entering upon the work. In 1847, he went as a missionary to Buenos Aires, where, two years after, Julia was born. McGrew's mother, Rebecca (née, Toy) (1819–1903), accompanied her husband to Buenos Aires, and here they remained seven years.<ref name="Wheeler1883" /> Julia's siblings were Isaiah, Dallas, Elizabeth, and Frank.<ref name="familysearch" /><br />
<br />
After founding the Methodist mission, Dr. Lore returned from Buenos Aires, and was sent upon a tour of observation in [[New Mexico Territory]], with a view to the establishment of a mission in that Territory, after which he entered the pastorate. In 1864, he was elected editor of the ''Northern Christian Advocate'' ([[Auburn, New York]], which position he held until his death.<ref name="Wheeler1883" /><br />
<br />
It was while in the city of [[Buffalo, New York]] and when about twelve years of age, that Julia joined "Grace Church", of which her father was pastor. From that time, she was particularly interested Christian missionary work, and began teaching a class of young girls in a German Mission School. As she grew to maturity, her interest in mission work increased.<ref name="Wheeler1883" /><br />
<br />
She spent some time in preparatory work in [[Clifton Springs, New York|Clifton Springs]], afterward in the medical college in [[Philadelphia]],<ref name="Gracey1881" /> and three years at the [[Michigan Medicine|medical school]] of the [[University of Michigan]] at [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]], graduating in 1873,<ref name="TheChronicle1886">{{cite journal |title=Members of N.Y. Alumni Association |journal=The Chronicle |date=December 18, 1886 |volume=18 |issue=6 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULfmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA89 |access-date=1 February 2024 |publisher=Chronicle Association. |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> with the first class that included women.<ref name="Eveningstar1942" /> Subsequently, she spent nine months at the [[Brigham and Women's Hospital|Woman's Hospital]], in [[Boston]].<ref name="Wheeler1883" /><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In 1874, then living in [[Auburn, New York]],<ref name="Gracey1881">{{cite book |last1=Gracey |first1=Annie Ryder |title=Medical Work of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society: Methodist Episcopal Church |date=1881 |publisher=A.O. Bunnell, printer |pages=70–85 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKZAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70 |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en |chapter=Appointment of Miss Julia Lore, M. D.}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> she offered herself to the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society. At the executive committee held in Philadelphia in the spring of 1874, she was accepted as medical missionary for India, sent out by the New York Branch.<ref name="Gracey1881" /> With her parents, she attended the International Camp-meeting, held at [[Round Lake (village), New York|Round Lake, New York]] in July 1874.<ref name="Wheeler1883" /><br />
<br />
McGrew sailed from the [[Port of New York and New Jersey|port of New York]], October 20, 1874.<ref name="Wheeler1883" /> She reached her destination in December, in time to the Annual Conference. Immediately after the close of Conference, McGrew proceeded to Moradabad. She at once commenced the study of the language, made herself familiar with the customs and habits of the people, and soon made frequent professional visits. But as the days passed, it was found necessary, in order to reach the women more effectually, to have a dispensary. She succeeded in renting a property in the native city centrally located, and well adapted to their needs. This building was opened in March 1875, and by July 1, 400 patients had been prescribed for at the building, and a great number of professional visits were made to the city and villages.<ref name="Gracey1881" /><br />
<br />
The record of the first eight months of medical work given in the Annual Report of 1875, was 840 patients treated at Dispensary; and 1,780 prescriptions compounded. At the Mission House, about 400 cases were prescribed for, and in the city, about 100 houses had been visited, with an average of three patients in each house. Once a week, McGrew visited a Muslim neighborhood that had a girls' school. Here sick women and children were treated. Visits were also made to other neighborhoods, where medicines were in great demand from all sorts of people, particularly during the hot season. Over 1,170 patients were registered that year as visiting the Dispensary, and over 2,000 prescriptions dispensed. In the Annual Report of 1876, McGrew stated, "that increased familiarity with the people in their everyday life and habits of thought, have increased our opportunities for more direct Missionary effort. In several instances, the visits of the Doctor have opened the doors of the zenanas to the Bible women, and regular instruction is being given in many families of the highest caste."<ref name="Gracey1881" /><br />
<br />
On September 11, 1876, she married the Rev. George Harrison McGrew (1846–1917),<ref name="familysearch">{{cite web |title=Anna Julia Lore Female 17 June 1849 – 5 February 1942 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/KZPN-1JY |website=www.familysearch.org |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> whom she had met in the U.S. before leaving for India, and who was afterward sent out as a missionary by the parent Board. After marriage, she continued her medical missionary work.<ref name="Wheeler1883" /><br />
<br />
After serving in Moradabad three years, in house and zenana practice,<ref name="TheMethodist">{{cite book |title=The Methodist Year-book |date=1883 |publisher=Philips & Hunt |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aw_ZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA33 |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> and extending her work to neighboring villages which she visited,<ref name="Price1907" /> McGrew took charge of the medical work at [[Bareilly]], where she had to contend with flood, famine, and pestilence until 1880.<ref name="Baker1896">{{cite book |last1=Baker |first1=Frances J. |title=The Story of the Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1869–1895 |date=1898 |publisher=Curts & Jennings |pages=131, 140 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PQ7PAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA140 |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref> She then spent three years in [[Kanpur|Cawnpore]] (1880–1883).<ref name="TheChronicle1886" /><br />
<br />
The family returned to the U.S. in 1883. In 1886, they were living in [[Meriden, Connecticut]]. where Rev. McGrew was pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal church.<ref name="TheChronicle1886" /><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
The couple had four children: James (b. 1877), Elizabeth (b. 1878), Dallas (b. 1882), and Bessie (b. 1883).<ref name="familysearch" /><br />
<br />
Julia McGrew died at her home in [[Washington, D.C.]], February 5, 1942,<ref name="Eveningstar1942">{{cite news |title=Dr. Julia McGrew Dies; Was India Missionary |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/evening-star-dr-julia-mcgrew-dies-was/140054955/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=Evening star |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |date=6 February 1942 |page=17}}</ref> and was buried at [[Kingwood, West Virginia]].<ref name="TheMichigan1942">{{cite journal |title=Medical School |journal=The Michigan Alumnus |date=March 20, 1943 |volume=49 |issue=17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_rhAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA296 |access-date=2 February 2024 |publisher=Alumni Association of the University of Michigan. |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected works==<br />
* "Concerning Mothers-in-Law and Daughters-in-Law", ''The Female missionary intelligencer'', 1878<ref name="TheFemale1878">{{cite journal |last1=McGrew |first1=Julia Lore |title=Concerning Mothers-in-Law and Daughters-in-Law |journal=The Female Missionary Intelligencer |date=1878 |volume=XX |page=68 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=By4EAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA68 |access-date=2 February 2024 |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><br />
* "The Goddess Kali and Her Worshipers", ''The Heathen Woman's Friend'', 1888.<ref name="TheHeathen">{{cite journal |title=The Goddess Kali and Her Worshipers |first=Julia Lore |last=McGrew |journal=The Heathen Woman's Friend |date=July 1888 |volume=XX |issue=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A35IAAAAYAAJ |access-date=2 February 2024 |publisher=Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><br />
* "Trees in Legend and History", ''Woman's Missionary Friend'', 1913<ref name="WomansMissionary1913">{{cite journal |last1=McGrew |first1=Julia Lore |title=Trees in Legend and History |journal=Woman's Missionary Friend |date=July 1913 |volume=XLV |issue=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XanNAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA233 |access-date=2 February 2024 |publisher=Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church. |language=en}} {{Source-attribution}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:McGrew, Julia Lore}}<br />
[[Category:1849 births]]<br />
[[Category:1942 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century American medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:Methodist missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century American women medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:Medical doctors from Buenos Aires]]<br />
[[Category:University of Michigan Medical School alumni]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjab_Nahi_Jaungi&diff=478037Punjab Nahi Jaungi2026-03-22T20:20:22Z<p>JosefinaK97: New New Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Punjab Nahi Jaungi<br />
| image = Punjab Nahi Jaungi.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|ur|{{Nq|پنجاب نہیں جاؤں گی}}}}<br />
| director = [[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]] <br> Muhammad Umer Jamal<br />
| music = [[Shani Arshad]]<br />
| cinematography = Suleman Razzaq<br />
| writer = [[Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar]]<br />
| producer = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]]<br />
*[[Salman Iqbal]]<br />
*Hassan Saeed<br />
*Shahzad Nasib}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]]<br />
*[[Mehwish Hayat]]<br />
*[[Urwa Hocane]]<br />
}}<br />
| editing = Rizwan AQ<br />
| studio = [[Six Sigma Plus]]<br />Salman Iqbal films<br />
| distributor = [[ARY Films]]<br />
| runtime = 159 min<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2017|09|1|Pakistan}}<br />
| country = Pakistan<br />
| language = Urdu<br />Punjabi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = {{PKRConvert|516.5|m|lk=r}}<ref name="lollywoodonline.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.lollywoodonline.com/2017/12/15-weeks-and-going-strong-punjab-nahi.html?m=1|date=2017-12-15|title=15 WEEKS AND GOING STRONG! PUNJAB NAHI JAUNGI BREAKS ALL RECORDS IN THE COUNTRY!|website=lollywoodonline.com|access-date=2017-12-17|archive-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416063003/http://www.lollywoodonline.com/2017/12/15-weeks-and-going-strong-punjab-nahi.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Punjab Nahi Jaungi''''' ({{lit|I won't go to Punjab}}), is a 2017 [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]] and written by [[Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/07/06/p|title='Punjab Nahi Jaungi' is the romantic film we were waiting for since forever!|author=Zeeshan Mahmood|date=6 July 2017|publisher=Galaxy Lollywood|accessdate=21 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://dailytimes.com.pk/life-and-style/11-May-16/main-punjab-nahi-jaungi-humayun-saeeds-highly-anticipated-movie-project-commences|title='Main Punjab Nahi Jaungi': Humayun Saeed's highly-anticipated movie project commences|work=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=21 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821043303/http://dailytimes.com.pk/life-and-style/11-May-16/main-punjab-nahi-jaungi-humayun-saeeds-highly-anticipated-movie-project-commences|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/07/06/new-trailer-of-punjab-nahi-jaungi-is-out-and-its-just-okay/|title=New trailer of 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' is out and it's just okay|work=[[Pakistan Today]]|accessdate=21 August 2017|date=6 July 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821045325/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/07/06/new-trailer-of-punjab-nahi-jaungi-is-out-and-its-just-okay/|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Humayun Saeed]] and [[Mehwish Hayat]] alongside [[Sohail Ahmed]], [[Saba Hameed]], and [[Urwa Hocane]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177393|title=The 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' teaser is out and emotions are all over the place|date=8 April 2017|work=[[DAWN Images]]|accessdate=21 August 2017|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090524/https://images.dawn.com/news/1177393|url-status=live}}</ref> The story is about a love triangle between the lead characters, and also exhibits the Punjabi culture of Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news|date=5 July 2017|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177942|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi's trailer is out and the love triangle has us hooked|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=DAWN Images|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629121234/https://images.dawn.com/news/1177942|url-status=live}}</ref> A spin-off, titled ''[[London Nahi Jaunga]],'' was released to mixed reviews in 2022.<br />
<br />
The film was released on [[Muslim holidays|Eid]], 1 September, under the production banners of Humayun Saeed and Shahzad Nasib's [[Six Sigma Plus]] and was distributed by [[Salman Iqbal]] and Jerjees Seja's [[ARY Films]]. With a worldwide gross of over {{PKR|1.6 crore}}, it remained the [[highest grossing Pakistani films|highest grossing Pakistani film]] until beaten by ''[[Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2]]''.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film starts with Fawad Khagga returning to [[Faisalabad]] from [[Lahore]] after completing his M.A. Fawad wants a love marriage with a beautiful girl. His cousin, Durdana Butt, loves him, but he doesn't love her back. Fawad's mother Firdous Khagga, likes Amal Dastoor, who has returned from London after studying economics. Fawad and Amal have a 100-year-old friendship. Firdous requests that Fawad's grandfather, Mehtab Khagga, ask Amal about marrying Fawad, but she refuses because she wants to marry her college friend Vasay, with whom she studied in [[London]]. After hearing that Amal has refused his proposal, a heartbroken Fawad goes to [[Karachi]] and tries to win her heart by telling her that he can give her his only property of buffaloes and dairy. She asks Vasay to give her his London apartment, but he refuses because that's the only property he has with him. After hearing that, Amal agrees to marry Fawad. On the day of marriage, Fawad gets drunk and tells his friends that he hasn't given Amal any property but has killed her by sticking her in sentiments. Amal hears this and gets heartbroken. Fawad tells Amal that whatever he said wasn't true, he was just showing off in front of his friends and asking for forgiveness. Amal tells him she will forgive him if he dives from the roof. Fawad dives from the roof but survives.<br />
<br />
After Fawad recovers from his injuries, he takes Amal to his dairy, but she doesn't feel happy after seeing the condition of the dairy and buffaloes. She decides to renovate the dairy by importing a plant. Since she is busy with the Dairy's work, she is unable to give time to Fawad, due to which Fawad gets heartbroken. He hugs his cousin Durdana and asks her to help him because his heart is broken. Amal sees him hugging Durdana, gets heartbroken, and tells Fawad that she will get a divorce. After hearing this, Fawad gets angry and slaps Amal, after which she leaves him and goes back to Karachi. Now after some weeks, Fawad feels guilty and decides to go to Karachi and apologize to her but when he goes to her home. her family tells him that she has demanded a divorce from him. After hearing this Fawad decides to meet Amal but she is gone at Vasay's house. He goes to Vasay's house and tries to take Amal with him. Vasay and his friends try to stop him, but he beats them, after which the police arrive and arrest Fawad. After getting released from jail, Fawad again tries to apologize to Amal, but she doesn't forgive him and asks for divorce one final time; otherwise, they will meet in court. Fawad agrees to give her divorce only if she comes to [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]; at first, she refuses. Fawad leaves, but Vasay and his friends stop him. He allows Vasay to beat him. Amal then agrees to come to Punjab. Fawad apologizes to his and Amal's family after signing the divorce papers and leaves. Fawad is about to dive again from the roof but Amal stops him, forgives him, claiming that those were not divorce papers but a promise that they would love each other immensely and they embrace each other.<br />
The film ends with Fawad and Amal hugging each other.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]] as Chaudhry Fawad Khagga<br />
*[[Sohail Ahmed]] as Mehtab Khagga<br />
*[[Mehwish Hayat]] as Amal Dastoor<br />
*[[Saba Hameed]] as Firdous Khagga<br />
*[[Navid Shahzad]] as Bebo Ji aka Nikatara<br />
*[[Urwa Hocane]] as Durdana Butt<br />
*[[Ahmed Ali Butt]] as Shafique Ahmed<br />
*[[Waseem Abbas]] as Jawad Khagga<br />
*[[Azfar Rehman]] as Vasay <br />
*[[Behroze Sabzwari]] as Dastoor Ahmed<br />
*Safina Sheikh as Mrs. Dastoor Ahmed<br />
* Bashar Amir Shafi as Farhan (Dastoor's son) (child artist)<br />
*[[Adnan Shah Tipu]] as Shaukat Ali (cameo appearance)<br />
*[[Syed Mohammad Ahmed]] as a lawyer (special appearance)<br />
*[[Marina Khan]] (as a lady in the restaurant) (special appearance)<br />
*[[Fahad Rehmani]] (as a man in the restaurant) (special appearance)<br />
* [[Farhan Saeed]] (special appearance in song "Rab Rakha")<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1486449/farhan-saeeds-cameo-punjab-nahi-jaungi-will-heal-soul/|title=Farhan Saeed's cameo in 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' will heal your soul|last=Tribune.com.pk|date=20 August 2017|website=The Express Tribune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-11}}</ref><br />
*[[Ushna Shah]] (special appearance in song "Raat Ka Nasha") <ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178211|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi's latest song features a cameo by Ushna Shah|date=15 August 2017|accessdate=9 September 2017|work=DAWN Images|archive-date=9 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909141805/https://images.dawn.com/news/1178211|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* Muhammad Umer Jamal<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
===Development and casting===<br />
The film was a joint production between [[ARY Films]] and Humayun Saeed's production house Six Sigma Plus. The film also has renowned Pakistani television actors, such as [[Urwa Hocane]], [[Ahmad Ali Butt|Ahmed Ali Butt]], Saba Hameed, [[Sohail Ahmed]], Azfar Rehman, Naveed Shehzad, Behroze Sabzwari, Safeena Sheikh, [[Samina Peerzada]] and Waseem Abbass.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/06-Jul-2017/punjab-nahi-jaungi-trailer-revealed|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi trailer released|date=6 July 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[The Nation (Pakistan)|The Nation]]|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831115049/http://nation.com.pk/entertainment/06-Jul-2017/punjab-nahi-jaungi-trailer-revealed|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Iman Ali]] was first chosen as the female lead but was replaced by Mehwish Hayat.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Galaxy Lollywood|author=Zeeshan Mahmood|date=3 October 2016|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2016/10/03/punjab-nahi-jaungi-shoot-begins/|title=Shoot for Humayun Saeed & Mehwish Hayat's 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' begins|accessdate=31 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085605/https://galaxylollywood.com/2016/10/03/punjab-nahi-jaungi-shoot-begins/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, Saeed later clarified that Iman Ali was never officially a part of the film and that they were just in talks, and that he and Iman Ali mutually agreed that she would not be cast in this film.<ref>{{cite news|author=Momin Ali Munshi|date=21 September 2016|publisher=Galaxy Lollywood|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2016/09/21/iman-ali-mehwish-hayat-humayun-saeed-main-punjab-nahin-jaoongi/|title=Iman out and Mehwish in, for Humayun Saeed's 'Main Punjab Nahin Jaoongi'!|accessdate=31 August 2017|archive-date=10 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810051348/https://galaxylollywood.com/2016/09/21/iman-ali-mehwish-hayat-humayun-saeed-main-punjab-nahin-jaoongi/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sohai Ali Abro]] was initially approached for Durdana's role which she refused to do. Talking about this, Saeed asserted, "We did approach Sohai for Urwa's role but she wasn't comfortable doing it. Maybe she expected a bigger role and this just wasn't delivering it."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1498247/love-work-kareena-kapoor-khan-humayun-saeed/|title=Would love to work with Kareena Kapoor Khan: Humayun Saeed|date=5 September 2017|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=9 September 2017|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910041041/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1498247/love-work-kareena-kapoor-khan-humayun-saeed/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Filming===<br />
The filming took place in the city of [[Faisalabad]], while architectural masterpieces from [[Bahawalpur]], like [[Darbar Mahal]], Bara Dari and [[Gulzar Mahal]] were used as Family House (Hawaili) of Fawad Khagga .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/punjab-nahi-jaungi-a-lighter-side-of-punjab-1.2081080|title='Punjab Nahi Jaungi': A lighter side of Punjab|date=28 August 2017|accessdate=14 October 2017|work=Gulf News|author=Usman Ghafoor|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014084452/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/punjab-nahi-jaungi-a-lighter-side-of-punjab-1.2081080|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the filming took place in the cities of Faisalabad, [[Lahore]] and [[Karachi]].<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film's trailer was released online on 6 July 2017. Within 48 hours, it had over 1 million views and trended at number 1 on YouTube Pakistan for several days and has also crossed up to 6 million views till date.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://veryfilmi.com/punjab-nahi-jaungi-trailer-breaking-records/|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi Trailer is Breaking Records!|publisher=VeryFilmi|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085006/https://veryfilmi.com/punjab-nahi-jaungi-trailer-breaking-records/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released worldwide on the festival of [[Eid al-Adha]], 1 September 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://veryfilmi.com/pakistani-movie-punjab-nahi-jaungi-release-date-poster-trailer-bts-shots/|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi Trailer is Out & its a Must-Watch!|publisher=VeryFilmi|date=5 July 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|author=Tooba Hameed|archive-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821085311/https://veryfilmi.com/pakistani-movie-punjab-nahi-jaungi-release-date-poster-trailer-bts-shots/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film had a premiere event at Nuplex Cinema, Karachi, on 29 August 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arynews.tv/en/live-premiere-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|title=Star-studded premiere of Punjab Nahi Jaungi in Karachi|accessdate=31 August 2017|publisher=[[ARY News]]|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907092218/https://arynews.tv/en/live-premiere-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
===Box office===<br />
''Punjab Nahi Jaungi'' recorded the biggest Single day for any Pakistani film with collecting {{PKR|2.80 [[crore]]}}.<ref name="bod"/> This record was broken by ''[[Jawani Phir Nahi Ani 2]]'' soon, with collecting {{PKR|2.99 crore}}. The film crossed the {{PKR |156.5 [[crore]]}} gross mark right after its opening extended weekend; on Tuesday, 5 September. It collected {{PKR|21.5 crore}} within a week of its release.<ref>{{cite news|author=Rahul Aijaz|date=7 September 2017|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1500150/na-maloom-afraad-2-vs-punjab-nahi-jaungi-stole-show-box-office/|title='Na Maloom Afraad 2' vs 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi': Who stole the show at the box office?|work=The Express Tribune|accessdate=8 September 2017|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907222711/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1500150/na-maloom-afraad-2-vs-punjab-nahi-jaungi-stole-show-box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> It became the first Pakistani film to cross {{PKR|30 crore}} within ten days.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/09/11/box-office-records-punjab-nahi-jaungi-broken-first-10-days/|title=Here's a list of all box office records that Punjab Nahi Jaungi has broken in the first 10 days!|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=14 September 2017|website=GalaxyLollywood.com|author=Momin Ali Munshi|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912012050/https://galaxylollywood.com/2017/09/11/box-office-records-punjab-nahi-jaungi-broken-first-10-days/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/punjab-nahi-jaungi-is-a-winner-1.2088136|title='Punjab Nahi Jaungi' is a winner|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=12 September 2017|work=[[Gulf News]]|author=Usman Ghafoor|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912022455/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/punjab-nahi-jaungi-is-a-winner-1.2088136|url-status=live}}</ref> An official report on 26 December said that it became the first Pakistani film to cross the {{PKR|50 crore}} mark.<ref name="fcr">{{cite news|url=https://arynews.tv/en/pakistan-entertainment-industry-viral-2017/|title=Pakistan's entertainment industry: Here's what went viral in 2017|author=Baseer Ahmed|date=26 December 2017|accessdate=4 January 2018|publisher=ARY News|archive-date=4 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104132521/https://arynews.tv/en/pakistan-entertainment-industry-viral-2017/|url-status=live}}</ref> It made a total gross of Rs 35.85 crores locally and Rs 15.80 crores from overseas with a worldwide total of Rs 51.65 crores.<ref name="bod">{{cite web|url=https://lollywoodfilmindustry.wordpress.com/2017/09/04/box-office-collections-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|title=BOX OFFICE COLLECTIONS : PUNJAB NAHI JAUNGI|date=4 September 2017|accessdate=28 October 2017|publisher=Lollywood Film Industry|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226092820/https://lollywoodfilmindustry.wordpress.com/2017/09/04/box-office-collections-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 25 April 2018, BOD reported that the film became the highest grosser at the local box office, after collecting more than {{PKR|340 crore}} in its thirty-four week run. It also reportedly left behind Bollywood film, Baadshaaho, at the UK box office with a record breaking collection. The domestic record was then broken by 2018 Indian film ''[[Sanju]]'' within its fourth weekend in Pakistan.<br />
<br />
===Critical reception===<br />
It received positive reviews from critics. Rahul Aijaz of ''[[The Express Tribune]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and said, "a fine line (in terms of story) between turning ridiculous and falling over, yet it somehow manages to keep its balance and not trip often".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1494869/punjab-nahi-jaungi-review-simply-put-mehwish-hayats-film/|title='Punjab Nahi Jaungi' review: Simply put, it is a Mehwish Hayat film|date=30 August 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=[[The Express Tribune]]|author=Rahul Aijaz|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830220611/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1494869/punjab-nahi-jaungi-review-simply-put-mehwish-hayats-film/|url-status=live}}</ref> Hamna Zubair of ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN Images]] '' praised the performance of Saeed and also his chemistry with Hayat and said that the film's "comedy works", but when a "slap made an appearance... this act of violence... almost ruined" the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1178323|title=In Punjab Nahi Jaungi a wadera tries his luck at modern love and wins us over|date=30 August 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|work=DAWN Images|author=Hamna Zubair|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831010041/https://images.dawn.com/news/1178323|url-status=live}}</ref> Shahjehan Saleem of ''Something Haute'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and said that "the film soars high" because of "the cast's stellar job" and "the script", and it "is so much more than just another glitzy show of emotions".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/haute-review-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|title=Haute Review: Punjab Nahi Jaungi|date=30 August 2017|accessdate=4 September 2017|work=Something Haute|author=Shahjehan Saleem|archive-date=3 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903031714/https://www.somethinghaute.com/haute-review-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Omair Alavi of ''[[Samaa TV]]'' rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, saying that it "has a message as well as entertainment value". However, he noted that the roles of Humayun Saeed and Ahmed Ali Butt were hard to accept.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2017/08/an-out-and-out-entertainment-package/|title=An out and out entertainment package|date=30 August 2017|accessdate=31 August 2017|publisher=[[Samaa TV]]|author=Omair Alavi|archive-date=30 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830180117/https://www.samaa.tv/entertainment/2017/08/an-out-and-out-entertainment-package/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahwash Ajaz of ''[[Dunya News]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars praising the performances of Saeed, Hayat and Hocane and noted that the film may has "some fairly strong progressive storylines" but with some problems, while "The film's feel, the inside jokes, the heavily accented English, breathtaking cinematography,... tawdry finery, danceable songs, relatable comedy and the visual treat" all are "paisa vusool".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/404607-|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi Review: 'Paisa vusool' despite storyline glitches|date=9 September 2017|accessdate=12 September 2017|publisher=[[Dunya News]]|author=Mahwash Ajaz|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912010720/http://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/404607-|url-status=live}}</ref> Rabiya Maqbool writing for the website ''Bolo Jawan'' praised the performances of Saeed and Hocane, stating that the director "has succeeded once again in piecing together a film which is satisfyingly refreshing and a very welcome addition" to cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bolojawan.com/late-review-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|title=A Late Review of Punjab Nahi Jaungi|date=8 September 2017|accessdate=8 September 2017|publisher=Bolo Jawan|author=Rabiya Maqbool|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908154908/http://bolojawan.com/late-review-punjab-nahi-jaungi/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Accolades===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Ceremony<br />
! {{Won}}<br />
! {{Nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[17th Lux Style Awards|17th]] [[Lux Style Awards]]<br><ref>{{cite news|date=13 January 2018|accessdate=13 January 2018|work=DAWN Images|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1179241|title=LSA 2018 entertainment nominations are out now|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226050839/https://images.dawn.com/news/1179241|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 February 2018|accessdate=21 February 2018|work=The Express Tribune|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1639834/4|title='Baaghi' and 'Punjab Nahi Jaungi' stole the show at Lux Style Awards 2018|archive-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223055103/https://tribune.com.pk/story/1639834/4/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|<br />
*Best Film<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]] – Best Actor<br />
*[[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]] – Best Director<br />
*[[Urwa Hocane]] – Best Supporting Actress<br />
|<br />
*[[Mehwish Hayat]] – Best Actress<br />
*[[Sohail Ahmed]] – Best Supporting Actor<br />
*[[Nirmal Roy]] – Best Female Singer for "Raunaq e Ashiqui"<br />
|-<br />
|Pakistan International Film Festival<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/02/piff-concludes-with-a-star-studded-awards-night/|title=PIFF concludes with a star-studded awards night|work=Pakistan Today|date=2 April 2018|accessdate=2 April 2018|archive-date=2 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402225612/https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/04/02/piff-concludes-with-a-star-studded-awards-night/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|<br />
*Best Film<br />
*[[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]] – Best Director<br />
*[[Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar]] – Best Script<br />
|<br />
*Humayun Saeed – Best Actor<br />
*Shani Arshad – Best Music<br />
|-<br />
|4th Galaxy Lollywood Awards<ref>{{cite news|date=15 May 2018|accessdate=18 May 2018|website=GalaxyLollywood.com|url=https://galaxylollywood.com/2018/05/15/gala2018-winners/|title=Winners of Luxus Grand 4th Galaxy Lollywood Awards 2018|archive-date=14 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914212618/https://galaxylollywood.com/2018/05/15/gala2018-winners/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|<br />
*Salman Iqbal, [[Humayun Saeed]], Shahzad Nasib and Jerjees Seja – Best Film<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]] – Best Actor in a Leading Role Male<br />
*[[Mehwish Hayat]] – Best Actor in a Leading Role Female<br />
*[[Nadeem Baig (director)|Nadeem Baig]] – Best Director<br />
*[[Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar]] – Best Story<br />
*[[Urwa Hocane]] – Best Actor in a Supporting Role Female<br />
*[[Shafqat Amanat Ali]] – Best Playback Singer Male for "Tere Naal Naal"<br />
*"Tere Naal Naal" – Song of the Year<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]] and [[Mehwish Hayat]] – Best On-Screen Couple<br />
*'Help Me Durdana' – Cinematic Moment of the Year<br />
|<br />
*[[Sohail Ahmed]] – Best Actor in a Supporting Role Male<br />
*Navid Shahzad – Best Actor in a Supporting Role Female<br />
*[[Azfar Rehman]] – Best Male Debut<br />
*[[Meesha Shafi]] – Best Playback Singer Female for "24/7 Lak Hilna"<br />
*[[Nirmal Roy]] – Best Playback Singer Female for "Raunaq e Ashiqui"<br />
*[[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Shani Arshad]] and [[Sahir Ali Bagga]] – Best Music<br />
*"24/7 Lak Hilna" – Song of the Year<br />
*Shabina Khan – Best Choreography for "24/7 Lak Hilna"<br />
*Shabina Khan – Best Choreography for "Raunaq e Ashiqui"<br />
*[[Humayun Saeed]], [[Mehwish Hayat]], [[Urwa Hocane]], and [[Ahmad Ali Butt]] – Best Dance Performance for "24/7 Lak Hilna"<br />
*[[Sharjil Khan]] And [[Ushna Shah]] – Best Dance Performance for "Raunaq e Ashiqui"<br />
*[[Ushna Shah]] – Best Special Appearance<br />
|}<br />
<br />
*Jury Special Award; first Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) Film Festival in Qingdao, China<ref>{{cite news|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1180279|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi bags Jury Special Award at the SOC Film Festival in China|date=18 June 2018|accessdate=2 July 2018|work=Dawn Inages|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050447/https://images.dawn.com/news/1180279|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Punjab Nahi Jaungi<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = various artists<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = August 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.arydigital.tv/punjab-nahi-jaungi-songs/|title=Punjab Nahi Jaungi Songs|publisher=[[ARY Digital]]|accessdate=31 August 2017|archive-date=31 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831215147/http://www.arydigital.tv/punjab-nahi-jaungi-songs/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| recorded = 2016–2017<br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Filmi]] [[Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=36|s=12}}<br />
| label = [[ARY Films]]<br />
| producer = Six Sigma Plus<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
| misc = {{External media<br />
| audio1 = {{Soundcloud|aryfilms/sets/punjab-nahi-jaungi|Album}}}}<br />
{{Singles<br />
| name =<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| single1 = Rab Rakha<br />
| single1date = 19 August 2017<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The film soundtrack album was released by [[ARY Films]] in August 2017. It consists of seven songs composed by various artists. There is a single music video from film soundtrack directed by Parmesh Adiwal, titled "Rab Rakha", and featuring [[Farhan Saeed]].<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 36:12<br />
| title1 = Rab Rakha<br />
| lyrics1 = Farhan Saeed<br />
| music1 = Ali Mustafa<br />
| extra1 = [[Farhan Saeed]]<br />
| length1 = 5:02<br />
| title2 = Ae Dil<br />
| music2 = [[Shiraz Uppal]]<br />
| extra2 = [[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Jonita Gandhi]]<br />
| lyrics2 = [[Shakeel Sohail]]<br />
| length2 = 4:39<br />
| title3 = Ranjha<br />
| music3 = [[Shiraz Uppal]]<br />
| extra3 = [[Shiraz Uppal]], [[Asrar (musician)|Asrar]]<br />
| lyrics3 = Shakeel Sohail<br />
| length3 = 5:55<br />
| title4 = Raunaq e Ashiqui<br />
| music4 = [[Shiraz Uppal]]<br />
| extra4 = [[Nirmal Roy]]<br />
| lyrics4 = Shakeel Sohail<br />
| length4 = 4:58<br />
| title5 = Raat Ka Nasha<br />
| music5 = [[Ahmad Ali Butt]]<br />
| extra5 = [[Damia Farooq]], Rizwan, [[Ahmad Ali Butt]]<br />
| lyrics5 = [[Ahmad Ali Butt]], Hasil Kurashi<br />
| length5 = 4:24<br />
| title6 = 24/7 Lak Hilna<br />
| music6 = [[Sahir Ali Bagga]]<br />
| extra6 = [[Meesha Shafi]], [[Sahir Ali Bagga]]<br />
| lyrics6 = Shakeel Sohail, [[Sahir Ali Bagga]]<br />
| length6 = 5:36<br />
| title7 = Tere Naal<br />
| music7 = [[Shani Arshad]]<br />
| extra7 = [[Shafqat Amanat Ali Khan]]<br />
| lyrics7 = [[Sabir Zafar]]<br />
| length7 = 5:38<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|5597198}}<br />
*{{iTunes|us/album/punjab-nahi-jaungi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1260962004|Original Motion Picture Soundtrack}}<br />
<br />
{{ARY Films}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Karachi]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi-language Pakistani films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Pakistani films]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language Pakistani films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Punjabi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2017 Urdu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Six Sigma Plus]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Shani Arshad]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Labour_Welfare_Organisation&diff=511485Labour Welfare Organisation2026-03-18T03:29:18Z<p>JosefinaK97: New</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian government organisation}}<br />
<br />
'''Labour Welfare Organisations (LWOs)''' are subordinate offices of the [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoL&E)]], [[Government of India]]. The organisation is headed by the Director General of Labour Welfare (Joint Secretary, MoL&E). This organisation implements welfare schemes for unorganised workers such as [[beedi]]-workers, non-coal mine-workers and cine-workers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=2029571&reg=3&lang=1|title=Press Release: Press Information Bureau}}</ref><br />
<br />
There are 18 LWO Regions, each headed by a Welfare Commissioner, an officer of the [[Central Labour Service|Central Labour Service (CLS)]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/brief_about_lwo_and_its_scheme.pdf | title=Labour Welfare Organisation (LWO) | website=labour.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
<br />
The welfare schemes administered by the Labour Welfare Organisations (LWO) are formulated based on provisions in the following acts of the parliament<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/arenglish2024-25_compressed.pdf|title=Annual Report of the Ministry of Labour and Employment 2024-2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
* Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946<br />
* Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972<br />
* Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1976<br />
* Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Crome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976<br />
* Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981 <br />
<br />
Earlier these schemes were funded through collection of [[cess]]. But currently these cess are abolished and the schemes are funded by grants from the Government. <br />
<br />
The Mica Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1946 and the Limestone and Dolomite Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1972 were repealed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The repealing and amending act, 2017 | url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/06/2023060968.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111171906/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/06/2023060968.pdf | archive-date=2024-01-11}}</ref> The Beedi Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1976 and the Iron Ore, Manganese Ore and Crome Ore Mines Labour Welfare Fund Act, 1976 were repealed in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The repealing and amending act, 2019 | url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/06/2023060924.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111171906/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s380537a945c7aaa788ccfcdf1b99b5d8f/uploads/2023/06/2023060924.pdf | archive-date=2024-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Trade unions want beedi cess back, seek safety net for workers - India News {{!}} The Financial Express | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/trade-unions-want-beedi-cess-back-seek-safety-net-for-workers/3496446/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523192921/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/trade-unions-want-beedi-cess-back-seek-safety-net-for-workers/3496446/ | access-date=2025-08-31 | archive-date=2024-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Labour Welfare Schemes Are Being Abolished By Modi Government – Latest India news, analysis and reports on IPA Newspack | url=https://ipanewspack.com/labour-welfare-schemes-are-being-abolished-by-modi-government/ | access-date=2025-08-31 | website=ipanewspack.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Cine Workers Welfare Fund Act, 1981 is proposed to be repealed once the [[The Code on Social Security, 2020|Code on Social Security, 2020]] is implemented.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The code on social security, 2020 | url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/ss_code_gazette.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028202738/https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/SS_Code_Gazette.pdf | archive-date=2020-10-28}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2024, the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development recommended that the ceiling for reimbursement in health scheme should be considered for revision and the possibility of including more health conditions under the health scheme should be explored.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Demands for grants (2024-25) - First report | url=https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_1.pdf?source=loksabhadocs | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250619221827/https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_1.pdf?source=loksabhadocs | archive-date=2025-06-19}}</ref> The same committee in 2025, recommended that the income ceiling of ₹10,000 per month for eligibility to avail scholarships should be considered for revision as it has not been revised since 2003.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Demands for grants (2025-26) - First report | url=https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_4.pdf?source=loksabhadocs | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250613161151/https://sansad.in/getFile/lsscommittee/Labour,%20Textiles%20and%20Skill%20Development/18_Labour_Textiles_and_Skill_Development_4.pdf?source=loksabhadocs | archive-date=2025-06-13}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Organogram==<br />
The organisational structure of the Labour Welfare Organisation (LWO) is as follows<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://labour.gov.in/HOC/|title=Handbook on Convergence of Service|website=labour.gov.in}}</ref><br />
{{Tree chart/start|align:center}}<br />
{{Tree chart|||||||||||CM|||||||||||CM=Cabinet Minister <br /> (Labour & Employment)}}<br />
{{Tree chart||||||||||||!||||||||||}}<br />
{{Tree chart|||||||||||ms|||||||||||ms=Minister of State}}<br />
{{Tree chart||||||||||||!||||||||||}}<br />
{{Tree chart|||||||||||sle|||||||||||sle=Secretary (L&E)}}<br />
{{Tree chart||||||||||||!||||||||||}}<br />
{{Tree chart|border=3|||||||||||dg|||||||||||dg='''Director General<br />(Labour Welfare)'''}}<br />
{{Tree chart||||||||||||!||||||||||}}<br />
{{Tree chart|||||||||||ddg|||||||||||ddg=Deputy Director General}}<br />
{{Tree chart||S|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|b|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|T||}}<br />
{{Tree chart|border=3|boxstyle=background-color:#90EE90;||Q|||||||||wc|||||||||Q||wc='''Welfare Commissioner'''}}<br />
{{Tree chart||Q||||,|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|.||||Q|}}<br />
{{Tree chart|border=2||Q|||hp||||oc||||dp|||Q||||||hp=Medical&nbsp;Officer<br />'''[Hospital]'''|dp=Medical&nbsp;Officer<br />'''[Dispensary]'''|oc= Deputy&nbsp;Welfare&nbsp;Commissioner<br />Assistant&nbsp;Welfare&nbsp;Commissioner<br />'''[Administrative Wing]'''<br />
|boxstyle_hp=color:black;background-color:#E6E6FA;<br />
|boxstyle_dp=color:black;background-color:#E6E6FA;<br />
|boxstyle_oc=color:black;background-color:#FAFAD2;<br />
}}<br />
{{Tree chart||Y|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|P|Z|}}<br />
{{Tree chart/end}}<br />
<br />
==LWO Regions==<br />
There are 18 Labour Welfare Organisations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/list_of_dispensaries.pdf|title=list of dispensaries}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/labour-ministry-highlights-progress-in-welfare-schemes-for-beedi-cine-and-mine-workers20240630093320/|title=Labour ministry highlights progress in welfare schemes for Beedi, Cine and mine workers|website=ANI News}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> <br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Sl. No.<br />
!LWO<br />
!Region covered<br />
!Number of Hospitals<br />
!Number of Dispensaries<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Ahmedabad]]<br />
|[[Gujarat]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|12<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Ajmer]]<br />
|[[Rajasthan]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|23<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Lucknow]]<br />
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
|1<br />
|24<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Bengaluru|Bangaluru]]<br />
|[[Karnataka]]<br />
|2<br />
|28<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Bhubaneswar]]<br />
|[[Odisha]]<br />
|1<br />
|24<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Chandigarh]]<br />
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Haryana]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Chennai]]<br />
|[[Tamil Nadu]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|22<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Dehradun]]<br />
|[[Uttarakhand]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|1<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Guwahati]]<br />
|[[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Nagaland]], [[Tripura]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|2<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Hyderabad]]<br />
|[[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]]<br />
|1<br />
|25<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Jabalpur]]<br />
|[[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
|2<br />
|36<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|[[Kerala]], [[Lakshadweep]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Kolkata]]<br />
|[[West Bengal]], [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman and Nicobar islands]],[[Sikkim]]<br />
|1<br />
|23<br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Nagpur]]<br />
|[[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|18<br />
|-<br />
|15<br />
|[[Patna]]<br />
|[[Bihar]]<br />
|1<br />
|17<br />
|-<br />
|16<br />
|[[Ranchi]]<br />
|[[Jharkhand]]<br />
|1<br />
|7<br />
|-<br />
|17<br />
|[[Raipur]]<br />
|[[Chhattisgarh]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|18<br />
|[[Srinagar]]<br />
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
| style="background:#ccc;" |<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="3" |'''Total'''<br />
|'''10'''<br />
|'''279'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==LWO Hospitals and Dispensaries==<br />
There are a total of '''10 Hospitals''' and '''279 Dispensaries''' under Labour Welfare Organisations located throughout India. These medical institutions are headed by Officers of the [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+LIST OF LWO HOSPITALS<ref name="auto"/><br />
!Sl. No.<br />
!Name of Hospital<br />
!Region<br />
!Bed Strength<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Barajamda]]<br />
|Ranchi<br />
|50<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Joda]]<br />
|Bhubaneswar<br />
|50<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Balaghat]]<br />
|Jabalpur<br />
|50<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Mysore]]<br />
|Bangalore<br />
|50<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Gursahaiganj]]<br />
|Lucknow<br />
|10<br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Dhuliyan]]<br />
|Kolkata<br />
|65<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Sagar, Madhya Pradesh|Sagar]]<br />
|Jabalpur<br />
|30<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Mukkudal]]<br />
|Hyderabad<br />
|30<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Bihar Sharif]]<br />
|Patna<br />
|30<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|Central Hospital, [[Yadgir]]<br />
|Bangalore<br />
|15<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Types of Dispensaries ([[Medicine|Modern Medicine]]/[[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]]) ===<br />
<br />
* Beedi Workers Welfare Fund (BWWF) Dispensary<br />
* Cine Workers Welfare Fund (CWWF) Dispensary<ref>{{Cite web | title=Centre Nod for Cine Workers Welfare Dispensary in Thiruvananthapuram | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/Aug/02/centre-nod-for-cine-workers-welfare-dispensary-in-thiruvananthapuram-793295.html | access-date=2025-08-31 | website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref><br />
* Limestone & Dolomite Mine Workers Welfare Fund (LSDMWWF) Dispensary<br />
* Iron Ore, Manganese Ore & Chrome Ore Mine Workers Welfare Fund (IOMCWWF) Dispensary<br />
These Dispensaries could be static or mobile (delivering services at the place of work). <br />
<br />
==Welfare Schemes==<br />
===Health Scheme===<br />
<br />
The beneficiaries receive primary healthcare and medicines free of cost from the Dispensaries and Hospitals under Labour Welfare Organisation. Also reimbursement is provided for treatment availed for certain health conditions such as Heart diseases, Kidney transplantation, Cancer, etc.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web | title=Medical Care of Beedi Workers | url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/printrelease.aspx?relid=68101 | access-date=2025-08-31 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Education Scheme===<br />
<br />
Financial assistance is provided to children of the beneficiaries. The scholarship amount ranges from ₹1000 to ₹25,000 per year.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2118720 | access-date=2025-08-31 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Applications are processed through [[National Scholarship Portal]].<ref>{{Cite web| title=Labour Ministry Guidelines of scholarhsips schemes | url=https://scholarships.gov.in/public/schemeGuidelines/Labour_Ministry_Guidelines_of_scholarhsips%20schemes.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909204257/http://scholarships.gov.in:80/public/schemeGuidelines/Labour_Ministry_Guidelines_of_scholarhsips%20schemes.pdf | archive-date=2016-09-09}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Housing Scheme===<br />
Subsidy of ₹1,50,000 was provided through Revised Integrated Housing Scheme (RIHS), 2016. This scheme no longer administered by LWO and is converged with [[Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana|Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)]] now.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Press Release:Press Information Bureau | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1593412 | access-date=2025-08-31 | website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>https://socialwelfare.vikaspedia.in/viewcontent/social-welfare/unorganised-sector-1/schemes-unorganised-sector/revised-integrated-housing-scheme-for-workers?lgn=en{{Dead link | date=September 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[Ministry of Labour and Employment (India)|Ministry of Labour and Employment (MoL&E)]]<br />
* [[Central Labour Service|Central Labour Service (CLS)]]<br />
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Government ministries of India]]<br />
[[Category:Labour in India]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phyllocnistis_habrochroa&diff=525459Phyllocnistis habrochroa2026-03-15T22:26:39Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created first entry initial version</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of moth}}<br />
<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| taxon = Phyllocnistis habrochroa<br />
| authority = ([[Edward Meyrick|Meyrick]], 1915)<ref name="GTD">[http://www.gracillariidae.net/species_by_code/PHYLHABR Phyllocnistis habrochroa Meyrick, 1915] at the Global Taxonomic Database of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera).</ref><br />
| synonyms =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Phyllocnistis habrochroa''''' is a [[moth]] of the family [[Gracillariidae]], known from [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref name="GTD"/> The hostplant for the species is ''[[Abatia stellata]]''. It was named by E. Meyrick in 1915.<ref>Meyrick, E. 1915a. Exotic Microlepidoptera. - Exotic Microlepidoptera (Marlborough) 1(11):321–352.</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q7188714}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Phyllocnistis]]<br />
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]<br />
[[Category:Moths of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Moths described in 1915]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Meyrick]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Phyllocnistis-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porus_(TV_series)&diff=526038Porus (TV series)2026-03-15T20:57:31Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created a stub more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian television series}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Porus Titlecard.png<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| genre = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Historical Fiction]]<br />
* [[Drama]]<br />
}}<br />
| creator = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]<br />
| story = {{plainlist|<br />
* Siddharth Kumar Tewary<br />
}}<br />
| screenplay = Siddharth Kumar Tewary<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Laksh Lalwani]]|[[Rohit Purohit]]|[[Rati Pandey]]|[[Aditya Redij]]|[[Sameksha]]|Sunny Ghanshani|[[Suhani Dhanki]]|[[Mohit Abrol]]|[[Praneet Bhat]]|[[Aman Dhaliwal]]|[[Savi Thakur]]}}<br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| opentheme = <br />
| endtheme = <br />
| composer = Sangeet Haldipur<br>[[Siddharth Haldipur]]<br>Suryaraj Kamal<br>Lenin Nandi<br>[[Raju Singh]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| num_seasons = 1<br />
| num_episodes = 299<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Siddharth Kumar Tewary<br>Rahul Kumar Tewary<br>Gayatri Gill Tewary<br />
| news_editor = <br />
| location = [[India]]<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chirag-jani-shares-his-experience-of-shooting-for-porus-in-india/articleshow/61533207.cms | title=Chirag Jani shares his experience of shooting for Porus in India - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=6 November 2017 }}</ref><br />
| cinematography = Kabir Lal<br />
| editor = Janak Chauhan<br>Anil Vaishya<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = <br />
| company = One Life Studios<br />
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
| channel = <br />
| released = <br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|11|27|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2018|11|13|df=y}}<br />
| related = ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]''<br />
| budget = {{INRConvert|500|C}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Porus''''' is an Indian Hindi-language historical drama television series based on the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]], visualizing the lives of [[Porus the Elder|Porus]], ruler of the [[Pauravas|Paurava Kingdom]] in India, and [[Alexander the Great]], the king of [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonia]]. It aired from 27 November 2017 till 13 November 2018 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]]. Another historical drama, ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2018 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]],'' is a seamless continuation of it. The show was created by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] of [[Swastik Productions]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Siddharth-Kumar-Tewarys-next-on-Porus-for-Sony-Entertainment-Television/articleshow/54607760.cms|title=Siddharth Kumar Tewary's next on Porus for Sony Entertainment Television|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=24 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/siddharth-kumar-tewary-porus-is-the-story-of-indias-first-defender/articleshow/59681601.cms|title=Siddharth Kumar Tewary: 'Porus' is the story of India's first defender|publisher=[[Times of India]]|access-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> It is the most expensive show on Indian television, having a budget of about [[Indian rupee|INR]] 500 crores (roughly US$60 million).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-28|title=Porus is about India's golden age, when we were a First World nation: Siddharth Kumar Tewary|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/porus-is-about-indias-golden-age-when-we-were-a-first-world-nation-siddharth-kumar-tewary-4231335.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=Firstpost}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
===Story of Porus (Puru)===<br />
In 350 BCE, A Persian trader, [[Darius III|Darius]] enters India intending to conquer it due to its wealth and prosperity. Two rival [[Indian subcontinent|Indian]] kingdoms, the [[Pauravas]] (of the [[Puru (Vedic tribe)|Puru tribe]]) and [[Taxila|Takshashila]] (of the [[Bharatas (Vedic tribe)|Bharat tribe]]) decide to end their enmity with a political marriage of the king of the [[Pauravas|Paurava Kingdom]], Bamni and Anusuya, the younger sister of [[Taxiles|Ambhiraj]], the king of Takshashila. Unlike her brother Ambhiraj, who cares only for his kingdom, Anusuya dreams of a united India. Bamni reveals that he married Anusuya to avenge his elder brother and Prime Minister, Shivdutt's insult by Ambhiraj which leaves her heartbroken. However [[Darius III|Darius]] manipulates her by telling her to avenge her insult by attacking the Paurav Kingdom with Ambhiraj's help. Anusuya tells his intention to Bamni who doesn't believe her. Later, Bamni realizes his mistake and starts afresh with Anusuya. They oust Darius from the kingdom. Anusuya becomes pregnant and the astrologer says that their son will be the future of this country and bring honor to the ancestors.<br />
<br />
Later Darius conspires with Ambhiraj and Shiv Dutt, breaks the peace between the two kingdoms, and forces Anusuya to flee. During her escape, she gives birth to a son, Porus (native name Purushottam, nicknamed Puru). Shiv Dutt tries to kill Anusuya and Porus by throwing them in [[Jhelum River|River Jhelum]]. However, the Commander-in-Chief of the Paurava Kingdom, Ripudaman saves Porus and raises him in the Dasyu Kingdom, made up of pirates. Meanwhile, Darius (who later becomes the emperor of [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]]) manipulates Bamni into becoming his trade partner to gradually steal India's wealth, leaving a heavy Persian influence on the Paurava Kingdom. On Shiv Dutt's suggestion, Bamni marries Kadika, the sister of Shiv Dutt's right-hand man and Paurava general. Samar Singh. and has a son, Kanishk.<br />
<br />
===Story of Sikander (Alexander)===<br />
In 350 BCE, Queen Olympias of Macedonia insults King Philip, resulting in the latter raping her. To avenge this insult, Olympias proclaims their son, Alexander, as the son of [[Zeus]] (King of the [[Greek Gods]]) who will rule India.<br />
<br />
===Porus and Sikandar's meeting and aftermath===<br />
<br />
During Porus's trip to Persia, he meets Alexander and challenges him to come to India and go back to Paurav Kingdom. Alexander arrives in India, vassalising Ambhiraj and thus capturing Takshashila. Porus, who was in Takshashila at that time after escaping from the Paurav Kingdom with Bamni who was injured by Shivdutt, escaped from there safely along with Chanakya and made an act of Porus being dead. Chanakya invites Alexander to Porus's coronation ceremony and visits the Paurav Kingdom Alexander is shocked to see Porus alive and pledges to take revenge for this insult. Kanishk escapes imprisonment and he and Sumer ally with Alexander.<br />
<br />
Alexander declares war with the Pauravas which lasted for months. On Porus and Laachi's marriage, Kanishk's men interrupt the ceremony, and Anusuya kills Sumer as she learns of his betrayal. Laachi asks for justice from Porus. Kanishk later tells the truth to Porus and Bamni which proves Anusuya innocent but is killed by Alexander. Dasyus allies with Alexander to attack Pauravas but later realizes their mistake and goes back to Paurvas but Laachi's mother, Mahanandini is killed off. Chanakya kidnaps Olympia and brings her to Paurav Kingdom. She performs black magic on Porus and Anusuya but fails in her attempts due to which she is on her deathbed but is saved by Chanakya. Alexander learns of Olympia's abduction and attacks Pauravas on both sides with the help of Ambhiraj. Ambhiraj kills off Anusuya and Porus takes revenge by killing Ambhiraj after which his son Ambhikumar and his mother become his enemies.<br />
<br />
Both sides suffer heavy losses during the war, with Porus losing Bamni and Hasti. Eventually, Alexander is victorious in the [[Battle of the Hydaspes]] in 326 BCE and captures Porus, but impressed by Porus's bravery, he returns his kingdom to him, ends his campaign, and starts his journey back to Macedonia. Porus and Laachi has a son, Malayketu. On his way back to Macedonia, Alexander [[Death of Alexander the Great|dies under mysterious circumstances]] in [[Babylon]] in 323 BCE leaving behind Roxane who was pregnant. The same year, Porus and Laachi are assassinated in a group attack by Ambhiraj's vengeful son Ambhikumar and Alexander's former general [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], though Malayketu survives. In his final moments, Porus entrusts the future of India to Chanakya.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
<br />
===Main===<br />
* [[Laksh Lalwani]] as [[Porus the Elder|Porus]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/porus-actor-laksh-lalwani-4957051/|title=I am as patriotic and opinionated as Porus: Laksh|date=27 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[Rohit Purohit]] as [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/porus-actor-rohit-purohit-5010225/|title=Porus actor Rohit Purohit: I am also a dreamer like Alexander the Great|date=3 January 2018|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref> <br />
** Vidhvaan Sharma as [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]] in infancy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-reel-son-set-to-spread-smiles-in-porus/articleshow/61931135.cms|title=Shaheer Sheikh-Erica Fernandes' reel son set to spread smiles in Porus - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 December 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[Rati Pandey]] as Anusuya:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/miley-jab-hum-tum-actress-rati-pandey-talks-about-playing-queen-anusuya-in-magnum-opus-porus-lifetv-1079578-2017-10-30|title=Miley Jab Hum Tum actress Rati Pandey talks about playing Queen Anusuya in magnum opus Porus|date=30 October 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> <br />
* [[Aditya Redij]] as Bamni:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/aditya-redij-extremely-delighted-playing-king-Bamni-porus/|title=Aditya Redij extremely delighted on playing King Bamni in Porus - Eastern Eye|first=Mohnish|last=Singh|date=30 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206152716/https://www.easterneye.eu/aditya-redij-extremely-delighted-playing-king-Bamni-porus/|archive-date=6 December 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
* [[Sameksha]] as [[Olympias]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/sameksha-queen-olympia-beautiful-character-play/|title=Sameksha: Queen Olympia is a beautiful character to play - Eastern Eye|first=Mohnish|last=Singh|date=27 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206142157/https://www.easterneye.eu/sameksha-queen-olympia-beautiful-character-play/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
* Sunny Ghanshani as [[Philip II of Macedon|Philip]]:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/how-sunny-ghanshani-bagged-the-role-of-philip-in-porus/articleshow/61918800.cms|title=How Sunny Ghanshani bagged the role of Philip in Porus - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 December 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref><br />
* [[Suhani Dhanki]] as Laachi:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/television/meet-the-final-female-lead-of-sony-tvs-porus-531561/amp|title=Meet Suhani Dhanki the 'final' FEMALE LEAD of Sony TV's 'Porus'|access-date=25 May 2017|publisher=ABP News|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908153524/http://www.abplive.in/television/meet-the-final-female-lead-of-sony-tvs-porus-531561/amp|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Recurring===<br />
<br />
* [[Mohit Abrol]] as Hasti:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://urbanasian.com/entertainment/2017/11/mohit-abrol-hasti-multi-faceted-character/|title=Mohit Abrol: Hasti is a multi-faceted character - Urban Asian|date=6 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> Ripudaman and Pritha's only son, <br />
* [[Praneet Bhat]] as [[Darius III|Darius]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/television/history-best-told-series-praneet-bhat-1502519343.html|title=History is best told through series: Praneet Bhat - The Statesman|website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]|date=29 October 2017|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> <br />
* [[Aman Dhaliwal]] as Shiv Dutt:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/mythological-show-for-aman-816116|title=Mythological show for Aman|date=11 August 2019|access-date=22 November 2021}}</ref> <br />
* Savi Thakur as Kanishk:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.biz/savi-thakur-i-like-my-uniqueness/|title=Savi Thakur: I like my uniqueness|date=December 2, 2020|access-date=November 22, 2021|website=www.easterneye.biz}}</ref> <br />
* [[Riya Deepsi]] as [[Barsine]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mobile.twitter.com/RiyaDeepsi/status/944249290523906048 |title=Riya Deepsi Twitter}}</ref> <br />
* [[Gurpreet Singh (actor)|Gurpreet Singh]] as [[Taxiles|Ambhiraj]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/gurpreet-singh-special-birthday-year/|title=Gurpreet Singh had a special birthday this year!|website=Eastern Eye|first=Mohnish|last=Singh|date=30 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206154036/https://www.easterneye.eu/gurpreet-singh-special-birthday-year/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
* [[Zohaib Siddiqui]] as [[Taxiles|Ambhikumar]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/tv-actor/zohaib-siddiqui/list-of-serial-and-shows|title=Zohaib Siddqui All Serials & Shows {{!}} Cast & Crew|access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> <br />
* [[Hrishikesh Pandey]] as Ripudaman:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/hrishikesh-pandey-injured-sets-porus/|title=Hrishikesh Pandey injured on the sets of Porus - Eastern Eye|first=Mohnish|last=Singh|date=21 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206161547/https://www.easterneye.eu/hrishikesh-pandey-injured-sets-porus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
* [[Shraddha Musale]] as Mahanandini:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.easterneye.eu/shraddha-musale-im-top-frame-mind-right-now/|title=Shraddha Musale: I'm in the top frame of mind right now!|website=Eastern Eye|first=Mohnish|last=Singh|date=9 November 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206151313/https://www.easterneye.eu/shraddha-musale-im-top-frame-mind-right-now/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br />
* [[Chirag Jani (actor)]] as Arunayak:<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/chirag-jani-shares-his-experience-of-shooting-for-porus-in-thailand/articleshow/61533207.cms|title=Chirag Jani shares his experience of shooting for Porus in Thailand - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 November 2017 |access-date=6 December 2017}}</ref> <br />
* [[Akash Singh Rajput]] as [[Hephaestion]]: Alexander's childhood friend and closest confidante.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-05-04 |title=Akash Singh Rajput: I saved myself from falling off a cliff |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/akash-singh-rajput-i-saved-myself-from-falling-off-a-cliff/articleshow/63998257.cms |access-date=2026-02-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> <br />
* [[Chetan Pandit]]/[[Tarun Khanna (TV actor)|Tarun Khanna]] as [[Chanakya]]: <br />
* [[Saurabh Raj Jain]] as [[Dhana Nanda]]: Emperor of Magadha<br />
* [[Aparna Dixit]] as [[Roxana|Roxane]] (native name Rukhsana): Alexander's first wife<br />
* [[Vikas Verma]] as Seleucus Nicator: One of Alexander's generals, who was appointed Governor of Persia by him.<br />
* Akshara Singh/Sangeeta Khanayat as Kadika: Queen of the Paurava Kingdom. <br />
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Pritha: Porus' adoptive mother, Ripudaman's wife and Hasti's mother.<br />
* Vasundhara Kaul as Alka: Wife of Ambhiraj, mother of Ambhikumar. Queen of Takshashila. <br />
* Nitin Joshi / Amir Malik as Cleitus: A general of Philip.<br />
* Chandan Dilawar as Mazaeus (called Muashiz): Darius' bodyguard and aide. <br />
* Vishal Patni as Farus: Mazaeus' son<br />
* Amaad Mintoo as [[Arrihdaeus]]: Son of Philip and Philinna.<br />
* Sarehfar as Philinna: One of Philip's many wives, mother of Arrihdaeus. <br />
* Pranav Sahay as Samar Singh: Kadika's brother.<br />
* Raviz Thakur as Pausanias: A [[Somatophylakes|trusted bodyguard]] of Philip<br />
* [[Nimai Bali]] as Amatya Rakshasa: The Prime Minister of Magadh. <br />
* Aruna Irani as the [[Pythia|Oracle of Delphi]]:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/aruna-irani-loved-porus-even-before-she-took-up-the-role/19150188 | title=Aruna Irani loved Porus even before she took up the role! | date=5 March 2018 }}</ref> <br />
* Riyanka Chanda as Stateira: Darius' wife.<br />
* Shalini Sharma as Drypetis: Darius' younger daughter. <br />
* [[Pooja Sharma (Indian actress)|Pooja Sharma]] as [[River Jhelum]] (called Mother Jhelum): The narrator of the story.<br />
* [[Nalini Negi]] as Vishuddhi: A [[Visha Kanya]] (poison girl)<br />
* Jaival Pathak as Malay: A boy whose village was massacred by Vishuddhi. <br />
* Vivek Vallah as The Rajguru: The royal priest of the Paurava Kingdom. <br />
* Ajay Jayram as Chintan Kumar:<br />
* Sujeet Kumar as Bhairav: The main ''[[Guru–shishya tradition|shishya]]'' (disciple) of Chanakya. <br />
* Karishma Rawat as [[Cleopatra Eurydice of Macedon|Cleopatra]]: Daughter of Philip's adviser Attalus.<br />
* [[Suzanne Bernert]] as Ada: She was the satrap (governor) of Caria who was expelled by her own brother. <br />
* Ruby Kakar as an [[Oracle]]: A Greek priestess and fortune teller.<br />
* Chidaksha Chand as Cleopatra: Daughter of Philip and Olympias, younger sister of Alexander the Great. <br />
* Rizwan Kalshyan as Alexander of Epirus: Younger brother of Olympias.<br />
* Browny Parashar as Oxyartes: Father of Roxane, Commander-in-Chief of Bactra.<br />
* Aaron W. Reed as a Persian warrior: <br />
* Tony Huge as a Persian warrior:<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
The show was hailed as 'visually captivating' by ''[[India Today]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/what-s-hot/story/porus-review-laksh-lalwani-thoroughly-entertaining-if-you-love-your-history-with-masala-lifetv-1095812-2017-11-28|title=Porus review: Thoroughly entertaining, if you love your history with masala|date=28 November 2017|website=indiatoday.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Pinkvilla'' called it the television version of the film ''[[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/porus-review-it-wont-be-wrong-call-it-television-version-bahubali-every-aspect-392330|title=Porus Review: It won't be wrong to call it the Television version of Bahubali in every aspect|date=29 November 2017|website=pinkvilla.com|access-date=23 December 2017|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218193719/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/porus-review-it-wont-be-wrong-call-it-television-version-bahubali-every-aspect-392330|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
Porus, being a finite series went off-air on 13 November 2018. Even before the end of the series, production house [[Swastik Productions|Swastik Pictures]] decided to tell the story of [[Chandragupta Maurya]] through a new show on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]] which replaced Porus and aired on the same time slot. Many key characters of Porus like [[Chanakya]], [[Dhana Nanda|Dhananand]], [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus Nicator]], [[Rakshasa (amatya)|Amatya Rakshas]] reprised their roles in the new show with the same actors portraying them. The new show [[Chandragupt Maurya (2018 TV Series)|Chandragupt Maurya]] was in seamless continuity with the ending of Porus. It went on-air on 14 November 2018 and off-air on 30 August 2019 after completing its story. [[Saurabh Raj Jain|Sourabh Raj Jain]], who portrayed the character of [[Dhana Nanda]] in Porus reprised the role, whereas [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]] reprised his role of [[Chanakya]] and [[Nimai Bali]] as Amatya Rakshas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iwmbuzz.com/television/news/swastik-productions-create-linear-story-chandragupta-maurya-closure-porus/2018/09/19|title=Swastik Productions to create a linear story of Chandragupta Maurya with the closure of Porus|date=19 September 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Recipient<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2018<br />
| rowspan="2" |Lions Gold Awards<br />
|Favorite Actress of the Year (Critics)<ref name="freepress1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/lions-gold-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-and-red-carpet-pictures/1209915|title=Lions Gold Awards 2018: Complete winners list and Red Carpet pictures {{!}} Free Press Journal|website=www.freepressjournal.in|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-01-25}}</ref><br />
|[[Rati Pandey]]|| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|Favorite Actor of the Year<ref name="freepress1"/><br />
|[[Laksh Lalwani]]|| {{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Asian Academy Creative Awards<br />
|Best Telenova/Soap<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonline.com/ap/news/994603/2018-asian-academy-creative-awards-winners-the-complete-list|title=2018 Asian Academy Creative Awards Winners: The Complete List|date=2018-12-07|website=E! Online|language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><br />
|[[One Life Studios]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Asian Academy Creative Awards<br />
|Best VFX<ref name=":0" /><br />
|One Life Studios<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Asian Academy Creative Awards<br />
|Best Theme Song<ref name=":0" /><br />
|[[Porus the Elder|Porus]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Indian Telly Technical Awards<br />
|Best VFX<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/news-broadcasting/when-talent-took-over-presenting-the-winners-of-the-indian-telly-technical-awards-181029|title=When talent took over: Presenting the winners of the Indian Telly Technical Awards|date=2018-10-29|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-10}}</ref><br />
|One Life Studios<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Indian Telly Technical Awards<br />
|Best Costumes<ref name=":1" /><br />
|[[Ketki Dalal]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Indian Telly Technical Awards<br />
|Best Director<ref name=":1" /><br />
|[[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Indian Telly Technical Awards<br />
|Best Screenplay Writer<ref name=":1" /><br />
|[[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]], [[Medha Jadav]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2018<br />
|Indian Telly Technical Awards<br />
|Best Sound(Fiction)<ref name=":1" /><br />
|[[Raghu Hegde]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Asian Television Awards<br />
|Best Actor in a Leading Role<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiantvawards.com/nominees/2018-nominees/|title=2018 Nominees|website=Asian Television Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115000125/https://www.asiantvawards.com/nominees/2018-nominees/|archive-date=15 November 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|[[Laksh Lalwani]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Asian Television Awards<br />
|Best Actor in a Supporting Role<ref name=":2" /><br />
|[[Rohit Purohit]]<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|2019<br />
|Asian Television Awards<br />
|Best Director<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/sony-tvs-porus-wins-big-at-the-prestigious-23rd-asian-awards-589358.html|title=Sony TV's Porus Wins Big At The Prestigious 23rd Asian Awards!|date=<!--19:21:35 pm IST -->January 14, 2019|website=Latestly|language=en|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref><br />
|[[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[List of programs broadcast by Sony Entertainment Television]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* ''{{URL|http://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5658165633001/Porus|Porus}}'' on [[Sony LIV]]<br />
* {{IMDb title|7690392}}<br />
* ''[http://www.sonyliv.com/details/show/5658165633001/Porus Porus]'' on [http://porusdrama.com/porus/ SonyTV]<br />
<br />
{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Indian historical television series]]<br />
[[Category:Television series set in Ancient India]]<br />
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Alexander the Great]]<br />
[[Category:Television series set in ancient Greece]]<br />
[[Category:Swastik Productions television series]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Echis_carinatus&diff=498115Echis carinatus2026-03-13T23:06:58Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Species of snake}}<br />
{{Speciesbox<br />
| image = Saw-scaled Viper (Echis carinatus) Photographed By Shantanu Kuveskar.jpg<br />
| image_caption = ''Echis carinatus'' in [[Mangaon]], ([[Maharashtra]], [[India]])<br />
| status = LC<br />
| status_system = IUCN3.1<br />
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Ananjeva, N.B. |author2=Orlov, N.L. |author3=Papenfuss, T. |author4=Anderson, S. |author5=Srinivasulu, C. |author6=Srinivasulu, B. |author7=Thakur, S. |author8=Mohapatra, P. |author9=Kulkarni, N.U. |author10=Deepak, V. |author11=Egan, D.M. |author12=Els, J. |author13=Borkin, L. |author14=Milto, K. |author15=Golynsky, E. |author16=Rustamov, A. |author17=Nuridjanov, D. |author18=Munkhbayar, K. |year=2021 |title=''Echis carinatus'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T164694A1068235 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T164694A1068235.en |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref><br />
| taxon = Echis carinatus<br />
| authority = ([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)<br />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré TA (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1.'' Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref><br />
| synonyms = {{collapsible list|bullets = true|title=<small>List</small><br />
| [''Pseudoboa''] ''Carinata'' <small>Schneider, 1801</small><br />
|''Boa Horatta'' <br /><small>[[George Shaw (biologist)|Shaw]], 1802</small><br />
|''Scytale bizonatus'' <br /><small>[[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1803</small><br />
|[''Vipera'' (''Echis'')] ''carinata'' <br /><small>— [[Blasius Merrem|Merrem]], 1820</small><br />
|[''Echis''] ''zic zac'' <br /><small>[[John Edward Gray|Gray]], 1825</small><br />
|''Boa horatta'' <br /><small>— Gray, 1825</small><br />
|''Echis carinata'' <br /><small>— [[Johann Georg Wagler|Wagler]], 1830</small><br />
|''Vipera echis'' <br /><small>[[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1837</small><br />
|''Echis'' (''Echis'') ''carinata'' <br /><small>— Gray, 1849</small><br />
|''Echis ziczic'' <br /><small>Gray, 1849</small><br />
|''V''[''ipera'']. ''noratta'' <br /><small>[[Thomas C. Jerdon|Jerdon]], 1854</small><br />
|''V''[''ipera'' (''Echis'')]. ''carinata'' <br /><small>— [[Giorgio Jan|Jan]], 1859</small><br />
|''Vipera'' (''Echis'') ''superciliosa'' <br /><small>Jan, 1859</small><br />
|''E''[''chis'']. ''superciliosa'' <br /><small>— Jan, 1863</small><br />
|''Vipera Echis Carinata'' <br /><small>— [[Silvestre B. Higgins|Higgins]], 1873</small><br />
|''Echis carinatus'' <br /><small>— [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896</small><br />
|''Echis carinata'' var. ''nigrosincta'' <br /><small>[[Christopher Martin Ingoldby|Ingoldby]], 1923</small> (''[[nomen nudum]]'')<br />
|''Echis carinatus carinatus'' <br /><small>— [[John Davidson Constable|Constable]], 1949</small><br />
|''Echis carinatus'' <br /><small>— [[Robert Mertens|Mertens]], 1969</small><br />
|''Echis carinatus'' <br /><small>— [[Mahmoud Latifi|Latifi]], 1978</small><br />
|''Echis'' [(''Echis'')] ''carinatus carinatus'' <br /><small>— [[Vladimir Alexadrovich Cherlin|Cherlin]], 1990</small><br />
|''Echis carinata carinata'' <br /><small>— [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das]], 1996</small>}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Echis carinatus''''', known as the '''Sindh saw-scaled viper''',<ref name=IUCN/> '''saw-scaled viper''',<ref name=RDB/><ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> '''Indian saw-scaled viper''', '''little Indian viper''',<ref name="MAVIN">[http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/indication/ECHIS_CARINATUS.html ''Echis carinatus'' antivenoms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201071908/http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/indication/ECHIS_CARINATUS.html |date=2010-12-01 }} at [http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/ Munich Antivenom Index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830040134/http://www.toxinfo.org/antivenoms/ |date=2009-08-30 }}. Accessed 13 September 2006.</ref> and by other [[#Common names|common names]], is a [[Viperinae|viper]] [[species]] found in parts of the [[Middle East]] and [[Central Asia]], and especially the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is the smallest member of the "[[Big Four (Indian snakes)|big four]]" Indian snakes that are responsible for causing the most [[snakebite]] cases and deaths, due to various factors including their frequent occurrence in highly populated regions, and their inconspicuous nature.<ref name="WhitZ90">Whitaker Z (1990). ''Snakeman''. London: Penguin Books Ltd. 192 pp. {{ISBN|0-14-014308-4}}.</ref> Like all vipers, the species is [[venomous snake|venomous]]. Two [[subspecies]] are currently recognized, including the [[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate subspecies]] described here.<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=634967 |taxon=''Echis carinatus'' |access-date=1 August 2006}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:Echis carinatus head sal.jpg|thumb|left|''E. c. carinatus'', southern India.]]<br />
<br />
The size of ''E. carinatus'' ranges between {{convert|38|and|80|cm|in|abbr=on}} in total length (body + tail), but usually no more than {{convert|60|cm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Mal03"/><br />
<br />
Its head is distinct from its neck; its snout is very short and rounded. The nostril is between three shields, and the head is covered with small [[keeled scales]], among which an enlarged [[Supraocular scale|supraocular]] is sometimes present. There are 9–14 interocular scales across the top of the head and 14–21 [[circumorbital scales]]. 1–3 rows of scales separate the eye from the supralabials. There are 10–12 [[supralabials]], the fourth usually largest, and 10–13 [[sublabials]].<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="Bou90">[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1890). ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''"Echis carinata"'', pp. 422-423, Figure 124.)</ref><br />
<br />
===Scalation===<br />
Midbody there are 25–39 rows of [[dorsal scales]] that are keeled scales with apical pits; on the flanks, these have serrated keels. There are 143–189 [[ventral scales]] that are rounded and cover the full width of the belly. The [[subcaudals]] are undivided and number 21–52, and the [[anal scale]] is single.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="Bou90"/><br />
<br />
The color-pattern consists of a pale buff, grayish, reddish, olive or pale brown ground color, overlaid mid-dorsally with a series of variably colored, but mostly whitish spots, edged with dark brown, and separated by lighter inter-blotch patches. A series of white bows run dorsolaterally. The top of the head has a whitish cruciform or trident pattern and there is a faint stripe running from the eye to the angle of the jaw. The belly is whitish to pinkish, uniform in color or with brown dots that are either faint or distinct.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="Bou90"/><br />
<br />
==Common names==<br />
*[[English language|English]] - saw-scaled viper,<ref name=RDB/><ref name="Mal03"/> Indian saw-scaled viper, little Indian viper.<ref name="MAVIN"/><br />
*[[Tamil language|Tamil]] - ''surattai pambu''.<ref name="SWCS"/> ''viriyan pamboo'', ''surutai vireyan''<ref name="Daniels"/> ( சுருட்டை விரியன் )<br />
*[[Sinhalese language|Sinhala]] - ''vali polonga (වැලි පොලඟා)''.<ref name="SWCS">[http://www.slwcs.org/facts/snakes.html Checklists of the Snakes of Sri Lanka] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008061903/http://www.slwcs.org/facts/snakes.html |date=2007-10-08 }} at the [http://www.slwcs.org/ Sri Lanka Wildlife Conservation Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111028072315/http://www.slwcs.org/ |date=2011-10-28 }}. Accessed 15 August 2007.</ref><br />
*[[Odia language|Odia]] - ''Dhuli Naga''.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Pashto language|Pushtu]] - ''phissi''.<ref name="Daniels">Daniels JC (2002). ''The Book of Indian Reptiles and Amphibians''. Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society & Oxford University Press. 252 pp. [151-153]. {{ISBN|0-19-566099-4}}.</ref><br />
*[[Telugu language|Telugu]] - ''Chinna pinjara'', ''pinjara''<br />
*[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] - ''kuppur'', ''janndi''.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Marathi language|Marathi]] - ''phoorsa'' ('''[फुरसं]''').<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Kannada]] - ''kallu haavu''.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Malayalam]] - ''anali'' അണലി<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] - ''tarachha'', ''zeri padkoo'' (ઝેરી પૈડકુ) ''udaneyn''.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Hindi]] - ''aphai'' (अफई)<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
*[[Russian language|Russian]] - ''peschanaya efa'' (песчаная эфа)<ref name="ЭФА ПЕСЧАНАЯ">[http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/je/1569.html эфа песчаная] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131436/http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/je/1569.html |date=2017-02-24 }} at [http://www.floranimal.ru/ Floranimal.ru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205081919/http://www.floranimal.ru/ |date=2016-02-05 }}. Accessed 21 September 2008.</ref><br />
*[[Iraqi Arabic]] - ''ḥayyat sayyid dakhīl'' (حية سيد دخيل)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uobaghdad.edu.iq/ArticleShow.aspx?ID=384 |title=متحف التاريخ الطبيعي: أفعى السيد دخيل تسببت في قتل 28 شخصا في الناصرية |date=14 August 2011 |publisher=Uobaghdad.edu.iq |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=2012-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325224718/http://www.uobaghdad.edu.iq/ArticleShow.aspx?ID=384 |url-status=live }}</ref> <br />
*[[Persian language|Persian]] - ''mār-e ja'fari'' (مار جعفری)<br />
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]] - ''fursa boda sap'' (ফুরসা বোড়া সাপ), also কাঁটা-আঁইশা বোড়া, খুঁদে চন্দ্রবোড়া, বোড়া সাপ, বঙ্করাজ।<br />
*[[Tulu language|Tulu]] - ''netter mugel'' (ನೆತ್ತೆರ್ ಮೂಗೇಲ್)<br />
<br />
==Geographic range==<br />
''Echis carinatus'' is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Asia]]. On the [[Indian subcontinent]] it is found in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], and [[Pakistan]] (including Urak near [[Quetta]] and [[Astola Island]] off the coast of [[Makran]]). In the [[Middle East]] it is found in [[Oman]], [[Masirah Island|Masirah (Island)]], eastern [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Iraq]], and southwestern [[Iran]]. In [[Central Asia]] it is found in [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Tajikistan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Echis carinatus |url=https://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species.php?genus=Echis&species=carinatus |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The Reptile Database}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] was not included in the original description by Schneider (1801). However, a locality had been given as "Arni" (India) by Russell (1796:3).<ref name="McD99"/><br />
<br />
There are also reports that this species occurs in [[Iraq]].<ref name="Black5">[http://www.blackfive.net/main/2006/06/snakes_and_spid.html Snakes and Spiders] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206225250/http://www.blackfive.net/main/2006/06/snakes_and_spid.html |date=2020-12-06 }} at [http://www.blackfive.net/ Black Five] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206225250/https://www.blackfive.net/main/2006/06/snakes_and_spid.html |date=2020-12-06 }} . Accessed 6 January 2007.</ref><ref name="JCS02">Joint Chiefs of Staff Campaign Analysis Report, [http://www.brooks.af.mil/web/af/courses/amp/cluebag/Venomous Snakes & Scorpions in Iraq & Antivenin Sources.pdf Venomous Snakes and Scorpions in Iraq, and Their Antivenin Sources]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} at [http://www.brooks.af.mil/ 311th Human Systems Wing, Brooks City-Base] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070119081207/http://www.brooks.af.mil/ |date=2007-01-19 }}. Accessed 6 January 2007.</ref><br />
It is found in Thiqar and Kirkuk governorates.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alforattv.net/index.php?show=news&action=article&id=58298 |title=Alforat TV Satellite |publisher=Alforattv.net |access-date=2012-08-06 |archive-date=2012-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331185148/http://www.alforattv.net/index.php?show=news&action=article&id=58298 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
[[File:Echis carinatus3.jpg|thumb|Satara, Maharashtra|left]]<br />
''Echis carinatus'' is found on a range of different substrates, including sand, rock, soft soil and in scrublands. It is often found hiding under loose rocks. Specimens have also been found in [[Balochistan (region)|Balochistan]] at altitudes of up to 1982 m.<ref name="Mal03"/><br />
<br />
==Behaviour==<br />
[[File:Echis carinatus sidewinding.JPG|thumb|right|250px|''E. carinatus'' sidewinding.]]<br />
''Echis carinatus'' is mostly [[crepuscular]] and nocturnal, although there have been reports of activity during daylight hours.<ref name="Mal03"/> During the daytime they hide in various locations, such as deep mammal burrows, rock fissures and fallen rotted logs. In sandy environments, they may bury themselves leaving only the head exposed. Often, they are most active after rains or on humid nights.<ref name="Meh87">Mehrtens JM (1987). ''Living Snakes of the World in Color''. New York: Sterling Publishers. 480 pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-6460-X}}.</ref> This species is often found climbing in bushes and shrubs, sometimes as much as 2 m above the ground. When it rains, up to 80% of the adult population will climb into bushes and trees. Once, it was observed that approximately 20 individuals had massed on top of a single cactus or small shrub.<ref name="Mal03"/><br />
<br />
''Echis carinatus'' is one of the species responsible for causing the most [[snakebite]] cases due to their inconspicuous and extremely aggressive nature.<br />
Its characteristic pose, a double coil with a figure of eight, with the head poised in the center, permits it to lash out like a released spring.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
<br />
They move about mainly by [[sidewinding]]: a method at which they are considerably proficient and alarmingly quick. They are also capable of other forms of locomotion, but sidewinding seems to be best suited to moving about in their usual sandy habitats. It may also keep them from overheating too quickly, as there are only two points of contact with the hot surface in this form of locomotion.<ref name="Mal03"/><br />
<br />
In the northern parts of its range, these snakes hibernate in winter.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
<br />
==Feeding==<br />
''Echis carinatus'' feeds on rodents, [[lizard]]s, [[frog]]s, and a variety of [[arthropod]]s, such as [[scorpion]]s, [[centipede]]s and large [[insect]]s.<ref name="Daniels"/> Diet may be varied according to availability of prey. High populations in some areas may be due to this generalist diet.<ref name="Mal03"/><br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
The population of ''E. carinatus'' in [[India]] is [[ovoviviparous]]. In northern [[India]], mating takes place in the winter with live young being born from April through August. Occasionally, births have also been recorded in other months. A litter usually consists of 3 to 15 young that are 115–152&nbsp;mm in length.<ref name="Daniels"/> Mallow ''et al.'' (2003) mention a maximum litter size of 23.<ref name="Mal03"/> <br />
[[File:Juvenile Saw Scaled Viper.jpg|thumb|Juvenile Saw Scaled Viper in a house in Nagrota, J&K.]]<br />
<br />
==Venom==<br />
''Echis carinatus'' produces on average about 18&nbsp;mg of dry venom by weight, with a recorded maximum of 72&nbsp;mg. It may inject as much as 12&nbsp;mg, whereas the lethal dose for an adult is estimated to be only 5&nbsp;mg.<ref name="Daniels"/> Envenomation results in local symptoms as well as severe systemic symptoms that may prove fatal. Local symptoms include swelling and pain, which appear within minutes of a bite. In severe cases the swelling may extend up the entire affected limb within 12–24 hours and blisters form on the skin.<ref name="Ali04">Ali G, Kak M, Kumar M, Bali SK, Tak SI, Hassan G, Wadhwa MB (2004). "Acute renal failure following ''Echis carinatus'' (saw–scaled viper) envenomation". ''[[Indian J. Nephrol.]]'' '''14''': 177-181. [http://medind.nic.in/iav/t04/i4/iavt04i4p177.pdf#search=%22%22echis%20carinatus%22%20%2B%20envenomation%22 PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214114609/http://medind.nic.in/iav/t04/i4/iavt04i4p177.pdf#search=%22%22echis%20carinatus%22%20%2B%20envenomation%22 |date=2019-02-14 }} at [http://medind.nic.in/ Indian Medlars Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912141314/http://medind.nic.in/ |date=2006-09-12 }}. Accessed 12 September 2006.</ref> The venom yield from individual specimens varies considerably, as does the quantity injected per bite. The mortality rate from their bites is about 20%, and due to the availability of the anti-venom, deaths are currently quite rare.<ref name="Daniels"/><br />
<br />
Of the more dangerous systemic symptoms, [[Bleeding|hemorrhage]] and coagulation defects are the most striking. [[Hematemesis]], [[melena]], [[hemoptysis]], [[hematuria]] and [[epistaxis]] also occur and may lead to [[Hypovolemia|hypovolemic shock]]. Almost all patients develop [[oliguria]] or [[Oliguria|anuria]] within a few hours to as late as 6 days post bite. In some cases, [[kidney dialysis]] is necessary due to [[acute kidney injury]] (AKI), but this is not often caused by [[hypotension]]. It is more often the result of intravascular [[hemolysis]], which occurs in about half of all cases. In other cases, ARF is often caused by [[disseminated intravascular coagulation]].<ref name="Ali04"/><br />
<br />
In any case, antivenin therapy and intravenous hydration within hours of the bite are vital for survival.<ref name="Ali04"/> At least eight different polyvalent and monovalent antivenins are available against bites from this species.<ref name="MAVIN"/><ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Lim A, Tan K, Tan C |date=February 2024 |title=Immunoreactivity and neutralization efficacy of Pakistani Viper Antivenom (PVAV) against venoms of Saw-scaled Vipers (Echis carinatus subspp.) and Western Russell's Vipers (Daboia russelii) from the Indian subcontinent |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=250 |issue=250 |doi=10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.107099 |pmid=38097152 |article-number=107099}}</ref><br />
<br />
The venom from this species is used in the manufacture of several drugs. One is called ''echistatin'', which is an [[anticoagulant]]. Even though many other snake venoms contain similar toxins, ''echistatin'' is not only especially potent, but also simple in structure, which makes it easier to replicate. Indeed, it is obtained not only through the purification of whole venom,<ref name="SA">[https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/sigma/datasheet/E1518dat.pdf Echistatin from ''Echis carinatus'']{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at [[Sigma-Aldrich]]. Accessed 29 September 2006.</ref> but also as a product of [[chemical synthesis]].<ref name="EMC">[http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session2/group13/vipers.html Saw-scaled Vipers] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020309201828/http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/studentwebs/session2/group13/vipers.html |date=2002-03-09 }} at [http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/ Electronic Medical Curriculum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010803133129/http://www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk/ |date=2001-08-03 }}. Accessed 29 September 2006.</ref><ref name="Gar89">Garsky VM, Lumma PK, Freidinger RM, Pitzenberger SM, Randall WC, Veber DF, Gould RJ, Friedman PA (1989). "Chemical synthesis of echistatin, a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation from ''Echis carinatus'': synthesis and biological activity of selected analogs". ''Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.'' '''86''' (11): 4022–4026. [http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=287380&blobtype=pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701131242/http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=287380&blobtype=pdf |date=2019-07-01 }} at [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ PubMed Central] . Accessed 29 September 2006.</ref> Another drug made from ''E. carinatus'' venom is called ''[[ecarin]]'' and is the primary reagent in the [[ecarin clotting time]] (ECT) test, which is used to monitor anticoagulation during treatment with [[hirudin]].<ref name="Fab01">Fabrizio MC (2001). "Use of Ecarin Clotting Time (ECT) with Lepirudin Therapy in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Cardiopulmonary Bypass". ''[[J. American Soc. Extracorporeal Tech.]]'' '''33''': 117–125. [http://www.amsect.org/ce/HIT/ject_2001_v33_n2_fabrizio.pdf PDF] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190645/http://www.amsect.org/ce/HIT/ject_2001_v33_n2_fabrizio.pdf|date=2007-09-27}} at [http://www.amsect.org/ Journal of The American Society of ExtraCorporeal Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508075629/http://www.amsect.org/|date=2021-05-08}}. Accessed 5 June 2007.</ref><ref name="TET">[https://web.archive.org/web/20031222100534/http://www.specialtylabs.com/books/display.asp?id=1060 Textarin/Ecarin Time] at [http://www.specialtylabs.com/ Specialty Laboratories]. Accessed 5 June 2007.</ref> Yet another drug produced from ''E. carinatus'' venom is [[Aggrastat]] (Tirofiban).<br />
<br />
==Subspecies==<br />
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"<br />
|-<br />
! style="background:#f0f0f0;"|Subspecies<ref name="ITIS"/><br />
! style="background:#f0f0f0;"|Taxon author<ref name="ITIS"/><br />
! style="background:#f0f0f0;"|Common name<br />
! style="background:#f0f0f0;"|Geographic range<ref name="Mal03"/><br />
|-<br />
|''E. c. carinatus''<br />
|([[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider]], 1801)<br />
|South Indian saw-scaled viper<ref name="CIS">Checklist of Indian Snakes with English Common Names [http://www.bio.utexas.edu/grad/sp/pubs/Indian%20Snakes-Checklist.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204121747/http://www.bio.utexas.edu/grad/sp/pubs/Indian%20Snakes-Checklist.pdf|date=2012-02-04}} at [http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/ University of Texas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817140948/http://www.biosci.utexas.edu/|date=2009-08-17}}. Accessed 22 October 2006.</ref><br />
|Peninsular [[India]].<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Echis carinatus sochureki|E. c. sochureki]]''<br />
|[[Othmar Stemmler|Stemmler]], 1969<br />
|Sochurek's saw-scaled viper<br />
|Southern [[Afghanistan]], Pakistan, northern India, southern and central Iran, [[Oman]] and [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]].<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em|refs=<br />
<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species |genus=Echis |species=carinatus |access-date=13 March 2025}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]] (1896). ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume III., Containing the ... Viperidæ.'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I.- XXV. (''Echis carinatus'', pp.&nbsp;505–507).<br />
*[[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]] (2002). ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Echis carinatus'', p.&nbsp;61).<br />
*Hughes B (1976). "Notes on African carpet vipers, ''Echis carinatus, Echis leucogaster'' and ''Echis ocellatus'' (Viperidae, Serpentes)". ''Rev. suisse Zool.'' '''83''' (2): 359-371.<br />
*[[Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider|Schneider JG]] (1801). ''Historiae Amphibiorum naturalis et literariae Fasciculus Secundus continens Crocodilos, Scincos, Chamaesauras, Boas, Pseudoboas, Elapes, Angues, Amphisbaenas et Caecilias''. Jena: F. Frommann. vi + 374 pp. + Plates I-II. (''Pseudoboa carinata'', new species, pp.&nbsp;285–286). (in Latin).<br />
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Echis carinatus'', pp.&nbsp;487–490, Figure 154).<br />
*[[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall F]] (1921). ''Ophidia Taprobanica or the Snakes of Ceylon.'' Colombo, Ceylon [Sri Lanka]: Colombo Museum. (HR Cottle, Government Printer). xxii + 581 pp. (''Echis carinatus'', pp.&nbsp;531–546, Figures 93-95).<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011122235237/http://members.fortunecity.com/ukp001/naja/viperidae/echis_carinatus.htm ''Echis carinatus''] at [https://web.archive.org/web/20010303092958/http://members.fortunecity.com/ukp001/naja/mainpage.htm Snakes of Sri Lanka]. Accessed 22 October 2006.<br />
* {{Mazuch|page=Monografie_Echis_carinatus_carinatus|subject=''Echis carinatus carinatus'' (Schneider, 1801)|date=24 November|year=2007}}<br />
<br />
{{Taxonbar|from=Q818485}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Viperinae]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of Arabia]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles of Central Asia]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles of the Middle East]]<br />
[[Category:Snakes of India]]<br />
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1801]]<br />
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palanati_Brahmanaidu&diff=475616Palanati Brahmanaidu2026-03-11T22:34:52Z<p>JosefinaK97: enhanced formatting also and fixed typos for accuracy</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{About|the historical figure|the 2003 film|Palnati Brahmanayudu}}<br />
{{redirect|Brahma Nayudu|the 1987 film|Brahma Nayudu (film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br />
'''Palanati Brahmanaidu''' (flourished in the 12th century AD); real name: Seelam Brahma Naidu was the minister in a small [[Andhra Ikshvaku|Andhra]] kingdom of Palnadu (part of present [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]] district) from [[velama]] caste. He was responsible for the administration of [[Palnadu]] ruled by [[Haihaya]] Chief Nalagama. Differences in ideology and court conspiracies led to Brahma Naidu leaving with his supporters, from the court of Gurajala ruled by Nalagamaraju. Nalagama's half brother Malideva established a domain with the support of Brahmanaidu at [[Macherla]].<ref name="archive">{{cite book |title=Palnati Veera Charitra |date=22 January 2003 |publisher=VENKAT RAMA & CO EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS |url=https://archive.org/details/palnativeerachar022033mbp/page/n91/mode/2up}}</ref><br />
<br />
==The Battle of Palnadu==<br />
The Battle of Palnadu (Palnati Yudham) was immortalized in Telugu literature by the poet [[Srinatha]] in his 'Palnati Vira Charita'. The only other scholarly book on the subject was a study of its use in traditional Telugu poetry, Gene Roghair's 1982 ''Epic of Palnadu: Study and Translation of Palnati Virula Katha, a Telugu Oral Tradition from Andhra Pradesh''.<ref name= "gene">{{cite book|last1=Roghair|first1=Gene|title=''Epic of Palnadu: Study and Translation of Palnati Virula Katha, a Telugu Oral Tradition from Andhra Pradesh''|year=1982|publisher=Clarendon Press|isbn=978-0-19-815456-3}}</ref> This war was very important in the social history of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It was a battle between two factions of the Palanati Haihayas.<br />
<br />
In the battle, Brahmanaidu's son named Balachundrudu fought courageously and died. Brahmanaidu won the battle and [[Nayakuralu Nagamma|Nagamma]], the minister of king Nalagmaraju fled from the field. However, [[Malidevaraju]] had died fighting in the battle and Brahmanaidu was forced to install Nalagmaraju as the king, who was the only surviving member of the Palnadu royal family. Subsequently, Brahma Naidu retired to the forests, renouncing the world.<ref name="art">{{cite book |last1=Sadanandam |first1=P. |title=Art and Culture of Marginalised Nomadic Tribes in Andhra Pradesh |date=2008 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-0958-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nhu52oHk6r4C&dq=Palnati+Veera+Charitra&pg=PA128 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In popular culture==<br />
* The 1947 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Palnati Yuddham (1947 film)|Palnati Yudham]]'' depicted various aspects of the war and the human emotions surrounding it. It was directed by [[L. V. Prasad]] and starred [[Govindarajula Subba Rao]] as Brahmanaidu.<br />
* ''Palnati Yudham'' was remade in 1966, directed by Gutta Ramineedu, with [[N. T. Rama Rao|N.T.R]] in the role of Brahmanaidu.{{cn|date=January 2025}}<br />
* ''[[Palnati Brahmanayudu]]'' was a 2003 movie starring [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], a contemporary take on the conflict.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* B S L Hanumantha Rao, ''Social Mobility in Medieval Andhra'', Telugu Academy Press<br />
* Palanati Vira charitra, Oral Epic<br />
<br />
[[Category:12th-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:12th-century government officials]]<br />
[[Category:Palnadu district]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{more cats|date=December 2021}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hullabaloo_in_the_Guava_Orchard&diff=459790Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard2026-03-08T13:32:42Z<p>JosefinaK97: added content as per guidelines and updated info</p>
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<div>{{short description|1998 book by Kiran Desai}}<br />
{{Use mdy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{infobox book<br />
| name = Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard<br />
| title_orig = <br />
| translator = <br />
| image = File:HullabalooInTheGuavaOrchard.jpg<br />
| caption = First edition<br />
| author = [[Kiran Desai]]<br />
| cover_artist = <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[English language|English]]<br />
| series = <br />
| genre = <br />
| publisher = [[Atlantic Monthly Press]]<br />
| release_date = 1998<br />
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|hardback]] & [[paperback]])<br />
| pages = 209<br />
| isbn = 0-87113-711-9<br />
| oclc = 39486434<br />
| preceded_by = <br />
| followed_by = [[The Inheritance of Loss]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard''''' is a [[novel]] by [[Kiran Desai]] published in 1998. It is her first book and won the top prize for the [[Betty Trask Award]]s in 1998.<ref name="societyofauthors" /> It is set in the [[India]]n village of [[Shahkot, India|Shahkot]] ([[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]) and follows the exploits of a young man, Sampath Chawla, trying to avoid the responsibilities of adult life. Fed up with his life in Shahkot, Sampath goes to a guava orchard and settles himself in a guava tree, where he uses the gossip he learned while working at the post office to convince people he is clairvoyant and soon becomes a popular "holy man".<br />
<br />
Kiran Desai based this book on a real-life story in which a man, Kapila Pradhan,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jena|first1=Sanjaya|title=Man lives in tree after domestic spat|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4643678.stm|accessdate=9 August 2016|agency=BBC|date=25 January 2006}}</ref> lived up a tree for 15 years. This was the author's inspiration for the book and there are similarities between the novel and Pradhan's life in his tree.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references><br />
<br />
<ref name="societyofauthors"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|title=Society of Authors&nbsp;— Prizes, Grants and Awards <br />
|publisher=Society of Authors <br />
|accessdate=2011-06-14 <br />
|url=http://www.societyofauthors.net/soa/page_id_sub.php4?parentid=7&pid=52&par_nm=Prizes,%20grants%20and%20awards<br />
|archivedate=2007-02-11 <br />
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211171127/http://www.societyofauthors.net/soa/page_id_sub.php4?parentid=7&pid=52&par_nm=Prizes%2C+grants+and+awards <br />
|url-status=usurped<br />
}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
</references><br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/06/07/daily/hullbaloo-book-review.html Review by NY Times]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Novels by Kiran Desai]]<br />
[[Category:1998 American novels]]<br />
[[Category:Novels set in India]]<br />
[[Category:1998 Indian novels]]<br />
[[Category:1998 debut novels]]<br />
[[Category:American English-language novels]]<br />
<br />
{{1990s-novel-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbar_II&diff=476213Akbar II2026-03-04T06:56:33Z<p>JosefinaK97: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Mughal emperor from 1806 to 1837}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
| name = Akbar II<br/> اکبر دوم<br />
| title = King of Delhi<br/>[[Padishah|Badshah]]<br />
| image = Akbar Shah II of India.jpg<br />
| caption = Portrait of Akbar Shah II, {{circa|1827}}<br />
| succession = [[Mughal emperor]]<br />
| reign = {{Nowrap|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837}}<br />
| coronation = 19 November 1806<br />
| predecessor = [[Shah Alam II]]<br />
| successor = [[Bahadur Shah II]]<br />
| birth_name = Mirza Akbar<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1760|04|22|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mukundpur]], [[Rewa (princely state)|Rewa State]], [[Maratha Confederacy]]<br />
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1837|09|28|1760|04|22|df=yes}}<br />
| death_place = Delhi, [[Subah of Delhi]], [[Mughal Empire]]<br />
| spouse = Mumtaz Mahal<ref name="Majumdar1939">{{cite book | editor = Jatindra Kumar Majumdar | date = 1939 | title = Raja Rammohun Roy and the Last Moghuls: A Selection from Official Records, 1803–1859 | publisher = Art Press | pages = xxxiii| isbn = 9788170410645}}</ref><br>Anwar Mahal<ref name="Congress1958">{{cite book | author = Indian History Congress | date = 1958 | title = Proceedings, Volume 20 | publisher = Indian History Congress | pages = 316}}</ref><br>Lal Bai<ref name="Husain2006">{{cite book | author = Syed Mahdi Husain | date = 2006 | title = Bahadur Shah Zafar and the War of 1857 in Delhi | publisher = Aakar Books | pages = 36 | isbn = 9788187879916}}</ref><br />
| issue = 14 sons, including: <br/>{{Unbulleted list|<br />
|Mirza Firuz Bakht<br />
|[[Bahadur Shah Zafar|Bahadur Shah II]]<br />
|Mirza Buland Bakht<br />
|[[Mirza Jahangir]]<br />
|[[Mirza Jahan Shah]]<br />
|Mirza Taimoor Shah<ref>{{cite book|title= Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1| year= 1911| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10807|page=341}}</ref><br />
|Mirza Kayqubad<ref>{{cite book|title= Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1| year= 1911| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10807|page=342}}</ref><br />
|Mirza Kaykaus<ref>{{cite book|title= Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1| year= 1911| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10807|page=342}}</ref><br />
|[[Mirza Nali]]<br />
|[[Mirza Babur]]<br />
|[[Mirza Salim]]<br />
|[[Mirza Nazim Shah]]<br />
|Mirza Jahan Khushru<ref name="GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS"> {{cite web| url=http://blog.chughtaimuseum.com/?p=10834| title=GREAT ESCAPE OF MIRZA JAHAN KHUSRO SON OF AKBAR SANI – HAJI MUHAMMED ISHAQUE DESCENDANT OF GREAT MUGHALS| date=15 April 2020}}</ref><br />
|Mirza Shujaat Shah<ref>{{cite book|title= Records of the Delhi Residency and Agency, Vol. 1| year= 1911| url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10807|page=342}}</ref><br />
|8 daughters<br />
}}<br />
| full name = Sultan Ibn Sultan Sahib al-Mufazi Wali Ni'mat Haqiqi Khudavand Mujazi Abu Nasir Mu'in al-Din Muhammad Akbar Shah Pad-Shah Ghazi<br />
| father = [[Shah Alam II]]<br />
| mother = Qudsia Begum<br />
| signature = Seal of Mughal emperor Akbar Shah II.jpg<br />
| signature_type = Seal<br />
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]] {{small|([[Hanafi]])}}<br />
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]<br />
| era dates = 18th and 19th centuries<br />
| regnal name = Akbar Shah II<br />
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]<br />
| burial_place = [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]], Delhi, India<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akbar II''' ({{langx|fa|اکبر دوم|rtl=yes}}, {{IPA|fa|ak.baɾ}}; 22 April 1760 – 28 September 1837), also known as '''Akbar Shah II''' ({{langx|fa|اکبر شاه دوم|rtl=yes}}), was the nineteenth [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] from 1806 to 1837. He was the second son of [[Shah Alam II]] and the father of [[Bahadur Shah II]], who would eventually succeed him and become the last Mughal emperor.<br />
<br />
Akbar had little de facto power due to the increasing British influence in India through the [[East India Company]]. He sent [[Ram Mohan Roy]] as an ambassador to Britain and gave him the title of Raja. During his regime, in 1835, the East India Company discontinued calling itself subject of the Mughal Emperor and [[Khutba wa sikka|issuing coins in his name]]. The Persian lines in the company's coins to this effect were deleted.<br />
<br />
Akbar II was credited with starting the [[Hindu–Muslim unity]] festival [[Phool Walon Ki Sair]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dec 8 |first1=TNN / |title=Akbar, Dara Shikoh had set examples of Hindu-Muslim unity {{!}} Varanasi News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/akbar-dara-shikoh-had-set-examples-of-hindu-muslim-unity/articleshow/17526760.cms |website=The Times of India |date=8 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Akbar and his religious policy |url=http://www.ijssh.org/vol6/660-B00018.pdf}}</ref> His grave lies next to the [[dargah]] of 13th-century Sufi saint [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]].<br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
[[File:Shah Alam II (1759-1806), the blind mughal Emperor, seated on a golden throne..jpg|thumb|upright|left|The crown prince seated next to his blinded father [[Shah Alam II]] (c. 1800)]]<br />
Prince Mirza Akbar was born on 22 April 1760 to Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] at [[Mukundpur]], [[Satna]], while his father was in exile. On 2 May 1781, at the [[Red Fort]], the prince was made [[Crown prince]] with the title of ''[[Wali Ahd]] Bahadur'', after the death of his elder brother. In 1782, he was appointed the viceroy of Delhi until 1799. When the [[Rohilla]] leader [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] captured Delhi in 1788, the young Prince Mirza Akbar was forced to [[nautch]] dance along with other Mughal princes. He witnessed how the members of the imperial Mughal family were humiliated, as well as starved. When [[Mahmud Shah Bahadur|Shah Jahan IV]] fled, Mirza Akbar was titular Emperor with the title of ''Akbar Shah II'', and was to remain acting emperor even after the reinstatement of his father [[Shah Alam II]], till January 1789.<br />
<br />
== Reign ==<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, photographed from a personal collection in West Bengal, India, September 17, 2024.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee from the Bombay Presidency, struck in Ahmedabad, in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II.]]<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee of Bhopal State struck in the name of Mughal emperor Muhammad Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of the [[Bhopal State]], struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, minted in Daulatgarh, having the trident symbol in horizontal position.]]<br />
[[File:Silver Rupee of Bharatpur state, struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.jpg|thumb|Silver Rupee of [[Bharatpur State]], struck in the name of Mughal emperor Akbar II, Mahe Indrapur Mint.]]<br />
[[File:Jade bowl of akbar shah national museum india.JPG|thumb|Jade bowl inscribed with the name of the emperor]]<br />
[[File:Tombs of Shah Alam and Akbar II, c1890s.jpg|thumb|The tombs of Akbar II and his father Shah Alam II in [[Mehrauli|Zafar Mehal, Mehrauli]], Delhi|alt=]]<br />
<br />
Emperor Akbar II presided over an empire titularly large but in effect limited to the [[Red Fort]] in Delhi alone. The cultural life of Delhi as a whole flourished during his reign. However, his attitude towards East India Company officials, especially [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Lord Hastings]], to whom he refused to grant an audience on terms other than those of subject and sovereign, although honourable to him, increasingly frustrated the British, who regarded him as merely their pensioner. The British therefore reduced his titular authority to 'King of Delhi' in 1835 and the East India Company ceased to act as the mere lieutenants of the Mughal Empire as they did from 1803 to 1835. Simultaneously they replaced Persian text with English text on the company's coins, which no longer carried the emperor's name.<br />
<br />
The British encouraged the Nawab of [[Oudh]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] to take royal titles to further diminish the Emperor's status and influence. Out of deference, the Nizam did not, but the [[Nawab of Awadh]] did so.<br />
<br />
He is also known to have bestowed the title ''Nawab'' upon the [[Nawab of Tonk]] and [[Nawab of Jaora]].<br />
<br />
Akbar II appointed the Bengali reformer Ram Mohan Roy, to appeal against his treatment by the East India Company, conferring on him the title of Raja. Ram Mohan Roy then visited England, as the Mughal envoy to the [[Court of St James’s]]. Ram Mohan Roy submitted a well-argued memorial on behalf of the Mughal ruler, but to no avail.<br />
<br />
The grave of Akbar II lies within a marble enclosure adjoined to the [[Moti Masjid (Mehrauli)|Moti Masjid]] near the [[dargah]] of the 13th century Sufi saint, [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] at [[Mehrauli]], Delhi. The Mughal emperors [[Bahadur Shah I]], ([[Shah Alam I]]) and [[Shah Alam II]] are also buried here.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dadlani |first=Chanchal B. |title=From stone to paper : architecture as history in the late Mughal Empire |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-300-23317-9 |location=New Haven [CT] |pages=63 |oclc=1024165136}}</ref><br />
<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Ghulam Murtaza Khan The Delhi Darbar of Akbar II.jpg|Akbar II holding audience on the Peacock Throne.<br />
File:Silver rupee coin of Akbar Shah II.jpg|Silver Rupee coin of Akbar II.<br />
File:Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835 San Diego Museum of Art.jpg|Akbar Shah II rides an elephant in a huge procession 1835<br />
File:Akbar Shah II and his four sons.jpg| Akbar Shah II and his four sons<br />
File:Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II (reigned 1806-1837), with British Resident Charles Metcalfe 181644.JPG|Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II, with British Resident Charles Metcalfe, by Udey Ram<br />
File:Painting of Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II.png|Cavalry in Durbar Procession of Mughal Emperor Akbar II<br />
File:Mounted standard-bearers of Akbar Shah II.png|Mounted standard-bearers in the procession of Akbar II<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== Descendants ==<br />
[[File:India 1835 2 Mohurs (rev).jpg|thumb|275px|An East India Company Double [[Mohur]], struck in 1835, featuring [[Ali]] the lion ([[Sher-e-Ali]]) and the sacred tree of [[Karbala]]]]<br />
<br />
After the mutiny, cousins of [[Mirza Mughal]], son of [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], son of Akbar II, escaped to neighbouring areas in fear of capture by the British. Prince [[Mirza Mughal]], the heir apparent was himself captured and executed by the British near [[Delhi Gate, Delhi|Delhi gate]]. Many surviving princes settled in various provinces of India, but some settled in [[Burma]], [[Bengal]] and [[Deccanis|Deccan]] since a large number of imperial family members, along with Emperor [[Bahadur Shah II]] were exiled to Rangoon in [[Burma]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Akbar I]]<br />
* [[Mirza Nali]]<br />
* [[Jalaluddin Mirza]]<br />
* [[Mirza Zafar]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite journal|last=Whitehead|first=Richard Bertram|author-link=R. B. Whitehead|date=1929|title=Akbar II as Pretender: A Study in Anarchy|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|volume=61 |issue=2|pages=259–272|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00082149 |issn=0035-869X|jstor=25193883|s2cid=163201364 }}<br />
<br />
{{Commons category-inline}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar Shah Ii}}<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]<br />
[[Category:Emperors of the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1760 births]]<br />
[[Category:1837 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]<br />
[[Category:People from Satna district]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Mughal Empire people]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nam_Naadu_(1969_film)&diff=520156Nam Naadu (1969 film)2026-03-04T05:09:56Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added Initial Details Initial Version</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Nam Naadu 1969 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = C. P. Jambulingam<br />
| writer = K. Swornam (dialogues)<br />
| story = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]<br />
| producer = [[B. Nagi Reddy]]<br />[[M. G. Chakrapani]]<br />
| starring = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]<br />[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]<br />
| cinematography = Konda Reddy<br />Sundar Babu<br />
| editing = C. P. Jambulingam<br />G. Kalyanasundaram<br />D. G. Jayaraman<br />
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
| studio = Vijaya International<br />
| released = {{film date|1969|11|07|df=y}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Nam Naadu''''' ({{translation|Our country}}) is a 1969 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by C. P. Jambulingam, starring [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]]. It is a remake of the 1969 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]''. The film was released on 7 November 1969.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=August 2021}}<br />
Dharmalingham, Aalavandar and Punniyakodi are three VIPs in a township who have established themselves as noble citizens of the country but in reality are traitors who dare to do any type of crimes for money. Durai is an honest government office clerk who wants to be sincere for the nation and to help the poor and needy. In order to save the rights of the poor he fights with higher society people which is disliked by brother Muthaiya who works for Dharmalingham and is an equally honest person as Durai. Though Muthaiya scolds Durai for his acts he is very affectionate to him and Durai is equally respectful and affectionate towards him and his family. Durai once picks a fight with Aalavandar in a shop&nbsp;— he insists on his standing in a queue like everyone else as there should be no special right for him over poor people. This creates tension between Aalavandar and Durai. Muthaiya worries that he will get into trouble because Aalavandar and Dharmalingham are good friends.<br />
<br />
Durai meets a tender-coconut selling girl Ammu (alias Alamelu) and gets attracted towards her nobility and honesty. Aalavandar takes revenge on Durai by making fake bribery complaint on him and because of which Durai loses his job. The enmity between Dharmalingham and Durai increases gradually because of which his brother shouts at him and ask him to get out of the house as Muthaiya believes Dharmalingham is honest and treat him like God. Ammu supports Durai and takes him to slum. Durai works for them and earn the love of slum people and people support him to contest and win in the municipal election. Durai takes action against the trio with his rights and enmity further increases. The trio plan and succeed to throw Durai away from the municipal office. Meanwhile, Muthaiya finds that Dharmalingham has looted a sum of Ten lakh Rupees which actually belong to the welfare of poor people. So he runs away with the money to save from them and he buries it in a place. But the trio catch him and shut him at a secret place when he refuse to open his mouth on the whereabouts of the money. Now Durai plans to take revenge on them and to reveal themselves and their crimes by their own mouth. Did Durai succeed in his mission and found the money and his brother forms the rest of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<!--The casting is established according to the original order of the credits of opening of the movie, except those not mentioned--><br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[M. G. Ramachandran]] as Durai<br />
*[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] as Ammu (alias Alamelu)<br />
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Dharmalingham, the chairman<br />
*[[S. A. Ashokan]] as Aalavandar<br />
*[[K. A. Thangavelu]] as Punniyakodi<br />
*[[S. V. Ramdas]] as The doctor<br />
*[[T. K. Bhagavathi]] as Muthaiya<br />
*[[R. S. Manohar]] as Vijay, Ammu's elder brother<br />
*[[Ennatha Kannaiya]] as Kannaiya the lame<br />
*[[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Kuppuswamy<br />
*[[Nagesh]] as Govindha<br />
*[[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramswamy]] as Velayudham<br />
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Kandhaya<br />
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]]<br />
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Bakiyum<br />
*[[Kutty Padmini]] as Selvi<br />
*[[Baby Sridevi]] as Raja<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
After the success of ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' (1965) produced by [[B. Nagi Reddy]], actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] was considering an entry into politics, so he told Reddy that he wanted to make a film to gauge audience response to seeing him as a politician. Nagi Reddy suggested remaking the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Kathanayakudu (1969 film)|Kathanayakudu]]''; Ramachandran agreed and remade the film as ''Nam Naadu''.<ref name="TH cheer">{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=9 May 2014 |title=A small tribute to a big legend |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-small-tribute-to-a-big-legend/article5993089.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528070756/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-small-tribute-to-a-big-legend/article5993089.ece |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The dialogues were written by [[K. Sornam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Govardan |first=D. |date=9 June 2021 |title='Voice' of megastars of Tamil Nadu politics, K Sornam, falls silent |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/voice-of-megastars-of-tamil-nadu-politics-k-sornam-falls-silent/articleshow/83356984.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611000001/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/voice-of-megastars-of-tamil-nadu-politics-k-sornam-falls-silent/articleshow/83356984.cms |archive-date=11 June 2021 |access-date=18 August 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Unlike the Telugu original, ''Nam Naadu'' had many politically charged dialogues because, according to film historian Prakash Raman, that was the period Ramachandran was about to launch his own party, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Surendhar |date=4 June 2018 |title=Kaala, Nayagan, Baasha, Nayagan, Thuppakki and Mankatha: Tracing Tamil cinema's love for Mumbai as a setting |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaala-nayagan-baasha-nayagan-thuppakki-and-mankatha-tracing-tamil-cinemas-love-for-mumbai-as-a-setting-4494289.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528070741/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kaala-nayagan-baasha-nayagan-thuppakki-and-mankatha-tracing-tamil-cinemas-love-for-mumbai-as-a-setting-4494289.html |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2019 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music is composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], with lyrics by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nam Naadu (1969) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000762 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816040404/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0000762 |archive-date=16 August 2014 |access-date=3 May 2019 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 26:33 <!-- Automatically generated with User:JPxG/TrackSum.js --><br />
| title1 = Aadai Muzhudhum<br />
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length1 = 04:34<br />
| title2 = Nalla Perai<br />
| extra2 = [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[Shobha]], [[L. R. Anjali]]<br />
| length2 = 04:09<br />
| title3 = Naan 7 Vayasilae<br />
| extra3 = [[L. R. Eswari]]<br />
| length3 = 03:49<br />
| title4 = Ninathathai Nadathiyae<br />
| extra4 = T. M. Soundararajan, L. R. Eswari<br />
| length4 = 04:56<br />
| title5 = Vangaya Vathyaraiya<br />
| extra5 = T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela<br />
| length5 = 04:59<br />
| title6 = Kudigaran Pechu<br />
| extra6 = L. R. Eswari<br />
| length6 = 04:06<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Nam Naadu'' was released on 7 November 1969.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 November 1969 |title=Nam Naadu |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vzY-6mMDyDUC&dat=19691107&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=12 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "That contemporary politics can be made into a successful film is proved by Vijaya International's ''Nam Nadu''". The reviewer went on to say, "Colour is pleasing. The editing is component. Music by M. S. Viswanathan fails. The film is too long."<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 November 1969 |title=Cinema |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19691115&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=1 May 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Nagi Reddy recalled watching the film with Ramachandran: "When it was released, we both went to Mekala Theatre to watch the reaction of the viewers. Except for the manager, no one was aware of our presence. It was a pleasant evening and the doors had been kept wide open. MGR stood leaning on one side of the door and I was leaning on the other. There was a scene in which Jayalalitha, the heroine of the movie, appeared singing the song Vaangaiya Vaathiyaraiah while welcoming MGR after his victory in the elections." Reddy went on to say "The audience rose as one man, cheering, clapping, whistling. There were cries: 'We want to see the scene again! Repeat the scene!' We advised the manager to oblige the audience. The reel was rewound and the sequence was shown again. I turned to MGR. His eyes were filled with tears of joy. He hugged me. 'O Reddiar! I have received the people's acceptance.'<ref name="TH cheer" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960s action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1969 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1969 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1969 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in slums]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulebakavali_Katha&diff=450555Gulebakavali Katha2026-03-03T20:34:46Z<p>JosefinaK97: Content updated and refined</p>
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<div>{{short description|1962 film by N. T. Rama Rao}}<br />
{{About|the film|information on the nocturnal flower Gul-e-Bakavali|Epiphyllum oxypetalum}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gulebakavali Katha<br />
| image = Gulebakavali Katha 1962.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| writer = <br />
| story = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| producer = [[N. Trivikrama Rao]]<br />
| director = [[N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />
| starring = N. T. Rama Rao<br />[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]<br />Nagarathna<br />
| music = Joseph<br />Vijaya Krishna Murthy<br />
| cinematography = [[Ravikant Nagaich]]<br />
| editing = S. P. S. Veerappa<br />G. Siva Murthy<br />
| studio = National Art Theaters<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1962|1|5}}<br />
| runtime = 170 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Gulebakavali Katha''''' ({{translation|The story of Gulebakavali}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[swashbuckler film]] directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. The film was produced by [[N. Trivikrama Rao]] on National Art Theatres banner. It is based on the folk tale ''[[The Water of Life (German fairy tale)#Asia|Gulebakavali]]'' from the folk tale collection ''[[One Thousand and One Nights|Arabian Nights]]''. Rama Rao also stars alongside [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] and Nagarathna. The film focuses on a man's quest to search for the [[Epiphyllum oxypetalum|''Gulebakavali'' flower]], which he needs to cure the king's blindness. It was released on 5 January 1962, and became a commercial success.<br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Once upon a time, a kingdom [[Pataliputra]] was ruled by King Chandrasena. He has two wives, Gunavati & Rupavati. The King is engrossed in love with the second, and they have three sons. Vakraketu, a vicious sibling of Rupavati, always ploys to usurp the throne, for which he molds his nephews. The childless Gunavati takes penance to conceive, acquiring a boon from [[Shiva|Siva]], who blesses her with a baby boy, Vijaya. So, green-eyed Vakraketu colludes with astrologers who predict that the King will lose his vision upon viewing the prince. Therefore, he ostracizes the newborn despite imploring by Gunavati, but Vakraketu edicts to slay him. However, he is shielded by the Lord and reared by a shepherd couple. <br />
<br />
Years roll by, and Vijaya becomes a gallant youngster—Chandrasena heads for hunting when Vakraketu plots to blind him via gradual venom. The following day, he became sightless when Vijaya accidentally encountered him. Vijaya finds something fishy and covertly enters the fort, where Vijaya learns of his birth & curse. He overhears that the only means to recoup his father's sight is to gain the "Gulebakavali flower," which blossoms on the full moon day in the ''[[Devaloka]].'' Thus, Vijaya declares that he will remove his taint and walks through with the acquaintance and grace of his mother. Even the three callow princes proceed for it. <br />
<br />
In a village, a trickster dice player, Yuktimati, bets the men to win for splicing her if not enslaving them. Initially, she imprisons three princes when Vijaya discovers her deception. In disguise, he triumphs, knits Yuktimati, and frees his half-brothers. The three unfledged are aware of Vijaya. Following, they mortify an ascetic who swear word them into the stones. Vijaya sets on an adventurous journey and lands in ''Devaloka'' with the help of the Lord. Accordingly, he weds Mahendra's daughter Bakavali per the [[Gandharva]]. Vijaya silently leaves with the flower from the pool, which explodes due to impurity. An enraged Mahendra seizes Bakavali since she is the cause of the piece. <br />
<br />
Vijaya arrives on Earth and revives his brothers, but they slyly snatch the flower by backstabbing him. By the time they are at home, Vakraketu has treacherously captured the kingdom and locked up everyone. Meanwhile, Vijaya removes the curse of an angel who returns him to "Devaloka," where he learns about terrible things that happened. He re-flourishes the pond with his fortitude by offering his eyes. Then, Mahendra bows down to him and restores his vision. At last, Vijaya returns to Earth with his wife, stops Vakraketu, and restores his father's vision. Finally, the movie ends happily with Vijaya's coronation.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
Credits from ''[[The Hindu]]'':<ref name="BFTP" /><br />
* [[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Vijaya<br />
* [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Yuktimati<br />
* Nagarathna as Bakavali<br />
* [[Peketi Sivaram]] as one of Rupavathi's sons<br />
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Chandrasena<br />
* [[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao]] as Vakraketu<br />
* Lanka Satyam as the goatherd<br />
* [[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as [[Indra|Mahendra]]<br />
* K. V. S. Sharma as Dushtabudhi<br />
* [[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as one of Rupavathi's sons<br />
* [[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]] as Ati Telivi<br />
* [[Rushyendramani]] as Gunavathi<br />
* [[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as the goatherd's wife<br />
* Surabhi Balasarswathi as Adikaasa<br />
* [[Chhaya Devi]] as Rupavathi<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Gulebakavali Katha'' is the second Telugu film to be based on the folk tale ''[[The Water of Life (German fairy tale)#Asia|Gulebakavali]]'' from the Arabian folk tale collection ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'', following a 1938 film titled ''Gulebakavali''. It was produced by [[N. Trivikrama Rao]] under National Art Theaters, and directed by [[N. T. Rama Rao]]. This was Rama Rao's second directorial venture after ''[[Sita Rama Kalyanam (1961 film)|Sita Rama Kalyanam]]'' (1961); however, as with that film, he did not bill himself as director in the opening credits. The writer of the original story was not credited; instead, Trivikrama Rao was credited under "''kathasekarana''" (collecting the story). In addition to directing, Rama Rao starred as the male lead Vijaya. He cast two female leads: [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as the trickster dice player Yuktimati; and actress [[G. Varalakshmi]]'s niece Nagarathna as princess Bakavali, this being her acting debut. Nagarathna had only two dialogues, one of which was "Nanna". [[Ravikant Nagaich]] was hired as cinematographer, K. Narasimha Rao for art direction,<ref name="BFTP" /> and S. P. S. Veerappa and G. Siva Murthy for editing.<ref name="indiancine">{{Cite web |url=https://indiancine.ma/KHQ/info |title=Gulebakavali Katha |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=29 December 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Music composers Joseph and Vijaya Krishna Murthy made their debut with this film,<ref name="BFTP" /> as did lyricist [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nadadhur|first=Srivathsan|date=13 June 2017|title=C Narayana Reddy: He owned the literary throne|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/c-narayana-reddy-he-owned-the-literary-throne/article18996229.ece|url-status=live|access-date=29 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230055727/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/c-narayana-reddy-he-owned-the-literary-throne/article18996229.ece|archive-date=30 December 2018}}</ref> The film's most popular songs were "Nannu Dhochukonduvate", "Kalala Alalapai", "Unnadi Chebuta" and "Madana Sundara Naa Doraa".<ref name="BFTP" /> The song "Nanna Dochukovante" is based on Abheri raga.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403103423/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-hindu-friday-review-hyderabad-books-ragalu-cine-geetalu-dr-kodati-sambaiah-carnatic-ragas-in-telugu-films/article26553378.ece|archive-date=3 April 2024|access-date=3 April 2024|date=16 March 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Ragalu, Cine Geetalu: Confluence of two genres|last=Chandaraju|first=Aruna}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Unnadhi Chepputha Vintara<br />
| extra1 = [[S. Janaki]], Vasantha<br />
| length1 = 3:24<br />
| title2 = Amba Jagadamaba<br />
| extra2 = [[P. Leela]]<br />
| length2 = 3:08<br />
| title3 = Kaaligajje Kadalakamunde<br />
| extra3 = S. Janaki<br />
| length3 = 4:22<br />
| title4 = Anuraga Payonidhi<br />
| extra4 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]<br />
| length4 = 0:58<br />
| title5 = Salamalekum Sahebugaru<br />
| extra5 = Ghantasala, S. Janaki<br />
| length5 = 3:01<br />
| title6 = Nannu Dhochukunduvate Vannela Dorasani<br />
| extra6 = Ghantasala, [[P. Susheela]]<br />
| length6 = 3:22<br />
| title7 = Kalala Alalapai Telenu Manasu Malle Poovai<br />
| extra7 = Ghantasala, S. Janaki<br />
| length7 = 4:35<br />
| title8 = Ontarinai Poyanu Ika Intiki Yemani Ponu<br />
| extra8 = Ghantasala<br />
| length8 = 3:35<br />
| title9 = Madana Sundara Naa Dora<br />
| extra9 = P. Susheela<br />
| length9 = 3:19<br />
| title10 = Vinnava Tatvam Guruda<br />
| extra10 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]]<br />
| length10 = 1:51<br />
| title11 = Matha Jaganmatha<br />
| extra11 = Ghantasala<br />
| length11 = 2:12<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Gulebakavali Katha'' was released on 5 January 1962. The film was commercially successful, and contributed to Rama Rao's streak of successful films.<ref name="BFTP" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|refs=<br />
<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-GULEBAKAVALI-KATHA-1962/article14583602.ece |title=Blast from the past: Gulebakavali Katha (1962) |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=18 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=29 December 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221101655/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Blast-from-the-past-GULEBAKAVALI-KATHA-1962/article14583602.ece |archive-date=21 December 2016 |issn=}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0263402}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1960s fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:1962 fantasy films]]<br />
[[Category:1962 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1962 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about royalty]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on One Thousand and One Nights]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by N. T. Rama Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy adventure films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian swashbuckler films]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about polygamy]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swapnalokam&diff=538861Swapnalokam2026-03-03T18:28:57Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added a article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1999 Indian Telugu-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Swapnalokam<br />
| image = Swapnalokam.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
| producer = M. Narasimha Rao<br />
| writer = '''Story & Screenplay:'''<br />[[Pankaj Advani (director)|Pankaj Advani]]<br />[[Kundan Shah]]<br />'''Dialogues:'''<br />Ramesh-Gopi<br />
| based_on = ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' (1994)<br />
| starring = [[Jagapathi Babu]]<br>[[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]]<br>[[Richard Rishi|Rahul]]<br />
| music = [[Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
| cinematography = Jasti Uday Bhaskar<br />
| editing = Gowtham Raju<br />
| studio = Raasi Movies<br />
| released = {{Film date|1999|2|26|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 140 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Telugu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Swapnalokam''''' ({{translation|World of Swapna |Dreamworld}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]] and produced by M. Narasimha Rao under the banner of Raasi Movies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapna Lokam (1999) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AQYA/info |access-date=2024-12-15 |website=Indiancine.ma |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215160147/https://indiancine.ma/AQYA/info |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Jagapathi Babu]] and [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] in lead roles. The film's music was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=January 2000 |title=Swapna Lokam |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/swapna-lokam/-KwjdUqmJyY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822101951/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/swapna-lokam/-KwjdUqmJyY_ |archive-date=22 August 2022 |access-date=22 August 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> It is a remake of the 1994 Hindi film ''[[Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa]]'' directed by [[Kundan Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Shahrukh Khan had once sold tickets for his own film |url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/887031/shahrukh-khan-had-once-sold-tickets-for-his-own-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819231148/https://dailytimes.com.pk/887031/shahrukh-khan-had-once-sold-tickets-for-his-own-film/ |archive-date=19 August 2022 |access-date=19 August 2022 |website=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1991–2000 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |isbn=978-81-938482-1-0 |pages=491}}</ref> The film failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ravi Kennedy |first=S |date=September 30, 1999 |title=Comeback trails |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/30take.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512053629/http://rediff.com/movies/1999/sep/30take.htm |archive-date=12 May 2005 |access-date=7 June 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film revolves around Kasi, a carefree and kind-hearted young man in love with his childhood friend Swapna. Despite his affections, Swapna is unaware of Kasi’s feelings and becomes romantically involved with Sanjay. The story explores Kasi’s struggles with unrequited love, his attempts to win Swapna’s heart, and his journey of self-discovery. The narrative is set against a lighthearted and emotional backdrop, interspersed with moments of humour and drama.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Jagapathi Babu]] as Kasi<br />
* [[Raasi (actress)|Raasi]] as Swapna<br />
* [[Richard Rishi|Rahul]] as Sanjay <br />
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] <br />
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Kasi's father<br />
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] <br />
* [[Brahmanandam]] <br />
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] <br />
* [[Srihari (actor)|Srihari]] as Don Bosco<br />
* [[K. Chakravarthy]] <br />
* [[M. S. Narayana]] <br />
* Siva Parvathi<br />
* [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] <br />
* [[Ananth Babu|Ananth]] <br />
* [[Tirupathi Prakash]] <br />
* [[Bandla Ganesh]] <br />
* [[Narsing Yadav]] <br />
* [[Subbaraya Sarma]] <br />
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]<br />
* Ram Veerapaneni<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/singer-sunitha-ram-veerapaneni-do-you-know-about-age-gap-between-star-couple-ta-1799556-page-6.html|title=Singer Sunitha - Ram Veerapaneni: గాయని సునీత, ఆమె భర్త రామ్ వీరపనేని మధ్య ఏజ్ గ్యాప్ ఎంతో తెలుసా.. ?|date=10 May 2023|website=News18 Telugu|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=31 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731041007/https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/singer-sunitha-ram-veerapaneni-do-you-know-about-age-gap-between-star-couple-ta-1799556-page-6.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Vidya as dancer (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vidya.html|title=Vidya chitchat - Telugu film choreographer and director|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=13 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413030050/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/chitchat-vidya.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film was directed by [[Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]], known for his work on remakes. The story, originally written by [[Pankaj Advani (director)|Pankaj Advani]] and [[Kundan Shah]], was adapted into Telugu by writers Ramesh-Gopi. Production of the film was underway by December 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 December 1998 |title=ఫ్లాప్ బాధ్యత నాదే! |trans-title=I'm responsible for the flop! |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Dec/25-Dec-1998.pdf |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |language=te |archive-date=26 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826221659/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1998/Dec/25-Dec-1998.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Principal photography and post-production were executed on a tight schedule, enabling the film to meet its planned release in February 1999.<br />
<br />
Two songs were filmed in [[Switzerland]] in the first schedule while other songs were picturised at [[Malaysia]], and [[Singapore]], featuring Jagapathi Babu and Raasi.<ref name=ex /><ref>{{cite web |date=1999 |title=Go foreign is the buzz word |url=http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/studio30.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990506104304/http://www.andhraonline.com/archives/tollywood/studio30.htm |archive-date=6 May 1999 |access-date=3 January 2025 |website=Andhra Online}}</ref> The second schedule begun at Vishakapatnam on 16 November 1998 and ended on 30 November 1998.<ref name=ex>{{cite web|website=Express India|access-date=26 August 2025|title=Swapna Lokam: Jagapati Babu in a triangle!|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000502151613/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/dec11/index.htm|archive-date=2 May 2000|date=11 December 1998}}</ref><br />
<br />
The project marked the debut of [[Richard Rishi]], credited as Rahul, in a lead role as an adult following his earlier appearances as a child actor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaparadiso.html|title=DVD rental place in Hyderabad - Cinema Paradiso|website=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=30 July 2023|archive-date=25 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925014147/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/cinemaparadiso.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
The soundtrack of ''Swapnalokam'' was composed by [[Vandemataram Srinivas]] and released under Supreme Music label. The lyrics were penned by [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]] and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Swapna Lokam |url=https://vintagestore.in/products/swapna-lokam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604061654/https://vintagestore.in/products/swapna-lokam |archive-date=4 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023 |website=vintagestore.in}}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 27:41<br />
| title1 = Premisthunna Premisthunna<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]<br />
| length1 = 4:23<br />
| title2 = Amitabh Bachchan Height<br />
| lyrics2 = Chandrabose<br />
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]], Sarada<br />
| length2 = 4:20<br />
| title3 = Gagana Seemaladire Maa Inta<br />
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry|Sirivennela]]<br />
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
| length3 = 4:34<br />
| title4 = Suprabhatamlo Melukunnana<br />
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela<br />
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length4 = 4:36<br />
| title5 = Manasannadi Naakunnadi<br />
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose<br />
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam<br />
| length5 = 4:46<br />
| title6 = Beautiful, Beautiful<br />
| lyrics6 = Chandrabose<br />
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]]<br />
| length6 = 5:02<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Griddaluru Gopal Rao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' disliked Jagapathi Babu's acting while praising that of Rahul's and Vandemataram Srinivas' music.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Griddaluru Gopal Rao |date=12 March 1999 |title=స్వప్నలోకంలో హాస్య విలాసం |url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Mar/12-mar-1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913135140/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1999/Mar/12-mar-1999.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016 |access-date=19 August 2022 |work=[[Zamin Ryot]] |pages=9,11 |language=te}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=1575691}}<br />
<br />
{{Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao}}<br />
[[Category:1999 films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Bhimaneni Srinivasa Rao]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vandemataram Srinivas]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in India]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mutrugai&diff=519340Mutrugai2026-03-03T04:56:26Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added First Details W/ Infobox...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mutrugai<br />
| image = Mutrugai.jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[Manobala]]<br />
| producer = G. M. Varalakshmi<br />Mohan Rao<br />
| writer = [[Aabavanan]]<br />R. P. Viswam <small>(dialogues)</small><br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arun Pandian]]|[[Bhanupriya]]|[[Ranjitha]]|[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]}}<br />
| music = Siddhartha<br />
| cinematography = S. Jayachandran<br />
| editing = K. R. Gowri Shankar<br />
| studio = Sri Varalakshmi Cine Productions<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|01|14}}<br />
| runtime = 145 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mutrugai''''' ({{translation|Siege}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]], directed by [[Manobala]]. The film stars [[Arun Pandian]], [[Bhanupriya]], [[Ranjitha]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]. It was released on 14 January 1993.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutrugai ( 1993 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=mutrugai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003003939/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=mutrugai |archive-date=3 October 2012 |access-date=27 May 2016 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> The film was remade in Hindi as ''[[Janta Ki Adalat]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arunachalam |first=Param |title=BollySwar: 1981–1990 |publisher=Mavrix Infotech |year=2020 |isbn=978-81-938482-2-7 |pages=487}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
<br />
The story begins with the escape of the convict Balakrishnan, who was blamed for burning 16 persons alive in the past. The minister Maasilamani wants absolutely to kill him, while the DSP Bhavani wants to catch him. During a village festival, Bala tries to kill Maasilamani, but he fails. So Bala turns back to his village wherein the villagers support him and try to protect him. Meanwhile, the police surround the village to catch the culprit. Only Saradha reveals the truth to Bhavani.<br />
<br />
In the past, Bala was a government engineer transferred to Maasilamani's village. Bala and the village belle Gowri fell in love with each other. The problems started when Maasilamani wanted to build a factory right in the middle of the village stream, the villagers opposed the project and Bala refused to accept it. Later, Bala was forced to leave the village and got a transfer to the [[Chennai]] office. Maasilamani started to build a foreign factory with his [[Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988|Benami]] Pandurangam. The consequences for the villagers led to uncomfortable living conditions: the land became dry because of the lack of water and the farmers suffered from famine. When the villagers decided to leave the village, Bala encouraged them to stay there and they all destroyed the factory. Maasilamani not being able to do anything waited for the right moment to get revenge on Bala. Maasilamani was secretly married to Saradha, she was pregnant and Maasilamani wanted to remarry her in front of the villagers. In fact, Maasilamani conspired a master plan. During the village festival, Maasilamani blamed Bala of having an affair with Saradha. Bala was beaten by the villagers. A few hours later, Gowri and Saradha proved that the statement was wrong to the villagers heads and that time Maasilamani's henchmen set the house on fire. 16 persons died including Bala's lover Gowri, Saradha was the only one to survive. The police then arrested the innocent Bala.<br />
<br />
Bala is now determined to kill the heartless Maasilamani. What happens next forms the crux of the story.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Arun Pandian]] as Bala (Balakrishnan)<br />
*[[Bhanupriya]] as DSP Bhavani<br />
*[[Ranjitha]] as Gowri<br />
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Saratha<br />
*R. P. Viswam as Maasilamani<br />
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]<br />
*[[Gandhimathi]]<br />
*[[Charle]] as Mani<br />
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Pandurangam<br />
*Vijaya Krishnaraj as Collector<br />
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]] as DIG<br />
*N. S. Ravi Shankar<br />
*[[Samikannu]]<br />
*S. K. Balakrishnan<br />
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as Vadivelu<br />
*[[Pasi Narayanan]] as Sivasubramaniam<br />
*Sivaraman as Naadimuthu<br />
*Kallukkul Eeram Ramanathan<br />
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]]<br />
*[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]<br />
*[[Vellai Subbaiah]]<br />
*Sakthivel as Sub-Inspector Ramarajan<br />
*[[Neelu]] as Venkatraman<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The music was composed by Siddhartha, with lyrics written by [[Aabavanan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muttrugai Tamil Tape Cassettes |url=https://www.vintageav.shop/product/muttrugai-tamil-tape-cassettes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/BsrMl |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=10 December 2024 |website=VintageAV.shop |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mutrugai [24BIT] (Golden Horse AV) [1993-CASSETTE-RIP-WAV] |url=https://www.tamilflac.com/product/mutrugai-24bit-golden-horse-av-1993-cassette-rip-wav/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250606020109/https://www.tamilflac.com/product/mutrugai-24bit-golden-horse-av-1993-cassette-rip-wav/ |archive-date=6 June 2025 |access-date=6 June 2025 |website=TamilFLAC.Com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer !!Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Aathu Kulla" ||[[Malaysia Vasudevan]]|| 4:50<br />
|-<br />
| "Parisam Poda Varalama" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[Swarnalatha]]||5:00<br />
|-<br />
| "Kezhavi" || Kovai Kamala||4:34<br />
|-<br />
| "Kannimayil" (I) || Malaysia Vasudevan||0:54<br />
|-<br />
| "Kannimayil" (II) || Malaysia Vasudevan, B. S. Sasirekha||1:35<br />
|-<br />
| "Aarum Illai Neerum Illai" ||B. S. Sasirekha ||0:42<br />
|-<br />
| "Oorana" || Kovai Kamala||2:08<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Critical reception ==<br />
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' labelled the film an "average entertainer".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=17 January 1993 |title=Average Entertainer |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-4llAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1634%2C1465197 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417052110/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-4llAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1634%2C1465197 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that the film had a story that goes without losing track, adding that the climax was tension-filled, and the siege strong.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=7 March 1993 |title=முற்றுகை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-03-07/page/n37/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230424133301/https://archive.org/details/kalki1993-03-07/page/n37/mode/2up |archive-date=24 April 2023 |access-date=25 December 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=37 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
{{Manobala}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Manobala]]<br />
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Aabavanan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siren_(2024_film)&diff=536157Siren (2024 film)2026-03-03T02:25:25Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added new stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Tamil film by Antony Bhagyaraj}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Siren<br />
| image = Siren 108 poster.jpg<br />
| alt = <!--This field is for describing the visuals of the image, for textless browsers and for visually impaired readers.--><br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Antony Bhagyaraj<br />
| writer = Antony Bhagyaraj<br />
| producer = Sujatha Vijayakumar<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ravi Mohan]]<br />
* [[Keerthy Suresh]]<br />
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Selvakumar S. K.]]<br />
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]<br />
| music = {{ubl | '''Songs:''' | [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] | '''Background Score:''' | [[Sam C. S.]]}}<br />
| studio = Home Movie Makers<br />
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]]<br />
| released = {{film date|df=y|2024|02|16}}<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
'''''Siren''''' (also marketed as '''''Siren 108''''') is a 2024 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Antony Bhagyaraj, in his directorial debut, and produced by Sujatha Vijayakumar under Home Movie Makers. The film stars [[Ravi Mohan]], [[Anupama Parameswaran]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Azhagam Perumal]], [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]].<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in August 2022 under the official title ''Siren'', and in January 2024 the title was extended with ''108''. [[Principal photography]] started in September 2022. It was shot sporadically in several stages, with filming locations including [[Kanchipuram]], [[Chennai]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Karaikal]], and finished by mid-April 2023. The film has music composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], background score composed by [[Sam C. S.]], cinematography handled by [[Selvakumar S. K.]] and editing by [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]].<br />
<br />
''Siren'' was initially scheduled to release in December 2023, but was postponed due to unfinished post-production works. The film was released theatrically on 16 February 2024, to negative reviews from critics.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Thilagavarman, an ex-ambulance driver turned prisoner, gets a [[parole]] after 14 years to visit his dying father and daughter Malar in [[Kanchipuram]]. Malar gets upset with Thilagan as he is a convict and also blamed for her wife Jennifer's death. Malar learns about Thilagan's parole and stays with her aunt until her father's parole ends. Thilagan reunites with his family and his mother encourages him to see Malar.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Anbazhagan "Anbu" intends to kill his leader Manickam Thangam, a local minister. Anbu gives {{INR}}50 lakhs to his aide Manikandan to kill Manickam at his bar. Velankanni, Thilagan's shadow police, goes with Thilagan to Annachi Wines and Thilagan sees Manickam Thangam with Anbu at the shop, but Anbu leaves and calls Manikandan. Manikandan arrives and stabs a bleeding Manickam in the neck. The following day, [[Inspector]] Nandhini and [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] Nagalingam arrive at the murder scene, where Nagalingam suspects Nandhini of Manickam's death, but she denies the allegation.<br />
<br />
Velankanni informs Anbu that the police have found the knife used in the murder and extracted the fingerprints. Anbu attempts to persuade Manikandan to surrender at court. A pathologist explains that Manickam died from an eardrum blast, using metal-like substances to create high-decibel noise to make his nose and ears bleed. Nandhini visits Anbu at his farmhouse. Thilagan and Velankanni meet Anbu, who recognises Thilagan. Thilagan kills Anbu by poisoning his inhaler with [[hydrogen cyanide]]. Nandhini deduces that Thilagan is the mastermind behind Manickam's and Anbu's deaths, where she arrests Thilagan in front of Malar.<br />
<br />
However, Thilagan gets released due to lack of substantial evidence. It is revealed that Thilagan called Kalimuthu to stab an unnamed corpse in order to seek parole and Thilagan was actually behind Manickam's death. Nandhini's investigation uncovers the body of a missing boy Vicky buried on Thilagan's land. Nandhini's further investigation leads to Manikandan getting arrested. Manikandan reveals that a fight happened between him and Vicky, where he revealed that someone had already killed Manickam before Manikandan stabbed him. Manikandan had later killed Vicky. Nandhini decides to investigate the deaf and mute prisoners. After she shows Thilagan's photo, they recognise him and reveal Thilagan's past.<br />
<br />
'''Past''': Thilagan was an honest ambulance driver who fell in love and married Jennifer who was a deaf and mute nurse at a hospital. Anbu and his goons thrashes Thilagan's friend Kathir, but Thilagan saves him. Kathir reveals he was in love with the sister of Nagalingam, but Nagalingam thrashes them since they were from different castes. Nagalingam threatens Thilagan, who remains unfazed. Nagalingam and Manickam stabs an injured Jennifer and Thilagan drives to the hospital despite Anbu's goons chasing him, but Jennifer dies due to her injuries. The police arrest Thilagan for Jennifer's and Kathir's deaths due to falsified evidence by Manickam and Anbu.<br />
<br />
'''Present''': Nandhini concludes that Manickam was actually killed by Thilagan and he is going to kill Nagalingam. Using the temple festival to his advantage, Thilagan kidnaps Nagalingam and thrashes him at the temple. Thilagan eventually witnesses Nagalingam dying in an ambulance, thus avenging Jennifer's death. Thilagan returns to prison and Nandhini brings Malar to visit him. Thilagan and Malar share an emotional reunion, after realising the truth.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Ravi Mohan]] as Thilagavarman (Thilagan)<br />
* [[Keerthy Suresh]] as [[Inspector]] K.Nandhini<br />
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Jennifer<br />
* [[Samuthirakani]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police|DSP]] S. Nagalingam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br />
* [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Manickathangam Annachi<br />
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Velankanni<br />
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Anbazhagan (Anbu)<br />
* KPY Surendar as Vicky (Vigneshwaran)<br />
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Thilagan's mother<br />
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as Kamakshi, Thilagan's sister<br />
* [[Yuvina Parthavi]] as Malar, Thilagan's daughter<br />
* Madhankumar Dhakshinamoorthy as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Moorthy<br />
* Muthukumar as Kalimuthu<br />
* Indumathy Manikandan as Vicky's mother<br />
* KPY Vinoth as Jack<br />
* Pandian as Nadesan.N, Pathologist<br />
* Thirunavukkarasu as Jailer<br />
* [[Lallu]] as Manikandan<br />
* Prarthana Nathan as Manikandan's wife<br />
* Vignesh Shanmugam as Kathir<br />
* [[Abhishek Vinod]] as Manickathangam's son<br />
* [[Uday Mahesh]] as Interpreter<br />
* Priyadarshini Rajkumar as [[Magistrate]] (in the past)<br />
* [[TSR Srinivasan]] as [[Magistrate]]<br />
* Sujatha Babu as Nandhini's mother<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
<br />
=== Development ===<br />
In early April 2021, it was reported that Antony Bhagyaraj, who co-wrote ''[[Viswasam]]'' (2019), had narrated a script to [[Ravi Mohan]] who was impressed. Ravi reportedly agreed to act in the film, while it would be funded by Home Movie Makers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2021 |title=Jayam Ravi to team up with 'Viswasam' co-writer Antony Bhagyaraj |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-to-team-up-with-viswasam-co-writer-antony-bhagyaraj/articleshow/81910329.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807142720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-to-team-up-with-viswasam-co-writer-antony-bhagyaraj/articleshow/81910329.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> On 29 August 2022, the company made a public announcement, confirming the project. The official title, ''Siren,'' was announced. [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] was also announced to compose the score, [[Selvakumar S. K.]] would handle the cinematography and [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] would handle the editing.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=29 August 2022 |title=Official! Jayam Ravi's film with debutant director Antony Bhagyaraj titled 'Siren' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-jayam-ravis-film-with-debutant-director-antony-bhagyaraj-titled-siren/articleshow/93858694.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807141213/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/official-jayam-ravis-film-with-debutant-director-antony-bhagyaraj-titled-siren/articleshow/93858694.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held in early September, with stills releasing later that month.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=5 September 2022 |title=Anupama Parameswaran in Jayam Ravi and Keerthy Suresh's Siren |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswaran-in-jayam-ravi-and-keerthy-sureshs-siren/articleshow/94009015.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807141216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/anupama-parameswaran-in-jayam-ravi-and-keerthy-sureshs-siren/articleshow/94009015.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In early November, [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Yogi Babu]] were announced being part of the cast.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=10 November 2022 |title='Siren' second schedule begins in Karaikudi; Jayam Ravi and Keerthy Suresh's characters revealed |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siren-second-schedule-begins-in-karaikudi-jayam-ravi-and-keerthy-sureshs-characters-revealed/articleshow/95418824.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807141206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siren-second-schedule-begins-in-karaikudi-jayam-ravi-and-keerthy-sureshs-characters-revealed/articleshow/95418824.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[Principal photography]] began on 5 September 2022, with the first schedule in [[Chennai]].<ref name=":1" /> The schedule concluded by early November. The second schedule commenced on 10 November in [[Karaikudi]].<ref name=":2" /> By early April 2023, the schedule concluded. The third schedule was shot in [[Karaikal]]. The schedule reportedly featured a song sequence featuring Ravi and Parameswaran. The filming wrapped by mid-April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2023 |title=Jayam Ravi and Anupama Parameshwaran shoot for 'Siren' in Karaikal |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-and-anupama-parameshwaran-shoot-for-siren-in-karaikal/articleshow/99438194.cms?from=mdr |access-date=11 November 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807141204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravi-and-anupama-parameshwaran-shoot-for-siren-in-karaikal/articleshow/99438194.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Siren<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| released = 29 January 2024<br />
| recorded = 2022–2023<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br />
| language = [[Tamil-language|Tamil]]<br />
| length = 14:52<br />
| label = [[Sony Music]]<br />
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Mission: Chapter 1]]<br />
| prev_year = 2024<br />
| year = 2024<br />
| next_title = [[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]<br />
| next_year = 2024<br />
}}<br />
The music is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], in his maiden collaboration Bhagyaraj and second with Ravi after ''[[Nimirndhu Nil]]'' (2014).<ref name=":0" /> The audio rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. Later, the makers revealed that [[Sam C. S.]] is brought in to compose the film's background score.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayam Ravi movie Siren|url=https://twitter.com/sujataa_HMM/status/1749438317987319935?t=pJgdafDopVd1BN1Ebvq1WA&s=19|access-date=22 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123094555/https://twitter.com/sujataa_HMM/status/1749438317987319935?t=pJgdafDopVd1BN1Ebvq1WA&s=19|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The first single "Netru Varai", sung by [[Sid Sriram]] and penned by [[Thamarai]], released on 29 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2024 |title='Siren's first single, A romantic number featuring Jayam Ravi and Anupama Parameswaran, is out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siren-first-single-out-now-a-romantic-number-featuring-jayam-ravi-and-anupama-parameswaran/articleshow/107233984.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129215106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siren-first-single-out-now-a-romantic-number-featuring-jayam-ravi-and-anupama-parameswaran/articleshow/107233984.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
{{Track listing<br />
| total_length = 14:52<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Netru Varai<br />
| length1 = 4:34<br />
| writer1 = [[Thamarai]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]<br />
| title2 = Kannamma<br />
| length2 = 3:06<br />
| writer2 = Pa. Vijay<br />
| extra2 = [[Haricharan]]<br />
| title3 = Adi Aathi<br />
| length3 = 4:08<br />
| writer3 = Murugan Manthiram<br />
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]], Sinduri Vishal<br />
| title4 = Aagayam Odanju<br />
| length4 = 3:04<br />
| writer4 = Snehan<br />
| extra4 = [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Siren'' was initially scheduled to release in December 2023, but was postponed due to unfinished post-production works. It was released on 16 February 2024 in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 January 2024 |title=Jayam Ravi's Siren to release on February 16 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siren-jayam-ravis-action-thriller-releasing-on-february-16/articleshow/107076959.cms?from=mdr |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129215246/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/siren-jayam-ravis-action-thriller-releasing-on-february-16/articleshow/107076959.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Home media ===<br />
The digital streaming rights and satellite rights were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and [[Star Vijay]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film was premiered on the streaming platform on 19 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 March 2024|title=Jayam Ravi's 'Siren' To Stream On OTT From THIS Date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-siren-to-stream-on-ott-from-this-date/articleshow/108766056.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 April 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329015002/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jayam-ravis-siren-to-stream-on-ott-from-this-date/articleshow/108766056.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=0|count=5|average=5|ref=yes}}<br />
<br />
Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars and wrote "Jayam Ravi’s film is tolerable as a thriller, with some good ideas. Take them out and it is a regular revenge drama with the same old flashback sequences."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/siren-movie-review-jayam-ravis-latest-is-decent-as-a-thriller-dragged-down-by-its-packaging-9164955/ | title=Siren movie review: Jayam Ravi's latest is decent as a thriller, dragged down by its 'packaging' | date=16 February 2024 | access-date=19 February 2024 | archive-date=19 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053021/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/siren-movie-review-jayam-ravis-latest-is-decent-as-a-thriller-dragged-down-by-its-packaging-9164955/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film with 2/5 stars and wrote "it settles for convenient writing with glaring logical errors and spoon-feeding."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/siren-review-jayam-ravi-keerthy-suresh-thriller-ruined-by-spoon-feeding-2502963-2024-02-16 | title='Siren' Review: Jayam Ravi-Keerthy Suresh's thriller is ruined by spoon-feeding | date=16 February 2024 | access-date=19 February 2024 | archive-date=19 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219053233/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/siren-review-jayam-ravi-keerthy-suresh-thriller-ruined-by-spoon-feeding-2502963-2024-02-16 | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 2019]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charuvi_Agrawal&diff=493639Charuvi Agrawal2026-02-23T07:25:09Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created new details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian painter, sculptor, animator, and visual artist}}<br />
{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{COI|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=April 2021}}<br />
}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox artist<br />
| name = Charuvi Agrawal<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Designer, Installation & Visual Artist<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = New Delhi, India<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| known_for = Film Making <br/>Painting<br/>Sculptures<br />
| notable_works = Shri Hanuman Chalisa Short Film<br/>The Legend of Hanuman<br />
| field = <br />
| movement = <br />
| works = <br />
| patrons = <br />
| awards = [[Limca Book of Records]]<br />
| elected = <br />
| website = [http://www.charuvi.com www.charuvi.com]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Sheridan College]] <br/> [[College of Art]]<br />
}}<br />
__NOTOC__<br />
<br />
'''Charuvi Agrawal''' (born 20 June 1983) is an Indian animator and filmmaker.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Charuvi Agrawal was mentioned in the ''[[Limca Book of Records|Limca Book of World Records]]'' for her work in animation and digital art.<br />
<br />
She directed the animated short film ''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' (2013), produced by Charuvi Design Labs.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charuvi Design Labs' Shri Hanuman Chalisa to be honored as Outstanding Indian Design based IP |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/charuvi-design-labs-shri-hanuman-chalisa-to-be-honored-as-outstanding-indian-design-based-ip-at-orbit-live-industry-honours-2014/ |publisher=AnimationXpress}}</ref><br />
<br />
She is creator of the Indian animated television series [[The Legend of Hanuman]] She has also shared her experience working on the series in industry interviews.<ref>{{cite news |title=Charuvi Agrawal shares her experience on The Legend of Hanuman releasing today on Hotstar Specials |url=https://www.animationxpress.com/animation/charuvi-agrawal-shares-her-experience-on-the-legend-of-hanuman-releasing-today-on-hotstar-specials/ |publisher=AnimationXpress}}</ref><br />
<ref>{{cite news |title=Charuvi Agrawal shares her experience on The Legend of Hanuman releasing today on Hotstar Specials |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/the-legend-of-hanuman-to-release-in-jan-2024-on-the-streaming-platform/articleshow/105149440.cms|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
In addition to animation, Agrawal created the ''Shri Hanuman Suspended Sculpture'', a 25-foot installation composed of approximately 26,000 bells. As a traveling art installation, it has been exhibited at venues including the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (IGNCA), Select CITYWALK, the Red Fort, and in cities such as Mumbai and Pune.<ref>{{cite news |title=Come and witness the grandeur of Lord Hanuman at Select CITYWALK |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/hanuman-ji-at-select-citywalk-mall-photos-42580.html |publisher=India TV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Phoenix Marketcity, Pune unveils 25-foot Lord Hanuman sculpture |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/phoenix-marketcity-pune-unveils-majestic-25-foot-lord-hanuman-sculpture-titled-divine-vibrations-in-commemoration-of-ram-mandir-inauguration-124012300517_1.html |publisher=Business Standard}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=3704308}}<br />
* [https://www.charuvi.com Official website]<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Agrawal, Charuvi}}<br />
[[Category:1983 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian animated film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women animators]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women painters]]<br />
[[Category:Women artists from Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhauli_Express&diff=475674Dhauli Express2026-02-20T16:40:25Z<p>JosefinaK97: minor correct citations for accuracy and fixed typos after review</p>
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<div><br />
{{short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{For|the film of the same name|Dhauli Express (film)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Dhauli Express<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br />
| locale = [[Odisha]] & [[West Bengal]]<br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|1988|10|30}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railways]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = {{stnlnk|Howrah}} (HWH)<br />
| stops = 14<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Puri}} (PURI)<br />
| distance = {{convert|497|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 8h45min as 12821 and 9h as 12822<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = AC Chair Car (CC) and Second seating (2S)<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = No<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = onboard catering<br />
| observation = <br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = Upper racks<br />
| otherfacilities = <br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el = <br />
| trainnumber = 12821 / 12822<br />
| speed = 130 km/h<br />
| map = [[File:Dhauli Express (Howrah - Puri) route map.png|250px|Dhauli Express (Howrah–Puri) route map]]<br />
| map_state = <br />
}}<br />
The 12821 / 12822 '''Dhauli Express''' is a daily train service between Puri of Odisha and Howrah in West Bengal. This train has 20 coaches.<br />
<br />
== Train description ==<br />
The 2007 [[Odia language]] film [[Dhauli Express (film)|''Dhauli Express'']] starring [[Samaresh Routray]], [[Mihir Das]] and Aparajita Mohanty, [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Hari]] takes its name from the train. The train has an average speed of around 56km/h with halts, so it's ticket includes a superfast charge. The train runs jam-packed throughout the year. Earlier it used to run from Howrah Jn. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440158/|title = Dhauli Express|website = [[IMDb]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Eastern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhauli Express}}<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]<br />
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 1988]]<br />
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{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saumitra_Das&diff=533618Saumitra Das2026-02-11T07:14:12Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added a stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian microbiologist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Saumitra Das<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|1|20}}<br />
| birth_place = [[West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| fields = {{ublist | [[Molecular virology]] | [[Molecular biology]] }}<br />
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Calcutta]] | [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]]}}<br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = Studies on [[Hepatitis C virus]] and [[Coxsackie B virus|Coxsackievirus B3 RNA]]<br />
| awards = {{ublist| 2005&nbsp;[[National Bioscience Award for Career Development|N-BIOS Prize]] | 2010&nbsp;[[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Reliance Industries|Raliance]] Platinum Jubilee Award | 2012&nbsp;[[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy]] Research Award }}<br />
}}<br />
'''Saumitra Das''' (born 20 January 1962) is an Indian microbiologist and a professor at the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology of the [[Indian Institute of Science]]. Known for his studies in the fields of [[molecular virology]] and [[molecular biology]], Das is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] and the [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to biosciences in 2005.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development">{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |title=Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Biotechnology |access-date=2017-11-20 |archive-date=4 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304191331/http://dbtindia.nic.in/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/list_of_bioscience_awardees.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
[[File:Nikhilmore IISc Bangalore india.jpg|thumb|left|IISc Bangalore]]<br />
Saumitra Das, born on 20 January 1962<ref name="Fellow profile-S Das">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Das,_Prof._Saumitra |title=Fellow profile-S Das |date=2017-12-19 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref> in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], did his doctoral studies on the [[host-pathogen interaction]] of [[Leishmania donovani]], an intracellular parasite which causes [[leishmaniasis]], at the [[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]] which earned him a PhD from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1992.<ref name="Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das">{{Cite web |url=http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/Saumitra/principal-investiogator.html |title=Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das |date=2017-12-19 |website=mcbl.iisc.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-19 |archive-date=18 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218014822/http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/Saumitra/principal-investiogator.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He continued his research on host-virus interactions during his post-doctoral days at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA) and after completion of the work, he joined the university in 1994 as an assistant research virologist. On his return to India in 1998, he joined the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc) where he later became an associate professor<ref name="Saumitra Das - Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science">{{Cite web |url=http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty/saumitra-das |title=Saumitra Das - Division of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science |date=2017-12-19 |website=bio.iisc.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-19 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052254/http://bio.iisc.ac.in/?q=faculty%2Fsaumitra-das |url-status=dead }}</ref> and serves as a professor at the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology.<ref name="Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das - research intro">{{Cite web |url=http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/Saumitra/ |title=Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das - research intro |date=2017-12-19 |website=mcbl.iisc.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-19 |archive-date=22 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051219/http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/Saumitra/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also coordinates the functioning of the ''Centre of Excellence for Research on Hepatitis C virus'', a research arm of the [[Department of Biotechnology]] housed in IISc campus.<ref name="Centres of excellence – Salient Achievements">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dbtindia.nic.in/salient-achievements/ |title=Centres of excellence – Salient Achievements |date=2017-12-19 |website=www.dbtindia.nic.in |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
Das resides in the New Housing Colony of the Indian Institute of Science in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |title=NASI fellows |date=2017-12-19 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-19 |archive-date=17 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717020647/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=D |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
[[File:HCV.png|thumb|Hepatitis C virus - [[electron micrograph]].]]<br />
The microbiological research of Saumitra Das covered the fields of [[molecular virology]] and [[molecular biology]].<ref name="Indian fellow - S Das">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/P12-1571 |title=Indian fellow - S Das |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-10-22}}</ref> During his post-doctoral days at UCLA, Das identified ''I-RNA'', a small [[RNA]] molecule isolated from the yeast species of [[Saccharomyces cerevisiae]] and demonstrated its antiviral activity against viruses that cause [[polio]] and [[hepatitis C]].<ref name="Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das" /> Later, at IISc, he focused on the translation of [[Hepatitis C Virus]] (HCV) and has done [[in vivo]] and [[in vitro]] experiments on the characterization of ''La'', a cellular [[trans-acting]] factor.<ref name="Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das - translation">{{Cite web |url=http://mcbl.iisc.ac.in/Saumitra/Hepatitis-C-virus.html |title=Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das - translation |date=2017-12-19 |website=mcbl.iisc.ac.in |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref> The team of scientists led by Das concentrates on the regulation of [[Transcriptional regulation|transcription]] and [[Translation (biology)|translation]], especially hepatitis C virus and [[Coxsackie B virus|Coxsackievirus B3 RNA]].<ref name="BurmaChakravorty2011">{{cite book|author1=D. P. Burma|author2=Maharani Chakravorty|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&pg=PA430|year=2011|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-3220-5|pages=430–}}</ref> The research conducted by Das, along with Anjali Anoop Karande (his colleague from the biochemistry department of IISc) and their teams were successful in the development of a vaccine for hepatitis C; the vaccine, a mixture of [[virus-like particle]]s, worked by enveloping the HCV proteins.<ref name="A novel vaccine against Hepatitis C Virus customized for the Indian population">{{Cite web |url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/vaccine/news/a-novel-vaccine-against-hepatitis-c-virus-customized-for-the |title=A novel vaccine against Hepatitis C Virus customized for the Indian population |date=2017 |website=Elsevier |access-date=2017-12-19}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=L04YAt0AAAAJ&hl=en |title=On Google Scholar |date=2017-11-23 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=2017-11-23}}</ref><ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Das=3ASaumitra=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online repository of scientific articles has listed 111 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Saumitra_Das2 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-12-17 |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> He and his colleagues hold several patents for the processes they have developed.<ref name="Saumitra Das Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search">{{Cite web |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/saumitra-das |title=Saumitra Das Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications - Justia Patents Search |date=2017-12-20 |website=patents.justia.com |language=en |access-date=2017-12-20}}</ref> He is also a member of the [[American Society of Virology]] and the [[American Society for Microbiology]].<ref name="Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das" /><br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
The [[Department of Biotechnology]] of the Government of India awarded him the [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2005.<ref name="Awardees of National Bioscience Awards for Career Development"/> The [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] elected him as a fellow in 2009,<ref name="Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/listing/fellows/D |title=Fellowship - Indian Academy of Sciences |date=2017-12-17 |website=www.ias.ac.in |language=en |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> the same year as received the elected fellowship of [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI).<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-12-17 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The NASI honored him again a year later with the 2010 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-[[Reliance Industries|Raliance]] Platinum Jubilee Award.<ref name="NASI-[[Reliance Industries|Raliance]] Platinum Jubilee Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ripja.htm |title=NASI-Raliance Platinum Jubilee Award |date=2017-12-20 |website=www.nasi.org.in |access-date=2017-12-20 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202234730/http://www.nasi.org.in/ripja.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy Science Foundation]] chose him for the Ranbaxy Research Award for medical research in 2012<ref name="Ranbaxy Declares Research Awards 2012 “honours Five Outstanding Scientists & Five Young Science Scholars”">{{Cite web |url=http://www.evaluategroup.com/Universal/View.aspx?type=Story&id=499016 |title=Ranbaxy Declares Research Awards 2012 "honours Five Outstanding Scientists & Five Young Science Scholars" |date=22 March 2014 |website=www.evaluategroup.com |access-date=2017-12-20}}</ref> and he received the elected fellowship of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] the same year.<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2017-12-17 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-12-17}}</ref> He was selected for the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Science and Engineering Research Board]] of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] in 2014.<ref name="Laboratory of Dr. Saumitra Das" /><br />
<br />
== Selected bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Balakrishnan |first1=Sreenath |last2=Suma |first2=M.s. |last3=Raju |first3=Shilpa R. |last4=Bhargav |first4=Santosh D.B. |last5=Arunima |first5=S. |last6=Das |first6=Saumitra |last7=Ananthasuresh |first7=G.k. |date=2015-08-05 |title=A Scalable Perfusion Culture System with Miniature Peristaltic Pumps for Live-Cell Imaging Assays with Provision for Microfabricated Scaffolds |journal=BioResearch Open Access |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=343–357 |doi=10.1089/biores.2015.0024|pmc=4534047 |pmid=26309810}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Mansouri |first1=Alireza |last2=Karamchandani |first2=Jason |last3=Das |first3=Sunit |date=2017 |editor-last=De Vleeschouwer |editor-first=Steven |title=Molecular Genetics of Secondary Glioblastoma |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK469981/ |location=Brisbane (AU) |publisher=Codon Publications |isbn=9780994438126 |pmid=29251857 |doi=10.15586/codon.glioblastoma.2017.ch2}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last1=Nath |first1=Sayantan |last2=Das |first2=Sambuddha |last3=Bhowmik |first3=Aditi |last4=Ghosh |first4=Sankar Kumar |last5=Choudhury |first5=Yashmin |title=The GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes increase the risk for Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the subsequent development of diabetic complications: A meta-analysis |journal=Current Diabetes Reviews |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |doi=10.2174/1573399814666171215120228 |pmid=29243583 |pages=31–43|year=2019 |s2cid=23951314 }}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br />
* [[Coxsackie B virus]]<br />
* [[Coxsackievirus-induced cardiomyopathy]]<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
{{portal|India|Biology|Medicine}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note|2}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Das%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=26309810 |title=Saumitra Das on PubMed |date=2017-12-19 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=2017-12-19}}<br />
<br />
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Saumitra}}<br />
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian molecular biologists]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]<br />
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles fellows]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Indian virologists]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian inventors]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Marine_Fisheries_Research_Institute&diff=493001Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute2026-02-03T02:35:45Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created a post</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian fisheries research facility}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
| name = Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = CMFRI Headquarters in Kochi.jpg<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute Headquarters, Kochi, Kerala<br />
| latin_name = <br />
| motto = <br />
| mottoeng = <br />
| established = {{start date and age|1947}}<br />
| closed = <br />
| type = <br />
| affiliation = [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]], Department of Agricultural Research and Education, [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]], [[Government of India]]<br />
| endowment = <br />
| budget = <br />
| officer_in_charge = <br />
| director = Dr. Grinson George<br />
| chancellor = <br />
| president = <br />
| vice-president = <br />
| superintendent = <br />
| provost = <br />
| vice_chancellor = <br />
| rector = <br />
| free_label = <br />
| free = <br />
| principal = <br />
| dean = <br />
| head_label = <br />
| head = <br />
| academic_staff = <br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
| doctoral = <br />
| other = <br />
| city = [[Kochi]]<ref name="cmfri.org.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/locations|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515082554/http://www.cmfri.org.in/locations|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| state = [[Kerala]]<br />
| postalcode = 682018<br />
| country = India<br />
| coor = {{Coord|9.988298|76.272126|region:IN_type:edu|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br />
| campus = <br />
| former_names = <br />
| colors = <br />
| colours = <br />
| athletics = <br />
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| affiliations = <br />
| website = {{URL|cmfri.org.in}}<br />
| logo = Central_Marine_Fisheries_Research_Institute_Logo.png<br />
| logo_size = 200px<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute''' was established in the [[government of India]] on 3 February 1947 under the [[Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare]] and later, in 1967, it joined the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR) family and emerged as a leading tropical marine fisheries research institute in the world.<ref name="cmfri.org.in1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/about-us|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113093204/http://www.cmfri.org.in/about-us|url-status=live}}</ref> The Headquarters of the ICAR-CMFRI is located in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="cmfri.org.in"/> Initially the institute focused its research efforts on creating a strong [[database]] on marine fisheries sector by developing scientific methodologies for estimating the marine fish landings and effort inputs, taxonomy of marine organisms and the biological aspects of the exploited stocks of finfish and shellfish on which fisheries management were to be based. This focus contributed significantly to development of the marine fisheries sector from a predominantly artisanal, sustenance fishery till the early sixties to that of a complex, multi-gear, multi-species fisheries.<ref name="cmfri.org.in2">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12729/1/CMFRI%2C%20ICAR%20%20-%20Vision%202050.pdf |title=Vision Cover CMFRI, Kerala |access-date=2019-05-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
One of the major achievements of ICAR-CMFRI is the development and refinement of a stratified multistage random sampling method for estimation of marine fish landings in the country with a coast line of over {{cvt|8000|km}} coastline and landing centers. Institute personnel maintain the National Marine Fisheries Data Centre (NMFDC) with over 9 million catch and effort data records of more than 1000 fished species, from all maritime states of India.<ref name="cmfri.org.in1"/><br />
<br />
The institute has four regional centres located at [[Mandapam]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Mangalore]] and [[Vizhinjam]] and seven regional stations at [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Calicut]], [[Karwar]], [[Tuticorin]], [[Veraval]] and [[Digha]]. There are also fifteen field centres and 2 KVKs ([[Ernakulam]] and [[Kavaratti]], [[Lakshadweep]]) under the control of the institute. The nearly fivefold increase in marine fish production and the increasing contribution of marine fisheries to the [[GDP]] growth are supported by the robust research efforts and its impact on fisher folk, fish farmers, fisheries policy planners and managers.<ref name="cmfri.org.in2"/><br />
<br />
== Vision ==<br />
Sustainable marine fisheries through management intervention and enhanced coastal fish production through [[mariculture]] for improved coastal livelihoods.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/publication/cmfri-vision-documents|access-date=2021-03-09|website=Cmfri.org.in|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128063019/http://www.cmfri.org.in/publication/cmfri-vision-documents|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Mission ==<br />
To develop an information based management system for changing over from open access to regulated regime in marine fisheries, augment coastal fish production through [[mariculture]] and sea ranching and restore critical marine habitats.<br />
<br />
== Mandate ==<br />
* Monitor and assess the marine fisheries resources of the [[Exclusive Economic Zone]] (EEZ) including the impact of climate and anthropogenic activity and develop [[sustainable fishery]] management plans.<br />
* Basic and strategic research in [[mariculture]] to enhance production.<br />
* Act as a repository of geo-spatial information on marine fishery resources and habitats.<br />
* Consultancy services; and human resource development through training, education and extension.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/mandate|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515082540/http://www.cmfri.org.in/mandate|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Objectives ==<br />
• Marine Fishery Resource Assessment<br />
• Productivity and Production Enhancement through [[Mariculture]]<br />
• Conservation of [[Marine Biodiversity]]<br />
• Transfer of Technology, Training and Consultancy<br />
<br />
== Major research focus and its impact on marine fisheries sector in India ==<br />
===Support to strengthen the marine fishery management regime in India===<br />
Right from its inception, CMFRI has focussed on gathering information of the marine fishery resources of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=India's largest Fisheries Research Body Turns 70 - CMFRI's Legacy and Few Recent Achievements|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12030/2/Fishing%20Chimes_2017_37-1_Gopalakrishnan_A_CMFRI%20turns%2070.pdf%20a.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102170353/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12030/2/Fishing%20Chimes_2017_37-1_Gopalakrishnan_A_CMFRI%20turns%2070.pdf%20a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Through its sustained efforts a database on fisheries landings and effort statistics has aided the developing effective fisheries management plans with stakeholders participation; proactive measures to ensure regulated and sustainable fisheries and aiding efforts in marine fisheries management realm by preparing policy guideline documents based on the research programmes of the institute.<ref name="cmfri.org.in3">{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12030/2/Fishing%20Chimes_2017_37-1_Gopalakrishnan_A_CMFRI%20turns%2070.pdf%20a.pdf |title=Journal |date=2017 |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102170353/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12030/2/Fishing%20Chimes_2017_37-1_Gopalakrishnan_A_CMFRI%20turns%2070.pdf%20a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Notably, the National policy on Marine Fisheries (NPMF) 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dahd.nic.in/news/notification-national-policy-marine-fisheries-2017|title=Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries - Government of India|website=dahd.nic.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515083920/http://dahd.nic.in/news/notification-national-policy-marine-fisheries-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> notified by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare was developed with wide stakeholders’ consultations by the institute and is a major step towards a framework for a sustainable marine fisheries development model in the country.<br />
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Marine fisheries policies for the state of Kerala & Lakshadweep Islands, Karnataka, Goa and Andhra Pradesh are formulated with the reassert and policy inputs from CMFRI scientific expert teams. The institute has also prepared a document entitled Indian Marine Fisheries Code<ref>{{cite web|title=INDIAN MARINE FISHERIES CODE : GUIDANCE ON A MARINE FISHERIES MANAGEMENT MODEL FOR INDIA|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11873/1/IMFC%20Code_Revised_2019.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in}}</ref> which guides the establishment of a sustainable marine fisheries resources management model for India in accordance with [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] (FAO's) Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9159/1/ccrf_final_report_pdf.pdf |title=Finalreport Evaluation of FAO's support to the implementation of the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries |date=2012 |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812160710/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9159/1/ccrf_final_report_pdf.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Other contributions of CMFRI recognized as major inputs for the national level policy making are policy guidance on Fish Aggregating Device (FAD);<ref>{{cite web|title=Policy guidance on cuttlefish fishery using Fish Aggregating Devices : CMFRI Marine Fisheries Policy Series No.1|issn=2394-8019|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10361/1/Policy_guidelines_on_cuttlefish_fishery_using_FAD.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515084835/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10361/1/Policy_guidelines_on_cuttlefish_fishery_using_FAD.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> based on which Government of Karnataka banned an FAD assisted cuttlefish fishery that was contributing to growth and recruitment [[overfishing]] of cuttlefishes and leading to loss of livelihoods and income to local fishers, Guidance on National Plan of Action (NPOA) for sharks in India <ref>{{cite web|title=Guidance on National Plan of Action for Sharks in India : CMFRI Marine Fisheries Policy Series No. 2|date=June 2015|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10403/1/NPOA_SHARKS.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928194732/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10403/1/NPOA_SHARKS.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> for increasing awareness of the need to ensure their sustainable exploitation and conservation, guideline on temporal and spatial measures of effective Trawl Ban for [[Government of Kerala]], recommendation on Minimum legal size (MLS)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohamed |first1=K. S. |last2=Zacharia |first2=P. U. |last3=Maheswarudu |first3=G. |last4=Sathianandan |first4=T. V. |last5=Abdussamad |first5=E. M. |last6=Ganga |first6=U. |last7=Pillai |first7=S. Lakshmi |last8=Sobhana |first8=K. S. |last9=Nair |first9=Rekha J. |last10=Josileen |first10=Jose |last11=Chakraborty |first11=Rekha D. |last12=Kizhakudan |first12=Shoba Joe |last13=Najmudeen |first13=T. M. |title=Minimum Legal Size (MLS) of capture to avoid growth overfishing of commercially exploited fish and shellfish species of Kerala |journal=Marine Fisheries Information Service; Technical and Extension Series |date=2014 |pages=3–7 |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10282/ |access-date=15 May 2019 |archive-date=15 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515113220/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10282/ |url-status=live }}</ref> of commercially important marine fishes aimed at restricting juvenile fishing for various coastal States (Based on which [[Govt. of Kerala]] notified MLS for 58 commercially important species in the Gazette), recommendations on use of technology in agricultural insurance’<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parappurathu |first1=Shinoj |last2=Ramachandran |first2=C. |last3=Gopalakrishnan |first3=A. |last4=Kumar |first4=Dilip |last5=Poddar |first5=M.K. |last6=Choudhury |first6=Manas |last7=Geetha |first7=R. |last8=Koya |first8=K. Mohammed |last9=Kumar |first9=R. Narayana |last10=Salini |first10=K.P. |last11=Sunil |first11=P.V. |title=What ails fisheries insurance in India? An assessment of issues, challenges and future potential |journal=Marine Policy |date=December 2017 |volume=86 |pages=144–155 |doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2017.09.023 |doi-access=free }}</ref> to [[NITI Aayog]], Guidelines for the Mariculture Policy in India <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/draft-mariculture-policy-proposes-special-zones/article25125879.ece|title=Draft mariculture policy proposes special zones, offshore tech parks|website=Thehindubusinessline.com|date=4 October 2018 |access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226074005/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/draft-mariculture-policy-proposes-special-zones/article25125879.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> etc. ICAR-CMFRI also coordinated and provided scientific inputs for India's first [[Marine Stewardship Council]] (MSC) certified fishery, for the short-neck clam in the [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10854/1/Training%20Manual_International%20Workshop%20on%20Taxonomy%20of%20Bivalve%20Molluscs_Appukkuttan_Ashtamudi%20neck%20clam_2016.pdf |title=Training Manual |date=2016 |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712180109/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10854/1/Training%20Manual_International%20Workshop%20on%20Taxonomy%20of%20Bivalve%20Molluscs_Appukkuttan_Ashtamudi%20neck%20clam_2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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===Estimation of marine fish landings===<br />
The institute collects Marine Fisheries Statistics for estimating species-wise landings from all along the coast which is released every year as a booklet. CMFRI has coordinated the '''Marine Fisheries Census of India''' by Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries (DADF) during the years 2005,<ref name="eprints.cmfri.org.in">{{cite web|title=Marine Fisheries Census 2005|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5522/1/1_Marine_Fisheries_Census_India_Part-I.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214154044/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5522/1/1_Marine_Fisheries_Census_India_Part-I.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|title=Marine Fisheries Census 2005 : Part 2|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5530/1/10_Kerala_Marine_Census_2005.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021033042/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/5530/1/10_Kerala_Marine_Census_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 2010 <ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite web|title=Marine Fisheries Census 2010|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8998/1/India_report_full.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515110116/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8998/1/India_report_full.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2016.<ref name="cmfri.org.in3"/> The latest marine fisheries census data (2016) collected by CMFRI contains information from 882263 fisher households in 4057 villages. Details of marine fisherfolk residing in the marine fishing villages of all the 9 maritime states and 2 union territories of India, information regarding the fishing craft and fishing gears from 50 fishing harbours and 1281 fish landing centers in the country and the socio-economics were collected. Software for enabling the data entry into a database was developed in-house. The innovative and time relevant way of data entry of marine fish landings data using electronic tablets at landings centres with web based computer application in the IBM server with Oracle RDBMS for online data entry support has been developed, tested and implemented enabling swift collation and dissemination of vital fish landings statistics on a national basis. The spatial mapping of fishing grounds on a continuous basis, which will help in identifying the seasons of high abundance of spawners/juveniles and in identification of critical fishing grounds where seasonal and spatial closure of trawl fishery can be implemented is facilitated under the various projects operated by the institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Marine spatial planning for resource conservation, fisheries management and for ensuring fishermen security – global perspectives and Indian initiatives |date=25 February 2019 |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in |format=PDF |website=Currentscience.ac.in |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=10 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710211340/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Multi-species biomass dynamic models are being developed to address the multi-species and multi-gear fisheries assessments in India.<ref name="Summer School">{{cite web | title=Summer School on Advanced Methods for Fish Stock Assessment and Fisheries Management 12 July - 1 August 2017 | url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12162/1/Summer%20School%20on%20Advanced%20Methods%20for%20Stock%20Assessment%20and%20Fisheries%20Management.pdf | access-date=4 September 2019 | publisher=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute | archive-date=1 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101034455/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12162/1/Summer%20School%20on%20Advanced%20Methods%20for%20Stock%20Assessment%20and%20Fisheries%20Management.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Integration of satellite technologies into fisheries management ===<br />
To effectively utilize satellite technology for managing marine fisheries sector the institute has joined hands with the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] '''(ISRO)''' with the aim to identify and forecast '''Potential Fishing Zones (PFZ)'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cmfri-joins-hands-with-isro-to-identify-potential-fishing-zone/article9969746.ece|title=CMFRI joins hands with ISRO to identify potential fishing zone|first=V. Sajeev|last=Kumar|website=Thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021135204/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/cmfri-joins-hands-with-isro-to-identify-potential-fishing-zone/article9969746.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[GIS]] based resource mapping of distribution and abundance of fin fishes and shellfishes off the Indian coast and using the GIS technology for mapping of marine fish landing centres. The CMFRI Special Publication on `Handbook on Application of GIS as a Decision Support Tool in Marine Fisheries’<ref>{{cite web|title=Handbook on Application of GIS as a Decision Support Tool|publisher=CMFRI Special Publication No. 121|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11268/1/CMFRI%20SP%20121_Handbook%20on%20Application%20of%20GIS%20as%20a%20Decision%20Support%20Tool%20in%20Marine%20Fisheries.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfro.org.in}}</ref> <br />
in Marine Fisheries and the GIS based inventory of 1278 marine fish landing centres of Indian coast prepared by CMFRI, was sought by [[Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11716/1/The%20Hindu_24-04-2017.pdf |title=News article |date=24 April 2017 |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=2 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102045604/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11716/1/The%20Hindu_24-04-2017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The types of fishing activity, seasonality of fishing and the extent of fishing operations from each fishing centres are available in this database.<br />
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Identification of seasonal peak spawning grounds and seasonal juvenile abundance grounds, mapping of fishing area for newly targeted and emerging resources such as ‘bull’s eye’ to understand its spatial distribution patterns, trawling footprint analysis and [[GIS]] based site selection and mapping of natural seed resources for mariculture are now possible due to the application of this technology. In addition, in collaboration with [[INCOIS]] the institute carried out satellite telemetry studies to analyse migratory patterns of [[tunas]] in the Indian seas by using pop-up satellite tags.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-06-07/Tuna-travel-4k-km-every-year-along-coast/233293|title=Tuna travel 4k km every year along coast|date=7 June 2016|website=Thehansindia.com|access-date=15 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515113729/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-06-07/Tuna-travel-4k-km-every-year-along-coast/233293|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) ===<br />
CMFRI's initiative in promoting EAFM is based on the fact that the country needs to shift from traditional single species management approach to a more advanced one addressing ecological and human well-being with good governance.<ref name="cmfri.org.in2"/> An Ecosystem Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) model has been successfully developed for the South-west, northwest, Gulf of Mannar coasts and can be used to facilitate well managed fisheries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9834/1/ICT_Oriented_Strategic_Extension_for_Responsible_Fisheries_Management_Manual-97-105.pdf |title=Ecosystem Approach to Marine Fisheries Management |last=Mohamed |first=K |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712164705/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9834/1/ICT_Oriented_Strategic_Extension_for_Responsible_Fisheries_Management_Manual-97-105.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Addressing climate change concerns in the marine fisheries sector ===<br />
[[Climate change]] is now recognized as one of the greatest long-term challenges to marine ecosystems and fisheries. Under the National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/ |title=Welcome To NICRA |website=Nicra-icar.in |access-date=2019-05-17 |archive-date=10 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510110443/http://nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/ |url-status=live }}</ref> a network project of [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), to deal with [[climate change]] in marine ecosystem CMFRI has focussed on preparing the marine fisheries sector to minimize the [[effects of climate change|impact of climate change]].<ref name="cmfri.org.in4">{{cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/nicra/background.htm|title=National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607151910/http://www.cmfri.org.in/nicra/background.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> It is also aimed at addressing the critical knowledge gaps about climate change impacts, improve monitoring and translating the knowledge into active management responses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/publications/Research_art/Fish_Enhancing%20Regional%20Climate%20Resilience%20of%20Indian%20Fisheries.pdf|title=Enhancing Regional Climate Resilience of Indian Fisheries Through Wetland Restoration and Scientific Fish Farming|website=Nicra-icar.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=30 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630175538/http://nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/publications/Research_art/Fish_Enhancing%20Regional%20Climate%20Resilience%20of%20Indian%20Fisheries.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Relationship between temperature and abundance of resources such as threadfin breams and the effect of projected rise in [[sea surface temperature]] due to climate change by modeling the biomass dynamics using a variant of SEAMICE models for the south Kerala region has been done. The carbon foot print, [[blue carbon]] potential of mangroves and sea grass and life cycle assessment of fishing operations indicated that fishing operations for Kerala coast had highest emissions during harvest phase followed by post-harvest and pre-harvest phases.<ref>{{cite web|title=Relative vulnerability assessment of Indian marine fishes to climate change using impact and adaptation attributes|publisher=CMFRI-NICRA Publication No. 5|url=http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/publications/Tbu_Relative%20vulnerability%20assessment%20of%20Indian%20marine%20fishes.pdf|website=Nicra-icar.in|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=6 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606094118/http://www.nicra-icar.in/nicrarevised/images/publications/Tbu_Relative%20vulnerability%20assessment%20of%20Indian%20marine%20fishes.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Multivendor e-commerce portal and Mobile App, low cost feeds for Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture (IMTA)<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13366/1/series%2011-2019%20IMTA.pdf |title=Report |date=2019 |website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref> and Participatory mode of coastal vulnerable resource mapping are some other initiatives to improve the adaptive capacity and secure resilience for the stakeholders from adverse impacts of climate change.<ref name="cmfri.org.in4"/> Through adoption of a number of coastal villages and converting it as "Climate Smart Villages" and organizing awareness programmes and field demonstrations on technologies and practice for [[climate change adaptation]] and mitigation, livelihood sustainability enhancement through provision of know- how and do –on alternative income generating activities are some of the other interventions carried out by CMFRI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13633/1/Climate%20Change%20and%20the%20Vulnerable%20Indian%20Coast_2018_Shyam%20Salim_Climate%20Change.pdf |title=Climate change report |date=2018 |website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16}}</ref><br />
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====Mobile app for online fish sale====<br />
As an adaptation strategy to improve income of fishermen and to help them cope up with adverse climatic events, the ICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute(CMFRI) developed a '''multivendor E-commerce website'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.marinefishsales.com/|title=Marine Fish Sales - CMFRI|website=Marinefishsales.com|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128233621/http://www.marinefishsales.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> and associated android app (marinefishsales) through the National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) project. The website and mobile app is aimed at helping fish farmers and fishermen to sell their farmed fish and marine catch directly to the customers online and to fetch better income without depending middlemen.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/feb/27/cmfri-launches-new-app-website-to-aid-keralas-fisher-folks-1779703.html|title=CMFRI launches new app, website to aid Kerala's fisher folks|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513211441/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/feb/27/cmfri-launches-new-app-website-to-aid-keralas-fisher-folks-1779703.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Various fishermen SHGs can register as vendors (fishers and farmers) based on their fish products and update their stock availability under pre-approved categories and products, which shall be displayed in the website and associated mobile app. Customers visiting the website or app could place the order and subsequently the registered fisher/farmer shall be notified through email and SMS, upon which the quality products within the pre-assigned time frame shall be delivered, enabling direct product sale between customers and SHGs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/technology/e-commerce-website-app-to-help-fishermen-reach-buyers/1082272/|title=E-commerce website, app to help fishermen reach buyers|website=Financialexpress.com|date=28 February 2018}}</ref><br />
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=== Fishery socioeconomics, marketing, trade and fisheries governance ===<br />
Studies on economics of fishery enterprises and socio-economic conditions of fisher folk come under the mandate of the ICAR-CMFRI.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/division/fishery-economics|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=15 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515082700/http://www.cmfri.org.in/division/fishery-economics|url-status=live}}</ref> Valuation, estimation and analysis of marine fish landings and its economic performance, supply chain management, price behaviour of marine fish varieties, fish consumption patterns, impact of GST on fisheries sector and vulnerability of coastal villages are being estimated annually both at landing centre and retail market levels for different maritime states.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of significant achievements of Socio Economic Evaluation and Technology Transfer Division (SEETTD) during the last five years |url=http://www.cmfri.org.in |format=PDF |access-date=18 October 2011 |archive-date=26 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026010751/http://www.cmfri.org.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An estimation of value of marine fish landings in India, during 2011–2017 indicated an increase of fish landings at landing centre level from ₹24,369 crores in 2011 to ₹52,431 crores in 2017, with an annual increase of 14.5%, while at retail centre level, increased from ₹38,147 crores to ₹78,404 crores with an annual increase of 15.08%. Economic performance of different fishing methods were assessed in different maritime states using the indicators like net operating income, capital productivity (operating ratio), labour productivity, input-output ratio and gross value added. Various communication tools are developed periodically for inculcating the concept of responsible fisheries management in the minds of the fishers.<ref>{{cite web|title=Inflation in Marine Fish Price in India: Analysis Using Ex-Vessel Price Indices|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11882/1/IJAIR_Aswathy_2017_International%20Journal%20of%20Agriculture%20Innovations%20and%20Research_Inflation%20in%20Marine%20Fish%20Price%20in%20India.pdf|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101184424/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11882/1/IJAIR_Aswathy_2017_International%20Journal%20of%20Agriculture%20Innovations%20and%20Research_Inflation%20in%20Marine%20Fish%20Price%20in%20India.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12811/1/JMBAI_2017_59_2_Shyam%20Salim_Labour%20migration.pdf |title=J. Mar. Biol. Ass. India, 59 (2), July–December 2017Labour migration and alternate avocation in marine fisheries sector of Kerala |date=2017 |website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024000200/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12811/1/JMBAI_2017_59_2_Shyam%20Salim_Labour%20migration.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
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=== Innovations in mariculture ===<br />
Globally, [[mariculture]] is the fastest growing animal food producing sector and an increasing source of protein for human consumption. Envisaged to be the future of Indian marine fisheries mariculture has not yet developed into a major contributor of seafood production in India. However, ICAR – CMFRI remains on the forefront to promote various mariculture activities such as cage fish farming, [[seaweed farming]], bivalve and pearl farming, ornamental fish culture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/mariculture-could-be-the-future-of-fish-production-in-india/article9716131.ece|title=Mariculture could be the future of fish production in India|first=V. Sajeev|last=Kumar|website=Thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=22 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022064744/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/mariculture-could-be-the-future-of-fish-production-in-india/article9716131.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The Research & Development programme on marine cage farming in India which was initiated by CMFRI with the grants received from the Ministry of Agriculture has been successfully demonstrated technically all along the Indian coast with the financial support of National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB). By year 2018, 1609 cages were installed in different marine locations in India under the technical support and guidance of CMFRI.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12438/1/Training%20Manual%20on%20Cage%20Culture%20of%20Marine%20Finfishes_2017_Visakhapatnam_1_Overview%20of%20cage%20culture.pdf |title=Training manual |date=2016 |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=20 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820075059/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12438/1/Training%20Manual%20on%20Cage%20Culture%20of%20Marine%20Finfishes_2017_Visakhapatnam_1_Overview%20of%20cage%20culture.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The continuous refinement of the technology is taking place through various research projects of CMFRI and All India Network Project on Mariculture (AINP-M) funded by the ICAR, [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13044/1/CMFRI%20AR%202018.pdf |title=Annual report |date=2018 |website=eprints.cmfri.org.in |access-date=2019-05-16 |archive-date=19 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719071313/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13044/1/CMFRI%20AR%202018.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Considerable research thrust has given in [[mariculture]] to develop hatchery technologies, seed production protocols and mass rearing techniques of promising species of marine fish. Culture protocols for eight species of copepods suitable for larval feeding of marine finfishes and raceway system for mass production of phytoplankton for bivalve seed production were developed by mariculture division of CMFRI.<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12030/2/Fishing%20Chimes_2017_37-1_Gopalakrishnan_A_CMFRI%20turns%2070.pdf%20a.pdf|title=Fishing Chimes|date=April 2017|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102170353/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12030/2/Fishing%20Chimes_2017_37-1_Gopalakrishnan_A_CMFRI%20turns%2070.pdf%20a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The successful seed production of a marine ornamental, camel shrimp, ''Rhyncocinetes durbanensis'' was achieved,.<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/31121749|title=camel shrimp CMFRI newsletter Anil.pdf|first=Raheem P.|last=K|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Academia.edu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11730/1/Deccan%20Chronicle%20_26%20April%202017.pdf|title=Deccan Chronicle : CMFRI develops high-value fish seeds|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102075148/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11730/1/Deccan%20Chronicle%20_26%20April%202017.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) programme of the institute has extended technical support in cage farming to several tribal groups in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Kerala and helped them to attain better livelihood skills and income through fish farming.<ref>[https://agritimes.co.in/headline-details.php?head=K65lrMplzsgJLM718lq3zIvKWjUoCQxoBAA=] {{dead link|fix-attempted=yes<!--No useful archive was found on Internet Archive or archive.today-->|date=December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Hatchery technologies====<br />
The technologies for the seed production and grow-out culture of [[cobia]] (''Rachycentron canadum''), [[groupers]] (''Epinephelus coioides'') silver pompano (''Trachinotus blochii''), Indian pompano (''Trachinotus mookalee'') and [[pink ear emperor]] (''Lethrinus lentjan'') have been developed and demonstrated by the CMFRI, while efforts are on to bring more promising species under farming.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icar.org.in/node/8102|title=ICAR-CMFRI develops seed production technology of two more high value marine fishes|website=Icar.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517062521/https://icar.org.in/node/8102|url-status=live}}</ref> In addition, five species of snappers and carangids have been prioritized for developing seed production technology. Hatchery production technology for mussel, edible oyster and 14 varieties of marine ornamentals, including Marcia's anthias, clowns, damsels, hybrids, camel shrimp and cleaner shrimp has been achieved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/seed-production-technology-for-indian-pompano/article19530522.ece|title=Seed production technology for Indian pompano|date=21 August 2017|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112024923/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/seed-production-technology-for-indian-pompano/article19530522.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cmfri-successfully-develops-seed-production-technology-of-1018371-2017-08-20|title=CMFRI successfully develops seed production technology of P. T. I.|newspaper=[[India Today]]|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517062508/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/cmfri-successfully-develops-seed-production-technology-of-1018371-2017-08-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="academia.edu"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11705/1/Cadalmin-151.pdf|title=Cadalmin|date=December 2016|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101210745/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11705/1/Cadalmin-151.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The indigenously developed Re-Circulatory Aquaculture System (RAS) is also functioning at the institute to boost seed production round the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icar.org.in/content/icar-cmfri%E2%80%99s-ras-facility-dedicated-nation-dg-icar|title=ICAR-CMFRI's RAS facility dedicated to nation by DG ICAR|website=Icar.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=24 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424123711/http://icar.org.in/content/icar-cmfri%E2%80%99s-ras-facility-dedicated-nation-dg-icar|url-status=live}}</ref> The establishment of national brood banks of Cobia and Pompano in Mandapam and Vizhinjam Centres of the institute with funding support of the NFDB is a testimony to the determination of the institute for providing necessary support for hatchery technologies of commercially important food fishes that will enhance their mariculture prospects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/cmfri-gets-aid-from-centre-for-setting-up-broodbanks/article9792349.ece|title=CMFRI gets aid from Centre for setting up brood-banks|website=Thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture, a novel method====<br />
Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is the practice which combines appropriate proportions of finfish/shrimp with shell/ herbivorous fish and seaweeds in farming to create balanced systems for environmental and economic stability.<ref name="auto1"/> The CMFRI has successfully conducted the demonstration of IMTA under participatory mode with fishermen groups by integrating seaweed with cage farming of cobia. It has been proved that in one crop of 45 days the seaweed rafts integrated with cobia cage will give an average yield of {{cvt|260|kg}} per raft against a control, which yielded {{cvt|150|kg}} per raft.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10666/1/7.%20Geetha%20Sasikumar.pdf|title=Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Systems (IMTA)|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=10 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110105258/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10666/1/7.%20Geetha%20Sasikumar.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13592/1/Aquaculture%20CMFRI%20Tuticorin%20IMTA.jpg|format=JPG|title=Photographic image of news item|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Marine biotechnology ===<br />
Bioprospecting of marine and oceanic resources, through which the institute has produced several nutraceuticals useful for treating life style diseases and dietary supplements from seaweeds has been recognised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/division/marine-biotechnology|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109191229/https://www.cmfri.org.in/division/marine-biotechnology|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute has developed and commercialized the nutraceutical products CadalminTM Green Algal extract (CadalminTMGAe) and Antidiabetic extract (CadalminTMADe to combat rheumatic arthritic pains and type-2 diabetes, respectively. Nutraceuticals from seaweeds to combat dyslipidemia and obesity and treat hypo-thyroid have also been developed and products are being out-licensed to pharmaceutical companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icar.org.in/node/8097|title=ICAR-CMFRI develops anti-obesity medicine from seaweed &#124; भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद|website=Icar.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517071218/https://icar.org.in/node/8097|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10776/1/Kajal%20Chakraborty_CMFRI%20nutraceuticals.pdf|title=Album final|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102132557/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10776/1/Kajal%20Chakraborty_CMFRI%20nutraceuticals.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://icar.org.in/node/8282|title=ICAR-CMFRI commercialises its anti-obesity nutraceutical product &#124; भारतीय कृषि अनुसंधान परिषद|website=Icar.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517064744/https://icar.org.in/node/8282|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cmfri-to-expand-research-to-tap-pharma-prospects-of-marine-118012100294_1.html|title=CMFRI to expand research to tap pharma prospects of marine|date=21 January 2018|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Business-standard.com|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517064745/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/cmfri-to-expand-research-to-tap-pharma-prospects-of-marine-118012100294_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/antidiabetic-nutraceutical-from-cmfri-soon/article8605734.ece|title=Anti-diabetic nutraceutical from CMFRI soon|date=16 May 2016|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213334/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/antidiabetic-nutraceutical-from-cmfri-soon/article8605734.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10897/1/CMFRI%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202015-16.pdf|title=CMFRI Annual Report 2015-2016|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101215005/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10897/1/CMFRI%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202015-16.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> βNodadetect a single tube RT lamp diagnostic for β-Noda virus detection in marine fish of mariculture interest has been developed by the institute.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://icar.org.in/E-Book/E-Book_2017_English.pdf|title=3 Years of MODI Government|website=Icar.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517074254/https://icar.org.in/E-Book/E-Book_2017_English.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> This highly specific, sensitive and rapid method of screening marine broodstock fish ensures certified specific pathogen free eggs and larvae. To understand the population genetic structure of fishery resources in Indian waters specific studies were carried out. The complete mitogenome characterisation of ''Etroplus suratensis'' from [[Vembanad Lake]], genetic stock structure investigations in ''Lutjanus argentimaculatu''s and Indian oil sardine ''Sardinella longicep''s and bioprospecting for biotic and abiotic stress responsive genes from ''Crassostrea madrasensis'' and their characterisation have yielded valuable baseline data,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11964/1/CMFRI%20Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf|title=CMFRI Annual Report 2016-2017|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102115841/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11964/1/CMFRI%20Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12041-018-0899-7|title=Mitochondrial signatures revealed panmixia in Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskål 1775)|first1=A.|last1=Gopalakrishnan|first2=N.|last2=Vineesh|first3=S.|last3=Ismail|first4=M.|last4=Muktha|first5=K. V.|last5=Akhilesh|first6=N. S.|last6=Jeena|first7=M. P.|last7=Paulton|first8=P.|last8=Vijayagopal|date=3 December 2018|journal=Journal of Genetics|volume=97|issue=1|pages=179–187|doi=10.1007/s12041-018-0899-7|pmid=29666337|s2cid=3520196|access-date=3 December 2021|via=eprints.cmfri.org.in|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213251/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12041-018-0899-7|url-status=live|url-access=subscription}}</ref>,.<ref name="ReferenceD">{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13044/1/CMFRI%20AR%202018.pdf|title=CMFRI Annual Report 2017-2018|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719071313/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13044/1/CMFRI%20AR%202018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==CMFRI's major contributions to the nation==<br />
{{prose|section|date=May 2021}}<br />
*Estimation of the multispecies multi-gear marine fish landings for more than 1200 species covering 1511 fish landing centres on a GIS platform from the EEZ of India for marine fish stock assessment following the self-developed stratified multi-stage random sampling design and maintaining a National Marine Fishery Resources Database which is generated based on continuous and perpetual field data collection on marine fishery resources over decades,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12759/1/Winter%20School%20on%20Structure%20and%20Functions%20of%20Ecosystem_13.pdf|title=SAMPLING METHODOLOGY EMPLOYED BY CMFRI FOR COLLECTION AND ESTIMATION OF MARINE FISH LANDINGS IN INDIA|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213303/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12759/1/Winter%20School%20on%20Structure%20and%20Functions%20of%20Ecosystem_13.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10408/1/03_Mini_KG.pdf|title=Monitoring and Quantifying Marine Fish Landings in India: Survey Design, Sampling and Estimation followed by CMFRI|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=29 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029060748/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10408/1/03_Mini_KG.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Summer School"/><ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmfri.org.in/fish-catch-estimates|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109183303/https://www.cmfri.org.in/fish-catch-estimates|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Annual estimation of marine fish landings at landing centre and retail market level carried out to work out the contribution of fisheries sector to the agricultural and National GDP,<ref name="ReferenceE"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/3905/|title=Marine Fish Landings in India 1985 -2004|first1=M.|last1=Srinath|first2=Somy|last2=Kuriakose|first3=P. L.|last3=Ammini|first4=C. J.|last4=Prasad|first5=K.|last5=Ramani|first6=M. R.|last6=Beena|date=3 December 2006|journal=CMFRI Special Publication|volume=89|pages=1–161|access-date=3 December 2021|via=eprints.cmfri.org.in|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195944/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/3905/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*ICT initiatives include 'Fish Watch', a web portal for real time landing and market information from the landing centres;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmfri.org.in/fishwatch|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119174132/http://www.cmfri.org.in/fishwatch|url-status=live}}</ref> 'Choose Wisely' – a sustainability labeling code developed by CMFRI which was adopted by the ITC chain of restaurants all over India serving seafood;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12032/1/CMFRI%20%E2%80%93%20ITC%20-%20WWF%20India%20-%20%20%E2%80%98Choose%20Wisely%E2%80%99%20-%20A%20Responsible%20Luxury%20initiative%20%20-%20Aravali%20Pavilion%20Menu%20Dec%202015.pdf|title=CMFRI – ITC - WWF India - 'Choose Wisely' - A Responsible Luxury initiative|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101092659/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12032/1/CMFRI%20%E2%80%93%20ITC%20-%20WWF%20India%20-%20%20%E2%80%98Choose%20Wisely%E2%80%99%20-%20A%20Responsible%20Luxury%20initiative%20%20-%20Aravali%20Pavilion%20Menu%20Dec%202015.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> m@krishi service supported by TCS in collaboration with CMFRI provided and tested a platform to inform fishermen in Maharashtra on potential fishing zones (PFZ) through mobile phones in local language;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12072/1/MFIS_230_1.pdf|title=mKRISHI Fisheries - A Blue Ocean Innovation|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101195312/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12072/1/MFIS_230_1.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Litter atlas an interactive map on litter status of Indian beaches<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmfri.org.in/Beach_Litter_Map_Final_4/Beach_Litter_Map_Final_4.html|title=ICAR-CMFRI|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216180804/http://www.cmfri.org.in/Beach_Litter_Map_Final_4/Beach_Litter_Map_Final_4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*National quinquennial census of marine fisher population and infrastructure facilities and estimated value of marine fisheries and fishing fleet economic efficiencies,<ref name="eprints.cmfri.org.in"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><br />
*Optimized fishing fleet size of various craft-gear combinations for rational exploitation of marine resources in all maritime states of India<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/uploads/files/Attachment%201.%20Major%20Research%20Achievemnt_Mumbai.pdf|title=Attachment 1. Major Research Achievement|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095725/http://www.cmfri.org.in/uploads/files/Attachment%25201.%2520Major%2520Research%2520Achievemnt_Mumbai.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Monitored biology and health of commercial marine fish stocks (133 stocks) of India. Developed and applied several analytical models to assess the finfish and shellfish stocks in all maritime states for providing Fishery Management Plans and advisories on seasonal fishing bans and potential yields<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12171/1/10-Concept%20and%20objectives%20of%20stock%20assessment.pdf|title=CONCEPT AND OBJECTIVES OF STOCK ASSESSMENT|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=14 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214145317/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12171/1/10-Concept%20and%20objectives%20of%20stock%20assessment.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Developed hatchery and grow-out technologies for shrimps, pearl oysters, oysters, mussels, clams, ornamental fishes, sea bass, cobia, pompano and groupers (totaling 37 species)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9720/1/Imelda_Joseph.pdf|title=Grow-out culture of finfishes and management of marine cages|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=2 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181102074255/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9720/1/Imelda_Joseph.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Established commercial farming of mussels and oysters in coastal areas with an annual production of over 10,000 tonnes benefitting nearly 6000 women self-help groups<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/oyster-farming-proves-a-financial-boon-for-women-self-help-groups-in-kerala/article24156290.ece|title=Oyster farming proves a financial boon for women self-help groups in Kerala|first=V. Sajeev|last=Kumar|website=Thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213346/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/oyster-farming-proves-a-financial-boon-for-women-self-help-groups-in-kerala/article24156290.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
*Identified and mapped new and non-conventional deep sea marine resources by vessel based surveys, including abundance maps of oceanic squid resources.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/uploads/divfiles/Mollouscan-Achivements.pdf|title=QRT Report : Molluscan Fisheries Division 2009-2014|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215134823/http://www.cmfri.org.in/uploads/divfiles/Mollouscan-Achivements.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The institute has so far described 255 marine species new to science from various groups of fishes<br />
*Used modern biotechnological tools for development of marine nutraceuticals (GMe, GAe, Ade & Ate) for human well-being and functional feeds (Varna &‘Varsha) for mariculture species<ref name="ReferenceD"/><br />
*Assessed major marine and island habitats and evaluated their biodiversity; and developed restoration protocols through artificial reef deployment<br />
*CMFRI conducts regular training programmes in fisheries and marine biology. So far, the institute has produced over 300 Masters and 160 Ph.D. degree holders<br />
*Provided science back-up for India’s first eco-labelled (MSC certified) fisheries (short-neck clam) meeting global standards of fisheries management<ref name="auto"/><br />
*Delineated the scientific reasons behind the recent decline in oil sardine fishery along the south-west coast of India, to support formulation of management guidelines to improve the status of the fishery<br />
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmfri.org.in/top-10-achievements|title=Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute|website=Cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=21 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421131700/http://www.cmfri.org.in/top-10-achievements|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Outreach activities ==<br />
The Agricultural Technology Information Centre (ATIC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9798/1/ATIC_%28English%29.pdf|title=ATIC (English version)|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101131019/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9798/1/ATIC_%28English%29.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> of CMFRI serves as a ‘single window delivery system’ for the technologies and services developed by the institute. There are two Krishi Vigyan Kendras (KVK) functioning under the institute presently. KVK-Ernakulam<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kvkernakulam.org.in/|title=Krishi Vigyan Kendra Ernakulam|website=Kvkernakulam.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109183209/http://kvkernakulam.org.in/|url-status=live}}</ref> has developed and disseminates location specific technological modules and acts as Knowledge and Resource Centre for agriculture, fisheries and allied activities. During the last five years, it has set up many satellite seed production centres of [[pearl spot]], a highly favoured local fish species for culture, with the financial support of the National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB) and also formed two farmer producer's companies – Periyar Valley Spices Farmer Producer Company (PVSFPO) and Pokkali Farmer Producer Company (PFPO) with funding from NABARD to empower farmers in direct marketing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12415/1/Doubling%20Farmers%20Income%20AEZ%20Kerala.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214171713/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12415/1/Doubling%20Farmers%20Income%20AEZ%20Kerala.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kvkernakulam.org.in/news166.html|title=Krishi Vigyan Kendra Ernakulam:: NEWS|website=Kvkernakulam.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701101801/http://kvkernakulam.org.in/news166.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/pokkali-farmer-producer-company-on-the-anvil/article8401211.ece|title=Pokkali farmer producer company on the anvil|date=27 March 2016|access-date=3 December 2021|website=Thehindu.com|archive-date=27 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327020827/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/pokkali-farmer-producer-company-on-the-anvil/article8401211.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> KVK is maintaining strong linkages with the AMTA and line departments to provide technology backstopping for their field level activities. A number of natural and bio based crop production and protection inputs like Nurtislurry, Desi Gomuthra, Vermicompost, Cowdung and tapioca leaf extract based biopesticides have been developed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kvkernakulam.org.in/acheivements25.html|title=Krishi Vigyan Kendra Ernakulam:: ACHIEVEMENTS|website=Kvkernakulam.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701101510/http://kvkernakulam.org.in/acheivements25.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
The administrative control of Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) at Kavaratti, Lakshadweep Islands has been recently taken up by the institute from the CIARI, Port Blair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/fisheries-research-body-sets-up-base-in-lakshadweep/article26472552.ece|title=Fisheries research body sets up base in Lakshadweep|website=Thehindubusinessline.com|date=8 March 2019 |access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213255/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/fisheries-research-body-sets-up-base-in-lakshadweep/article26472552.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The main focus will now be for enhancing farmers’ income and employment opportunities especially for women, through value-added products development and facilitate increased market access for the farmers of Island.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/fisheries-institute-to-run-administration-of-kvk-in-lakshadweep-1.3631390|title=Fisheries institute to run administration of KVK in Lakshadweep|website=English.mathrubhumi.com|date=8 March 2019 |access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213342/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/fisheries-institute-to-run-administration-of-kvk-in-lakshadweep-1.3631390|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Academic collaboration and training ==<br />
Collaborations with a number of research and academic organizations inside and outside the country have included the [[Plymouth Marine Laboratory]], [[UK]]; Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Centre (NERC), Norway; [[Michigan State University]], United States; [[Rhodes University]], South Africa and [[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization]] ([[CSIRO]]), Australia besides fisheries related institutes and academic universities in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nerci.in/scientific.html|title=Welcome to NERCI|website=Nerci.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=13 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713052844/http://www.nerci.in/scientific.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Department of Science and Technology and Department of Biotechnology of the Government of India and all the Fisheries Departments of various coastal states in the country are important partners in the institute's bid to promote marine fisheries sector in the country. To disseminate the technologies developed training programmes for various stakeholders such as fisheries officials, fishermen, fish farmers and entrepreneurs in areas such as fisheries governance, fish stock assessment, mariculture, have been provided including a few specialised programmes for member countries of [[SAARC]], African-Asian Rural Development Programme – [[Ministry of Rural Development (India)|Ministry of Rural Development]], [[Govt. of India]] (AARDO) and BOBP. CMFRI is also providing consultancy services in core areas like Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs), Fish Taxonomy, Fish stock assessment, Hatchery protocols, Mariculture technology, Fish Nutrition, Fish Health Management, Environmental Monitoring etc. in accordance with ICAR guidelines. The institute recently launched a programme to train 5000 fishermen in open sea cage farming technologies under NFDB funding.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13187/1/The%20New%20Indian%20Express_13-09-2018.pdf|title=The New Indian Express : CMFRI project to start 5oo caged fish farming units in state|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203213257/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13187/1/The%20New%20Indian%20Express_13-09-2018.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> CMFRI has thus emerged as a platform effectively extend the results emanating from its various research programmes to the fishermen community and other stakeholders.<br />
<br />
== Way forward ==<br />
Sustainability of the fishery resources is core to a healthy and vibrant marine fisheries sector in India. To grow further, the following focus areas have been identified<br />
* fishery modelling and forecasting<br />
* Green auditing – valuation of marine bio-diversity and [[ecosystem service]]s<br />
* Nanotechnological approaches in mariculture and environment management.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10482/1/Vision_2050.pdf|title=Vision 2050|website=Eprints.cmfri.org.in|access-date=3 December 2021|archive-date=1 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101165049/http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10482/1/Vision_2050.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{External links|date=December 2021}}<br />
*[http://www.cmfri.org.in/cmfri-in-media CMFRI in Media]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/ CMFRI Repository]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/12729/1/CMFRI%2C%20ICAR%20%20-%20Vision%202050.pdf CMFRI Vision 2050]<br />
*[http://www.cmfri.org.in/ CMFRI Website]<br />
*[http://www.cmfri.org.in/indian-journal-fisheries Indian Journal of Fisheries]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8676/1/Annual_Report_2010-11-Final.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2010-11]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9053/1/CMFRI_Annual_Report_2011-12.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2011-12]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/9465/1/CMFRI_Annual_Report_2012-13.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2012-13]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10164/1/CMFRI%20Annual%20Report%202013-14.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2013-14]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10461/1/CMFRI%20Annual%20Report%202014-15.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2014-15]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/10897/1/CMFRI%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202015-16.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2015-16]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/11964/1/CMFRI%20Annual%20Report%202016-17.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2016-17]<br />
*[http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/13044/1/CMFRI%20AR%202018.pdf CMFRI Annual Report 2017-18]<br />
<br />
{{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br />
{{Education in Kerala}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Research institutes in Kochi]]<br />
[[Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes in India]]<br />
[[Category:Fishing in India]]<br />
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1947]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hatkanangle_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=502391Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency2026-02-02T13:47:48Z<p>JosefinaK97: Article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Hatkanangle<br />
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Hatkanangle.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Hatkanangle Lok Sabha Constituency map<br />
| established = 1952<br />
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br />
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| preceded_by = [[Raju Shetti]]<br />
| incumbent_image =<br />
| mp = [[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]<br />
| latest_election_year= [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024]]<br />
| reservation = None<br />
| state = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| assembly_cons =[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]<br>[[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangle]]<br>[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]<br>[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]<br>[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]<br>[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]]. This constituency was dissolved as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] in 1976. This constituency again came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of delimitation of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted on 12 July 2002.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228022947/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/20/stories/2008022058631200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2008|title=Delimitation notification comes into effect|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=20 February 2008}}</ref> [[Vidhan Sabha]] segments from [[Sangli district|Sangli]] and [[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]] districts have formed this new constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pune/Delimitation-to-set-new-equations/articleshow/4214806.cms|title=Delimitation to set new equations|author=Yadav, Radheshyam|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 March 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
As of 2024, the eligible voters are 18,14,277.<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments==<br />
After the 2008 delimitation, Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=18 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref><br />
{|class="wikitable"<br />
! #<br />
! Name<br />
! District<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan="2" | Party<br />
! colspan=2 |Leading<br/>{{small|(in 2024)}}<br />
|-<br />
|277<br />
|[[Shahuwadi Assembly constituency|Shahuwadi]]<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Kolhapur district|Kolhapur]]<br />
|[[Vinay Kore]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Jan Surajya Shakti|rowspan=2}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}<br />
|-<br />
| 278<br />
|[[Hatkanangale Assembly constituency|Hatkanangle]] (SC)<br />
|[[Ashokrao Mane]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|279<br />
|[[Ichalkaranji Assembly constituency|Ichalkaranji]]<br />
|[[Rahul Awade]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
|280<br />
|[[Shirol Assembly constituency|Shirol]]<br />
|[[Rajendra Patil]]<br />
|style="background-color: #F58E7D" |<br />
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar|RSVA]]<br />
|-<br />
|283<br />
|[[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Sangli district|Sangli]]<br />
|[[Jayant Patil]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}}<br />
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|284<br />
|[[Shirala Assembly constituency|Shirala]]<br />
|[[Satyajit Deshmukh]]<br />
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |<br />
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Members of Parliament ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
!colspan="2"|Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| Krishnaji Laxman More<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
| M. V. R. C. Bhosale<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
| Dattatray Kadam<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4"|{{center|''1977-2004 : See [[Ichalkaranji Lok Sabha constituency|Ichalkaranji]]''}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Raju Shetti]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Swabhimani Paksha|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
| rowspan="2"|[[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=1}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
===2024===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Hatkanangale]]<ref name="Hatkanangle Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Hatkanangle Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/hatkanangle |accessdate=16 January 2025 |work= |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250116135901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/maharashtra/hatkanangle |archivedate=16 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Shiv Sena (2022–present)<br />
| candidate = [[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]<br />
| votes = 5,20,190<br />
| percentage = 40.14<br />
| change ={{down}}6.64<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)<br />
| candidate =[[Satyajeet Patil|Satyajeet Babasaheb Patil Sarukdar]]<br />
| votes = 5,06,764<br />
| percentage = 39.10<br />
| change =''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Swabhimani Paksha<br />
|candidate = [[Raju Shetti]]<br />
|votes =1,79,850<br />
|percentage = 13.88<br />
|change ={{down}}25.23<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi<br />
|candidate =D.C. Patil Dadasaheb alias Dadgonda Chavgonda Patil<br />
|votes =32,696<br />
|percentage = 2.52<br />
|change ={{down}}7.34}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above (India)<br />
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br />
|votes =5,103<br />
|percentage = 0.39<br />
|change =''N/A''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
| votes = 13,426<br />
| percentage = 1.04<br />
| change ={{down}}6.63<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 12,97,282<br />
| percentage = 71.34<br />
| change = {{up}}0.74<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Shiv Sena (2022–present)<br />
| loser = Shiv Sena<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Hatkanangale|Hatkanangle]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Shiv Sena<br />
| candidate = [[Dhairyasheel Sambhajirao Mane]]<br />
| votes = 5,85,776<br />
| percentage = 46.78<br />
| change =+46.78<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Swabhimani Paksha<br />
| candidate = [[Raju Shetti]]<br />
| votes = 4,89,737<br />
| percentage = 39.11<br />
| change =-14.69<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
| party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi <br />
| candidate = Aslam Badshahji Sayyad<br />
| votes = 1,23,419<br />
| percentage = 9.86<br />
| change =+9.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
| party =[[Independent politician|IND.]]<br />
| candidate = Sangramsinh Jaisinghrao Gaikwad<br />
| votes = 8,695<br />
| percentage =0.69<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
| votes = 96,039<br />
| percentage = 7.67<br />
| change =-7.27<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
| votes = 12,54,313<br />
| percentage = 70.60<br />
| change = -2.40<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
| winner = Shiv Sena<br />
| loser = Swabhimani Paksha<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General elections 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Hatkanangale|Hatkanangle]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Swabhimani Paksha|candidate=[[Raju Shetti]]|votes=6,40,428|percentage=53.80|change=+4.63}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Kallappa Awade]]|votes=4,62,618|percentage=38.86|change=+38.86}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
|candidate = Sureshdada Patil<br />
|votes = 25,648<br />
|percentage = 2.15<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Chandrakant Kamble|votes=11,499|percentage=0.97|change=N/A}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Raghunath Patil|votes=9,015|percentage=0.76|change=New}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=10,059|percentage=0.85|change=N/A}}<br />
{{Election box majority||votes=1,77,810|percentage=14.94|change=+5.23}}<br />
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,90,332|percentage=73.00|change=+5.93}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Swabhimani Paksha<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General elections 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Hatkanangale|Hatkanangle]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Swabhimani Paksha<br />
|candidate = [[Raju Shetti]]<br />
|votes = 4,81,025<br />
|percentage = 49.17<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|candidate = [[Nivedita Sambhajirao Mane|Nivedita Mane]]<br />
|votes = 3,85,965<br />
|percentage = 39.46<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Shiv Sena<br />
|candidate = Raghunath Patil<br />
|votes = 55,050<br />
|percentage = 5.63<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|candidate = Anilkumar Janade<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|votes = 27,465<br />
|percentage = 2.81<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|candidate = Anandrai Surnike<br />
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]<br />
|votes = 10,576<br />
|percentage = 1.08<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority|<br />
|votes = 95,060<br />
|percentage = 9.71<br />
|change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|<br />
|votes = 9,78,202<br />
|percentage = 67.07<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link|<br />
|winner = Swabhimani Paksha<br />
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party<br />
|swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Ichalkaranji Lok Sabha constituency]]<br />
* [[Kolhapur district]]<br />
* [[Sangli district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://indiaelection.github.io/indiaelections2014info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/hatkanangle/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Hatkanangle lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}<br />
{{Kolhapur district topics}}<br />
{{Sangli district topics}}<br />
{{coord|16.7|74.4|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hatkanangle Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra created in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Sangli district]]<br />
[[Category:Kolhapur district]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Toronto_Press&diff=463705University of Toronto Press2026-01-31T23:46:30Z<p>JosefinaK97: minor cleanup</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Publishing unit of the University of Toronto}}<br />
{{Infobox publisher<br />
| image = UofT Press logo.webp<br />
| parent = [[University of Toronto]]<br />
| status =<br />
| founded = {{start date and age|1901}}<br />
| founder =<br />
| successor =<br />
| country = [[Canada]]<br />
| headquarters = [[Toronto]], Ontario, Canada<br />
| keypeople =<br />
| publications = Scholarly books and journals<br />
| topics = <br />
| revenue =<br />
| numemployees =<br />
| nasdaq =<br />
| url = [https://utorontopress.com utorontopress.com]<br />
}}<br />
'''University of Toronto Press''' ('''UTP''') is a Canadian [[university press]] operated by the [[University of Toronto]].<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last1=Pound|editor-first1=Richard W.|title=The Fitzhenry and Whiteside Book of Canadian Facts and Dates|date=2005|publisher=Fitzhenry & Whiteside|isbn=1-55041-171-3|edition=3d|oclc=52540711|page=[[iarchive:fitzhenrywhitesi0003unse/page/337/mode/1up|337]]}}</ref> Although it was founded in 1901, the press did not actually publish any books until 1911.{{sfn|Harman|1961|p=19}} It is the oldest and largest university press in [[Canada]] and one of the largest in North America.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parker |first1=George L. |title=University Presses |url=https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/university-presses |website=The Canadian Encyclopedia |date=December 16, 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:UTP logo with URL.jpg|thumb|150px|The former UTP logo]]<br />
The press originally printed only examination books and the university calendar.{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=22}} Its first scholarly book was a work by a classics professor at [[University College, Toronto]].{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=22}} The press took control of the university bookstore in 1933.{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=22}} It employed a novel [[typesetting]] method to print issues of the ''[[Canadian Journal of Mathematics]]'', founded in 1949.{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=28}}<br />
<br />
The press has always had close ties with [[University of Toronto Libraries]]. The press was partially located in the library from 1910-1920. The University Librarian Hugh Hornby Langton, the lead librarian of the University of Toronto Libraries, served as the first general editor of the University of Toronto Press.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barc |first=Agath |last2=Carliner |first2=Jesse |last3=Sommers |first3=Emily |last4=Wall |first4=Margaret |title=Scholarly Publishing |url=https://exhibits.library.utoronto.ca/exhibits/show/utl125/public-services/scholarly-publishing |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=University of Toronto Exhibits}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[Sidney Earle Smith]], [[List of presidents of the University of Toronto|president of the University of Toronto]] in the late 1940s and 1950s, instituted a new governance arrangement for the press modelled on the governing structure of the university as a whole (on the standard Canadian university governance model defined by the [[Flavelle commission]]). Henceforth, the press's business affairs and editorial decision-making would be governed by separate committees, the latter by academic faculty.{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=31}} A committee composed of [[Vincent Bladen]], [[George Williams Brown]] (general editor of the press from 1951{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=37}}), and [[A. S. P. Woodhouse]] studied the publishing policies of American university presses to inform the structure of the press's publishing division.{{Sfn|Jeanneret|1989|p=31}} <br />
<br />
Beginning in 1971, the press printed its books simultaneously on paper and [[Microform|microfiche]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montagnes|first=Ian|date=1972|title=Scholarly Monographs on Microfiche: The University of Toronto Press as a Case in Point|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/mfir.1972.1.1.29/html|journal=Microform & Imaging Review|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1515/mfir.1972.1.1.29|s2cid=162232860 |issn=0949-5770|url-access=subscription}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The press is currently a member of the [[Association of University Presses]].<ref name="AUP Membership">{{cite web |title=Our Members |url=https://aupresses.org/membership/membership-list/ |access-date=January 30, 2023 |publisher=[[Association of University Presses]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Divisions==<br />
University of Toronto Press consists of three divisions.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://utorontopress.com/about-us/ |website=University of Toronto Press |access-date=November 15, 2025}}</ref> They are:<br />
* The publishing division, its most notable<br />
* The distribution division, which includes its educational resources department<br />
* The retail division, which operates the University of Toronto Bookstore with four locations: [[Koffler Student Centre|St. George]], [[Henry N.R. Jackman Faculty of Law|Law]], [[William G. Davis Building|Mississauga]], and [[University of Toronto Scarborough|Scarborough]]<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* ''[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]''<br />
* [[:Category:University of Toronto Press Publications|University of Toronto Press Publications]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
* {{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/universityaspubl0000harm|title=The University as Publisher|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1961|isbn=978-1-4426-1519-9|editor-last=Harman|editor-first=Eleanor|language=en|jstor=10.3138/j.ctt1vxmbd1|oclc=1151834758|url-access=registration}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Jeanneret|first=Marsh|url=https://archive.org/details/godmammonunivers0000jean|title=God and Mammon: Universities as Publishers|publisher=[[Macmillan of Canada]]|year=1989|isbn=0-7715-9205-1|oclc=20525803|url-access=registration}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* {{Official website}}<br />
* {{Cite book|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/|title=Dictionary of Canadian Biography/Dictionnaire biographique du Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press}}<br />
<br />
{{University of Toronto}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:University of Toronto Press}}<br />
[[Category:University of Toronto|Press]]<br />
[[Category:University presses of Canada|Toronto, University of]]<br />
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1901]]<br />
[[Category:1901 establishments in Ontario]]<br />
[[Category:Canadian companies established in 1901]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sujatha_Sivakumar&diff=538013Sujatha Sivakumar2026-01-29T08:09:40Z<p>JosefinaK97: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Sujatha Sivakumar<br />
| image =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|09|27|df=y}}{{Citation needed|date=December 2022}} <br />
| birth_place = [[Madurai]], Tamil Nadu, India <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dinamalar.com/weekly/virunthinar-paguthi/news/1439217 |title=நம்ம மதுர சுஜாதா |date=22 January 2016}}</ref><br />
| birth_name = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = Actress<br />
| years_active = 2004-present<br />
| homepage =<br />
}}<br />
'''Sujatha Sivakumar''' (born 27 September 1973) is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil films. She rose to fame with her performance in [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]]'s ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007), before appearing in several supporting roles as a mother in Tamil cinema.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Sujatha was given a debut by [[Kamal Haasan]] for a small role in ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004). Sujatha made a breakthrough with her performance in [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]]'s ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' (2007), earning the stage name "Paruthiveeran Sujatha" for her subsequent films. Her portrayal of a feisty village woman later won her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Supporting Actress]] and the [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for 2007.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}} The film prompted her to receive more offers from film makers and she collaborated with director [[Pandiraj]] for ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009) and ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' (2013).<br />
<br />
She won acclaim for her work in [[Vijay Milton]]'s ''[[Goli Soda]]'' (2014), playing a strong widow who works at the market and speaks Madurai slang, acting as the godmother for lead actors. Sujatha fainted unable to sit by the market platform in the rain, during the making of the film, but she subsequently improved, and by the end of the film, the director gave her rave reviews for her co-operation.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fizz-on-the-streets/article5664539.ece |title=Fizz on the streets - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 February 2014 |accessdate=23 November 2015 |last1=Shrikumar |first1=A.}}</ref><ref name="thehindu2">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/goli-soda-little-men/article5617400.ece |title=Goli Soda: Little men - The Hindu |newspaper=The Hindu |date=25 January 2014 |accessdate=23 November 2015 |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj}}</ref> As of 2015, she has appeared in close to fifty films.<ref name="kollytalk">{{cite web |url=http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/sivakarthikeyan-presents-sujatha-expensive-wrist-watch-182113.html |title=Sivakarthikeyan presents Sujatha with an expensive wrist-watch - KOLLY TALK |author=CF |publisher=kollytalk.com |accessdate=23 November 2015 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124153151/http://www.kollytalk.com/cinenews/sivakarthikeyan-presents-sujatha-expensive-wrist-watch-182113.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2004 || ''[[Virumaandi]]'' || Pechi (Kottala Thevar's wife) ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[Paruthiveeran]]'' || Komalavalli (Muththazhagu's mother) || [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress&nbsp;– Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Supporting Actress]]<br/>[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' || Vel's aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2008 || ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' || Natesan's aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thotta]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || Vetrivel's aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Pasanga]]'' || Muthadakki (Chokkalingam's wife) || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress&nbsp;– Tamil|Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Supporting Actress]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]'' || Deivanai ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || Sura's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kalavani]]'' || Rajee ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Yuvan Yuvathi]]'' || Sevakapandian's wife ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' || Aravind's aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' || Karunakaran's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' || Archana's aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (2012 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Nagaraja Cholan MA, MLA]]'' || Kamalini's mother ||<br />
|- <br />
| ''[[Kedi Billa Killadi Ranga]]'' || Murugan's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]'' || Nallasivam's sister ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'' || Sakthi's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Goli Soda]]'' || Aachi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Thaan Bala]]'' || Kattooran's wife ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' || Divya's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vethu Vettu]]'' || Machaikaalai's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]'' || Raani ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[144 (film)|144]]'' || Meenakshi Rayappan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Pokkiri Raja (2016 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]'' || Sanjeevi's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Thirunaal]]'' || Vasuki ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2017 || ''[[Pichuva Kaththi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Palli Paruvathile]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || ''[[Semma]]'' || Aravalli ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2019 || ''[[Viswasam]]'' || Thookudurai's Aunt ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaappaan]]'' || Kathir's Mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aruvam]]'' || School Cook ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Naan Avalai Sandhitha Pothu]]'' || Kumari's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || ''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' || Gandhi's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2021 || ''[[Pulikkuthi Pandi]]'' || Pandi's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' || Subbulakshmi Kathirvel ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]'' || Muthamma || <br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Plan Panni Pannanum]]'' || Raju and Radha's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Manja Kuruvi]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Vizhithelu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]'' || Gunashekharan's mother ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Rasavathi]]'' || Sadhasiva's mother ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-09 |title='Thai Thai' song from Rasavathi out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/May/09/thai-thai-song-from-rasavathi-out |access-date=2024-05-10 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| ''Vaagai'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Television==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2023–present || ''[[Mahanadhi (TV series)|Mahanadhi]]'' || Saradha Santhanam || [[Vijay TV]] || rowspan="3"|Tamil ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/jan/09/vijay-tv-new-serial-mahanathi-saravanan-sujatha-vijayakumar-lead-role-3981214.html|title=முழு நேர தொடருக்கு வந்த விஜய் பட அம்மா.|website=www.dinamani.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku (season 1)]]'' || Contestant (Winner) || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-12 |title=New cooking reality show 'Top Cooku Dupe Cooku' set to premiere on May 19 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-cooking-reality-show-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-set-to-premiere-on-may-19/articleshow/110049993.cms |access-date=2024-05-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''[[Goli Soda Rising]]'' || Aachi || [[Disney+ Hotstar]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-07 |title=Shaam and Cheran starrer ‘Goli Soda Rising’ set for OTT premiere on September 13 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/shaam-and-cheran-starrer-goli-soda-rising-set-for-ott-premiere-on-september-13/articleshow/113147818.cms |access-date=2024-09-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb name|4261031}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sivakumar, Sujatha}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Madurai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:1973 births]]<br />
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestants]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champagarh&diff=493251Champagarh2026-01-22T04:54:21Z<p>JosefinaK97: Created new data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Village in Odisha, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Champagarh<br />
| native_name = ଚମ୍ପାଗଡ଼<br />
| native_name_lang = or<br />
| settlement_type = [[Village]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Odisha<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Odisha, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|19.9716|N|85.4350|E|type:city_region:IN-OR|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Odisha]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nayagarh district]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]]<br />
| population_total = | population_as_of = 2011<br />
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 752024<br />
| area_code = <br />
| blank_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency<br />
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Puri Lok Sabha constituency|Puri]]<br />
| blank_name_sec2 = Vidhan Sabha constituency<br />
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Ranpur Assembly constituency|Ranpur]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Champagarh''', is a village in the [[Raj-Ranpur|Ranapur]] tehsil of [[Nayagarh district]] in the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. It serves as a local administrative unit with a Branch Post Office (B.O.) assigned the [[Postal Index Number|PIN code]] 752024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Champagarh Branch Post Office, Nayagarh |url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/ |publisher=[[India Post]] |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Champagarh is located in the coastal region of Odisha, falling under the administrative jurisdiction of the Nayagarh district. It is situated near the town of [[Chandpur, Odisha|Chandapur]]. The village operates under the Puri postal division.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pin Code of Champagarh in Nayagarh, Odisha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/tools/pincodes/odisha/nayagarh/champagarh-bo |work=NDTV |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
The village acts as a Branch Post Office (B.O.) which reports to the Chandapur Sub-Office (S.O.). It falls under the [[Ranpur Assembly constituency]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Raj-Ranpur]]<br />
* [[Chandpur, Odisha]]<br />
* [[Mayurjhalia]]<br />
* [[Katakasahar]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://nayagarh.nic.in/ Official Website of Nayagarh District]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Nayagarh district]]<br />
[[Category:Nayagarh district]]<br />
<br />
{{India-geo-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jangal_Santhal&diff=475696Jangal Santhal2026-01-22T01:20:54Z<p>JosefinaK97: quick cleanup content for accuracy and updated info per sources</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (1925–1988)}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jangal Santhal<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{birth year|1925}}<br />
| birth_place = Hatighisa, [[Darjeeling district, West Bengal]], India<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|1988|12|04|1925|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]<br />
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] (1969–1977)<br />
| nickname = Jangal Santal<br />
| known_for = [[Naxalbari uprising]]<br/>Communist Leader<br />
| occupation = <br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = Gangu Hansda (''first wife'')<br />
| module = {{infobox criminal|embed=yes<br />
| criminal_charge = Criminal conspiracy<br />
| criminal_penalty = Jailed (1967–1969, 1970–1977)<br />
}}<br />
| office1 = [[Politburo|Politburo Member]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|CPIML]]<br />
| term1 = 1969–1971<br />
}}<br />
'''Jangal Santhal''', also known as '''Jangal Santal''' (1925 – 4 December 1988) was an Indian political activist.<br />
<br />
He was from Hatighisa village,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Legendary Leader Jangal Santhal|url=http://cpiml.org/feature/legendary-leader-jangal-santhal/|access-date=10 November 2021|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Darjeeling]] district in north [[West Bengal]], was one of the founders of the [[Naxalite]] movement<ref name=outlook>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210639 |title=Naxalbari: Home to the Revolution &#124; Sandipan Deb |access-date=8 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005015929/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?210639 |archive-date=5 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> (along with [[Charu Majumdar]] and [[Kanu Sanyal]]).<br />
<br />
Santhal started his political life in 1949 in Nepal. Santhal was a well-respected figure among the [[Adivasi]] [[sharecropper]]s, peasants and [[Tea-garden community of Assam|tea labourers]] of the hill and ''tarai'' areas of [[Darjeeling district]]. He stood unsuccessfully for elections in February 1957 and 1962 as a [[Communist Party of India]] candidate and also in 1967 on the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] ticket. He was one of the primary mobilizers and organizers of the uprising in Naxalbari and subsequent Naxalite movement that spread throughout India. After his release from prison a second time in 1977, he tried to reignite his vision for the Naxalite movement and India's communist parties, but soon became disillusioned at what they had become, sinking into a depression and turning towards alcoholism. He disappeared from public life at the same time. His legacy and reputation is very divisive and contentious, as differing factions within the Naxalite movement and Communist groups within India in general seek to propagate their own ideologies and visions.<br />
<br />
== Early life (1925–1949) ==<br />
Jangal Santhal's father name was Kanna Kisku.<ref name=":3" /> He was a worker in the Kamalpur [[Dooars-Terai tea gardens|Tea Estate]], Bagdogra, in the district of Darjeeling. [[Santal people|Santal]] tribes were migrated to [[Dooars]] during British Period for working in Tea gardens.<ref name=":0" /> Jangal Santhal moved to [[Naxalbari]] in West Bengal, India with his mother, two brothers, and sister after his father's death.<ref name=":0" /> In Naxalbari Santhal worked as a share-cropper under a [[jotedar]] named Durlabh Mohammad. A few years later he went back to Nepal and started a family with his first wife Gangu Hansda.<ref name=":3" /> He also had a second wife and children with her.<ref name=":3" /> After naxalbari uprisings, Santhal's whole family including his wives and children were victims of their far left political activities. During the Naxalite movement, the police warned landowners not to offer any job to his wives in any tea garden so that they as well as their children would starve and die in the long run.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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== Kisan Sabha ==<br />
Kisan Sabha was a peasants front of the Communist Party of India which Santhal was a member of in 1952 and where he gained basic knowledge of politics.<ref name=":3" /> In the conference of the Kisan Sabha held in 1959, Santhal protested against the principles and decisions of distribution of the illegal landed property which was created by the Kisan Sabha. Even though Santhal was a President of the Kishan Sabha of Naxalbari-Hatighisha region at the time he still protested against them because he could not welcome the land issue or its distribution among the landless as a way to capture power.<ref name=":3" /> According to his comrade [[Kanu Sanyal]] this protest was what brought Santhal into the public eye as a peasant leader as well as the origin that started the Naxalbari uprising.<ref name=":3" /><br />
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== Communist Party of India ==<br />
Santhal joined the Communist Part of India in 1953.<ref name=":0" /> While a tenant farmer in 1951, Santhal met Comrade Chunilal Gowala, a milkman who inspired him to become a member of the undivided Communist Party of India.<ref name=":0" /> After hearing about the [[peasant movement]] and [[Third Agricultural Revolution|agrarian revolution]] Santhal was motivated to help in any way he could. What he learned from Gowala would continue to stay with Santhal, becoming the backbone of his ideological thinkings and help inspire him to organize and lead the Naxalbari uprising and the greater Naxalite movement afterwards. As the ideas and thoughts that originally attracted him to the Communist Party of India and political activities were muddied and divided by different parties and peoples, Santhal would ultimately become disheartened with the system and stop his political work.<br />
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== Political movement involvement ==<br />
=== Jail Break Movement (1949–1950) ===<br />
While in Nepal he got involved in the Chandragadi '''Jail Breaking Movement''' against Ranashahi which was jointly organized by the [[Nepali Congress]] and the [[Communist Party of Nepal]]. The goal was to force the government and get detainees out of jail; however, the movement failed, and people involved were tortured forcing Jangal to leave Nepal and go back to Naxalbari in 1950.<ref name=":0"/><br />
[[File:Tebhaga.jpg|thumb|Tebhaga Movement- a sharecroppers' movement demanding two thirds of the produce from land for themselves]]<br />
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=== Tebhaga Movement (1952) ===<br />
The Tebhaga movement was organised mainly by the communist cadres of the Kisan Sabah.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Tebhaga Movement - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Tebhaga_Movement|access-date=24 November 2021|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> The [[Tebhaga movement|Tebhaga Movement]] was the first movement Santhal got involved in. In 1952 Santhal had a conflict with jotedar, Serket Sing of Hatighisa, about the tebhaga issue (movement to reduce the landlord share of land to one third).<ref name=":3" /> At the time, the landless sharecroppers who were doing the actual farming had to give up half of their harvest to the landlords. The sharecroppers only wanted to give up one third of their harvest to the landlords. Tebhaga means two thirds representing the sharecroppers wanting to keep two thirds of their harvest.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Charu and Son: Revisiting the Legacy of a Revolutionary Father 50 Years After Naxalbari|url=https://thewire.in/government/naxalbari-abhijit-mazumdar-charu-mazumdar|access-date=24 November 2021|website=The Wire}}</ref> The landholders refused to accept the terms dictated by their tenants and called in police causing many of the tebhaga activists arrested and jailed.<ref name=":9" /> The slogan Santhal and fellow leaders instilled was, "‘We may die by a bullet, but not by starving."<ref name=":6" /> The movement strengthened at times but, Santhal did not have a large organization of followers at the time; therefore, the conflict ended poorly as his followers were brutally beaten by Serket Sing and his associates.<ref name=":3" /> The state made great efforts to suppress the agricultural workers. During one of the rallies, peasants attempted to grab rifles from the police which resulted in the police firing and killing 11 people.<ref name=":6" /> They wanted to abolish the zamindari (feudal landlord) system which was unsuccessful.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Sepia Stories: Bimala Maji, freedom fighter who helped abolish Zamindari system - SheThePeople TV|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/home-top-video/sepia-stories-bimala-maji-freedom-fighter-who-helped-abolish-zamindari-system/|access-date=24 November 2021|language=en-US}}</ref> The Communist party was also involved and felt that things were getting out of hand and the party's state leadership called off the agitation.<ref name=":6" /> Police also threatened Communist Party leaders that they would take away their wives.<ref name=":7" /> The movement was significant because it was an early example of a peasant movement using violence as a political resistance tool as well as displaying unity across [[caste]], gender, and religion.<ref name=":3" /> The Tebhaga Movement created a surge of woman power and womans defense units were set up.<ref name=":7" /> Leaders like Santhal continued to organize peasants and tea garden workers urging them grab excess land and revolt against exploitations by the landlords.<ref name=":6" /> The Naxalbari uprising was a continuation of the Tebhaga Movement which is where Santhal learned valuable lessons and organized plantation and agricultural workers.<ref name=":6" /><br />
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=== Tea Garden Workers' Movement (1955) ===<br />
The Tea Garden Workers' Movement started in [[Darjeeling]]. Santhal was around the tea garden workers daily and witnessed their struggles. Tea garden workers were exploited and tortured by joetedars on various occasions and Santhal helped to search for illegal land of the jotedars.<ref name=":3" /> Santhal also played important roles in the strike of the worker to demand payment bonuses for the workers. Santhal led a movement to remove a water blockade to help a farmer when an owner of the Chaupukhuria tea garden stopped supplying irrigation water to the farmer's land.<ref name=":0" /><br />
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=== Naxalbari Uprising (1967) ===<br />
The Naxalite movement of was named after the village of Naxalbari in West Bengal where it started.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Krishnamurthy|first=Aruna|date=2017|title=The Revolutionary Man in Naxalite Literature|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/653985|journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism|volume=11|issue=1|pages=135–161|doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0135|s2cid=151979693|issn=1930-1197|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In West Bengal on 2 March 1967, a United Front Government was formed by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref name="TNM" /> On 18 March 1967, Santhal was part of a Peasants' Council in the [[Darjeeling district]] that resolved to re-distribute the land to the sharecroppers and prepare for an armed struggle against landlords. This council was in response to the United Front Government's formation, which the participants of the peasant's council saw as too moderate and a betrayal of the party vision.<ref name="TNM" /> This led to peasants across the area gradually rising up against their oppressive landlords and establishing their own revolutionary committees, thereby giving themselves political power. By May 1967, it is estimated that they could have been able to control the [[Phansidewa]], [[Kharibari]], and [[Naxalbari]] regions of the Darjeeling district.<ref name="TNM" /> The rebellion came to a head when a young sharecropper of the Naxalbari region was attacked by men sent by his landlord on 2 March. The response to this was that sharecroppers and peasants across the region started violently and forcibly take back their land; Jangal Santhal the primary leader and organizer of this uprising.<ref name="TNM" /> When a police party headed by inspector Sonam Wangdi arrived to arrest some peasant leaders, they were ambushed by Santhal's group armed with bows and arrows. In the ensuing conflict nine members of Sangal's group were killed and Sonam Wangdi and two other officers were injured in the attack. Wangdi died two days later.<ref name="TNM" /> On 25 May 1967, the police, in an act of retaliation, fired on a large crowd and ended up killing ten people, seven of which were women and two who were children.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/naxalite-ideology-charu-s-eight-documents/story-hiCWDlzyc5yNRgYkBMX1qL.html|title=Eight Documents|work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> The CPI (M) after much deliberation denounced the violence in Naxalbari, from both the peasants and the police, and ordered extensive police action in Naxalbari to stop the revolt. The extensive police operations began on 12 July, and the United Front Government stamped out the rebellion after 72 days.<ref name="TNM" /> This included the barring of Jangal Santhal's family from working in order to stop them from providing for themselves so they may starve.<ref name="IS" /> Santhal was arrested in at some point that same year<ref name="TNM" /> and was released in 1969.<ref name="IS" /><br />
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== Other important figures in the Naxalbari uprising ==<br />
=== Kanu Sanyal ===<br />
[[File:Kanusanyal.JPG|thumb|Kanu Sanyal]]<br />
Kanu Sanyal was a comrade to Santhal. He was a leader in the Tebhaga Movement and badly beaten like Santhal. Kanu Sanyal initiated the Naxalbari uprising in which Santhal supported and joined. After Charu Majumdar's death Sanyal wanted to blame the Naxalbari Uprising's failure on him which Santhal did not support even though they were very close. Sanyal committed suicide on 23 March 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Naxal leader Kanu Sanyal commits suicide|url=https://news.rediff.com/report/2010/mar/23/top-naxal-leader-kanu-sanyal-commits-suicide.htm|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><br />
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=== Charu Majumdar ===<br />
Charu Majumdar was a founder and chief theoretician of the Naxalite movement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Walking With The Comrades {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/walking-with-the-comrades/264738|access-date=24 November 2021|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en}}</ref> Charu Mazumdar was inspired by early Naxalite leaders as well as by the success of [[Mao Zedong]] of China.<ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine|author=Prabhash K. Dutta |date=25 May 2017 |title=50 years of Naxalbari movement: Classic case of fight for right cause with wrong means|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/naxalbari-movement-maoism-charu-mazumdar-kanu-sanyal-jangal-santhal-979195-2017-05-25|access-date=24 November 2021|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> Majumdar used Mao's ideas in the context of West Bengla and framed strategies to suit his surroundings to overthrow the ruling elite.<ref name=":8" /> He was born in a progressive landlord family and a son of an active freedom fighter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 May 2003|title=Charu Majumdar -- The Father of Naxalism|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/charu-majumdar-the-father-of-naxalism/story-xMbqnzd7MJp8nm4NamCxqJ.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He joined Tebhaga movement in 1946 before Santhal.<ref name=":0" /> The Communist Party of India (M-L) was initially led by Charu Mazumdar, until his murder by the police in a torture prison in Kolkata (Calcutta) in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CPI(M-L) [original party formed in 1967]|url=http://www.bannedthought.net/India/CPI(ML)-Orig/index.htm|access-date=25 November 2021|website=www.bannedthought.net}}</ref><br />
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== Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) ==<br />
[[File:South Asian Communist Banner.svg|alt=|thumb|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) FLAG]]<br />
Because of the violence and negative attention the Naxalbari Uprising had brought to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], the party leadership dispelled many members who participated or supported the uprising, with more members leaving on their own.<ref name="TNM">{{cite journal |last1=Chandra |first1=Amitabha |title=The Naxalbari Movement |journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science |date=March 1990 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=22–45 |jstor=41855467 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41855467}}</ref> Many of these expelled members went on to create the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] on 22 April 1969, and Jangal Santhal was present for its creation. In January 1970 he was given membership to the Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) at the West Bengal State Conference.<ref name=":0" /> Today Comrade Jangal Santhal is still recognized as a legendary leader by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
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== Arrest and death (1970–1977) ==<br />
Santhal was arrested in July 1970, starting in Darjeeling jail and then moved to Alipur Central Jail. While in jail, he was an enthusiastic leader of all the struggles of Naxalite prisoners.<ref name=":0" /> While in prison, the government offered to release all Naxalite prisoners if they joined the masses and gave up their ideal of armed revolution. Santhal and other leaders turned down this request.<ref name="IS">{{cite journal |last1=Sarkar |first1=Ichhimuddin |title=Jangal Santal and the Peasant Movement of Naxalbari: A Glance over a Forgotten Chapter of Indian History |journal=Vidyasagar University Journal of History |volume=V |pages=119–127 |url=http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4489/1/Ichhimuddin%20Sarkar.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112024832/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4489/1/Ichhimuddin%20Sarkar.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 31 July 1972, while Jangal Santhal was in prison, the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was formally dissolved. Santhal was released in 1977, but found himself isolated. He wanted to revive the Naxalabri movement but became frustrated with things not gaining attention like they did before.<ref name=":0" /> [[Kanu Sanyal]] wanted to blame Comrade [[Charu Majumdar|Charu Mazumdar]] for the failure of the Naxalbari uprising, but Santhal did support this idea.<ref name=":0" /> Not much is known of his life after his release from prison until his death. Santhal suffered from depression and alcoholism. He died of public shame and disgrace, never getting to see his country change for the better.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=The last of the three|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-last-of-the-three/595405/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> He died on 4 December 1988.<ref>Jangal Santhal dead |The Times of India, Bombay, 6 December 1988, p. 15</ref><br />
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== Reputation and legacy ==<br />
According to peasants and tea garden workers, Santhal was an adored leader. He displayed courage, dedication, unparalleled discipline, and hard work.<ref name=":0" /> Santhal is acknowledged as a founder of today's tea garden workers movement. Santhal loved to work hard doing unpleasant tasks. In the 1950s when Santhal was badly beaten in the movement demanding tebhaga in the land of landlord Sherket Singh, he became more determined to organize peasants in the [[terai]] region.<ref name=":0" /> He was an advocate for the suffering people. For instance, he voiced his opinion against the distribution of illegal landed property in the conference of the KrishakSabha held in 1959.<ref name=":0" /> Santhal was not a traditional leader in the way that he related to the people. His whole family has been a victim of political activities. In a caste-ridden society like India, the rise of Santhal as a leader is uncommon in the historiography of India because of his lower-class origin.<ref name=":3" /> He sympathized with the peasants because he was around them daily and saw their struggles. “In spite of any proper ideological training or association with any Marxist leader comrade Jangal soon earned reputation as a leader and gradually turned into a leading figure in the party due to his extra-ordinary commitment and unparallel sympathy for the poverty-stricken people of his locality. In no time he became a symbol of ‘class struggle.”<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Sarkar|first=Ichhimuddin|title=Jangal Santal and the Peasant Movement of Naxalbari: A Glance over a Forgotten Chapter of Indian History|url=http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4489/1/Ichhimuddin%20Sarkar.pdf|journal=Vidyasagar University Journal of History|volume=V|pages=119–127|archive-date=12 November 2021|access-date=12 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112024832/http://inet.vidyasagar.ac.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4489/1/Ichhimuddin%20Sarkar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was recognized by being given a membership in the Provincial Committee of the CPI (ML).<ref name=":3" /> According to Comrade Souren Basu, one of the prominent figures of Naxalbari movement, Santhal always showed what knowledge and wisdom stand for in the way that the steps and principles he used were based on reality and not on any theory.<ref name=":3" /> Despite the destruction of the Naxalite movement, Santhal helped create a shift in goals, strategy, and constituency setting the movement apart from previous peasant movements. The goal of a radical political transformation of peasant history and identity, from a class-in-itself into a class-for-itself became clear.<ref name=":1" /> The Naxalbari uprising inspired hundreds of urban revolutionaries to leave their careers, education, and work to spread the movement.<ref name=":2" /> Today, Naxalbari is more like a town (It has roads, schools, even a college) than a village, and is no longer deprived.<ref name=":4" /> Landlords did not like Santhal and described him as a cruel, devilish, murderous villain.<ref name=":0" /> Although Santhal is often associated with the violence of the Naxalbari uprising and the death of Sonam Wangdi, he didn't actually support the idea of ''khatamline'', or the use of violence for the purpose of political gain.<ref name="IS" /> The Naxalbari uprising was actually inspired by Mao's ideology and strategy of guerilla warfare.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|first1=Mahendra|last1=Kumawat|first2=Niranjan|last2=Sahoo|title=Fifty years after Naxalbari: It's time for a new narrative|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/fifty-years-after-naxalbari-its-time-for-a-new-narrative/|access-date=12 November 2021|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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Although many praise Jangal Santhal for his work and focus on peasant tribal movements as they try to carve out a voice for themselves, this also plays into the reason why he is so often forgotten, as well as his dislike of unnecessary violence. As the Naxalite movement spread and fragmented into a multitude of subgroups with different views on topics such as violence, those groups did their best to wipe the original, non-violent, ideological origins of the movement.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=25 March 2010|title=The last of the three|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-last-of-the-three/|access-date=22 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Due to that, memorials and the like around India, and Naxalbari specifically, for people like Jangal Santhal and his comrade [[Kanu Sanyal]] are non-existent, and their history has been largely forgotten.<ref name=":5" /><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Santhal, Jangal}}<br />
[[Category:Indian communists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Naxalites]]<br />
[[Category:1925 births]]<br />
[[Category:1988 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bengal]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Veyyon_Silli&diff=544212Veyyon Silli2026-01-20T06:55:50Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added new post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|2020 song from Soorarai Pottru}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox song<br />
| name = Veyyon Silli<br />
| cover = <br />
| type = single<br />
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] (Composer) and [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]] (Singer)<br />
| album = [[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|Soorarai Pottru]]<br />
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| released = 13 February 2020<br />
| recorded = October 2019<br />
| studio = Divine Labs, Chennai<br />
| genre = [[Melody]], [[Music of India|Indian folk]], [[progressive rock]]<br />
| length = 5:04<br />
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]<br />
| writer = <br />
| composer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| lyricist = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]<br />
| producer = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
| tracks = # "Mannurunda"<br />
# "'''Veyyon Silli'''"<br />
# "[[Kaattu Payale]]"<br />
# "Sooravalli"<br />
# "Naalu Nimisham"<br />
# "Aagasam"<br />
# "Maara Theme"<br />
# "Usurey"<br />
# "Kaiyiley Aagasam" (bonus track)<br />
| misc = {{External music video|type=single|{{YouTube|mLKOHMvAwMk|"Veyyon Silli"}}<br />
}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
"'''Veyyon Silli'''" ({{Translation|A piece in the sun}}) is the 2020 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language song featured in the [[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|soundtrack]] of the Tamil film ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''. Directed by [[Sudha Kongara]], and produced by Suriya under his [[2D Entertainment]] banner, starring himself in the lead role. The song is composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]], and sung by [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]] and written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]. It is a fusion of [[melody]], [[Indian folk music|folk]] and [[progressive rock]], and was picturised on Suriya and [[Aparna Balamurali]]. The track was launched on 13 February 2020 at a special [[Boeing 737]] aircraft flying on mid-air, the first time in Tamil cinema to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2020-02-13|title='Veyyon Silli' from Suriya's 'Soorarai Pottru' launched aboard SpiceJet flight|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/veyyon-silli-from-suriyas-soorarai-pottru-launched-aboard-spicejet-flight/article30809394.ece|access-date=2022-02-15|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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== Development ==<br />
The recording of the song took place during October 2019, with [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]], playback singer and frontman of the [[Bangalore]]-based [[Contemporary Music|contemporary]] [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] [[progressive rock]] band [[Agam (band)|Agam]], sung the track.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Agam's frontman Harish Sivaramakrishnan joins Soorarai Pottru as singer - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/agams-frontman-harish-sivaramakrishnan-joins-soorarai-pottru-as-singer/articleshow/71630550.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> According to Prakash, it is a [[melody]] number fused with [[Indian folk music|Indian folk]] and progressive rock, that renders a "new genre in sounding".<ref name=":0" /> The track was written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], in his maiden collaboration with [[Suriya]], and was the first song he had written for the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-31|title=Suriya's Soorarai Pottru Veyyon Silli song will be the first collaboration of Suriya and Lyricist Vivek|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-veyyon-silli-song-will-be-the-first-collaboration-of-suriya-and-lyricist-vivek.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> According to Vivek, the title "Veyyon Silli" served as a [[Colloquialism|colloquial]] meaning to "suriyanin thundu" (a piece of the sun), where "Veyyon" means it as 'sun' and is considered to be "a beautiful word in the Tamil literature".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Soorarai Pottru lyricist Vivek speaks about Veyyon Silli|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2020/feb/13/exclusive-soorarai-pottru-lyricist-vivek-speaks-about-veyyon-silli-17025.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en}}</ref> In an interview with Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', Vivek had said that "when a song is featured in a film that has such a big star like Suriya, people will surely pay more attention to the lyrics".<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
The song was released on 13 February 2020, coinciding the eve of [[Valentine's Day]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-08|title=Soorarai Pottru grand audio release in unique way! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suriya-soorarai-pottru-first-of-its-kind-audio-launch-plan-tamil-news-253060|access-date=2022-02-15|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The release coincided with a special launching ceremony that was held at [[Chennai International Airport]] where the team planned to launch the single inside the [[Boeing 737]] aircraft flying on mid-air, which is the first in Tamil cinema, to hold a film's song launch during mid-air flight.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=February 12, 2020 |title=Soorarai Pottru: Suriya and team to take 100 kids on a flight to launch Veyyon Silli song|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/soorarai-pottru-suriya-and-team-to-take-100-kids-on-a-flight-to-launch-veyyon-silli-song-1645668-2020-02-12|access-date=2022-02-15|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> The team collaborated with [[SpiceJet]] as the official aviation partner and had launched a special Boeing 737 passenger jet with the film's poster being branded on it.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Suriya's Soorarai Pottru to release a branded Spiceject plane on February 13|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-to-release-a-branded-spiceject-plane-on-february-13.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Behindwoods}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-11|title=Suriya's Soorarai Pottru Veyyon Sili to release mid air on Feb 13th in Spicejet Boeing 737|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-veyyon-sili-to-release-mid-air-on-feb-13th-in-spicejet-boeing-737.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> 100 first-time fliers including 70 school children are invited to the single track launch which was held during mid-air flight.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Subramanian|first=Anupama|date=2020-02-15|title=Audio launch in the sky|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/150220/audio-launch-in-the-sky.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title='Veyyon Silli' song launched mid-air, Suriya takes 70 first time flyer kids on flight|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veyyon-silli-song-launched-mid-air-suriya-takes-70-first-time-flyer-kids-flight-118101|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The song was simultaneously launched on all streaming platforms, the same day, along with the Telugu-version of the track "Pilla Puli".<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-13|title=Soorarai Pottru song Veyyon Silli: This GV Prakash number is an earworm|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/veyyon-silli-soorarai-pottru-song-suriya-6266430/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Antara Chakraborty of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the song as "an earworm as the beats are catchy".<ref name=":2" /> Critic-based at ''Behindwoods'' called it as an "enjoyable track" similar to "Othayadi Pathayile" from ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]'' (2018) and said "The song is well composed as it clearly makes you want to get from your sedentary position and tap your foot. The song has a rural background in its instrumental arrangement in the second layer if you pay attention and also employs good percussion to suit the current trends."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-15|title=Soorarai Pottru - Veyyon Silli music review {{!}} Suriya {{!}} G.V. Prakash Kumar|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/soorarai-pottru-veyyon-silli-music-review-suriya-gv-prakash-kumar.html|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Behindwoods}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' chose "Veyyon Silli" as one of his favourite picks and stated it as "the track has smattering of rock elements in it as well, making for a heady combo".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-18|title=Soorarai Pottru – Music Review (Tamil Movie Soundtrack)|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2020/11/17/soorarai-pottru-music-review-tamil-movie-soundtrack/|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' in his weekly review, wrote "GVP gets many things perfectly right in the song. His own captivating tune and the jaunty rhythms is one. Vivek's lyrics, full of interesting wordplay is another. The best part is the choice of Agam's lead singer, Harish Sivaramakrishnan. Harish is stunningly good in his rendition of this high-pitched melody."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-15|title=Milliblog Weeklies, Week 106 – Feb.16, 2020 by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2020/02/15/milliblog-weeklies-week-106-feb-16-2020/|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Commercial performance ==<br />
For the digital news platform ''[[The News Minute]]'', Anjana Shekar listed the song, along with "[[Kaattu Payale]]" (another track from the film) in the year-ender review ''7 Tamil Songs That Needed in Your Playlist''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-21|title=2020 is almost over, celebrate with these 7 Tamil songs in your playlist|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/2020-almost-over-celebrate-these-7-tamil-songs-your-playlist-140028|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Spotify chose "Veyyon Silli" and five other tracks from the film's album in their ''Top Tamil Tracks of 2020''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top Tamil Tracks of 2020|url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DWZ06oMmguR2l|access-date=2022-02-15|website=Spotify|language=en|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112075117/https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DWZ06oMmguR2l|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the most streamed Tamil song on [[JioSaavn]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=JioSaavn|date=|title=Top 5 Tamil Songs of 2020|url=https://twitter.com/JioSaavn/status/1341028988257353730|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2021-01-08|website=}}</ref> As of February 2022, the song garnered about 66 million views, with the lyrical version gained more views (41 million views) than the video song.<ref name=":3">{{Citation|title=Soorarai Pottru - Veyyon Silli Lyric {{!}} Suriya {{!}} G.V. Prakash Kumar {{!}} Sudha Kongara|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f_ho4Wem0w|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Citation|title=Soorarai Pottru - Veyyon Silli Video {{!}} Suriya {{!}} G.V. Prakash Kumar {{!}} Sudha Kongara|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mLKOHMvAwMk|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Credits and personnel ==<br />
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
{{div col|colwidth=35em}}<br />
* [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] – [[composer]]<br />
* [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]] – [[playback singer]]<br />
* [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] – [[lyrics]]<br />
* Rajkumar Amal – [[Record producer|music producer]]<br />
* Balaji – solo [[violin]]<br />
* KC Balasarangan – [[Backing vocalist|backing vocals]]<br />
* Sarath Santhosh – backing vocals<br />
* Ala B Bala – backing vocals<br />
* Sanjay Chandrashekhar – [[Recording engineer|recording]] and [[Music supervisor|supervision]] (Divine Labs, [[Chennai]])<br />
* Jehovahson Alghar – [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] and [[Mastering (audio)|mastering]] (Divine Labs, Chennai)<br />
* [[Shadab Rayeen]] – [[Mastered for iTunes|iTunes mastering]] (New Edge Studios, [[Mumbai]])<br />
* Abhishek Sortey – mastering assistance<br />
* Dhanunjey Kapekar – mastering assistance<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
== Track listings ==<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Performer(s)<br />
| title1 = Veyyon Silli<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]<br />
| length1 = 5:04<br />
| headline = Original<ref>{{Citation|title=Veyyon Silli|date=2020-07-24|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/3lKfblrmg9wwRbK6y8EUkl|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Performer(s)<br />
| title1 = Pilla Puli<br />
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]<br />
| length1 = 5:03<br />
| headline = Telugu<ref>{{Citation|title=Pilla Puli|date=2020-07-24|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/06zDtXbVc9gnMHirrt6i99|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Performer(s)<br />
| title1 = Naguthalai<br />
| lyrics1 = Anirudh Sastry<br />
| extra1 = Anirudh Sastry<br />
| length1 = 5:07<br />
| headline = Kannada<ref>{{Citation|title=Naguthalai|date=2020-10-30|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/2AqbesZoymMpRfY11m8Bea|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
{{track listing<br />
| extra_column = Performer(s)<br />
| title1 = Andhikku Koottu<br />
| lyrics1 = Sudamsu<br />
| extra1 = Sarath Santhosh<br />
| length1 = 5:07<br />
| headline = Malayalam<ref>{{Citation|title=Andhikku Kootu|date=2020-10-30|url=https://open.spotify.com/track/12RAye4wFqMGvgDdHhErlB|language=en|access-date=2022-02-15}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
!Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
! scope="col" |Category<br />
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col" |Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|19 September 2021]]<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]<br />
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-08-20|title=SIIMA Awards 2021 Nominations: The Award Ceremony To Be Held In Hyderabad On September 11, 12|url=https://indianexpress.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2021-nominations-south-indian-international-movie-awards-asuran-kumbalangi-nights-maharshi-1477353|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 9th South Indian International Movie Awards Nominations for 2020|url=https://siima.in/2020-nominations.php|access-date=24 August 2021|website=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=SIIMA: Soorarai Pottru, Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo win big, K Viswanath honoured with Lifetime Achievement Award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-dhanush-manju-warrier-samantha-akkineni-among-big-winners-at-siima-2021-7519773/|access-date=2021-09-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] <br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer - Tamil|Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil]]<br />
|[[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020 songs]]<br />
[[Category:Indian songs]]<br />
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]<br />
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bharat_Forge_Co._Ltd._v._Uttam_Manohar_Nakate&diff=490874Bharat Forge Co. Ltd. v. Uttam Manohar Nakate2026-01-19T21:48:28Z<p>JosefinaK97: started a article</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian labour law}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox court case<br />
| name = Bharat Forge Co Ltd v. Nakate<br />
| court = Supreme Court<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| date decided = <br />
| full name = <br />
| citations = [2005] [http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/2005/45.html INSC 45]<br />
| judges = <br />
| number of judges = <br />
| prior actions = <br />
| subsequent actions = <br />
| opinions = <br />
| transcripts = <br />
| keywords = Labour, dismissal<br />
}}<br />
'''''Bharat Forge Co Ltd v. Uttam Manohar Nakate''''' [2005] [http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/2005/45.html INSC 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224163037/http://www.liiofindia.org/in/cases/cen/INSC/2005/45.html |date=24 February 2021 }} is an [[Indian labour law]] judicial decision concerning the dismissal of a worker who was found to be asleep in 1983. After 22 years, the [[Supreme Court of India]] upheld the dismissal of the employee in question.<ref name="sleepysystem"/><br />
<br />
==Facts==<br />
Uttam was a helper in [[Bharat Forge]].<ref name="Caught napping"/> He was found lying fast asleep on an iron plate in the corner of the department at 11:40 a.m. on 26 August 1983.<ref name="Uttam Manohar Nakate vs Bharat Forge Company Ltd., Pune"/> This was the fourth time this had happened.<ref name="Uttam Manohar Nakate vs Bharat Forge Company Ltd., Pune">{{cite web|title=Uttam Manohar Nakate vs Bharat Forge Company Ltd., Pune|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/763806/|publisher=indiankanoon.org|access-date=5 July 2012}}</ref> After five months of disciplinary hearings, the company fired him in January 1984.<ref name="indiamodel"/> Uttam went to court, which found the company guilty of "unfair labour practice" and forced the factory to take Uttam back and pay him 50 percent of his lost wages.<ref name="indiamodel"/> The company appealed the decision before the [[Bombay High Court]] and eventually to the [[Supreme Court of India]], reported as AIR 2005 SC 947.<br />
<br />
==Judgment==<br />
In 2005 the Supreme Court came to the conclusion that the company had the right to fire him.<ref name="indiamodel"/><br />
<br />
{{Cquote|If the punishment is harsh, albeit a lesser punishment may be imposed, but such an order cannot be passed on an irrational or extraneous factor and certainly not on a compassionate ground.<br />
<br />
In ''Regional Manager, Rajasthan State Road Transport Corporation v Sohan Lal'' (2004) 8 SCC 218, it has been held that it is not the normal jurisdiction of the superior courts to interfere with the quantum of sentence unless it is wholly disproportionate to the misconduct proved. Such is not the case herein. In the facts and circumstances of the case and having regard to the past conduct of the Respondent as also his conduct during the domestic enquiry proceeding, we cannot say that the quantum of punishment imposed upon the Respondent was wholly disproportionate to his act of misconduct or otherwise arbitrary.}}<br />
<br />
==Significance==<br />
Nakate's case is often used as an example of the problems with [[Indian labour law]] system of requiring government approval before dismissals can take effect.<ref name="sleepysystem">{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/sleepy-system/124536/|title=Sleepy system|publisher=Financial Express}}</ref><ref name="Caught napping">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050130/spectrum/ultapulta.htm|title=Caught napping|publisher=The Tribune India}}</ref><ref name="indiamodel">{{cite web|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060701faessay85401-p0/gurcharan-das/the-india-model.html|title=The India Model|author=Gurcharan Das|publisher=Foreign Affairs|date=July–August 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090307101534/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20060701faessay85401-p0/gurcharan-das/the-india-model.html|archive-date=2009-03-07}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{quotation|Aside from highlighting the problem of India's lethargic legal system, Uttam's case dramatizes how the country's labor laws actually reduce employment, by making employers afraid to hire workers in the first place. The rules protect existing unionized workers -- sometimes referred to as the "[[labor aristocracy]]" -- at the expense of everyone else. At this point, the labor aristocracy comprises only 10 percent of the Indian work force.|Gurcharan Das on the [[Foreign Affairs]] magazine.<ref name="indiamodel"/>}}<br />
<br />
{{quotation|The fact that we finally got a sound judgement shows we do have a system of checks and balances for those with the stamina to travel the course. But the more important point is why did our judges take 22 years to decide the set of appeals? How long, then, will our court system take to handle more complex issues? One reason investors hesitate to put their money into India is the problem of getting any dispute adjudicated and enforced in a reasonable time. Uttam's case shows those fears are very real. Worse, what does it say about our system's ability to deliver simple and swift justice to the average Indian?|[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]<ref name="sleepysystem"/>}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Indian labour law]]<br />
*[[UK labour law]]<br />
*[[Unfair dismissal]]<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Labour relations in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian case law]]<br />
[[Category:Indian labour law]]<br />
[[Category:Indian labour case law]]<br />
[[Category:Labour case law]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhai_Trilochan_Singh_Panesar&diff=450689Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar2026-01-19T00:13:05Z<p>JosefinaK97: Expanded content with additional details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Social worker in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}<br />
{{inline|date=June 2023}}<br />
[[File:Bhai trilochan singh panesar.jpg|thumb|Picture of Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar also known as Veerji.]]<br />
'''Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar''' also known as '''Veerji''' (18 November 1937 – 19 March 2010) was a social worker in India. He is famously known as Jhaaroo (broom) Wale Veerji as he made it his mission to clean all the major historical [[Gurdwara]]s in Delhi. He organised his team of volunteers to prepare food whole day and feed thousands of people through [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] (community kitchen) every morning, in front of [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]], [[Chandni Chowk]], [[Delhi]].<br />
<br />
Veerji was born in [[Mandalay]], [[Burma]] on 18 November 1937. His father Sadhoo Singh served in the [[British Indian Army]] during [[World War II]] and later in the [[Indian Railways]]. Singh retired as a technical officer with the [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]], Pusa, [[New Delhi]]. He died on 19 March 2010. His wife was Sardarni Dalip Kaur. She died on 5 Mar 2008. The couple had two sons, Premjit Singh Panesar and Kamaljeet Singh, who are now continuing the mission started by their parents. Veerji was deeply influenced by the teachings of Sikh Gurus, Bhai Kanhaiya, and Mother Teresa.<br />
<br />
== Works ==<br />
Noted columnist [[Khushwant Singh]] wrote a column in ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' in September 2002 appreciating his work with the article "No One Will Go Hungry" ([http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020907/windows/above.htm]) after seeing his volunteers distribute food to pilgrims in Sach Khand Express train. He discouraged people from drawing commercial benefit from sale of Sikh religious texts and instead distributed them free of cost. He campaigned for a vegetarian diet. He organized camps for the inmates of Tihar Jail, New Delhi, and many jails in states such as [[Bihar]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] in which free eye check-up and distribution of spectacles, scanning and treatment for [[tuberculosis]], and distribution of clothes for inmates was organized. He and his teams cremate unclaimed dead bodies in various mortuaries around the city with the help of [[Department of Police, Delhi]]. He has immunized several of people for [[Hepatitis B]]. He, in various capacities, constructed and repaired a number of crematoriums. He hired land to grow crops from which grain could be used for feeding the poor.<br />
<br />
== Construction works ==<br />
Veerji helped in the construction of many temples. He contributed in construction of Gurudwara Moti Bagh and the [[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib|pond at Bangla Sahib]]. He got many [[tube well]]s dug in the city to provide water for drinking and cleaning. He started Virdhashram, a hospital where patients who need continued care are admitted. The last project he started was the construction of a multi-storeyed bath room block building in the [[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]] near Cannaught Place, New Delhi. His team is currently constructing a multi-utility building at Gurudwara Bala Sahib in Delhi. The Langar Hall has been completed and a living accommodation for pilgrims and travellers is being completed.<br />
<br />
== Emergency services ==<br />
<br />
He constructed a 200-bed hospital in [[Limbdi]], [[Gujarat]] as a part of [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] relief works. He also worked to provide relief during events such as [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], bomb blasts at [[Sarojini Nagar]], New Delhi, [[Bihar]] floods in September 2008. His team contributed in relief work for the 2014 floods in Kashmir.<br />
<br />
== Early life==<br />
Veerji was born in Mandalay in Burma; it is said that in 1942 some of his family members were killed during the Japanese bombing. He was a five-year-old child, was picked up by his elder sister and brought to Punjab. His father who was then serving in Army, discovered that his children were alive much later. He studied in a village [[Madrasah|madrassa]] initially and in a school. He joined Engineering College at [[Nilokheri]], [[Haryana]], where he earned his diploma in civil engineering. Veerji joined PWD Punjab, and was involved in survey work in Rohtang Pass. He came on deputation to New Delhi for construction of IIT Delhi. He left IIT in 1971, and joined IARI Pusa.<br />
<br />
== Highlighting Sikhism ==<br />
Veerji encouraged marriages without dowry. He organized many marriages, and advised the couples to avoid expenditure. He opposed abortion and urged people instead to give such children to him, so that he could care for orphans. He helped many orphans by settling them in good families. Veerji discouraged ritualism, and orthodox behaviour.<br />
<br />
==His Philosophy==<br />
Life is short, make the best use of it. Realize that service (sewa) and prayer (simran) are the only two bedrocks of life. Without mercy in the heart even a saint becomes a monster. To achieve anything one has to first give up slumber, rest and one has to undergo pain. Giving is no giving till it pains to give. Serving is no serving till it pains to serve. When there is opposition, and hurt, the service is accepted by Almighty. Seek no publicity, work alone without politics, there are many who will value your work. If you are running after fame and respect, God is never happy. Serve the needy in silence. Nature rewards the humble. Serve the needy. Compassion is the most important quality in a person, the start point of religion. Without compassion, all is futile. Remembering God always, and making small prayers (Ardaas) before each work gets success. Building temples and places of worship is good, but real good thing is to serve humanity, and nature. Realize that each breath we take takes us closer to our end, do not waste time in petty affairs. Work with own hands, humbly. Share and consume, and do not eat meat. Your food itself should be pure, do not consume intoxicants. Do not use drugs, or tobacco. Suffering bad words, without reacting is real tapasya(strenuous worship). God loves us, and looks after us, he is always close to us, and cares for us. When you are serving the needy, you are serving God.<br />
Service in which there is no pain involved is no service, giving is no giving till it pains to give. If you face opposition in your works, consider it as certain that success is near and you are about to be blessed. Shun the company of publicity seekers, they do work for fame and will barter your works for personal selfish motives. If you get into worry, feed the birds, worry disappears from under the roof of the house on which birds feed. If you have less money and cannot feed the birds, feed the ants, as they will be satisfied with just a few grams of sugar and flour (chini te atta). It is the number of souls which are satisfied by you which will matter. If you are in a great problem, and cannot get any results, go to a butchery, buy a pregnant cow, or an animal about to be butchered. Get that animal released, care for it, and you will be blessed. Release fish which is about to be eaten, into flowing water/ponds. Give water to the thirsty. Clothes to those who have none. Bandage the injured and those who cannot afford it. Sweep the floors of prayer houses, keep them clean. One who pays daily respects to a Master is loved by his master. Salute God daily, in each breath you take. Remembrance is being with Him. Have a contract with God: I will do your works, You do mine.<br />
<br />
==Current works==<br />
Veerji is revered as a saint by many. All projects started by him are still continuing. People who respect the way shown by him for humanitarian services continue to contribute their energies in the mission started by him. His mission seeks no donations in cash.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
* Khushwant Singh (2002) in [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020907/windows/above.htm No One Will Go Hungry]. ''The Tribune'', 7 September 2002. Retrieved on 29 April 2010.<br />
* Gabriel Brau (2010) in [http://gabrielbrau.blogspot.com/2010_09_01_archive.html Visit to India - 6]. A photoessay on blogspot.com tell the story.<br />
* Jeroem Swolf's Reportage in [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724154644/http://www.jeroenswolfs.nl/frame.php?catId=21136 Chandni Chowk Mornings] An independent foreign reporter covers the Morning Services in Delhi.<br />
* Streets of the World in [http://www.streetsoftheworld.nl/countries/new_delhi/431 Activity at Chandni Chowk, New Delhi—Feeding the Hungry and tending to the sick and wounded.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306043451/http://streetsoftheworld.nl/countries/new_delhi/431 |date=6 March 2016 }}<br />
* Gobind Times a website devoted to Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar and his writings in [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143026/http://gobindtimes.in/ Gobind Times—A Mouthpiece of Veerji].<br />
* Why Not Give article in Times of India (Speaking Tree) dated 14 Oct 2012 [http://www.speakingtree.in/spiritual-articles/lifestyle/why-not-give].<br />
* Keeping humanity alive on Delhi streets by Tamanna Naseer (The Statesman) dated 5 Sep 2015 accessed at [http://www.thestatesman.com/news/features/keeping-humanity-alive-on-delhi-streets/87773.html].<br />
* Photography by Branson Q 360 Bhai Trilochan Singh Panesar at [http://bransonq360.com/p940366922] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101154622/http://bransonq360.com/p940366922 |date=1 January 2018 }}.<br />
* Zee TV coverage about medical services provided by this mission in Hindi, TV grab at Facebook at [https://www.facebook.com/jaswinder.kaur.714655/videos/10157387960785171/].<br />
* Prime Asia TV, Canada has covered the mission in a 25-minute documentary in Punjabi and Hindi at [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ukQgDwQviq8&feature=youtu.be].<br />
* Hospital on Street, an inspirational video on YouTube at [https://www.youtube.com/attribution_link?a=OH_tGsS6Eoo&u=%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUxF69VH5EpI%26feature%3Dshare].<br />
* National Geographic TV Channel coverage in Programme Mega Kitchens about team's contribution in Hola Mahalla and Baisakhi, Facebook post on TV grab at [https://www.facebook.com/jaswinder.kaur.714655/videos/10157386819345171/].<br />
* Coverage on Navbharat Times, 03 Dec 17, Facebook post Facebook post at [https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=1942141045813243&id=100000520982686].<br />
{{Sikhism}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Panesar, Bhai Trilochan}}<br />
[[Category:1937 births]]<br />
[[Category:2010 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulmohar_(2009_film)&diff=463623Gulmohar (2009 film)2026-01-12T10:26:22Z<p>JosefinaK97: small changes</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Gulmohar<br />
| image = Gulmohar (Film 2009).jpg<br />
| alt = <!-- see WP:ALT --><br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Gajendra Ahire]]<br />
| producer = Uttam Jhavar<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| starring = [[Sonali Kulkarni]]<br />[[Rajit Kapoor]]<br />[[Jeetendra Joshi]]<br />[[Mohan Agashe]]<br />[[Girija Oak]]<br />Sandesh Kulkarni<br />
| music = [[Roop Kumar Rathod]]<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editing = <br />
| studio = <br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|02|27}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| budget = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
| gross = <!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--><br />
}}<br />
'''''Gulmohar''''' ({{Translation|[[Delonix regia]]}}) is a Marathi film released on 27 February 2009. The movie was produced by Uttam Jhavar and directed by Gajendra Ahire.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-mumbai-diaries-sandesh-kulkarni-on-working-with-raj-kaushal-in-akkad-bakkad-he-trusted-me-more-than-i-did/396135|title=Sandesh Kulkarni On Working With Raj Kaushal In ‘Akkad Bakkad’: ‘He Trusted Me More Than I Did’|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=29 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* [[Sonali Kulkarni]] as Vidya<br />
* [[Rajit Kapur]] as Deven<br />
* [[Jitendra Joshi]] as Dr.Bhagwan Satpute<br />
* [[Mohan Agashe]]<br />
* [[Girija Oak]]<br />
* Sandesh Kulkarni<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
Roop Kumar Rathod directed the film's music.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| 1<br />
| "Gardeetlya Dupaari Chahul Hi Nasawi"<br />
| Roop Kumar Rathod, Sunali Rathod<br />
| 2:49<br />
|-<br />
| 2<br />
| "Jarashi Mi Boltey Jarasha Tu Bola Re"<br />
| Roop Kumar Rathod, Sunali Rathod <br />
| 3:37<br />
|-<br />
| 3<br />
| "Sarti Din Rati"<br />
| Roop Kumar Rathod<br />
| 2:30<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --><br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt2610274}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2009 films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s Marathi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Gajendra Ahire]]<br />
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2000s-Marathi-film-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sameeruddin_Qasmi&diff=532310Sameeruddin Qasmi2026-01-10T10:20:12Z<p>JosefinaK97: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (b. 1950)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| honorific_prefix = Mawlana<br />
| name = Sameeruddin Qasmi<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1950|11|06}}<br />
| birth_place = Ghutti, [[Godda district]], Bihar {{small|(now [[Jharkhand]])}}<br />
| birth_name = Muhammad Samiruddin<br />
| education = [[Aalim|Aalimiyyah]]<br />
| occupation =<br />
| years_active = 1973–present<br />
| notable_works = Athmār al-Hidāya, Ash-Sharh ath-Thamīri, Thamrat al-Najah, Thamrat al-Falakiyyāt, Thamrat al-Awzān<br />
}}<br />
'''Sameeruddin Qasmi''' (born 6 November 1950), also written as '''Samiruddin Qasmi''', is an Indian Islamic scholar based in the UK, specializing in [[Islamic astronomy]], [[hadith]], [[Hanafi jurisprudence]], and [[Islamic Theology (Aqidah)|Islamic theology]].<br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Sameeruddin Qasmi was born on 6 November 1950 in the village of Ghutti, [[Godda district]], in the former state of [[Bihar]], India (now [[Jharkhand]]).<ref name="Amīn">{{Cite web |last=Mayūrbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=14 October 2023 |title=مولانا محمد ثمیر الدین قاسمی: مختصر سوانحی خاکہ |trans-title=Maulana Muhammad Sameeruddin Qasmi: A Brief Biographical Sketch |url=https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/204560 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015075435/https://www.baseeratonline.com/archives/204560 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Baseerat Online |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
He began his early education at a local [[Kuttab|maktab]] and continued his studies at various religious institutions across India. He completed his advanced studies at [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] in 1970, studying under notable scholars such as [[Syed Fakhruddin Ahmad]], [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], [[Anzar Shah Kashmiri]], [[Naseer Ahmad Khan (scholar)|Naseer Ahmad Khan]], [[Mahmood Hasan Gangohi]], [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]], and [[Muhammad Salim Qasmi]].<ref name="Amīn"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadwi |first=Mohammad Akram |author-link=Akram Nadwi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvUHEQAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%AB%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A&pg=PA61 |title=Al-Jāmiʿ al-Muʿīn fī Ṭabaqāt al-Shuyūkh al-Mutqinīn wal-Mujīzīn al-Musnidīn |publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |year=2023 |edition=1st |volume=6 |location=Lebanon |pages=61–62 |language=ar |trans-title=The Comprehensive Guide to the Generations of Proficient Teachers and Accredited Narrators}}</ref><br />
<br />
He has particularly benefited from Naseer Ahmad Khan in the field of Islamic astronomy<ref name=:"Azami">{{Cite journal|editor1-last=Azmi|editor1-first=Habibur Rahman Qasmi|editor1-link=Habibur Rahman Azami|title=Hai Tujh Se Deeda-e-Mah-o-Anjum Farogh-Geer Maulana Naseer Ahmad Khan: Farooq Azam Aajiz Qasmi|url=https://darululoom-deoband.com/urduarticles/archives/1088|journal=[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]|date=September–October 2009|volume=93|issue=9–10|publisher=[[Darul Uloom Deoband]]|pages=107–112|language=ur}}</ref> and from Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi in Arabic.<ref name="Amīn"/><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Qasmi began teaching in [[Gujarat]], India, before moving to the United Kingdom, where he taught in institutions including Darul Uloom of Dewsbury and Jamia Islamia of [[Feltham]] and Manchester. In 2000, he transitioned to full-time writing and has authored several works in Islamic jurisprudence and theology.<ref name="Amīn"/><br />
<br />
He serves as the Chairman of the Religious Committee at the Moon Research Centre, UK.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Moon Research centre |url=https://www.mrc.org.uk/committee_members.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619231353/https://www.mrc.org.uk/committee_members.php |archive-date=19 June 2012 |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.mrc.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Qasmi |first=Sameeruddin |date=May 1998 |editor-last=Hasani |editor-first=Muhammad Hamza |title=Kya Oman ka Ghaar Ashab-e-Kahf ka Ghaar hai? |trans-title=Is the cave in Oman the Cave of the Companions of the Cave? |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/rizwan-shumara-number-005-mohammad-hamza-hasani-magazines-2 |journal=Monthly Rizwan |language=ur |location=[[Lucknow]] |volume=42 |issue=5 |page=19 |via=[[Rekhta (website)]]}}</ref> He has also participated in seminars of the [[Islamic Fiqh Academy (India)|Islamic Fiqh Academy]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Qazi Mujahidul Islam |author-link=Mujahidul Islam Qasmi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1BiDwAAQBAJ&dq=sameeruddin+Qasmi&pg=PA83 |title=The Islamic Concept Of Animal Slaughter |year=2009|edition =1st|publisher=Dar Al Kotob Al Ilmiyah |isbn=978-2-7451-6060-7 |location=[[Lebanon]] |page=83 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Participant Scholars From Abroad In Fiqh Seminars |url=https://www.ifa-india.org/fiqhi-seminars/participant-scholars-from-abroad-in-fiqh-seminars.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619214939/https://www.ifa-india.org/fiqhi-seminars/participant-scholars-from-abroad-in-fiqh-seminars.html |archive-date=19 June 2021 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=www.ifa-india.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=6 October 2021 |title=Islāmic Fiqh Academy India ke sālāna fiqhī seminar kā inʿiqād |trans-title=Annual Jurisprudential Seminar of the Islamic Fiqh Academy India |url=https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75835 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006065050/https://urdu.millattimes.com/archives/75835 |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Millat Times |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 2021, Qasmi denied allegations linking [[Tablighi Jamaat]] to terrorism in a video message from the UK. He stated that the Tablighi Jamaat opposes, condemns, and disowns terrorism, focusing solely on the five pillars of Islam and refraining from any negative comments on religions, communities, or countries. Qasmi suggested that the Saudi government may have been misled in its decision to ban the organization.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2021 |title=Darool Uloom asks Saudi Arabia to rethink decision to ban Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darool-uloom-asks-saudi-arabia-to-rethink-decision-to-ban-tablighi-jamaat-101639387283000.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213093100/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darool-uloom-asks-saudi-arabia-to-rethink-decision-to-ban-tablighi-jamaat-101639387283000.html |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2021 |title=Darool Uloom asks Saudi Arabia to rethink decision to ban Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/world/darool-uloom-asks-saudi-arabia-to-rethink-decision-to-ban-tablighi-jamaat-11639393565814.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213112010/https://www.livemint.com/news/world/darool-uloom-asks-saudi-arabia-to-rethink-decision-to-ban-tablighi-jamaat-11639393565814.html |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=5 November 2024 |work=[[Live Mint]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2021 |title=Deoband asks Saudi Arabia to rethink ban on Tablighi Jamaat |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/deoband-asks-saudi-arabia-to-rethink-ban-on-tablighi-jamaat/20211213.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213084702/https://www.rediff.com/news/report/deoband-asks-saudi-arabia-to-rethink-ban-on-tablighi-jamaat/20211213.htm |archive-date=13 December 2021 |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Literary works ==<br />
Qasmi has written extensively on Islamic law and theology. His work is often referenced in the field of Islamic beliefs and theology, particularly in the analysis of various intellectual and conceptual perspectives on Allah.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Bharat |date=1 December 2021 |title=Towards a Psycho-Sociological Understanding of Allah |url=https://jurnalfuf.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/teosofi/article/view/1691 |journal=TEOSOFI: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=329, 336–339 |doi=10.15642/teosofi.2021.11.2.317-346 |issn=2442-871X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Notable works include:<ref name="Amīn"/><br />
* ''Athmār al-Hidayah'' (a thirteen-volume Urdu commentary on [[Burhan al-Din al-Marghinani|Al-Marghinani]]'s ''[[Al-Hidayah]]'' in [[Hanafi jurisprudence]])<br />
* ''Al-Sharh al-Thamīri'' (a four-volume Urdu commentary on [[Al-Quduri]]'s Mukhtasar in Hanafi jurisprudence<ref name="rashidi">{{cite journal |date=March 2006 |editor-last=ar-Rashidi |editor-first=Abu Ammār Zahid |editor-link=Zahid Ur Rashdi |title=تعارف و تبصرہ: ''الشرح الثمیری علی مختصر القدوری'' |trans-title=Introduction and Commentary: 'Al-Sharh Al-Thamiri on Mukhtasar Al-Quduri' |url=http://alsharia.org/2006/mar/taaruf-tabsarah |url-status=live |journal=Monthly Al-Sharia |language=ur |location=[[Gujranwala]], Pakistan |publisher=Al-Sharia Academy |volume=17 |issue=3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202184713/https://alsharia.org/2006/mar/taaruf-tabsarah |archive-date=2 December 2020 |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>)<br />
* ''Thamart-un-Najāh'' (a two-volume Urdu commentary on Ash-Shurunbulali's ''Noor Al-Idaah''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khalid |first=Obaidullah |date=July 2012 |title=Thamart-un-Najāh Sharh Noor al-Īzāh (a book review) |url=https://deobandi-books.aislam.org/book.php?b=527&p=17 |journal=Monthly Al-Farooque |location=Karachi |publisher=[[Jamia Farooqia]] |volume=28 |issue=9 |page=1 |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>)<br />
* ''Thamarat al-Aqāid'' (a book on [[Islamic Theology (Aqidah)|Islamic theology]] in which 350 [[Aqidah|beliefs]] are outlined, with each belief supported by ten verses and ten hadiths as evidence,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tariq |first=Qazi |date=13 November 2024 |editor-last=Ahmad |editor-first=Parwaiz Suhaib |editor2-last=Islam |editor2-first=Shahidul |title=عظیم علمی شخصیت ماہرِ فلکیات مولانا ثمیر الدین قاسمی کا دورۂ ہند: دارالعلوم دیوبند کے بعد خانقاہ تھانہ بھون میں استقبال |trans-title=Renowned Scholar and Expert in Astronomy Maulana Sameeruddin Qasmi’s Visit to India: Welcomed at Khanqah Thana Bhawan after Darul Uloom Deoband |url=https://www.dailyhindustanexpress.com/e/arch/13112024/page-02.html |journal=Hindustan Express Daily |language=ur |volume=19 |issue=299 |page=2 |access-date=15 November 2024 |via=www.dailyhindustanexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="books"/> translated into multiple languages,<ref name="Amīn"/> including English and Arabic<ref name="Amīn2">{{cite web |last=Mayurbhanji |first=Muhammad Rūhul Amīn |date=23 November 2022 |title=ڈاکٹر مفتی محمد اللّٰہ خلیلی قاسمی: سوانحی خاکہ |trans-title=Dr. Mufti Muhammadullah Khalili Qasmi: A Biographical Sketch |url=https://qindeelonline.com/dr-mufti-muhammadullah-qasmi-by-ruhul-amin/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128164013/https://qindeelonline.com/dr-mufti-muhammadullah-qasmi-by-ruhul-amin/ |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=5 November 2024 |website=Qindeel Online |language=ur}}</ref>)<br />
* ''Thamarat-ul-Falkiyyāt'' (a book on [[Islamic astronomy]])<br />
* ''Thamrat al-Awzān''<br />
* ''Thamīri Calendar''<br />
* ''Science Aur Qur’ān'' ({{translation|Science and the Quran}}; in which 95 scientific topics are discussed in the light of the Quran with scholarly analysis).<ref name="books">{{Cite web |last= |first= |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Mohammad |date=12 November 2024 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband ke baad Khanqah Thana Bhawan mein azeem ilmi shakhsiyat maahir-e-falakiyaat Maulana Sameeruddin Qasmi ka isteqbaal. |trans-title=After Darul Uloom Deoband, the renowned scholar and astronomer Maulana Sameeruddin Qasmi was welcomed at the Khanqah Thana Bhawan. |url=https://hamariduniyanews.com/maulana-sameeruddin-qasmi-visit-india-welcome-thana-bhawan-khanqah-after-darul-ualoom-deoband/ |access-date=17 November 2024 |website=Hamari Duniya |language=ur}}</ref><br />
* ''Hanafiyah ka maslak ihtiyaaṭ par hai'' ({{translation|The Hanafi school of thought is based on caution.}})<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darbhangvi |first=Amir Mu'awiya Qasmi |date=16 November 2024 |title=Hazrat Maulana Sameeruddin Sahab se mulaqat wa ta'assuraat |trans-title=Meeting with Hazrat Maulana Sameeruddin Sahab and Impressions |url=https://alamir.in/hazrat-moulana-samir-uddin-sb-se-mulaqaat-w-taassuraat/ |access-date=18 November 2024 |website=Ilm-o-Amal |language=ur}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Maulana Samiruddin book.jpg|thumb|Title page of ''Al-Sharh al-Thamīri'' (Volume III)]]<br />
<br />
His publications focus on Hanafi jurisprudence, aiming to provide detailed discussions on Islamic legal principles and theological issues.<ref name="Amīn"/><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasmi, Muhammad Sameeruddin}}<br />
[[Category:Islamic scholars]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br />
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Muslim theologians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1950 births]]<br />
[[Category:Deobandis]]<br />
[[Category:People from Godda district]]</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vallabh_Benke&diff=543440Vallabh Benke2026-01-05T13:49:03Z<p>JosefinaK97: Added details</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
'''Vellabh Dattaray Benke''' was an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Junnar Assembly constituency|Junnar]] in the [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]], [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]], [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]].<br />
<br />
==Death==<br />
Vallabh Benke was admitted due to a brief illness at a private hospital in Chakan town near Pune and died on 11 February 2024. He was survived by his wife and three sons, including NCP ex MLA [[Atul Vallabh Benke|Atul Benke]].<ref name="Pune: Former Junnar MLA Vallabh Benke Passes Away; Ajit Pawar, Supriya Sule Condole Demise">{{cite news |title=Pune: Former Junnar MLA Vallabh Benke Passes Away; Ajit Pawar, Supriya Sule Condole Demise |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-former-junnar-mla-vallabh-benke-passes-away-ajit-pawar-supriya-sule-condole-demise |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101173936/https://www.freepressjournal.in/pune/pune-former-junnar-mla-vallabh-benke-passes-away-ajit-pawar-supriya-sule-condole-demise |archive-date=1 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ex-NCP MLA Vallabh Benke dies at 74">{{cite news |title=Ex-NCP MLA Vallabh Benke dies at 74 |url=https://theprint.in/india/ex-ncp-mla-vallabh-benke-dies-at-74/1963390/ |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=ThePrint |date=12 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101173833/https://theprint.in/india/ex-ncp-mla-vallabh-benke-dies-at-74/1963390/ |archive-date=1 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="‘Under pressure of taking sides’, Junnar NCP legislator decides not to contest 2024 polls">{{cite news |title=‘Under pressure of taking sides’, Junnar NCP legislator decides not to contest 2024 polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/under-pressure-of-taking-sides-junnar-ncp-legislator-decides-not-to-contest-2024-polls/articleshow/101653468.cms |access-date=1 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=11 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101174259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/under-pressure-of-taking-sides-junnar-ncp-legislator-decides-not-to-contest-2024-polls/articleshow/101653468.cms |archive-date=1 January 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
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{{Maharashtra-politician-stub}}</div>JosefinaK97https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jabalpur%E2%80%93Hazrat_Nizamuddin_Express&diff=504990Jabalpur–Hazrat Nizamuddin Express2025-12-26T14:12:50Z<p>JosefinaK97: Adding</p>
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<div>{{short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=March 2011}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Jabalpur–New Delhi Superfast Express<br />
| image = Jabalpur Superfast Express.jpg<br />
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]]<br />
| locale = [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Haryana]] & Delhi<br />
| operator = [[West Central Railway zone|West Central Railways]]<br />
| ridership =<br />
| start = [[Jabalpur Junction]] (JBP)<br />
| stops = 21<br />
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} (NZM)<br />
| distance = {{convert|1038|km|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 18&nbsp;hours approx<br />
| frequency = Daily<br />
| class = AC 1 Tier, AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved<br />
| seating = Yes<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = Available<br />
| catering = On-board catering <br> E-catering<br />
| observation = Rake sharing with 12181/12182 [[Dayodaya Express]]<br />
| entertainment = Yes<br />
| baggage = Available<br />
| otherfacilities= <br />
| stock = [[ICF coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}<br />
| el =<br />
| trainnumber = 12191 / 12192<br />
| speed = {{convert|60|km/h|abbr=on}} average with halts<br />
| map = [[File:Shridham Express (New Delhi - Jabalpur) Route map.jpg|250px]]<br />
| map_state =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 12191 / 12192 '''Jabalpur–New Delhi Superfast Express''' also known as Shridham Express (श्रीधाम एक्सप्रेस) is a daily [[Superfast Express trains in India|Superfast]] e of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and {{stnlnk|Hazrat Nizamuddin}} railway station of Delhi, the capital city of India.<br />
<br />
==Arrival and departure==<br />
Train no.12192 departs from Jabalpur daily at 17:30&nbsp;hrs. reaching Hazrat Nizamuddin the next day at 11:35&nbsp;hrs.<br />
Train no.12191 departs from Hazrat Nizamuddin, daily at 14:15&nbsp;hrs., reaching Jabalpur the next day at 07:15&nbsp;hrs.<br />
<br />
==Route and halts==<br />
The train goes via {{stnlnk|Gadarwara}}, [[Itarsi Junction]] & [[Bhopal Junction]]. The important halts of the train are :<br />
*'''[[Jabalpur Junction]]'''<br />
* [[Jabalpur Madan Mahal]]<br />
* [[Sri Dham|Gotegaon]]<br />
* [[Narsinghpur]]<br />
* [[Gadarwara]]<br />
* [[Pipariya, Hoshangabad|Pipariya]]<br />
* [[Itarsi Junction]]<br />
* [[Hoshangabad]]<br />
* {{rws|Rani Kamalapati}}<br />
* [[Bhopal Junction]]<br />
* [[Vidisha]]<br />
* [[Ganj Basoda]]<br />
* [[Bina Junction]]<br />
* [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]<br />
* [[Jhansi Junction]] <br />
* [[Datia]]<br />
* [[Gwalior Junction]]<br />
* [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]<br />
* [[Dholpur]]<br />
* [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantt.]]<br />
* {{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}<br />
*'''[[Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]'''<br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
The train consists of 17 coaches :<br />
* 1 AC cum 2 AC I Tier [HA 1]<br />
* 1 AC II Tier<br />
* 3 AC III Tier<br />
* 8 Sleeper coaches<br />
* 6 Un Reserved<br />
* 1 Ladies/Handy Capped<br />
* 1 Luggage/Brake Van<br />
<br />
==Average speed and frequency==<br />
The train runs with an average speed of 70&nbsp;km/h. The train runs on a daily basis.<br />
<br />
==Loco link==<br />
The train is hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Tuglakabad|Tughlakabad]]-based [[WAP-7]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Itarsi|Itarsi]]-based [[WAP-4]] locomotive from end to end.<br />
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==Rake sharing==<br />
<br />
The train sharing its rake with 12181/12182 [[Dayodaya Express]].<br />
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==Rake maintenance ==<br />
The train is maintained by the Jabalpur Coaching Depot.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Dayodaya Express]]<br />
*[[Jabalpur Junction]]<br />
*[[Bhopal Junction]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
*{{cite web|url=http://indore360.com|title=Indore, Indore City, Indore News, Indore Events, Indore Travel, Classified, Restaurants, Indore Map|publisher=indore360.com|accessdate=2014-05-30}}<br />
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{{Railways in Central India}}<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Jabalpur-New Delhi Express}}<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:Transport in Jabalpur]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]</div>JosefinaK97