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Pilu (raga)

2026-05-06T11:32:07Z

Josefa1802: added first pg nd citations

{{Short description|Raga in Hindustani music}}
{{Infobox raga
| name = Pilu
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| thaat = [[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]
| type =
| time =Third [[Prahara|part of the day]]
| season = [[Monsoon]] season
| arohana = 'P 'N S g m P N S'
| avarohana = S' N D P m G m P g R S 'N S
| vadi = G
| samavadi = Ni
| pakad =
| chalan =
| equivalent = [[Kāpi]]
| similar = [[Kirwani]], [[Gara (raga)|Gara]]
}}
'''Pilu''' or Peelu is a ''[[raga]]'' of [[Hindustani classical music]]. It is mostly used in light-classical forms, like [[thumri|''thumris'']].

== Aaroh and Avaroh ==

=== Aaroh ===
'P 'N S g m P N S' 'N S G m P N S' S g m P D S' S R m P N S'

=== Avaroh ===
S' N D P m G m P g R S 'N S S' N S' D n D P m G m P G P m g R S 'N S

Some performances include shades of ''{{lang|hi-Latn|tivra}}'' MA

== Vadi and Samvadi ==
Ga as ''vadi''

Ni as ''samvadi''

==Pakad or Chalan==

S g R g S R 'N S, G m n P g - S

S g R S 'N S 'N - 'P 'd 'P 'N S - g R g 'N S

==Organization and relationships==
Related ''ragas'': [[Kirwani]] resembles an ancient kind of Pilu.

[[Thaat]]: [[Vishnu Bhatkhande|Bhatkhande]] classified Pilu in the [[Kafi]] ''thaat).''<ref>Jairazbhoy(1995)</ref>

===Seasonality===
Often related to the monsoon season, this raag is popular in the occasion of Hindu festival "[[Holi]]" [<nowiki/>[[Phalguna]] (February - March) month] also known as Raga of colours for its ''sampoorna jaati'' and blissful nature.

===''Rasa''===
Cheerful, Joyous, Alegre, moving. (''{{lang|hi-Latn|praphullita}}'', ''{{lang|hi-Latn|anandita}}'', ''{{lang|hi-Latn|lavanyamayi}}'') are synonymical expressions.

===''Thaat''===
[[Kafi (thaat)|Kafi]]

In this raga, both Ga, Dha, Ni are sung.

== Historical information ==

===Origins===

===Important recordings===
* [[Ravi Shankar|Shankar]]–[[Yehudi Menuhin|Menuhin]], [[West Meets East, Volume 2|''West Meets East'']]; debuted 10 December 1967<ref>{{cite book |last=Lavezzoli |first=Peter |date=2006 |title=The Dawn of Indian Music in the West |url=http://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-dawn-of-indian-music-in-the-west-9780826418159/ |publisher=A&C Black |pages=63 |isbn=0826418155 |access-date=14 June 2017}}</ref>
* [[Nikhil Banerjee]]:Pilu
* ''Ab Ke Baras Bhej'': ''[[Bandini (1963 film)|Bandini]]'' (1963); Singer: [[Asha Bhosle]], Music:[[S.D. Burman]]
* ''Ezhumalai vazh Govinda'': Vindhaigal Purindhai Nee En Vazhvile (2012); Singer: [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], Music: Manachanallur Giridharan

== Film Songs ==

=== Language : [[Hindi]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|Dhadakate Dil Ki Tamanna
|Shama (1961film)
|[[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)]]
|[[Suraiya]]
|-
|Ab Ke Baras Bhejo Bhaiya Ko Babul
|[[Bandini (film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|Allah Megh De, Pani De Chaaya De Ra Rama Megh De
|[[Guide (film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|-
|Kali Ghata Chhaye Mora Jiya Tarasaye
|[[Sujata (1959 film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
|Nadiya Kinare Harayee Aayee Kangna
|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Ishq Par Zor Nahin
|[[Ishq Par Zor Nahin]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Tere Bin Soone Nayan Hamare
|[[Meri Surat Teri Ankhen]]
|[[S. D. Burman]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Kahe Gumana Kare
|[[Tansen (film)]]
|[[Khemchand Prakash]]
|[[K. L. Saigal]]
|-
|Prabhuji
| Hospital (1943 film)
|[[Kamal Dasgupta]]
|[[Kanan Devi]]
|-
|Zindagi Khwab Hai
| [[Jagte Raho]]
|[[Anil Biswas (composer)]]
|[[Mukesh (singer)]]
|-
|Aaj ki Raat Badi Shokh Badi Natkhat Hai
|[[Nai Umar Ki Nai Fasal]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Baharon Ne Mera Chaman Loot Kar
|[[Devar]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mukesh (singer)]]
|-
|Maine Shayad Tumhen, Pahle Bhi Kahin Dekha Hai
|[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Vikal Mora Manva, Tum Bin Hai
|[[Mamta (1966 film)]]
|[[Roshan (music director)]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Apni Kaho Kuchh Meri Suno, Kya Dil Ka Lagana Bhul Gaye
|[[Parchhain]]
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Talat Mahmood]]
|-
|Dheere Se Aaja Ri Akhiyan Mein Nindiya Men
|[[Albela (1951 film)]]
|[[C. Ramchandra]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Naina Kahe Ko Lagaye
|Joru Ka Bhai
|[[Jaidev]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|Chandan Ka Palna Resham Ki Dori
|[[Shabaab (film)]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Hemant Kumar]]
|-
|Dhoondho Dhoondho Re Saajna
|[[Gunga Jumna]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Hai Hai Rasiya Tu Bada Bedardi
|[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|Jhule Mein Pavan Ki Ayi Bahar
|[[Baiju Bawra (film)]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Mera Pyar Bhi Tu Hai Yeh Bahar Bhi Tu Hai
|[[Saathi (1968 film)]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Mukesh (singer)]]
|-
|More Sainya Ji Utarenge Paar Nadiya Dhire Baho
|[[Uran Khatola (film)]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & Chorus
|-
|Na Manu Na Manu Dagabjaaz Tori Batiya Na Manu Re
|[[Gunga Jumna]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| Pyari Dulhaniya
|[[Mother India]]
|[[Naushad]]
|[[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
|Paa Laagoon Kar Jori Re
|[[Aap Ki Sewa Mein]]
|[[Datta Davjekar]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Mat Maro Shyam Pichkari
|Durgesh Nandani
|[[Hemant Kumar]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Na Jao Saiyan Chhuda Ke Baiyan
|[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]
|[[Hemant Kumar]]
|[[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
|Badi Der Bhai Kab Loge Khabar
|[[Basant Bahar (film)]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Banwari Re Jeene Ka Sahara
|[[Ek Phool Char Kante]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Din Sara Guzara Tore Angana
|[[Junglee (1961 film)]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Din Sara Guzara Tore Angana
|[[New Delhi (1956 film)]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Sur Na Saje Kya Gaon Main
|[[Basant Bahar (film)]]
|[[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
|[[Manna Dey]]
|-
|Maine Rang Li Aaj Chunariya Sajana Tore Rang Me
|[[Dulhan Ek Raat Ki]]
|[[Madan Mohan (composer)]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
|Jaiye Aap Kahan Jayenge
|[[Mere Sanam]]
|[[O. P. Nayyar]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|Kabhi Aar Kabhi Paar
|[[Aar Paar]]
|[[O. P. Nayyar]]
|[[Shamshad Begum]]
|-
|Kaisa Jadoo Balama Tune
|[[12 O'Clock (film)]]
|[[O. P. Nayyar]]
|[[Geeta Dutt]]
|-
|Main Soya Ankhian Meeche
|[[Phagun (1958 film)]]
|[[O. P. Nayyar]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]] & [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Main Soya Ankhian Meeche
|[[Phagun (1958 film)]]
|[[O. P. Nayyar]]
|[[Asha Bhosle]] & [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|Ai Meri Johara Zabeen, Tujhe Maaloom Nahin
|[[Waqt (1965 film)]]
|[[Ravi (composer)]]
|[[Manna Dey]]
|-
|Na Jhatko Zulf Se Pani
|[[Shehnai (1964 film)]]
|[[Ravi (composer)]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
|More Kaanha Jo Aaye Palat Ke
|[[Sardari Begum]]
|[[Vanraj Bhatia]]
|[[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]
|-
|Tere Pyar Ka
|[[Dhool Ka Phool]]
|[[Datta Naik]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Mahendra Kapoor]]
|-
|Chura Liya Hai Tumne Jo Dil Ko
|[[Yaadon Ki Baaraat]]
|[[R. D. Burman]]
|[[Mohammed Rafi]] & [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
|Tu Jo Mere Sur Men
|[[Chitchor]]
|[[Ravindra Jain]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|De De Pyar De
|[[Sharaabi]]
|[[Bappi Lahiri]]
|[[Kishore Kumar]]
|-
|Mainu Ishq Da Lag Gaya Rog
|[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]
|[[Nadeem–Shravan]]
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|}

=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
Note that the following songs are composed in [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]], the equivalent of raga Pilu in [[Carnatic music]].
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:#D2691E" |Song
!style="background:#D2691E" |Movie
!style="background:#D2691E" |Composer
!style="background:#D2691E" |Singer
|-
|Dhianame Nee
|[[Ashok Kumar (film)|Ashok Kumar]]
|Alathur V. Subramanyam
|[[M. K. Thyagaraja Bhagavathar]]
|-
|Chinnanciru kiliye Kannammaa
(Ragamalika:Kapi,Maand,Vasantha)
|[[Manamagal]]
|[[C. R. Subburaman]]
|[[M. L. Vasanthakumari]],V. N. Sundharam
|-
|Neela Vanna Kannaa Vaadaa
(Ragamalika:Kapi,Yamunakalyani)
|[[Mangaiyar Thilakam]]
|[[Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
|[[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]]
|-
|Poovagi Kayagi
|[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]
|[[R. Sudarsanam]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Sentamizh Thenmozhiyaal
|[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]
|rowspan="5"|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
|[[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]
|-
|Paatondru
|[[Pasamalar]]
|[[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
|Madhura Nagaril
|[[Paar Magaley Paar]]
|rowspan="2"|[[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Senthur Murugan(Raga Pilu)
|[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]
|-
|Kadhal Siragai
|[[Palum Pazhamum]]
|rowspan=2|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Kaalamithu Kaalamithu
|[[Chitthi]]
| rowspan="5" |[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|-
|Thamizhil Athuoru
|[[Sange Muzhangu]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Nilavu Vandhu Vaanathaiye
|Thirudi
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Poomazhai Thoovi
|[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]
| rowspan="4" |[[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
|Naan Paadidum Kavithaiyin
|Samayalkaaran
|-
|Un Kannil Near
|[[Vietnam Veedu]]
| rowspan="3" |[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|-
|Malargaliley Pala
|rowspan=2|[[Thirumal Perumai]]
|-
|Hari Hari Gokula
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[T. L. Maharajan|Master Maharajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Antha Sivagami
|[[Pattanathil Bhootham]]
|[[R. Govardhanam]]
|[[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Madhurai Arasaalum
|[[Thirumalai Thenkumari]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[Sirkazhi Govindarajan]], [[L. R. Eswari]],M. R. Vijaya
|-
|Ye Paadal Ondru
|[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]
|rowspan="11"|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Sangathil Padatha
|[[Auto Raja (1982 film)|Auto Raja]]
|[[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Kanne Kalaimaane
|[[Moondram Pirai]]
|rowspan="3"|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Thanni Thotti
|[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]
|-
|Chinna Chinna Roja Poove
|[[Poovizhi Vasalile]]
|-
|Chinna Chinna Vanna Kuyil
|[[Mouna Ragam]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Chinna Thayaval(Charukesi traces too)
|[[Thalapathi]]
|-
|Saami Kitta Solli
|[[Aavarampoo]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Maalai Soodum Vaelai
|[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]
|-
|Sembaruthi Poovu
|[[Chembaruthi]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K.S. Chitra]], [[P. Bhanumathi|Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Unna Nenachu
|[[Psycho (2020 film)|Psycho]]
|[[Sid Sriram]]
|-
|Muthu Muthu Therottam(Raga Pilu)
|[[Aani Ver]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Ammamma Saranam
|[[Sattam]]
|[[Gangai Amaran]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Vani Jairam]]
|-
|Kaadhal Rojave (Humming in Desh ragam)
|[[Roja (film)|Roja]]
|rowspan="9"|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]](Humming only)
|-
|En Mel Vizhunda
|[[May Maadham]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|July Matham
|[[Pudhiya Mugam]]
|[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Annupamaa]]
|-
|Anbae Idhu
|[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]
|[[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Kuchi Kuchi
|[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swarnalatha]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|-
|Pachai Kiligal
|[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], Nirmala Seshadri
|-
|Naalai Ulagam
|[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Kadhali Nee Enna Seivai
|[[Rangeela (1995 film)|Rangeela]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
|Oru Poiyavadhu
|[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]](ver 1), [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Sujatha Mohan]](ver 2)
|-
|Aalanguyil Koovum Rayyil
|[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Vizhiyum Vizhiyum
|[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]
|[[Madhu Balakrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Aasai Aasai(Pallavi and anupallavi only)
|[[Dhool]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Kaadhal Vandhadhum
|[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Desingh Raja Thaan
|[[Thavasi]]
|[[S.P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
|-
|Boomiyea Boomiyea
|[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]
|rowspan="2"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Thai Masi
|[[Vasanthakala Paravai]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
|Angam Unathu Angam
|[[Pudhu Manithan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Chinna Ponnuthaan
|[[Vaigasi Poranthachu]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Karuppu Nila
|[[En Aasai Machan]]
|[[K. S. Chithra]]
|-
|Karupputhan Enakku
|[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]
|[[Anuradha Sriram]]
|-
|Chinna Roja
|[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
|-
|Ravivarman(Charanam only)
|[[Vasanthi (1988 film)|Vasanthi]]
|[[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
|[[K.J. Yesudas]], [[K. S. Chithra]](humming only)
|-
|Minnal Oru Kodi
|[[V. I. P. (1997 film)|V. I. P.]]
|[[Ranjit Barot]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|En Kannadi Thoppukkulle
|[[Malabar Police]]
|rowspan="4"|[[S. A. Rajkumar]]
|-
|Pallangkuzhiyin
|[[Aanandham]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Karisai Kaattu Pennae
|[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]
|[[K. S. Chitra]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]]
|-
|Idhu Nee Irukkum Nenjamadi
|[[Krishna (1996 Tamil film)|Krishna]]
|[[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Ithu Kuzhanthai
|[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]
|[[T. Rajendar]]
|rowspan="3"|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Vannam Konda(Ragam Pilu)
|[[Sigaram]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|-
|Enna Azhagu
|[[Love Today (1997 film)|Love Today]]
|Shiva
|-
|Poonkuruvi Paadadi
|[[Sundara Kandam]]
|Deepak
|[[S. Janaki]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
|Mukundha Mukundha
|[[Dasavathaaram]]
|[[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|[[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
|Kannukkulle kadhala
|[[Thamizh]]
|rowspan=3|[[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|[[P. Unnikrishnan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Thozha Thozha Kanavu Thozha
|[[Pandavar Bhoomi]]
|[[Chitra Sivaraman]], [[Yugendran]]
|-
|Nachendru Inchondru
|[[Attahasam]]
|[[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Ujjayinee Roy|Ujaini]]
|-
|Thuli Thuliyaai Kottum Mazhai
|[[Paarvai Ondre Podhume]]
|[[Bharani (composer)|Bharani]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Swarnalatha]]
|-
|Urugudhe Maragudhe
|[[Veyil (2006 film)|Veyil]]
|rowspan=2|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
|[[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Unn Perai Sollum
|[[Angadi Theru]]
|[[Naresh Iyer]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Haricharan]]
|-
|Ragasiya Kanavugal
|[[Bheemaa]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Madhushree]]
|-
|Ivan Yaaro
|[[Minnale]]
|[[P. Unni Krishnan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Asku Laska
|[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]
|[[Vijay Prakash]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]], [[SuVi]]
|-
|Ennatha Solla
|[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik,]] [[Haricharan|Haricharan,]] [[Velmurugan|Velmurugan,]] [[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
|-
|Mazhaye Mazhaye
|[[June R]]
|[[Sharreth]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
|-
|Konjum Manjal
|[[Ullaasam]]
|rowspan=2|[[Karthik Raja]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Chellame Chellam
|[[Album (2002 film)|Album]]
|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Jalsa Panungada
|[[Chennai 600028]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Premji Amaran]], [[Haricharan]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
|Ore Oru Kanpaarvai
|[[Nedunalvaadai]]
|Jose Franklin
|[[Yazin Nizar]],Purnima Krishnan
|-
|Onnavitta Yaarum Yenakilla
|[[Seemaraja]]
|rowspan=2|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Sean Roldan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
|Paakaathey Paakaathey
|[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]
|[[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath]]
|-
|Veyil Mazhayae
|[[Mehandi Circus]]
|[[Sean Roldan]]
|Vignesh Ishwar, Susha
|}

=== Telugu Film Songs ===
=== Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|O Sukumara
|[[Sita Rama Kalyanam (1961 film)]]
|[[Gali Penchala Narasimha Rao]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Vaddura Kannayya
|[[Ardhangi]]
|[[Master Venu]]
|[[jikki]]
|-
|Gopala Nanda Gopala
|[[Sri Venkateswara Mahatyam]]
|[[Pendyala (composer)]]
|[[Santha Kumari]]
|-
|Konte choopulenduku lera
|[[Srimanthudu (1971 film)]]
|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Naluguru Navverura
|[[Vichitra Kutumbam]]
|[[T. V. Raju]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Pilichina Biguvatara
|[[Malliswari (1951 film)]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Andaala Bommatho
|[[Amarasilpi Jakkanna]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Yemivvagalanu Danara
|[[Vasantha Sena (1967 film)]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[P. Susheela]]
|-
|Rasakreeda Ika
|[[Sangeeta Lakshmi]]
|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
|[[P. Susheela]] & [[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Navarasa Suma Maalika
|[[Meghasandesam]]
|[[Ramesh Naidu]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|}

Songs Composed in Raga [[Kapi (raga)|Kapi]] listed below which is carnatic equivalent to Pilu (raga)

=== Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|Evarura, Neevevarura
|[[Aggi Ramudu]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|-
|Nadumekkade neeku navalamani
|Kodallostunnaru Jagratta(1980 film)
|[[Satyam (composer)]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
|}

==Private Album==

=== Language : [[Telugu Language|Telugu]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!style="background:#f4a860" |Song
!style="background:#c2e7ff" |Movie
!style="background:#c2e7a3" |Composer
!style="background:#00ffff" |Singers
|-
|Ramate Yamuna Pulinavane
|[[Private Album]]
|[[Jayadeva]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

=== Sources ===

* {{Citation
|last = Bor
|first = Joep
|title = The Raga Guide
|publisher = Nimbus Records
|place = Charlottesville,Virginia
|year = c. 1997
|url = http://www.nimbus.ltd.uk
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20031203050240/http://www.nimbus.ltd.uk/
|archivedate = 2003-12-03
}}
* {{Citation
| last=Jairazbhoy
| first=N.A.
| title=The Rags of North Indian Music: Their Structure & Evolution
|last2=Capwell|first2=Charles
| journal=Asian Music
| volume=4
| issue=2
| pages=19
| doi=10.2307/833828
| issn=0044-9202
| publisher=Popular Prakashan
| place=Bombay
| year=1995
| jstor=833828
| url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29748/1/10752720.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| last=Bhatkhande
| first=Vishnu Narayan
| title=Kramika Pustaka Malika
| publisher=Sangeet Karyalaya
| place=Hathras
| year=1968–73
}}.

== External links ==
* [http://oceanofragas.com/ocean_htmlpages/Piloo.html More details about raga Piloo]
* http://www.tanarang.com/english/pilu_eng.htm-get

{{Rāgas as per Performance Time}}

[[Category:Hindustani ragas]]

Main Hoon Aparajita

2026-05-04T11:19:20Z

Josefa1802: stub

{{Short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = .Main-Hoon-Aparajita.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shweta Tiwari]]|[[Manav Gohil]]}}
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 266
| director = Vikram Ghai
| writer = Giselle Galbao Prakriti Mukherjee Gitansghu Dey Anju Kapoor
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Prabhjyot Gujral
| producer = Sukesh Motwani Mautik Tolia
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = Bodhi Tree Multimedia Pvt. Ltd.
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|09|27|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|06|25|df=yes}}
| related = ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''
}}

'''''Main Hoon Aparajita''''' ({{Translation|I am undefeatable}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language drama television series that premiered from 27 September 2022 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shweta Tiwari and Manav Gohil to play the leads in Zee TV's new show about a single mother 'Main Hoon Aparajita'|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shweta-tiwari-manav-gohil-roped-zee-tvs-upcoming-show-main-hoon-aparajita/}}</ref> It is produced by Sukesh Motwani under Bodhi Tree Multimedia and it is an official remake of ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]''. It starred [[Shweta Tiwari]] and [[Manav Gohil]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shweta Tiwari, Manav Gohil seek Lord Ganesha's blessings at Siddhivinayak Temple for 'Main Hoon Aparajita'|work=Zoom TV|date=27 September 2022 |access-date=27 September 2022|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/shweta-tiwari-manav-gohil-seek-lord-ganeshas-blessings-at-siddhivinayak-temple-for-their-new-show-main-hoon-aparajita-article-94474447}}</ref> The show ended on 25 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Shweta Tiwari's 'Main Hoon Aparajita' to go off-air on THIS date |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shweta-tiwari-main-hoon-aparajita-going-off-air-on-june-26-actor-imran-nazir-khan-acp-kabeer-confirmed-2397015-2023-06-23 |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=India Today}}</ref> It was replaced by ''[[Pyar Ka Pehla Adhyaya: Shiv Shakti]]'' in its timeslot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2023 |title=Arjun Bijlani's new show 'Pyaar Ka Pehla Adhyay Shiv Shakti' to launch on ZEE TV this July |url=https://www.bizasialive.com/arjun-bijlanis-new-show-pyaar-ka-pehla-adhyay-shiv-shakti-to-launch-on-zee-tv-this-july/ |access-date=19 June 2023 |website=Biz Asia Live}}</ref>

==Premise==
Aparajita is deserted by her husband, Akshay, who left her alone to fend for herself and her three daughters. But she rises to meet every challenge so that her daughters can be strong and independent.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Shweta Tiwari]] as Aparajita Singh: Akshay's first wife; Chhavi, Disha and Asha's mother; Nia and Shubham's stepmother (2022–2023)
* [[Manav Gohil]] as Akshay Singh: Kusumlata's son; Kalpana's brother; Aparajita and Mohini's husband; Chhavi, Disha, Nia, Asha and Shubham's father (2022–2023)
* [[Shweta Gulati]] as Mohini Singh: Manish's sister; Akshay's second wife; Nia and Shubham's mother; Chhavi, Disha and Asha's step-mother (2022–2023)

===Recurring===
* Anushka Merchande as Chhavi Singh: Aparajita and Akshay's eldest daughter; Disha and Asha's sister; Niya and Shubham's half-sister; Veer's ex-fiancé (2022–2023)
** Princy Prajapati as Child Chhavi Singh (2022)
* Dhwani Gori as Disha Singh Kapoor: Aparajita and Akshay's second daughter; Chhavi and Asha's sister; Niya and Shubham's half-sister; Arjun's wife (2022–2023)
** Sayesha Shah as Child Disha Singh (2022)
* Shruti Choudhary as Asha "Ashu" Singh: Aparajita and Akshay's youngest daughter; Chhavi and Disha's sister; Niya and Shubham's half-sister (2022–2023)
* Garvita Sadhwani as Niya Singh: Mohini and Akshay's daughter; Aparajita's stepdaughter; Shubham's sister; Chhavi, Disha and Asha's half-sister; Arjun's best friend and ex-fiancé (2022–2023)
* Akshaan Sehrawat as Shubham "Shubh" Singh: Akshay and Mohini's son; Aparajita's stepson; Kalpana's foster son; Niya's brother; Chhavi, Disha and Asha's half-brother (2023)
* [[Amita Khopkar]] as Kusumlata Singh: Akshay and Kalpana's mother; Chhavi, Disha, Niya, Asha and Shubham's grandmother (2022–2023)
* [[Smita Singh]] as Kalpana Singh: Kusumlata's daughter; Akshay's sister; Shubham's foster mother; Chhavi, Disha, Niya, Asha and Shubham's aunt (2023)
* Varun Kasturia as Arjun Kapoor: Ashmit's son; Niya's best friend and ex-fiancé; Disha's husband (2023)
* Saptrishi Ghosh as Ashmit Kapoor: Arjun's father (2023)
* Shubhkaran as Veer Thakur: Sunil's son; Chhavi's ex-fiancé (2022–2023)
* Nishikant Dixit as Sunil Thakur: A corrupt politician; Veer's father (2022–2023)
* Puneet Tejwani as Manish: Mohini's brother; Niya and Shubham's uncle (2022–2023)
* Ankit Rana as Vicky: Veer's friend (2022)
* [[Imran Nazir Khan]] as A.C.P. Kabir Chauhan: Chhavi's love interest (2023)
* Rajesh Dubey as Guruji (2023)
* Ekta Sharma as Inspector Devi (2023)
* Abby Rehman as Gufran: Aparajita's laundry employee (2022–2023)

==Production==
===Casting===
[[Shweta Tiwari]] was cast in the title role of Aparajita.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shweta Tiwari breaks silence on mother's guilt syndrome, reveals why her house is called 'Sita Ka Ghar'|work=India TV News|date=20 September 2022 |access-date=21 September 2022|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/tv/shweta-tiwari-breaks-silence-on-mother-guilt-syndrome-reveals-why-her-house-called-sita-ka-ghar-2022-09-20-810002}}</ref> [[Manav Gohil]] was cast as Akshay opposite Tiwari. This mark their second collaboration nearly 20 years after ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2001 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: Main Hoon Aparajita actor Manav Gohil reveals he wants to play a serial killer on TV|work=Pinkvilla|date=12 September 2022 |access-date=15 September 2022|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/exclusive-main-hoon-aparajita-actor-manav-gohil-reveals-he-wants-to-play-a-serial-killer-on-tv-1189821}}</ref>

Anushka Merchande, Dhwani Gori, Shruti Choudhary and Garvita Sadhwani were cast in the role of Tiwari's three daughters and one stepdaughter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shweta Tiwari and Manav Gohil to share screen space in 'Main Hoon Aparajita' after 'Kasautii Zindagii Kay'|work=Mid Day|access-date=14 September 2022|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/shweta-tiwari-and-manav-gohil-roped-in-for-zee-tvs-upcoming-fiction-offering--main-hoon-aparajita-23245132}}</ref> [[Shweta Gulati]] cast as the negative lead, Mohini opposite Gohil.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shweta Gulati to play 'The Other Woman' in the Shweta Tiwari, Manav Gohil starrer Main Hoon Aparajita on Zee TV|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=25 September 2022|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shweta-gulati-play-woman-shweta-tiwari-manav-gohil-starrer-main-hoon-aparajita-zee-tv/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922123739/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/shweta-gulati-play-woman-shweta-tiwari-manav-gohil-starrer-main-hoon-aparajita-zee-tv/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 September 2022}}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo was released on 1 September 2022. The series premiered on 27 September 2022 on [[Zee TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shweta Tiwari all set to play single mother to 3 daughters in Main Hoon Aparajita. Watch promo|work=India Today|date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/shweta-tiwari-to-play-single-mom-to-3-daughters-in-main-hoon-aparajita-watch-promo-1995773-2022-09-02}}</ref>

===Reception===
''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "Main Hoon Aparajita is quite a run-of-the-mill saga. There are unrealistic situations created to mount the drama. However, Shweta Tiwari manages to hold the show and shines in it."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Main Hoon Aparajita first episode review: Shweta Tiwari shines in this run-of-the-mill-saga|work=The Times of India|access-date=28 September 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/main-hoon-aparajita-first-episode-review-shweta-tiwari-shines-in-this-run-of-the-mill-saga/articleshow/94500615.cms}}</ref>

''[[Pinkvilla]]'' mentioned, "Playing a mother comes naturally to Shweta Tiwari and there's solid conviction. Manav Gohil's portrayal of a male chauvinist character will make you hate him for acting so well."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Main Hoon Aparajita Ep 1 Review: Shweta Tiwari and Manav Gohil's realistic acting keeps you hooked|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=27 September 2022|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/main-hoon-aparajita-ep-1-review-shweta-tiwari-and-manav-gohils-realistic-acting-keeps-you-hooked-1192479|archive-date=1 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001134442/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/main-hoon-aparajita-ep-1-review-shweta-tiwari-and-manav-gohils-realistic-acting-keeps-you-hooked-1192479|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;"| Original release
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;"| Last aired
! style="background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Radhamma Kuthuru]]'' రాధమ్మ కూతూరు
| 26 August 2019
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 3 August 2024
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Puttakkana Makkalu]]'' ಪುಟ್ಟಕ್ಕನ ಮಕ್ಕಳು
| 13 December 2021
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 5 March 2026
| rowspan="10"| Remake
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Uron Tubri]]'' উড়ন তুবড়ি
| 28 March 2022
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 16 December 2022
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kudumbashree Sharada]]'' കുടുംബശ്രീ ശാരദ
| 11 April 2022
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| rowspan="2"| Ongoing
|-
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| ''[[Suna Jhia]]'' ସୁନା ଝିଅ
| 30 May 2022
| Zee Sarthak
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Dheeyan Meriyaan]]'' ਧੀਆਂ ਮੇਰੀਆਂ
| 6 June 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 30 March 2024
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Meenakshi Ponnunga]]'' மீனாட்சி பொண்ணுங்க
| 1 August 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 4 August 2024
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''Main Hoon Aparajita'' मैं हूं अपराजिता
| 27 September 2022
| [[Zee TV]]
| 25 June 2023
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Lavangi Mirchi]]'' लवंगी मिरची
| 13 February 2023
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 5 August 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Ganga Mai Ki Betiyan]]'' गंगा माई की बेटियाँ
| 22 September 2025
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''Annapurnar Lokkhira'' অন্নপূর্ণা লক্ষ্মীরা
| {{TBA}}
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| Upcoming
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|22753786}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/main-hoon-aparajita/0-6-4z5214664 ''Main Hoon Aparajita''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Ahmedabad Smash Masters

2026-05-02T19:14:17Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|Former badminton team in India}}
{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox sports team
| name = Ahmedabad Smash Masters
| logo = Ahmedabad_Smash_Masters_logo.png
| alt =
| sport = [[Badminton]]
| founded = {{Start date|2017|df=y}}
| folded = 2019
| ground = [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena by TransStadia]]
| league = [[Premier Badminton League]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]], India
| colors =
| owner = Padmanabh Sports
| coach = [[Madhumita Bisht]]
| captain = [[Viktor Axelsen]]
| titles_label = [[Premier Badminton League|PBL]] wins
| titles = none
| website =
}}
'''Ahmedabad Smash Masters''' was a badminton team owned by Padmanabh Sports Pvt. Ltd. for the [[Premier Badminton League]] (PBL). The team's home ground was [[The Arena (Ahmedabad)|The Arena by TransStadia]], [[Ahmedabad]]. In the 2017–18 season, the team was captained by Indian badminton player [[Prannoy H. S.]], and coached by [[Madhumita Bisht]].<ref name=pbl>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/1073-ahmedabad-smash-masters-teamprofile|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225205000/http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/1073-ahmedabad-smash-masters-teamprofile|url-status=usurped|archive-date=25 December 2017|title = Team Overview}}</ref> In the 2018–19 season, the team was captained by [[Viktor Axelsen]] from Denmark. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/1073-ahmedabad-smash-masters-teamprofile/squad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231043411/http://www.pbl-india.com/teams/1073-ahmedabad-smash-masters-teamprofile/squad|url-status=usurped|archive-date=31 December 2018|title = Team Squad}}</ref> The team was folded after [[2018–19 Premier Badminton League|4th season]] due to financial issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/badminton/premier-badminton-league-season-5-last-leg-shifted-from-bengaluru-to-hyderabad-full-schedule-2453895.html|title=Premier Badminton League Season 5 Last Leg Shifted from Bengaluru to Hyderabad: Full Schedule|website=News18|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>

== History ==
The team's first season in the PBL was in 2017. The Badminton team was owned by Padmanabh Sports Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.equitybulls.com/admin/news2006/news_det.asp?id=219607 |title= Padmanabh Sports Pvt Ltd owns Ahmedabad Smash Masters |website=Equity Bulls|date= 29 December 2017 |access-date=2017-12-29}}</ref>

Ahmedabad Smash Masters was folded and had their license cancelled after [[2018–19 Premier Badminton League|4th Season]] because they failed to fulfill their financial obligations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/badminton/premier-badminton-league-season-5-last-leg-shifted-from-bengaluru-to-hyderabad-full-schedule-2453895.html |title=Ahmedabad Smash Masters no longer in PBL |website=News18|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>

==2017-2018 squad==

===Indian players===
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prannoy H. S.]] (Captain)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Nandagopal]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Siril Verma]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Verma]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} Sri Krishna Priya Kudaravalli

===Foreign players===
* {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Kamilla Rytter Juhl]]
* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} Law Cheuk Him
* {{flagicon|Hong Kong}} [[Lee Chun Hei]]
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Stefani Stoeva]]
* {{Flagicon|TAI}} [[Tai Tzu-ying]]

==2018-2019 squad==

===Indian players===
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anoushka Parikh]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[N. Sikki Reddy]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Satwiksairaj Rankireddy]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Nandagopal]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vaishnavi Bhale]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sourabh Varma]]

===Foreign players===
* {{Flagicon|DEN}} [[Viktor Axelsen]] (Captain)
* {{Flagicon|HKG}} [[Lee Chun Hei]]
* {{Flagicon|SCO}} [[Kirsty Gilmour]]
* {{Flagicon|MAS}} [[Liew Daren]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Indian Badminton League}}

[[Category:Premier Badminton League teams]]
[[Category:Sport in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Gujarat]]

Vartha Bharati

2026-05-02T06:46:23Z

Josefa1802:

{{short description|Kannada-language islamic newspaper in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox newspaper 
| name = Vartha Bharathi
| logo = Varthabharathi-logo.jpg
| logo_size = 250px
| image = VarthabharathiCover.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| type = Daily [[newspaper]]
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| owners = The Community Media Trust
| founder = [[Abdussalam Puthige]]
| publisher = Abdussalam Puthige
| editor = Abdussalam Puthige
| chief_editor =
| associate_editor =
| managing_editor =
| news_editor = B.M. Bashir
| opinion_editor =
| photo_editor =
| staff_writers = 
| founded = 29 August 2003
| language = Kannada
| headquarters = [[Mangalore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]].
| circulation = 
| sister_newspapers =
| ISSN =
| oclc =
| website = {{URL|http://www.varthabharati.in/}}
| free = {{URL|http://epaper.varthabharati.in/}}
}}

'''''Vartha Bharati'''''. also spelled as '''''Vartha Bharathi''''', is a [[Kannada]] daily [[newspaper]] published simultaneously from [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kalaburagi]] and [[Shimoga]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jdyellowpages.com/Mangalore-yellow-pages/vartha-bharathi_oaksveuyrlq.htm|title=jdyellowpages.com}}</ref> It was launched in August 2003. It is one of nine state level Kannada daily newspapers of [[Karnataka]], as recognised by the Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Karnataka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Home - Department of Information and Public Relations |url=https://dipr.karnataka.gov.in/english |website=dipr.karnataka.gov.in |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615012851/https://dipr.karnataka.gov.in/english |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Its main focus was to provide voice and due representation to the deprived and marginalised sections. [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] awardee [[U. R. Ananthamurthy|U. R. Anantha Murthy]] was a great admirer and a regular contributor to this newspaper. In a public meeting, he called ''Vartha Bharati'' "''[[The Guardian]]'' of Karnataka", saying that "''The Guardian'' has created a revolution in the whole of its nation. In the same way, ''Vartha Bharathi'' is Karnataka's Guardian." [[Abdussalam Puthige]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/people-should-respect-all-religions-says-heggade/article3850393.ece|title=People should respect all religions, says Heggade|author=Staff Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=2 September 2012}}</ref> the editor-in-chief of Varthabharati was inspired by veteran journalist Vaddarse Raghuram Shetty, who had launched Mungaru Kannada daily back in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Noted-journalist-Vaddarse-is-dead/articleshow/150456674.cms|title = Noted journalist Vaddarse is dead | Bengaluru News - Times of India}}</ref> Mungaru was well known for its generous policy of providing fair representation to all castes, communities and sections of the society. It left a significant mark in the history of Kannada journalism by identifying and nurturing several talents from Muslim, Christian and backward Communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1374&ex_title=Vaddarse+Raghurama+Shetty+%3A+Remembering+a+Fearless+Journo|title=Vaddarse Raghurama Shetty : Remembering a Fearless Journo|work=daijiworld.com}}</ref>

Numerous well-known Kannada leftists, social activists and Dalit ideologues, including [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]], [[U. B. Banakar]], Dr. Niranjan Aradhya, write regularly for the paper.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2008aug15/muslim_kannadiga.html#.VhEBBCuUfwg|title=The Muslim Kannadiga|work=twocircles.net|date=16 August 2008}}</ref> In 2017, a ''Vartha Bharati'' journalist was detained and served a showcause notice by the [[Dakshina Kannada]] police. The notice was later stayed by the Karnataka High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ameerudheen|first=T. A.|title=In coastal Karnataka, arrest of journalist for 'false report' leads to claims of police vendetta|url=https://scroll.in/article/850189/in-coastal-karnataka-arrest-of-journalist-for-false-report-leads-to-claims-of-police-vendetta|access-date=13 September 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2017, ''Vartha Bharati'''s social media page was blocked by [[Facebook]]. Though it was later restored, there was no clear explanation as to why it happened.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ameerudheen|first=T. A.|title=No clear explanation: Why Facebook blocked a Kannada newspaper twice in the last 30 days|url=https://scroll.in/article/843924/no-clear-explanation-why-facebook-blocked-a-kannada-newspaper-twice-in-the-last-30-days|access-date=13 September 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Special issues==
[[File:Vb_covers.jpg|thumb|Copies of Vaartha Bhaarathi]]
[[File:G7-VSd5agAYcmu0.png|thumb|180x180px|''Head office building at Valencia, Mangalore'']]
* Karnataka Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] released the 14th annual issue of Vartha Bharati at his office on 13 October 2016
* Karnataka Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] released the 13th annual issue of Vartha Bharati at his office on 5 October 2015
* Karnataka Chief Minister [[Siddaramaiah]] released the 12th annual issue of Vartha Bharati at his office on 12 October 2014
* 10th anniversary special issue was released by [[Jnanpith Award|Jnanpith]] laureate [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] and the filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]] in [[Mangalore]] during the Vartha Bharati reader's convention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/Film-maker-and-human-rights-activist-Mahesh-Bhat-will-inaugurate-the-readers-convention-of-Vartha-Bharathi-Kannada-daily-at-Town-Hall-here-on-September-14-Central-University-of-Karnataka-chancellor-UR-Ananthamurthy-will-release-the-10-th-annual-commemorative-issue-of-the-daily-/articleshow/16365872.cms|title=Film maker and human rights activist Mahesh Bhat will inaugurate the readers' convention of 'Vartha Bharathi' Kannada daily at Town Hall here on September 14. Central University of Karnataka chancellor UR Ananthamurthy will release the 10th annual commemorative issue of the daily. |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="deccanherald.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/278960/stand-up-too-late-ura.html|title=Stand up before it is too late: URA|work=Deccan Herald|date=15 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/44879-media-must-support-moderate-voices-mahesh-bhatt-at-vartha-bharati-decennial-celebration|title=Media must support moderate voices: Mahesh Bhatt at 'Vartha Bharati' decennial celebration|author=Naeem Siddeeq|work=Coastaldigest.com}}</ref>
* 11th anniversary special issue was released by the Chief Minister of [[Karnataka]] [[Siddaramaiah]], [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] and the former Editor-in-Chief of [[The Hindu]], [[N. Ram]] in Bangalore.<ref name="staffreporter">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/too-few-dalits-in-media-ram/article5176645.ece|title=Too few Dalits in media: Ram|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|date=28 September 2013}}</ref>

==Awards and accolades==
* [[N. Ram]], the former editor-in-chief of ''[[The Hindu]]'', congratulated the daily for being a voice of the weaker section of the society for over a decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/57940-vartha-bharathi-celebrates-11th-anniversary|title=Vartha Bharathi celebrates 11th anniversary|author=Naeem Siddeeq|work=Coastaldigest.com}}</ref>
* [[Siddaramaiah]] commended ''Vartha Bharati'' for espousing the cause of all sections of society despite being a newspaper with a Muslim management.<ref name="staffreporter"/>
* [[Mahesh Bhatt]] lauded ''Vartha Bharati'' by saying "Secularism is still alive in India, and we need to raise our voices against anti-secularists, just as ''Vartha Bharathi'' is doing. ''Vartha Bharathi'' has been doing what each Indian needs to do."<ref name="deccanherald.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=149717|title=Mangalore: Mahesh Bhatt Lauds Vartha Bharathi on Completing a Decade|work=daijiworld.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://coastaldigest.com/index.php/news/44634-mahesh-bhatt-inaugurate-vartha-bharati-readers-convention|title=Mahesh Bhatt to inaugurate 'Vartha Bharati' readers' convention|author=Naeem Siddeeq|work=Coastaldigest.com}}</ref>
* ''Vartha Bharathi'' has been awarded by Karnataka chapter of the [[Transparency International|Transparency International India]] for its quality journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.twocircles.net/2009mar26/vartha_bharathi_awarded_transparency_international.html|title=Vartha Bharathi awarded by Transparency International|work=twocircles.net|date=26 March 2009}}</ref>
* The book published by collecting the weekly column ''Bhoomi geete'' by the ecologist Dr. T.S. Vivekananda's won him the Karnataka Literature Academy Award for the year 2005.

== Annual special issues ==
Vartha Bharati brings out an annual special issue each year featuring contributions from prominent writers, journalists, academics and public figures. The publication includes articles, interviews, profiles, reviews, short stories and poems.

Contributors to the annual issue have included U. R. Ananthamurthy, Devanur Mahadeva, Chandrashekhara Kambara, Rahmat Tarikere, Banjagere Jayaprakash, S. G. Siddaramaiah, Jayant Kaikini, G. N. Mohan, Ravish Kumar, Karan Thapar, Siddharth Varadarajan, Rajdeep Sardesai, Akash Banerjee and Madhu Trehan, among others.<ref name=":0" />

Articles published in these special issues have been part of discussions in Kannada literary and academic circles. Journalist Ravish Kumar has contributed articles to the annual issue on multiple occasions.

== Kalyana Karnataka edition ==
Vartha Bharati launched its Kalyana Karnataka edition in Kalaburagi on 20 December 2025 at Dr. S. M. Pandit Rangamandir. The launch marked the newspaper’s expansion into the Kalyana Karnataka region, adding to its existing print editions in Mangaluru, Bengaluru and Shivamogga.

The edition was launched by Siddharth Varadarajan, Editor-in-Chief of The Wire. The event was inaugurated by U. T. Khader, Speaker of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly. Prakash Raj released the newspaper’s 23rd annual special issue, while B. R. Patil, Deputy Chairman of the Karnataka State Policy and Planning Commission, released a compilation of editorials. Rahim Khan, Minister for Municipal Administration and Haj, released the special supplement of Kalyana Karnataka.

The new edition focuses on coverage of regional news and issues in districts such as Kalaburagi, Bidar, Yadgir, Raichur , Koppal and Vijayapura. The launch event was attended by political leaders, activists and members of civil society from across the region.

Speaking at the event, Siddharth Varadarajan, Prakash Raj and other dignitories lauded Vartha Bharati for its commitment to secularism and constitutional values and always being the voice of the voiceless sections of the society. They appreciated the role played by Vartha Bharati in Karnataka to fight misinformation and hate.

== Contributors and Editorial influence ==
The editorial and op-ed pages of Vartha Bharati are part of its opinion section, carrying articles, columns and interviews by writers, academicians, literary figures and activists. These contributions are widely read and discussed in Kannada literary, academic and intellectual circles and reflect a range of perspectives on social, political and cultural issues often neglected by mainstream media.

Prominent Kannada writer U. R. Ananthamurthy, in his book 'Maathu Sotha Bharatha', referred to the newspaper’s editorials as best in the context of Kannada journalism. Collections of Vartha Bharati editorials have also received the Karnataka Sahitya Akademi award for the year 2024.

Articles published in the newspaper engage with a range of public issues. Some of these writings have led to discussions in political and social spaces and have, at times, been referenced in the proceedings of the state Legislative Assembly and Council.

== Vartha Bharati's Profile featured in 'The Caravan' ==
Vartha Bharati was profiled in the December 2025 issue of 'The Caravan' magazine published by Delhi Press. The article discussed the newspaper’s establishment in 2003 and its positioning within Karnataka’s media landscape. It noted that the publication emerged in response to prevailing media trends and has focused on reporting that highlights a range of social perspectives, including those of marginalised communities.

The profile also referred to Vartha Bharati as an alternative newspaper and examined its approach to reporting, including its engagement with issues related to misinformation and public discourse.

== Digital reach and social media presence ==
Vartha Bharati, along with its print edition, operates across multiple digital and social media platforms. Its content is available through its e-paper, news websites, and platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, ShareChat, WhatsApp and Telegram, allowing readers and viewers to access its coverage from different parts of the world.

News updates, features and other content are shared regularly across these platforms, enabling timely dissemination of information and engagement with audiences.

The organisation has also developed a presence in multimedia formats. Its YouTube channel hosts a range of content including news reports, analysis, debates, discussions, interviews, ground reports and fact-check segments. The channel has recorded over 50 crore views and has more than 8 lakh subscribers.

The Kannada news portal of Vartha Bharati is among the platforms through which it reaches Kannada-speaking audiences, including readers outside India. Its Facebook page has over 1.1 million followers, while its Instagram account has more than 2.6 lakh followers.

In addition to its Kannada platforms, Vartha Bharati also operates an English-language news portal that carries news updates from India and other parts of the world.

== Apps and Websites ==
[https://www.varthabharati.in/ Website]

[https://www.youtube.com/varthabharatinews Digital Channel]

==See also==
* [[Abdussalam Puthige]]
* [[Karnataka literature]]
* [[List of Kannada-language newspapers]]
* [[List of Kannada-language magazines]]
* [[List of newspapers in India]]
* [[Media in Karnataka]]
* [[Media of India]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.twocircles.net/2008aug15/muslim_kannadiga.html The Muslim Kannadiga]
* [http://www.karnatakainformation.org/ Karnataka Government Information Department]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/too-few-dalits-in-media-ram/article5176645.ece Too few Dalits in media: Ram]

{{Media of India}}
{{Newspapers in India|state=collapsed}}
{{Asia topic|List of newspapers in}}

[[Category:Kannada-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Karnataka]]

Sarna (place)

2026-04-27T05:05:52Z

Josefa1802: started new entry w/ infobox

{{Short description|Place for religious activities of followers of Sarnaism}}
{{Sarnaism}}

A '''Sarna''' is a [[place of worship]] for [[Adivasi|Adivasi]] groups in the [[Chota Nagpur (disambiguation)|Chotanagpur]] region of [[Jharkhand]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jewitt |first1=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BrumDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT144 |title=Environment, Knowledge and Gender: Local Development in India's Jharkhand |date=31 July 2019 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1351729895 |accessdate=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="Prabhat Prakashan 2022">{{Cite book |author=Manish Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9S1pEAAAQBAJ&pg=SA2-PA1 |title=JHARKHAND GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 2021 |date=2022 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=9789354883002}}</ref><ref name="bhaskar">{{Cite news |title=बख्तर साय मुंडल सिंह के बताए राह पर चलें |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/jharkhand/gumla/news/go-on-the-trail-as-told-by-saqar-mundal-singh-062023-4307550.html |access-date=5 December 2019 |website=bhaskar}}</ref> It is a [[sacred grove]], where people gather to celebrate local festivals and perform rituals.<ref name="jagran">{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-unique-tradition-on-sarhul-in-jharkhand-festival-dishes-are-prepared-by-putting-hands-in-boiling-oil-jagran-special-22595616.html|title=सरहुल पर अनूठी परंपरा... झारखंड के इस गांव में खौलते तेल में हाथ डालकर बनाए जाते हैं पकवान|website=jagran|date=3 April 2022|accessdate=4 October 2022}}</ref>

==Significance==
Sarna is a sacred grove of [[Shorea robusta|Sal trees]] and is also known as "Sarai" in Chotanagpur. It is a forested area that is present in the village.<ref name="academia.edu2015">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|author=Sanjay Nath|website=academia.edu|page=34|year=2015|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref> According to traditional beliefs, the Sarna is the residing place of the ''gaon khut'' (village deity), a manifestation of the founder of the village.

==Ritual==
Each year people gather to offer sacrifices to [[Singbonga]] ("Sun Deity"), [[Jaher Ayo|Jaher Budhi]], [[Buru Bonga]], and to their ancestors, to ensure a good harvest and safety. The village priest in the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau|Chotanagpur]] region is known as a [[Pahan|Pahan]] or a ''Laya''. The ''Pahan'' is assisted by another priest called the "''deori''". [[Animal sacrifice]], specifically Goat or Hen sacrifice, is a common practice. Cooked meat is eaten with '<nowiki/>''tapan'''''<nowiki/>'<nowiki/>''' (liquor).<ref name="jagran" /> Most notably, the festival [[Sarhul]], a spring festival takes place in a Sarna.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/sarhul-2022-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-festival-celebrated-in-jharkhand-4935917.html|title=All You Need to Know About the Festival Celebrated in Jharkhand|website=news18|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/jharkhand/jharkhand-the-festival-of-nature-is-being-celebrated-in-jharkhand-concrete-arrangements-have-been-made/1142537|title=झारखंड में मनाया जा रहा है प्रकृति का पर्व सरहुल, झूम रहे हैं लोग|website=zeenews|date=4 April 2022|accessdate=4 October 2022}}</ref>

Several indigenous peoples, including the [[Santal people|Santals]], call such practices "[[Sarnaism]]", a distinct religion from [[Hinduism]].<ref name="outlook india">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-what-is-the-sarna-religious-code-and-what-are-its-followers-demanding--news-230860|title=Explained: What Is The Sarna Religious Code And What Are Its Followers Demanding?|publisher=outlook india|date=18 October 2022|access-date=3 December 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ST panel for independent religion status to Sarna |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/7433842.cms |website=The Times of India |language=en-IN |date=6 February 2011|access-date=4 October 2022}}</ref> The [[Santal people|Santals]], call their sacred groves "[[Jaherthan|Jaher]]" and their village priest "''Naike''".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schulte-Droesch|first=Lea |title=Making place through ritual : land, environment and region among the Santal of Central India|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-053973-8|oclc=1054397811 |page=187|publisher=De Gruyter }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hembrom|first=Timotheas|title=The Santals : anthropological-theological reflections on Santali & biblical creation traditions|date=1996|publisher=Punthi Pustak|isbn=81-86791-00-0|edition=1|location=Calcutta|oclc=35742627 |page=41}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jaherthan]]
* [[Sohrai]]
* [[Mage Parab]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web|first1=Md Amin|last1=Khan|last2=Monika|url =https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/religionglobalsociety/2023/12/the-role-of-sarna-in-forest-conservation-and-wildfire-prevention-an-indigenous-tribal-religion-of-india/|title=The role of "Sarna" in forest conservation and wildfire prevention: An indigenous tribal religion of India|work= [[The London School of Economics]]}}

{{Religion topics}}
{{Religion in India topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}

[[Category:Sacred groves of India]]
[[Category:Veneration of the dead]]
[[Category:Nagpuri culture]]

Chandra Dhari Singh

2026-04-24T20:01:08Z

Josefa1802: made new bio!

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|07|12}}
| name = Chandra Dhari Singh
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University]] [[National Law University, Jodhpur]]
| education = [[L.L.B.]] [[L.L.M.]]
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start = 7 April 2025
| term_start1 = 22 September 2017
| term_end1 = 10 October 2021
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| term_start2 = 11 October 2021
| term_end2 = 6 April 2025
| nominator = [[Sanjiv Khanna]]
| nominator1 = [[Dipak Misra]]
| nominator2 = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| appointer1 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| appointer2 = [[Ramnath Kovind]]
| birth_place = [[Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
}}
'''Chandra Dhari Singh''' (born 13 July 1969)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice Chandra Dhari Singh |url=https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=279 |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=www.allahabadhighcourt.in}}</ref> is a judge of the [[Allahabad High Court]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He is also former judge of [[Delhi High Court]] serving there between October 2021 and April 2025.

== Early life and career ==
Justice C. D. Singh was born in Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh. He completed his law education from Delhi University in 1993 and from National Law University, Jodhpur through Distance learning. He enrolled as an advocate on 20 July 1994 and also became [[Advocate-on-Record]] in 2001 and practised in [[Supreme Court of India]].

He served as standing counsel for various states such as [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]], and [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was also appointed as Additional Advocate General of [[Chhattisgarh]].

He was also elected as joint secretary of the [[Supreme Court Bar Association (India)|Supreme Court Bar Association]] and secretary of the Supreme Court Advocate-on-Record Association.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deeksha |date=2024-07-12 |title=Know Thy Judge {{!}} Justice Chandra Dhari Singh: A symbol of Perseverance and Legal Brilliance |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/07/12/know-thy-judge-justice-chandra-dhari-singh/ |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

== As Judge ==
He was appointed as an Additional Judge at the [[Allahabad High Court]] on 22 September 2017 and later confirmed as Permanent Judge on 6 September 2019.

He was transferred to [[Delhi High Court]] on 11 October 2021 and was again proposed to be repatriated to Allahabad High Court by Supreme Court Collegium in November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2024-11-29 |title=Collegium recommends transfer of Justice Chandra Dhari Singh from Delhi High Court to Allahabad High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/collegium-recommends-transfer-justice-chandra-dhari-singh-delhi-high-court-allahabad-high-court |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref> This proposal was cleared by Central Government in March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-03-28 |title=Centre notifies transfer of Justice Chandra Dhari Singh to Allahabad High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/centre-notifies-transfer-of-justice-chandra-dhari-singh-to-allahabad-high-court |access-date=2025-03-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Chandra Dhari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

{{india-law-bio-stub}}

Sumitra Balmik

2026-04-21T22:45:51Z

Josefa1802: started new stub more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sumitra Balmik
| image = Mpbreaking41103272.jpg
| caption = Sumitra Balmik
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|07|01|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jabalpur]]
| profession = Politician
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh|Madhya Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2022
| office1 = Vice-president of [[Madhya Pradesh BJP]]
| term_start1 = 2021
| office2 = Chair of the Municipal Corporation in [[Jabalpur]]
| term_start2 = 2014
| term_end2 = 2019
| office3 = Deputy chair of the Municipal Corporation in [[Jabalpur]]
| term_start3 = 2006
| term_end3 = 2009
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]
| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''Sumitra Balmik''' (born 1 July 1955) is an Indian politician, Member of the Parliament [[Rajya Sabha]]. She is a vice president of the Bharatiya Janata Party, [[Madhya Pradesh]] unit.<ref name="PRS Legislative Research 2023 u475">{{cite web | title=Sumitra Balmik | website=PRS Legislative Research | date=16 Oct 2023 | url=https://prsindia.org/mptrack/rajya-sabha/sumitra | access-date=16 Oct 2023}}</ref>

==Career==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2022}}
She became a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party of [[Madhya Pradesh]] unit in 1993. In 1999, she was first time elected as [[councillor]] from [[Jabalpur]], Madhya Pradesh. In 2004, she was again re-elected for the second time as councillor from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

In 2006, Sumitra Valmiki become the City president of Mahila Morcha from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. In same year, she was also elected as Deputy Chairman of the Municipal Corporation of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. In 2014, she was again re-elected as councillor by winning from Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh and she was elected as Chairman of the Municipal Corporation of Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

==Early life==

Sumitra Valmiki was born in the Shahpura, Patan-Tehsil Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh to a Dalit caste family. She finished her schooling from Govt. School of Shahpura, Patan-Tehsil Jabalpur District, Madhya Pradesh and went on to obtain a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Government College, Jabalpur District. After completing her Graduation, She continuously teaching Tailoring class for empowerment of women in their area and become popular for their class. She also has knowledge of Law and continuously fight for women welfare of their area. Her Social dedication to sort-out the issues for women welfare and other issues related to their area make them popular.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/rajya-sabha-polls-20-full-list-of-mps-elected-unopposed-to-upper-house-article91986789 | title=Rajya Sabha olls 2022: Full list of candidates elected unopposed to Upper House | publisher=Times Now | date=3 June 2022 | accessdate=3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/mp/news/rajya-sabha-candidate-sumitra-valmiki-was-sy-129875872.html | title=हैलो...भोपाल आने के लिए हेलिकाप्टर भेजें क्या?:CM शिवराज का फोन सुन हैरान रह गईं राज्यसभा प्रत्याशी सुमित्रा वाल्मीकि; जानिए पूरी कहानी | publisher=Dainik Bhaskar | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajya-sabha-polls-bjp-sumitra-valmiki-kavita-patidar-file-nominations-madhya-pradesh-shivraj-singh-chouhan-1956669-2022-05-31 | title=BJP's Rajya Sabha candidates from Madhya Pradesh file nominations | publisher=India Today | date=31 May 2022 | accessdate=1 June 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Valmiki, Sumitra}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:1955 births]]

Omprakash Raje Nimbalkar

2026-04-20T06:43:55Z

Josefa1802: added basic post nd citations

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Omraje Nimbalkar
| image =
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = May 2019
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]]
| office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| constituency1 = [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency|Osmanabad]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|7|17}}
| birth_place = Govardhanwadi, [[Dharashiv District]], [[Maharashtra]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Sanyojani Deshmukh|2011}}
| occupation = Politician
| website =
| predecessor = [[Ravindra Gaikwad]]
| predecessor1 = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Padmasinh Patil]]
| successor1 = [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]]
| relations = [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil|Padmasinh Patil]] (paternal uncle)
| father = Bhupalsinh alias Pavanraje Santajiraje Nimbalkar
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=5189
}}

'''Omprakash Bhupalsinh alias Pavan RajeNimbalkar''' is a [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)]] politician from [[Dharashiv district]], [[Marathwada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://Dharashiv.nic.in/newsite/main_m.htm|title=धाराशिव जिल्हा|author=Collector Office, Dharashiv|work=Dharashiv.nic.in|access-date=18 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119163106/http://osmanabad.nic.in/newsite/main_m.htm|archive-date=19 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is member of [[17th Lok Sabha]] from [[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad]] constituency. He was [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Osmanabad Assembly constituency]]. He is the cousin of [[Ranajagjitsinha Patil]] and his paternal uncle is [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]].

==Positions held==
* 2009: Elected to Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
* 2019: Elected to 17th Lok Sabha<ref>{{cite web| url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/loksabha-election-results-2019-winning-candidate-list-of-maharashtra-667510| title=Loksabha Election Results 2019 : राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी| access-date=24 May 2019| archive-date=25 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525052539/https://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/loksabha-election-results-2019-winning-candidate-list-of-maharashtra-667510| url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2024: Elected to 18th Lok Sabha

==See also==
* [[Osmanabad Tahsil|Osmanabad Taluka]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shivsena.org/ Shivsena Home Page]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajenimbalkar, Omprakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:People from Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]

{{Maharashtra-SS-politician-stub}}

Veena Parnaik

2026-04-17T22:04:50Z

Josefa1802: started initial article with sources

{{Short description|Indian cell biologist (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dr. Veena Parnaik
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1953}}
| birth_place = India
| fields = [[Cell Biology]]
| workplaces = {{ublist |Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology |[[Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist |[[University of Mumbai]] |[[Ohio State University]]}}
| known_for = {{longitem|Contributions to the understanding of the [[nuclear lamina]]}}
| awards = JC Bose Fellowship (2011)
}}

'''Veena Krishnaji Parnaik''' (born 1953) is an Indian [[cell biologist]] and the current Chief Scientist at the [[Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology]]. She obtained her Masters in Science in medicinal biochemistry from the University of Mumbai and received her PhD from Ohio State University before moving back to India to work at the CCMB. Her research is focused on understanding the functional role of the nuclear lamina and how defects in it may lead to disorders such as [[progeria]] and [[muscular dystrophy]].

==Education and career==
In 1974, Dr. Veena Parnaik obtained her M.Sc from the University of Mumbai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = INSA|url = http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P04-1366|website = www.insaindia.org|access-date = 2015-11-17|archive-date = 4 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092642/http://www.insaindia.org/detail.php?id=P04-1366}}</ref> She then traveled to the United States to obtain her PhD at Ohio State University for her research on the enzyme dextransucrase.<ref name=":0" /> She received her PhD in 1979 and then in 1980 she traveled back to India to work at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, (CCMB), in Hyderabad as a research associate.<ref name=":0" /> In 1981 she was promoted to scientist and she currently holds the role of Chief Scientist at the institution.<ref name=":0" /> Since that time she has been an active member of the Indian Society of Cell Biology and has been a member of the RAP-SAC of National Institute of Immunology in New Delhi and the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics in Hyderabad.<ref name=":0" />

== Research ==
Dr. Parnaik's research is mainly concerned with understanding the functional role of the nuclear lamina, not to be confused with the [[basal lamina]] which provides structural support to the extracellular matrix. The nuclear lamina provides structural support to the nucleus and is invaluable in its role in cell differentiation in the embryonic stage and its role in regulating certain cellular events such as cell division and DNA replication. Although her research is concerned with the functional role of the nuclear lamina the applications of her research may provide insight into the causes and genetic origins of laminopathies.

=== Laminopathies ===
Laminopathies are a group of rare genetic disorders that are caused by defects in genes that code for the nuclear lamina.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|pmid = 17006023|title = Laminopathies: Multiple disorders arising from defects in nuclear architecture|last = Parnaik|first = Veena|date = October 2006|journal = Journal of Biosciences|doi = 10.1007/bf02704113|volume=31|issue = 3|pages=405–21|s2cid = 5871612}}</ref> Symptoms of laminopathy may include muscular dystrophy, diabetes, dysplasia and progeria (premature aging).<ref name=":1" /> Although there are a number of rare mutations that may result in laminopathy one of the most well researched causes is a mutation in the gene coding for lamin A/C ([[LMNA]]).<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|pmid = 23451281|title = Lamin A/C Haploinsufficiency Modulates the Differentiation Potential of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells|last = Sehgal|first = Poonam|date = 25 February 2013|journal = PLOS ONE|doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0057891|volume=8|issue = 2|pmc=3581495|article-number=e57891|bibcode=2013PLoSO...857891S|doi-access = free}}</ref> Dr. Parnaik's research is concerned with discovering the cause of a number of defects on the nuclear level that result from mutations in LMNA that include failure to differentiate in adipose tissue, impaired nuclear integrity, impairment in the cell's ability to respond to DNA damaging agents, and cellular toxicity which may lead to premature aging.<ref name=":1" />

=== Nuclear Lamins ===
A large role of Dr. Parnaik's research into the nuclear lamina is focused on the nuclear lamins, fibrous proteins found in the nuclear lamina that provide structural support and are essential for proper cell differentiation and gene regulation. Through her research, Dr. Parnaik has made considerable progress in understanding the role of nuclear lamins during embryonic development. She identified human lamin A/C as being invaluable to proper embryonic development by demonstrating that depletion leads to improper cell differentiation in stem cells.<ref name=":2" /> In cells where lamin A/C has been depleted the stem cells fail to differentiate into [[endoderm]], mesoderm and [[ectoderm]].<ref name=":2" /> In addition to stem cell differentiation, Dr. Parnaik's research has also shown a relationship between lamin A/C and cyclin D3.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|pmid = 17321498|title = Identification of cyclin D3 as a new interaction partner of lamin A/C|last = Mariappan|first = Indumathi|date = 20 February 2007|journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|doi = 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.060|volume=355|issue = 4|pages=981–5}}</ref> From her research, Dr. Parnaik pointed towards a complex that formed between lamin A/C and cyclin D3 that played an important role in muscle cell differentiation.<ref name=":3" /> Dr. Parnaik's research may pave the way to new understanding of how cell's differentiate in the embryonic stage and may provide insight into how mutations and deletions in these molecules may explain certain embryonic defects and failures to differentiate.

==Honors and awards==
Dr. Parnaik has served on the Executive Committee of the Indian Society of Cell Biology for numerous years (1991-1994, 2003-2005, and 2007-2009) and she served as the president of the Society from 2011 to 2013.<ref name=":0" /> In 2004 she was elected Fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in New Delhi and in 2008 she was elected Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in Bangalore. In 2011 she received the JC Bose Fellowship.<ref name=":0" /> Dr. Parnaik has also received a number of prestigious awards including the Shakuntala Devi Amirchand Prize of ICMR (1992), the Dr. PA Krup Lecture Award of Society of Biological Chemists for India (1997) and the Professor SP Ray-Chaudhuri Lecture Award of Indian Society of Cell Biology (2010).<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Parnaik, Veena}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ohio State University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women molecular biologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Indian cell biologists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian biologists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]

Ram Avtar Singh

2026-04-11T20:45:28Z

Josefa1802: added first bio nd citations

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ram Avtar Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Noorpur Assembly constituency]]
| office = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor1 =
| successor =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Politician
| profession =
}}
'''Ram Avtar Singh''' is an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]] serving as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Noorpur Assembly constituency]] since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Avtar Singh, SP MLA from Noorpur – Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/ram-avtar-singh/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Noorpur Election Result 2022 LIVE: Noorpur MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/noorpur-assembly-elections-up-24/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UP Noorpur Assembly Election Results 2022: सपा नेता राम अवतार सिंह ने बीजेपी नेता सीपी सिंह को हराया |url=https://m.jagrantv.com/hi-show/noorpur-election-result-2022-party-wise-candidates-list-2022-voting-date-2017-winner-and-losing-parties-for-up-vidhan-sabha-chunav-rc1028783 |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=Jagran TV |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ram Avtar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Mohammad Barkatullah (writer)

2026-04-08T01:48:26Z

Josefa1802: data

{{Short description|Bangladeshi writer (1898-1974)}}
{{similar names|Barkatullah (disambiguation)}}
{{infobox officeholder
| name = Mohammad Barkatullah
| office = President of [[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]]
| term_start = 1962
| term_end = 1963
| predecessor = [[Mohammad Akram Khan]]
| successor = [[Muhammad Qudrat-i-Khuda]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1898|03|02|df=y}}
| birth_place = Ghorsal, [[Pabna District]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1974|11|02|1898|03|02|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| occupation = Writer
| awards = [[#Awards|full list]]
}}
'''Mohammad Barkatullah''' (2 March 1898 – 2 November 1974) was a Bangladeshi writer.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia |author=Badiuzzaman |year=2012 |article=Barkatullah, Mohammad}}</ref>

==Biography==
Barkatullah was born on 2 March 1898 in the village of Ghorsal under [[Shahjadpur Upazila|Shahjadpur thana]], which was part of Pabna district at the time. His father, Ali Azam, was a physician; his mother was Tosiron Bibi.<ref name="nn4Mar2016">{{Cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Nurul Amin |title=Mohammad Barkatullah enriched our literature |url=http://thedailynewnation.com/news/85621/Mohammad-Barkatullah-enriched-our-literature |access-date=2021-09-10 |work=The New Nation |date=4 March 2016 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018165356/https://thedailynewnation.com/news/85621/Mohammad-Barkatullah-enriched-our-literature |archive-date=2023-10-18}}</ref>

He matriculated from Shahjadpur High School in 1914 and completed an Intermediate of Arts at [[Rajshahi College]] in 1916.<ref name="nn4Mar2016" /> He earned a BA (Honours) in philosophy in 1918, an MA in philosophy in 1920, and a Bar-at-Law in 1922.<ref name="Khan1972">{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Khan |editor-first=Khan Tahawar Ali |encyclopedia=Biographical Encyclopedia of Pakistan |title=Mohammad Barkatullah |edition=1971-72 |year=1972 |location=Lahore |publisher=Biographical Research Institute, Pakistan |oclc=01774840 |page=816}}</ref> Starting in 1916 and continuing through his student days, articles he wrote began to be published in various magazines and literary journals, including ''[[The Moslem Bharat]]''.<ref name="nn4Mar2016" />

In 1920, he married Jubeda Khatoon. They would have four sons and six daughters together.<ref name="Khan1972" />

He entered the Bengal Civil Service in 1923 and served in various capacities around Bengal while continuing to write.<ref name="nn4Mar2016" />

His eldest daughter, Noor Jahan Begum, married Bengali astronomer [[Mohammad Abdul Jabbar]] on 8 June 1939.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sebhaque.com/professor-mohammad-abdul-jabbar-chapter-three |title=The Life and Works of Professor Mohammad Abdul Jabbar, Chapter Three |website=Sebastian Haque}}</ref>

Barkatullah was a deputy secretary of the education department of [[East Pakistan]], later Bangladesh.<ref name="nn4Mar2016" />

==Writing career==
In ''Parasya Pratibha'' (''The Talents of Persia''), he praised the thinking of the ''[[Mutazilites]]'' in the eighth century, and described the literary, philosophical, and scientific advancements made possible over the succeeding four centuries by their independent spirit.<ref>{{cite book |last=Banu |first=U. A. B. Razia Akter |year=1992 |title=Islam in Bangladesh |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |page=48 |isbn=978-90-04-09497-0}}</ref> Barkatullah's literary works were included in the curriculum of school level, secondary, higher secondary and graduation level [[Bengali Literature]] in Bangladesh.

===Books===
* ''Parasya Pratibha'' (''The Talents of Persia'') (1924 and 1932)
* ''Manuser Dharma'' (1934)
* ''Karbala O Imam Bangser Itihas'' (1957)
* ''Nabigrha Sangbad, Makka Khanda'' (1960)
* ''Naya Jatir Srasta Hazrat Muhammad'' (1963)
* ''Hazrat Osman'' (1968)
* ''Bangla Sahitye Muslim Dhara'' (1969)<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book |last=Islam |first=Sirajul |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla Academy |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Academy |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Helal |editor2-first=Bashir Al |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
* [[Bangla Academy Literary Award]] (1960)
* Daud Prize (1960)
* [[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (1962)
* President's Award (1970)

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* '''Golpo Songroho''' (Collected Stories), the national textbook of B.A. (pass and subsidiary) course of Bangladesh, published by [[University of Dhaka]] in 1979 (reprint in 1986).
* '''Bangla Sahitya''' (Bengali Literature), the national textbook of intermediate (college) level of Bangladesh published in 1996 by all educational boards.
{{refend}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barkatullah, Mohammad}}
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Bangla Academy Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:20th-century non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from Shahzadpur Upazila]]
[[Category:Rajshahi College alumni]]

{{Bangladesh-writer-stub}}

Vikramajit Singh Sanatan Dharma College

2026-04-03T13:57:54Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|College in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Vikramajit Singh Sanatan Dharma College
|native_name =
|latin_name =
|logo =
|seal_image =
|image = Vssd-college-logo.png
|image_size =
|caption =
|motto =
|motto_translation =
|streetaddress =
|region =
|city = Nawabganj, [[Kanpur]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|postalcode = 280002
|country = [[India]]
|coordinates =
|established = 1921
|approx =
|opened =
|university =
|president =
|principal = DrNeeru Tandon
|faculty =
|employees =
|key_people =
|students =
|yearbook =
|campus =
|academic_affiliations = [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]
|website = {{url|vssdcollege.ac.in}}
}}

'''Vikramajit Singh Sanatan Dharma College''' ('''VSSD college'''), formerly '''Sanatan Dharma College''', is situated on the right bank of the [[Ganges river]] at Nawabganj in [[Kanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It was established in 1921.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uphed.up.nic.in/tclist.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151028120409/http://uphed.up.nic.in/tclist.pdf |archive-date=28 October 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://scholarship.up.nic.in/2011_12/SCH_STUD_INST_N.ASP?DCODE=34&INST_CODE=V.S.S.D.COLLEGE%20KANPUR%20NAGAR&cat=5 |title=SCHOLARSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM : STUDENT LIST |website=scholarship.up.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122456/http://scholarship.up.nic.in/2011_12/SCH_STUD_INST_N.ASP?DCODE=34&INST_CODE=V.S.S.D.COLLEGE%20KANPUR%20NAGAR&cat=5 |archive-date=2015-09-25}} </ref>

==Affiliations==
At first, the college was affiliated to [[Allahabad University]] and [[Agra University]].{{citation needed|date=October 2019}} In the year 1968, it became affiliated to [[Kanpur University]] (now [[Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University]]).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.csjmkanpuruniversity.in/KANPUR_NAGAR.php |title=Welcome to Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur |access-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925052710/http://www.csjmkanpuruniversity.in/KANPUR_NAGAR.php |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanpuruniversity.org/affiliated_colleges_kanpur.htm |title=Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur |website=www.kanpuruniversity.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127175914/http://www.kanpuruniversity.org/affiliated_colleges_kanpur.htm |archive-date=2009-11-27}} </ref>

==Hostel==

Hostel facility for Girl's & Boy's is available in VSSD College.

== Notable Alumni==
[[Deendayal Upadhyaya]]⁣ – Indian Thinker

[[Shobha Ram Kumawat]]- Former Member of Lok Sabha

[[Vinay Katiyar]] - Former Member of Parliament, founder - president of [[Bajrang Dal]]

[[Satyadev Pachauri]] - Member of Parliament

[[S. N. Chak]]- IPS Officer

[[Neelima Katiyar]] - Member of legislative Assembly

[[Sunil Dutt Dwivedi]] - Member of legislative Assembly

[[Surendra Maithani]] - Member of legislative Assembly

[[Shyam Bihari Misra]] - Indian Politician

[[Rajeev Shukla|Rajeev shukla]]- Vice president of BCCI

==Faculties==
The college is composed of the following faculties:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csjmkanpuruniversity.in/Faculties.php |title=Welcome to Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University Kanpur |website=www.csjmkanpuruniversity.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205190910/http://csjmkanpuruniversity.in/Faculties.php |archive-date=2015-02-05}} </ref>
*Arts
*Science
*Commerce
*Dled, B.Ed, M.Ed
*Physical Education
*Law-LLB,B.A.LL.B
*BBA
*BCA

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanpur]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1921]]
[[Category:1921 establishments in India]]

1: Nenokkadine

2026-04-02T04:04:36Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|2014 film directed by Sukumar}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 1: Nenokkadine
| image = 1 Nenokkadine poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sukumar]]
| screenplay = Jeremy Zimmerman
| story = Jakka Hariprasad Sukumar
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = Arjun Y. K. Thota Srinivas
}}
| producer = Ram Achanta Gopichand Achanta [[Anil Sunkara]]
| starring = [[Mahesh Babu]] [[Kriti Sanon]]
| cinematography = [[R. Rathnavelu]]
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = 14 Reels Entertainment
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|1|10|ref1=<ref name="rel" />}}
| runtime = 177 minutes (theatrical version) 157 minutes (trimmed version)
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}60–70 crore<ref name="visual">{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=16 May 2014 |title=Painting magic |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/painting-magic/article6013492.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607132025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/painting-magic/article6013492.ece |archive-date=7 June 2014 |access-date=18 January 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
| gross = 
}}
'''''1: Nenokkadine''''' ({{translation|1: I am alone}}) is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Psychological thriller|psychological]] [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Nenuokkadine |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/1-nenuokkadine-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zode1oda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190717090435/https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/1-nenuokkadine-film |archive-date=17 July 2019 |access-date=17 July 2019 |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref> directed by [[Sukumar]]. Produced by 14 Reels Entertainment and distributed by [[Eros International]], the film stars [[Mahesh Babu]] in the lead role alongside [[Kriti Sanon]] (in her film debut), [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] and [[Kelly Dorji]]. The story follows Gautham, a rock musician suffering from [[schizophrenia]]{{efn|name=disorder|The film explains it as "integration disorder" while critics have noted that it is closer to schizophrenia. Director Sukumar explained that schizophrenia is perceived as an offensive term by most people and so he chose "integration disorder" as a more acceptable term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2014 |title=Postmortem - 1 Nenokkadine by Sukumar |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/1nenokkadine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521112303/http://idlebrain.com/movie/postmortem/1nenokkadine.html |archive-date=21 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>
A psychiatrist had commented that features of [[post-traumatic stress disorder]] and [[schizophrenia]] were used to create the protagonist's character in the movie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2014 |title=A Psychiatrist' s perspective of 1 Nenokkadine movie |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/1nenokkadine-reviewby-pavanrao.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520121027/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/1nenokkadine-reviewby-pavanrao.html |archive-date=20 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |website=Idlebrain.com}}</ref>}} and missing 25 percent of his brain's [[grey matter]], as he embarks on a quest to find his parents with the help of his girlfriend, Sameera, a journalist.

Sukumar began working on the film's script after completing [[100% Love (2011 film)|''100% Love'']] (2011), using a bus driver's tale about a boy claiming his parents were murdered on his bus as the foundation. ''1: Nenokkadine'' features cinematography by [[R. Rathnavelu]] and editing by Karthika Srinivas. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. [[Principal photography]] commenced in April 2012 and concluded in October 2013. Filming took place in various locations including [[London]], [[Belfast]], [[Bangkok]], and Indian cities such as [[Hyderabad]], [[Mumbai]], [[Goa]], [[Chennai]], and [[Bangalore]]. Produced on a budget of ₹60–70 [[crore]], it was the most expensive Telugu film at the time of its release.

''1: Nenokkadine'' was released on 10 January 2014 across approximately 1,500 screens during the [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]] festival season. The film received mixed reviews, with praise directed towards its music, cinematography, action sequences, and Mahesh Babu's performance. However, the complexity of the screenplay and its length garnered criticism. The film eventually became a box office failure. It won three awards from eight nominations at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]] and two awards at the 11th [[CineMAA Awards]]. Over time, the film was reevaluated and gained a [[cult following]] for its unique narrative, technical finesse and Babu's performance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mamillapalle |first=Nischala |date=2020-08-08 |title=On Mahesh Babu’s Birthday, An Overview Of Two Of His Most Underrated Films |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-movies-mahesh-babu-birthday-an-overview-of-two-of-his-most-underrated-films-khaleja-1-nenokkadine |access-date=2025-02-25 |website=Film Companion |language=en}}</ref> It was also listed among ''[[Film Companion]]'s'' "25 Greatest Telugu Films of the Decade."<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 Greatest Telugu Films Of The Decade |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017163531/https://www.filmcompanion.in/fc-decades/pages/telugu.html |archive-date=17 October 2019 |access-date=2021-06-26 |website=Film Companion}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Gautham is a [[schizophrenia|schizophrenic]]{{efn|name=disorder}} [[Rock music|rock musician]] who is missing 25% of his [[grey matter]]. He hallucinates a mysterious person he believes is one of the three murderers of his parents. As a child, Gautham was convinced that he was an orphan and assumed that his parents were dead; he does not remember their names or what they looked like. At one of his concerts, Gautham sees one of the three men and chases him. Sameera, a journalist at the concert, films Gautham fighting his imaginary opponent. Gautham surrenders to the police after "killing" the man, confessing that he killed three men: one in [[Belfast]], one in [[Pune]], and one just now in [[Hyderabad]]. He is released from custody after Sameera broadcasts the video on television.

According to the psychiatrist, if Gautham can hallucinate a person other than the three men, he can be treated. Gautham goes to [[Goa]] on vacation. Sameera stalks him, convincing him that two people are stalking him: a journalist who wants to interview him (imaginary), and a person claiming to be his fan (real). Gautham begins to fall in love with Sameera. He saves her from a group of people trying to murder her; on an isolated island together, Gautham learns the truth behind the fourth imaginary person and writes Sameera off as a disturbed journalist. By the time he learns about Sameera's intentions, she has left for Hyderabad; Gautham pursues her. In Hyderabad, Gautham accidentally spoils Sameera's birthday plans, infuriating her.

Although he is convinced that he has made an enemy to cope with being an orphan, a mysterious person tries to kill Sameera, but Gautham saves her. Sameera learns that the mysterious person is Antonio Rosarius (one of the people behind Gautham's parents' death), a Goa-based crime boss who wants to kill her because she tried to expose the presence of [[hydrogen cyanide]] in seeds sold by Rosarius' company, AG1. Gautham meets Rosarius in the lobby of Sameera's office building. Assuming that he is an illusion, he shoots Rosarius dead. By the time Gautham realizes Rosarius is really dead, and learns that his parents were really murdered. He catches an aged taxi driver who was stalking him (another of the three men he imagined), and discovers that Rosarius, along with an [[Non-resident Indian and Overseas Citizen of India|NRI]] in London, killed his parents; his father gave a bag to the taxi driver to deliver to Gautham.

In the bag is an old [[Rubik's Cube]], a key, and a British coin. Gautham and Sameera leave for London, where they and their driver, Gulaab Singh, escape from a murder attempt; Gautham's manager, Michael, is killed. The Rubik's Cube, when solved a certain way, reveals a safe deposit box number in which Gautham finds a preserved rice sample. After escaping another murder attempt in a parking lot, he eludes the police and the two men with Sameera and Singh's help. One of the men, a fan, seeks revenge for his father (one of the other murderers, according to the aged taxi driver), who was killed by Gautham in Belfast when he performed there. Gautham learns that the aged taxi driver he met previously is a businessman and the murderer; the person hit by the businessman's car in Gautham's presence was the actual, innocent taxi driver.

Gautham and the businessman confront each other. The businessman reveals that he and Gautham's father were also successful businessmen. Gautham's father and the businessman were best friends and worked in the same company, Sinto 1. They worked on cultivating [[Golden rice]], a variety that could grow in any weather. When Gautham's father refused to sell it in favor of distributing it globally for free, the businessman and Rosarios killed his parents. When he refuses to tell Gautham about his parents, Gautham kills him. On his way to the airport, Gautham passes the school he had attended in his childhood and hears children singing a rhyme. It reminds him of a similar rhyme he learnt from his mother, and he remembers his way back to his house. At his house (a [[dilapidated]] villa), Gautham finds a photo of his parents, Chandrasekhar and Kalyani. He later introduces the rice variety at a global convention as "the second green revolution", and the film ends with Gautham standing in his field of golden rice.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Mahesh Babu]] as Gautham / Gautham Chandrashekhar
** Gautham Krishna as young Gautham
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Sameera, Gautham's girlfriend
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as an unnamed businessman, Chandrashekar's friend
* [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]] as Taxi Driver
* [[Sayaji Shinde]] as Inspector Jaan Baasha
* [[Kelly Dorji]] as Antonio Rosarius
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as Gulaab Singh
* [[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as entrepreneur Chandrashekhar, Gautham's father
* [[Anu Hasan]] as Kalyani, Gautham's mother
* [[John Kokken]] as Antonio Rosarius' henchman
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Sameera's boss
* [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]] as Antonio Rosarius' henchman
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Michael
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Gautham's doctor
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Constable K. S. Reddy
* [[Narsing Yadav]] as bus driver
* Kadambari Kiran Kumar as bus conductor
* [[Naveen Polishetty]] as Naveen, the taxi driver's son
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as the businessman's henchman
* [[Sophie Choudry]] in the [[item number]] "London Babu"
{{colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
After completing ''[[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]]'' (2011), [[Sukumar (director)|Sukumar]] began working on a [[psychological thriller]] with [[Mahesh Babu]] in mind as the protagonist because he felt that Babu had universal appeal. An incident in which a bus driver talked about a young boy who said that his parents were murdered on his bus became the story's base.<ref name="Sukumar int RDF">{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=15 January 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu agreed immediately to do 1-Nenokkadine |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mahesh-babu-agreed-immediately-to-do-1-nenokkadine-south/20140115.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914201027/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-mahesh-babu-agreed-immediately-to-do-1-nenokkadine-south/20140115.htm |archive-date=14 September 2015 |access-date=4 January 2016 |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> Babu met Sukumar on the set of ''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' (2012) in [[Goa]], and listened to the script for 25 minutes. Although Sukumar could not describe the story well in the noisy restaurant, Babu agreed to appear in the film within half an hour.<ref name="Mahesh int TH">{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=28 December 2013 |title=He's the '1' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hes-the-1/article5512192.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703024621/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/hes-the-1/article5512192.ece |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Sukumar worked on ''1: Nenokkadine''{{'s}} script for two months,<ref name="Sukumar int TH">{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=1 December 2013 |title=One and only |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/one-and-only/article5409282.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830152014/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/one-and-only/article5409282.ece |archive-date=30 August 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> and considered it his dream project.<ref name="Sukumar int DC">{{Cite web |date=10 January 2014 |title=Sukumar, Numero Uno |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-tollywood/article/sukumar-numero-uno |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115041824/http://deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-tollywood/article/sukumar-numero-uno |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

Ram Achanta, Gopichand Achanta and Anil Sunkara of 14 Reels Entertainment, who produced Babu's ''[[Dookudu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Aagadu]]'' (2014), agreed to produce ''1: Nenokkadine'' after hearing the script. Asked about his frequent collaboration with them, Babu said that Sukumar clearly indicated the risk of budget escalation and longer production and said that he and Sukumar could be viewed as criminals if it was produced by someone else.<ref name="Mahesh int TH" /> Sunil Lulla and Andrew Hefferman were credited as co-producers, and Koti Paruchuri was its executive producer.<ref name="credits" /> The film, introduced on 12 February 2012 in [[Hyderabad]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu — Sukumar film pooja held |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mahesh-babu-sukumar-film-pooja-held-news-telugu-mcnoVxfffiesi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012111305/http://www.sify.com/movies/mahesh-babu-sukumar-film-pooja-held-news-telugu-mcnoVxfffiesi.html |archive-date=12 October 2015 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> received its title in May 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=31 May 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's new film is titled One — Nenokkadine |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-new-film-is-titled-One-Nenokkadine/articleshow/20361100.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104083429/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-new-film-is-titled-One-Nenokkadine/articleshow/20361100.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
{{multiple image

| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = [[Kajal Aggarwal]] (''left'') was initially signed as the female lead,<ref name="Kajal" /> but was replaced by [[Kriti Sanon]] (''right'') due to scheduling problems. ''1: Nenokkadine'' was Sanon's debut.<ref name="Sanon" />
| width =

| image1 = Kajal Aggarwal promoting Special 26.jpg
| width1 = 145
| alt1 = Smiling young woman with long dark hair, looking off to the side
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| image2 = Kriti Sanon at Gionees Mobile phone launch.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 = Smiling young woman in a red skirt
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}}
Babu agreed to be fit and healthy, since the film emphasised action scenes.<ref name="Mahesh int TH" /> He followed a 12-week Dynamic Transformation Plan (DTP) supervised by Kris Gethin, developing his abdominal muscles and losing weight.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's look after DTP |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-look-after-DTP/articleshow/19645991.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215113933/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-look-after-DTP/articleshow/19645991.cms |archive-date=15 December 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Babu then followed a Yoda Three Training regime (Y3T), supervised by Neil Hill, further developing his muscles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dua |first=Aarti |date=1 September 2013 |title=Workout wizard |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130901/jsp/graphiti/17292700.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227210712/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130901/jsp/graphiti/17292700.jsp |archive-date=27 February 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref> His stylist, Ashwin Malwe, said that his appearance and style would be "sophisticated and classy" in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=26 October 2013 |title=Telugu cinema heroes bring the geeky back |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-cinema-heroes-bring-the-geeky-back/articleshow/24758690.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104133403/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Telugu-cinema-heroes-bring-the-geeky-back/articleshow/24758690.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Sukumar had Babu wear eyeglasses, since the director felt that audiences tended to consider a bespectacled character to be perfectionistic and positive, and the actor's hairstyle was changed.<ref name="Sukumar int TH" />

[[Tamannaah]] was considered for the female lead, since the producers were impressed with her performance in ''100% Love''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=26 November 2011 |title=Tamannaah to romance Mahesh |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-to-romance-Mahesh/articleshow/10880351.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104133555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Tamannaah-to-romance-Mahesh/articleshow/10880351.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She declined the offer, citing scheduling conflicts,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=28 March 2012 |title=Tamannaah says 'no' to Mahesh and 'yes' to Pawan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-says-no-to-Mahesh-and-yes-to-Pawan/articleshow/12442813.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104135549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Tamannaah-says-no-to-Mahesh-and-yes-to-Pawan/articleshow/12442813.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and the Producer's Council told her not to sign for any new films until she completed her current assignments. After auditioning two actresses, Sukumar chose [[Kajal Aggarwal]] in March 2012 as the female lead.<ref name="Kajal">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2012 |title=Mahesh-Kajal combo returns |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mahesh-kajal-combo-returns-news-telugu-mdtmdyabcfgsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104140659/http://www.sify.com/movies/mahesh-kajal-combo-returns-news-telugu-mdtmdyabcfgsi.html |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> She was replaced by [[Kriti Sanon]] in October 2012, due to scheduling conflicts.<ref name="Sanon">{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=5 October 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu to romance Kriti Sanon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-romance-Kriti-Sanon/articleshow/16683552.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706150510/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-romance-Kriti-Sanon/articleshow/16683552.cms |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Sanon was signed for ''[[Heropanti]]'' (2014) after completing one shooting schedule for ''1: Nenokkadine'', and divided her time between the films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udasi |first=Harshikaa |date=20 May 2014 |title=Bollywood calling for Kriti Sanon |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bollywood-calling-for-kriti-sanon/article6029469.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624091427/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/bollywood-calling-for-kriti-sanon/article6029469.ece |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Sanon, who was involved in several action scenes filmed on the sea, was apprehensive about a scene in which Babu took her from a yacht since she did not know how to swim.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2014 |title='I was late on first day', says Kriti Sanon |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140114/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-was-late-first-day%E2%80%99-says-kriti-sanon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115034818/http://deccanchronicle.com/140114/entertainment-tollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-was-late-first-day%E2%80%99-says-kriti-sanon |archive-date=15 January 2014 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

Babu's seven-year-old son, Gautham Krishna, was chosen to play the younger version of the protagonist in his Telugu cinema debut.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's son Gautam makes his debut |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-son-Gautam-makes-his-debut/articleshow/20966620.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104140632/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-son-Gautam-makes-his-debut/articleshow/20966620.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> According to Sukumar, Gautham looked like the actor did as a child.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2014 |title=Director Sukumar interview |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Director-Sukumar-interview/articleshow/29307211.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104141910/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Director-Sukumar-interview/articleshow/29307211.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> When the director approached Babu and his wife, [[Namrata Shirodkar]], Gautham Krishna was only six and they were apprehensive. His introduction scene was filmed silently by [[Peter Hein]], since the boy was afraid of gunfire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Francis |first=Christina |date=10 May 2014 |title=Exclusive : Namrata talks about Mahesh Babu, her family and more |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Exclusive-Namrata-talks-about-Mahesh-Babu-her-family-and-more/articleshow/34934268.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429161106/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Exclusive-Namrata-talks-about-Mahesh-Babu-her-family-and-more/articleshow/34934268.cms |archive-date=29 April 2015 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], [[Pradeep Rawat (actor)|Pradeep Rawat]], [[Kelly Dorji]], [[Sayaji Shinde]] and [[Anu Hasan]] and [[Vikram Singh (actor)|Vikram Singh]] were cast in other supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=8 July 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's son shoots for '1: Nenokkadine' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Mahesh-Babus-son-shoots-for-1-Nenokkadine/2013/07/08/article1673819.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104141211/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Mahesh-Babus-son-shoots-for-1-Nenokkadine/2013/07/08/article1673819.ece |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=24 October 2013 |title=New Telugu cinema baddies on the block |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/New-Telugu-cinema-baddies-on-the-block/articleshow/24648852.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104141141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/New-Telugu-cinema-baddies-on-the-block/articleshow/24648852.cms |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Naveen Polishetty]] played a supporting role as the son of Pradeep Rawat's character in the film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mahesh Babu bowled over by 'Jathi Ratnalu': Hails Naveen Polishetty - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babu-bowled-over-by-jathi-ratnalu-hails-naveen-polishetty/articleshow/81481374.cms|access-date=2021-06-25|website=The Times of India|date=13 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Jacqueline Fernandez]] was approached to perform an [[item number]] in the film, but the producers failed to make a deal and instead signed [[Sophie Choudry]] after seeing her performance in "Aala Re Aala" from ''[[Shootout at Wadala]]'' (2013). For her first Telugu song, Choudry joined the film's set in September 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2013 |title=Sophie Choudry replaces Jacqueline Fernandez in 'One — Nenokkadine' item number |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sophie-choudry-replaces-jacqueline-fernandez-in-one-nenokkadine-item-number-1887664 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104141804/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sophie-choudry-replaces-jacqueline-fernandez-in-one-nenokkadine-item-number-1887664 |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> Sukumar said about the item number, "It's a superstar's film and it should reach all. Item numbers are common these days, and people expect to see them. The situation was that Babu had to go to a pub to get information about the person he was looking for. So there was an occasion to put in an item number".<ref name="Sukumar int RDF" />

=== Crew ===
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[[R. Rathnavelu]], who collaborated with Sukumar on ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004) and ''[[Jagadam]]'' (2007), was the film's director of photography in his return to Telugu cinema after seven years.<ref name="Randy">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2012 |title=Rathnavelu to film Mahesh Babu's movie |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rathnavelu-to-film-mahesh-babu-s-movie-news-telugu-mdmqUEdbaeasi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104082948/http://www.sify.com/movies/rathnavelu-to-film-mahesh-babu-s-movie-news-telugu-mdmqUEdbaeasi.html |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Rathnavelu called the film "more challenging aesthetically" and compared it to ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010), which he considered his technically toughest film.<ref name="Rathnavelu">{{Cite web |last=Kumari |first=Barkha |date=21 January 2014 |title=1's cinematographer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140121/entertainment-tollywood/article/1%E2%80%99s-cinematographer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104083104/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140121/entertainment-tollywood/article/1%E2%80%99s-cinematographer |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> He created the film's visual style in a week<ref name="visual" /> with a variety of cameras, such as Red Epic, Body Rigs, Doggies and an underwater scuba camera. For the climaxes, Rathnavelu shifted from chrome to black-and-white to full colour in synchronisation with the story's mood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=21 January 2014 |title=Light, camera and a lens to top it all |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/light-camera-and-a-lens-to-top-it-all/article5598196.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305215434/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/light-camera-and-a-lens-to-top-it-all/article5598196.ece |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

Rathnavelu had to address the protagonist's mood swings and hallucinations, replicating scenes with minor differences.<ref name="Rathnavelu" /> The film was shot in locations with a variety of climates, and new technical crews were hired in those places. Sukumar said, "We looked at world technicians and saw their work and can use whatever we learnt" and called it a "new yet learning experience" {{sic}}.<ref name="Sukumar int RDF" />

Sukumar's usual composer, [[Devi Sri Prasad]], was chosen for the film's soundtrack and score in Prasad's first Babu film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2012 |title=DSP promises unique music for Mahesh Babu film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dsp-promises-unique-music-for-mahesh-babu-film-news-telugu-mjerIBiifiisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104083159/http://www.sify.com/movies/dsp-promises-unique-music-for-mahesh-babu-film-news-telugu-mjerIBiifiisi.html |archive-date=4 January 2016 |access-date=4 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> He went through the script and discussed it with Sukumar, who felt that Prasad translated his vision in the [[Film score|background score]].<ref name="Sukumar int RDF" /> Prasad finished re-recording the film's second half in four days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu goes gaga over Devi Sri Prasad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Mahesh-Babu-goes-gaga-over-Devi-Sri-Prasad/articleshow/38670474.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722164338/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/Music/Mahesh-Babu-goes-gaga-over-Devi-Sri-Prasad/articleshow/38670474.cms |archive-date=22 July 2014 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Eleven-year-old journalist Smrithika Thuhina's father was an associate director of the film, and Prasad emailed him the rhyme's tune with several stills from the scene; his daughter wrote the lyrics for the rhyme.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=19 July 2014 |title=Etcetera: In Tamil film |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-in-tamil-film/article5617808.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408093551/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/etcetera-in-tamil-film/article5617808.ece |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=5 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> P. Madhusudhan Reddy was the film's [[Audiography|audiographer]].<ref name="credits">{{Cite AV media |title=1: Nenokkadine (Telugu) |date=22 November 2014 |type=Motion picture |publisher=[[Sun Network]] |place=India |via=[[YouTube]]}} Clip from 00:01:05 to 00:03:30.</ref>

Peter Hein choreographed ''1: Nenokkadine''{{'s}} action sequences,<ref name="Sukumar int RDF" /> and [[Prem Rakshith]] choreographed its songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu impressed with Prem Rakshit |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-impressed-with-Prem-Rakshit/articleshow/18484705.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118100922/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-impressed-with-Prem-Rakshit/articleshow/18484705.cms |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Jakka Hari Prasad and [[Palnati Surya Pratap]] worked on the film's story, and Y. K. Arjun, Thota Srinivas and Potluri Venkateswara Rao developed the script.<ref name="credits" /> Jeremy Zimmerman was credited with the screenplay, assisted by Sunil Madhav. [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] was ''1: Nenokkadine''{{'s}} visual-effects producer<ref name="credits" /> and R. C. Kamalakannan and Adel Adili's visual-effects company, Makuta, worked on the film.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} [[Karthika Srinivas]] was its chief editor, assisted by Siva Saravanan.<ref name="credits" />

=== Filming ===
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[[Principal photography]] began on 23 April 2012, with the filming of "Who R U?" featuring Babu and Aggarwal supervised by [[Prem Rakshith]] on a set at [[Annapurna Studios]] in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu – Kajal to start shooting soon |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-Kajal-to-start-shooting-soon/articleshow/12718206.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054549/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-Kajal-to-start-shooting-soon/articleshow/12718206.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu's new film goes on floors |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-new-film-goes-on-floors/articleshow/12838817.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108151038/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-new-film-goes-on-floors/articleshow/12838817.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Six hundred models performed in the song, and about 2,000 people participated in the shoot. After its completion, an action sequence was filmed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu shoots song with 600 models |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-shoots-song-with-600-models/articleshow/12871315.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108151036/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-shoots-song-with-600-models/articleshow/12871315.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The first shooting schedule wrapped up, and Babu returned to the set of ''[[Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2012 |title=Mahesh – Kajal to resume shooting from May 31 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Kajal-to-resume-shooting-from-May-31/articleshow/13608461.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054703/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Kajal-to-resume-shooting-from-May-31/articleshow/13608461.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy}}</ref> The second schedule began on 31 May 2012 on house and colony sets at [[Saradhi Studios]] in Hyderabad, including scenes with Babu and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu resumes shooting for Sukumar's Film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-resumes-shooting-for-Sukumars-Film/articleshow/13666580.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108155719/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-resumes-shooting-for-Sukumars-Film/articleshow/13666580.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Scenes of Babu at the police station were also part of the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2012 |title=Mahesh back to shooting for Sukumar's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-back-to-shooting-for-Sukumars-film/articleshow/13707695.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108155626/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-back-to-shooting-for-Sukumars-film/articleshow/13707695.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Since the actor had allotted a block of time to ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'', ''1: Nenokkadine''{{'s}} filming was delayed. When the former neared completion, he resumed work on ''1: Nenokkadine'' in late September 2012 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=24 September 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu to shoot in Goa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-shoot-in-Goa/articleshow/16525811.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108155230/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-shoot-in-Goa/articleshow/16525811.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Filming continued in [[Goa]] in mid-October, after a four-month hiatus,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sashidhar |first=A. S. |date=15 October 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu resumes shooting for Sukumar's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-resumes-shooting-for-Sukumars-film/articleshow/16819836.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108155041/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-resumes-shooting-for-Sukumars-film/articleshow/16819836.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and a song with Babu and others was filmed in late October. The Goa schedule wrapped up on 1 November, with half the filming completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2012 |title=Mahesh Babu's film progressing in Goa |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-film-progressing-in-Goa/articleshow/17002214.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054728/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-film-progressing-in-Goa/articleshow/17002214.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy}}</ref> Babu took a break to promote ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'', returning to the set on 23 January 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2013 |title=Mahesh to resume shooting for Sukumar's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-to-resume-shooting-for-Sukumars-film/articleshow/18115582.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108155455/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-to-resume-shooting-for-Sukumars-film/articleshow/18115582.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The next shooting schedule, which began on 18 March, lasted for three weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu to join the sets of Sukumar film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-join-the-sets-of-Sukumar-film/articleshow/18863289.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054750/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-join-the-sets-of-Sukumar-film/articleshow/18863289.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy}}</ref> Night scenes focusing on Babu and others were filmed in [[Kukatpally]] in mid-April.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 April 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu-Sukumar film progressing in Hyd |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-Sukumar-film-progressing-in-Hyd/articleshow/19541289.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108154650/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-Sukumar-film-progressing-in-Hyd/articleshow/19541289.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

The next schedule, which began on 18 June, filmed in London and Belfast for 60 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2013 |title=An Irish sojourn |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/An-Irish-sojourn/2013/06/11/article1629255.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054905/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/An-Irish-sojourn/2013/06/11/article1629255.ece |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |df=dmy}}</ref> At the Causeway Pictures studio in [[Northern Ireland]], ''1: Nenokkadine'' was the first Telugu film shot in Belfast.<ref name="belfast">{{Cite web |date=8 June 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu 1 Nenokkadine to be shot in Belfast |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-1-Nenokkadine-to-be-shot-in-Belfast/articleshow/20492815.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108154213/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-1-Nenokkadine-to-be-shot-in-Belfast/articleshow/20492815.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Hollywood stunt co-ordinator Conrad Palmisano supervised stunts by Babu and others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2013 |title=Salman Khan's stuntman working with Mahesh Babu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Salman-Khans-stuntman-working-with-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/18256995.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054903/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Salman-Khans-stuntman-working-with-Mahesh-Babu/articleshow/18256995.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy}}</ref> Rathnavelu called the action scene in a London car park "one of the most satisfying" things he had ever done. The scene takes place during a power failure, with the headlights of motorcycles chasing the protagonist the only sources of light. To film the scene, Rathnavelu used [[LED lamp]]s and three torchlights; smoke was pumped into the air to create a backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Interview with R. Rathnavelu |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rathnavelu.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125040811/http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/rathnavelu.html |archive-date=25 November 2015 |access-date=25 November 2015 |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> When scenes were filmed on one of London's three main bridges, traffic was stopped on both sides of the bridge for more than eight hours.<ref name="Sukumar int DC" /><ref name="rel TH">{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=10 January 2014 |title=The 'Prince' is all set to hold court |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/the-prince-is-all-set-to-hold-court/article5561014.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117170523/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/the-prince-is-all-set-to-hold-court/article5561014.ece |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

After London, filming continued in [[Bangkok]] in August 2013<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's One to be shot in Bangkok |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-One-to-be-shot-in-Bangkok/articleshow/22064228.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108153341/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-One-to-be-shot-in-Bangkok/articleshow/22064228.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and in Hyderabad in September; some scenes were filmed in and near [[Banjara Hills]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's 1 shoot progressing in Hyd |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-1-shoot-progressing-in-Hyd/articleshow/22414716.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108153444/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-1-shoot-progressing-in-Hyd/articleshow/22414716.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The last shooting schedule began in Bangkok in early October 2013, with action scenes supervised by Peter Hein.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's One progressing in Bangkok |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-One-progressing-in-Bangkok/articleshow/23575817.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914054902/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-One-progressing-in-Bangkok/articleshow/23575817.cms |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India |df=dmy}}</ref> The remaining dialogue scenes were filmed in [[Bangalore]] in mid-October 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu to shoot in Bangalore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-shoot-in-Bangalore/articleshow/24193742.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108153029/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-to-shoot-in-Bangalore/articleshow/24193742.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> They were finished by late November, and the last song was filmed in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's One to be shot in Mumbai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-One-to-be-shot-in-Mumbai/articleshow/26362613.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108153030/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-One-to-be-shot-in-Mumbai/articleshow/26362613.cms |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] in late December 2013.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== Music ==
{{Main|1: Nenokkadine (soundtrack album)}}
The film's five-song soundtrack was composed by [[Sukumar]]'s usual collaborator [[Devi Sri Prasad]], with lyrics by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=One Nenokkadine — Jukebox |date=20 December 2013 |type=Soundtrack |publisher=[[Lahari Music]] |place=India |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Lahari Music]] acquired its marketing rights for {{INR}}1 crore, which is a record for a Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad S. |first=Shyam |date=30 November 2013 |title=Bangalore company pays a bomb for Mahesh Babu's film |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-company-pays-a-bomb-for-Mahesh-Babus-film/articleshow/27234794.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118095427/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Bangalore-company-pays-a-bomb-for-Mahesh-Babus-film/articleshow/27234794.cms |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The soundtrack album was released on 21 December 2013 with a promotional event at [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-22 |title=Mahesh's One: Nenokkadine audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maheshs-one-nenokkadine-audio-launched/articleshow/27672973.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225021035/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/maheshs-one-nenokkadine-audio-launched/articleshow/27672973.cms |archive-date=2016-02-25 |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The event, watched by 14,500 people, was shown live in 24 theatres across [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]] and was the first Indian soundtrack release event shown live in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-06 |title=Mahesh Babu's One audio live telecast theaters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-one-audio-live-telecast-theaters/articleshow/26954033.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209074428/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-one-audio-live-telecast-theaters/articleshow/26954033.cms |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2013-12-21 |title=Competition politics at Mahesh Babu's '1 Nenokkadine' audio |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/competition-politics-mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine-audio/articleshow/27649693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209074544/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/competition-politics-mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine-audio/articleshow/27649693.cms |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The audio received a positive response from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Nenokkadine (Music review), Telugu – Devi Sri Prasad by Milliblog! |url=https://milliblog.com/2013/12/26/1-nenokkadine-music-review-telugu-devi-sri-prasad/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901104447/https://milliblog.com/2013/12/26/1-nenokkadine-music-review-telugu-devi-sri-prasad/ |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Mahesh Babu's 1 Nenokkadine audio review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine-audio-review/articleshow/27975575.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901104441/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine-audio-review/articleshow/27975575.cms |archive-date=1 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-01 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''1: Nenokkadine'' was released globally on 10 January 2014 on about 1,500 screens,<ref name="rel TH" /> around the same time as ''[[Yevadu]]'' (which was released two days later).<ref name="rel">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2014 |title=It's a win-win Sankranti deal for Mahesh, Ram Charan |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Its-a-win-win-Sankranti-deal-for-Mahesh-Ram-Charan/articleshow/28419489.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117170800/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Its-a-win-win-Sankranti-deal-for-Mahesh-Ram-Charan/articleshow/28419489.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was Babu's third consecutive release during the [[Makar Sankranti]] festival season, following ''Businessman'' in 2012 and ''Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu'' in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chowdary |first=Y. Sunita |date=4 January 2014 |title=Entertainment overload |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/entertainment-overload/article5538788.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140213000747/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/entertainment-overload/article5538788.ece |archive-date=13 February 2014 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Eros International]] acquired its global distribution rights for {{INR}}72 crore, and it was released and distributed by 14 Reels Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=4 December 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's Rs 72 crore break |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131204/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babus-rs-72-crore-break |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220042306/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131204/entertainment-tollywood/article/mahesh-babus-rs-72-crore-break |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> ''1: Nenokkadine'' was released on 900 screens across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. Including multiplexes, 108 screens were booked in Hyderabad{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} and there were 600 screenings on the film's release day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's 1 to have 600 shows |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-1-to-have-600-shows/articleshow/28381376.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117171237/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-1-to-have-600-shows/articleshow/28381376.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> It broke the record held by ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' (2013), which had been released on 100 screens in Hyderabad.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} 14 Reels Entertainment released the film in [[Auro 11.1]] cinema audio format, supported by [[Barco (manufacturer)|Barco]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's 1 (Nenokkadine) Releasing in Auro 11.1 by Barco |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/pressrelease/prnw/enin201312245887_indiapublic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130104014/http://www.telegraphindia.com/pressrelease/prnw/enin201312245887_indiapublic.html |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=The Telegraph}}</ref>

[[Karnataka]] distribution rights were sold to RNR Films, who had distributed ''Dookudu'' in the state, for {{INR}}45 crore.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} ''1: Nenokkadine'' was released on about 200 screens overseas, a record for a Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2013 |title=Mahesh's 1-Nenokkadine on target for Sankranthi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-1-Nenokkadine-on-target-for-Sankranthi/articleshow/25602083.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117171558/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-1-Nenokkadine-on-target-for-Sankranthi/articleshow/25602083.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In addition to the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]], the film was released in [[Australia]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]], [[Malaysia]] and [[Germany]]; it was the first Telugu film released in [[Ukraine]].<ref name="ua release">{{Cite web |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=4 January 2014 |title='1 Nenokkadine' Gets 'U/A' Certificate; Mahesh Babu Starrer Set for Massive Release on 10 January |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/0391-nenokkadine039-gets-039u-a039-certificate-mahesh-babu-starrer-set-for-massive-release-on-10-january-533190 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117170958/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/0391-nenokkadine039-gets-039u-a039-certificate-mahesh-babu-starrer-set-for-massive-release-on-10-january-533190 |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=International Business Times India}}</ref> When reaction to the film's length was mixed, the producers reduced its running time from 169 to 149 minutes.<ref name="trim">{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=11 January 2014 |title=Mahesh's Nenokkadine trimmed by 20 minutes |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-Nenokkadine-trimmed-by-20-minutes/articleshow/28678548.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117171647/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Maheshs-Nenokkadine-trimmed-by-20-minutes/articleshow/28678548.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''1: Ek Ka Dum''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu, Kriti Sanon starrer 1 Nenokkadine to be dubbed in Hindi |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-Kriti-Sanon-starrer-1-Nenokkadine-to-be-dubbed-in-Hindi/articleshow/34534974.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117171841/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babu-Kriti-Sanon-starrer-1-Nenokkadine-to-be-dubbed-in-Hindi/articleshow/34534974.cms |archive-date=17 January 2016 |access-date=17 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Marketing ===
A [[mobile app]] was released on 27 November 2013 on [[Google Play]], and later on [[iOS]]; ''1: Nenokkadine''{{'s}} first look, posters, video promos and other promotional material were released through the app. On 21 December 2013, users could download the film's soundtrack and purchase bulk pre-release tickets.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=27 November 2013 |title='Nenokkadine' at your finger tips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131209/entertainment-tollywood/article/nenokkadine-your-finger-tips |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220105556/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/131209/entertainment-tollywood/article/nenokkadine-your-finger-tips |archive-date=20 February 2014 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> Its digital-media marketing was handled by Sharath Chandra, Anurag and Rohita of First Show Digital. The digital campaign placed third at the 2014 Indian Digital Media Awards in Mumbai, surpassing that for ''[[Krrish 3]]''. It accounted for 15 percent of total promotional activity, influencing the sale of 7,500 tickets on the film's release day. ''1: Nenokkadine''{{'s}} [[YouTube]] channel had 12 million views; on [[Facebook]] its page received 130 million views, reaching 40 million users and engaging 3.9 million people.<ref>{{Cite web |last=King |first=Vincent |date=10 January 2014 |title=When promos beat a film |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140610/entertainment-tollywood/article/when-promos-beat-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208054002/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140610/entertainment-tollywood/article/when-promos-beat-film |archive-date=8 February 2015 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

The film's audio teaser was released on 17 December 2013, a few days before the audio launch.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} The theatrical trailer of the movie was released on 25 December 2013.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} South Indian actress [[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] found a poster of Sanon crawling behind Babu "regressive", triggering a backlash on Facebook and [[Twitter]] from Babu's fans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's fans attack Samantha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-fans-attack-Samantha/articleshow/40572238.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118102340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-fans-attack-Samantha/articleshow/40572238.cms |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Actor [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] and filmmaker [[Sekhar Kammula]] shared her view, receiving a similar response,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2013 |title=Mahesh Babu's fans attack Samantha, Sid |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-fans-attack-Samantha-Sid/articleshow/27576545.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205052426/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Mahesh-Babus-fans-attack-Samantha-Sid/articleshow/27576545.cms |archive-date=5 December 2014 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="Kammula">{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=27 December 2013 |title=Sekhar Kammula faces flak for backing Samantha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sekhar-Kammula-faces-flak-for-backing-Samantha/articleshow/28012823.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118102718/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Sekhar-Kammula-faces-flak-for-backing-Samantha/articleshow/28012823.cms |archive-date=18 January 2016 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> and filmmaker [[Pritish Nandy]] said that the poster was "gross" and "regressive".<ref name="Kammula" /> Sukumar later removed that sequence from the film to avoid further issues, although the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] did not object to its inclusion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Manasa |date=22 January 2014 |title='Only Mahesh Could've Carried This Movie' |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Only-Mahesh-Couldve-Carried-This-Movie/2014/01/22/article2012507.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122091356/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Only-Mahesh-Couldve-Carried-This-Movie/2014/01/22/article2012507.ece |archive-date=22 January 2014 |access-date=18 January 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''1: Nenokkadine'' had its global television premiere on 8 June 2014 on [[Gemini TV]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2014 |title=Mahesh Babu's 1-Nenokkadine to be aired on TV on June 8 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Mahesh-Babus-1-Nenokkadine-to-be-aired-on-TV-on-June-8/articleshow/36006135.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130112058/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Mahesh-Babus-1-Nenokkadine-to-be-aired-on-TV-on-June-8/articleshow/36006135.cms |archive-date=30 January 2016 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> with a [[Target rating point|TRP rating]] of 7.32.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2014 |title=Shocking : Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda gets better TRP than Mahesh Babu's 1 Nenokkadine |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Shocking-Pandavulu-Pandavulu-Thummeda-gets-better-TRP-than-Mahesh-Babus-1-Nenokkadine/articleshow/38976342.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618132705/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/telugu/Shocking-Pandavulu-Pandavulu-Thummeda-gets-better-TRP-than-Mahesh-Babus-1-Nenokkadine/articleshow/38976342.cms |archive-date=18 June 2015 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== {{anchor|Critical reception}}Critical response ===
The movie received generally mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-29 |title=Director Sukumar's next is a crime thriller starring Mahesh Babu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-sukumars-next-crime-thriller-starring-mahesh-babu-82119 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511045439/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/director-sukumars-next-crime-thriller-starring-mahesh-babu-82119 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-15 |title=Box Office Collections of Mahesh Babu's 'Nenokkadine' and Ram Charan's 'Yevadu' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140115/entertainment-tollywood/article/box-office-collections-mahesh-babus-nenokkadine-and-ram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210093945/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140115/entertainment-tollywood/article/box-office-collections-mahesh-babus-nenokkadine-and-ram |archive-date=10 February 2021 |access-date=2021-02-09 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref> According to ''[[The New Indian Express]]'', its audience was "gripped through the whole film, but not for the right reasons": "Ending with a heralding of a second 'Green Revolution' and carrying on a legacy that aims at a food Utopia, you wish the movie continued with the schizophrenia and ended in an asylum".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2014 |title='1' Nenokkadine Has you Gripped but not for Right Reasons |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/%E2%80%981-Nenokkadine-Has-you-Gripped-but-not-for-Right-Reasons/2014/01/11/article1994821.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807030104/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/%E2%80%981-Nenokkadine-Has-you-Gripped-but-not-for-Right-Reasons/2014/01/11/article1994821.ece |archive-date=7 August 2014 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three out of five stars: "The [Telugu cinema] format of six songs, five fights and loads of entertainment and melodrama makes it impossible to respectably adapt racy Hollywood styled suspense thrillers".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pasupulate |first=Karthik |date=10 January 2014 |title=1 Nenokkadine Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/1-Nenokkadine/movie-review/28646546.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140120170157/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/1-nenokkadine/movie-review/28646546.cms |archive-date=20 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}} {{rating|3|5}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] called the film "inordinately long, with repetitive scenes and slow and sluggish narration", and a "sense of ennui set in after a point"; however, Rajamani praised the lead actors' performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=18 July 2014 |title=The 5 WORST Telugu Movies of 2014 so far |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-5-worst-telugu-movies-of-2014-so-far-south/20140718.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119234933/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-the-5-worst-telugu-movies-of-2014-so-far-south/20140718.htm |archive-date=19 January 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[Sify]] gave the film 2.75 out of five stars: "In ''1 Nenokkadine'', individual sequences are cool but the same cannot be said if we see it in totality. Apart from Mahesh Babu's stunning performance, the drive of the film is completely off the track. It disappoints."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2014 |title=Review : 1 Nenokkadine |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/1-nenokkadine-review-telugu-pcmbhTjiijgch.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706150855/http://www.sify.com/movies/1-nenokkadine-review-telugu-pcmbhTjiijgch.html |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}} {{rating|3|5|score=2.75 stars on a 5 point scale}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of five stars: "To say it in a line, the film falls short of expectations and disappoints film goers, especially the fans of Mahesh Babu". Kavirayani called Rathnavelu's cinematography its "saving grace", praising the lead pair's performances.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=12 January 2014 |title=Movie Review: Mahesh Babu's '1-Nenokkadine' |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/movie-review-mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330194949/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140110/entertainment-movie-reviews/article/movie-review-mahesh-babus-1-nenokkadine |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=Deccan Chronicle}} {{rating|2.5|5}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "How often do we get to watch a Telugu film where the audience, along with the protagonist and supporting characters, is also required to think and distinguish between events unfolding in real and imaginary spaces?" and called ''1 Nenokkadine'' a "visually stunning" film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devi Dundoo |first=Sangeetha |date=10 January 2014 |title=1-Nenokkadine: Games the mind can play |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/1nenokkadine-games-the-mind-can-play/article5562253.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706151139/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/1nenokkadine-games-the-mind-can-play/article5562253.ece |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Sridhar Vivan of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of five stars: "As the film tries out a refined or reformed revenge saga, it needs to be seen whether ''1 Nenokkadine'' works at the box office. If it does, it is a good sign for Telugu cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |date=10 January 2014 |title=Movie Review : 1 Nenokkadine |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-1-Nenokkadine/articleshow/28648633.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318132649/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-review-1-Nenokkadine/articleshow/28648633.cms |archive-date=18 March 2014 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}} {{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> A. S. Sashidhar of ''The Times of India'' wrote, "The first half of ''1: Nenokkadine'' is good and will keep you wanting for more. The story has a few interesting twists and turns, in the second half too to keep the audience glued to the screen", and Sukumar "should be commended for superb attempt in choosing to make a film that has not been explored in Telugu movies".<ref>{{Cite web |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |date=10 January 2014 |title=One – Nenokkadine Telugu movie review highlights |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/One-Nenokkadine-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/28631278.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706151453/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/One-Nenokkadine-Telugu-movie-review-highlights/articleshow/28631278.cms |archive-date=6 July 2015 |access-date=3 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
||[[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Neha Bhasin]] (for "Aww Tuzo Mogh Korta")
|{{nom}}
||{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2015 |title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2015 |title=Winners list: 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627012915/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Winners-list-62nd-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-South/articleshow/47836755.cms |archive-date=27 June 2015 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>}}
|-
|rowspan="8"|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Mahesh Babu]]
|{{Nominated}}
|rowspan="8"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2015 |title=SIIMA 2015 nominations |url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php |archive-date=16 June 2015 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards|siima.in]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=H. Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=11 August 2015 |title=SIIMA Awards 2015: 'Manam' Tops Telugu Winners List, Beating 'Race Gurram', '1: Nenokkadine' |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2015-manam-tops-telugu-winners-list-beating-race-gurram-1-nenokkadine-642543 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811144425/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-awards-2015-manam-tops-telugu-winners-list-beating-race-gurram-1-nenokkadine-642543 |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=30 January 2016 |website=International Business Times India}}</ref>}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]]
|[[R. Rathnavelu]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer – Telugu
|[[Prem Rakshith]] (for "You're My Love")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Fight Choreographer – Telugu
|[[Peter Hein]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)]]
|Devi Sri Prasad (for "Who R U?")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Female Playback Singer (Telugu)]]
|Neha Bhasin (for "Aww Tuzo Mogh Korta")
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut (Telugu)|Best Female Debut (Telugu)]]
|[[Kriti Sanon]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|11th [[CineMAA Awards]]
|Best Actor (Jury)
|Mahesh Babu
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2015 |title=CineMAA Awards 2015 – Lifetime Achievement To Superstar Krishna |url=http://maatv.com/maanews/cinemaa-awards-2015---lifetime-achievement-to-superstar-krishna |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150821011601/http://maatv.com/maanews/cinemaa-awards-2015---lifetime-achievement-to-superstar-krishna |archive-date=21 August 2015 |access-date=30 January 2016 |publisher=[[MAA TV]] |df=dmy}}</ref>}}
|-
|Special Music Award
|Devi Sri Prasad
|{{won}}
|-
|13th Santosham Film Awards
|Big FM Music Award
|Devi Sri Prasad
|{{won}}
|{{center|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santosham 13th Anniversary Awards 2015 function – Telugu cinema news |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/santoshamawards-2015.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407061509/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/santoshamawards-2015.html |archive-date=7 April 2017 |access-date=2021-01-27 |website=idlebrain.com}}</ref>}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Sukumar (director)}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2014 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sukumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bangkok]]
[[Category:Films shot in London]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]
[[Category:2010s avant-garde and experimental films]]

K. Krishnaswamy Rao

2026-03-30T01:25:19Z

Josefa1802: Stub

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kanchi Krishnaswamy Rao
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]]
| image = K. Krishnaswamy Rao.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Portrait of Krishnaswamy Rao
| office = [[Diwan of Travancore]]
| term_start = 1898
| term_end = 1904
| monarch = [[Moolam Thirunal]]
| predecessor = [[S. Shungrasoobyer]]
| successor = [[V. P. Madhava Rao]]
| birth_date = 1845
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1923
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[civil servant]], Administrator
| profession = [[politician|Statesman]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

[[Diwan Bahadur]] '''Kanchi Krishnaswamy Rao''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CIE}} (1845–1923) was an Indian civil servant, judge and administrator who served as the Diwan of Travancore from 1898 to 1904.

== Early life and education ==

Krishnaswamy Rao was born in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] in September 1845. His father Kanchi Venkata Rao was a Huzur Sheristadar at the District Collectorate. He had his schooling and on completion of his matriculation at the age of sixteen, he entered government service.{{cn|date=July 2023}}

== Career ==
Krishnaswamy Rao began his career in October 1864 as a record-keeper in the Nellore district court at a salary of Rs. 20. In 1867, he was promoted as Sheristadar in view of his superior abilities and became a District Munsiff in July 1870. In 1883, he was appointed sub-judge at [[Cocanada]]. In May 1894, he was made Chief Justice of Travancore by the then Maharaja and served from 1884 till his appointment as Diwan in 1898.

He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in November 1901.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27374 |date=9 November 1901 |page=7288 |supp=y}}</ref>

== Death ==
Krishnaswamy Rao died in 1923.<ref name="indianreview">{{cite book|title=The Indian review, Volume 24|year=1923|publisher=[[G. A. Natesan]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, K. Krishnaswamy}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:1845 births]]
[[Category:1923 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Diwans of Travancore]]
[[Category:Dewan Bahadurs]]

Garib Rath Express

2026-03-27T15:33:47Z

Josefa1802: added references

{{Short description|Series of Express train in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Garib Rath Express
| logo =
| color = 008000
| image = Garibi rath.jpg
| image_width = 300px
| caption = Amritsar–Saharsa Garib Rath Express at [[Barauni Junction railway station|Barauni]]
| type =
| status = Operating
| locale = All over india
| predecessor =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2006|10|05}}
| operator = [[Indian Railways]]
| formeroperator =
| ridership =
| ridership2 =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| speed = 130 Kmph
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
}}

The '''Garib Rath'''<ref name="garib">{{cite web|title=Introduction of Garib Rath trains|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=16638|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=17 March 2006}}</ref> (lit. Poor Chariot)<ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=chariot&dir=au | title=Sanskrit - Dictionary }}</ref> trains are a series of [[No frills|no-frills]] trains operated by [[Indian Railways]] to provide air-conditioned train travel at a cheaper rate compared to regular trains.<ref name="amritsar-saharsa-garib-rath-launch">{{cite news |title=All-AC Garib Rath flagged off by Lalu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/All-AC-Garib-Rath-flagged-off-by-Lalu/articleshow/2091229.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2006-10-05}}</ref> Garib Rath Express trains primarily operate on long-distance routes, connecting major cities and important railway stations across different states in India. These trains are designed to cover extensive distances, often traversing several hundred kilometers in a single journey.

==History==
The term "Garib Rath" translates to "Poor Man's Chariot" or "Chariot of the Poor" in English. These trains were primarily aimed at providing affordable transportation for economically weaker sections of society. The name "Garib" means Poor and "rath" means chariot in Sanskrit and the first service was inaugurated on 5 October 2006 by introduced by the then Rail Minister of India [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] between [[Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express]]

==Rolling stock==
Garib rath trains have fully air-conditioned coaches that have to be reserved in advance. The originally used ICF rakes, which have been removed from service, consisted of modified AC 3-Tier coaches with side middle berths. The new LHB rakes consist of AC 3-Tier Economy coaches without side middle berths. Earlier some Garib Rath Express trains get an diesel traction like [[WDM-3A]] , [[WDM-3D]] and [[WDP-4]] or [[WDG-4]], and nowadays with LHB coach upgrade and route fully electtrified they pulled by electric traction like [[WAP-4]] , [[WAP-5]] and popular of all [[WAP-7]]

==Active routes==
This is the list of all currently operating Garib Rath Express services, in order of their date of inauguration.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Train No.
!Destinations
!Inaugurated on
|-
|12203/04||[[Saharsa–Amritsar Garib Rath Express|Saharsa Junction–Amritsar Junction]]<ref name="amritsar-saharsa-garib-rath-launch" />|| 5 Oct 2006
|-
|12611/12||[[Chennai Central–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express|Chennai Central–Hazrat Nizamuddin]]|| 21 Feb 2007
|-
|12909/10||[[Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin Garib Rath Express|Bandra Terminus–Hazrat Nizamuddin]]|| 24 Feb 2007
|-
|12359/60||[[Kolkata–Ara Garib Rath Express|Kolkata - Ara]]|| 24 Jan 2008
|-
|12201/02||[[Thiruvananthapuram–Lokmanya Tilak Terminus Garib Rath Express|Lokmanya Tilak Terminus–Thiruvananthapuram]]|| 31 Jan 2008
|-
|-
|12735/36||[[Secunderabad–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express|Secunderabad Junction–Yesvantpur Junction]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Yesvantpur-Secunderabad 'Garib Rath' flagged off |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/yesvantpur-secunderabad-garib-rath-flagged-off/articleshow/2751577.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=PTI |date=2008-02-02}}</ref>|| 1 Feb 2008
|-
|12215/16||[[Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus Garib Rath Express|Delhi Sarai Rohilla–Bandra Terminus]]|| 7 Feb 2008
|-
|12535/36||[[Lucknow–Raipur Garib Rath Express|Lucknow Charbagh–Raipur Junction]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaiser |first1=Ejaz |title=Union Minister flags-off Garib Rath from Raipur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/union-minister-flags-off-garib-rath-from-raipur/story-MH4lFiiQQMGk1ORPiQFglO.html |access-date=2023-05-23 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2008-02-23}}</ref>|| 23 Feb 2008
|-
|12517/18||[[Kolkata-Guwahati Garib Rath Express|Kolkata - Guwahati]] || 30 Mar 2008
|-
|12207/08||[[Kathgodam–Jammu Tawi Garib Rath Express|Kathgodam–Jammu Tawi]]|| 8 Apr 2008
|-

|12209/10||[[Kanpur Central–Kathgodam Garib Rath Express|Kanpur Central – Kathgodam]]|| 16 Sep 2008
|-
|12435/36||[[Jaynagar–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express|Jaynagar–Anand Vihar Terminal]]|| 29 Sep 2008
|-
|12739/40|| [[Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad Garib Rath Express|Visakhapatnam–Secunderabad]]|| 25 Oct 2008
|-
|12881/82||[[Puri–Howrah Garib Rath Express| Puri - Shalimar]]|| 6 Jan 2009
|-
|12113/14||[[Pune–Nagpur Garib Rath Express|Pune–Nagpur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Pune-Nagpur Garib Rath from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/pune-nagpur-garib-rath-from-today/articleshow/3998441.cms |access-date=2023-05-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2009-01-19}}</ref>|| 19 Jan 2009
|-
|12877/78||[[Ranchi–New Delhi Garib Rath Express|Ranchi – New Delhi]]<ref>{{cite news |title=New Garib Rath Express introduced |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/New-Garib-Rath-Express-introduced/article16363348.ece |access-date=2023-05-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2009-01-31}}</ref>|| 28 Jan 2009
|-
|12211/12||[[Muzaffarpur–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express|Muzaffarpur – Anand Vihar Terminal]]|| 11 Feb 2009
|-
|12983/84||[[Ajmer–Chandigarh Garib Rath Express|Ajmer Junction – Chandigarh]]|| 14 Feb 2009
|-
|12187/88||[[Jabalpur–Mumbai Garib Rath Express|Jabalpur Junction–Mumbai CSMT]]|| 20 Feb 2009
|-
|12257/58||[[Kochuveli–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express|Yesvantpur Junction–Kochuveli]]|| 24 Feb 2009
|-
|22541/52||[[Banaras–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express|Banaras–Anand Vihar Terminal]]|| 3 Mar 2009
|-
|22405/06||[[Bhagalpur–Anand Vihar Terminal Garib Rath Express|Bhagalpur Junction–Anand Vihar Terminal]]|| 10 Feb 2011
|-
|22409/10||[[Gaya–Anand Vihar Garib Rath Express|Gaya Junction–Anand Vihar Terminal]]|| 3 July 2011
|-
|12593/94||[[Lucknow–Bhopal Garib Rath Express|Lucknow Charbagh–Bhopal Junction]]|| 19 Nov 2011
|-
|22883/84||[[Puri–Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express|Puri–Yesvantpur Junction]]|| 20 July 2012
|-
|12501/02||[[Kolkata - Agartala Garib Rath Express|Kolkata - Agartala]] || 5 July 2024
|}

==Defunct routes==

* 12255/56 [[Yesvantpur–Puducherry Garib Rath Express]] service converted to ordinary service<ref>{{Cite web |title=16474/Puducherry-Yesvantpur Garib Rath Express - Pondicherry to Yesvantpur SWR/South Western Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-puducherry-yesvantpur-garib-rath-express-16474/2467/1232/997 |access-date=2022-04-18 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

* 02709 [[Gudur]]-[[Secunderabad]] Garibrath Express special Rake Sharing With [[Secunderabad]] [[Yesvantpur]] Garibrath Express

* 0655/0656 Chennai CST Garibrath special & Chennai Central Tirunelveli Garibrath Special Rake Sharing With [[Chennai]]–[[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]] Garibrath Express..

* 06511/06512 Jaipur - Yesvantpur Garibrath Express is now replaced by Superfast Express on same route

==See also==
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Double Decker Express]]
* [[Duronto Express]]
* [[Vivek Express]]
* [[Yuva Express]]
* [[Rajdhani Express]]
* [[Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Jan Shatabdi Express]]
* [[Jan Sadharan Express]]
* [[Sampark Kranti Express]]
* [[Rajya Rani Express]]
* [[Kavi Guru Express]]
* [[Ramayana Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Uday Express]]
* [[Humsafar Express]]
* [[Mahamana Express]]
* [[Antyodaya Express]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite web |date=2019-07-30 |title=Two key sectors of the Garib Rath Express is set to be back on track on 04 August |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/two-key-sectors-of-the-garib-rath-express-is-set-to-be-back-on-track-on-04-august-7083401.html |website=Firstpost}}
* {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=25 November 2008 |title=Garib Rath: an ordeal on wheels |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/garib-rath-an-ordeal-on-wheels/articleshow/3752692.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India}}
* {{Cite news |date=2 February 2008 |title=Yesvantpur-Secunderabad 'Garib Rath' flagged off |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/yesvantpur-secunderabad-garib-rath-flagged-off/articleshow/2751577.cms?from=mdr |access-date=}}
* {{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Inauguration of the Kolkata-Guwahati Garib Rath Express |url=https://www.irfca.org/gallery/Events/KOL_GHY/ |website=The IRFCA Photo Gallery |publisher=Indian Railways Fan Club}}
* {{Cite web |date=8 July 2010 |title=7-yr-old dead as Bodo militants target Assam train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/7-yr-old-dead-as-bodo-militants-target-assam-train-423125 |access-date= |website=NDTV}}
* {{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-04-29 |title=Garib Rath Express: Timings, Routes, Ticket Fare |url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/travel/garib-rath-express-timings-route-ticket-fare-time-table-tickets |access-date= |website=TheQuint}}
* {{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Devanjana |date=4 September 2018 |title=Humsafar Express premium AC-3 tier train to replace Garib Rath on Delhi-Chennai route of Indian Railways |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/railways/humsafar-express-to-replace-garib-rath-on-delhi-chennai-route-of-indian-railways-what-it-means-for-passengers/1302186/ |access-date= |website=Financial Express |publisher=The Indian Express}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140530062137/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/garibrath_trn_list.html Garibrath & Yuva Train Names (archived from Indian Railways website)]

{{Indian Railways}}
{{Garib Rath Express}}

[[Category:2005 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2005]]
[[Category:Garib Rath Express trains| ]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]

History of colonialism

2026-03-27T03:20:02Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|Overview of colonialism}}
{{Redirect|European colonialism|evaluation of European colonialism|Analysis of European colonialism and colonization}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
[[File:Colonisation2.gif|thumb|300px|Extent of colonization by European, Ottoman, American, and Japanese powers, 1492–2007]]
[[File:Descolonización - Decolonization.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the year each country achieved [[List of sovereign states by date of formation|independence]]]]

[[Colonialism]] is a phenomenon that has occurred throughout human history across the world. [[Colonies]] were established by many prominent ancient and medieval civilizations, such as the [[Phoenicia|Phoenicians]], the [[Babylonia|Babylonians]], the [[Ancient Iran|Persians]], the [[Greek colonisation|Greeks]], the [[Roman people|Romans]], the [[Han Chinese]], and the [[Arabs]], among others. The [[High Middle Ages]] saw a variety of European civilizations moving west, north, east, and south out of their continent.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bartlett |first1=Robert |author-link1=Robert Bartlett (historian) |date=27 February 2003 |orig-date=1993 |title=The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change 950 - 1350 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9R0fmcWVJAgC |edition=reprint |publication-place=London |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9780141927046 |access-date=19 July 2025 |quote=This book approaches the history of Europe in the High Middle Ages [...] by concentrating on conquest, colonization and associated cultural change in Europe and the Mediterranean in the period 950-1350. It analyzes the establishment of states by conquest and the peopling of distant countries by immigrants along the peripheries of the continent: English colonialism in the [[Celtic countries|Celtic world]], the [[Ostsiedlung|movement of Germans into eastern Europe]], the Spanish [[Reconquista|Reconquest]] and the activities of [[crusade]]rs and colonists in the eastern Mediterranean.}}</ref> The [[Crusader states]] in the [[Levant]] exemplify some colonial features similar to those of ancient colonies.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Constable |first1=Giles |author-link1=Giles Constable |editor-last1=Laiou |editor-first1=Angeliki E. |editor-link1=Angeliki Laiou |editor-last2=Mottahedeh |editor-first2=Roy Parviz |editor-link2=Roy Mottahedeh |year=2001 |chapter=The Historiography of the Crusades |title=The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTAhPw3SjxIC |series=Dumbarton Oaks Other Titles in Byzantine Studies |publication-place=Washington, D.C. |publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection |page=20 |isbn=9780884022770 |access-date=19 July 2025 |quote=[[Joshua Prawer|Prawer]] [...] remarked on the shift of interest from 'the crusades as a movement to the history of Crusader establishments in the East' and to 'the European colonies on the eastern shores of the Mediterranean' [...]. [...] there has been a vigorous debate over the question of whether or not the [[Outremer | Latin states]] should be regarded as colonies in the modern (and characteristically pejorative) sense of the term.}}</ref>

The beginning of the "[[Age of Discovery]]" around 1418 marked a new phase of European colonialism led by the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]], who became increasingly expansionist following the [[Portuguese conquest of Ceuta|conquest of Ceuta]] in 1415. Portugal aimed to control navigation routes through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], to spread Christianity, to amass wealth and plunder, and to suppress predation on Portuguese populations by Muslim [[Barbary pirates]], who operated as part of a long-running [[Slavery in Africa|African slave trade]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Page:Cambridge Modern History Volume 1.djvu/46 - Wikisource, the free online library |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Cambridge_Modern_History_Volume_1.djvu/46 |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=en.wikisource.org |language=en}}</ref> that the Portuguese would soon [[Slavery in Portugal|reverse and surpass]]. Around 1450, [[Iberian ship development, 1400–1600|the Portuguese developed]] a lighter ship—the [[caravel]]—based on North African fishing boats.{{cn|date=July 2025}} Caravels could sail further and faster than previous vessels,<ref>{{cite book |first1=John |isbn=978-0-87951-397-9 |last1=Merson |location=Woodstock, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers/page/72 72] |publisher=The Overlook Press |title=The Genius That Was China: East and West in the Making of the Modern World |url=https://archive.org/details/geniusthatwaschi0000mers |url-access=registration |year=1990}} A companion to the PBS Series ''The Genius That Was China''</ref> were highly maneuverable, and had the capability of [[sailing into the wind]].

Enabled by new maritime technology, and with the added incentive to find an alternative "[[Silk Road]]" after the [[Ottoman conquest of Constantinople]] effectively closed profitable trade routes between Asia and Europe in 1453, early [[European exploration of Africa]] was followed by the Spanish exploration of the Americas, further exploration along the coasts of Africa, and explorations of West Asia (also known as the [[Middle East]]), South Asia, and East Asia.

The [[conquest of the Canary Islands]] by the [[Crown of Castile]], from 1402 to 1496, was an early instance of European [[settler colonialism]] in Africa.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Igor Pérez Tostado |editor-last1=Kiernan |editor-first1=Ben |editor-link1=Ben Kiernan |editor-last2=Lemos |editor-first2=T. M. |editor-last3=Taylor |editor-first3=Tristan S. |year=2023 |chapter=The Spanish Destruction of the Canary Islands: A Template for the Caribbean Genocide |title=The Cambridge World History of Genocide: Volume 1, Genocide in the Ancient, Medieval and Premodern Worlds |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrbHEAAAQBAJ |volume=1 |publication-place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrbHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT676 |isbn=9781108640343 |access-date=19 July 2025 |quote=The conquest of the Canary Islands was the learning ground and laboratory of European settler colonialism, later developed on a far larger scale in the Americas, starting in the Caribbean.}}</ref> In 1462 the Portuguese established the [[History of Cape Verde|first European settlement in the tropics]] by peopling the previously uninhabited [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde archipelago]], which thereafter became a site of [[History of the Jews in Cape Verde|Jewish exile]] during the height of the [[Portuguese Inquisition|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish Inquisition]]s in the 1490s; the Portuguese soon also brought slaves from the [[West Africa]]n coast. Because of the [[Plantation economy|economics of plantations]], especially [[History of sugar|sugar]], much European colonial expansion and [[slavery]] would remain linked into the 19th century. The use of [[exile]] to [[Penal colony|penal colonies]] would also continue.

The European "discovery" of the [[New World]] (as named by [[Amerigo Vespucci]] in 1503) opened another colonial chapter, beginning with the [[History of the Caribbean|colonization of the Caribbean]] in 1493 with [[Hispaniola]] (later to become [[Haiti]] and the [[Dominican Republic]]). The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish Empire]]s were the first trans-oceanic [[List of largest empires|global empires]]: they were the first to stretch across different continents (discounting [[Eurasia]]n empires and those with land in Africa along the Mediterranean), covering vast territories around the globe. Between 1580 and 1640, the Portuguese and Spanish Empires were both ruled by the [[Monarchy of Spain|Spanish monarchs]] in [[Iberian Union|personal union]]. During the late 16th and 17th centuries, [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of France|France]], and the [[Dutch Republic]] also established their own overseas empires, each in direct competition with the other European expansionists. Meanwhile the [[Tsardom of Russia]] expanded overland: Russian [[Russian Turkestan|Central Asian]] and [[History of Siberia|North Asian]] colonies eventually extended to [[Russian colonization of North America|Alaska]] and [[Fort Ross, California|California]].

The end of the 18th and mid-19th century saw the first era of [[decolonization]], when most of the European colonies in the Americas, notably those of Spain, [[New France]], and the [[Thirteen Colonies]], gained their independence from their respective [[metropole]]s. The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] (uniting [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] and England), France, Portugal, and the Dutch turned their attention to the Old World, particularly South Asia and Southeast Asia, where coastal [[Enclave and exclave|enclaves]] had already been established.

In the 19th century, the [[Second Industrial Revolution]] led to what has been termed the era of [[New Imperialism]], when the pace of colonization rapidly accelerated, the height of which was the [[Scramble for Africa]], in which Belgium, Germany, and Italy also participated. The newly westernized [[Empire of Japan]] established the [[Japanese colonial empire]] in eastern Asia (notably [[Taiwan under Japanese rule |Taiwan]], [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]], and [[Manchukuo]]) from the late 19th century. [[Nazi Germany]] pursued the ''[[Lebensraum]]'' concept of settler colonialism in Eastern Europe, and [[Fascist Italy]] [[Italian imperialism under fascism|pursued colonialism in Africa]]. All three are viewed as [[causes of World War II]].

There were deadly battles between colonizing states and revolutions in colonized areas, shaping areas of control and establishing independent nations. During the 20th century, the colonies of the defeated [[Central Powers]] of [[World War I]] were distributed amongst the victors as [[League of Nations mandate|mandates]], but it was not until after the end of [[World War II]] that the second phase of decolonization began in earnest.

==Periodization==
[[File:Colonisation2.gif|thumb|400px|Colonial powers and their expansion since 1492]]

Some commentators identify three waves of European colonialism.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gilmartin |first1=Mary |chapter=9: Colonialism/imperialism |editor1-last=Gallaher |editor1-first=Carolyn |editor1-link=Carolyn Gallaher |editor2-last=Dahlman |editor2-first=Carl T. |editor3-last=Gilmartin |editor3-first=Mary |editor4-last=Mountz |editor4-first=Alison |editor5-last=Shirlow |editor5-first=Peter |title=Key Concepts in Political Geography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC |series=Key Concepts in Human Geography |location=London |publisher=SAGE |date=2009 |page=115 |isbn=9781446243541 |access-date=2017-08-09 |quote=Commentators have identified three broad waves of European colonial and imperial expansion, connected with specific territories. The first targeted the Americas, North and South, as well as the Caribbean. The second focused on Asia, while the third wave extended European control into Africa.}}</ref>

The two main countries in the [[First wave of European colonization|first wave of European colonialism]] were [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spain]].<ref>Thomas Benjamin, ed., ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (2006) 1: xiv–xvi.</ref> The Portuguese started the long age of European colonization with the conquest of Ceuta, Morocco in 1415, and the conquest and discovery of other African territories and islands, this would also start the movement known as the Age of Discoveries. The Spanish and Portuguese launched the [[European colonization of the Americas|colonization of the Americas]], basing their territorial claims on the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] of 1494. This treaty demarcated the respective spheres of influence of Spain and Portugal.<ref>Gilmartin, et al. p. 115</ref>

The expansion achieved by Spain and Portugal caught the attention of Britain, France, and the Netherlands.<ref>Jonathan Hart, ''Representing the New World: the English and French uses of the Example of Spain'' (2001). pp 85–86.</ref> The entrance of these three powers into the Caribbean and North America perpetuated European colonialism in these regions.<ref name="Gilmartin">Gilmartin, M. (2009). Colonialism/Imperialism. In ''Key concepts in political geography'' London: SAGE pp. 115–123.</ref>

The second wave of European colonialism commenced with Britain's involvement in Asia in support of the [[East India Company|British East India Company]]; other countries such as France, Portugal and the Netherlands also had involvement in European expansion in Asia.<ref>Gilmartin, et al. p. 115</ref><ref>[[Tonio Andrade]], "Beyond Guns, Germs, and Steel: European Expansion and Maritime Asia, 1400–1750." ''Journal of Early Modern History'' 14.1–2 (2010): 165–186.</ref>

The [[New Imperialism|third wave]] ("New Imperialism") consisted of the [[Scramble for Africa]] regulated by the terms of the [[Berlin Conference]] of 1884–1885. The conference effectively divided Africa among the European powers. Vast regions of Africa came under the sway of Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Belgium, Italy and Spain.<ref>George Shepperson, "The Centennial of the West African Conference of Berlin, 1884–1885." ''Phylon'' 46.1 (1985): 37–48.</ref><ref>Peter J. Cain, and Anthony G. Hopkins, "Gentlemanly capitalism and British expansion overseas II: New imperialism, 1850‐1945." ''Economic History Review'' 40.1 (1987): 1–26. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596293 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308103419/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2596293 |date=8 March 2021 }}</ref>

Gilmartin argues that these three waves of colonialism were linked to [[capitalism]]. The first wave of European expansion involved exploring the world to find new revenue and perpetuating European [[feudalism]]. The second wave focused on developing the [[Mercantilism|mercantile]] capitalism system and the manufacturing industry in Europe. The last wave of European colonialism solidified all capitalistic endeavors by providing new markets and raw materials.<ref>Gilmartin, et al. pp. 115–16</ref>

As a result of these waves of European colonial expansion, only thirteen present-day independent countries escaped formal colonization by European powers: [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Bhutan]], [[Qajar Iran|Iran]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[Liberia]], [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|Mongolia]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Qing dynasty|China]], [[North Korea]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[South Korea]], [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Thailand]], and [[Turkey]]{{efn|Some scholars consider the [[Ottoman Empire]] to have been a colonial power.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Deringil |first=Selim |date=2003 |title="They Live in a State of Nomadism and Savagery": The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/they-live-in-a-state-of-nomadism-and-savagery-the-late-ottoman-empire-and-the-postcolonial-debate/9EEC03ACFA6B1ACD1AED2FFE1104122D |journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=311–342 |doi=10.1017/S001041750300015X |issn=1475-2999 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kechriotis |first=Vangelis |date=2013-05-27 |title=Postcolonial criticism encounters late Ottoman studies |url=https://ejournals.epublishing.ekt.gr/index.php/historein/article/view/2256 |journal=Historein |language=en |volume=13 |pages=39–46 |doi=10.12681/historein.183 |issn=2241-2816 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Michael |first1=Michalis N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rT8DwAAQBAJ&dq=ottoman+colonialism&pg=PA5 |title=Religious Communities and Modern Statehood: The Ottoman and post-Ottoman World at the Age of Nationalism and Colonialism |last2=Verdeil |first2=Chantal |last3=Anastassiadis |first3=Tassos |date=2020-08-10 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG |isbn=978-3-11-220914-1 |language=en}}</ref>}} as well as [[Kingdom of Yemen|North Yemen]].<ref>Marcin Solarz, ''The Language of Global Developmen. A Misleading Geography.'' (2014), p. 18</ref>

==Colonialism in ancient times (3200 BC – 7th century AD)==
{{Main|Greek colonisation|Colonies in antiquity|Africa (Roman province)|Phoenician settlement of North Africa|Four Commanderies of Han|Sabaean colonization of Africa}}
{{Empty section|date=March 2025}}

==Portuguese and Spanish colonial hegemony: the Americas (15th century–1770)==
{{Main|Portuguese Empire|Portugal in the Age of Discovery|Spanish colonization of the Americas}}
[[File:Lázaro Luis 1563.jpg|thumb|A map with [[Elmina Castle]] ("Mina"), Ghana, one in a chain of about fifty fortified [[factory (trading post)|factories]] to enforce Portuguese trade rule along the coast, 1563.]]
[[File:Cortes builds brigantines in preparation for the Siege of Tenochtitlan.jpg|thumb|Preparations before the [[Fall of Tenochtitlan]], [[Codex Durán]].]]

European colonization of both [[Eastern Hemisphere|Eastern]] and [[Western Hemisphere]]s has its roots in Portuguese exploration. There were financial and religious motives behind this exploration. By finding the source of the lucrative [[spice trade]], the Portuguese could reap its profits for themselves. They would also be able to probe the existence of the fabled Christian kingdom of [[Prester John]], with an eye to encircling the Islamic [[Ottoman Empire]], itself gaining territories and colonies in Eastern Europe. The first foothold outside of Europe was gained with the conquest of [[Ceuta]] in 1415. During the 15th century, Portuguese sailors discovered the Atlantic islands of [[Madeira]], [[Azores]], and [[Cape Verde]], which were duly populated, and pressed progressively further along the west African coast until [[Bartolomeu Dias]] demonstrated it was possible to sail around Africa by rounding the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in 1488, paving the way for [[Vasco da Gama]] to reach India in 1498.<ref>Charles R. Boxer, ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825'' (1969).</ref>

Portuguese successes led to Spanish financing of a mission by [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1492 to explore an alternative route to Asia, by sailing west. When Columbus eventually made landfall in the Caribbean [[Antilles]] he believed he had reached the coast of India, and that the people he encountered there were Indians with red skin. This is why [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] have been called Indians or red-Indians. In truth, Columbus had arrived on a continent that was new to the Europeans, the [[Americas]]. After Columbus' first trips, competing Spanish and Portuguese claims to new territories and sea routes were solved with the [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] in 1494, which divided the world outside of Europe in two areas of trade and exploration, between the Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Portugal along a north-south meridian, 370 leagues west of [[Cape Verde]]. According to this international agreement, the larger part of the Americas and the [[Pacific Ocean]] were open to Spanish exploration and colonization, while Africa, the [[Indian Ocean]], and most of Asia were assigned to Portugal.<ref>Lyle N. McAlister, ''Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700'' (1984).</ref>

In 1521, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] took control of [[Bahrain]] under the command of [[Portuguese invasion of Bahrain|António Correia]], making it the first country in the [[Middle East]] to be fully colonised by any European power. During the same year of 1521, the boundaries specified by the Treaty of Tordesillas were put to the test in 1521 when [[Ferdinand Magellan]] and his Spanish sailors (among other Europeans), sailing for the Spanish Crown became the first European to cross the Pacific Ocean,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Staff |first1=history.com |title=Ferdinand Magellan |url=http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan |website=history.com |publisher=A+E Networks |access-date=14 December 2017 |date=2009 |archive-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304182558/https://www.history.com/topics/exploration/ferdinand-magellan |url-status=live}}</ref> reaching [[Guam]] and the Philippines, parts of which the Portuguese had already explored, sailing from the Indian Ocean. The two by now global empires, which had set out from opposing directions, had finally met on the other side of the world. The conflicts that arose between both powers were finally solved with the [[Treaty of Zaragoza]] in 1529, which defined the areas of Spanish and Portuguese influence in Asia, establishing the anti-meridian, or line of demarcation on the other side of the world.<ref>Melvin E. Page, ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (2003) 1:361–2.</ref>

During the 16th century, the Portuguese continued to press both eastwards and westwards into the Oceans. Towards Asia they made the first direct contact between Europeans and the peoples inhabiting present day countries such as [[Mozambique]], [[Madagascar]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]], [[East Timor]] (1512), China, and finally Japan. In the opposite direction, the Portuguese colonized the huge territory that eventually became Brasil, and the Spanish [[conquistador]]s established the vast Viceroyalties of [[New Spain]] and [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]], and later of [[Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata|Río de la Plata]] (Argentina) and [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] (Colombia). In Asia, the Portuguese encountered ancient and well populated societies, and established a seaborne empire consisting of armed coastal trading posts along their trade routes (such as [[Old Goa|Goa]], [[Fort Nossa Senhora da Conceição|Hormuz]], [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]], and [[Portuguese Macau|Macau]]), so they had relatively little cultural impact on the societies they engaged. In the Western Hemisphere, the European colonization involved the emigration of large numbers of settlers, soldiers and administrators intent on owning land and exploiting the apparently primitive (as perceived by Old World standards) [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]. The result was that the colonization of the New World was catastrophic: native peoples were no match for European technology, ruthlessness, or their diseases which decimated the [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous population]].<ref>Page, ''Colonialism'' 2: 770–781.</ref>

Spanish treatment of the indigenous populations caused a fierce debate, the [[Valladolid Controversy]], over whether Indians possessed souls and if so, whether they were entitled to the basic rights of mankind. [[Bartolomé de Las Casas]], author of ''[[A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies]]'', championed the cause of the native peoples, and was opposed by "Juan Ginés de [[Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda|Sepúlveda]]", who claimed [[Amerindians]] were "natural slaves".<ref>Daniel R. Brunstetter, and Dana Partner. "Just war against barbarians: revisiting the Valladolid debates between Sepúlveda and Las Casas." ''Political Studies'' 59.3 (2011): 733–752.</ref>

The [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic Church]] played a large role in Spanish and Portuguese overseas activities. The [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]], [[Jesuits]], and [[Franciscans]], notably [[Francis Xavier]] in Asia and [[Junípero Serra]] in North America were particularly active in this endeavor. Many buildings erected by the Jesuits still stands. Buildings such as the [[Cathedral of Saint Paul in Macau]] and the [[La Santisima Trinidad de Paraná|Santisima Trinidad de Paraná]] in [[Paraguay]], the latter an example of the [[Jesuit Reductions]]. The Dominican and Franciscan buildings of [[Spanish missions in California|California's missions]] and [[Spanish missions in New Mexico|New Mexico's missions]] stand restored, such as [[Mission Santa Barbara]] in [[Santa Barbara, California]] and [[San Francisco de Asis Mission Church]] in [[Ranchos de Taos, New Mexico]].<ref>John Frederick Schwaller, ''The history of the Catholic Church in Latin America: From conquest to revolution and beyond'' (2011) ch 1–3.</ref>

[[File:Colonization of the Americas 1750.PNG|thumb|200px|Map indicating the territories colonized by the European powers over the Americas in 1750 (mainly Spain, Portugal, and France at the time).]]

As characteristically happens in any colonialism, European or not, previous or subsequent, both Spain and Portugal profited handsomely from their newfound overseas colonies: the Spanish from gold and silver from mines such as [[Potosí]] and [[Zacatecas, Zacatecas|Zacatecas]] in [[New Spain]], the Portuguese from the huge markups they enjoyed as trade intermediaries, particularly during the [[Nanban trade|Nanban]] [[Japanese history|Japan]] trade period. The influx of precious metals to the Spanish monarchy's coffers allowed it to finance costly [[religious war]]s in Europe which ultimately proved its economic undoing: the supply of metals was not infinite and the large inflow caused inflation and debt, and subsequently affected the rest of Europe.<ref>Levack, Muir, Veldman, Maas, Brian (2007). The West: Encounters and Transformations, Atlas Edition, Volume 2 (since 1550) (2nd Edition). England: Longman. p. 96. {{ISBN|9780205556984}}.</ref>

===Northern European challenges to the Iberian hegemony===
It was not long before the exclusivity of Iberian claims to the Americas was challenged by other up and coming European powers, primarily the Netherlands, France and England: the view taken by the rulers of these nations is epitomized by the quotation attributed to [[Francis I of France]] demanding to be shown the clause in Adam's will excluding his authority from the New World. This challenge initially took the form of piratical attacks (such as those by [[Francis Drake]]) on Spanish treasure fleets or coastal settlements.<ref>Violet Barbour, "Privateers and pirates of the West Indies." ''American Historical Review'' 16.3 (1911): 529–566.</ref> Later the Northern European countries began establishing settlements of their own, primarily in areas that were outside of Spanish interests, such as what is now the eastern seaboard of the United States and Canada, or islands in the Caribbean, such as [[Aruba]], [[Martinique]], and [[Barbados]], that had been abandoned by the Spanish in favor of the mainland and larger islands.<ref>John H. Elliott, ''Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830'' (2007).</ref>

Whereas Spanish colonialism was based on the religious conversion and exploitation of local populations via [[encomienda]]s (many Spaniards emigrated to the Americas to elevate their social status, and were not interested in manual labor), Northern European colonialism was bolstered by those emigrating for religious reasons (for example, the ''[[Mayflower]]'' voyage). The motive for emigration was not to become an aristocrat or to spread one's faith but to start a new society afresh, structured according to the colonist's wishes. The most populous emigration of the 17th century was that of the English, who after a series of wars with the Dutch and French came to dominate the [[Thirteen Colonies]] on the eastern coast of the present-day United States and other colonies such as Newfoundland and [[Rupert's Land]] in what is now Canada.<ref>Walter Hixson, ''American settler colonialism: A history'' (2013).</ref>

However, the English, French, and Dutch were no more averse to making a profit than the Spanish and Portuguese, and whilst their areas of settlement in the Americas proved to be devoid of the precious metals found by the Spanish, trade in other commodities and products that could be sold at a massive profit in Europe provided another reason for crossing the Atlantic, in particular, furs from Canada, tobacco, and cotton grown in [[Virginia]] and sugar in the islands of the Caribbean and Brazil. Due to the massive depletion of indigenous labor, plantation owners had to look elsewhere for manpower for these labor- intensive crops. They turned to the centuries-old slave trade of west Africa and began transporting Africans across the Atlantic on a massive scale – historians estimate that the [[Atlantic slave trade]] brought between 10 and 12 million black African slaves to the New World. The islands of the Caribbean soon came to be populated by slaves of African descent, ruled over by a white minority of plantation owners interested in making a fortune and then returning to their home country to spend it.<ref>Phyllis Raybin Emert, ed., ''Colonial Triangular Trade: An Economy Based on Human Misery'' (1995).</ref>

===Role of companies in early colonialism===
From its very outset, Western colonialism was operated as a joint public-private venture. Columbus' voyages to the Americas were partially funded by Italian investors, but whereas the Spanish state maintained a tight rein on trade with its colonies (by law, the colonies could only trade with one designated port in the mother country and treasure was brought back in special [[Spanish treasure fleet|convoys]]), the English, French and Dutch granted what were effectively trade [[monopolies]] to [[Joint stock company|joint-stock companies]] such as the [[East India Company|East India Companies]] and the [[Hudson's Bay Company]].<ref>Bob Moore, and [[Henk van Nierop]]. ''Colonial Empires Compared: Britain and the Netherlands, 1750–1850'' (2017).</ref>

[[Russian Empire|Imperial Russia]] had no state-sponsored expeditions or colonization in the Americas, but did charter the first Russian joint-stock commercial enterprise, the [[Russian America Company]], which did sponsor those activities in its territories.<ref>Anatole G. Mazour, "The Russian-American Company: Private or Government Enterprise?." ''Pacific Historical Review'' 13.2 (1944): 168–173.</ref>

===European colonies in India===
{{Main|Colonial India}}
[[File:Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey.jpg|thumb|[[Lord Clive]] meeting with [[Mir Jafar]] at the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, painted by [[Francis Hayman]]]]

In May 1498, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] set foot in [[Kozhikode]] in [[Kerala]], making them the first Europeans to sail to India. Rivalry among reigning European powers saw the entry of the [[Dutch Empire|Dutch]], [[English overseas possessions|English]], [[French India|French]], [[Danish India|Danish]] and others. The kingdoms of [[History of India|India]] were gradually taken over by the Europeans and indirectly controlled by puppet rulers. In 1600, Queen [[Elizabeth I]] accorded a [[charter]], forming the [[East India Company]] to trade with India and eastern Asia. The English landed in India in [[Surat]] in 1612. By the 19th century, they had assumed [[British India|direct]] and [[Princely states|indirect]] control over most of India.

==Colonialism within Europe (16th–20th century)==
{{Main|History of Ireland|Sámi history|Danish overseas colonies#Europe|Crown Colony of Malta|History of Gibraltar|British Cyprus|Genoese colonies}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}

==Imperial Russia: Central Asia and Siberia (16th–20th century)==
{{Further|Territorial evolution of Russia|Russian imperialism}}
[[File:Growth of Russia 1547-1725.png|thumb|right|300px|Territorial evolution of Russia from 1547 to 1725]]

After [[Time of Troubles|a period of political instability]], the [[Romanovs]] came to power in 1613 and the expansion-colonization process of [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] continued. While western Europe colonized the New World, Russia expanded overland – to the east, north and south. This continued for centuries; by the end of the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] reached from the [[Black Sea]] to the Pacific Ocean, and for some time [[Russian colonization of the Americas|included]] colonies in the [[Russian America|Alaska]] (1732–1867) and a short-lived [[Sagallo|unofficial colony in Africa]] (1889) in present-day [[Djibouti]].<ref>John Channon, ''The Penguin historical atlas of Russia'' (1995) pp 8–12, 44–75.</ref>
The acquisition of new territories, especially in the Caucasus, had an invigorating effect on the rest of Russia. According to two Russian historians:
: the culture of Russia and that of the Caucasian peoples interacted in a reciprocally beneficial manner. The turbulent tenor of life in the Caucasus, the mountain peoples' love of freedom, and their willingness to die for independence were felt far beyond the local interaction of the Caucasian peoples and coresident Russians: they injected a potent new spirit into the thinking and creative work of Russia's progressives, strengthened the liberationist aspirations of Russian writers and exiled [[Decembrist revolt|Decembrists]], and influenced distinguished Russian democrats, poets, and prose writers, including [[Alexander Griboyedov]], [[Alexander Pushkin]], [[Mikhail Lermontov]], and [[Leo Tolstoy]]. These writers, who generally supported the Caucasian fight for liberation, went beyond the chauvinism of the colonial autocracy and rendered the Caucasian peoples' cultures accessible to the Russian intelligentsia. At the same time, Russian culture exerted an influence on Caucasian cultures, bolstering positive aspects while weakening the impact of the Caucasian peoples' reactionary feudalism and reducing the internecine fighting between tribes and clans.<ref>G. L. Bondarevskii, and G. N. Kolbaia, "The Caucasus and Russian Culture." ''Russian Studies in History'' 41.2 (2002): 10–15.</ref>

===Expansion into the East===
The first stage to 1650 was an expansion eastward from the [[Ural Mountains]] to the Pacific Ocean.<ref>James R. Gibson, "Russian expansion in Siberia and America." ''Geographical Review'' (1980) 70#2: 127–136. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/214435 online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215130754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/214435 |date=15 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>George Lensen, ed. ''Russia's Eastward Expansion'' (1964) is a short history that uses excerpts from primary sources.</ref> Geographical expeditions mapped much of Siberia. The second stage from 1785 to 1830 looked south to the areas between the [[Black Sea]] and the [[Caspian Sea]]. The key areas were [[Armenia]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], with some better penetration of the Ottoman Empire, and [[Qajar Iran|Persia]]. By 1829, Russia controlled all of the [[Caucasus]] as shown in the [[Treaty of Adrianople (1829)|Treaty of Adrianople]] of 1829. The third era, 1850 to 1860, was a brief interlude jumping to the East Coast, annexing the region from the [[Amur|Amur River]] to [[Manchuria]]. The fourth era, 1865 to 1885 incorporated Turkestan, and the northern approaches to India, sparking British fears of a threat to India in the [[Great Game]].<ref>Martina Winkler, "From ruling people to owning land: Russian concepts of imperial possession in the North Pacific, 18th and early 19th centuries." ''Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas'' (2011) 59#3: 321–353, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302564 online in English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328110305/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41302564 |date=28 March 2021 }}.</ref>

==Maritime Southeast Asia and the Dutch East India Company (16th–20th century)==
{{Main|European colonisation of Southeast Asia|Dutch East Indies|History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|History of Malaysia#Colonial era|History of Indonesia#Colonial era}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}

==First decolonization: Independence in the Americas (1770–1820)==
{{Main|Decolonization of the Americas}}
{{See also|Colonization of Canada}}

During the five decades following 1770, Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal lost many of their possessions in the Americas.

===Britain and the Thirteen Colonies===
{{Main|Thirteen Colonies|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War|United States Declaration of Independence}}

After the conclusion of the [[Seven Years' War]] in 1763, Britain had emerged as the world's dominant power but found itself mired in debt and struggling to finance the Navy and Army necessary to maintain a global empire. The [[Parliament of Great Britain|British Parliament]] attempt to raise taxes from North American colonists raised fears among the Americans that their rights as "Englishmen", and particularly their rights of self-government, were in danger.<ref>Brendan Simms, ''Three Victories and a Defeat: The Rise And Fall of the First British Empire'' (2008)</ref>

From 1765, a series of disputes with Parliament over taxation led to the [[American Revolution]], first to informal [[committees of correspondence]] among the colonies, then to coordinated protest and resistance, with an important event in 1770, the [[Boston Massacre]]. A [[standing army]] was formed by the [[Thirteen Colonies|United Colonies]], and [[United States Declaration of Independence|independence was declared]] by the Second [[Continental Congress]] on 4 July 1776. A new nation was born, the [[the United States|United States of America]], and all royal officials were expelled. On their own the Patriots captured a British Invasion army and France recognized the new nation, formed a military alliance, declared war on Britain, and left the superpower without any major ally. The [[American War of Independence]] continued until 1783 when the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] was signed. Britain recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded by the [[British possessions]] to the North, [[Florida]] to the South, and the Mississippi River to the west.<ref>Stephen Conway, ''The War of American Independence 1775–1783'' (1995).</ref>

===France and the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804)===
The [[Haitian Revolution]], a slave revolt led by [[Toussaint L'Ouverture]] in the French colony of [[Saint-Domingue]], established [[Haïti]] as a free, black [[republic]], the first of its kind. Haiti became the second independent nation that was a former European colony in the [[Western Hemisphere]] after the United States. Africans and people of African ancestry freed themselves from slavery and colonization by taking advantage of the conflict among whites over how to implement the reforms of the [[French Revolution]] in this slave society. Although independence was declared in 1804, it was not until 1825 that it was formally recognized by [[Charles X of France|King Charles X of France]].<ref>Franklin W. Knight, "The Haitian Revolution." ''American Historical Review'' 105.1 (2000): 103–115.</ref>

===Spain and the Wars of Independence in Latin America===
{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence}}
[[File:Independence in the Americas c.1830.png|thumb|Independent states in the Americas, c. 1830.]]

The gradual decline of Spain as an imperial power throughout the 17th century was hastened by the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] (1701–14), as a result of which it lost its European imperial possessions. The death knell for the Spanish Empire in the Americas was Napoleon's invasion of the Iberian peninsula in 1808. With the installation of his brother [[Joseph Bonaparte|Joseph]] on the Spanish throne, the main tie between the metropole and its colonies in the Americas, the Spanish monarchy, had been cut, leading the colonists to question their continued subordination to a declining and distant country. With an eye on the events of the American Revolution forty years earlier, revolutionary leaders began bloody wars of independence against Spain, whose armies were ultimately unable to maintain control. By 1831, Spain had been ejected from the mainland of the Americas, leaving a collection of independent republics that stretched from Chile and Argentina in the south to Mexico in the north. Spain's colonial possessions were reduced to [[Cuba]], [[Puerto Rico]], the Philippines, and a number of small islands in the Pacific, all of which she was to lose to the United States in the 1898 [[Spanish–American War]] or sell to Germany shortly thereafter.<ref>Timothy Anna, ''Spain & the Loss of Empire'' (1983).</ref>

===Portugal and Brazil===
Brazil was the only country in Latin America to gain its independence without bloodshed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Brazil/additional-info |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> The invasion of Portugal by Napoleon in 1808 had forced King [[João VI]] to escape to Brazil and establish his court in Rio de Janeiro. For thirteen years, Portugal was ruled from Brazil (the only instance of such a reversal of roles between colony and metropole) until his return to Portugal in 1821. His son, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Dom Pedro]], was left in charge of Brazil and in 1822 he declared independence from Portugal and himself the Emperor of Brazil. Unlike Spain's former colonies which had abandoned the monarchy in favor of republicanism, Brazil, therefore retained its links with its monarchy, the [[House of Braganza]].

==Indian subcontinent and the British Raj (18th century–1947)==
{{Further|Colonial India|Western imperialism in Asia}}

[[Vasco da Gama]]'s maritime success to discover for Europeans a new sea route to India in 1498 paved the way for direct Indo-European commerce.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html |access-date=7 May 2007 |date=June 1998 |publisher=Paul Halsall |title=Vasco da Gama: Round Africa to India, 1497–1498 CE |work=Internet Modern History Sourcebook |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828160915/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1497degama.html |url-status=live}} From: Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1907), Vol. V: 9th to 16th Centuries, pp. 26–40.</ref> The Portuguese soon set up trading-posts in [[Goa]], [[Daman District, India|Daman]], [[Diu, India|Diu]] and [[Bombay]]. The next to arrive were the [[Netherlands|Dutch]], the [[English overseas possessions|English]]—who set up a trading post in the west-coast port of [[Surat]] in 1619—and the French. The internal conflicts among Indian Kingdoms gave opportunities to the European traders to gradually establish political influence and appropriate lands. Although these continental European powers were to control various regions of southern and eastern India during the ensuing century, they would eventually lose all their territories in India to the British, with the exception of the French outposts of [[Pondicherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]], the Dutch port in [[Travancore]], and the Portuguese colonies of [[Goa]], [[Daman, India|Daman]], and [[Diu, India|Diu]].

===The British in India===
{{Main|Company rule in India|British Raj}}
[[File:BritishIndianEmpireandEnvirons2.jpg|thumb|left|The [[British Indian Empire]] and surrounding countries in 1909]]

The [[East India Company|English East India Company]] had been given permission by the Mughal emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1617 to trade in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/india/1617englandindies.html |title=The Great Moghul Jahangir: Letter to James I, King of England, 1617 A.D. |access-date=7 May 2007 |date=June 1998 |work=Indian History Sourcebook: England, India, and The East Indies, 1617 CE |publisher=Internet Indian History Sourcebook, Paul Halsall |archive-date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818010509/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/india/1617englandindies.html |url-status=live}} From: [[James Harvey Robinson]], ed., Readings in European History, 2 Vols. (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1904–1906), Vol. II: From the opening of the Protestant Revolt to the Present Day, pp. 333–335.</ref> Gradually the company's increasing influence led the ''[[de jure]]'' Mughal emperor [[Farrukh Siyar]] to grant them ''[[Dastak (trade permit)|dastaks]]'' or permits for duty-free trade in [[Bengal]] in 1717.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/history.shtml |title=KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) : HISTORY |access-date=7 May 2007 |publisher=Calcuttaweb.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510193408/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/history.shtml |archive-date=10 May 2007}}</ref> The [[Nawab of Bengal]] [[Siraj Ud Daulah]], the ''[[de facto]]'' ruler of [[Bengal Subah|Mughal Bengal]], opposed British attempts to use these permits. This led to the [[Battle of Plassey]] in 1757, in which the [[Presidency armies|armies]] of the East India Company, led by [[Robert Clive]], defeated the Nawab's forces. This was the first political foothold with territorial implications that the British had acquired in India. Clive was appointed by the company as its first Governor of Bengal in 1757.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/people_cliveofindia.html |title=Robert Clive, Baron Clive, 'Clive of India', 1725–1774 |access-date=7 May 2007 |last=Rickard |first=J. |date=1 November 2000 |encyclopedia=Military History Encyclopedia on the Web |publisher=historyofwar.org}}</ref> This was combined with British victories over the French at [[Siege of Madras|Madras]], [[Battle of Wandiwash|Wandiwash]] and [[Siege of Pondicherry (1760)|Pondicherry]] that, along with wider [[Great Britain in the Seven Years War|British successes during the Seven Years' War]], reduced French influence in India. After the [[Battle of Buxar]] in 1764, the company acquired the civil rights of administration in Bengal from the Mughal Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]; it marked the beginning of its formal rule, which was to engulf eventually most of India and extinguish the [[Mughal dynasty|Moghul rule and dynasty]] itself in less than a century.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economicHistory/GEHN/GEHN%20PDF/Transformation%20from%20a%20Pre-Colonial%20-%20Om%20Prakash.pdf |title=The Transformation from a Pre-Colonial to a Colonial Order: The Case of India |access-date=7 May 2007 |last=Prakash |first=Om |work=Global Economic History Network |publisher=Economic History Department, [[London School of Economics]] |pages=3–40 |archive-date=26 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043851/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/economicHistory/home.aspx |url-status=live}}</ref>
The East India Company monopolized the trade of Bengal. They introduced a land taxation system called the [[Permanent Settlement]] which introduced a [[Feudalism|feudal-like]] structure (See ''[[Zamindar]]'') in the [[Bengal Presidency]]. By the 1850s, the East India Company controlled most of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which included present-day Pakistan and [[Bangladesh]]. Their policy was sometimes summed up as [[Divide and Rule]], taking advantage of the enmity festering between various princely states and social and religious groups.

The first major movement against the British Company's high-handed rule resulted in the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], also known as the "Indian Mutiny" or "Sepoy Mutiny" or the "First War of Independence". After a year of turmoil, and reinforcement of the East India Company's troops with [[British Army]] soldiers, the Company overcame the rebellion. The nominal leader of the uprising, the last Mughal emperor [[Bahadur Shah Zafar]], was exiled to Burma, his children were beheaded and the Moghul line was abolished. In the aftermath all power was transferred from the East India Company to the [[British Crown]], which began to administer most of India as a colony; the company's lands were controlled directly and the rest through the rulers of what it called the [[Princely states]]. There were 565 princely states when the Indian subcontinent gained independence from Britain in August 1947.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1762146.stm Kashmir: The origins of the dispute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911222545/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1762146.stm |date=11 September 2010 }}, BBC News, 16 January 2002</ref>

During period of the [[British Raj]], [[Famine in India|famines in India]], often attributed to [[El Niño|El Nino]] droughts and failed government policies, were some of the worst ever recorded, including the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]], in which 6.1 million to 10.3 million people died and the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]], in which 1.25 to 10 million people died.<ref name=mikedavis173>Davis, Mike. Late Victorian Holocausts. 1. Verso, 2000. p. 173</ref> The [[Third plague pandemic|Third Plague Pandemic]] started in China in the middle of the 19th century, spreading plague to all inhabited continents and killing 10 million people in India alone.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060324121935/http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/diseases/zoonotic/en/index4.html Plague]. World Health Organization.</ref> Despite persistent diseases and famines, however, the population of the [[Indian subcontinent]], which stood at about 125 million in 1750, had reached 389 million by 1941.<ref>[http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/98/1iie2806.pdf Reintegrating India with the World Economy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304085740/http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/chapters_preview/98/1iie2806.pdf |date=4 March 2012 }}. ''Peterson Institute for International Economics.''</ref>

===Other European empires in India===
{{Main|Colonial India|French India|Portuguese India}}
[[File:European settlements in India 1501-1739.png|thumb|European settlements in India (1501–1739)]]

Like the other European colonists, the French began their colonization via commercial activities, starting with the establishment of a factory in Surat in 1668. The French started to settle down in India in 1673, beginning with the purchase of land at Chandernagore from the Mughal Governor of Bengal, followed by the acquisition of Pondicherry from the Sultan of Bijapur the next year. Both became the centers of the maritime commercial activities that the French conducted in India.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/a-french-colony-that-fought-the-british/article3595158.ece |title=A French colony that fought the British |last=Ganesan |first=V. B. |date=2012-07-02 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-11-04 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228144746/https://www.thehindu.com/books/a-french-colony-that-fought-the-british/article3595158.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The French also had trading posts in Mahe, [[Karaikal district|Karikal]] and [[Yanaon]]. Similar to the situation in [[Tahiti]] and [[Martinique]], the French colonial administrative area was insular, but, in India, the French authority was isolated on the peripheries of a British-dominated territory.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50ZWAgAAQBAJ&q=french+colonization+in+india&pg=PA69 |title=Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present |last=Marsh |first=Kate |date=2013-08-28 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739176573 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628172512/https://books.google.com/books?id=50ZWAgAAQBAJ&q=french+colonization+in+india&pg=PA69 |url-status=live}}</ref>

By the early eighteenth century, the French had become the chief European rivals of the British. During the eighteenth century, it was highly possible for the Indian subcontinent to have succumbed to French control, but the defeat inflicted on them in the Seven Years War (1756–1763) permanently curtailed French ambitions. The [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] of 1763 restored the original five to the French while making it clear that France could not expand its control beyond these areas.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=50ZWAgAAQBAJ&q=french+colonization+in+india&pg=PA69 |title=Narratives of the French Empire: Fiction, Nostalgia, and Imperial Rivalries, 1784 to the Present |last=Marsh |first=Kate |date=2013-08-28 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=9780739176573 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628172512/https://books.google.com/books?id=50ZWAgAAQBAJ&q=french+colonization+in+india&pg=PA69 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The beginning of the Portuguese occupation of India can be traced back to the arrival of Vasco da Gama near Calicut on 20 May 1498. Soon after this, other explorers, traders and missionaries followed. By 1515, the Portuguese were the strongest naval power in the Indian Ocean and the [[Malabar Coast]] was dominated by them.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Parker |first=R. H. |date=1955-10-01 |title=The French and Portuguese Settlements in India |journal=The Political Quarterly |language=en |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=389–398 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-923X.1955.tb02588.x |issn=1467-923X}}</ref>

==Colonization of Oceania and the Pacific Islands (18th–20th century)==
{{Main|Colonisation of Australia|Colonisation of New Zealand|History of the Pacific Islands}}
{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}

==New Imperialism: Africa and East Asia (1870–1914)==
{{Main|New Imperialism}}
[[File:World empires and colonies around World War I.png|thumb|right|270px|Empires of the world in 1910]]

The policy and ideology of European colonial expansion between the 1870s (circa opening of [[Suez Canal]] and [[Second Industrial Revolution]]) and the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914 are often characterized as the "[[New Imperialism]]". The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of what has been termed "empire for empire's sake," aggressive competition for overseas territorial acquisitions, and the emergence in colonizing countries of doctrines of racial superiority which denied the fitness of subjugated peoples for self-government.<ref>Harrison M. Wright, ed. ''The "New Imperialism": Analysis of Late Nineteenth Century Expansion'' (1976).</ref><ref>Hugh Seton-Watson, ''The new imperialism'' (1971)</ref>

During this period, Europe's powers added nearly 8,880,000 square miles (23,000,000 km2) to their overseas colonial possessions. As it was mostly unoccupied by the Western powers as late as the 1880s, Africa became the primary target of the "new" imperialist expansion (known as the [[Scramble for Africa]]), although conquest took place also in other areas – notably south-east Asia and the East Asian seaboard, where Japan joined the European powers' scramble for territory.<ref>Parker Thomas Moon, ''Imperialism and world politics'' (1926), online.</ref>

The [[Berlin Conference]] (1884–1885) mediated the imperial competition among Britain, France, and Germany, defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of colonial claims and codifying the imposition of [[wikt: direct rule|direct rule]], accomplished usually through armed force.

In Germany, rising [[pan-Germanism]] was coupled to imperialism in the ''[[Alldeutsche Verband]]'' ("Pan-Germanic League"), which argued that Britain's world power position gave the British unfair advantages on international markets, thus limiting Germany's economic growth and threatening its security.<ref>Volker Rolf Berghahn, "German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler" ''German Studies Review'' 40#1 (2017) pp. 147–162 [https://doi.org/10.1353/gsr.2017.0007 Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807113350/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/649233 |date=7 August 2020 }}</ref>

Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian Grover Clark argues an emphatic "No!" He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend the colonies outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the British Empire, they have not favored destinations for the immigration of surplus populations.<ref>Raymond Leslie Buell, "Do Colonies Pay?" ''The Saturday Review,'' 1 August 1936 p 6</ref>

===The Scramble for Africa===
{{Main|Scramble for Africa}}
{{See also|History of Africa#Colonial period}}
[[File:Colonial Africa 1913 map.svg|thumb|European territories in Africa, 1914, following the [[Scramble for Africa]].]]
[[File:The modern civilization of Europeː France in Morocco & England in in Egypt A.H. Zaki.jpg|thumb|Satirical drawing: "The modern civilization of Europe: France in Morocco & England in Egypt", A. H. Zaki, 1908–1914]]

Africa was the target of the third wave of European colonialism, after that of the Americas and Asia.<ref>Thomas Pakenham, ''The scramble for Africa: The White Man's conquest of the Dark Continent from 1876 to 1912'' (2003)</ref> Many European statesmen and industrialists wanted to accelerate the [[Scramble for Africa]], securing colonies before they strictly needed them. As a champion of [[Realpolitik]], [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] disliked colonies and thought they were a waste of time, but his hand was forced by pressure from both the elites and the general population which considered the colonization a necessity for German prestige. German colonies in [[Togo]]land, [[Samoa]], [[South-West Africa]], and [[New Guinea]] had corporate commercial roots, while the equivalent German-dominated areas in East Africa and China owed more to political motives. The British also took an interest in Africa, using the [[East Africa Company]] to take over what is now Kenya and Uganda. The British crown formally took over in 1895 and renamed the area the East Africa Protectorate.

[[Leopold II of Belgium]] personally owned the [[Congo Free State]] from 1885 to 1908, under his rule [[Atrocities in the Congo Free State|many atrocities]] were committed.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hochschild |first=Adam |title=King Leopold's Ghost A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa |publisher=Mariner Books |year=1998 |isbn=9780547525730}}</ref> Round after round of international scandal regarding the brutal treatment of native workers forced the Belgium government to take full ownership and responsibility.

The [[Dutch colonial empire|Dutch Empire]] continued to hold the [[Dutch East Indies]], which was one of the few profitable overseas colonies.

In the same manner, [[Italian Empire|Italy]] tried to conquer its "[[place in the sun]]", acquiring [[Somaliland]] in 1899–1890, [[Eritrea]] and 1899, and, taking advantage of the "[[Sick man of Europe]]", the [[Ottoman Empire]], also conquered [[Tripolitania]] and [[Cyrenaica]] (modern [[Libya]]) with the 1911 [[Italo–Turkish War]]. The conquest of [[Ethiopia]], which had remained the last African independent territory, had to wait until the [[Second Italo–Abyssinian War]] in 1935–1936 (the [[First Italo–Ethiopian War]] in 1895–96 had ended in defeat for Italy).

The [[Portuguese colonial empire|Portuguese]] and [[Spanish colonial empire]] were smaller, mostly legacies of past colonization. Most of their colonies had acquired independence during the [[Spanish American wars of independence|Latin American revolutions]] at the beginning of the 19th century.

===Imperialism in Asia===
{{Main|Western imperialism in Asia}}

In Asia, the [[Great Game]], which lasted from 1813 to 1907, opposed the [[British Empire]] against [[Imperial Russia]] for supremacy in [[Central Asia]]. [[History of China|China]] was opened to Western influence starting with the [[First Opium War|First]] and [[Second Opium War]]s (1839–1842; 1856–1860). After the visits of Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry|Matthew Perry]] in 1852–1854, Japan opened itself to the Western world during the [[Meiji period]] (1868–1912).

Imperialism also took place in [[British rule in Burma|Burma]], [[Dutch East Indies|Indonesia]], [[British Malaya|Malaya]] and the [[Spanish East Indies|Philippines]]. Burma had been under British rule for nearly a hundred years, however, it was always considered an "imperial backwater". This accounts for the fact that Burma does not have an obvious colonial legacy and is not a part of the Commonwealth. In the beginning, in the mid-1820s, Burma was administered from Penang in Britain's [[Straits Settlements]]. However, it was soon brought within British India, of which it remained a part until 1937.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5qxOL6w5p4C&q=%2C+in+the+mid-1820s%2C+Burma+was+administered+from+Penang+in+Britain%E2%80%99s+Straits+Settlements&pg=PA26 |title=Burma Redux: Global Justice and the Quest for Political Reform in Myanmar |last=Holliday |first=Ian |date=2012-03-06 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231504249 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=30 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210330160738/https://books.google.com/books?id=H5qxOL6w5p4C&q=%2C+in+the+mid-1820s%2C+Burma+was+administered+from+Penang+in+Britain%E2%80%99s+Straits+Settlements&pg=PA26 |url-status=live}}</ref> Burma was governed as a province of India, not considered very important, and barely any accommodation was made to Burmese political culture or sensitivities. As reforms began to move India towards independence, Burma was simply dragged along.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3558192/The-shared-history-of-Britain-and-Burma.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3558192/The-shared-history-of-Britain-and-Burma.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=The shared history of Britain and Burma |last=Myint-U |first=Thant |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |location=London |date=2008-05-10 |access-date=2017-11-04 |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

===Ottoman colonialism===
{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}

==Interwar period and World War II (1918–1945)==
{{Further|Aftermath of World War I|Interwar period|League of Nations mandate}}

The colonial map was redrawn following the defeat of the [[German Empire]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]] after the [[World War I]] (1914–18). Colonies from the defeated empires were transferred to the newly founded [[League of Nations]], which itself redistributed it to the victorious powers as [[League of Nations Mandate|"mandates"]]. The secret 1916 [[Sykes–Picot Agreement]] partitioned the Middle East between Britain and France. French mandates included [[French mandate of Syria|Syria]] and [[French mandate of Lebanon|Lebanon]], whilst the British were granted [[Mandatory Iraq|Iraq]] and [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. The bulk of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] became the independent Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]] in 1922. The discovery of the world's largest easily accessible crude oil deposits led to an influx of Western [[oil companies]] that dominated the region's economies until the 1970s, and making the emirs of the oil states immensely rich, enabling them to consolidate their hold on power and giving them a stake in preserving Western hegemony over the region. During the 1920 and 1930s [[Iraq]], [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] moved towards independence, although the British and French did not formally depart the region until they were forced to do so after World War II.<ref>William L. Cleveland and Martin Bunton, ''A History of the Modern Middle East'' (2016) pp 161–224.</ref>

===Japanese imperialism===
{{Main|Japanese imperialism|Empire of Japan}}
[[File:Pacific Area - The Imperial Powers 1939 - Map.svg|thumb|270px|The [[Empire of Japan]] in 1939]]

For Japan, the second half of the nineteenth century was a period of internal turmoil succeeded by a period of rapid development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vinacke |first=Harold M. |date=1933 |title=Japanese Imperialism |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-modern-history_1933-09_5_3/page/366 |jstor=1875849 |journal=The Journal of Modern History |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=366–380 |doi=10.1086/236034 |s2cid=222437929}}</ref> After being closed for centuries to Western influence, Japan was forced by the United States to open itself to the West during the [[Meiji Era]] (1868–1912), characterized by swift modernization and borrowings from European culture (in law, science, etc.) This, in turn, helped make Japan the modern power that it is now, which was symbolized as soon as the 1904–1905 [[Russo–Japanese War]]: this war marked the first victory of an Asian power against a European imperial power, and led to widespread fears among European populations. During the first part of the 20th century, while China was still subject to various European imperialisms, Japan became an imperialist power, conquering what it called a "[[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]".

With the final revision of treaties in 1894, Japan may be considered to have joined the family of nations on a basis of equality with the western states. From this same time imperialism became a dominant motive in Japanese policy.

Imperial Japan won conflicts against the [[Qing dynasty]] and gained control of Korea and Taiwan when the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]] was concluded in 1895. In 1910, Korea was formally annexed by the [[Empire of Japan]]. The [[Korea under Japanese rule|Japanese colonization of Korea]] saw rapid modernization of the peninsula and there was brutal treatment of civilians such as Korean [[comfort women]] who were forced to serve in brothels for the [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ki-Jung |first=Kim |title=The Road to Colonization: Korea Under Imperialism, 1897–1910 |journal=Korea Journal |date=1998-01-01 |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=36–64}}</ref>

In 1931, Japanese army units based in [[Manchuria]] seized control of the region and created the puppet state of [[Manchukuo]]. [[Second Sino-Japanese War|Full-scale war with China]] followed in 1937, drawing Japan toward an overambitious bid for Asian hegemony (Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere), which ultimately led to defeat and the loss of all its overseas territories after World War II (see Japanese expansionism and Japanese nationalism). The [[Imperial Japanese Army]] committed atrocities exemplified by the Nanjing Massacre.<ref>Sandra Wilson, "Rethinking the 1930s and the '15-Year War' in Japan." ''Japanese Studies'' 21.2 (2001): 155–164.</ref>

===Nazi Germany===
{{Excerpt|Lebensraum}}

===Fascist Italy===
{{Excerpt|Italian imperialism under fascism}}

==Second decolonization: Worldwide (1945–1999)==
{{Main|Decolonization}}
[[File:Africa independence dates.svg|thumb|Dates of [[Decolonization of Africa|independence of African countries]].]]

Anti-colonialist movements had begun to gain momentum after the close of World War I, which had seen colonial troops fight alongside those of the metropole, and U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s speech on the [[Fourteen Points]]. However, it was not until the end of World War II that they were fully mobilized. British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s 1941 [[Atlantic Charter]] declared that the signatories would "respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live". Though Churchill subsequently claimed this applied only to those countries under Nazi occupation, rather than the British Empire, the words were not so easily retracted: for example, the legislative assembly of Britain's most important colony, India, passed a resolution stating that the Charter should apply to it too.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boimCgAAQBAJ&q=india+resolution+atlantic+charter&pg=PT249 |title=India's War: The Making of Modern South Asia, 1939–1945 |last=Raghavan |first=Srinath |date=2016-03-31 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=9781846145438 |language=en |access-date=12 November 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628172514/https://books.google.com/books?id=boimCgAAQBAJ&q=india+resolution+atlantic+charter&pg=PT249 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1945, the [[United Nations]] (UN) was founded when 50 nations signed the [[Charter of the United Nations|UN Charter]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/decolonization/charter.shtml |title=The United Nations and Decolonization |publisher=United Nations |language=EN |access-date=2017-10-27 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327163301/https://www.un.org/en/decolonization/charter.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref> which included a statement of its basis in the respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples. In 1952, demographer [[Alfred Sauvy]] coined the term "[[Third World]]" in reference to the French [[Estates General (France)|Third Estate]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.economist.com/international/2010/06/10/seeing-the-world-differently |title=Seeing the world differently |date=2010-06-10 |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=2017-10-27 |issn=0013-0613 |archive-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204120818/http://www.economist.com/node/16329442 |url-status=live}}</ref> The expression distinguished nations that aligned themselves with neither the [[Western world|West]] nor the [[Soviet Bloc]] during the [[Cold War]]. In the following decades, decolonization would strengthen this group which began to be represented at the United Nations. The Third World's first international move was the [[Bandung Conference|1955 Bandung Conference]], led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] for [[History of India|India]], [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] for [[History of Egypt|Egypt]] and [[Josip Broz Tito]] for [[History of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]. The Conference, which gathered 29 countries representing over half the world's population, led to the creation of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/bandung-conf |title=Milestones: 1953–1960 – Office of the Historian |website=history.state.gov |language=en |access-date=2017-10-27 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325100857/https://history.state.gov/milestones/1953-1960/bandung-conf |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Colonization 1945.png|thumb|right|300px|World map of colonization at the end of the Second World War in 1945]]

Although the U.S. had first opposed itself to colonial empires, the Cold War concerns about Soviet influence in the Third World caused it to downplay its advocacy of popular sovereignty and decolonization. France thus received financial support in the [[First Indochina War]] (1946–54) and the U.S. did not interfere in the [[Algerian War of Independence]] (1954–62). Decolonization itself was a seemingly unstoppable process. In 1960, after a number countries gained independence, the UN had reached 99 members states: the [[decolonization of Africa]] was almost complete. In 1980, the UN had 154 member states, and in 1990, after [[Namibia]]'s independence, 159 states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Growth in United Nations Membership, 1945–2005 |publisher=United Nations |year=2000 |access-date=8 October 2006 |url=https://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117212320/http://www.un.org/Overview/growth.htm |archive-date=17 January 2016}}</ref> [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] transferred sovereignty to [[China]] in 1997 and 1999 finally marked the end of European colonial era.

===Role of the Soviet Union and China===
The [[Soviet Union]] was a main supporter of decolonization movements and communist parties across the world that denounced imperialism and colonization.<ref>Yahia H. Zoubir, "The United States, the Soviet Union and Decolonization of the Maghreb, 1945–62." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 31.1 (1995): 58–84.</ref> While the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], created in 1961 following the [[Bandung Conference|Bandung 1955 Conference]], was supposedly neutral, the "Third World" being opposed to both the "First" and the "Second" Worlds, [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] concerns, as well as the refusal of the U.S. to support decolonization movements against its NATO European allies, led the national liberation movements to look increasingly toward the East. However, China's appearance on the world scene, under the leadership of [[Mao Zedong]], created a rupture between the Soviet and Chinese factions in Communist parties around the world, all of which opposed imperialism.<ref>Chen Jian, "Bridging Revolution and Decolonization: The 'Bandung Discourse' in China's Early Cold War Experience." ''Chinese Historical Review'' 15.2 (2008): 207–241.</ref> [[Cuba]], with Soviet financing, send combat troops to help left-wing independence movements in [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]].<ref>Pamela S. Falk, "Cuba in Africa." ''Foreign Affairs'' 65.5 (1987): 1077–1096.</ref>

Globally, the non-aligned movement, led by [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (India), [[Josip Broz Tito]] (Yugoslavia) and [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]] (Egypt) tried to create a block of nations powerful enough to be dependent on neither the United States nor the Soviet Union, but finally tilted towards the Soviet Union, while smaller independence movements, both by strategic necessity and ideological choice, were supported either by Moscow or by Beijing. Few independence movements were totally independent of foreign aid.<ref>Gerard McCann, "From diaspora to the third world and the United Nations: India and the politics of decolonizing Africa." ''Past & Present'' 218.suppl_8 (2013): 258–280.</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s, [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Mao Zedong]] gave influential support to those newly African governments which many became one-party socialist states.

==Public awareness==
{{Expand section|date=May 2024}}

According to Dietmar Rothermund, there is a lack of public awareness about the colonial history in Britain and France.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rothermund |first=Dietmar |date=2011 |title=The Self-consciousness of Post-imperial Nations: A cross-national Comparison |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45073035 |journal=India Quarterly |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1177/097492841006700101 |jstor=45073035 |issn=0974-9284 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==Postcolonialism==
{{Main|Postcolonialism}}
[[File:EU OCT and OMR map en.png|thumb|250px|Map of the European Union in the world, with [[Special member state territories and the European Union#Overseas countries and territories|Overseas Countries and Territories]] and [[Special member state territories and the European Union#Outermost regions|Outermost Regions]]]]

[[Postcolonialism]] is a term used to recognize the continued and troubling presence and influence of colonialism within the period designated as after-the-colonial. It refers to the ongoing effects that colonial encounters, dispossession and power have in shaping the familiar structures (social, political, spatial, uneven global interdependencies) of the present world. Postcolonialism, in itself, questions the end of colonialism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jazeel |first=Tariq |date=2012 |title=Postcolonialism: Orientalism and the geographical imagination |jstor=24412174 |journal=Geography |volume=97 |issue=1 |pages=4–11 |doi=10.1080/00167487.2012.12094331}}</ref>

==Neocolonialism==
{{Excerpt|Neocolonialism}}

==See also==
* [[Settler colonialism]]
* [[Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization]]
* [[Western imperialism in Asia]]
* [[Historiography of the British Empire]]
* [[Neocolonialism]]
* [[American imperialism]]
* [[Soviet empire]]
* [[Zionism as settler colonialism]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Benjamin, Thomas, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (3 vol 2006)
* Boxer, C. R. '' The Dutch Seaborne Empire: 1600–1800'' (1966)
* Boxer, Charles R. ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825'' (1969)
* Brendon, Piers. "A Moral Audit of the British Empire", ''History Today'' (October 2007), Vol. 57, Issue 10, pp. 44–47, online at [[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO]]
* Brendon, Piers. ''The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997'' (2008), wide-ranging survey
* Ferro, Marc, ''Colonization: A Global History'' (1997)
* Gibbons, H. A. ''The New Map of Africa (1900–1916): A History of European Colonial Expansion and Colonial Diplomacy'' (1916) [https://archive.org/details/newmapafricaahi00gibbgoog/page/n11 online free]
* Hopkins, Anthony G., and Peter J. Cain. ''British Imperialism: 1688–2015'' (Routledge, 2016).
* Mackenzie, John, ed. ''The Encyclopedia of Empire'' (4 vol 2016)
* Maltby, William. ''The Rise and Fall of the Spanish Empire'' (2008).
* [[Merriman, Roger Bigelow]]. ''The rise of the Spanish Empire in the Old World and in the New'' (3 vol 1918) [https://archive.org/search.php?query=title%3A%28%22The%20Rise%20of%20the%20Spanish%20Empire%22%29 online free]
* Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds. ''The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism'' (2 vol, 2015), 1456pp
* Osterhammel, Jürgen: ''Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview'', (M. Wiener, 1997).
* Page, Melvin E. et al. eds. ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (3 vol 2003)
* [[K. M. Panikkar|Panikkar, K. M.]] ''Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945'' (1953)
* Porter, Andrew N. ''European Imperialism, 1860–1914'' (Macmillan International Higher Education, 2016).
* Priestley, Herbert Ingram. ''France overseas: a study of modern imperialism'' (Routledge, 2018).
* Stern, Jacques. ''The French Colonies'' (1944) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.183864 online], comprehensive history
* Thomas, Hugh. ''Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire'' (2010)
* Townsend, Mary Evelyn. ''European colonial expansion since 1871'' (1941).

===Primary sources===
* Melvin E. Page, ed. ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (2003) vol 3 pp 833–1209 contains major documents.
* Bonnie G. Smith, ed. ''Imperialism: A History in Documents'' (2000) for middle and high schools

{{Colonial Empires}}
{{Colonization}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Colonialism}}
[[Category:History of colonialism| ]]
[[Category:Western culture]]

Binddii

2026-03-25T11:56:07Z

Josefa1802: made pg!

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family drama]]
| creator = Palki Malhotra
| developer =
| screenplay =
| story = Bahnishikha Das
| starring = Shruti Choudhary [[Aashay Mishra]]
| writer =
| director = Aniruddha Rajderkar
| creative_director =
| producer = Palki Malhotra
| company = Street Lamp Studios Beehive Productions
| executive_producer =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| cinematography = Indranil Singha
| editor = Vinay Mandal
| runtime = 20–25 minutes
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 115
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| theme_music_composer =
| composer =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|09|17|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2026|01|16|df=y}}
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| narrated =
| related =
}}
'''''Binddii- Dil Se Daring''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[family drama]] series that aired from 17 September 2025 to 16 January 2026 on [[Colors TV]] and streams digitally on JioHotstar. Produced by Palki Malhotra under Street Lamp Studios and Beehive Productions, the series is a remake of the Telugu drama ''Chinni'' from [[Star Maa]]. It starred Sanchi Bhoyar, [[Manav Gohil]], Radhika Muthukumar, [[Krushal Ahuja]], Shruti Choudhary and [[Aashay Mishra]] in the lead roles.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Shruti Choudhary as Binddii "Binita" Mathur: Kajal and Aviraj's daughter; Shubham and Laadli’s cousin (2025–2026)
** Sanchi Bhoyar as child Binddii (2025)
** Rivanshi Thakur as young Binddii (2025)
*[[Aashay Mishra]] as Mahi Pathak: Pallavi and Dayanand's son; Devika’s step-son; Dhruv’s half-brother (2025–2026)
** Gantavya Sharma as child Mahi (2025)
*[[Manav Gohil]] as Dayanand "Bhaiyya Ji" Pathak: Pallavi's widower; Devika's husband; Mahi and Dhruv’s father; Pallavi, Sharad, Kajal and Aviraj’s murderer (2025-2026)
* Radhika Muthukumar as Kajal Chaturvedi / Kajal Aviraj Mathur: Saurav's sister; Aviraj's wife; Binddii's mother (2025)
* [[Krushal Ahuja]] as Aviraj Mathur: Dayanand's former aid; Kajal's husband; Binddii's father (2025)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Rati Pandey]] as Pallavi Pathak: Sharad’s sister; Dayanand's first wife; Mahi's mother (2025)
* Sapna Thakur as Devika Pathak: Dayanand's second wife; Dhruv's mother; Mahi's step-mother (2025-2026)
* Sid Mandhyan as Dhruv Pathak: Devika and Dayanand's son; Mahi's half-brother (2025–2026)
* [[Abhishek Rawat]] as Saurav Chaturvedi: Kajal's brother; Sudha's husband; Shubham and Laadli's father (2025-2026)
* Harleen Kaur Rekhi as Sudha Chaturvedi: Saurav's wife; Shubham and Laadli's mother (2025-2026)
* Isha Narayan Singh as Laadli "Latika" Chaturvedi: Saurav and Sudha's daughter; Shubham's sister; Binddii's cousin (2025–2026)
**Ananya Gambhir as child Laadli (2025)
* Hardik Mehta as Shubham Chaturvedi: Saurav and Sudha's son; Laadli's brother; Binddii's cousin (2025)
* Niel Satpuda as Veeru: Mahi's friend (2025–2026)
* Pankaj Vishnu as Mr. Chaturvedi: Saurav and Kajal's father (2025)
* Nick Lath as Nandu (2025-2026)
* [[Preet Kaur Nayak]] as Advocate Damini Thakur: Kajal's lawyer (2025-2026)
* [[Achint Kaur]] as Bharati Khanna: Superintendent at Tihar Jail (2025–2026)
* Shweta Padda as Kanchan Kataria: Head warden at Tihar Jail (2025)
* Geetika Shyam as Sejal Rathwa: Jailer at Tihar Jail (2025)
* [[Manoj Chandila]] as Sharad: Pallavi’s brother; Mahi’s uncle (2025)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Sanchi Bhoyar were reportedly confirmed to play child Binddii.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Shachi|date=10 September 2025|title=Sanchi Bhoyar All Set To Rule Hindi TV With Binddii
|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/sanchi-bhoyar-all-set-to-rule-hindi-tv-with-binddii-ws-l-9563369.html|access-date=16 September 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Krushal Ahuja]] was signed to play Aviraj.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doshi|first=Hasti|date=14 September 2025|title=Krushal Ahuja on playing a negative role in Bindi says, 'This is the first time I’m doing such a dark character'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/krushal-ahuja-on-playing-a-negative-role-in-bindi-says-this-is-the-first-time-im-doing-such-a-dark-character/articleshow/123880990.cms|access-date=16 September 2025|work=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> [[Manav Gohil]] was reportedly cast Dayanand Pathak.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Simran|date=12 September 2025|title=Manav Gohil on playing villain in Binddii, is television female-oriented, does TV faternity deserves National Awards - Exclusive
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-manav-gohil-on-playing-villain-in-binddii-is-television-female-oriented-does-tv-faternity-deserves-national-awards-exclusive-3179899|access-date=16 September 2025|work=[[DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt38494765|Binddii}}

{{Colors Programmes}}
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]

Chamunda

2026-03-25T03:53:56Z

Josefa1802: made new info!

{{short description|Hindu goddess}}
{{for multi|the village in [[Nepal]]|Chamunda, Nepal|the skipper butterfly genus|Chamunda (butterfly)}}

{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = The Hindu Goddess Chamunda LACMA M.80.3.jpg
| caption = 14th century Nepalese sculpture of Chamunda.
| name = Chamunda
| script_name = Devanagari
| script = चामुण्डा
| Sanskrit_transliteration = {{IAST|Cāmuṇḍā}}
| affiliation = [[Adi parashakti]], [[Mahakali]], [[Parvati]]
| deity_of = [[Mahadevi]] [[Goddess]] [[Of]] [[War]] 
[[Goddess]] [[Of]] [[Epidemic]]
| abode = Cremation grounds or fig trees
| mantra = {{IAST|oṁ aiṁ hrīṁ klīṁ cāmuṇḍāyai vicce}}
| weapon = Trident and Sword
| mount = [[Water buffalo|buffalo]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=http://www.omsakthi.org/goddess/chamundi.html | title=Goddess Chamundi }}</ref> or [[Dhole]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/hindu-goddesses/parvati/matrika/sapta-matrika.html | title=Sapta Matrika | 7 Matara – Seven Forms of Goddess Shakti }}</ref> Corpse ([[Preta]])
| complexion = [[Red]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| gender = [[Female]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Chamunda''' ({{langx|sa|चामुण्डा}}, {{IAST3|Cāmuṇḍā}}), also known as '''Chamundeshwari''', '''Chamundi''' or is a [[Wrathful deity|fearsome form]] of [[Chandi]], the Hindu [[mother goddess]], [[Mahadevi]] and is one of the seven [[Matrikas]].<ref name = "W72">Wangu p.72</ref>

She is also one of the chief [[Yogini]]s, a group of sixty-four or eighty-one [[tantra|Tantric]] goddesses, who are attendants of the warrior goddess Parvati.<ref name="Wangu p.114">Wangu p.114</ref> The name is a combination of [[Chanda (monster)|Chanda]] and [[Munda (Hinduism)|Munda]], two demons whom Chamunda killed. She is closely associated with [[Mahakali]] or [[Durga]].

The goddess is often portrayed as residing in cremation grounds or near holy fig trees. The goddess is worshipped by ritual animal sacrifices along with offerings of wine. The practice of animal sacrifices has become less common with [[Vaishnavite]] influences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Goddess Chamunda Maa: Story, History & Significance – Rudra Centre |url=https://www.rudraksha-ratna.com/articles/goddess-chamunda |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=rudraksha-ratna.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=OmniMaster |date=2020-05-25 |title=Hinduism: Shaivism |url=https://omnilogos.com/hinduism-shaivism/ |access-date=2023-05-02 |website=omnilogos.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Origins==
[[Ramakrishna Gopal Bhandarkar]] claims that Chamunda was originally a tribal goddess, worshipped by the tribals of the [[Vindhya]] mountains range in central [[India]]. These tribes were known to offer goddesses animal as well as [[Purushamedha|human sacrifices]] along with liquor. These methods of worship were retained in Tantric worship of Chamunda, after its assimilation into mainstream Hinduism. He proposes the fierce nature of this goddess is due to her association with [[Rudra]] or ([[Shiva]]), identified with the fire god [[Agni]] at times.<ref>''Vaisnavism Saivism and Minor Religious Systems'' By Ramkrishna G. Bhandarkar, p.205, Published 1995, Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0122-X}}</ref> Wangu also backs the theory of the tribal origins of the goddess.<ref>Wangu p.174</ref>

==Iconography==
In early representations of Chamunda, she is given a ferocious visage, but with a feminine figure and elegant features. However, in later representations she is generally depicted as a skeletal old women wearing an elephant or tiger hide. She is shown to have sunken eyes, dishevelled hair.

Chandi or Chamunda is depicted as black or red, she wearing a garland of severed heads or Skulls called (''[[Mundamala]]''). She has up to twelve arms. She holds a [[Damaru]] (drum), [[trishula]] (trident), sword, snake,a skull mace
([[khatvanga]]), thunderbolt, a severed head and ''panapatra'' (drinking vessel) or a''skull-bowl''
([[kapala]]) in her hands. She is standing or sitting upon a 'shava' or corpse or sitting on a 'preta' or vanquished demon.

She is often depicted in a terrifying manner: her skull-bowl is filled with blood. She has a skeletal body with three eyes. Her face is fearsome with protruding teeth and long nails. . Her breasts are shown sagging down with a sunken belly. She is adorned with ornaments made of Bones, skulls, snakes, scorpions,She also wears a ''Yajnopavita'' (sacred thread) of skulls.Her headdress is ''jata makuta'', matted hair tied with snakes. Sometimes you can see a crescent moon, on in her head.

* Kinsley p. 147, 156. Descriptions as per Devi Mahatmya, verses 8.11-20
* {{cite web |url= http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html|title= Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD)|access-date=2008-01-08 | publisher= Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070701121832/http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html |archive-date = July 1, 2007}}
* {{cite web|url = https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/asia/s/sandstone_figure_of_chamunda.aspx|last= Donaldson |first= T. |title = Chamunda, The fierce, protective eight-armed mother.|publisher = British Museum}}
* "Chamunda, the Horrific Destroyer of Evil [India, Madhya Pradesh] (1989.121)". In Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ho/07/ssn/ho_1989.121.htm] (October 2006)
* Kalia, pp.106–109.<ref name = "anistor">{{cite web |url= http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/Saptmatrika.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505020416/http://www.anistor.gr/english/enback/Saptmatrika.pdf |archive-date=2010-05-05 |url-status=live|title= Sapta Matrikas In Indian Art and their significance in Indian Sculpture and Ethos: A Critical Study|access-date=2008-01-08 |last= Goswami|first= Meghali|author2=Gupta, Ila |author3=Jha, P. |date=March 2005|work= Anistoriton Journal|publisher= Anistoriton}} "Anistoriton is an electronic Journal of History, Archaeology and ArtHistory. It publishes scholarly papers since 1997 and it is freely available on the Internet. All papers and images since vol. 1 (1997) are available on line as well as on the free Anistorion CD-ROM edition."</ref> Her eye sockets are described as setting the world ablaze with flames. She is accompanied by spirits.<ref name="anistor"/><ref name="Kinsley p.147">Kinsley p.147</ref>

She is accompanied by demons and [[goblins]]. She is also shown to be surrounded by skeletons, ghosts and beasts like jackals, who are shown eating the flesh of the corpse the goddess sits or stands on. The jackals and her fearsome companions are sometimes depicted as drinking blood from her skull cup or the severed head she is holding, implying that Chamunda drinks the blood of the defeated enemies.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.nortonsimon.org/guide_item.aspx?id=470&item=chamunda|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061003135311/http://www.nortonsimon.org/guide_item.aspx?id=470&item=chamunda|url-status = dead|archive-date = 2006-10-03|title = Durga: Avenging Goddess, Nurturing Mother ch.3, Chamunda|publisher = Norton Simon Museum}}</ref> This quality of drinking blood is a characteristic of all Matrikas, and Chamunda in particular. At times, she is depicted seated on an owl, or a [[Water buffalo|buffalo]]
,<ref name="auto"/> or [[Dhole]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.drikpanchang.com/hindu-goddesses/parvati/matrika/sapta-matrika.html | title=Sapta Matrika | 7 Matara - Seven Forms of Goddess Shakti }}</ref> Her banner figures an eagle.<ref name ="anistor"/>

These characteristics, a contrast to the typical depictions of Hindu goddesses with beautiful faces, symbolise the inevitability of old age, death, decay and destruction.<ref>Wangu p.94</ref> Chamunda is often seen as a form of Kali. She appears as a frightening old woman, projecting fear and horror.<ref name="art-and-archaeology.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/jagat/jagat13.html|title = Ancient India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/asianartglossary.html#chamunda|title = Glossary of Asian Art}}</ref>

==Legends==
[[Image:Chamunda.jpg|thumb|Chamunda, 11th-12th century, [[National Museum]], [[Delhi]]. The ten-armed Chamunda is seated on a corpse, wearing a necklace of severed heads.|left|381x381px]]
[[Image:Ashta-Matrika.jpg|thumb|350px|The Goddess [[Ambika (goddess)|Ambika]] (here identified with: Durga or [[Chandi]]) leading the Eight Matrikas in Battle Against the Demon [[Raktabīja]], Folio from a ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'' - (top row, from the left) Narasimhi, Vaishnavi, Kumari, Maheshvari, Brahmi. (bottom row, from left) Varahi, Aindri and Ambika. Chamunda drinking the blood of demons (on right) arising from Raktabīja's blood]]
[[File:The Great Goddess in Her Chamunda Form.jpg|thumb|The Great Goddess in Her Chamunda Form. [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] miniature, possibly from a scroll of the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', c. 1565-1575. [[Government Museum and Art Gallery, Chandigarh]]]]
[[File:Chamunda Sculpture.jpg|alt=Chamunda sculpture from Rajshahi.|thumb|Chamunda sculpture from Rajshahi at [[Asian Civilisations Museum]], schist, 11th century CE. The goddess is standing on a young boy and two kankala (skeletal) figures.]] According to ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', Chamunda emerged from middle of eyebrows of goddess ''[[Kaushiki]]'', a goddess created from the "sheath" of Durga and was assigned the task of eliminating the demons Chanda and Munda, servants of demon kings [[Sumbha and Nisumbha|Shumbha-Nisumbha]]. She fought a fierce battle with the demons, ultimately killing them.<ref name=Madan>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/81 81]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref>

According to a later episode of the ''Devi Mahatmya'', Durga created [[Matrikas]] from herself and with their help slaughtered the demon army of Shumbha-Nishumbha. In this version, [[Kali]] is described as a Matrika who sucked all the blood of the demon [[Raktabīja]], from whose blood drop rose another demon. Kali is given the epithet Chamunda in the text.<ref>Kinsley p. 158, Devi Mahatmya verses 10.2-5</ref> Thus, the Devi Mahatmya identifies Chamunda with Kali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asia.si.edu/devi/kali.htm|title=Devi: The Great Goddess|website=www.asia.si.edu|access-date=2017-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609232149/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/kali.htm|archive-date=2017-06-09|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In the ''[[Varaha Purana]]'', the story of Raktabija is retold, but here each of Matrikas appears from the body of another Matrika. Chamunda appears from the foot of the lion-headed goddess [[Pratyangira|Narasimhi]]. Here, Chamunda is considered a representation of the vice of tale-telling (''pasunya''). The Varaha Purana text mentions two separate goddesses Chamunda and Kali, unlike Devi Mahatmya.<ref name="anistor"/>

According to another legend, Chamunda appeared from the frown of the benign goddess [[Parvati]] to kill demons Chanda and Munda. Here, Chamunda is viewed as a form of Parvati.<ref name="Moor p.118">Moor p.118</ref>

The ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' tells a different story of Chamunda's origins. She with other matrikas was created by Shiva to help him kill the demon [[Andhaka]]sura, who has an ability - like Raktabīja - to generate from his dripping blood. Chamunda with the other matrikas drinks the blood of the demon ultimately helping Shiva kill him.<ref name="anistor"/> [[Ratnākara]], in his text ''[[Haravijaya]]'', also describes this feat of Chamunda, but solely credits Chamunda, not the other matrikas for sipping the blood of Andhaka. Having drunk the blood, Chamunda's complexion changed to blood-red.<ref>Handelman pp.132–33</ref> The text further says that Chamunda dances destruction, playing a musical instrument whose shaft is [[Mount Meru (mythology)|Mount Meru]], the string is the cosmic snake [[Shesha]] and the gourd is the crescent moon. She plays the instrument during the deluge that drowns the world.<ref name="Kinsley p.147"/>

==Association with Matrikas==
[[File:WLA lacma Hindu Goddess Chamunda West Bengal.jpg|left|thumb|Chamunda, LACMA, Bengal, 11th century AD India.]]
Chamunda is one of the saptamatrikas or Seven Mothers. The [[Matrika]]s are fearsome mother goddesses, abductors and eaters of children; that is, they were emblematic of childhood pestilence, fever, starvation, and disease. They were propitiated to avoid those ills, that carried off so many children before they reached adulthood.<ref name="art-and-archaeology.com"/>
Chamunda is included in the ''Saptamatrika'' (seven Matrikas or mothers) lists in the Hindu texts like the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (Chapter 'Vana-parva'), the ''[[Devi Purana]]'' and the ''[[Vishnudharmottara Purana]]''. She is often depicted in the Saptamatrika group in sculptures, examples of which are [[Ellora Caves|Ellora]] and [[Elephanta Caves|Elephanta]] caves. Though she is always portrayed last (rightmost) in the group, she is sometimes referred to as the leader of the group.<ref>Handelman p.118</ref> While other Matrikas are considered as [[Shakti]]s (powers) of male divinities and resemble them in their appearance, Chamunda is the only Matrika who is a Shakti of the great Goddess [[Mahadevi|Devi]] rather than a male god. She is also the only Matrika who enjoys independent worship of her own; all other Matrikas are always worshipped together.<ref name = K241>Kinsley p.241 Footnotes</ref>

The ''Devi Purana'' describes a pentad of Matrikas who help [[Ganesha]] to kill demons.<ref>Pal in Singh p.1840, Chapters 111-116</ref> Further, sage [[Mandavya]] is described as worshipping the ''Māṭrpaňcaka'' (the five mothers), Chamunda being one of them. The mothers are described as established by the creator god [[Brahma]] for saving King [[Harishchandra]] from calamities.<ref>Pal in Singh p.1840, Chapter 116(82-86)</ref> Apart from the usual meaning of Chamunda as the slayer of demons Chanda and Munda, the ''Devi Purana'' gives a different explanation: ''Chanda'' means terrible while ''Munda'' stands for Brahma's head or lord or husband.<ref>Pal p.1844</ref>

In the ''Vishnudharmottara Purana'' - where the Matrikas are compared to vices - Chamunda is considered a manifestation of depravity.<ref>Kinsley p. 159</ref> Every matrika is considered the guardian of a direction. Chamunda is assigned the direction of south-west.<ref name="Moor p.118"/>

'''Chamunda''', being a Matrika, is considered one of the chief [[Yogini]]s, who are considered to be daughters or manifestations of the Matrikas. In the context of a group of sixty-four yoginis, Chamunda is believed to have created seven other yoginis, together forming a group of eight. In the context of eighty-one yoginis, Chamunda heads a group of nine yoginis.<ref name="Wangu p.114"/>

==Worship==
{{More citations needed section|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Eight-armed goddess Chamunda.jpg|thumb|120px|9th century statue of goddess Chamunda at the British Museum.]]
A South Indian inscription describes ritual sacrifices of sheep to Chamunda.<ref>Kinsley p.146</ref> In [[Bhavabhuti]]'s eighth-century Sanskrit play, Malatimadhva describes a devotee of the goddess trying to sacrifice the heroine to Chamunda's temple, near a cremation ground, where the goddess temple is.<ref>Kinsley p.117</ref> A stone inscription at Gangadhar, [[Rajasthan]], deals with the construction of a shrine to Chamunda and the other Matrikas, "who are attended by [[Dakini]]s" (female demons) and rituals of daily Tantric worship (''Tantrobhuta'') like the ritual of ''Bali'' (offering of grain).<ref>Joshi, M.C. in Harper and Brown, p.48</ref> Chamunda puja is a part of Sandhi Puja, a key ritual during Durga Puja. During Sandhi Puja, which takes place between the final 24 minutes of Ashtami and the first 24 minutes of Nabami, Goddess Durga is worshipped in her Chamunda form.
===Temples===
Chamunda mata mandir chotila on the up hill
[[File:Baitala Deula Bhubaneswar 15.jpg|thumb|8th-century ''[[Baitala Deula]]'' in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]] dedicated to Chamunda]]
[[Image:Chamundi-hills.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Chamundeshwari Temple]] in [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]]]]
[[Image:Chamunda Devi Temple Jodhpur.jpg|thumb|upright|Jodhpur temple]]

* In the [[Kangra district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], around {{convert|10|km|mi}} west of [[Palampur]], is the renowned Chamunda Devi Temple which depicts scenes from the Devi Mahatmya, the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]. The goddess's image is flanked by the images of [[Hanuman]] and [[Bhairava]]. Another temple, Chamunda Nandikeshwar Dham, also found in Kangra, is dedicated to Shiva and Chamunda. According to a legend, Chamunda was enshrined as chief deity "Rudra Chamunda", in the battle between the demon [[Jalandhara]] and Shiva.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}}
* In [[Gujarat]], two Chamunda shrines are on the hills of [[Chotila]] and [[Parnera]].
* There are multiple Chamunda temples in Odisha. The 8th-century [[Baitala Deula]] is the most prominent of them, also one of the earliest temples in Bhubaneswar. The Mohini temple and Chitrakarini temple in Bhubaneswar are also dedicated to Chamunda. [[Kichakeshwari Temple]], near [[Baripada]]; and [[Charchika Temple]], near [[Banki, Odisha|Banki]], enshrine forms of Chamunda.<ref name="Orissa Review">{{cite journal |last1=Ghadai |first1=Balabhadra |title=Goddess Kichakeswari Temple at Khiching |journal=Orissa Review |date=September–October 2011 |page=27 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/sep-oct/sep-octreview.htm}}</ref><ref name="Dinesh Das">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Dinesh |title=Charchika shrine an old Shakti Peeth in State |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/charchika-shrine-an-old-shakti-peeth-in-state.html |access-date=21 March 2024 |work=The Pioneer |date=10 October 2016}}</ref>
* Another temple is [[Chamundeshwari Temple]] on [[Chamundi Hill]], [[Mysore]]. Here, the goddess is identified with Durga, who killed the buffalo demon, [[Mahishasura]]. Chamundeshwari or Durga, the fierce form of [[Shakti]], a tutelary deity held in reverence for centuries by the [[Maharaja of Mysore]].
* The Chamunda Mataji temple in [[Mehrangarh Fort]], [[Jodhpur]], was established in 1460 after the idol of the goddess Chamunda — the Kuladevi and [[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|iṣṭa-devatā]] ([[tutelary deity]]) of the [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] rulers — was moved from the old capital of [[Mandore]] by the then-ruler [[Jodha of Mandore]]. The goddess is still worshiped by the royal family of Jodhpur and other citizens of the city. The temple witnesses festivities in [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]]: the festival of the goddess.
* Another temple, Sri Chamundeshwari Kshetram is near [[Andole–Jogipet|Jogipet]], in [[Medak]] District in [[Telangana]] State.
*Sree Shakthan Kulangara temple is one of the [[Chamundeshwari Temple|Chamundeshwari]] temples. It is located in [[Koyilandy]], [[Kozhikode]] District in [[Kerala]].
*One Chamunda Mata temple is situated in [[Dewas]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], It is situated on a hilltop named [[Dewas Tekri|Tekri]] above 300 feet. Chamunda Mata in Dewas is also called Choti Mata (the younger sister of Tulja Mata, situated at the same hilltop).<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Chamunda Tekri is centuries old|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/history-of-chamunda-tekri-is-centuries-old|access-date=2022-01-05|website=Free Press Journal|language=en}}</ref>

===In Buddhism===
In [[Vajrayana Buddhism]], Chamunda is associated with [[Palden Lhamo]]. She is seen as a wrathful form of Kali and is a consort of [[Mahakala]] and protectress of the [[Dalai Lama]] and [[Panchen Lama]] of the [[Gelug]] school.<ref>{{cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Sonal |url=https://www.speakingtree.in/article/The-Goddess-Sutra/m-lite |title=The Goddess Sutra |quote=“Chamunda is a form of Kali; she is protector, just like Palden Lhamo in Tibetan Buddhism,” says Tsundu Dolma, a student of Tibetan Medicine, I’d met at an interfaith tour earlier in Karnataka. Palden Lhamo is protector of Buddha’s teachings in the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. She is Mahakala’s consort and venerated as guardian deity of Tibet, the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lamas. |date=10 July 2011 |access-date=13 December 2022}}</ref>

===In Jainism===
{{Main article|Ratnaprabhasuri|Mahavira Jain temple, Osian|Sachiya Mata Temple}}

Early [[Jain]]s were dismissive of Chamunda, the goddess who demanded blood sacrifice - which is against the primary principle of Ahimsa of Jainism. Some Jain legends portray Chamunda as a goddess defeated by Jain monks like Jinadatta and Jinaprabhasuri. However, the most popular legend is of [[Ratnaprabhasuri]].<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Jainism'' By Narendra Singh, Published 2001, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD., {{ISBN|8126106913}}, p.705</ref>

Another Jain legend tells the story of the conversion of Chamunda into a Jain goddess. According to this story, Chamunda sculpted the [[Mahavir]] image for the temple in [[Osian, Jodhpur|Osian]] and was happy with the conversion of Hindus to Jainism and the subsequent renaming of their clan to [[Oswal]]. At the time of [[Navaratri]], a festival that celebrates the Hindu Divine Mother, Chamunda expected animal sacrifices from Jains. The Jains, however, were unable to meet her demand. Jain monk [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] intervened and preached to her, and as a result, Chamunda accepted vegetarian offerings, forgoing her demand for meat and liquor. [[Ratnaprabhasuri]] further named her ''[[Sachiya Mata Temple|Sacciya]]'', one who had told the truth, as Chamunda had told him the truth that a rainy season stay in Osian was beneficial for him. She also became the protective goddess of the temple and remained the clan goddess of the Osvals. The [[Sachiya Mata Temple]] in Osian was built in her honour by Jains.<ref>Babb, Lawrence A. ''Alchemies of Violence: Myths of Identity and the Life of Trade in Western India'', Published 2004, 254 pages, {{ISBN|0761932232}} pp.168–9, 177-178.</ref> Some Jain scriptures warn of dire consequences of worship of Chamunda by the Hindu rites and rituals.<ref>''Encyclopaedia of Jainism'' By Narendra Singh p.698</ref> Many [[Kshatriya]]s and even the [[Jain community]] worship her as her [[Kuladevata|Kuladevi]] and ''samyaktvi'' demi-goddess as per Jain rituals.

==See also==
* [[Mahakali]]
* [[Maheshvari]]
* [[Tridevi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Chamunda}}
* Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). ''Images of Indian Goddesses''. Abhinav Publications. 280 pages. {{ISBN|81-7017-416-3}}.
* Pal, P. The Mother Goddesses According to the Devipurana in Singh, Nagendra Kumar, ''Encyclopaedia of Hinduism'', Published 1997, Anmol Publications PVT. LTD.,{{ISBN|81-7488-168-9}}
* Kinsley, David (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions].'' University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}
* Kalia, Asha (1982). ''Art of Osian Temples: Socio-Economic and Religious Life in India, 8th-12th Centuries A.D.'' Abhinav Publications. {{ISBN|0-391-02558-9}}.
* Handelman, Don. with Berkson Carmel (1997). ''God Inside Out: Siva's Game of Dice'', Oxford University Press US. {{ISBN|0-19-510844-2}}
* Moor, Edward (1999). ''The Hindu Pantheon'', Asian Educational Services, {{ISBN|81-206-0237-4}}. First published: 1810.

==External links==
* [http://www.shriosiyamataji.org/ Shri Sachchiyay Mataji (Shri Osiya Mataji) A form (avatar) of Chamunda Devi]
* [http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-temples/chamunda-devi-temple.html Chamunda Devi Temple (Chamunda Nandikeshwar Dham), Himachal Pradesh]

{{Shaktism}}

{{good article}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:War goddesses]]
[[Category:Jain minor deities]]
[[Category:Folk deities of Rajasthan]]

Manmohan G. Vaidya

2026-03-22T03:14:40Z

Josefa1802: put up

{{notability|1=Academics|date=March 2026}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Manmohan G. Vaidya
| image =
| caption = Manmohan G. Vaidya in 2023
| office = Sah-Sarkaryavah (Joint General Secretary) of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
| term_start = 11 March 2018
| term_end = March 2024
| predecessor = [[Suresh Joshi]]
| successor = [[Dattatreya Hosabale]] (new executive)
| birth_date = 1955
| birth_place = Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| education = PhD in Radiochemistry/Nuclear Chemistry
| occupation = Pracharak, Writer, Senior RSS Functionary
| known_for = Key leader of RSS, Multilingual Writer on Indian Civilization
}}

'''Manmohan G. Vaidya''' (born c. 1955) is an Indian academic, writer, journalist and one of the senior functionaries of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-24 |title=RSS leader questions the concept of secularism in India, explains how Dharma, not religion, unites India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/rss-leader-questions-the-concept-of-secularism-in-india-explains-how-dharma-not-religion-unites-india/articleshow/120582325.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hebbar |first=Nistula |date=2021-09-07 |title=‘Panchjanya’ a herald of ‘Dharma Yudh’: RSS leader Manmohan Vaidya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panchjanya-a-herald-for-dharma-yudh-rss-leader-manmohan-vaidya/article36331748.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-07 |title=RSS' Manmohan Vaidya bats for India-centric education, asks youth to gear up for challenges |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/rss-manmohan-vaidya-speech-on-decision-made-in-3-day-summit-at-press-meet/na20220107204147984 |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> He completed his PhD in radiochemistry from Nagpur University, he began his career as a lecturer. Later he quit his academic job and became a full‑time pracharak (volunteer) of RSS in 1983. Over several decades he held various organisational responsibilities within the RSS, including its national communications-in-charge ( Akhil Bharatheeya Prachar Parmukh). In March 2018, he was elevated by the RSS as its Sah-Sarkaryavah (Joint General Secretary).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-11 |title=Manmohan Vaidya, Mukunda CR appointed new RSS Sah Sarkaryavahs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manmohan-vaidya-mukunda-cr-appointed-new-rss-sah-sarkaryavahs/story-iBYOmfhIM774htMx6N0zLN.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He often writes about issues of civilisation, Hindutva, society, and national culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arora |first=Amrtansh |date=2024-02-03 |title=‘Jesus wouldn’t have been crucified had he been in India’: RSS joint general secy Manmohan Vaidya at JLF |url=https://theprint.in/india/jesus-wouldnt-have-been-crucified-had-he-been-in-india-rss-joint-general-secy-manmohan-vaidya-at-jlf/1951858/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=संघ का पलटवार: कांग्रेस के पोस्टर पर बोले डॉ. मनमोहन- RSS को रोकने के बहुत प्रयास हुए, लेकिन यह बढ़ता गया |url=https://www.amarujala.com/chhattisgarh/rss-dr-manmohan-vaidya-said-congress-want-to-connect-people-to-hatred |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=डॉ. मनमोहन वैद्य बोले- सोशल मीडिया पर होने वाली बहस का हिस्सा न बनें RSS स्वयंसेवक |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/dr-manmohan-vaidya-said-rss-volunteers-should-not-be-a-part-of-the-debate-on-social-media |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Vaidya was born in Nagpur in 1955 to noted RSS ideologue Madhav Govind Vaidya (M.G. Vaidya).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-19 |title=RSS ideologue M.G. Vaidya dies aged 97 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rss-ideologue-mg-vaidya-dies-aged-97/article33374160.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He completed his doctoral degree in radiochemistry/nuclear chemistry from Nagpur University. He later served as an academic faculty in a college before dedicating himself as a full-time volunteer of the RSS.

== Career ==
=== ABVP ===
During his early years, he joined [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] (ABVP), the student wing of the RSS, and served in various capacities. He played role in expanding ABVP's activities in university and college campuses across India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-28 |title=Nothing anti-India should be tolerated: Dr Manmohan Vaidya, RSS |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/nothing-anti-india-should-be-tolerated-dr-manmohan-vaidya-rss/articleshow/51172073.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== RSS ===
Vaidya became as a full-time volunteer (pracharak) of the RSS in the year 1983. He later appointed as its Akhil Bharatiya Prachar Pramukh (national communications-in-charge). On 11 March 2018, RSS appointed him as one of its Sah-Sarkaryavah (Joint General Secretaries).<ref name=":1" /> His appointment this position brought the total number of Sah-Sarkaryavah to six, an all-time high.<ref name=":1"/>

== Public views and major statement ==
Vaidya is known for his multilingual writings in English, Hindi, Marathi, and Gujarati on various issues of Indian civilisation, Hindutva, culture, and society. In March 2021, he was quoted by media saying that there was a "growing curiosity" about RSS following the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing Ayodhya Temple campaign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-10-31 |title=RSS demands law to construct Ram temple |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rss-demands-law-to-construct-ram-temple/article25384028.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In July 2019, he was reported to be stated that RSS volunteers were actively engaged in village-level development, organic farming, and Go Raksha (cow-protection) initiatives, and the organisation is expanding its public outreach.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-21 |title=RSS does not support violence: Manmohan Vaidya on cow vigilantism |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/rss-does-not-support-violence-manmohan-vaidya-on-cow-vigilantism/articleshow/59695836.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> A compilation of his various news paper articles were published as a book titled '<nowiki/>''We and the World Around''<nowiki/>' in October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Unnati |date=2023-10-27 |title='Opposition' to Pranab Mukherjee's speech at RSS event got me writing regularly, says Manmohan Vaidya |url=https://theprint.in/india/opposition-to-pranab-mukherjees-speech-at-rss-event-got-me-writing-regularly-says-manmohan-vaidya/1820761/ |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> In November 2021 Hindi translation of the book named '''Hum Aur Yeh Vishwa''<nowiki/>' was released by former Vice President [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-22 |title=‘Can't skip duty to catch flight’: Jagdeep Dhankhar makes first speech after resigning as V-P, attends RSS leader's book launch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cant-skip-duty-to-catch-flight-jagdeep-dhankhar-makes-first-speech-after-resigning-as-v-p-attends-rss-leaders-book-launch/article70310392.ece |access-date=2025-12-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Recognition and significance ==
Over a four-decade of his career in the RSS, Vaidya became known for his academic credentials, organisational leadership, media management, and public commentaries. His elevation as one of the joint general secretary of the RSS in 2018 was covered by multiple mainstream medias, indicating the recognition beyond internal organisational announcements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-11 |title=Manmohan Vaidya, Mukunda CR appointed new RSS Sah Sarkaryavahs |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manmohan-vaidya-mukunda-cr-appointed-new-rss-sah-sarkaryavahs/story-iBYOmfhIM774htMx6N0zLN.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chauhan |first=Bala |date=2019-03-16 |title=Sangh does not decide election issues, says Manmohan Vaidya {{!}} Sangh does not decide election issues, says Manmohan Vaidya |url=https://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/160319/sangh-does-not-decide-election-issues-says-manmohan-vaidya.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalappa |first=Bansy |date=2021-03-20 |title=Consensus candidate may succeed Bhaiyyaji Joshi as RSS general secy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/Mar/20/consensus-candidate-may-succeed-bhaiyyaji-joshi-as-rss-general-secy-2279014.html |access-date=2025-12-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vaidya is regarded as of the prominent idealogue of the RSS, particularly due to his efforts in advancing RSS's ideological reach through mass media and public communication.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-15 |title=‘Nationalism not an Indian concept’: RSS Joint Gen Secretary Manmohan Vaidya |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nationalism-rss-joint-gen-secretary-manmohan-vaidya-6269688/ |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dwivedi |first=Sandhya |date=2025-06-09 |title=Will RSS doors remain closed for women?: Officials said - Rashtra Sevika Samiti is enough, pracharika said - 'We ourselves are Sangh' |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/originals/news/women-in-rss-debate-rashtra-sevika-samiti-role-growth-structure-and-training-inside-look-135198830.html |access-date=2025-11-20 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaidya, Manmohan G.}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian political writers]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]

Verghese Kurien

2026-03-10T16:29:30Z

Josefa1802: fixed content per sources for clarity

{{Short description|Indian entrepreneur (1921–2012)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person

| honorific_prefix =
| name = Verghese Kurien
| honorific_suffix =
| image = File:Verghese Kurien in 2009 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kurien in 2009
| image_upright =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|11|26}}
| birth_place = [[Calicut]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|09|09|1921|11|26|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Nadiad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Madras]]|[[Michigan State University]]}}
| known_for = [[White Revolution (India)|White Revolution in India]]
| occupation = [[dairying|dairy engineer]] [[social entrepreneur]]
| employer = [[Amul]]
| organisation = {{Plainlist|
* [[National Dairy Development Board]]
* [[Institute of Rural Management Anand]]
* National Cooperative Dairy Federation of India}}
| awards = [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] (1964) [[Padma Shri]] (1965) [[Padma Bhushan]] (1966) [[World Food Prize]] (1989) [[Order of Agricultural Merit]] (1997) [[Padma Vibhushan]] (1999)
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.drkurien.com/}}
}}

'''Verghese Kurien''' (26 November 1921 – 9 September 2012) was an Indian [[dairying|dairy engineer]] and [[social entrepreneur]]. He led initiatives that contributed to the extensive increase in milk production in India termed as the [[White Revolution (India)|White Revolution]].

Kurien graduated in [[physics]] from the [[University of Madras]] in 1940 and received his masters in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[Michigan State University]] in 1947. In 1949, Kurien was sent by the [[Government of India]] to run its experimental creamery at [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]], where he set up the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union in 1950 which later became [[Amul]]. Amul organised the dairy farmers in the villages as a part of [[cooperative]]s and linked them to the milk consumers directly, eliminating the need for middlemen.

In 1965, Kurien was appointed as the head of the newly formed [[National Dairy Development Board]] (NDDB), which helped to set up similar cooperatives across India and made [[dairy farming]] one of the largest self-sustaining industries and employment generators in rural areas. The dairy cooperatives were successful in increasing the milk production as the dairy farmers controlled the procurement, processing, and marketing as the owners of the cooperative. This led to a multi-fold increase in milk output over the next few decades and helped India become the world's largest milk producer in 1998. The co-operative model was later applied to other agricultural industries in India such as the production of [[edible oil]]s and replicated in other countries.

For his contributions in increasing the dairy output, Kurien is known as the "Father of the White Revolution" in India. He was awarded the [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] in 1964 and the [[World Food Prize]] in 1989. In 1999, he received the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's second highest civilian honour. He was conferred the [[Order of Agricultural Merit]] by the [[Government of France|French Government]] in 1997.

== Early life and education ==
Kurien was born on 26 November 1921 in [[Calicut]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India) in a [[Malayali]] [[Saint Thomas Anglicans|Syrian Christian]] family.<ref name="Biography">{{cite book|last1=Kamath|first1=M. V.|title=Milkman from Anand: The Story of Verghese Kurien|date=1996|publisher=Konark Publishers|isbn=978-8-12200-413-7|pages=3–5}}</ref> His father was a government civil surgeon and Kurien did his schooling at [[Diamond Jubilee Higher Secondary School]] at [[Gobichettipalayam]], where his father worked at the government hospital there.<ref name="IDA"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.industrialeconomist.com/page.php?page=14&cid=602|title=Kurien visits Erode|last=Madhavan|first=E.|date=1 May 2014|newspaper=Industrial Economist|access-date=26 November 2015|archive-date=26 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126114756/http://www.industrialeconomist.com/page.php?page=14&cid=602|url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated in [[physics]] from [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]] in 1940 and received a bachelor's degree in [[mechanical engineering]] from the [[College of Engineering, Guindy]], affiliated to the [[University of Madras]], in 1943.<ref name="IDA"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/153870/college-engineering-guindy-chennai-news/|title=India's Oldest Engineering College Turns 225: 6 Alumni Who Have Made Guindy Proud!|work=The Better India|access-date=1 December 2023|date=31 July 2018|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323181220/https://www.thebetterindia.com/153870/college-engineering-guindy-chennai-news/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kurien wanted to join the [[Indian army]] as an engineer but instead he worked with [[Tata Steel|Tata Steel Technical Institute]] in [[Jamshedpur]].<ref name="MD">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/national-milk-day-verghese-kurien-milkman-of-india-facts-5465032/|title=National Milk Day: 10 facts on Verghese Kurien, the Milkman of India|date=26 November 2018|access-date=1 June 2023|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=13 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713083645/https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/national-milk-day-verghese-kurien-milkman-of-india-facts-5465032/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/national-milk-day-who-was-dr-verghese-kurien-the-father-of-the-white-revolution-15251691.htm|title=National Milk Day: Who was Dr Verghese Kurien, the father of the White Revolution?|date=25 November 2022|access-date=1 June 2023|newspaper=[[CNBC TV18]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716142516/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/national-milk-day-who-was-dr-verghese-kurien-the-father-of-the-white-revolution-15251691.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien applied for a scholarship provided by the [[Government of India]] to study [[metallurgical engineering]] but instead received a scholarship to study [[dairying|dairy engineering]].{{sfn|Menon|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch5YDhFPKhEC&pg=PA69 69]}} He was sent to train at the [[National Dairy Research Institute|Imperial Institute of Animal Husbandry]] in [[Bangalore]] before being sent to the [[United States]] on a government scholarship.<ref name="OI">{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2012/09/09/verghese-kurien-indias-coop-dairy-movement-founder-1067768.html|title=Verghese Kurien laid foundation for co-op dairy movement|date=9 September 2012|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[OneIndia]]|archive-date=13 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713083642/https://www.oneindia.com/2012/09/09/verghese-kurien-indias-coop-dairy-movement-founder-1067768.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He graduated with a master's degree in mechanical engineering from the [[Michigan State University]] in 1948.<ref name="Verghese Kurien life">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/world/asia/verghese-kurien-90-who-led-indias-milk-cooperatives-dies.html?_r=0|title=Verghese Kurien, Leader of India's Milk Cooperatives, Dies at 90|last=Yardley|first=William|date=10 September 2012|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=26 August 2016|archive-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808075802/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/11/world/asia/verghese-kurien-90-who-led-indias-milk-cooperatives-dies.html?_r=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Dr Verghese Kurien – From mechanical engineer to milkman|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dr-verghese-kurien-from-mechanical-engineer-to-milkman_1738927|date=10 September 2012|access-date=26 October 2012|newspaper=Daily News and Analysis|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913041102/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_dr-verghese-kurien-from-mechanical-engineer-to-milkman_1738927|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kurien white">{{cite news|title=The man who revolutionised white|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=10 September 2012|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-man-who-revolutionised-white/article3878213.ece|access-date=26 October 2012|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318101326/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/the-man-who-revolutionised-white/article3878213.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien had stated that though he was sent on a government scholarship to study dairy engineering, he studied metallurgical and nuclear engineering, disciplines which were likely to be of far greater use to the soon-to-be independent India and to himself.
<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/doodh-ka-doodh-kurien-style/article3889417.ece|title=Doodh ka doodh... Kurien style|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda|date=13 September 2012|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|title=Economic Growth and Social development|url=https://xlri.ac.in/pdf/5th-kurien.pdf|publisher=[[Xavier Labour Relations Institute|XLRI]]|date=22 September 2018|access-date=11 September 2022|page=7|author=[[Jean Dreze]]|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516225534/https://xlri.ac.in/pdf/5th-kurien.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early years ===
In 1949, Kurien was sent by the government of India to its experimental [[creamery]] at [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]] in [[Bombay province]] (currently in [[Gujarat]]).<ref name="IDA"/><ref name="OI"/> He spent the evenings helping [[Tribhuvandas Patel]] with fixing the dairy equipment used for processing the milk procured from the local farmers.{{sfn|Menon|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch5YDhFPKhEC&pg=PA73 73]}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Amul remembers Tribhuvandas on his birth anniversary|url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/amul-remembers-tribhuvandas-on-his-birth-anniversary/|access-date=10 March 2021|publisher=Indian Cooperative|date=23 October 2019|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831004701/https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/amul-remembers-tribhuvandas-on-his-birth-anniversary/|url-status=live}}</ref> Earlier in 1946, Patel had set up a [[cooperative]] at [[Kheda|Kaira]]. It was formed as a response to the exploitation of small dairy farmers by traders and agents, who set arbitrary milk prices on behalf of [[Polson (brand)|Polson]], which had a near-total monopoly in milk collection from Kaira.<ref>{{cite book|last=George|first=Shanti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dbI6AAAAMAAJ|title=Operation Flood: An Appraisal of Current Indian Dairy Policy|date=1985|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19561-679-8|access-date=12 December 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404052239/https://books.google.com/books?id=dbI6AAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien wanted to quit the government job and leave Anand but was persuaded by Patel to stay with him to help with his dairy cooperative.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://forbesindia.com/article/special/v-kurien-indias-white-knight/33719/2|title=V. Kurien: India's White Knight|last=Misra|first=Udit|date=10 September 2012|newspaper=[[Forbes India]]|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402160414/http://www.forbesindia.com/article/special/v-kurien-indias-white-knight/33719/2|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Heredia|1997|p=65}}

=== Developing Amul ===
[[File:2 The-Amul-trinity Kurien Shri-TK-Patel HM Dalaya.jpg|thumb|Kurien (left) with [[Tribhuvandas Patel]] (centre) and [[Harichand Megha Dalaya|H. M. Dalaya]] at [[Anand, Gujarat|Anand]]]]

Kurien developed the Kaira District Cooperative Milk Producers' Union Limited (KDCMPUL) further which later became [[Amul]].<ref name="Amul">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tLYR8Os_IpAC&pg=PA4|title=Rural and urban linkages: Operation flood s role in India s dairy development|author=Kenda Cunningham|publisher=International Food Policy Research Institute|year=2009|access-date=9 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716142518/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Rural_and_urban_linkages_Operation_flood/tLYR8Os_IpAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA4|url-status=live}}</ref> Milk collection was decentralised and was directly procured from the farmers at villages as a part of the cooperatives.<ref name="IDA">{{cite web|url=https://indiandairyassociation.org/pdf/info/Dr-Kurien.pdf|title=Dr Kurien|publisher=Indian Dairy Association|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923214525/https://indiandairyassociation.org/pdf/info/Dr-Kurien.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_bBKK3_98EC&pg=PA66|page=66|title=India Land of a Billion Entrepreneurs|author=Upendra Kachru|year=2011|isbn=978-8-13175-861-8|publisher=[[Pearson PLC]]|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716132649/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/India_Land_of_a_Billion_Entrepreneurs/-_bBKK3_98EC?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA66|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Thapar|first=Romila|author-link=Romila Thapar|title=The Amul Saga|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYRDAAAAYAAJ&q=Kurien|journal=Seminar|issue=497–508|year=2001|page=41|access-date=7 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715122649/https://books.google.co.in/books?redir_esc=y&id=BYRDAAAAYAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Kurien|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien and Tribhuvandas Patel were supported by [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] and [[Morarji Desai]] to help organise the dairy farmers.<ref>{{cite news|last=Suhrud|first=Tridip|author-link=Tridip Suhrud|title=The magic of manthan|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=op040806the_magic.asp|access-date=2 February 2011|newspaper=[[Tehelka]]|date=8 April 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111211535/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main17.asp?filename=op040806the_magic.asp|archive-date=11 November 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kurien worked on the belief that economic self-interest of all sections of the village-society would make them align together to grow their cooperative and remove caste or class conflicts.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP624.pdf|title=Local Organization and Rural Development: The State of the Art|publisher=[[Cornell University]]|page=47, 65|last1=Esman|first1=Milton J.|last2=Uphoff|first2=Norman T.|author-link2=Norman Uphoff|date=1982|via=[[United States Agency for International Development]]|access-date=6 October 2017|archive-date=21 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221032028/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAP624.pdf#page=75|url-status=dead}}</ref> The cooperative dairying venture was expanded to the nearby districts and was involved in the training of dairy students.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/62909/5/62909.pdf#page=54|title=Report of the National Dairy Research Institute (Report No, 21)|year=1961|pages=54,55|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914173039/http://krishikosh.egranth.ac.in/bitstream/1/62909/5/62909.pdf#page=54|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Menon|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch5YDhFPKhEC&pg=PA77 77]}}{{sfn|Heredia|1997|p=127}} By 1952, the daily milk procurement reached 20,000 litres from a mere 200 litres per day in 1948.<ref name="Manthan"/>

In 1956, Kurien visited [[Nestle]] in Switzerland at their invitation but with special instructions from the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|commerce and industries minister]]. Nestle was importing [[milk powder]], [[sugar]] and other materials required to produce [[condensed milk]] in India. Kurien asked Nestle to reduce the imports to India, to try manufacturing condensed milk with [[buffalo milk]] procured locally and to engage more Indians in the production process. He was met with a refusal stating that the natives would not be able to handle the technology involved in the condensed milk production.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rv40EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA295|page=295|title=Social and Solidarity: Economy Beyond the Fringe|year=2015|isbn=978-1-78360-346-6|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|author=Peter Utting|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715122650/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Social_and_Solidarity_Economy/Rv40EAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA295|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/amul-brand-builder-verghese-kurien-the-man-who-turned-india-into-largest-milk-producer/articleshow/16328573.cms|title=Amul brand builder Verghese Kurien: The man who turned India into largest milk producer|date=10 September 2021|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=1 December 2023|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212160241/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/amul-brand-builder-verghese-kurien-the-man-who-turned-india-into-largest-milk-producer/articleshow/16328573.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On returning, he increased the production of condensed milk at Amul, the import of which was banned by Government of India two years later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://thewire.in/business/the-unfinished-dream-behind-amuls-foray-into-the-chocolate-industry|title=The Unfinished Dream Behind Amul's Foray into the Chocolate Industry|date=18 November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]|archive-date=11 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611011849/https://thewire.in/business/the-unfinished-dream-behind-amuls-foray-into-the-chocolate-industry|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Harichand Megha Dalaya|H. M. Dalaya]], who studied dairy engineering with Kurien at the US, was persuaded by Kurien to work with him at Anand.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiadairy.com/expert-article/an-improbable-dream-verghese-kurien-was-a-transformational-leader/|title=An Improbable Dream Verghese Kurien was a transformational leader|author=Thomas Carter|work=India dairy|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=28 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128141140/https://indiadairy.com/expert-article/an-improbable-dream-verghese-kurien-was-a-transformational-leader/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://industrialeconomist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/18-20-White-Revolution-Kurien-SV-Dec-2021.pdf|title=White revolution|publisher=Industrial Economist|date=18 December 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110109/https://industrialeconomist.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/18-20-White-Revolution-Kurien-SV-Dec-2021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> He helped develop an indigenous process of making [[milk powder|skimmed milk powder]] and condensed milk from buffalo milk, which had a higher proportion of milk solids and increased its economic value.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kurien|first=Verghese|title=Ending Poverty in South Asia: Ideas that work|year=2007|publisher=[[The World Bank]]|location=Washington D.C., USA|isbn=978-0-82136-876-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA47|chapter=India' s Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations|editor=Narayan, Deepa|editor2=Glinskaya, Elena|access-date=13 January 2021|page=47|quote=If there was one technological breakthrough that revolutionized India's organized dairy industry, it was the making of skim milk powder out of buffalo milk. The man who made this possible and who had the foresight to defy the prevailing technical wisdom was H. M. Dalaya.|archive-date=9 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230309030609/https://books.google.com/books?id=IV9m8gF6XDcC&pg=PA47|url-status=live }}</ref> In India, buffalo milk was plentiful while cow milk was in short supply.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/seeking-equity-for-dairy-farmers-in-india-was-lifelong-legacy|title=Seeking equity for dairy farmers in India was lifelong legacy|date=10 January 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=[[Michigan State University]]|archive-date=29 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129051840/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/seeking-equity-for-dairy-farmers-in-india-was-lifelong-legacy|url-status=live}}</ref> With the production of condensed milk and baby food from Buffalo milk, Amul competed successfully against Nestle and [[Glaxo]].<ref>{{cite book|page=86|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itPzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA86|title=The Making of India, 1947-2022: Pivotal People, Events, and Institutions|author1=Gurucharan Gollerkeri|author2=Renuka Raja Rao|year=2024|isbn=978-1-52756-141-0|publisher=[[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]]|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110106/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Making_of_India_1947_2022/itPzEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA86|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|title=Amul's tech wizard, Dalaya passes away|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/09/13/stories/2004091300610700.htm|access-date=10 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 September 2004|archive-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627073817/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/09/13/stories/2004091300610700.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The then [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Commerce minister]] [[T T Krishnamachari]] also cut imports of [[butter]] in steps with Kurien promising and delivering an incremental increase of his production to substitute imported butter, especially from [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite report|last1=Ghosh|first1=Abhijit|title=Embeddedness and dynamics of growth: Case of Amul|url=https://knowledgehub.unsse.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Embeddedness-and-the-Dynamics-of-Growth.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations Research Institute for Social Development]]|page=12|date=8 May 2013|access-date=8 October 2017|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110105/https://knowledgehub.unsse.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Embeddedness-and-the-Dynamics-of-Growth.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962, production had to be diverted to the [[Indian armed forces]] which allowed Polson to gain market share. Kurien lobbied with the government to freeze Polson's production lines, as part of the [[war effort]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrCkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|page=34|title=Service Above Self|author=Kavita Agarwal|year=2022|isbn=978-9-35632-880-8|publisher=BFC Publications|access-date=7 July 2024|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110110/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Service_Above_Self/rrCkEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA34|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Manthan">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/manthan-in-cannes-stirs-joy-in-anand-101716665274462.html|title='Manthan' in Cannes stirs joy in Anand|date=26 May 2024|access-date=1 June 2024|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=29 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529011308/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/manthan-in-cannes-stirs-joy-in-anand-101716665274462.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later research by G. H. Wilster led to cheese production from buffalo milk at Amul.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0vIDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP4|title=Milking Revolution: Verghese Kurien's Dairy Innovations|author=A.K.Gandhi|year=2021|isbn=978-8-18430-469-5|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|page=4|quote=G.H. Wilster led to making cheese from buffalo milk, which benefited the movement greatly|access-date=7 July 2024|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110123/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Verghese_Kurien/d0vIDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PP4|url-status=live}}</ref>{{sfn|Heredia|1997|p=168}}

=== Nationwide expansion ===
[[File:Kurien with Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1964.jpg|thumb|Kurien with then Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] in 1964]]

When then Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] visited Anand to inaugurate Amul's cattle feed factory in October 1964, he interacted with the dairy farmers about their cooperative. In 1965, Shastri tasked Kurien to replicate the dairy's Anand scheme nationwide, for which the [[National Dairy Development Board]] (NDDB) was founded.<ref>{{cite book|last=Pandit|first=Shrinivas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K6YiZCu5MaMC&pg=PA147|title=Thought Leaders|publisher=[[Tata McGraw Hill]]|year=2001|isbn=978-0-07049-550-0|location=New Delhi|pages=147–148|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110656/https://books.google.com/books?id=K6YiZCu5MaMC&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Manthan"/> It was established as a society based at Anand and was led by Kurien.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|date=9 September 2012|title=Kurien strode like a titan across the bureaucratic barriers and obstacles|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kurien-strode-like-a-titan-across-the-bureaucratic-barriers-and-obstacles/article3877337.ece|access-date=13 September 2012|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119173256/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kurien-strode-like-a-titan-across-the-bureaucratic-barriers-and-obstacles/article3877337.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiadairy.com/expert-article/nddbs-role-in-the-white-revolution-and-challenges-ahead/|title=NDDB's Role in the White Revolution and Challenges Ahead|author=Amrita Patel|publisher=India Dairy|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715122723/https://indiadairy.com/expert-article/nddbs-role-in-the-white-revolution-and-challenges-ahead/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kurien negotiated with [[FAO]] and [[UNICEF]] of the [[United Nations]], and the [[World Bank]] for aid to develop the cooperatives as a part of "Operation Flood".<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Child-Nation-M-Black-Ch06-p141-167-civilzation-follows-cow.pdf#page=12|title=Civilization Follows the Cow|publisher=[[UNICEF]]|access-date=27 August 2016|archive-date=1 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110601061557/http://www.unicef.org/about/history/files/Child-Nation-M-Black-Ch06-p141-167-civilzation-follows-cow.pdf#page=12|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WB">{{cite report|url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/748851468771700148/pdf/308270IN0Milk01ion01see0also0307591.pdf|title=Reducing Poverty, Sustaining Growth: What Works, What Doesn't, and Why A Global Exchange for Scaling Up Success|chapter=India's Milk Revolution: Investing in Rural Producer Organizations|page=6|publisher=[[World Bank]]|date=25 May 2004|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329230937/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/748851468771700148/pdf/308270IN0Milk01ion01see0also0307591.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In the first phase between 1970 and 1979, he focused on choosing the 18 best milk sheds across the country, setting up dairy cooperatives and linking them with nearby major cities, to capture the market there.<ref name="WB"/> The Anand model was replicated across Gujarat and Kurien brought all of them under the Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF) to sell their products under a single [[Amul]] brand on the 25th anniversary of establishment.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Sharad|title=Remembering Verghese Kurien – India's first milkman|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/remembering-verghese-kurien-indias-first-milkman/article30084051.ece|access-date=10 March 2021|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021222527/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/remembering-verghese-kurien-indias-first-milkman/article30084051.ece|url-status=live }}</ref> In the second phase between 1979 and 1985, the plan was extended to cover more than 290 towns.<ref name="WB"/> In 1979, he established the [[Institute of Rural Management Anand|Institute of Rural Management]] at Anand for training the managers involved in the milk cooperatives.{{sfn|Menon|1989|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ch5YDhFPKhEC&pg=PA85 85]}} By 1985, there were about 4.25 million milk producers attached to 43,000 village cooperatives and milk powder production scaled up more than six times.<ref name="WB"/>

=== Consolidation and self-sufficiency ===
In the last phase of the Operation Flood between 1985 and 1996, Kurien focused on making the cooperatives independent and self-sustaining. It involved scaling up infrastructure to increase procurement and production, establishment dairy processing facilities, focus on marketing and training management professionals.<ref name="WB"/> In the 1990s, he lobbied and fought hard to keep multinational companies from entering the dairy business even as the country opened up due to [[Economic liberalisation in India|liberalisation]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KyyXB6PiN8MC&pg=PA57|title=India: The Dairy Revolution : the Impact of Dairy Development in India and the World Bank's Contribution|pages=57–60|last1=Candler|first1=Wilfred|last2=Kumar|first2=Nalini|date=1998|publisher=World Bank (Operations Evaluation Department)|isbn=978-0-82134-289-3|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110616/https://books.google.com/books?id=KyyXB6PiN8MC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> India became the world's largest milk producer by 1998, surpassing the United States and contributed to about 17 percent of global output in 2010–11.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx|title=India largest milk producing nation in 2010–11: NDDB|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=20 December 2011|access-date=9 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426131554/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/India-largest-milk-producing-nation-in-2010-11-NDDB/Article1-785018.aspx|archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref>

In 1998, he persuaded then Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to appoint [[Amrita Patel]] as his successor at NDDB, whom he had groomed under him to protect NDDB's independence from the government.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SecpUgsDsn4C&pg=PA20|title=The Missionary: Amrita Patel|last=Pandit|first=Shrinivas|date=1 August 2007|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07065-678-9|page=20|access-date=17 September 2017|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110650/https://books.google.com/books?id=SecpUgsDsn4C&pg=PA20|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, he had differences with her on the policies of Amul. While she was focused on production and yield targets with certain functions such as marketing handed over to private, Kurien felt that the arrangement would weaken the cooperative institutions of the country.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2006/stories/20030328001408500.htm|title=Dairy war|last=Katakam|first=Anupama|date=15 March 2003|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829020410/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2006/stories/20030328001408500.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He resigned from the position of chairman of GCMMF in 2006 after limited support from the governing board.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2306/stories/20060407003802400.htm|title=Controversy: Milkman's exit|last=Katakam|first=Anupama|date=7 April 2006|magazine=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|volume=23|issue=6|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122105846/http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2306/stories/20060407003802400.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/20060417-verghese-kurien-quits-gujarat-co-operative-diary-body-faces-politicking-risk-783289-2006-04-16|title=A White Evolution: Verghese Kurien quits Gujarat co-operative, diary [sic] body faces politicking risk|last=Mahurkar|first=Uday|date=17 April 2006|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=13 September 2012|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913100554/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/verghese-kurien-quits-gujarat-co-operative-diary-body-faces-politicking-risk/1/181511.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Other work ===
Kurien replicated the cooperative model in other agricultural industries like the production of fruits and vegetables, oil seeds and edible oil.<ref>{{cite news|last=Aneja|first=R. P.|date=11 September 2012|title=Life and times of Verghese Kurien|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/article3885542.ece|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-date=13 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913103100/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/article3885542.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Chamder Uday|date=15 January 1982|title=Gujarat: Taking on the oil kings|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820115-bhavnagar-vegetable-products-suffers-eight-mysterious-fires-771397-2013-10-19|access-date=1 September 2016|newspaper=[[India Today]]|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110619/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19820115-bhavnagar-vegetable-products-suffers-eight-mysterious-fires-771397-2013-10-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jones|first=Clayton|date=30 July 1982|title=Farming co-ops poised to come of age in the '80s|newspaper=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0730/073063.html|access-date=1 September 2016|issn=0882-7729|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927165036/https://www.csmonitor.com/1982/0730/073063.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1979, he started the Oilseeds Growers’ Cooperative Project (OGCP) under "Operation Golden Flow". In the 1980s, more than 500,000 farmers were part of the cooperatives and "Dhara", a brand of edible oil launched by NDDB in 1988, became the country's top selling brand. In the 1990s, the project began to lose steam as the government allowed the import of edible oil from other countries after the [[Economic liberalisation in India|economic liberalisation of India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-verghese-kurien-milkman-of-india-7640292/|title=Dr Verghese Kurien: A practical idealist|date=26 November 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|author=Harish Damodaran|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716044119/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-verghese-kurien-milkman-of-india-7640292/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thebetterindia.com/244400/operation-golden-flow-indias-atmanirbhar-success-story-that-gave-birth-to-dhara/|title=Operation Golden Flow: India's Atmanirbhar Success Story That Gave Birth to 'Dhara'|author=Rinchen Norbu Wangchu|date=9 December 2020|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=The Better India|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716132652/https://thebetterindia.com/244400/operation-golden-flow-indias-atmanirbhar-success-story-that-gave-birth-to-dhara/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1979, the [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Premier of Soviet Union]] [[Alexei Kosygin]] visited Anand and invited Kurien to the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHw_AAAAYAAJ&q=Kosygin|title=Management Kurien-style: The Story of the White Revolution|author=M. V. Kamath|year=1989|isbn=978-8-12200-100-6|publisher=Konark Publishers|page=238, 239|access-date=6 July 2024|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110617/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Management_Kurien_style/FHw_AAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kosygin|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1982, Kurien visited Pakistan as a part of a World Bank mission following the request of the [[Government of Pakistan]] for aid in setting up dairy cooperatives.<ref name="OC">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19821015-national-dairy-development-board-to-aid-pakistan-in-establishing-two-anand-type-diary-centres-772273-2013-08-23|title=National Dairy Development Board to aid Pakistan in establishing two 'Anand' type centres|date=15 October 1982|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715122652/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19821015-national-dairy-development-board-to-aid-pakistan-in-establishing-two-anand-type-diary-centres-772273-2013-08-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien’s work registered interest from other countries like Sri Lanka and Philippines, who wanted him to replicate the cooperative model in their countries.<ref name="OC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/milkmans-exit/article30208954.ece|title=Milkman's exit|date=7 April 2006|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]|archive-date=27 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240627105940/https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/milkmans-exit/article30208954.ece|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> China planned a similar programme based on Kurien’s initiatives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lokmarg.com/verghese-kurien-showing-the-milky-way/|title=Verghese Kurien – Showing The Milky Way|date=7 December 2021|access-date=1 June 2024|publisher=Lokmarg|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122195458/https://lokmarg.com/verghese-kurien-showing-the-milky-way/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19840131-national-dairy-development-board-verghese-kurien-faces-worst-attacks-on-his-credibility-802725-1984-01-30|title=Verghese Kurien faces worst attacks on his credibility|date=21 January 1984|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[India Today]]|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715123249/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/economy/story/19840131-national-dairy-development-board-verghese-kurien-faces-worst-attacks-on-his-credibility-802725-1984-01-30|url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as the chairman of [[Tribhuvandas Foundation]], a [[non-governmental organization]] which worked on woman and child health in Kheda district in Gujarat.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amul remembers Tribhuvandas on his birth anniversary|url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/amul-remembers-tribhuvandas-on-his-birth-anniversary/|access-date=10 March 2021|work=Indian Cooperative|date=23 October 2019|archive-date=31 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831004701/https://www.indiancooperative.com/co-op-news-snippets/amul-remembers-tribhuvandas-on-his-birth-anniversary/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death ==
Kurien died from an illness at the age of 90 on 9 September 2012 at [[Nadiad]] near Anand.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120910/jsp/nation/story_15958717.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915040808/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120910/jsp/nation/story_15958717.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2012|title=Kurien didn't drink milk, he lived it|date=10 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-11/ahmedabad/33762051_1_kurien-and-modi-gujarat-chief-minister-india-s-white-revolution|title=Modi had soured relations with the milkman of India|date=11 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 September 2012|archive-date=14 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914001406/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-11/ahmedabad/33762051_1_kurien-and-modi-gujarat-chief-minister-india-s-white-revolution|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news/33862984_1_verghese-kurien-kurien-and-modi-gujarat-co-operative|title=Gujarat Elections 2012: Narendra Modi wastes no time in tapping over 1/3 of Gujarat's 3.5 crore Amul voters|last1=Thakkar|first1=Mitul|last2=Sally|first2=Madhvi|date=15 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917021619/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/news/33862984_1_verghese-kurien-kurien-and-modi-gujarat-co-operative|url-status=dead}}</ref> With his wife Molly, he had a daughter named Nirmala.<ref name="Verghese Kurien life"/> Kurien, who was brought up as a [[Christian]] became an [[atheist]] later.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/he-was-an-atheist-religion-played-no-part-in-his-life-says-kuriens-daughter-5466180/|title=He was an atheist, religion played no part in his life, says Kurien's daughter|date=27 November 2018|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127234249/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/he-was-an-atheist-religion-played-no-part-in-his-life-says-kuriens-daughter-5466180/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/verghese-kurien-was-an-atheist-says-daughter-on-conversion-charge-1953584|title=He Was An Atheist, Says Verghese Kurien's Daughter On Conversion Charge|work=[[NDTV]]|date=26 November 2018|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=27 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127122238/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/verghese-kurien-was-an-atheist-says-daughter-on-conversion-charge-1953584|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards and honours ==
For his contributions in increasing the dairy output, Kurien is known as the "Father of the White Revolution" in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/national-milk-day-2023-history-significance-and-theme-18410761.htm|title=National Milk Day 2023: History, significance and theme|date=26 November 2023|access-date=1 June 2024|work=CNBC|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209065617/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/national-milk-day-2023-history-significance-and-theme-18410761.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://businessworld.in/article/father-of-white-revolution-kurien-dead-66932|title=Father Of 'White Revolution' Kurien|date=8 November 2014|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[Business World]]|archive-date=16 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716132654/https://businessworld.in/article/father-of-white-revolution-kurien-dead-66932|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien's birthday, 26 November is celebrated as the "National Milk Day" in India.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/STATE-EDITIONS/bhopal/verghese-kuriens-birth-anniv-to-be-held-as-national-milk-day.html|title=Verghese Kurien's birth anniv to be held as National Milk Day|date=25 November 2014|newspaper=[[Daily Pioneer]]|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916090331/http://www.dailypioneer.com/STATE-EDITIONS/bhopal/verghese-kuriens-birth-anniv-to-be-held-as-national-milk-day.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/National-Milk-Day-on-Kuriens-birth-anniversary/articleshow/45271027.cms|title=National Milk Day on Kurien's birth anniversary|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2014|access-date=6 December 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129114928/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/National-Milk-Day-on-Kuriens-birth-anniversary/articleshow/45271027.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Awards and honors
|-
! Year !!Award or honor !! Awarding organization
|-
| 1963
| [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/kurien-verghese|title=Kurien, Verghese • Community Leadership – India – 1963|work=The Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=22 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322084844/https://www.rmaward.asia/awardee/kurien-verghese|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Ramon Magsaysay Award | Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation
|-
| 1965
| [[Padma Shri]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1965-1965&Award=Padma%20Shri|title=Padma Shri, 1965|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707110653/https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1965-1965&Award=Padma%20Shri|url-status=live}}</ref>
| [[Government of India]]
|-
| 1966
| [[Padma Bhushan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1965-1965&Award=Padma%20Bhushan|title=Padma Bhushan, 1965|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707111149/https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1965-1965&Award=Padma%20Bhushan|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Government of India
|-
| 1986
| [[Wateler Peace Prize]]<ref name="WFP VK"/>
| [[Carnegie Foundation (Netherlands)|Carnegie Foundation]]
|-
| 1989
| [[World Food Prize]]<ref name="WFP VK">{{cite web|url=https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1989_kurien/|title=Dr. Verghese Kurien – The World Food Prize|publisher=[[World Food Prize]]|access-date=12 August 2023|archive-date=16 September 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130916041457/https://www.worldfoodprize.org/en/laureates/19871999_laureates/1989_kurien/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| World Food Prize Foundation
|-
| 1997
| [[Order of Agricultural Merit]]<ref name="WFP VK"/>
| [[Ministry of Agriculture (France)|Ministry of Agriculture, France]]
|-
| 1999
| [[Padma Vibhushan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1999-1999|title=Padma Awards, 1999|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-date=20 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520233657/https://dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Year=1999-1999|url-status=live}}</ref>
| Government of India
|-
| 2011
| [[Karmaveer Chakra Award]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/un-karmaveer-chakra-award-for-sikkimese-social-entrepreneur|title=UN Karmaveer lifetime achievement award|work=Sikkim Express|date=11 December 2023|access-date=1 June 2024}}</ref>
| [[United Nations]] and Indian Confederation of NGOs<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.undp.org/india/publications/unv-karamveer-chakra-national-medallion-proactive-volunteer-action|title=Karamveer Chakra: National Medallion for proactive Volunteer Action|access-date=1 June 2024|work=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref>
|}

Kurien was bestowed with an honorary degree by the Michigan State University in 1965.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQcAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA16-PA9|title=Indian Cooperative: A beacon of development|first=Orion|last=Ulrey|publisher=News for Farmer Cooperatives: Volumes 31-34|year=1964|page=9|access-date=13 July 2024|archive-date=15 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715123154/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/News_for_Farmer_Cooperatives/0pQcAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=RA16-PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[World Dairy Expo]] in 1993, he was recognized as the International Person of the Year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://worlddairyexpo.com/pages/Recognition-Award-Program.php|title=Recognition award prograame|publisher=[[World Dairy Expo]]|access-date=1 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240707111122/https://worlddairyexpo.com/pages/Recognition-Award-Program.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Kurien was also awarded the Godfrey Phillips Bravery Award for social bravery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://achyutasamanta.com/posts/godfrey-phillips-bravery-award-social-bravery-for-kiit-kiss-founder/|title=Godfrey Phillips Bravery Award (Social Bravery) for KIIT & KISS Founder|date=21 September 2011|website=Achyuta Samanta|access-date=7 January 2020|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828014844/https://achyutasamanta.com/posts/godfrey-phillips-bravery-award-social-bravery-for-kiit-kiss-founder/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kurien either headed or was on the boards of several public institutions and received honorary doctorate degrees from universities worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indairyasso.org/pdf/info/Dr-Kurien.pdf|title=The Legend Lives On|access-date=6 May 2020|author=Indian Dairy Association|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215034442/http://indairyasso.org/pdf/info/Dr-Kurien.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="IDA"/> The cooperative model pioneered by Kurien is studied in academia with lectures on the same.<ref>{{cite report|url=https://www.irma.ac.in/pdf/viewdocument/memoriallecture2.pdf|title=Second Dr. Verghese Kurien Memorial Lecture – 2013|publisher=Institute of Rural management, Anand|access-date=1 June 2024|archive-date=15 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215034443/https://www.irma.ac.in/pdf/viewdocument/memoriallecture2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Arvind Subramanian moots 'Amul model' for pulses|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=21 November 2015|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/arvind-subramanian-moots-amul-model-for-pulses-115112100763_1.html|access-date=25 November 2015|archive-date=25 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125222712/http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/arvind-subramanian-moots-amul-model-for-pulses-115112100763_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Books and publications ==
* {{cite book|author=Kurien, Verghese|year=1997|title=An Unfinished Dream|publisher=[[Tata McGraw Hill]]|isbn=978-0-07462-214-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Kurien, Verghese|year=2005|title=I Too Had a Dream|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-8-17436-407-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Kurien, Verghese|year=2012|title=The Man Who Made The Elephant Dance|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|isbn=978-9-38229-924-0}}

== In popular culture ==
Filmmaker [[Shyam Benegal]] wanted to make ''[[Manthan]]'', a film story based on Amul but had no financial backing. The movie was later made from financial contribution from member-farmers of co-operatives, who contributed two rupees each and was released in 1976.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/how-a-farmers-servant-painted-the-nation-white/story-w5muyu4dpzbC3Huk5XYRbK.html|title=How a farmers' servant painted the nation white|last=Benegal|first=Shyam|date=9 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919052127/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/how-a-farmers-servant-painted-the-nation-white/story-w5muyu4dpzbC3Huk5XYRbK.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A veterinarian, a milk technician, and a fodder specialist toured the country along with the screening of the film to persuade farmers to form cooperatives of their own with [[UNDP|United Nations]] using the movie to encourage similar cooperatives in [[Latin America]] and [[Africa]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amul's Verghese Kurien never suffered fools: Shyam Benegal|access-date=11 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=10 September 2012|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-10/news/33737291_1_verghese-kurien-white-revolution-amul-products|archive-date=10 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610174923/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-10/news/33737291_1_verghese-kurien-white-revolution-amul-products|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.island.lk/2002/01/06/featur10.html|title=Cinema, Benegal and Reality|last=Rodrigo|first=Nihal|date=6 January 2002|newspaper=[[The Island (Sri Lanka)|The Island]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910224741/http://www.island.lk/2002/01/06/featur10.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kurien supported the "[[Amul girl]]" [[advertisement]] campaign, which is one of the longest running campaigns in India and ''[[Surabhi (TV series)|Surabhi]]'', a [[television]] series on Indian culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business/jest-like-that-girl-with-the-amul-tattoo/story-0lNH47ZLJ7eWE5xsrm2gGO.html|title=Jest like that: Girl with the Amul tattoo|last=Hazra|first=Indrajit|date=1 July 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-date=19 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919044118/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business/jest-like-that-girl-with-the-amul-tattoo/story-0lNH47ZLJ7eWE5xsrm2gGO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.creativebrandsmag.com/post.php?57|title=The Moppet Show|last=Sreenivas|date=1 November 2013|website=Creative Brands|access-date=28 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918142958/http://www.creativebrandsmag.com/post.php?57|archive-date=18 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/the-unplanned-glory-of-surabhi/60286032|title=The unplanned glory of Surabhi|last=Bhatt|first=Shephali|date=2 September 2017|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=10 September 2017|archive-date=11 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911025521/http://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/the-unplanned-glory-of-surabhi/60286032|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, [[Amar Chitra Katha]] published the [[comic book|comic]] ''Verghese Kurien: The man with the billion litre idea''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PGSh77SpoycUtWuD4vssyK/Lounge-Loves--Amar-Chitra-Katha.html|title=Lounge Loves {{!}} Amar Chitra Katha|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|date=30 November 2013|website=[[Live Mint]]|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-date=13 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813032200/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PGSh77SpoycUtWuD4vssyK/Lounge-Loves--Amar-Chitra-Katha.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/amar-chitra-katha-unveils-comics-on-kurien-plans-on-dhyanchand-kd-jadhav/article5393898.ece|title=Amar Chitra Katha unveils comics on Kurien; plans on Dhyanchand, KD Jadhav|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|last=Pandit|first=Virendra|date=26 November 2013|access-date=29 August 2016|archive-date=11 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511163517/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/amar-chitra-katha-unveils-comics-on-kurien-plans-on-dhyanchand-kd-jadhav/article5393898.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book|title=The Amul India Story|last=Heredia|first=Ruth|publisher=[[Tata McGraw Hill]]|year=1997|isbn=978-0-07463-160-7|location=New Delhi}}
* {{cite book|author=Kotler, Neil G.|year=1990|title=Sharing Innovation: Global Perspectives on Food, Agriculture, and Rural Development|publisher=International Rice Research Institute|isbn=978-9-71104-221-9}}
* {{cite book|last=Menon|first=Gita|title=Remembering Our Leaders: Volume 12|year=1989|isbn=978-8-17011-988-3|publisher=[[Children's Book Trust]]|page=85}}

== External links ==

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–1969}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade & Industry}}
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurien, Verghese}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Winners of the World Food Prize]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Engineers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian cooperative organisers]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:Loyola College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Michigan State University alumni]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Agricultural Merit]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in science & engineering]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

Rajdooth

2026-03-03T21:48:53Z

Josefa1802: Done

{{About||the motorcycle of the same name|Rajdoot 350}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rajdooth
| image = Rajdooth poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arjun-Carthyk
| producer = M. L. V Satyanaryana
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Meghamsh
* Nakshatra
}}
| editing = Vijay Vardhan Kavuri
| music = Jeevan Babu
| cinematography = Vidyasagar Chinta
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2019|6|12|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Rajdooth''''' is a 2019 Telugu language [[action comedy]] film co-directed by Arjun Gunnala and Carthyk. The film stars debutant Meghamsh and Nakshatara in the lead roles.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* Meghamsh as Sanjay
* Nakshatra Babu as Priya
* [[Ravi Varma Adduri]] as Inspector Ravi Varma
* [[Adithya (actor)|Adhitya]] as Rajanna
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Sanjay's grandfather
* [[Manobala]] as Lender
* [[Rajiv Kanakala]] as Home Minister
* [[Anish Kuruvilla]] as Priya's father
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Rajanna's son
* [[Sudharshan]] as Sanjay's friend
* [[Venu Yeldandi]] as Donka
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda]] as Doctor
* Bhadram as Petrol Bunk Person
}}

== Production ==
Meghamash, the 19-year-old older son of late [[Srihari]] and [[Disco Shanti]], was cast to make his film debut.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/meghamsh-srihari-on-his-debut-film-rajdhoot/article27162417.ece |title=Following the family line |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |date=17 May 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/late-srihari-and-disco-shantis-son-debuting-as-a-hero-with-rajdoot/articleshow/69440988.cms |title=Late Srihari and 'Disco' Shanti's son debuting as a hero with 'Rajdoot' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=22 May 2019 |accessdate=12 June 2021}}</ref> The crew of the film are all debutants as well. The film is named ''Rajdooth'' after the [[Rajdoot 350|motorcycle of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rajdooth-meghamsh-sriharis-debut-film-all-set-to-hit-the-screens-on-july-5/articleshow/69821236.cms |title=Rajdooth: Meghamsh Srihari's debut film all set to hit the screens on July 5 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==

{{Infobox album
| name = Rajdooth
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Varun Sunil
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1 July 2019
| recorded = 2019
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Mango Music
| producer = M. L. V. Satyanarayana
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length =
| title1 = Manasuna Manasuna
| extra1 = Siddharth Menon
| title2 = Emo Emo
| extra2 = Varun Sunil
| title3 = Chustune Unna
| extra3 = Sooraj Santhosh, Varun Sunil
| title4 = Rajanna
| extra4 = Anish Krishnan, FuRa and Jasim
| title5 = Rajdooth Theme
| extra5 = Varun Sunil
}}

== Reception ==
The film released to negative reviews.

''The Hindu'' wrote that "The film is technically okay but would do itself a favour if trimmed by another ten minutes. The comedians try to salvage the film... but in vain".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rajdooth-fails-to-impress/article28411871.ece |title='Rajdooth' review: Fails to impress |first=Y. Sunita |last=Chowdhary |date=12 July 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''The Times of India'' gave the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Rajdooth'' is an outdated and dreadful ride".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/rajdooth/movie-review/70190964.cms|title=Rajdooth Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Rajdooth by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|10650664}}

[[Category:2019 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 action comedy films]]

Kerala Police (film)

2026-03-03T21:32:12Z

Josefa1802: Details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kerala Police
| image =
| caption =
| director = Chandrasekharan
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Kalabhavan Mani]] [[Lakshmi Sharma]]
| music = Kailas Menon
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2008|03|25|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}

'''''Kerala Police''''' is a 2008 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by Chandrasekharan. The film stars [[Kalabhavan Mani]] and [[Lakshmi Sharma]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kerala-police-review-malayalam-movie-9989 | title=Kerala Police review. Kerala Police Malayalam movie review, story, rating }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Kalabhavan Mani]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Satyanathan
* [[Swarnamalya]] as Nandini Varma, [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI officer]]
* [[Lakshmi Sharma]] as Sanjana
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as [[Superintendent (police)|SP]] Philip Tharakan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] as Hari, Film Producer
* [[Vijay Menon]] as Film Director
* [[Bijukuttan]] as Gowthaman Balram
* [[Madhu Warrier]] as Kiran
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]]
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Sathyanathan's mother
* [[Baiju Santhosh|Baiju]] as Mukundan Varma
* Jaggannathan as Frame News Janardanan
* Maya Vishwanath as Lalitha Bhai, Kiran's associate
* Arun Gosh as Vimal Roy

==Reception==
A critic from ''Sify'' gave the film a negative review and wrote that "On the whole ''Kerala Police'' is another Mani mass masala movie with scenes you have seen before and a weak climax, that leaves you with a migrane".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-police-review-malayalam-pclw7ubbadfgi.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122174711/https://www.sify.com/movies/kerala-police-review-malayalam-pclw7ubbadfgi.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=22 January 2021 | title=Kerala Police | website=[[Sify]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Paradha

2026-03-03T09:35:27Z

Josefa1802: added some info basic info

{{Short description|2025 Indian film by Praveen Kandregula}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Paradha
| image = Paradha 2025 film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Praveen Kandregula]]
| writer = {{plain list|
* Praveen Kandregula
* Poojitha Sreekanti
* Prahaas Boppudi
}}
| producer = {{plain list|
* Sreenivasulu P. V.
* Vijay Donkada
* Sridhar Makkuva
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Anupama Parameswaran]]
* [[Darshana Rajendran]]
* [[Sangeetha Krish]]
*[[Rag Mayur]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Mridul Sujit Sen
| editing = Dharmendra Kakarala
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| studio = Ananda Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|22|df=y}}
| runtime = 143 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2025 |title=''Paradha'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/paradha-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmymji1 |access-date=19 August 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Paradha''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama]] film directed by [[Praveen Kandregula]] who co-wrote with Poojitha Sreekanti and Prahaas Boppudi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-08-18 |title=Praveen Kandregula: Every Telugu film doesn't have to revolve around hero |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/18/praveen-kandregula-every-telugu-film-doesnt-have-to-revolve-around-hero |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> It is produced by Ananda Media and stars [[Anupama Parameswaran]], [[Darshana Rajendran]] (who returned to Telugu films after a decade) and [[Sangeetha Krish]] in important roles.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 January 2025 |title='Paradha' teaser presents a different story! |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/paradha-teaser-presents-a-different-story |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Devulapally |first1=Aditya |date=22 January 2025 |title=Anupama Parameswaran: Paradha is the best film in my 10 year old career |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jan/22/anupama-parameswaran-paradha-is-the-best-film-in-my-10-year-old-career |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darshana Rajendran on Why 'Paradha' Is Path-Breaking, And Learning a New Language For Her Telugu Debut |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/darshana-rajendran-on-why-paradha-is-path-breaking-and-learning-a-new-language-for-her-telugu-debut |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

[[Gopi Sundar]] composed the music, Mridul Sujit Sen handled the cinematography and Dharmendra Kakarala handled the editing.<ref>{{cite web |title='Paradha' first look: Anupama Parameswaran and Darshana Rajendran to play the leads in female-oriented drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/paradha-first-look-anupama-parameswaran-and-darshana-rajendran-to-play-the-leads-in-female-oriented-drama/articleshow/109888109.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 May 2024}}</ref> The film was released on 22 August 2025 to mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-21 |title=Anupama's 'Black Magic' wish comes true, Darshana joins her in Telugu film 'Paradha', set for Aug 22 release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/anupamas-black-magic-wish-comes-true-darshana-joins-her-in-telugu-film-paradha-set-for-aug-22-release/articleshow/123428678.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It became a [[box office bomb]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=Paradha box office collection day 3: Anupama Parameswaran's film is out of several theaters, makes Rs 13 lakhs | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/paradha-box-office-collection-day-3-anupama-parameswarans-film-is-out-of-several-theaters-makes-rs-13-lakhs/d9e32707fc356 | access-date=2025-08-28 | website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Paradha box office collection day 2: Anupama Parameswaran's film is a disaster, collects shockingly low numbers | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/paradha-box-office-day-2-anupama-parameswarans-film-is-a-disaster-collects-shockingly-low-numbers/233b3999fe838 | access-date=2025-08-28 | website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
In a remote village bound by the belief that women must remain veiled to ward off a curse, Subbu’s devotion to her village's tradition is questioned after an enigmatic event. Having hardly ever stepped outside her village but determined to clear her name, Subbu sets out on a daring journey to the [[Himalaya]]s, accompanied by her aunt Rathnamma and Ami, a fierce architect fighting her own battles in the modern world.

== Cast ==
*[[Anupama Parameswaran]] as Subbalakshmi "Subbu"
*[[Darshana Rajendran]] as Amishta "Ami", Civil Engineer
*[[Sangeetha Krish]] as Rathnamma "Rathna", Subbu's aunt
*[[Rag Mayur]] as Rajesh
*[[Harsha Vardhan]] as Madhav
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Krishna, Tourist (Special Appearance)
*[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Photographer (Special Appearance)
*Palasa Janardhan
*Gnaneswari Kandregula
*Kethiri Sudhakar Reddy
*Ananya Mohan as Homestay Owner

==Music==
The score and soundtrack album were composed by [[Gopi Sundar]]. [[Sony Music India]] procured the audio rights of the soundtrack. The first single "Maa Andhaala Siri" was released on 23 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-23 |title=First single 'Maa Andhaala Siri' from Paradha is a pleasant folk classical song |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Mar/23/first-single-maa-andhaala-siri-from-paradha-is-a-pleasant-folk-classical-song |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second single "Yatra Naryasthu" was released on 17 July 2025 and the third single "Yegareyi Nee Rekkale" released on 5 August 2025.<ref name="rl" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=V. |first=Viswanath |date=2025-08-05 |title=Paradha third song: A Scenic Journey in 'Yegareyi Nee Rekkale' |url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/paradha-third-song-a-scenic-journey-in-yegareyi-nee-rekkale/ |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=Telugu FilmNagar}}</ref> Both the Telugu and its dubbed Malayalam versions were released on the same date.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 14:57
| all_lyrics = [[Vanamali]]
| title1 = Maa Andhaala Siri
| extra1 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 04:38
| title2 = Yatra Naryasthu
| extra2 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length2 = 05:21
| title3 = Yegareyi Nee Rekkale
| extra3 = Ritesh G. Rao
| length3 = 04:58
}}

==Release and reception==
''Paradha'', and its dubbed [[Malayalam]] version, were released on 22 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-19 |title='Paradha' pre-release event: Director Praveen Kandregula says women-centric films deserve box office wins too - Read |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/paradha-pre-release-event-director-praveen-kandregula-says-women-centric-films-deserve-box-office-wins-too-read/articleshow/123380705.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="rl">{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-07-17 |title=Anupama Parameswaran's Paradha locks this release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Jul/17/anupama-parameswarans-paradha-locks-this-release-date |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' highly appreciated the writing and called it a "rare, brave film" that breaks the monotony of mainstream [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-08-21 |title='Paradha' movie review: Anupama, Darshana and Sangitha sparkle in Praveen Kandregula's film that celebrates female friendships |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/paradha-movie-review-anupama-parameswaran-darshana-rajendran-and-sangitha-krish-in-praveen-kandregulas-telugu-film/article69959471.ece |access-date=2025-08-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 and appreciated the storytelling, and dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paradha Movie Review: A Compelling social drama that leaves an indelible mark |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/paradha/movie-review/123446481.cms |access-date=2025-08-22 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28019966|Paradha}}

[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gopi Sundar]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Indian buddy comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2020s buddy comedy-drama films]]

Army Medical Corps (India)

2026-03-02T12:42:55Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|Specialist corps of the Indian Army}}
{{Infobox military unit
| dates = 3 April 1764 - present
| unit_name = Army Medical Corps
| image = File:Army Medical Corps (India).png
| image_size = 180 px
| caption = Crest of the Army Medical Corps
| country = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| role = Medical Service
| anniversaries = 3 April (Raising Day)<ref name="PIB_2024">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2017125|title=Army Medical Corps celebrates 260th Raising Day|date=2024-04-03|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]] C G Muralidharan
| commander1_label = Director General Medical Services
| garrison = [[Lucknow]], [[India]]
| garrison_label = Regimental Centre
| nickname = AMC
| motto = [[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|सर्वे सन्तु निरामयाः}} (Sarve Santu Niramaya) [[English language|English]]: {{lang|en|Let all be free from disease and disability}}<ref name="PIB">{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1812958|title=ARMY MEDICAL CORPS CELEBRATES ITS 258TH RAISING DAY|date=2022-04-03|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>
| march =
| identification_symbol = [[File:Flag-of-Indian-Army-Medical-Corps.svg|130px|Flag of Indian Army Medical Corps]]
| identification_symbol_label = Flag
}}

The '''Army Medical Corps''' is a specialist corps in the [[Indian Army]], which primarily provides medical services to all Army personnel, serving and veterans, along with their families. Along with the branches in the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Air Force]], it forms part of the [[Armed Forces Medical Services]] (AFMS).
The AFMS consists of more than 70,000 personnel.<ref name="statesman">{{cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/opinion/remodelling-the-medical-corps-1503196626.html|title=Remodelling the medical corps|date=2023-07-04|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref><ref name="CAG">{{cite web|url=https://cag.gov.in/uploads/download_audit_report/2012/Union_Performance_Defence_Medical_Establishments_Defence_Services_18_2012_Chapter_1.pdf|title=Performance of Medical Establishments|date=|access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref>

The Indian AMC is not to be confused with the [[Pakistan Army Medical Corps|Pakistani AMC]]. Nevertheless, both have common roots tracing back to [[British Raj|British raj]], as they were preceded by the former [[British Indian Army]]'s [[Indian Medical Service|Medical Corps]] until 1947.

==Early history==
Very little is known of the medical organisations that existed in the Indian armies in ancient times. However, Kautilya's Arthashastra shows that during battles, physicians with surgical instruments (Shastra, medicines and drugs in their hands besides women with prepared food and beverages) stood behind the fighting men. Similarly, from the Sushrüt Samhitā, it is seen that a physician fully equipped with medicines would live in a camp not far from the royal pavilion and would treat those wounded by arrows or swords.

Physicians in the King's service adopted certain measures to protect the ruler from secret poisoning. Physicians well versed in the technical sciences and other allied branches of study was held in high esteem by all.

==Later British Period==
The Army Medical Corps came into existence as a homogeneous corps of officers and men on the pattern of the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] on 3 Apr 1943 by the amalgamation of the [[Indian Medical Service]], the Indian Medical Department and the Indian Hospital corps. The Corps was formed as a wartime necessity for attracting suitably qualified men for service in a rapidly expanding army.<ref name="BS">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/army-medical-corps-celebrates-252nd-anniversary-116040300491_1.html|title=Army Medical Corps celebrates 252nd anniversary|date=2016-04-03|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

== Indian Medical Service ==
{{main|Indian Medical Service}}
The history of the Indian Medical Service (IMS) dates back to 1612 when, on the formation of the [[East India Company]], the Company appointed [[John Woodall]] as their first Surgeon General. Under him, medical Corps officers (mainly civilians) were recruited more or less on individual contracts. The company expanded activities in various part of the country
which necessitated the formation and maintenance of regular bodies of troops in India. As a consequence, they commenced employing [[military surgeon]]s from 1745 onwards. It was not until 1764 that these surgeons were made into regular establishment of the company's armies. Thus the [[Bengal Medical Service]] was formed in 1764,<ref name="BS"/> the Madras Medical Service in 1767 and the Bombay Medical Service in 1779 for the three Presidency Armies of Bengal, Madras and Bombay. The three medical services were combined into the Indian Medical Services (IMS) in April 1886 under a Surgeon General to the Government of India. The designation was later changed into the Director General, Indian Medical Service. In 1913, the appointment was designated as the Director of Medical Services in India.

Until the First World War the IMS was predominantly civil in character, but gradually from 1912 onwards those employed in civil duties became less and less in number. Indianisation of this service commenced from 1915 onwards. [[Soorjo Coomar Goodeve Chuckerbutty]] was the first Indian to enter the service as Assistant Surgeon on 24 January 1855.

Until Burma was separated in 1935, the IMS was catering for the civil and military needs of Burma also. During this period, the IMS was assisted by the members of the Indian Medical Department (IMD) and Indian Hospital Corps (IHC).

The idea of re-organising the medical services into a separate Medical Corps exclusively for the Defence Services was first conceived in 1939 with the out break of World War II and with the formation of Indian Army Medical Corps on 3 April 1943, the extinction of the IMS as such was merely a matter of time. On 14 August 1947 the service was finally wound up.

== Indian Medical Department ==
The history of the Indian Medical Department (IMD) dates back to 19th century. Initially starting as compounders and dressers in the three Presidency Medical Services they became Sub Surgeons and later on as Indian Medical Assistants in Indian Regiments. In 1868, they were redesignated as Hospital Assistants. In 1900, the Senior Hospital Assistants were granted the rank of Viceroy's Commissioned Officers and in 1910 the designation was finally changed to Sub Assistant Surgeons of IMD. Army Medical Corps (AMC) were primarily for work with the Indian troops.

[[File:22 Indian Army Medical Corps.jpg|thumb|right|The inisignia of Indian Army Medical Corps, at the [[Taiping War Cemetery|War Cemetery, Taiping, Perak]]]]

== Army Hospital Corps ==
In the days of the East India Company there were no regular formations or units charged with the task of looking after the health of troops. In 1881 the British Regimental Hospitals gave way to British Station Hospitals and they needed subordinate persons. So in 1881, the Army Hospital Native Corps was formed of menials of the disbanded British Regimental Hospitals, Compounders, dressers, ward coolies, barbers, shop coolies, cooks, bhistis and sweepers and were designated as, Hospital Attendants. With the abolition of the Presidency Armies by the Government and the evolution of the Army into 10 Divisions, the Army Hospital Native Corps was re-organised into 10 Companies as Army Hospital Corps.

== Army Bearer Corps ==
It was not until 1901 that the necessity for a proper corps of bearers was accepted by the Government and in this year, Dooly Bearers and Kahars were enlisted in the newly formed Army Bearer Corps, which came under the Medical Department. The Army Hospital Corps persons did the menial service in British Station Hospitals and the Army Bearer Corps provided persons for the carriage of the sick and wounded. In 1903, the Army Bearer Corps was re-organised into 10 Division Companies and the duties of these Companies in war were to carry stretchers and doolies, and in peace for general work in hospital.

== Indian Hospital Corps ==
The Indian Hospital Corps was formed on 1 June 1920 by combining the Army Hospital Corps and Army Bearer Corps and the subordinate personnel of Indian Station Hospitals, comprising persons of categories then considered necessary for hospitals, field ambulances and other medical units.

== Station Hospitals ==

Indian troops had no station hospital facilities until 1918, and had to depend entirely on their regimental hospitals. In October 1918, Station Hospitals for Indian troops were sanctioned. Ward orderlies and followers came from Army Hospital Corps and bearers were provided by the Army Bearer Corps.

The IHC initially was divided into 10 Division Companies corresponding to the 10 existing Military Divisions in India and Burma and they were located at Peshwar, Rawalpindi, Lahore, Quetta, Mhow, Pune, Meerut, Lucknow, Secunderabad and Rangoon. The whole corps was re-organised on command basis during the year 1929-32 and thus there were five companies of the IHC in 1932, No 1 Company at Rawalpindi, No 2 Company at Lucknow, No 3 Company at Poona. No 4 Company at Quetta and No 5 Company at Rangoon. On separation of Burma in 1935, No 5 Company of IHC was formed as Burma Hospital Corps and this left four companies of IHC.

==Indian Army Medical Corps==
World War II was responsible for rapid developments. The idea of having a homogeneous corps by amalgamating IMS, IMD gradually took shape and Indian Army Medical Corps (IAMC) came into being on 3 April 1943.<ref name="PIB"/> The organisation was to be in the lines of the [[Royal Army Medical Corps]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/1/4296/575|title=Formation of Indian Army Medical Corps|date=1943-05-08|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> On the formation of the IAMC, the IHC HQs at Poona became the Administrative Headquarters of the IAMC in May 1943.

== Army Medical Corps ==
After independence of the country, the Corps has made a steady progress. The men enjoy combatant status. The IAMC was re-designated as ''Army Medical Corps'' with effect from 26 January 1950.<ref name="FPJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/army-medical-corps-raising-day-2023-history-significance-and-little-known-facts|title=Army Medical Corps Raising Day 2023: History, significance, and little-known facts|date=2023-04-02|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

The post of [[Director General Armed Forces Medical Services (India)|Director General Armed Forces Medical Services]] was created in 1949, who functions under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. Under the DGAFMS are individual medical service heads. The DFAFMS thus coordinates with the heads of the medical services of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The [[Indian Army Dental Corps|Army Dental Corps]] (ADC) and the [[Military Nursing Service]] have their own department heads (Director General Dental Services and Additional Director General Military Nursing Service) functioning under the DGAFMS.<ref name="statesman"/>

The AFMS provides its services through a network Medical Inspection (MI) rooms located in the Units, Station Health Organisations and Family Welfare Centres; 133 Military Hospitals located at static military stations (which has varying bed strengths) and 99 Field Hospitals that provide medical care to service personnel in the field areas. Each [[Command (military formation)|Command]] has a [[Command Hospital]] and there are specialised hospitals like the Army Institute of Cardio-Thoracic Sciences (AICTS) and Artificial Limb Centre, both of which are located at [[Pune]]. At the apex is the [[Army Hospital Research and Referral|Army Hospital (Research and Referral)]]. In addition, AMC also have 32 Station Health Organizations (SHO), 02 Army Medical Store Depots (AMSDs), 07 Forward Medical STore Depots (FMSDs) and 04 ARmed Forces Medical STore Depots (AFMSDs) <ref name="CAG"/>
[[File:Command Hospital Central Command.jpg|thumb|right|Main entry gate to Command Hospital (Central Command) of Indian Army, Lucknow.]]

==Training==
The AMC Centre and College is located in [[Lucknow]], where are new recruits and officers are trained. It also house the AMC records.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/amc-lucknowgets-a-new-commandant/articleshow/96214017.cms|title=AMC Lucknow gets a new Commandant|date=2022-12-14|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> Medical officers are inducted either from the [[Armed Forces Medical College]], Pune after training or from other medical colleges, based on available vacancies.<ref name="statesman"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/armed-forces-medical-college-afmc-in-pune-to-become-institute-of-national-importance-celebrates-platinum-jubilee-with-medical-professionals-101683045561753.html|title=AFMC expected to get Institute of National Importance tag: DGAFMS|date=2023-05-02|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref> The Armed Forces Medical College, Pune (AFMC), which was established in 1948 is the premier training institution of the AFMS. It provides undergraduate, postgraduate & super-specialty training to AFMS, Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) & Friendly Foreign Countries Medical Officers. The College of Nursing at AFMC conducts a four-year degree course in Nursing. In addition, all Command Hospitals impart post graduate MD/MS training to the AFMS officers.<ref name="CAG"/>

==Journal==
The ''[[Medical Journal Armed Forces India]]'' is the official journal of the AMC. It was founded as the ''Journal of Indian Army Medical Corps'' in 1945.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://afmc.nic.in/Departments/MJAFI/mjafi-history.html|title=History of MJAFI|access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

== Combat operations==

The Army Medical Corps has seen combat and active operations in all operations and wars the Indian Army was involved, as part of combat formations or as hospitals apart from providing life-saving services in tertiary/referral hospitals around the country.<ref name="FPJ"/>

== Accolades & Stories ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 1992 - Colnect 164321 - 60th Parachuta Field Ambulance - 50th Anniversary.jpeg|thumb|right|60th Parachute Field Ambulance - 50th Anniversary Stamp (1992)]]

*The then President of India Dr [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] presented the [[President's Colour Award|Presidential Colours]] to the corps on its raising day on 3 April 1966.<ref name="BS"/>
*Captain [[John Alexander Sinton]] of the Indian Medical Service was awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] during [[World War I]] in Orah Ruins, [[Mesopotamia]] while serving with a Dogra battalion (presently a mechanized infantry battalion).<ref>{{London Gazette |issue= 29633 |supp= y |page=6191 |date= 21 June 1916 }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31340 |page=6085 |date=15 May 1919 }}</ref>
*60 Parachute Field Ambulance was the first medical unit to be raised for airborne operations and to provide medical cover to [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50 Indian Parachute Brigade]] in 1941, and was followed by 60 and 7 Parachute Field Ambulances, when the formation was increased to divisional strength. The unit under Lieutenant Colonel Davis saw action in Sangshak during [[World War II]] where it, along with the rest of the depleted-strength parachute brigade was virtually wiped out, but it gave XIV Army enough time to prepare Manipur and Imphal plains for defence. The unit, along with the medical officers of the two para battalions earned several gallantry awards.
*Captain S Gopalakrishnan of the Indian Army Medical Corps, attached to 3rd Battalion, [[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Gorkha Rifles]], was awarded the [[Military Cross]] in November 1944. Between 22 and 26 March, while the battalion was pinned down by Japanese troops and snipers on Mile 98.4 on the Tiddim Road, Capt Gopalakrishnan worked round the clock for four days providing medical assistance and relief to the wounded. He ended up saving nearly a hundred lives according to the Citation. He later retired as a Brigadier in the Indian Army.<ref>National Archive, Kew, London</ref>
*Major (later Lieutenant General) Anil Krishna Barat was awarded the [[Maha Vir Chakra]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. He worked with the utmost professionalism and saved the lives of troops under intense enemy fire in Naushera sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1185|title=Major Anil Krishna Barat|access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref>
*The first Indian paratrooper was a medical officer, Lieutenant (later Colonel) AG Rangaraj of 152 Indian Parachute Battalion. He later commanded 60 Indian Parachute Field Ambulance in Korea ([[Operation Tomahawk]]) and was awarded Maha Vir Chakra, the second highest gallantry award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/open-page/the-doctor-heroes-of-war/article17529390.ece|title=The doctor-heroes of war|date=2017-03-19|access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> During the same operations, Major Nirode Baran Banerjea was also awarded the Maha Vir Chakra.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/1193|title=Major Nirode Baran Banerjea|access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref> Major V Rangaswamy, Captain NC Das and Naik Ratan Singh received the [[Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/assets/wars/2.pdf|title=PEACEKEEPING MISSION FOR THE KOREAN CRISES|access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiandefencereview.com/indian-armys-60-field-ambulance-saviours-in-service-of-humanity/|title=Indian Army’s 60 Field Ambulance: Saviours in service of humanity|date=2023-03-04|access-date=2023-11-04}}</ref>
*Captain Devashish Sharma was awarded the Kirti Chakra posthumously for his valour during counter terrorist operations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in 1994.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/3311|title=Captain Devashish Sharma|access-date=2023-11-05}}</ref>
*Major [[Laishram Jyotin Singh]] awarded [[Ashoka Chakra (military decoration)|Ashok Chakra]], the highest peacetime gallantry award on 26 January 2011. Laishram Singh was born in 1972 in Manipur, India. He was commissioned in the Army Medical Corps in 2003, and was posted with the Indian Embassy in Kabul in 2010. Just thirteen days after his posting, a suicide bomber attacked the guarded residential compound where he was staying. Major Singh confronted the terrorist unarmed and forced him to detonate his vest, which resulted in his death. He was awarded the Ashok Chakra for ''"his act of exemplary courage, grit, selflessness and valour in the face of a terrorist attack, resulting in his sacrifice and saving 10 of his colleagues"''.
[[File:Armoured Ambulance Tracked Vehicle passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2013, in New Delhi on January 23, 2013.jpg|thumb|305x305px| Armoured Ambulance Tracked Vehicle of 333 Field Ambulance passes through the Rajpath during the full dress rehearsal for the Republic Day Parade-2013|alt=|right]]

==Notable gallantry award winners ==
* Maj [[Laishram Jyotin Singh]] (Posthumous) - Ashok Chakra 2010
* Lt Col [[A. G. Rangaraj|Arcot Govindaraj Rangaraj]] - [[Maha Vir Chakra]] 1951
* Capt Anshuman Singh (Posthumous)-Kirti Chakra 2024

==See also==
*[[Command Hospital]]
*[[List of Armed Forces Hospitals In India]]
*[[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]

==Further reading==
*Lt. Gen. [[Daya Ram Thapar|D.R. Thapar]], The Morale Builders: Forty Years with the Military Medical Services of India. London: Asia Publishing House 1965. 343 pp. {{ISBN|978-021022603-2}}
*Col. A. Ghosh, History of the Armed Forces Medical Services: India. Sangam Books: 1988. 349 pp. {{ISBN|978-086131836-0}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian_Army_Arms_and_Services}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}

==External links==
Official site [https://indianarmy.nic.in/about/about-us-site-main/army-medical-corps-arms-services]

[[Category:Administrative corps of the Indian Army]]
[[Category:Army medical administrative corps]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1943]]
[[Category:1943 establishments in India]]

2004 Kumbakonam School fire

2026-02-28T21:15:15Z

Josefa1802: Added a details

{{Short description|Fire in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox news event
| title = Kumbakonam School fire
| image = Kumbakonam school fire1.jpg
| image_name = Image of Krishna School - the accident spot
| image_size =
| caption = The school after the fire with the pictures of the deceased children
| date = {{Start date|2004|07|16|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Chronology of major fire accidents|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2531606241.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610085953/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2531606241.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 June 2014|work=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi, India|date=9 December 2011|accessdate=30 November 2013|via=HighBeam}}</ref>
| time =
| place = [[Kumbakonam]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|58|12|N|79|25|12|E|type:event_region:IN-04|display=inline,title}}
| also known as =
| cause = [[Structure fire|Fire]]
| participants =
| outcome =
| reported injuries =
| reported death(s) = 94
| reported missing =
| reported property damage =
| burial =
| inquiries =
| inquest =
| coroner =
| suspects =
| charges = 21
| verdict = 1 (life imprisonment), 8 (five years jail), 1 (two years jail)
| convictions = 10
| litigation =
}}
The '''2004 Kumbakonam school fire''' happened in a school in [[Kumbakonam]] in the [[Thanjavur district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. On 16 July 2004, 94 students from the Krishna English Medium School's primary section were killed after the school's thatched roof caught fire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/news/2004/jul/16tn.htm |title=83 children killed in school fire in Kumbakonam |work=Rediff.com|date=17 July 2004|accessdate=30 November 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/17/stories/2004071707570100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040718032139/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/17/stories/2004071707570100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 July 2004|title=87 children die in school fire|date=17 July 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=30 November 2013 }}</ref> The accident was one of the four most significant fire accidents, the most significant school accident in the history of Tamil Nadu, and the second-largest school fire in India in terms of casualties after the [[Dabwali fire accident]].

A committee set up under retired Judge Sampath found out that the heavy casualties were due to the management's tactics to admit extra students to a primary school in order to mislead the authorities about the student-teacher ratio. The Chief Minister, who visited the site, ordered the withdrawal of the recognition of the three schools, prosecution of the school authorities and the correspondent, and the suspension of the Chief Educational Officer, the District Elementary Educational Officer, and the Assistant Elementary Educational Officer of the Thanjavur school district.

A compensation of {{INR}} 100,000 was provided to the next of the kin of the deceased, {{INR}} 25,000 to the severely injured, and {{INR}} 10,000 to other injured victims from the Chief Minister’s Public Relief Fund. The district administration arranged another primary school in Natham village and accommodated 46 students under the government's Educational Guarantee Scheme.

After a long delay, a trial began on 24 September 2012 in the Thanjavur district court. The case had 21 accused and 488 witnesses, including 18 children who survived the fire. The headmaster Prabharan and three others were charged in the case, along with Pulavar Palanichamy, his wife and correspondent of the school Saraswati, three teachers, six officers of the Elementary Education Department, the Kumbakonam Municipal Commissioner, the town planning officer, and four assistants of the education department. On 30 July 2014, the court sentenced the school founder Pulavar Palanichamy to life imprisonment and fined him {{INR}}5,165,700. Eight others, including school staff and officials from Kumbakonam and the state education department, were sentenced to five years imprisonment, and another to two years imprisonment. Eleven of those accused, including three teachers, were acquitted.

==Background==
There were three schools, namely, Sri Krishna Aided Primary School, Saraswathy Nursery and Primary School, and Sri Krishna Girls High School, operating in the same building in Kasiraman street in [[Kumbakonam]], a town in the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The school was located amidst residential buildings, {{convert|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} away from the main road.<ref name="report103">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], p. 103</ref> The school had a small gate {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide, immediately beyond which the classrooms were located. The classrooms did not have any partition, and there was a stage at the end of the classroom. On the northwest side of the stage were the noon meal kitchen and a cycle stand, both of which were thatched structures.<ref name="report107">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], p. 107</ref> The northern wing in the ground floor accommodated the Saraswathy Nursery and Primary School, which had six classes, one each for LKG (Lower [[Kindergarten]]), UKG (Upper Kindergarten), I, II, IV, and V. There was another entrance to the school on the eastern side.

The buildings in the nursery and primary schools had no ventilation. Near the eastern entrance, there was a narrow staircase {{convert|4.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} wide leading to the first floor of the building. The layout of the first floor was similar to the ground floor, where classes had no separation, and the exit was through a narrow collapsible door. The lower end of the class on the western side was connected to the noon meal kitchen thatched roof and the cycle stand roof, where the accident occurred. The Sri Krishna Girls High School had 179, Sri Krishna Aided Primary School had 477, and Saraswathy Nursery and Primary School had 126 students in their roles, totaling 782 students in the three schools. The second floor measured {{convert|62.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} * {{convert|13|ft|m|abbr=on}} and had classes for standards VI, VII, VIII, and IX of the girl's high school. The third floor had an open terrace having a water tank.<ref name="report111">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], p. 111-114</ref>

==Accident==
On 16 July 2004, a fire broke out, with the school's thatched roof structure catching fire initially. The school started at 9:15 a.m., and during one of the breaks at 10:30 a.m., one of the girl students noticed the fire and alerted the teacher, and the news spread to other classes.<ref name="report115">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], p. 115</ref> The fire sparked from the midday meal kitchen thatch and spread to the upper level, which also had a thatched roof and spread rapidly. The narrow staircase had sundry material that prevented the exit of children. The staircase was also located close to the kitchen. The kitchen used fire logs for cooking unlike other schools, which had gas stoves. The school was overcrowded, having 900 children enrolled.<ref name="report115"/><ref name="Teets103">[[#Teets|Teets 2007]], p. 103-4</ref><ref>[[#Ramaswamy|Ramaswamy 2007]], p. 67</ref> The thatch and the supporting bamboo poles caught fire, fell on the children, and also blocked the exit.

The fire service was informed at 11 a.m., and the personnel arrived in a few minutes. But since they were unprepared for such a large-scale fire, the rescue services were not effective. The locals also helped by breaking the concrete window.<ref name="report115" /> The injured children were admitted to the Government hospital in Kumbakonam and some of them later got shifted to [[Thanjavur Medical College]] hospital.

== Victims ==
The deceased children were taken to the government hospital for postmortem. By the end of the day of the accident, 76 children were reported killed, and their bodies had been handed over to their families by the district administration. The Collector of the district administration arranged for temporary wards in the Government hospital for the parents to identify their children. The digging of graves for 56 bodies went on until 2 a.m. the next morning, with the help of additional diggers arranged by the district administration.

On 16 July, additional doctors arrived from [[Kilpauk Medical College]], JIPMER Medical College Hospital, C.M.C., [[Vellore]], [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], and [[Coimbatore]] to treat the injured. The casualty increased to 90, 89 of whom were identified and handed over to the parents. Some of the injured were shifted to private hospitals in [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madurai]], and [[Chennai]] as requested by the parents. There were 65 who were still undergoing treatment on 16 July, although four of them later died, increasing the total death toll to 94.<ref name="report116" />

== Aftermath ==
{{quote box
| border=2px
| align=right
| bgcolor = Cornsilk
|width = 30%
| title=Prayer for departed children of Kumbakonam
| halign=center
| quote=<poem>
"Oh dear little ones! Oh dear little ones!
For you, parents had glorious dream!
And You were all immersed in your own dreams
Yet, Agni engulfed you and all those dreams
Taking you to Almighty's divine presence
Usually, departed old parents and buried by sons
Whereas, Kumbakonam, saw a sad scene!
Crying parents burying their little ones!!
Oh Almighty! show your grace on those little ones
And keep them in Thy holiest presence!!
Oh Almighty! bless those parents wailing in grief
To have the strength to bear this great loss
May Thy compassion and grace pervade all souls
And bring down the pain and wipe away the tears
Oh Almighty! show your grace on those little ones"
</poem>
| salign=right
|source= ~ [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam]], ''Prayer for departed children of Kumbakonam'', 2004<ref>{{cite web|title=Prayer for departed children of Kumbakonam|url=http://www.abdulkalam.nic.in/prayer_departed_child.html|publisher=National Informatics Centre|last=Kalam|first=A.P.J. Abdul|year=2004|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>
}}
The accident was one of the four major fire accidents in the state following the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple fire]] on 7 June 1997, when 60 people were killed, [[Erwadi fire incident]] on 6 August 2001 that killed 30 mentally challenged people and [[Srirangam marriage hall fire|fire at a marriage hall]] on 23 January 2004 at [[Srirangam]] where 30 people including the bridegroom were killed.<ref name="Teets103"/> The accident was the second in terms of casualties for fire accidents in schools after the one in 1995 in Dabwali, Mandi in [[Sirsa district|Sirsa District]] of the Haryana State, where 400 people were killed in a school fire during a prize distribution ceremony of the DAV Public School. It was the largest school accident in Tamil Nadu, followed by a private school building collapse in Madurai during the 1950s that killed 35 girls and injured 137 others.<ref name="Walsh51"/> The accident raised several questions on the Tamil Nadu Educational Department on the safety rule implementation, training of school teachers in civil defense, and enforcement of rules imparting education.<ref>[[#B.K.|B.K. 2005]], p. 190</ref>

The Chief Minister who visited the site ordered the withdrawal of recognition of the three schools, prosecution of the school authorities and the correspondent, Suspension of the Chief Educational Officer, the District Elementary Educational Officer, and the Assistant Elementary Educational Officer of Thanjur school district. A compensation of {{INR}} one lakh was provided to the relatives of the deceased, {{INR}}25,000 to the severely injured and {{INR}} 10,000 to other injured from the Chief Minister’s Public Relief Fund. Counseling sessions were arranged for the children affected by the trauma and arrangements were made to facilitate the surviving children to join other schools. A central minister also visited the site on behalf of the [[Prime Minister of India]]. The relief announced by the state and central government were disbursed on 17 July 2004. The district administration arranged a primary school in Natham village and accommodated 46 students under the Educational Guarantee Scheme of the government.<ref name="report116">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], p. 116-117</ref>

Yadava College constructed a park in memory of the 94 children by planting 94 saplings and termed in Kumbakonam Park in an idea to create environmental awareness among future generations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Park in memory of Kumbakonam fire victims|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/24/stories/2004082416370300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041114170636/http://www.hindu.com/2004/08/24/stories/2004082416370300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 November 2004|date=23 August 2004|location=Madurai|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>
The state government constructed a memorial park near Palakarai, the Cauvery bridge, in Kumbakonam in memory of the lost lives. The park was opened by the then Deputy Chief Minister, [[M.K. Stalin]] on 6 June 2010. The park was constructed at a cost of {{INR}} 19 lakh, housing children's amusement equipment in an area of {{convert|7300|sqft|sqm|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stalin inaugurates children's park|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/stalin-inaugurates-childrens-park/article448420.ece|work=The Hindu|date=7 June 2010|location=Kumbakonam|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref> The government allotted housing plots to 59 homeless parents of the deceased of the total 89. A charitable trust named Amritha helped construct houses in the plots and the colony was named Amrithapuram. In 2012, 25 families of the victims constructed an Amritha Vinayagar temple on the premises in memory of the lost lives. The temple was consecrated on 21 June 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Parents construct temple for Kumbakonam fire victims|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/madurai/32268766_1_kumbakonam-fire-victims-fire-accident|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227073802/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-16/madurai/32268766_1_kumbakonam-fire-victims-fire-accident|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 December 2013|date=16 June 2012|location=Kumbakonam|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

The state government constructed a memorial park near Palakarai, Kumbakonam, in memory of the lost lives, which opened on 6 June 2010. The government also allotted housing plots to 59 homeless parents of the 89 deceased students.

==Investigation==
The Tamil Nadu state government deputed a committee under Justice K. Sampath on 20 July 2004 to inquire into the circumstances and causes of the fire accident. The committee assumed office on 1 August 2004 and was constituted with expert members Dr. Rani Kandhaswami (Former Principal, Lady Willington Institute of Advanced Studies in Education, Chennai), S.K. Saxena (Fire Officer, Madras Atomic Power Station, Kalpakkam), K. Vijayan (Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Mental Health, Chennai) and P.A. Annamalai (retired Head Master).<ref name="report1">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], pp. 1-2</ref>

The committee was given a timeline of four months but the timeline was extended four times; the investigation was completed on 30 June 2005. The investigations revealed that the school had not been inspected by the Education Department officials for three years. The fire officials reported that the building laws were not followed as the school had a thatched kitchen and classroom, had no emergency exits and was a "death trap".<ref name="Walsh51">[[#Walsh|Walsh 2011]], pp. 51-52</ref><ref>[[#Banerjee|Banerjee 2006]], p. 298</ref> The schools had to follow minimum safety standards, the chapter IV on fire and safety of National Building Code of India 2005 and 14435:1997 states the code of practice of fire safety in educational institutions.<ref>[[#Walsh|Walsh 2011]], p. 57</ref> A public interest litigation was filed in the [[Supreme Court of India]] by Avinash Mehrotra quoting the accident and pleading protection of life and safety of school children across various other schools in India.<ref name="Walsh51"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Avinash Mehrotra vs Union Of India & Ors. on 13 April, 2009|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/232115/|publisher=Indian Kanoon|last=D.|first=Bhandari|date=13 April 2009|accessdate=30 November 2013}}</ref>

The school teachers were not trained properly to handle the situation. The investigation revealed that the role of teachers was highly questionable. One view held that most of them found ways to escape themselves rather than saving the children as many came out unscathed. Some of the student eyewitnesses revealed that the teachers asked them to remain in the classes. However, some hold that the teachers tried their best to rescue the children and some of them asked the children to stay in the classes as they thought the fire was just the regular smoke from the kitchen.<ref name="Teets103"/><ref name="report116"/>

[[File:Kumbakonam fire accident 1.jpg|thumb|Kumbakonam school fire memorial located near Kaveri bridge|300px|left]]
The committee found that the major reason for the heavy casualty was the false tactics of the management to bring the other two school students to the aided primary school to mislead the inspecting authorities about the student-teacher ratio. The management was held responsible for the whole accident. The report pointed out that the teachers were not trained in disaster management and the prohibited thatch structure was close to the classrooms. It also stated that the schools had inadequate exit facilities and had no firefighting capabilities. Pulavar Palanichamy, the owner of the schools, was reported to have used his political clout and coalesced with the municipal and the revenue department officials for getting the permits for the schools. Vijayalakshmi, the noon meal organizer and teacher of the English Medium School, was held accountable for not performing her duties of taking safety precautions.

Vasanthi, the head cook, lit the oven in the absence of her assistant, Sivasankari, who usually lights it. There were contrasting reports on whether Sivasankari was present in the school during the event. The [[Tehsildar|tahsildar]] of [[Kumbakonam Taluk]], Paramasivam, was reported "dishonest" for granting a license under the Tamil Nadu Public Buildings (Licensing) Act, 1965 to the school. The chartered engineer Jayachandran was also held dishonest of giving stability certificate to the building without visiting the school once. The additional assistant educational officer, Madhavan for allowing the school to run without recognition for 6 years. Sivaprakasam, the assistant elementary education officer, was held accountable for allowing Madhavan, who was not competent to allow a permit to the school. Balaji, the deputy education elementary officer was accused of carelessly passing the papers signed by Madhavan. The local health officer Dr. Sivapunyam was accused of giving a false sanitary certificate to the school. Annadurai, a friend of Pulavar Palanichamy was accounted for advising circumvention of rules. Pingapani, the deputy educational officer, who inspected the high school, did not show interest in learning that the same campus had a primary school acting beyond rules. The other officers who were earlier responsible for permitting the nursery school against the rules during 1999, namely, Shanmughavelu, Sethuramachandran, Chandrasekharan, and Dr. Palanivelu. The Deputy elementary educational officer, Durairaj, and assistant elementary educational officer, Balakrishnan, were held less culpable for knowing about the thatched structure and the exaggerated attendance, but not initiating any action.<ref name="report133">[[#report|Inquiry Commission report 2005]], p. 133-138</ref>

== Legal ==
The case trial started after a long delay on 24 September 2012 in the Thanjavur district sessions court. The case had 21 accused and had 488 witnesses that included 18 children affected in the accident. The headmaster, Prabharan, and three others turned approvers. There was a petition filed in the court to include the then collector of the district, J Radhakrishnan, and three others in the case, but it was dismissed. A total of 17 people were charge-sheeted in the case and were set to face trial. The seventeen included Pulavar Palanichamy, his wife and correspondent of school Saraswati, three teachers, six officers in the education department (elementary), the Kumbakonam municipal commissioner, town planning officer, and four assistants in the education department.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 October 2012 |title=Student deposes in Kumbakonam school fire case |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Student-deposes-in-Kumbakonam-school-fire-case/articleshow/16678357.cms |url-status=live |access-date=30 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227071443/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-05/madurai/34278377_1_fire-case-fire-accident-kumbakonam-school-fire |archive-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

The education department officials were accused of negligence in their duties and the lower level officers for colluding with the officials to obtain and renew the licenses. The three teachers were accused of showing negligence in rescuing the children. Pulavar Palanichamy, Saraswati, and the three teachers filed petitions in the lower court to discharge them from the case. Their plea was dismissed both in the lower court and Madras High Court on 14 July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2012 |title=HC dismissed discharge plea of 17 accused in school fire case |newspaper=The Hindustan Times |location=Madurai |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kumbakonam-school-fire-case-hc-dismisses-discharge-pleas-of-17-accused/article1-888798.aspx |url-status=dead |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131225221539/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kumbakonam-school-fire-case-hc-dismisses-discharge-pleas-of-17-accused/article1-888798.aspx |archive-date=25 December 2013}}</ref>

===Verdict===
The trial was concluded on 17 July 2014. On 30 July 2014, Thanjavur district session court sentenced school founder Pulavar Palanichamy to life imprisonment and fined {{INRConvert|5165700}}. Palanichamy's wife and school correspondent P Saraswathi, headmistress J Santhalakshmi, noon meal organizer R Vijayalakshmi, cook R Vasanthi were sentenced to five years imprisonment. Officials in the district elementary education office, officer R Balaji, his assistant S Sivaprakasam, superintendent T Thandavan, and assistant G Durairaj were also sentenced to five years in jail. Total fine of {{INRConvert|5257000}} was imposed and ordered the compensation of {{INRConvert|50000}} to parents of each victim.<ref name=th>{{cite news|title=School head gets life term in Kumbakonam tragedy, 10 convicted|date=30 July 2014|first=R.|last=Rajaram|work=The Hindu|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ten-convicted-in-kumbakonam-school-fire-case/article6263457.ece/|accessdate=31 July 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140805224535/http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ten-convicted-in-kumbakonam-school-fire-case/article6263457.ece/|archive-date=5 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=toia>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kumbakonam-fire-tragedy-School-founder-wife-and-eight-others-sentenced-to-jail/articleshow/39290360.cms|title=Kumbakonam fire tragedy: School founder, wife and eight others sentenced to jail|first=R|last=Gokul|date=30 July 2014|place=Thanjavur|access-date =31 July 2014}}</ref>

The chartered engineer, B Jayachandran was sentenced to two years of jail time and a fine of {{INRConvert|50000}} but later the court suspended his punishment. The court cleared charges of other eleven accused, including three teachers, six education department officials, and two municipality officers.<ref name=th/><ref name=toia/>

The bench of Madras High Court in Madurai allowed the appeal filed by the state government against the release of 11 accused in the case on 13 September 2014. The eleven who were acquitted by the Principal District Court were B. Palaniswamy, the District Elementary Educational Officer, R. Narayanaswamy, the District Educational Officer, J. Radhakrishnan, the Assistant Elementary Educational Officer, V. Balasubramanian, the Assistant Elementary Educational Officer (Nursery), K. Balakrishnan and G. Madhavan, Additional Assistant Elementary Educational Officers, P. Devi, R. Mahalakshmi, and T. Anthoniammal, the teachers of the school, R. Sathiyamoorthy, the then Kumbakonam Municipal Commissioner and K. Murugan, the Town Planning Officer.<ref>{{cite news|title=State files appeal in Kumbakonam fire case|work=The Hindu|location=Madurai|date=13 September 2014|last=S.|first=Mohamed Imranullah}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mahamaham Stampede]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|20em}}
*{{cite book|title=All You Wanted To Know About Disasters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GwGlBIJyNoIC&q=kumbakonam+school+fire&pg=PA189|last=B.K.|first=Khanna|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=9788189422134|year=2005|ref=B.K.}}
*{{cite book|title=Profitable Management for the Subcontractor|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDImGr74HIIC&q=kumbakonam+school+fire&pg=PA103|last=Teets|first=Robert L. |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-0-07-063387-2|year=2007|location=New Delhi|ref=Teets}}
*{{cite book|title=Supreme Court on Children|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uOYDBdA9ueoC&q=kumbakonam+school+fire&pg=PA51|last=Walsh|first=Vincent|ref=Walsh|publisher=Socio Legal Information Cent|year=2011|isbn=9788189479725}}
*{{cite book|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4q0DHGMcjEC&q=kumbakonam+school+fire&pg=PA67|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya| date=22 May 2007 |publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6445-0|ref=Ramaswamy}}
*{{cite book|title=Understanding Poverty|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=orUKBRD8Sj4C&q=kumbakonam+school+fire&pg=PA298|first1=Abhijit Vinayak|last1= Banerjee|first2=Roland|last2= Benabou|first3=Dilip|last3= Mookherjee|ref=Banerjee|year=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988545-9}}
*{{cite report|title=Justice K. Sampath Inquiry Commission report on Krishna School Fire|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/Inquiry_Commission/part1_1to139.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607014639/http://www.tn.gov.in/schooleducation/Inquiry_Commission/part1_1to139.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 June 2011|date=30 June 2005|first=K.|last=Sampath|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|ref=report}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Kumbakonam Topics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumbakonam School fire}}
[[Category:2004 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in India]]
[[Category:2000s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Disasters in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:School fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2004 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:Kumbakonam]]
[[Category:Crime in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in India]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses in 2004]]
[[Category:Building and structure collapses caused by fire]]
[[Category:July 2004 in India]]

Ludhiana West Assembly constituency

2026-02-22T05:13:22Z

Josefa1802: expanded content also and improved wording after review

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ludhiana West
| map_image = 64-Ludhiana West.svg
| mla = [[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
| party = {{Party index link|Aam Aadmi Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 elections in India#Punjab|2025]]
| state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| district = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ludhiana (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ludhiana]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Arora Sanjeev.jpg
| electors = {{formatnum:182455}}<ref name="electorate2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceopunjab.gov.in/DownLoadDocument?t=2294&l=En&q=election |title=Voter Turnout Report - General Elections to Punjab Vidhan Sabha, 2022 |publisher=Chief Election Officer, Punjab |access-date=13 March 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 64
}}
'''Ludhiana West Assembly constituency''' is one of the 117 [[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/lpac.aspx |title=List of Parliamentary Constituencies and Assembly Constituencies in the State of Punjab as determined by the delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituency notification dated 19th June, 2006 |author=Chief Electoral Officer – Punjab |date=19 June 2006 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |title=List of Punjab Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=19 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423033326/http://ceopunjab.nic.in/english/Elections/SE/List%20Of%20AC%20Name.pdf |archivedate=23 April 2016 }}</ref> It is part of [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|2007
|Harish Rai Dhanda
|{{Full party name with colour|Shiromani Akali Dal}}
|-
|2012
| rowspan=2|[[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2017
|-
|2022
|[[Gurpreet Gogi]]
|{{Full party name with color | Aam Aadmi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2025^
|[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]
|-
|}

^By-election
== Election results ==
===2025 By-Poll===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 elections in India#Punjab|2025 By-election]]: Ludhiana West<ref name="Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal’s Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Assembly bypoll results highlights: Congress wins Nilambur; AAP wins a seat each in Gujarat, Punjab; Trinamool bags Bengal’s Kaliganj; BJP retains Kadi in Gujarat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |access-date=23 June 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=23 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250623125254/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-results-nilambur-ludhiana-kaliganj-visavadar-kadi-live-updates-june-23-2025/article69726381.ece |archive-date=23 June 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=[[Sanjeev Arora (politician)|Sanjeev Arora]]|votes=35,179|percentage=39.01|change={{increase}}4.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]|votes=24,542|percentage=27.22|change={{decrease}}1.08}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Jiwan Gupta|votes=20,323|percentage=22.53|change={{decrease}}1.67}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiromani Akali Dal|candidate=Parupkar Singh Ghumman|votes=8,203|percentage=9.09|change={{increase}}0.39}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Nota|candidate=None of the Above|votes=793|percentage=0.88|change={{increase}}0.28}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,637|percentage=11.80|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=90,160|percentage=51.33|change={{decrease}}12.96}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:182545}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2022]]: Ludhiana West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = [[Gurpreet Gogi|Gurpreet Singh Gogi]]
|votes = 40,443
|percentage = 34.80
|change = {{increase}}10.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]
|votes = 32,931
|percentage = 28.30
|change = {{decrease}}26.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bikram Singh Sidhu
|votes = 28,107
|percentage = 24.20
|change = {{increase}}5.57
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiromani Akali Dal
|candidate = Maheshindar Singh Grewal
|votes = 10,072
|percentage = 8.70
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = 1,173
|percentage = 0.60
|change = {{decrease}}0.28
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,512
|percentage = 6.40
|change = {{decrease}}23.4
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,17,360
|percentage = 64.29
|change = {{decrease}}5.08
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:182545}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Aam Aadmi Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Ludhiana West<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3614-punjab-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Punjab General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Bharat Bhushan Ashu]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:66627}}
|percentage = 54.86
|change = {{decrease}}7.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ahbaab Singh Grewal
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 30,106
|percentage = 24.79
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kamal Chatly
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:22620}}
|percentage = 18.63
|change = {{decrease}}11.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:1066}}
|percentage = 0.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:36521}}
|percentage = 29.81
|change = {{decrease}}2.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:122721}}
|percentage = 69.37
|change = {{decrease}}0.33
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:176915}}
|ref=<ref name=electors2017>{{cite web |url=http://ceopunjab.nic.in/English/Elections/SE/VS2017/D03-Electors%20and%20Polling%20Stations%20VS%202017.pdf |title=Electors and Polling Stations - VS 2017 |author=Chief Electoral Officer - Punjab |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2012 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|Punjab Assembly election, 2017]]: Ludhiana West}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharat Bhushan Ashu
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:69125}}
|percentage = 62.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajinder Bhandari
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:33203}}
|percentage = 30.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dharampaul Maur
|party = CPI
|votes = {{formatnum:5264}}
|percentage = 4.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:35922}}
|percentage = 32.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:110061}}
|percentage = 69.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:157934}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiromani Akali Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Opinion Polls ==

=== Pre Poll ===

==== Punjab Assembly By Election (2025) - Ludhiana West ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
|
|
|
|
|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
!INC
!AAP
!SAD
!BJP
!Others
|-
|17 June 2025
|People's Insight
|22.81%
|'''39.23%'''
|9.65%
|20.96%
|7.35%
|'''16.42%'''
|}

=== Exit Poll ===

==== Punjab Assembly By Election (2025) - Ludhiana West ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Date published
! rowspan="2" |Polling agency
|
|
|
|
|
! rowspan="2" |Lead
|-
!INC
!AAP
!SAD
!BJP
!Others
|-
|19 June 2025
|People's Insight
|23.52%
|'''39.8%'''
|7.91%
|20.45%
|8.32%
|'''16.28%'''
|}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Ludhiana district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Punjab Assembly Election results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/86-punjab/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Punjab}}
{{coord|30.9|75.79|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]
[[Category:Ludhiana]]
[[Category:Politics of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Punjab, India]]

Sahajarasar

2026-02-18T18:59:46Z

Josefa1802: started initial entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sahajarasar
| official_name = सहजरासर
| settlement_type = Village
| image_map =
| subdivision_type = Country
| population_total = 3983
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| postal_code = 334602
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| coordinates = {{coord|28.34|N|73.74|E|display=inline,title}}
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Lunkaransar]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| blank1_name_sec1 = Households
| blank1_info_sec1 = 815
| subdivision_type4 = Gram Panchayat
| subdivision_name4 = Sahajarasar
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Literacy rate
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| demographics1_info1 = 44.39%
| established_title = 
| area_total_ha = 6793.4
}}
'''Sahajarasar''' is a village located in Lunkaransar Tehsil of [[Bikaner district]], [[Rajasthan]], India, with a total of 815 families residing. The village of Sahajrasar is divided in two parts, the first one being Sahajrasar and the second one being Sahajrasar Bas. The village recently became a topic of discussion, when a sudden land subsidence created a 50 feet deep crater.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-16 |title=आधी रात को अचानक धंसने लगी जमीन, 70 फीट गहराई तक चली गई, सहम गया पूरा गांव |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/rajasthan/bikaner-suddenly-land-started-sinking-in-bikaner-at-midnight-within-few-minutes-it-went-50-feet-deep-entire-village-horrified-to-see-it-8242576.html |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इस गांव में सुबह उठे तो लोगों के उड़ गए होश, सड़क से पेड़ तक जमीन में समा चुके थे... |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/state/rajasthan/villagers-scared-of-shocking-incident-in-bikaner-kpr/articleshow-ihlfqc6 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=हैरतअंगेज: लूणकरणसर की जमीन में समाया डेढ़ बीघा खेत, 40 फीट गहरे विशाल गड्ढे की जांच में जुटे भू-गर्भ विशेषज्ञ |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/bikaner/bikaner-a-huge-40-feet-deep-pit-formed-in-the-ground-overnight-in-lunkaransar-village-2024-04-16 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
Sahajarasar village has population of 3983 of which 2098 are males while 1885 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Bikaner district}}
[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

Mira Rajput Kapoor

2026-02-07T03:49:55Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman and entrepreneur}}

{{Notability|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mira Rajput Kapoor
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|09|07|df=y}}
| birth_name = Mira Rajput
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Business woman, entrepreneur
| spouse = [[Shahid Kapoor]] (m.2015)
| children = 2
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Mira Rajput Kapoor''' is an Indian [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] and [[Women in business|businesswoman]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Monica |title=Mira Rajput turns 31: A look at her inspiring journey from homemaker to successful entrepreneur |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-mira-rajput-turns-31-a-look-at-her-inspiring-journey-from-homemaker-to-successful-entrepreneur-3179169 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khandelwal |first=Heena |date=2025-06-05 |title=Mira Kapoor shares the story behind Dhun, her luxury wellness retreat in Bandra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mira-kapoor-luxury-wellness-sanctuary-mumbai-bandra-10047562/ |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahuja |first=Sanigdha |title=The Rebranding of Mira Rajput Kapoor |url=https://www.thevoiceoffashion.com/centrestage/features/the-rebranding-of-mira-rajput-kapoor-6014 |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=www.thevoiceoffashion.com |language=en}}</ref> Mira is the co-founder of the skincare brand Akind and the founder of Dhun, a luxury wellness sanctuary in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shankar |first=Ananya |title=Can Beauty Be Simple? Mira Rajput Kapoor Thinks So |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/interviews/can-beauty-be-simple-mira-rajput-kapoor-thinks-so |access-date=2025-10-25 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=World, Meet Mira Rajput's New Skincare Line, Akind |url=https://www.ndtv.com/lifestyle/world-meet-mira-rajputs-new-vegan-skincare-line-akind-5873399 |access-date=25 October 2025 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Rodgers |first=Barry |date=2025-05-29 |title=Dhun, a new wellness centre in Mumbai wants to rewrite the urban reset |url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/dhun-a-new-wellness-centre-in-mumbai-wants-to-rewrite-the-urban-reset/article69628703.ece |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Mira Rajput Kapoor was born in [[Delhi]] into a Punjabi family.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2015-07-07 |title=#ShahidKiShaadi: Who is Mira Rajput, Shahid's wife? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/who-is-mira-rajput-shahid-kapoors-bride-to-be-shahidkishaadi-lesser-known-facts-281071-2015-07-07 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> She completed her schooling at Vasant Valley School, New Delhi, and graduated from [[Lady Shri Ram College|Lady Shri Ram College for Women]] with an English Honours degree.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shahid Kapoor to marry Delhi college girl Mira Rajput?|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shahid-kapoor-to-marry-delhi-college-girl-mira-rajput/story-EnSZLzvySGDQ6rJIRkxrOO.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2015-03-23|access-date=2025-11-30|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
During her youth, Mira initially considered a career in medicine and completed internships, including one at a hospital and another in a pet-care company, where she gained early work experience.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-08-17 |title=Did you know Shahid Kapoor's wife Mira Rajput almost became a surgeon? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shahid-kapoor-wife-mira-rajput-surgeon-1029996-2017-08-17 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In June 2024, Mira co-founded Akind, a vegan, cruelty-free skincare brand in partnership with [[Reliance Retail]]'s Tira Beauty, led by Isha Ambani.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title=Mira Rajput Kapoor launches skincare brand Akind |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mira-rajput-kapoor-launches-skincare-brand-akind/cid/2026624 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215065403/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mira-rajput-kapoor-launches-skincare-brand-akind/cid/2026624 |archive-date=2025-02-15 |access-date=2025-10-26 |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The brand emphasizes simple, barrier-care focused formulations designed for Indian skin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sabhnani |first=Dhara Vora |date=2024-07-04 |title=Mira Kapoor wants to simplify your skincare routine |url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/style/mira-kapoor-akind-skincare-brand-tira-beauty-skin-barrier-isha-ambani-11718969675293.html |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
Mira actively participated in product development, aiming to create inclusive skincare solutions. The brand's tagline is “Your skin is one of a kind,” highlighting individuality.<ref name=":1" />

In May 2025, Mira launched Dhun, a luxury wellness sanctuary in Bandra, Mumbai.<ref name=":2" /> The 6,000 sq ft space combines ayurveda, traditional Chinese medicine, sound therapy, and other holistic treatments like cryotherapy and red-light therapy.<ref name=":2" />
Dhun reflects Mira's passion for music and sound healing and is positioned as a space for renewal and mindful self-care.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-01 |title=A sneak peek into Mira Kapoor's new wellness retreat in Bandra |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/a-sneak-peek-into-mira-kapoor-s-new-wellness-retreat-in-bandra-23556658 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mira married Bollywood actor [[Shahid Kapoor]] in 2015 in an arranged marriage facilitated through their families' connections with the [[Radha Soami Satsang Beas|Radha Soami Satsang Beas spiritual community]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaToday.in |date=2015-07-07 |title=Meet Mr and Mrs Kapoor: Shahid and Mira are finally married |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/shahid-and-mira-are-finally-married-meet-mr-and-mrs-kapoor-wedding-gurgaon-chhatarpur-details-281091-2015-07-07 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The couple have two children, daughter Misha (born 2016) and son Zain (born 2018).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mira Rajput On Husband Shahid "Spoiling" Their Kids Misha And Zain: "I Am The Bad Cop" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mira-rajput-on-husband-shahid-spoiling-their-kids-misha-and-zain-i-am-the-bad-cop-5931686 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424141052/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mira-rajput-on-husband-shahid-spoiling-their-kids-misha-and-zain-i-am-the-bad-cop-5931686 |archive-date=2025-04-24 |access-date=2025-10-26 |work=NDTV |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> Mira has spoken publicly about the challenges of marrying young, the balance of motherhood and career, and her role in parenting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanetkar |first=Riddhima |title=Meet star wife who got married at 20, became a mother at 21, called it 'isolating', felt jealous of single friends, has now co-founded..., her husband is.. |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-meet-star-wife-mira-rajput-who-got-married-at-20-became-mother-at-21-called-it-isolating-felt-jealous-of-single-friends-has-now-co-founded-akind-husband-shahid-kapoor-is-3149308 |access-date=2025-10-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Mira Rajput}}

[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bimal Mukherjee

2026-02-06T06:06:37Z

Josefa1802: made new data!

{{Short description|Indian explorer (1903–1987)}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bimal Mukherjee বিমল মুখার্জী
| image =
| image_size = 200
| birth_name = Bimal Mukherjee
| birth_date = 1903
| birth_place = [[Berhampur]], [[Ganjam|Ganjam district]]
| death_date = 1987
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| occupation = Explorer
}}

'''Bimal Mukherjee''' ({{langx|bn|বিমল মুখার্জী}}; 1903–1987) was the first Indian globe trotter to travel the entire world on a bicycle from the year 1926 to 1937.

==Career==
Mukherjee was born in [[Odisha]]. His ancestral house was at Pataldanga street, [[Calcutta|Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Du Chakai Duniya">Du Chakai Duniya, by Bimal Mukherjee, Swarnakshar Prakashani Private Limited, June 1987, {{ISBN|81-86891-16-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=প্রথম ভারতীয় ভূ-পর্যটক বিমল মুখোপাধ্যায় |url=https://www.jiyobangla.com/bn/news/bimal-mukherjee-the-first-indian-globetrotter-by-bicycle |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref> The world voyage started on bicycle from Town Hall, [[Calcutta]] on 12 December 1926 and halted at [[Chandannagar]] for the first night.<ref name="Du Chakai Duniya"/> He and his three friends Ashok Mukherjee, Ananda Mukherjee and Manindra Ghosh had crossed the [[Bohemia|Bohemian Alps]] in bicycles wearing flannel shirts and no woolen clothing in the month of December.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Remembering the forgotten real-life cycling globetrotters from Bengal |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/remembering-the-forgotten-real-life-cycling-globetrotters-from-bengal/cid/2035076 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426185104/https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/remembering-the-forgotten-real-life-cycling-globetrotters-from-bengal/cid/2035076 |archive-date=2025-04-26 |access-date=2025-07-02 |language=en}}</ref> They had kept warm by cycling vigorously and alternated keeping one hand in their pockets to prevent frostbite. When asked how they did the amazing feat. He had replied, ''"We are carrying the sun rays from India!"''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Du Chakai Duniya"/>

==Books==
He wrote the book ''[[Du Chakay Duniya]]'' about his experiences<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Sansad Bangali Charitavidhan (Bengali)|last=Vol - II|first=Anjali Basu|publisher=Sahitya Sansad|year=2004|isbn=81-86806-99-7|location=Kolkata|pages=222}}</ref> which was published in 1978.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bimal Mukherjee: A Bengali man's adventure around the world on a bicycle |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/reviews/bimal-mukherjee-a-bengali-mans-adventure-around-the-world-on-a-bicycle-1662809190 |access-date=2025-07-02 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ramnath Biswas]]
* [[Rajesh Chandrasekar]]
* [[Chandan Biswas]]
* [[Mae Carl Jemison]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Bimal}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Circumnavigators of the globe]]
[[Category:Indian explorers]]
[[Category:Indian male cyclists]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]

Dedh galli

2026-01-28T22:45:04Z

Josefa1802: made new stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Dedh galli''' also spelt Dedh gully is a street market in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/mumbais-big-secret-a-night-market-for-stolen-shoes-at-dedh-gully/16850198|title=Mumbai s big secret: A night market for stolen shoes at Dedh Gully|work=mid-day|access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://hindi.eenaduindia.com/Rainbow/TravelTalk/2016/05/24164444/secret-market-in-mumbai.vpf|title=रात के अंधेरों में सजती है मुंबई की ये 'सीक्रेट मार्केट'|work=Eenadu English Portal|access-date=2017-11-19|language=hi-in|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035703/http://hindi.eenaduindia.com/Rainbow/TravelTalk/2016/05/24164444/secret-market-in-mumbai.vpf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-PUN-HMU-know-interesting-facts-about-mumbai-secret-market-5667923-NOR.html|title=सुबह 4 बजे खुलता है ये सीक्रेट मार्केट, कौड़ियों के दाम मिलता है ब्रांडेड सामान|date=2017-08-11|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-11-19|language=hi}}</ref> It means one and a half alley. It has been described as one of Mumbai's three Chor Bazars or [[flea market]]s primarily for footwear.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/speak-up/report-how-not-to-get-minced-on-mutton-street-1046588|title=How not to get minced on Mutton Street {{!}} Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=2006-08-10|work=dna|access-date=2017-11-19|language=en-US}}</ref> It is located in the [[Kamathipura]] area of the city, behind Alexander cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newscrunch.in/2016/01/video-inside-dedh-gulli-market-in.html|title=Video: Inside Dedh Gulli market in Mumbai, where stolen shoes are sold - Mumbai’s best-kept secret|work=NewsCrunch|access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref> The market functions between 4 am to 8 am, on Friday and Sunday.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-MUM-OMC-mumbai-secret-market-in-dedh-galli-5227212-PHO.html|title=ये है मुंबई का सीक्रेट मार्केट, आधी से कम कीमत में मिलता है ब्रांडेड सामान|date=2016-01-19|work=dainikbhaskar|access-date=2017-11-19|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/health-lifestyle//articleshow/16006857.cms|title=Dedh Gully: An alternative shop! - Mumbai Mirror -|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2017-11-19}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

Commandant of the Air Force Academy (India)

2026-01-18T09:02:09Z

Josefa1802: added formatting additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Head of the Air Force Academy in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Commandant
| body = the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]]
| native_name =
| flag =
| flagsize =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Praveen Keshav Vohra]]
| incumbentsince = June 2025
| type =
| status =
| department =
| style =
| member_of =
| reports_to = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief]], [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]]
| residence =
| seat = [[Dundigal]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| nominator =
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| formation =
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| abbreviation =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = {{url|https://indianairforce.nic.in/air-force-academy/}}
}}
The '''Commandant of the Air Force Academy''' is the head and in-charge of all the functioning of the [[Air Force Academy (India)|Air Force Academy]] in India. The Commandant of the Academy is a [[Three-star rank]] officer holding the rank of [[Air marshal (India)|Air marshal]]. He is supported by the Deputy Commandant, a [[Two-star rank|Two star]] appointment, the Chief Instructor (Flying) ([[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] rank officer) and the Chief Ground Instructor ([[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] rank officer). The current Commandant is [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Praveen Keshav Vohra]].

==History==
The foundation stone of the Air Force Academy was laid by the then [[President of India]] [[Dr. Zakir Hussain]] on 11 October 1967. The academy was established in 1969 and started operations in 1971. The vision was to concentrate most of the ab-initio officer training of the Indian Air Force under one roof. [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]] J. D. Aquino, the commandant of the Air Force Flying College Jodhpur, was the first Commandant of the academy.<ref name="IAF website">{{cite web |title=Air Force Academy |url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/air-force-academy/ |website=Indian Air Force: Touch The Sky With Glory |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>

The appointment was held by an Air commodore till 1976, when it was upgraded to [[two-star rank]]. It was further upgraded to [[three-star rank]] in 2011.

==List of Commandants==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 500px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 160px;" | Appointment Date
! scope="col" style="width: 160px;" | Left Office
! scope="col" style="width: 700px;" | Notes
|-
| 1|| [[Air commodore (India)|Air commodore]] J. D. Aquino, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}|| 8 March 1970|| 28 June 1972|| First commandant.<ref name="IAF website" />
|-
| 2|| [[Air commodore (India)|Air commodore]] [[Lakshman Madhav Katre]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}|| 16 November 1972|| 26 December 1975|| Later [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Chief of the Air Staff]].
|-
| 3|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] H. R. Chitnis, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}}|| 5 January 1976 {{refn|Appointed as an [[Air commodore (India)|Air Commodore]], promoted to the rank of air vice marshal on 1 April 1976.|group= n}}|| 2 May 1977|| Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]] and Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Maintenance Command]].
|-
| 4|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Trilochan Singh Brar]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}|| 3 May 1978 || 14 August 1978|| Later [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]]
|-
| 5|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Balwant Wickram Chauhan, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}|| 14 August 1978|| 23 October 1979 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]] and [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Air Command]].
|-
| 6|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Terence Joseph Desa || 24 October 1979 || 6 April 1981 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Air Command]].
|-
| 7|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Rajagopal Sriramulu Naidu, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}}|| 13 April 1981|| 25 June 1983 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Air Command]].
|-
| 8|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Cecil Vivian Parker]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|MVC|VM}}}}|| 1 July 1983|| 20 March 1985 ||
|-
| 9|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Jagdish Kumar Seth, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}}|| 25 March 1985|| 7 February 1986 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]].
|-
| 10|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Har Krishan Oberai, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}}||22 March 1986||30 December 1987 ||
|-
| 11|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Eric Lionel Allen, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}}||19 January 1988||28 February 1990 ||{{sfn|Sondhi|2015}}
|-
| 12|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Manjunath Sadanand, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}}||5 March 1990||30 November 1991 ||
|-
| 13|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] P. K. Mani, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}}||2 December 1991||30 September 1993 ||
|-
| 14|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Krishnan Narayan Nair]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}}||1 October 1993||20 December 1995 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Air Command]] and [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command]].
|-
| 15|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] M. B. Madon, {{small|[[Vayu Sena Medal|VM]] [[Medal bar|& bar]]}}||21 December 1995 ||17 August 1998 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command]].
|-
| 16|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Jogendra Singh Sisodia, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}}||18 August 1998 ||31 July 2000 ||
|-
| 16|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Subhash Bhojwani]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}}||1 August 2000 ||5 June 2002 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]].
|-
| 17|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Vinod Kumar Verma, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM|VSM}}}}||1 July 2002 ||11 January 2004 || Later [[Inspector General of Flight Safety]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dec 18 |first1=TNN / |title=AFA introduces a new concept in curriculum {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/afa-introduces-a-new-concept-in-curriculum/articleshow/31603326.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 18|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Yashwant Rao Rane, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}} ||12 January 2004 ||31 August 2005 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Air Command]].
|-
| 19|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Dhiraj Kukreja, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VSM}}}} ||1 September 2005 ||29 February 2008 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]].
|-
| 20|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] K. J. Mathews, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|YSM}}}} ||1 March 2008 ||31 August 2009 || Later Commander-in-Chief, [[Strategic Forces Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Untitled Document |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2008/sep15-08/h10.html |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 21|| [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] Amit Aneja, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM|VSM}}}} ||1 September 2009 ||31 March 2011 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Amit Aneja takes charge as Commandant of AFA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/Amit-Aneja-takes-charge-as-Commandant-of-AFA/article16878400.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en-IN |date=1 September 2009}}</ref>
|-
| 22|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Priya Ranjan Sharma, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}} ||1 April 2011 ||31 December 2012 || <ref>{{cite web |title=h11 |url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2013/feb01-13/h11.htm |website=sainiksamachar.nic.in |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 23|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] R. G. Burli, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}} ||1 January 2013 ||30 June 2014 || <ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal Burli takes over as chief of Air Force Academy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/air-marshal-burli-takes-over-as-chief-of-air-force-academy/articleshow/17844333.cms?from=mdr |website=The Economic Times |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 24|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Gurinder Pal Singh, {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}} ||1 July 2014 ||30 November 2016 || <ref name="TH">{{cite web |title=Amit Tiwari takes charge as AFA Commandant |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/Amit-Tiwari-takes-charge-as-AFA-Commandant/article16760428.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en-IN |date=5 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 25|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Amit Tiwari (air marshal)|Amit Tiwari]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM}}}} ||1 December 2016 ||3 September 2018 || Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Air Command]] and [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Central Air Command]].<ref name="TH" /><ref>{{cite web |title=h21 |url=http://www.sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2018/jun16-18/h21.htm |website=www.sainiksamachar.nic.in |access-date=8 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal Amit Tiwari takes over as SAC chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/air-marshal-amit-tiwari-takes-over-as-sac-chief/article29856255.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en-IN |date=1 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 26|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Arvindra Singh Butola]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VM|VSM}}}} ||4 September 2018 ||13 October 2019|| Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sep 4 |first1=PTI / Updated |title=Air Marshal Butola takes over as Commandant of Air Force Academy {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/air-marshal-butola-takes-over-as-commandant-of-air-force-academy/articleshow/65674917.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 27|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Jonnalagedda Chalapati]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}} ||14 October 2019||31 July 2020|| Current [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Air Command]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal J. Chalapati takes over as commandant of IAF |url=https://www.siasat.com/air-marshal-j-chalapati-takes-over-commandant-iaf-1694690/ |website=The Siasat Daily |access-date=8 April 2022 |date=16 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal J.Chalapati takes over as SAC chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/air-marshal-jchalapatitakes-over-as-sac-chief/article36823064.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en-IN |date=4 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 28|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Vipin Indira Panabhan Nayar]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}} ||1 August 2020||31 July 2021|| Earlier [[Commandant of the National Defence Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal IP Vipin takes over as Commandant of Air Force Academy, Secunderabad |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/Air-Marshal-IP-Vipin-takes-over-as-Commandant-of-Air-Force-Academy-Secunderabad/02-08-2020-304140/ |website=BW Businessworld |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en |date=2 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 29|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Sanjeev Kapoor (air marshal)|Sanjeev Kapoor]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}} ||1 August 2021||31 October 2021|| Later [[Commandant of the National Defence Academy]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Air Marshal Sanjeev Kapoor takes over as Commandant of Air Force Academy |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/air-marshal-sanjeev-kapoor-takes-over-as-commandant-of-air-force-academy-699367 |website=www.thehansindia.com |access-date=8 April 2022 |language=en |date=2 August 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 30|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Sreekumar Prabhakaran]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}} ||1 November 2021||28 February 2022|| Later [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Air Command]].
|-
| 31|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[B Chandra Sekhar]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM}}}} ||1 March 2022|| 31 August 2023||<ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal B Chandra Sekhar takes over as Commandant, Air Force Academy |url=https://theprint.in/india/air-marshal-b-chandra-sekhar-takes-over-as-commandant-air-force-academy/864655/ |website=ThePrint |access-date=8 April 2022 |date=8 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 32|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Seethepalli Shrinivas]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}} ||1 September 2023|| 31 May 2025|| <ref>{{cite web |title=Air Marshal S Shrinivas takes over as Commandant Air Force Academy |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-air-marshal-s-shrinivas-takes-over-as-commandant-air-force-academy |website=Telangan Today |date=1 September 2023}}</ref>
|-
|33|| [[Air marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Praveen Keshav Vohra]], {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|AVSM|VM}}}} ||1 June 2025|| Incumbent||Current Commandant
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Commandant of the Indian Military Academy]]
* [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|50em|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|first1=Aditya|last1=Sondhi|title=The Order of the Crest: Tracing the Alumni of Bishop Cotton Boys’ School, Bangalore (1865–2015)|year=2015|isbn=978-0670088003|publisher=Penguin Viking}}

{{Indian military academies and colleges}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force appointments]]

Kurukh Banna

2026-01-18T01:12:55Z

Josefa1802: Post

{{Short description|Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name = Kurukh Banna
| altname = Kũṛux Bannā
| type = [[Abugida]]
| creator = Basudeo Ram Khalkho
| time = 1991–present
| languages = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]]
| fam1 = [[Brahmic scripts]]
| fam2 = Northern Brahmic
| sample = Kurukh banna.svg
| imagesize = 225px
| direction = Left-to-right
}}

'''Kũṛux Bannā''' ({{IPA|kru|kũɽux bənːaː|label=IPA}}), or the '''Kurukh Banna''' or simply '''Banna Lipi''' is an [[abugida|alphasyllabic]] [[Constructed writing system|neography]] used for writing the [[Kurukh language]] of the [[Kurukh people|Oraon people]] in [[East India|eastern India]].<ref name="scipso">{{cite web |last=Murmu |first=Shyam |date=2018-03-20 |title=Encoding of 'Kurukh Banna' script for Kurukh language |url=https://scriptsource.org/entry/e3s2wstcer |website=ScriptSource |publisher=[[SIL Global]] |access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref><ref name="unicode1">{{cite web |last=Mandal |first=Biswajit |date=2023-05-05 |title=Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Kurux Banna in UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2023/23223-kurux-banna.pdf|publisher=Unicode}}</ref><ref name="unicode2">{{cite web |last=Mandal |first=Biswajit |date=2024-02-29 |title=Revised Proposal to Encode the Kurukh Banna in UCS |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24101-kurukh-banna.pdf |publisher=Unicode}}</ref> It was invented by '''Basudeo Ram Khalkho''' based on [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic writing systems]],<ref name="kujur">{{cite journal |last1=Kujur |first1=Anup |year=2022 |title=Issues and Challenges in Developing an Orthography for Kuṛux Language |url=http://www.ijmdrr.com/admin/downloads/260620225.pdf |journal=International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Review |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=41–50|issn=2395-1877}}</ref> and was released in 1991.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/><ref name="omniglot">{{cite web |author= |date=2021-05-27 |title=Kurukh Banna |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kurukhbanna.htm |publisher=Omniglot}}</ref> The Banna script is written left-to-right and is composed of 48 primary characters and 10 numerals.

Since its creation in 1991, the Banna script has been revised twice, first in 1995, and latest in 1998.<ref name="unicode2"/> The script is mostly used in northern [[Odisha]], with some users also in [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]]. The Banna script is the medium of instruction in a few Kurukh language schools. A number of educational materials, newspapers, magazines and literary works have been published in the Banna script.<ref name="scipso"/><ref name="omniglot"/> Some [[Kisan people]] have also adopted the script.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/>

The Banna script has a 24% resemblance with northern [[Brahmic scripts|Indic scripts]].<ref name="kujur" /> It is one of two competing scripts used to write the Kurukh language, the other being the [[alphabet]]ical [[Tolong Siki]], another neography which developed independently.<ref name="unicodeyt">{{cite AV media |people=Anshuman Pandey, Deborah Anderson|work=[[Unicode Consortium|The Unicode Consortium]] |publication-date=2022-02-12 |orig-date=Actual event in October 2021|title= S4T3 - Negotiating Neographies in Unicode: Approaches for Encoding Newly-Invented Scripts |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9f8xloiKkV8 |publisher=YouTube|type=Recorded conference event|time=27:19–28:13|time-caption=Timestamp}}</ref><ref name="kujur"/>

Demands have been made for the Banna script along with the Kurukh language to be given [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|constitutional recognition]] in India.<ref name="tnie">{{cite news |author= |date=2022-04-15 |title=Demand renewed for official language status to Kurukh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/Apr/15/demand-renewed-for-official-language-status-to-kurukh-2442261.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=[[Rourkela]]}}</ref><ref name="opost">{{cite news |author=PNN |date=2024-02-10 |title='Add Kurukh language in 8th schedule' |url=https://www.orissapost.com/add-kurukh-language-in-8th-schedule/ |work=[[Dharitri (newspaper)#Orissa Post|Orissa Post]] |location=[[Rourkela]]}}</ref><ref name="prabhat">{{cite news |author=Prabhat Khabar News Desk |date=2025-02-24 |title=अखिल भारतीय कुड़ुख पाड़हा युवक संघ ने कुड़ुख भाषा व बन्ना लिपि को संवैधानिक मान्यता देने की मांग पर सौंपा ज्ञापन |language=Hindi |trans-title=All India Kudukh Padha Yuvak Sangh submits memorandum on demand for constitutional recognition of Kurukh language and Banna script |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/odisha/all-india-kurukh-parha-youth-association-took-out-a-rally |work=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |location=[[Rourkela]]}}</ref> The script has also been proposed for Unicode inclusion.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/>

==Etymology==
The word '''''bannā''''' ({{IPA|kru|bənːaː}}) refers to the 'designs, figures and patterns' made on traditional clothes and tattooed on skin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hahn |first=Ferdinand |year=1903 |title=Kuruk̲h̲ (Orāȭ)-English dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.03571/page/12/mode/2up |location=[[Kolkata|Calcutta]] |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |page=13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Grignard |first=A |year=1924 |title=An Oraon-English Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.211105/page/n71/mode/2up |location=[[Vienna]] |publisher=[[Anthropos (journal)|Anthropos]] |page=58 }}</ref>

==History==
{{multiple image
| width = 125
| footer = Unpublished Bannā script primers from 1991
| image1 = Kurukh Banna script chart 1991 version.png
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Kurukh Banna script primer 1991 version.png
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}
The earliest documented version of the Banna script dates back to 1991 in an unpublished [[Primer (textbook)|primer]], the '''''Kũṛux Banna Lipi Arā Bakka Gaṛhan Part-1''''' (Kurukh Banna Script and Orthography Part-1), handwritten by Basudeo Ram Khalkho himself.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/> The script was subsequently revised in 1995, and then latest in 1998, which remains the current version.

===1991–1994===
The 1991 version, that is, the very first version of the Banna script, with the arrangement of letters called '''''toṛan''''', introduced with 10 vowels (and 9 vowel diacritics) along with the '''''ṭippā''''' sign ([[anusvara]]) and the '''''selā''''' sign ([[Vowel length|prolongation sign]]). It also included a [[Glottal stop|glottal stop sign]] called '''''talā''''', a '''''halant''''' (''[[virama]]''), and a ''[[visarga]]''. This version had 31 consonants, and one [[Ligature (writing)|ligature]] for ''tr'' [t̪r]. Notably, this version had only one nasal consonant, the ''na'' {{IPAblink|n}}. Another notable difference from the current version is that vowels were called '''''tāl toṛ''''' and consonants were called '''''rayā toṛ''''' in this initial version.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/>

===1995–1997===
{{multiple image
| width = 125
| footer = Unpublished Bannā script primers from 1995
| image1 = Kurukh Banna script primer 1995 version.png
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Kurukh Banna script chart 1995 version.png
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
}}

The Banna script was revised in 1995, reshaping a few vowels, a few vowel diacritics, the prolongation sign, the glottal stop sign and a few consonants. The prolongation sign was now called '''''raṭā''''', and the glottal stop sign was now called '''''phaṭā'''''. This revision notably introduced the '''''candoṭippā''''' sign ([[chandrabindu]]) for vowel nasalization. The ''halant'' (''[[virama]]'') was re-positioned. New consonants were added, like the ''ṣa'' {{IPAblink|ʂ|}}, and nasal consonants like ''ṅa'' {{IPAblink|ŋ}}, the ''ña'' {{IPAblink|ɲ}}, and the ''ṇa'' {{IPAblink|ɳ}}. A notable addition was the consonant '''''xa''''' {{IPAblink|x}} introduced for the first time in this script with the 1995 revision.<ref name="unicode2"/> Two new ligatures were added for ''kṣa'' [kʂ] and ''gya'' [gj]. The number of consonants now totaled to 36. The earliest documented version of numerals in the Banna script is from a 1995 unpublished primer, the '''''Kũṛux Lipi Ṭuṛnā Paṛhnā''''' (Kurukh Script Writing Reading) by Basudeo Ram Khalkho, which included the digits from 0 to 9.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/>

In October 1997, a two-day conference was organized by the ''Interstate Kurukh (Oraon) Samaj Vikas Parishad'' in [[Jamshedpur]], where the inventors of both Kurukh scripts were present, Basudeo Ram Khalkho (of the Kurukh Banna) and Dr. Narayan Oraon (of the [[Tolong Siki]]).<ref name="khota">{{cite web |author= |date=n.d. |title= Kurukh Banna Controversial things |url=http://www.kurukhkhota.com/2016/01/kurukhbanna-controversial-things.html |website=Kurukhkhota.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105000814/http://www.kurukhkhota.com/2016/01/kurukhbanna-controversial-things.html |archive-date=2016-11-05}}</ref> A major topic of discussion was on the language and its script. The conference was inconclusive on choosing one script out of the contesting two, and that task remains incomplete till date.<ref name="primer">{{cite book |last=Khalkho |first=Basudeo |date=2016 |title=कुँड़ुख़ बन्ना टूड़ना-बाचना|location=[[Rourkela]] |language=Kurukh, Hindi|trans-title=Kurukh Banna Writing-Reading |publisher=कुँड़ुख भाषा-साहित्य विकास परिषद|pages=3–6 |url=https://archive.org/details/kurukh-banna-tudna-bachna/mode/2up}}</ref>

===1998–present===
[[File:Kurukh Banna script chart.png|thumb|150px|Kurukh Banna script chart]]

The Banna script was last revised in 1998, and this version remains in use till date. A number of vowels, vowel diacritics, consonants were reshaped. Numerals too were reshaped for compatibility with [[seven-segment display]]s. The ''ṭippā'' sign ([[anusvara]]) was re-positioned. The ''[[visarga]]'' sign was removed. Notably, a ''[[Nuqta|nukta]]'' sign was introduced in this version. The prolongation sign was renamed back to ''selā'', and the glottal stop sign has since been called '''''heckā'''''. With the 1998 revision, vowels are called '''''sarah toṛ''''' and consonants are called '''''harah toṛ'''''.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/>

In October 2012, the Banna script was consecrated with rituals at the ''Adi Dharam Parha Manda'' at Balijori, [[Rourkela]].<ref name="jagran">{{cite news |author= |date=2012-10-14 |title=उरांव कुडु़ख लिपि का संस्कार संपन्न |language=Hindi|trans-title=The sacration of Oraon Kudukh script concludes |url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-9754461.html |work=[[Dainik Jagran|Jagran]] |location=[[Rourkela]]}}</ref> On the same occasion, the '''''Kurukh Bhasha Vikas Parishad''''' (Kurukh Language Development Council) was established, which pledged to promote and develop the Kurukh language and the Banna script.<ref name="jagran"/>

In 2016–19, the Kurukh Banna script was digitized by '''Shyam Murmu''', who also designed multiple fonts for it.<ref name="tdf1">{{cite web |author= |date=2025-08-16 |title=Discovering the Contemporary Tribal World |url=https://www.tribaldesignforum.com/speaker/tff25-16-d-shyam-murmu/ |website=www.tribaldesignforum.com}}</ref><ref name="tdf2">{{cite AV media |people=Shyam Murmu |date=2025-08-16 |title= 16 August_TribalFutures x Shyam Murmu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5YXQKrCBT1c |work=Tribal Design Forum |type=Recorded online presentation |publisher=[[YouTube]]|time=17:21–22:58|time-caption=Timestamp}}</ref> In 2023 and 2024, proposals were made to the [[Unicode Consortium]] for encoding the script.<ref name="unicode2"/>

In recent years, tribal organizations like the ''All India Kurukh Parha Yubak Sangh'' (AIKPYS) in [[Rourkela]] have been demanding [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|official recognition]] of the Kurukh language in Banna script in the Indian constitution's eighth schedule.<ref name="tnie"/><ref name="opost"/><ref name="prabhat"/>

==Letters==
The Banna script follows the arrangement order of most Brāhmic scripts, arranging its letters based on phonetic characteristics like the manner and place of articulation. This arrangement is called the '''''toṛan'''''.

===Vowels===
The vowels are called '''''sarah toṛ'''''.<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/> There are 12 independent vowel characters with 11 diacritics:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:85%;"
!
! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]]
! colspan="6" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="4" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!
! colspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
! colspan="2" |[[Open vowel|Open]]
! colspan="8" |[[Close vowel|Close]]
|-
! [[Length (phonetics)|Length]] →
| colspan="6" | Short
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" | Long
| colspan="2" | Short
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" | Long
|-
! Independent form
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna a.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''a'' {{IPAblink|ə}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:27px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna aa.svg|27px]]
| rowspan="2" |''ā'' {{IPAblink|a}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna i.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''i'' {{IPAblink|i}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ii.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''ī'' [iː]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna u.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''u'' {{IPAblink|u}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna uu.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''ū'' [uː]
|-
! [[Diacritic]]
| font-size:24px;" |  -  1
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign aa.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign i.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign ii.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign u.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign uu.svg|24px]]
|-
|colspan="13"|
|-
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|([[Diphthong]])
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
! colspan="2" rowspan="3"|([[Diphthong]])
! colspan="4" rowspan="3"|([[Diacritic]]s)
|-
!
! colspan="2" |[[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
! colspan="2" |[[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
|-
! [[Length (phonetics)|Length]] →
| colspan="2" | Short
| colspan="2" | Short
|-
! Independent form
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna e.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''e'' {{IPAblink|e}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ai.svg|24px]]
| rowspan="2" |''ai'' [əi]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:30px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna o.svg|30px]]
| rowspan="2" |''o'' {{IPAblink|o}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:30px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna au.svg|30px]]
| rowspan="2" |''au'' [əu]
| style="background:#ccc;" |[[File:Kurukh banna a with tippa.svg|32px]]2
| rowspan="2" |''aṁ''
| style="background:#ccc;" |[[File:Kurukh banna a with candotippa.svg|32px]]3
| ''ã'' [ә̃]
|-
! [[Diacritic]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign e.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign ai.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign o.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign au.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna sign tippa.svg|24px]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna sign candotippa.svg|24px]]
| {{IPAblink|◌̃}}
|}

# The vowel [[File:Kurukh banna a.svg|16px]] (''a'') does not have a diacritic, since all consonants have ''a'' {{IPAblink|ə}} as an inherent vowel.
# The [[File:Kurukh banna a with tippa.svg|20px]] character (''aṁ'') is a representation of the '''''ṭippā''''' sign ([[File:Kurukh banna sign tippa.svg|20px]]). Like the ''[[Anusvara]]'', it is used to represent nasal consonants.
# The [[File:Kurukh banna a with candotippa.svg|20px]] character (''ã'') is a representation of the '''''candoṭippā''''' sign ([[File:Kurukh banna sign candotippa.svg|20px]]) {{IPAblink|◌̃}} used for vowel nasalization (''[[Chandrabindu]]'').

Out of the 12 independent vowel characters, 2 are [[diphthongs]] and another 2 are just representations of diacritics. All 12 characters except 1 (the vowel ''a''), have a vowel sign that can be affixed to the consonants. Apart from the above 12 vowels and corresponding 11 diacritics, there are also 3 other diacritics grouped under the ''sarah toṛ'':
* The '''''selā''''' sign [[File:Kurukh banna sign sela.svg|18px]] is used to elongate {{IPAblink|ː}} short vowels, particularly the vowels [[File:Kurukh banna e.svg|16px]] (''e'') and [[File:Kurukh banna o.svg|20px]] (''o'').
* The '''''heckā''''' sign [[File:Kurukh banna sign hecka.svg|18px]] is used to represent the [[glottal stop]] {{IPAblink|ʔ}} sound.
* The '''''halant''''' sign [[File:Kurukh banna sign halant.svg|18px]] is used to mute the inherent vowel of consonants (''[[Virama]]'').

===Consonants===
The consonants are called '''''harah toṛ''''' and have an [[inherent vowel]] ''a'' ({{IPA|kru|ə|label=IPA}}).<ref name="unicode1"/><ref name="unicode2"/> There are 36 consonant characters, which are arranged so:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:85%"
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="8" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4" |Voiceless
| colspan="6" style="background:beige;" |Voiced
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan="2" |No
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Yes
| colspan="2" |No
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Yes
| colspan="2" |No
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Velar consonants|Velar]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ka.svg|24px]]
|''ka'' {{IPAblink|k}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna kha.svg|24px]]
|''kha'' [kʰ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ga.svg|24px]]
|''ga'' {{IPAblink|g}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna gha.svg|24px]]
|''gha'' [gʱ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna nga.svg|24px]]
|''ṅa'' {{IPAblink|ŋ}}
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ca.svg|24px]]
|''ca'' {{IPAblink|tʃ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna cha.svg|24px]]
|''cha'' [tʃʰ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ja.svg|24px]]
|''ja'' {{IPAblink|dʒ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna jha.svg|24px]]
|''jha'' [dʒʱ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna nya.svg|24px]]
|''ña'' {{IPAblink|ɲ}}
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna tta.svg|24px]]
|''ṭa'' {{IPAblink|ʈ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ttha.svg|24px]]
|''ṭha'' [ʈʰ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna dda.svg|24px]]
|''ḍa'' {{IPAblink|ɖ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ddha.svg|24px]]
|''ḍha'' [ɖʱ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna nna.svg|24px]]
|''ṇa'' {{IPAblink|ɳ}}
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ta.svg|24px]]
|''ta'' {{IPAblink|t̪}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna tha.svg|24px]]
|''tha'' [t̪ʰ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna da.svg|24px]]
|''da'' {{IPAblink|d̪}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna dha.svg|24px]]
|''dha'' [d̪ʱ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna na.svg|24px]]
|''na'' {{IPAblink|n}}
|-
!colspan="2"|[[Labial consonant|Labial]]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna pa.svg|24px]]
|''pa'' {{IPAblink|p}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna pha.svg|24px]]
|''pha'' [pʰ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ba.svg|24px]]
|''ba'' {{IPAblink|b}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna bha.svg|24px]]
|''bha'' [bʱ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ma.svg|24px]]
|''ma'' {{IPAblink|m}}
|-
|colspan="12"|
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! colspan="4" |[[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Labialized velar consonant|Labial-velar]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3"|
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] ↓
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] ↓
! colspan="2"|[[Approx.]]
! colspan="2"|[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
! colspan="2"|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! colspan="2"|[[Approx.]]
|-
|style="background:beige;" |Voiced
| No
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ya.svg|24px]]
|''ya'' {{IPAblink|j}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ra.svg|24px]]
|''ra'' {{IPAblink|r}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna la.svg|24px]]
|''la'' {{IPAblink|l}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna va.svg|24px]]
|''wa'' {{IPAblink|w}}
|-
|colspan="12"|
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="2" |[[Palatal consonants|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" |[[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonants|Alveolar]]
! colspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
| colspan="2" rowspan="3"|
|-
! [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] ↓
! [[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] ↓
! colspan="8"|[[Fricative]]
|-
| Voiceless
| style="background:beige;" | Yes
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna sha.svg|24px]]
|''śa'' {{IPAblink|ʃ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ssa.svg|24px]]
|''ṣa'' {{IPAblink|ʂ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna sa.svg|24px]]
|''sa'' {{IPAblink|s}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna ha.svg|24px]]
|''ha'' {{IPAblink|h}}
|-
|colspan="12"|
|-
! colspan="2" |
! colspan="4" |[[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]]
! colspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
| colspan="4" rowspan="5"|
|-
! colspan="2"|
! colspan="4"|[[Tap and flap consonants|Tap/flap]]
! colspan="2"|[[Fricative]]
|-
! colspan="2"| [[Voice (phonetics)|Voicing]] →
| colspan="4" style="background:beige;" |Voiced
| colspan="2" |Voiceless
|-
! colspan="2"|[[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspiration]] →
| colspan="2" |No
| colspan="2" style="background:beige;" |Yes
| colspan="2" |No
|-
| colspan="2"|
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna rra.svg|24px]]
|''ṛa'' {{IPAblink|ɽ}}
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna rha.svg|24px]]
|''ṛha'' [ɽʱ]
| style="background:#ccc; font-size:24px;" |[[File:Kurukh banna xa.svg|24px]]
|''xa'' {{IPAblink|x}}
|-
|}

* Apart from the above 36 consonant chracters, there are 3 consonant ligatures:
**[[File:Kurukh banna khya.svg|16px]] '''''kṣa''''' or '''''khya''''' (from [[File:Kurukh banna k.svg|20px]] ''k'' + [[File:Kurukh banna ssa.svg|16px]] ''ṣa'').
**[[File:Kurukh banna tra.svg|16px]] '''''tra''''' (from [[File:Kurukh banna t.svg|20px]] ''t'' + [[File:Kurukh banna ra.svg|16px]] ''ra'').
**[[File:Kurukh banna gya.svg|16px]] '''''jña''''' or '''''gya''''' (from [[File:Kurukh banna j.svg|20px]] ''j'' + [[File:Kurukh banna nya.svg|16px]] ''ña'').
*The consonants [[File:Kurukh banna sha.svg|16px]] ''śa'', [[File:Kurukh banna ssa.svg|16px]] ''ṣa'', [[File:Kurukh banna khya.svg|16px]] ''kṣa'' / ''khya'', [[File:Kurukh banna tra.svg|16px]] ''tra'' and [[File:Kurukh banna gya.svg|16px]] ''jña'' / ''gya'' are foreign sounds.<ref name="primer"/>
*The Banna script also has an '''''ewā̃''''' sign ([[File:Kurukh banna sign ewa.svg|20px]]) used to modify certain consonants for foreign sounds. For example, [[File:Kurukh banna ka.svg|16px]] ''ka'', [[File:Kurukh banna ga.svg|16px]] ''ga'', [[File:Kurukh banna ja.svg|16px]] ''ja'', and [[File:Kurukh banna pha.svg|16px]] ''pha'' can be modified into [[File:Kurukh banna qa.svg|16px]] '''''qa''''', [[File:Kurukh banna ghha.svg|16px]] '''''ġa''''', [[File:Kurukh banna za.svg|16px]] '''''za''''', and [[File:Kurukh banna fa.svg|16px]] '''''fa''''' respectively (''[[Nuqta]]'').

'''Schwa deletion:''' While the inherent vowel ''a'' (schwa {{IPA|kru|ə|label=IPA}}) of a consonant can be muted or deleted by explicitly marking the ''halant'' sign after it, such is not always done. Even in the non-usage of the ''halant'', implicitly in the Banna script, the final schwa is always [[Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages|deleted]], while the middle schwa is both sometimes retained and sometimes deleted.

===Diacritics===
[[File:Kurukh Banna diacritics.svg|thumb|center|upright=3.3|[[Diacritic]]s on ''ka'']]

The table below shows the consonant ''ka'' with combined with diacritics and their transliteration. Vowels in their independent form on the top and in their corresponding diacritic combined with the consonant on the bottom.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin: auto; border: none;"
!a !!ā !!i !!ī !!u !!ū !!e !!ē !!ai !!o !!ō !!au !!aṁ !!ã
!colspan="3"|
|-
|[[File:Kurukh banna a.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna aa.svg|16px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna i.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ii.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna u.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna uu.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna e.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ee.svg|19px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ai.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna o.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna oo.svg|24px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna au.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna a with tippa.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna a with candotippa.svg|18px]]
|colspan="3"|
|-
|
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign aa.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign i.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign ii.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign u.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign uu.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign e.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign ee.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign ai.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign o.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign oo.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna vowel sign au.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna sign tippa.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna sign candotippa.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna sign hecka.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna sign halant.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna sign ewa.svg|18px]]
|-
!ka!!kā!!ki!!kī!!ku!!kū!!ke!!kē!!kai!!ko!!kō!!kau!!kaṁ!!kã!!ka'!!k!!qa
|-
|[[File:Kurukh banna ka.svg|14px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna kaa 01.svg|15px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ki.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna kii.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ku.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna kuu.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ke.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna kee.svg|23px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna kai.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ko.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna koo.svg|23px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna kau.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ka with tippa.svg|12px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ka with candotippa.svg|12px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna ka'.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna k.svg|18px]]
|[[File:Kurukh banna qa.svg|12px]]
|}

In the absence of any diacritic affixed, the consonant takes the form of being inherently combined with the vowel ''a''.

==Numerals==
The numbers, called '''''gan''''' or '''''ganatī''''', are:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: auto; border: none;"
|+ Kurukh Banna digits
|-
|[[File:Kurukh banna 0.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 1.svg|6px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 2.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 3.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 4.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 5.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 6.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 7.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 8.svg|12px]]||[[File:Kurukh banna 9.svg|12px]]
|-
|''nidī''||''ond''||''ẽṛ''||''mūnd''||''nāx''||''pañce''||''soy''||''say''||''āx''||''nay''
|-
|0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9
|}

==Unicode==
The Kurukh Banna script does not have Unicode support yet. A preliminary proposal to encode the script to Unicode was made in May 2023,<ref name="unicode1"/> which was revised in February 2024.<ref name="unicode2"/>

==Contestation with Tolong Siki==
{{See also|Tolong Siki|Tolong Siki (Unicode block)}}
A challenge expressed by the Unicode Technical Committee in dealing with proposals for encoding the Kurukh Banna script is the parallel use of another [[Constructed writing system|neography]], the [[Tolong Siki]] for the same language.<ref name="unicodeyt"/> In an interstate conference of Kurukh people held in 1997, the issue of selecting one script out of the two for standardization remained inconclusive.<ref name="khota"/><ref name="primer"/> In later years, the ''Tolong Siki'' received official recognition in the Indian states of [[Jharkhand]] (in 2003) and [[West Bengal]] (in 2017),<ref name="scroll">{{cite report |last=Minj |first=Nolina |date=2023-02-15 |title=The doctor and priest who gave life to an Adivasi script |url=https://scroll.in/article/1043816/the-doctor-and-priest-who-gave-life-to-a-script-for-an-adivasi-language |work=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> while the Banna script lacks official support till date. Meanwhile, the proposal to encode Tolong Siki has already been accepted by the Unicode Technical Committee and received support in Unicode version 17.0,<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025-09-09 |title=Unicode® 17.0.0 |url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ |website=www.unicode.org |publisher=[[Unicode]]}}</ref> while Kurukh Banna remains in the proposal stage.

==See also==
*[[Kurukh language]]
*[[North Dravidian languages]]
*[[Constructed writing systems]]
*[[Abugida|Abugida scripts]]
*[[Tolong Siki]]
*[[List of endangered languages in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24101-kurukh-banna.pdf "Revised Proposal to Encode the Kurukh Banna in UCS"] at the website of Unicode

[[Category:Abugida writing systems]]
[[Category:1991 introductions]]

Volturno Line

2026-01-08T23:55:34Z

Josefa1802: rework lead to improve readability additionally and added references per standard format

{{Short description|WW2 German defensive line in Italy}}
[[File:ItalyDefenseLinesSouthofRome1943 4.jpg|thumb|right|305px|German prepared defensive lines south of Rome]]
{{Campaignbox Italy}}

The '''Volturno Line''' (also known as the '''Viktor Line'''; {{Langx|de|Volturno-Linie, Viktor-Linie}}, {{Langx|it|Linea del Volturno}}) was a [[Wehrmacht|German]] defensive position in [[Italy]] during the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] of [[World War II]].

The line ran from [[Termoli]] in the east, along the [[Biferno River]] through the [[Apennine Mountains]] to the [[Volturno|Volturno River]] in the west.

Following the [[Allied invasion of Italy]] in September 1943 the [[Wehrmacht|German forces]] set up a series of defensive lines across Italy, intended to delay the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] advance. The '''Volturno Line''' was the southernmost of these.

==Eighth Army on the River Biferno (Battle of Termoli)==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2005-0103-505, Albert Kesselring.jpg|left|thumb|German supreme commander in Italy—[[Generalfeldmarschall|''Generalfeldmarshall'']] [[Albert Kesselring]] (1940).]]
{{main|Operation Devon}}
As a response to the increasing Allied pressure on the Adriatic front, on October 1 the German supreme commander in Italy—[[Generalfeldmarschall|''Generalfeldmarshall'']] [[Albert Kesselring]]—ordered the [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] to switch to the Adriatic front. Elements of the [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 78th Infantry Division]]'s [[11th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters South East|11th Brigade]] infantry crossed the Biferno at dawn on 3 October 1943 following an amphibious landing at Termoli by [[British Commandos]] at 02:15.<ref>Ford, p116</ref> By late morning, the two elements had linked up and that night 78th Division's [[36th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|36th Brigade]] were able to be landed by sea at [[Termoli]]. However, logistical problems had prevented the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] building a heavy duty bridge across the Biferno and when the bulldozed fords were made unusable after 5 tanks had crossed, there was no way to get more tanks across the river to support the infantry. A lighter weight FBE bridge was built to allow artillery, reconnaissance, and other vehicles to cross. The move east of [[16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)|16th Panzer Division]] presented a major and unforeseen threat to the unsupported Allied infantry. As news of the German armour's arrival came in on 4 October, 78th Division's commander— [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Vyvyan Evelegh]]—demanded priority from [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Bernard Montgomery]], for bridging equipment.<ref>Ford, p130</ref> As more German armour arrived, the Allied troops across the Biferno were forced onto the defensive. By the afternoon of 5 October, they had been squeezed back to within {{convert|.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} of Termoli.<ref>Ford, p 136</ref> However, at the same time frantic round the clock efforts by engineers had resulted in a heavyweight [[Bailey bridge]] being completed, allowing Canadian and British armour to cross the Biferno. That evening, 78th Division's [[38th (Irish) Brigade]] arrived by sea at Termoli and the German attack the following morning was narrowly repulsed in desperate fighting. By late morning on 6 October, the Allies were on the attack and by late afternoon the Germans had started to fall back to the next prepared defences on the [[Trigno|River Trigno]], the [[Barbara Line]].<ref>Ford, 9137-141</ref>

==Fifth Army on the River Volturno==
{{Expand section|examples and additional citations|date=July 2011}}
[[File:Volturno2Mignano12Oct15Nov1943.jpg|thumb|320px|right|Summary of [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]] Operations, Italy 12 October to 15 November 1943.]]

On the other coast, the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]], commanded by [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark]], attacked across the Volturno on the night of 12 October.<ref>Lloyd Clark, p37</ref> The Germans, using rearguard tactics, succeeded in slowing the American advance. They skillfully utilized the terrain, which was favourable for defence, to conduct a fighting withdrawal to the next line north (the [[Barbara Line]]) which the Allies reached by 2 November.

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|first=LLoyd|last=Clark|title=Anzio: The Friction of War. Italy and the Battle for Rome 1944|publisher=[[Headline Publishing Group]]|location=London|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7553-1420-1}}
*{{cite book|author=Fifth Army Historical Section|url=https://archive.org/details/TheVolturnoToTheWinterLine|title=From the Volturno to the Winter Line 6 October-15 November 1943|series=American Forces in Action series|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington|year=1990|orig-year=1945|id=CMH Pub 100-8|isbn=0-16-001999-0|url-access=registration}}
*{{cite book|title=Battleaxe Division|first=Ken|last=Ford|year=2003|orig-year=1999|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire|publisher=[[The History Press|Alan Sutton]]|isbn=0-7509-1893-4}}
*{{cite book|first=Col. Kenneth V.|last=Smith|url=http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm|title=Naples-Foggia 9 September 1943-21 January 1944|series=World War II Campaigns|publisher=[[United States Army Center of Military History]]|location=Washington|year=c. 1990|id=CMH Pub 72-17|access-date=1 July 2010|archive-date=6 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906075921/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/naples/72-17.htm|url-status=dead}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==See also==
* [[Allied invasion of Italy]]
* [[Winter Line|Gustav Line]]
* [[Barbara Line]]
* [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]
* [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]]

{{coord missing|Italy}}
[[Category:German World War II defensive lines]]
[[Category:Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the Italian campaign (World War II)]]
[[Category:World War II sites in Italy]]

Nandini Agasara

2026-01-05T22:13:38Z

Josefa1802: expanded content

{{Short description|Indian athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Nandini Agasara
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = {{IND}}n
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2003|08|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Secunderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| height = 1.76 m
| sport = [[Track and field]]
| event = [[Heptathlon]]
| pb = 5941 (2025)
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Women's [[Sport of athletics|athletics]]}}[[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Athletics at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Gumi]]|[[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|Heptathlon]]}}
}}
'''Nandini Agasara''' (born 7 August 2003) is an Indian [[Heptathlon|heptathlete]]. She is the current Asian champion, having won the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|gold]] medal at the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships|2025 Asian Championships]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-05-30 |title=Nandini Agasara wins Heptathlon gold at Asian Athletics Championships 2025 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/nandini-agasara-hepthathlon-gold-medal-asian-athletics-championships-2025-win-detail/article69637440.ece |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> She has also won the [[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's heptathlon|bronze]] medal at the 2022 [[Asian Games]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-10-01 |title=Asian Games 2023: Nandini Agasara won bronze in women's heptathlon |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/asian-games-nandini-agasara-wins-bronze-heptathlon-athletics-swapna-barman-hangzhou-2022-highlights/article67368827.ece |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nandini's top tournaments are given below:

* 2025: Gold medal in Heptathlon at the [[2025 Asian Athletics Championships]] in Gumi, S. Korea.
* 2023: Bronze medal in Heptathlon at the [[2022 Asian Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], China. She did her personal best in the 200m on 30 September at the Hangzhou Asian Games Heptathlon event.
* 2022: In October, she won a silver in the 100m hurdles at the National Open Athletics Championships, Sree Kanteerava Outdoor Stadium, Bengaluru.
* 2022: In August, she finished seventh in the 100m hurdles at the World Athletics U20 Championships, Pascual Guerrero Stadium, Cali, Colombia, setting a new Under-20 national record.
* 2021: In June, she won silver at the National Inter-State Senior Athletics Championships, Patiala.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{World Athletics|14917721}}

{{Footer Asian Champions women's heptathlon}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Agasara, Nandini}}
[[Category:2003 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian heptathletes]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Athletics Championships winners]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in athletics (track and field)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Jamal Malik

2026-01-02T15:53:10Z

Josefa1802: basic enhance section as per guidelines and updated info

{{no footnotes|date=February 2013}}
'''Jamal Malik''' (born 1956) is a [[List of Pakistanis|Pakistani-born]] [[Germans|German]] former professor of [[Islamic Studies]] at the [[University of Erfurt]], [[Germany]]. He retired from the faculty in 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/philosophische-fakultaet/seminare-professuren/religionswissenschaft/professuren/heisenberg-professorship-for-religious-studies-with-a-focus-on-religious-media-practices/team/prof-dr-jamal-malik-retired|title=Faculty of Philosophy|website=University of Erfurt|access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

Malik was born in 1956 in Peshawar, [[Pakistan]]. After finishing his [[Master of Arts|MA]] in Islamic Studies at the [[University of Bonn]] (1982), Jamal Malik received his doctoral degree from the [[University of Heidelberg]] (1989), and completed his post-doctoral work at the [[University of Bamberg]] (1994). In 1998, he was appointed head of Religious Studies at the [[University of Derby]]. Since 1999 he has been the Chair of Religious Studies — Islamic Studies at the [[University of Erfurt]], Germany. He is also a fellow of the [[Royal Asiatic Society]], a member of the [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]], and has served as Directeur d'Etudes at EHESS (1994), in addition to having been a visiting professor at [[Oberlin College]] (1997), [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (2004-5) and [[Government College Lahore]] (2006-7). His areas of interest include the social history of Muslim South Asia, the sociology of knowledge and Muslims in the West.

==Bibliography (select)==
* ''Islam in South Asia – A Short History'', Leiden: Brill, 2008 (Indian Edition: Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan Ltd., 2012)
* ''Madrasas in South Asia. Teaching Terror?'', London and New York: Routledge, 2008 (editor & co-author)
* ''Sufism in the West'', London and New York: Routledge, 2006 (co-author & co-editor with John Hinnells)
* ''Religious Pluralism in South Asia and Europe'', New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004 (co-editor & co-author with Helmut Reifeld)
* ''Islamische Gelehrtenkultur in Nordindien. Entwicklungsgeschichte und Tendenzen am Beispiel von Lucknow'', Leiden: Brill, 1997
* ''Colonialization of Islam: Dissolution of Traditional Institutions in Pakistan'', New Delhi: Manohar Publications, and Lahore: Vanguard Ltd., 1996
* ''Islamisierung in Pakistan, 1977-1984. Untersuchungen zur Auflösung autochthoner Strukturen'', Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner, 1989

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/philosophische-fakultaet/seminare-professuren/religionswissenschaft/professuren/islamic-studies/people/prof-dr-jamal-malik Homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124183637/https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/philosophische-fakultaet/seminare-professuren/religionswissenschaft/professuren/islamic-studies/people/prof-dr-jamal-malik |date=2021-11-24 }}
*[https://www.uni-erfurt.de/en/philosophische-fakultaet/seminare-professuren/religionswissenschaft/professuren/islamic-studies Chair of Islamic Studies – University of Erfurt]
*[http://www.uni-erfurt.de/ University of Erfurt]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Jamal}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Pakistani educators]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Derby]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Erfurt]]
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Academics from Karachi]]
[[Category:Members of the European Academy of Sciences and Arts]]

Emmvee Group

2025-10-14T22:56:22Z

Josefa1802: made info

{{Short description|Indian renewable energy company}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Emmvee Group
| logo = Emmvee-group-logo.jpg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Renewable energy]]
| founded = 1992
| founder = D.V. Manjunatha
| hq_location = [[Bangaluru]], Karnataka
| area_served = [[India]]
| key_people = D.V. Manjunatha (Founder and managing director)
| subsid = Emmvee Photovoltaic Private Limited Emmvee Solar System Private Limited Emmvee Energy Private Limited (Unit-5)
| website = {{URL|https://emmvee.com/}}
}}

'''Emmvee Group''' is an Indian renewable energy company headquartered in [[Bengaluru|Bengaluru, Karnataka]].It primarily manufactures [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic modules]] and [[Solar water heating|solar water heating systems]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bagade |first=Hrithik Kiran |date=2025-04-22 |title=Emmvee eyes Rs 2,500 crore revenues, opens new plant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Apr/22/emmvee-eyes-rs-2500-crore-revenues-opens-new-plant |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> through subsidiaries such as Emmvee Photovoltaic Private Limited<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-02-24 |title=Emmvee Group to Invest ₹15,000 Crore in Bengaluru Manufacturing Facility |url=https://themachinemaker.com/news/emmvee-group-to-invest-%E2%82%B915000-crore-in-bengaluru-manufacturing-facility/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Machine Maker Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> and Emmvee Solar System Private Limited.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DV Manjunatha, Founder & Managing Director of Emmvee Group |url=https://www.theceomagazine.com/executive-interviews/utilities-energy/indias-solar-superstar-dv-manjunatha/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=The CEO Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report on Industrial visit to EMMVEE Photovoltaic Power Private Limited |url=https://www.reva.edu.in/events/report-on-industrial-visit-to-emmvee-photovoltaic-power-private-limited-491 |website=[[Reva University]]}}</ref> As of April 2025, Emmvee has a PV module manufacturing capacity of approximately 6.6 GW and a solar cell manufacturing capacity of around 2.5 GW.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |date=2025-04-17 |title=Emmvee expands with 5th solar module plant in Bengaluru |url=https://www.manufacturingtodayindia.com/emmvees-5th-solar-module-plant |access-date= |website=Manufacturing Today India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Research report |url=https://www.icra.in/Rating/GetRationalReportFilePdf?Id=133067}}</ref>

== History ==
Emmvee Group was established in 1992 and is led by [[Chief executive officer|Managing Director]] D.V. Manjunatha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Venkatesha Babu & Aishwarya |date=2025-04-18 |title=US–China tariff war may benefit Indian solar firms, says Emmvee |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/uschina-tariff-war-may-benefit-indian-solar-firms-says-emmvee/article69464168.ece |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> The company initially focused on the manufacturing and marketing of thermal products and later expanded into producing solar water heating systems at its facility in Bengaluru. In 2006, Emmvee entered the [[Photovoltaic system|solar photovoltaic]] (PV) module manufacturing sector and subsequently set up Emmvee Photovoltaic Private Limited in the year 2007 in Bengaluru with an initial capacity of 15 MW for producing solar PV modules.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Goyal |first=Khushboo |date=2022-07-27 |title=Emmvee: Expanding its solar module manufacturing capacity |url=https://renewablewatch.in/2022/07/27/emmvee/ |access-date= |website=Renewable Watch |language=en-US}}</ref>

By 2017, its manufacturing capacity had expanded to 500 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2017-05-07 |title=Emmvee Solar System |url=https://renewablewatch.in/2017/05/07/emmvee-solar-system/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=Renewable Watch |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, it opened a new facility with a capacity of 0.75 GW. That same year, Emmvee sold two solar power projects, with a combined installed capacity of 55 MW, to O2 Power.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Gaourav |title=O2 Power Acquires 55 MW of Solar Projects from Emmvee Group - Mercom India |url=https://www.mercomindia.com/o2-power-acquires-55-mw-solar-projects-emmvee-group |access-date=2025-05-01 |website=Mercomindia.com}}</ref>

By 2024, Emmvee's total installed module manufacturing capacity reached approximately 4.6 GW. The company began developing a TOPCon solar cell manufacturing facility with a capacity of approximately 2.5 GW in [[Karnataka]], which became operational in September 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Jatin |date=2024-02-21 |title=Emmvee to start TOPCon solar cell production from June |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2024/02/21/emmvee-to-start-topcon-solar-cell-production-from-june/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Operations and manufacturing ==
Emmvee operates five manufacturing facilities in Karnataka, India, with an installed production capacity of approximately 6.6 GW for photovoltaic modules and around 2.5 GW for solar cells.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-04-16 |title=Emmvee Inaugurates New Solar Facility Near Bengaluru, Expands Module Capacity to 6.6 GWp - Asia Pacific {{!}} Energetica India Magazine |url=https://www.energetica-india.net/news/emmvee-inaugurates-new-solar-facility-near-bengaluru-expands-module-capacity-to-66-gwp |access-date= |website=Energetica India Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Its oldest facility, located near [[Kempegowda International Airport|Bengaluru International Airport]], began with a 500 MW capacity in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Emmvee expands solar manufacturing capacity with new facility in Karnataka - ET Manufacturing |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/energy/emmvee-expands-solar-manufacturing-capacity-with-new-facility-in-karnataka/120377382 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref> A second plant in Dobbaspet, commissioned in 2022, expanded its output by 750 MW.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-02-23 |title=Emmvee Group's New State-Of-The-Art Solar Cell and Module Facility to Go on Stream Soon - Asia Pacific {{!}} Energetica India Magazine |url=https://www.energetica-india.net/news/emmvee-groups-new-state-of-the-art-solar-cell-and-module-facility-to-go-on-stream-soon |access-date= |website=Energetica India Magazine |language=en}}</ref>

The company manufactures solar modules and provides engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) services for utility-scale and rooftop solar projects.<ref name=":1" /> Notable installations include a 1 MW rooftop system at [[Cochin International Airport]], one of India’s first solar-powered airports<ref>{{Cite news |last=U N |first=Sushma |date=2013-05-29 |title=Emmvee Photovoltaic Power, a solar module manufacturer and turnkey solution provider, will be setting up a 1 MW rooftop grid-connected solar power system at Cochin International Airport. The plant is expected to be commissioned by 15th August 2013. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/emmvee-photovoltaic-power-a-solar-module-manufacturer-and-turnkey-solution-provider-will-be-setting-up-a-1-mw-rooftop-grid-connected-solar-power-system-at-cochin-international-airport-the-plant-is-expected-to-be-commissioned-by-15th-august-2013-/articleshow/20326750.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and a 40 MW ground-mounted solar plant across Karnataka's [[Bagepalli]], [[Kunigal]], and [[Bidar district]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=O2 Power acquires 55 MW of operational solar assets from Emmvee |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2022/08/26/o2-power-acquires-55-mw-of-operational-solar-assets-from-emmvee/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2024, Emmvee became the only Indian company and one of four companies globally to pass all tests under the Kiwa PVEL product reliability test.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Emmvee leads in all categories of Kiwa PVEL PQP Testing |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2024/06/08/emmvee-leads-in-all-categories-of-kiwa-pvel-pqp-testing/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Projects and partnerships ==
In February 2023, Emmvee announced a collaboration with [[Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems|Fraunhofer ISE]], a German solar research institute, for the development of its photovoltaic cell manufacturing facility in Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Uma |date=2023-02-13 |title=Emmvee gets Fraunhofer ISE on board for solar cell line |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2023/02/13/emmvee-gets-fraunhofer-ise-on-board-for-solar-cell-line/ |access-date= |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2024, the company signed an agreement with KPI Green Energy Ltd. to supply 300 MWp of bifacial Mono PERC solar panels.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Uma |first=Gupta |date=2024-01-05 |title=Emmvee to supply 300 MWp of solar modules to KPI Green Energy |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2024/01/05/emmvee-to-supply-300-mwp-solar-modules-to-kpi-green-energy/ |access-date= |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2024, Emmvee received a 795.4 MWp TOPCon module supply order from NTPC Renewable Energy Ltd. for the 1,255 MW Khavda solar project in [[Gujarat]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Emmvee secures 795.4 MWp TOPCon DCR module supply order for NTPC Khavda project |url=https://www.pv-magazine-india.com/2024/06/14/emmvee-secures-795-4-mwp-topcon-dcr-module-supply-order-for-ntpc-khavda-project/ |access-date= |website=pv magazine India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1992]]

Suicide of Payal Tadvi

2025-07-30T08:19:24Z

Josefa1802:

{{Short description|2019 criminal case in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}

The '''Payal Tadvi''' or '''Payal Salim Tadvi''' suicide case is an ongoing criminal case in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]]. Payal, a 26-year-old resident doctor, allegedly committed suicide on May 22, 2019, after facing harassment from three of her seniors at [[Topiwala National Medical College and B.Y.L. Nair Charitable Hospital, Mumbai|Topiwala National Medical College]] and BYL Nair Hospital.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/dr-payal-tadvi-case-bmc-suspends-license-of-doctors_in_5cecc03fe4b0512156f69f83|title=Dr Payal Tadvi Case: BMC Suspends License Of 4 Doctors At Nair Hospital|date=28 May 2019|website=HuffPost India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/933336/payal-tadvi-suicide-case-accused-doctors-granted-bail-by-bombay-hc-on-strict-conditions|title=Payal Tadvi suicide case: Accused doctors granted bail by Bombay HC on strict conditions|date=9 August 2019|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> A case has since been brought against three of her former colleagues due to claims of harassment relating to Payal's [[Caste system in India|caste status]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medicaldialogues.in/dr-payal-tadvi-suicide-case-2-accused-doctors-exonerated-by-maharashtra-human-rights-panel|title=Dr Payal Tadvi Suicide Case: 2 Accused Doctors Exonerated by Maharashtra Human Rights Panel|last=Nasim|first=Farhat|date=2019-12-30|website=Medical Dialogues|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref>

==Background==
Payal Salim Tadvi was a 26-year-old second year resident doctor at BYL Nair Hospital pursuing her master's degree in [[Obstetrics]] and [[Gynaecology|Gynecology]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/victim-faced-regular-abuse-threats-anti-ragging-panel/articleshow/69569271.cms|title=Dr Payal Tadvi faced regular abuse, threats: Anti-ragging panel | date=30 May 2019 | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/caste/payal-tadvi-harassment-caste-discrimination|title=College Confirms Payal Tadvi Was Subjected to 'Extreme Harassment'|date=29 May 2019|website=The Wire|access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

She belonged to the scheduled Muslim Tadvi [[Bhil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-who-are-tadvi-bhil-muslims-payal-tadvi-mumbai-suicide-5754146/|title=Explained: Who are Tadvi Bhil Muslims?|website=Indianexpress.com|date=29 May 2019}}</ref> tribe from the state of [[Maharashtra]]. Upon completing her undergraduate degree at a medical school in Jalgaon, she moved to Mumbai where she continued her studies at BYL Nair Hospital.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/caste/four-months-after-payal-tadvis-death-family-claims-her-belongings-from-hospital|title=Four Months After Payal Tadvi's Death, Family Claims Her Belongings From Hospital|last=Shantha|first=Sukanya|date=27 September 2019|website=The Wire|location=Mumbai|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> She was likely the first from her village to pursue a degree in medical sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/payal-tadvi-death-case-leaves-medical-fraternity-divided/article27299135.ece|title=Payal Tadvi death an "institutional murder", says medical fraternity|first=Bindu Shajan|last=Perappadan|date=30 May 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Arrests and charges==
Immediately following the incident, three of Payal Tadvi's senior colleagues, Bhakti Mehare, Ankita Khandelwal and Hema Ahuja were arrested by the Agripada police on charges of abetting suicide and destruction of evidence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/payal-tadvi-suicide-post-mortem-report-murder-evidence-1538115-2019-05-30|title=Was Mumbai doctor Payal Tadvi murdered? Post mortem report finds bruises on neck, body|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/two-more-doctors-held-for-payal-tadvis-death/article27282262.ece|title=Payal Tadvi's death: Two more doctors held; all three accused remanded in police custody till May 31|first=Gautam S.|last=Mengle|date=29 May 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Shortly after, under a request from the Tadvi family's legal representative, the case was transferred to the Mumbai Crime Branch.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/crime-branch-to-probe-payal-tadvi-suicide-case/article27355194.ece|title=Crime Branch to probe Payal Tadvi suicide case|first=Gautam S.|last=Mengle|date=30 May 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref>

Roughly two months later (July 2019), [[Mumbai Police]] filed a 1,203-page charge-sheet further accusing the three doctors of various offences under the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act]], the [[Maharashtra Prohibition of Ragging Act, 1999]], and the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|2000 Information Technology Act]].<ref name=":0" /> The charge-sheet contained statements from nearly 180 witnesses (colleagues, staff members, and seniors at the hospital) as well as the suicide note police had previously found on Payal Tadvi's mobile phone present at the scene.<ref name=":0" /> Information provided in the statements suggests Payal Tadvi experienced discrimination and humiliation due to her social status, the seniors using casteist slurs against her and asking her about her [[National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)|National Eligibility cum Entrance Test]] scores.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/dr-payal-tadvi-suicide-chargesheet|title=Payal Tadvi Case: Chargesheet Reveals Months of Humiliation, Discrimination|last=Shantha|first=Sukanya|date=25 July 2019|website=The Wire|location=Mumbai|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> Beyond verbal harassment, statements described instances in which the seniors prevented her from accessing important jobs or entering the operation theater.<ref name=":3" /> In her own statement, Payal Tadvi's fellow peer and friend Snehal Shinde said that just two days prior to Payal's death the trio had demoted Payal from her upperclassman position in the hospital's antenatal care unit to the postnatal care unit typically reserved for underclassman.<ref name=":3" />

Attached to the charge-sheet was the forensic report confirming the suicide note found had been in Payal Tadvi's handwriting. During the initial investigation of the scene, besides the note on Payal's phone, police were unable to locate a physical copy.<ref name=":3" /> As the three seniors had been both the first to enter Payal's room after her death and the first to inform staff members, police suspect them of destroying it.<ref name=":3" />

On August 9, the trio was granted bail by the Bombay High Court.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> Each woman had to submit a surety of 2 lakh rupees and appear before the crime branch every alternate day.<ref name=":1" /> Additional stipulations of their bail restricted the women from traveling outside of Mumbai without explicit permission and forbade them from entering BYL Nair Hospital, or its affiliation, Topiwala National Medical College.<ref name=":1" /> Until the conclusion of the trial, their medical licenses have been temporarily suspended.<ref name=":3" /> As of February 2020, the three accused had submitted a plea to the court requesting permission to complete the final year of their postgraduate residencies' at BYL Nair Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saigal|first=Sonam|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/tadvi-suicide-gynaecology-hod-of-nair-hospital-to-appear-before-hc/article30875251.ece|title=Payal Tadvi suicide: gynaecology HoD of Nair Hospital to appear before HC|date=2020-02-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-29|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> That same month, Bombay High Court Justice [[Sadhana Sanjay Jadhav|Sadhana Jadhav]] rejected the request, informing the doctors they could pursue their post graduate education once the trial is complete.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/payal-tadvi-case-three-accused-refused-bombay-hc-nod-to-complete-pg-from-nair-hospital-2510225.html|title=Payal Tadvi Case: Three Accused Refused Bombay HC Nod to Complete PG from Nair Hospital|last=|first=|date=21 February 2020|website=News18|publication-place=Mumbai|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

Besides the three seniors, in August Mumbai Police informed the court they had prepared a letter of inquiry against Yi Ching Ling, the head of the gynecology and obstetrics department at BYL Nair Hospital.<ref name=":0" /> Payal Tadvi's mother, Abeda Salim Tadvi, reports she had approached Dr. Yi Ching repeatedly with complaints regarding the harassment with little result.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> Dr Yi Ching's involvement in the case resulted in her being suspended by the hospital; however, when the Tadvi family proved unable to produce proof of her negligence through the form of written complaints, the Maharashtra State Human Rights Commission granted Dr. Yi Ching a clean chit, exonerating her from her suspected crime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/news/payal-tadvi-clean-chit/|title=Payal Tadvi Suicide: Two Department Heads Given Clean Chit For Want Of "Linking Evidence"|last=Sen|first=Sumanti|date=2019-12-31|website=thelogicalindian.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/payal-tadvi-suicide-case-allow-dr-ching-ling-to-get-back-to-work/22588198|title=Payal Tadvi suicide case: 'Allow Dr Ching Ling to get back to work'|last=Menon|first=Vinod Kumar|date=2020-02-12|website=mid-day|language=en|publication-place=Mumbai|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Despite the exoneration, in February 2020 Dr. Yi Ching remained suspended.<ref name=":5" /> Other professors at the university have since written petitions to the school requesting an inquiry with the hopes that she may eventually be reinstated.<ref name=":5" />

== Trial proceedings ==
In February 2020, the Bombay High Court set a time constraint of 10 months on the special court to complete the trial.<ref name=":4" />

== Larger issue ==
In the months following Payal Tadvi's death, her mother joined forces with [[Radhika Vemula]] to petition the supreme court for stronger enforcement of anti-discrimination policies in universities.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://theleaflet.in/mothers-of-rohit-vemula-payal-tadvi-petition-supreme-court-against-caste-discrimination-on-campuses/|title=Mothers of Rohit Vemula, Payal Tadvi petition Supreme Court against caste discrimination on campuses|date=2019-08-28|website=TheLeaflet|language=en|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> Radhika Vemula's experiences with loss mirror those of Abeda Tadvi, her son Rohith Vemula, another Dalit university student, having been driven to commit suicide in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aif.org/the-price-of-indias-caste-system-the-case-of-rohit-vemula/|title=The Price of India's Caste System: The Case of Rohit Vemula – AIF|last=Vemireddy|first=Nithya|date=13 July 2019|website=American India Foundation|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref> In their petition the mothers requested the court issue further guidelines to universities who have seemingly failed to deter caste-based discrimination on their campuses. The women further critiqued the government for its "failure to protect the fundamental rights of Dalit and Adivasi students, faculty, and employees in university campuses."<ref name=":6" />

In order to promote positive change within India's universities, the mothers requested the Supreme Court issue the following four directions to higher education institutions:

# Establish Equal Opportunity Cells and include representatives of members of the oppressed communities in order to ensure an impartial process;
# Establish mechanisms that will take action against the victimization of students or staff who file complaints alleging caste discrimination;
# Regularly organize compulsory orientation courses and training for staff, administrators, and students to raise their sensitivity to caste issues;
# Display any actions being taken to address caste-based discrimination publicly and transparently, possibly through universities' websites.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mothers-rohith-vemula-dr-payal-tadvi-move-sc-over-caste-discrimination-campuses-109217|title=Mothers of Rohith Vemula and Dr Payal Tadvi move SC over casteism on campuses|date=20 September 2019|website=The News Minute|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-04-29}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Campus violence in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tadvi, Payal}}
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Medical education in India]]
[[Category:Caste system in India]]
[[Category:May 2019 in India]]
[[Category:Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:Caste-based discrimination in Indian education]]
[[Category:2019 suicides]]
[[Category:2019 deaths]]

Ballary M. Raghavendra

2025-07-29T00:26:38Z

Josefa1802: update

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Ballary M Raghavendra
| image = Bellary M Raghavendra.jpg
| caption = Ballary M Raghavendra
| birth_place = [[Hospet]], [[Ballary]], [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1958|4|23}}

| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| occupations = Assistant Station Director AIR (Retd.)
}}
[[Vidwan]] '''Ballary M Raghavendra''' ({{langx|kn|ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ ಎಂ ರಾಘವೇಂದ್ರ}}) is a prominent [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist from Karnataka. He has a master's degree in music from [[Bangalore University]]. He has served in various capacities across multiple [[All India Radio]] stations in [[Karnataka]]. Initially joining as a program executive, he later went on to become the Assistant Station Director in AIR.<ref name="Musicearn">{{cite web | title = Profile: Vidwan. Ballary M Raghavendra | url=https://musicearn.in/me/mraghavendra | accessdate = 4 May 2020 }}</ref> He is a Top grade artist of All India Radio in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] classical music. He has the rare privilege of being an ''A'' grade artist also in devotional and light classical forms of music.
He is popularly known for delivering music compositions with lyrical clarity, emotion and good use of rhythmic patterns<ref name="kutcheris">{{cite web | title = Profile: Ballary M Raghavendra | url = http://www.kutcheris.com/artist.php?id=2690 | accessdate = 17 February 2013 | archive-date = 11 April 2013 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130411054718/http://www.kutcheris.com/artist.php?id=2690 | url-status = dead }}</ref> After his retirement from All India Radio, he is currently serving as a guest faculty at Dr. Gangubai Hangal Music and Performing arts university in [[Mysore]].

==Lineage==
Vidwan Ballary M Raghavendra was born in [[Hospet]], [[Ballary]], [[Karnataka]] on 23 April 1958.<ref name="kutcheris"/> He hails from a family of [[Carnatic music]]ians going back many generations.

===Haridasa Tradition===
His grandfather Ballary Mundrigi Raghavendrachar belonged to [[Haridasa]] tradition of Vijaya Dasa, a prominent [[Haridasa]] of Karnataka.<ref name="kutcheris"/><ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/on-the-path-of-tradition/article3839371.ece | last=Govind |first= Ranjini |title=On the path of tradition | author-link= Ranjini Govind |work=The Hindu|date= 30 August 2012|accessdate=17 February 2013 |location=India}}</ref>
The father of Raghavendrachar was Narasimhachar, grand father was Venkannachar.<ref name="Kanaja1">{{cite web |url=http://kanaja.in/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225609/http://kanaja.in/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82-%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2013 |title=ಕಲೆ > ಸಂಗೀತ > ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಸಂಗೀತ > ಬಳ್ಳಾರಿ ಎಂ.ಶೇಷಗಿರಿ ಆಚಾರ್ |accessdate=17 February 2013 }}</ref> They were basically from the Mundragi village of [[Gadag]] district. Later Raghavendrachar left Mundragi village and settled in Ballary.<ref name="Kanaja1"/> Raghavendrachar was a musician well versed in many disciplines of music and was a professor of music at Queen Mary college in [[Chennai]] (contemporary of Prof P. Sambamurthy).<ref name="thehindu"/> He is supposed to have given vocal lessons to [[Puttaraj Gawai]]<ref name="thehindu"/>

===Ballary Brothers: Popularising Carnatic Music in early 50's & 60's===
Raghavendra's father, Vidwan Ballary. M. Venkatesh Achar was a carnatic classical vocalist and his uncle Ballary M Sheshagiri Achar was a [[Vaggeyakara]] (composer of lyrics and music).<ref name="thehindu"/> His uncle and father were known as 'Ballary Brothers' and performed in most parts of India during the 1950s and 1960s.<ref name="kutcheris"/><ref name="thehindu"/> Ballary Brothers were accompanied in numerous concerts by stalwarts such as [[Palghat Mani Iyer]], [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]], [[Palghat R. Raghu]], [[T. K. Murthy]], [[M. S. Gopalakrishnan]], [[Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman]], [[T. N. Krishnan]], [[Karaikudi Mani]] etc.<ref name="vani">{{cite web | title = Gurus: Vidwan Ballary M Raghavendra | url = http://www.vanisateesh.com | accessdate = 17 February 2013 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121160440/http://vanisateesh.com/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

His father Sri Ballary M Venkateshachar has been conferred with 'Sangeeta Vidyanidhi' award from Mysore JSS Sangeeta Sabha, 'Ashthana Vidwan' award from Shri Ganapathi Sacchidananda Ashrama's avadhoota datta peetha, 'Karnataka Kalashri' award from Karnataka state sangeeta nritya academy.<ref name="Kanaja">{{cite web |url=http://kanaja.in/dinamani/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412231225/http://kanaja.in/dinamani/%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%82-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 April 2013 |last=ವೈ.ಎನ್. |first=ಗುಂಡೂರಾವ್‌ |accessdate=17 February 2013 |title=ದಿನಮಣಿಗಳು:ಎಂ. ವೆಂಕಟೇಶಾಚಾರ್ }}</ref>

===Continuing the tradition===
Raghavendra's family members have continued the tradition of promoting Carnatic classical music. His sister [[Shrimati]] [[Vani Sateesh]] is a prominent [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocalist, who had given her first concert at the age of 10.<ref name="vani"/> She is "A" grade artist of All India Radio in Carnatic Classical Vocal. Vani's core strength and love has always been bhakti and singing compositions filled with bhakti rasa.

==Musical training==
Raghavendra's initial training was under the tutelage of his uncle Ballary M. Sheshagiri Achar who went on to create 400 kritis. He was also greatly influenced by his father Ballary M. Venkatesh Achar. Raghavendra considers himself lucky that he had two gurus who constantly took him on the right path. In contrast, the opportunities for Ballary Brothers were limited when they were trying to establish themselves.<ref name="thehindu"/>{{Quotation|My gurus would run to a hotel everyday to listen to the radio airing classical music. It mirrors their extraordinary focus and commitment. Today we have everything so easy, but still we pale in front of these doyens!|Ballary M Raghavendra}} He was also mentored by Stalwarts such as [[P. S. Narayanaswamy]], and [[Lalgudi Jayaraman]] for certain period.
When Raghavendra moved from Mysore to [[Dharwad]] he also learnt Hindustani vocal music from Pandit Chandrashekar Puranik mutt a renowned Hindustani musician from Gwalior Gharana.<ref name="Puranik">{{cite news | title=Dedicated to music: A life full of ups and downs | author-link= Staff Reporter |work=The Hindu|date= 30 July 2010|accessdate=22 May 2020 |location=Bangalore | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Quiet-notes/article16215492.ece/amp/}}</ref> Raghavendra got greatly influenced by popular artist M Prabhakar in the genre of light music and performed together with him in many musical programmes.

==Musical performance==
Raghavendra started giving stage performances at a very young age. He gave his first stage performance at the age of 9 years.<ref name="WebIndia">{{YouTube|id=emQO9X08Dw|title=Interview with Ballary M Raghavendra}}</ref> Raghavendra has produced many music-based programmes such as Aaswaada (on music appreciation), Swarasangama (on teaching music) and many other musical features, which are highly popular among the music-lovers and general public.{{Quotation|A villager used to go atop a mountain in Challakere in order to catch the radio signals and record the episodes of Swarasangama. He then used to make his fellow villagers listen to the music lessons regularly. 35 such villagers in Challakere and Arsikere, were not just able to listen to Carnatic music but they were even able to pass the Junior music exams with high distinction through this programme. This incidence was really a satisfying moment in my career in AIR!|Ballary M Raghavendra}}<ref name="vani"/> Raghavendra is a dedicated music teacher who has a rare ability to identify and groom music students based on their individual strengths.<ref name="vani"/> Popular singer [[Vijay Prakash]] of [[Jai Ho (song)|"Jai Ho" (song)]] fame is known to have learnt Carnatic music under Raghavendra while he was in Mysore.
<ref name="VPRaghavendra">{{YouTube | id = BVmL8OjvvDY|title=Vijay prakash and Ballary M raghavendra on Gurupoornima 2017}}</ref>
In addition to being a vocalist, he is well versed in [[Konnakol]] and [[Morsing]].<ref name="vani"/> Raghavendra often uses expressions of Hindustani music in his concerts especially while delivering devotional compositions of Haridasas. He also has performed jugalbandis with eminent Hindustani vocalists in musical concerts.<ref name="vani"/>
Raghavendra has presented numerous illustrative talks and demonstrations on music. He has toured Europe and Canada along with TAS R Mani Ensemble.<ref name="vani"/> He has been very successful in establishing and promoting classical music in remote areas of Karnataka where the classical form of music was non-existent.<ref name="kutcheris"/>

Vishesha Fine Arts a not-for-profit charitable trust is run under the guidance of Artists like Vani Sateesh, Mysore M. Nagaraj, Mysore M. Manjunath, painters B.K.S. Varma, G.N. Seetharamiah and Sri Ballary M Raghavendra.<ref name="trust">{{cite news | title=A new platform for budding artistes | author-link= Staff Reporter |date= 29 January 2011|accessdate=2 May 2013 |location=Bangalore | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012960090200.htm| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204035752/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/29/stories/2011012960090200.htm| url-status=dead| work=[[The Hindu]] | archive-date=4 February 2011}}</ref><ref name="vishesha">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/vishesha-carries-forward-a-musical-legacy/article2918094.ece | last=Govind |first= Ranjini |title=Vishesha carries forward a musical legacy | author-link= Ranjini Govind |work=The Hindu|date= 22 February 2012|accessdate=2 May 2013 |location=Bangalore}}</ref> It is started with an intention to provide Fine arts education in schools; bringing rare concerts to the public; and recognizing the efforts of individuals striving to propagate music in society.<ref name="vishesha"/>
An annual event called Vishesha Utsava is also conducted under the banner of Vishesha Fine Arts where various artists render their performance.<ref name="utsava">{{cite news|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1456512.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106124450/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article1456512.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2013 | title=A soothing musical event | author-link= Express News Service |publisher=The New Indian Express|date= 9 February 2013|accessdate=2 May 2013 |location=Bangalore}}</ref> The organization was inaugurated on 29 January 2011 and Sri Mysore Sateesh is the trustee of this organization.<ref name="trust"/>

==Music style==
Traditions in rendering and concert packaging were passed on quite well to Raghavendra.<ref name="thehindu"/> Ballary school of Music has the rare distinction of nurturing pathantara of time-honoured clarity, a technique that gathered fine distinctions and gradations with the influence of approaches from the Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and interior Andhra music schools.<ref name="thehindu"/> Another style of the Ballary school of Music is, the raga taken up for the warm-up varna would be there for raga tana pallavi.<ref name="thehindu"/> Taking off a piece from anupallavi is yet another style of the Ballary school of Music.<ref name="thehindu"/>

==Albums==
List of musical album and movie.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Album/Movie
! Year of release
! Song
|-
| Sri Jagannatha Dasaru - Kannada Movie|| 2021 || 'Yenna Binnapa Kelu'
<ref name="JDasaru">{{YouTube | id 5B1Ig0Ug2tA |title= Ballary M Raghavendra singing for Kannada movie Sri Jagannatha Dasaru at recording studio of Music director Vijay Krishna }}</ref>
|}

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavendra, Bellary M}}
[[Category:Male Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:People from Ballari district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male classical singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male classical singers]]

Glamanand Supermodel India 2015

2025-02-13T20:15:09Z

Josefa1802: made new post!

{{Infobox beauty pageant
| image =
| represented = [[Chandigarh]]
| photo =
| best national costume = Niharika Anand [[New Delhi]]
| congeniality = Rasshmi Raajput [[Maharashtra]]
| miss internet = [[Aaital Khosla]] [[Chandigarh]]
| caption = Glamanand Supermodel India 2015
| photogenic = Namrata Sharma [[Maharashtra]]
| date = November 4, 2015
| presenters = Bhavyata Sharma Nikhil Anand
| venue = [[Courtyard by Marriott|Courtyard Marriott Hotel]]
| winner = '''[[Aaital Khosla]]'''
| entrants = 12
| placements = 7
| before = [[Femina Miss India 2014|2014]]
| next = [[Glamanand Supermodel India 2018|2018]]
}}

The first edition of [[Glamanand Supermodel India]] contest was held on November 4, 2015 at Courtyard Marriott in [[New Delhi]]. 21 year old model [[Aaital Khosla]] from [[Chandigarh]] was declared Glamanand Supermodel India 2015 carrying the title [[Miss Earth India|Miss Earth India 2015]] at the conclusion of the event. Vaishnavi Patwardhan was declared 1st Runner Up and Jolly Rathod was crowned 2nd Runner Up.<ref>{{cite web|title=GLAMANAND SUPERMODEL INDIA 2015 New Delhi - EventViva |url=https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/Delhi/1649036edcd32eb2aecd37882b82eb3d-glamanand-supermodel-india-2015-new |publisher=eventshigh.com |accessdate=6 Nov 2015 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120155447/https://www.eventshigh.com/detail/Delhi/1649036edcd32eb2aecd37882b82eb3d-glamanand-supermodel-india-2015-new |archivedate=2015-11-20 }}</ref>

[[Aaital Khosla]] represented [[India]] at [[Miss Earth 2015]] pageant held on December 5, 2015 in the [[Vienna]], [[Austria]].

==Results==
===Placements===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Placement
! Contestant
|-
| '''Glamanand Miss India Earth 2015'''
|
* '''[[Aaital Khosla]]'''
|-
| '''Glamanand Miss India International 2015'''
|
* '''[[Supriya Aiman]]''' {{efn|Supriya Aiman was appointed by Glamanand organization to represent India at [[Miss International 2015]] pageant as the national contest was held after the conclusion of Miss International 2015 in Japan.}}
|-
| '''Glamanand Miss India Tourism 2015'''
|
* '''Sneha Jagiasi'''
|-
| 1st Runner Up
|
* Vashnavi Patwardhan
|-
| 2nd Runner Up
|
* Jolly Rathod
|-
| Top 7
|
* Himani Sharma
* Monali Chaudhary
* Niharika Anand
* Rasshmi Raajput
|}

==Returns and Crossovers==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
*'''[[Femina Miss India Delhi]]'''
**2015 - [[Aaital Khosla]]
**2015 - Monali Chaudary
*'''Femina Miss India Kolkata'''
**2015 - Namrata Sharma
* '''Indian Princess'''
**2015 - Himani Sharma '' (Best Walk) ''
**2012 - Monali Chaudary ''(Indian Princess Tourism Queen International of the Year 2012)''
* ''' [[Miss Tourism International]] '''
**2014 - Rashmi Rajput '' (Top 10, Miss Photogenic, Miss KL Sogo Trendsetter)''
* ''' Miss Tourism Queen International of the Year '''
**2012 - Monali Chaudary '' (Top 20) ''
{{col-end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Miss Earth India}}

[[Category:Miss Earth India]]
[[Category:2015 beauty pageants in India]]

St. Andrew's Church, Bangalore

2024-12-02T16:00:13Z

Josefa1802: expanded structure as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[St. Andrew's Church, Bengaluru]]

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Shivadasa Sen

2024-08-08T16:51:51Z

Josefa1802: started basic data and citations

{{Short description|15th-century Indian Gaura brahmin Vaishnavite Tattawa-candrika writer from Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=July 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Shivadasa Sen
| image =
| caption =
| imagesize =
| language =[[Sanskrit]] [[Bengali Language|Bengali]]
| notableworks = Tattawa Chandrika:Commentary of Charaka Samhita
| birth_name = Shivadasa Sen
| birth_date = 14th century
| birth_place = Gaura, Bengal
| nationality =
| occupation =Writer, Poet, saint
| genre = Veda, Ayurveda
| death_date = 1474(?)
| native_name = শিবদাস সেন
| native_name_lang = bn
}}

'''Shivadasa Sen''' (born 14th century) is a mediaeval writer of Sanskrit from Gaura/Bengal, also known as '''Acharya Shivadasa Sen'''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Anchan |first1=Aishwarya C. |last2=Geethesh |first2=R.R. |last3=Angadi |first3=Ravindra |title=Exploration of shilajatu with special reference to its action on cardiovascular system |journal=Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research |date=January 2022 |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=617–619 |url=https://www.jetir.org/download1.php?file=JETIR2201180.pdf |issn=2349-5162}}</ref> He was famous for his commentary on ''Charaka Samhita.'' Sivadasa Sen's commentary on Caraka Samhita is known as ''Tattwa-candrika'' and was written in 1448 CE. However, only Sutra-s 1-27, are still available today. The manuscript belongs to the Bombay Royal Asiatic Society Library.<ref>{{Cite thesis |first= Nayana |last=Sharma|title=A medico-social analysis of the two medical texts- the Caraka Samhita and the Susruta Samhita|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/charaka-samhita-and-sushruta-samhita/d/doc1146963.html|degree=Ancient Indian History & Culture |publisher=University of Calcutta |volume= I |pages=72–73}}</ref>

There is little information on Sivadasa Sen. From what is available, it is known that he was born (somewhere between 1454 and 1474 AD) in the ''gaura brahmin'' guild to Ananta Sen in Malancika, a village in Bengal. Another indication of his birthplace is from his name viz., Sen and that he was a ''Gaura Vaisnava''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talk:Sivadasa Sen - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia |url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Talk:Sivadasa_Sen |access-date=2022-06-04 |website=www.hindupedia.com}}</ref>
Shivadasa Sen has aptly explained the meaning of the word Veda. He says that Veda denotes knowledge which has two forms— Shabdarupa Veda and Artharupa Veda, one is in verbal form and the other is in object form.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thakar |first=V. J. |date=2010 |title=Historical development of basic concepts of Ayurveda from Veda up to Samhita |journal= AYU |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=400–402 |doi=10.4103/0974-8520.82024 |issn=0974-8520 |pmc=3202268 |pmid=22048529 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Journal of the Association of Physicians of India|title=Chakradatta |first1=Ashwinikumar A |last1=Raut|first2= Jayashree V|last2= Joshi|date=2013 |volume=61|issue=Pioneers in Rheumatology |pages=764–765 |pmid=24772741 |url=https://www.japi.org/s2a454/chakradatta |access-date=2022-07-15|issn=0004-5772}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Shivadasa}}
[[Category:1474 deaths]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Rhynchostylis cymifera

2024-03-16T20:35:33Z

Josefa1802: added a stub basic info

{{Short description|Species of orchid}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|genus = Rhynchostylis
|species = cymifera
|authority = Yohannan, J.Mathew & Szlach.
|range_map = IndiaOnWorldMap.png
|range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Rhynchostylis cymifera''
}}

'''''Rhynchostylis cymifera''''' is a species of [[orchid]] [[endemism|endemic]] to [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rhynchostylis cymifera'' Yohannan, J.Mathew & Szlach. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60477679-2 |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Rhynchostylis cymifera'' | International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/60477679-2 |access-date=2022-02-05 |website=www.ipni.org}}</ref> The specific epithet "cymifera", meaning "cyme bearing", refers to the pendent, basipetal, cymose inflorescences, which are very atypical for the genus and separates this species from others. Its morphology is very similar to ''[[Rhynchostylis retusa]]''. Flowering occurs from May to June.

==Conservation==
This species is rarely recorded (nine times to date) and is regarded as critically endangered. However an assessment by the IUCN has still not been made. Anthropogenic [[habitat destruction]] and wildfires pose a risk to the species.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=2018 |last1=Yohannan |first1=Regy |last2=Mathew |first2=Jose |last3=Dariusz L. |first3=Szlachetko |title=''Rhynchostylis cymifera'' (Orchidaceae), a New Species from South Western Ghats, India |journal=Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences |pages=257- 259 |volume=11 |url=http://jjbs.hu.edu.jo/files/v11n3/Paper%20Number%203.pdf |issn=1995-6673}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q89243143}}

[[Category:Rhynchostylis|cymifera]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Plants described in 2018]]

{{Vandeae-stub}}

MV Ganga Vihar

2024-02-27T20:33:13Z

Josefa1802: stub

{{Short description|Indian hotel}}
'''MV Ganga Vihar''' popularly known as [[Floating restaurant|Floating Restaurant]] or '''MV Kautilya''' is a [[Restaurant]] which helds in [[Gandhi Ghat]], [[Patna]], the capital city of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 17, 2022 |title=Floating Restaurant To Resume Ops From Oct {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/floating-restaurant-to-resume-ops-from-oct/articleshow/92929998.cms |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was started by [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] in 2009<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-13 |title=Bihar CM to hold cabinet meet aboard luxury yacht on Ganga |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-cm-to-hold-cabinet-meet-aboard-luxury-yacht-on-ganga/story-S6YlFlIo5nc6WbHN3YOQrM.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-14 |title=Nitish holds Cabinet meet on yacht |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/46893/nitish-holds-cabinet-meet-yacht.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> but it was stopped in 2017 due to some Technical Faults.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MV Ganga Vihar set for summer cruise |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/mv-ganga-vihar-set-for-summer-cruise/cid/1438098 |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MV Ganga Vihar |url=http://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/downloads/m_v_ganga_vihar.pdf |website=Bihar Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=Jul 4, 2019 |title=Patna's lone floating restaurant lying in a state of utter neglect {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/citys-lone-floating-restaurant-lying-in-a-state-of-utter-neglect/articleshow/70062775.cms |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> It was restarted in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-17 |title=Good News: पटना में फिर से लें फ्लोटिंग रेस्टोरेंट का आनंद, 5 साल बाद गंगा नदी में होगी क्रूज पार्टी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-patna-ganga-vihar-floating-restaurant-cruise-service-will-resume-soon-after-gap-of-five-years-bramk-4397760.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Prabhat khabar |title=नए साल में गंगा की लहरों पर जश्न, लोगों के लिए फिर खुलने वाला है फ्लोटिंग रेस्टोरेंट MV Ganga Vihar |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna-floating-restaurant-may-function-from-new-year-2021-tourism-minister-jivesh-kumar-directs-departmental-officers-abk |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=22 December 2020 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पटना की गंगा में जहाज पर सैर का मजा, 100 रुपये में पौन घंटे उठा सकेंगे गंगा विहार का आनंद |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-enjoy-a-tour-on-a-ship-in-the-ganga-in-patna-you-will-be-able-to-enjoy-45-minutes-for-100-rupees-21185113.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='cruise Facility To Restart In October' {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |language=en |work=The Times of India |url=https://www.arcattoscana.org/city/patna/bihar-cruise-facility-to-restart-in-october/articleshow/93742562.cms |access-date=2022-12-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गुड न्यूज: पटना में फिर शुरू होने जा रहा फ्लोटिंग रेस्टोरेंट, गंगा नदी में क्रूज पार्टी का खुला ऑप्शन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-patna-gandhi-ghat-ganga-vihar-floating-restaurant-cruise-service-will-starts-again-from-october-in-bihar-6799136.html |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patna Ganga Cruise Service : अब पटना की गंगा में जाइए क्रूज की सैर पर, सरकार ने फिर शुरू की तैयारी |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/bihar/patna/bihar-tourism-department-plan-to-bid-for-restart-cruise-facility-in-patna-ganga/articleshow/91145569.cms |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

M/S Sandhya Samrat Construction & Services Pvt Limited, Patna is the Company which took tender of MV Ganga Vihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-16 |title=पटना : गाँधीघाट गंगा नदी में क्रूज एवं फ्लोटिंग रेस्तरां का संचालन अक्टूबर माह से - liveskgnews |url=https://liveskgnews.com/bihar/operation-of-cruise-and-floating-restaurant-in-patna-gandhighat-ganga-river-from-october/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

== Informations ==
MV Ganga Vihar is a 48-seater Air Conditioned Restaurant which floats on Ganga River. It starts from Gandhi Ghat.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Restaurants in India]]

Amta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)

2022-05-22T09:56:35Z

Josefa1802: quick refined details to improve readability and added references based on references

#REDIRECT [[Amta Assembly constituency]]

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