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Parle Products

2026-05-01T05:22:10Z

Joquim: Added post

{{short description|Indian multinational food corporation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Parle Products Private Limited
| logo = Parle Products logo.svg
| trading_name = PARLE
| type = [[private company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date and age|1929}}
| founders = Chauhan family
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| location_country = India
| location = [[Vile Parle]] (East)
| area_served = Worldwide
| industry = [[Food processing industry|Food processing]]
| brands = {{hlist|[[Parle-G]]| 20-20 Cookies| Happy Happy| Hide & Seek| Krackjack| Magix Creme| Milano| Monaco| Melody}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Biscuits]]|[[Confectionery]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|17223|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23"/>
| operating_income =
| net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|905|c}} (FY23)<ref name="fy23">{{cite news |last1=Malviya |first1=Sagar |title=Parle crosses $2 billion in sales during FY22 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/inflationary-woes-slow-down-parles-growth-in-fy23/articleshow/105518990.cms |access-date=5 February 2024|work=The Economic Times |date=27 November 2023}}</ref>
| assets =
| equity =
| key_people = {{ubl|Vijay Chauhan|Sharad Chauhan|Raj Chauhan}}
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| homepage = {{URL|www.parleproducts.com|parleproducts.com}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Parle Products''' is an Indian [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] food corporation, which makes [[biscuit]]s and [[confectionery]] products.<ref>{{cite web |title=PARLE PRODUCTS PRIVATE LIMITED |url=https://opencorporates.com/companies/in/U15400MH1950PTC008334 |website=[[OpenCorporates]] |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Parle Products Pvt. Ltd.: Private Company Information |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=22815973 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |access-date=17 September 2018}}</ref> Its biscuit brand [[Parle-G]] is the best-selling biscuit brand in the world, according to a 2011 [[Nielsen ratings|Nielsen]] report.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/Parle-gets-Happy-Happy-wooing-the-price-conscious/article20392232.ece |title = Parle gets Happy Happy wooing the price-conscious | work = [[The Hindu Business Line]] | date = 2012-02-02 | access-date= 2012-02-13 | url-status = dead | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120206182643/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/marketing/article2854238.ece | archive-date= 2012-02-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.exchange4media.com/marketing-news/parle-g-becomes-worlds-largest-selling-biscuit-brand-5058.html | title=Parle G becomes worlds largest selling biscuit brand - Exchange4media | date=14 March 2002 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhushan|first1=Ratna|title=Parle-G world's No 1 selling biscuit: Nielsen|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/parle-g-worlds-no-1-selling-biscuit-nielsen/articleshow/7616188.cms?intenttarget=no|access-date=23 November 2017|publisher=Economic Times|date=3 March 2011}}</ref>

== History ==
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Parle Products was founded in 1929 in India by the Chauhan family of [[Vile Parle]], Mumbai. The founder was Mohanlal Chauhan who hailed from Pardi near Valsad in [[Gujarat]]. He moved to Mumbai to make a living and at first, his profession was tailoring. However, it was not profitable, and so he moved into the food business by selling snacks. He ran a bakery making bread, buns, rusks, scones, nankhatai, turnovers, etc. He had five sons - Maneklal, Pitambar, Narottam, Kantilal and Jayantilal. The five brothers worked together under their father.

Parle began manufacturing biscuits in 1939, with a license to supply their biscuits only to the British Army. In 1947, when India became independent, the company launched an ad campaign showcasing its Glucose biscuits as an Indian alternative to the British biscuits.<ref name="Jill2006">{{cite book | author=Jill Didur|title=Unsettling partition: literature, gender, memory | year = 2006 | publisher=University of Toronto Press | isbn=978-0-8020-7997-8 | page=22}}</ref> The Parle brand became well known in India following the success of products such as the [[Parle-G]] biscuits. Much later, in 1977, the [[Morarji Desai]] government expelled Coca-Cola from India. The family saw an opportunity here and opened their own cold drinks business, which flourished because there was no competition. It minted money from selling cold beverages like [[Gold Spot]], [[Thums Up]] and [[Frooti]], all of which became household names.

The original Parle company was split into three separate companies owned by the different factions of the original Chauhan family, with a majority of it owned by [[Parle Agro]] products.<ref name="TOI_lock_2009">{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-10/news/28398776_1_frooti-parle-trademark-sharad-chauhan | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080801/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-08-10/news/28398776_1_frooti-parle-trademark-sharad-chauhan | url-status = dead | archive-date = 31 May 2012 | title = Chauhans lock horns over Parle brand, yet again | author = Paramita Chatterjee & Ratna Bhushan | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | date = 2009-08-10 | access-date = 2011-10-12 }}</ref> The separation was only that Jayantilal separated himself from his four older brothers. The reason was mainly because Jayantilal had a lifestyle different from his four older brothers. The four older brothers got the biscuits business as their share, and even to this day, they are all together with no further separation. Jayantilal took the beverages section as his share. This section was further divided between his two sons. The three companies today are as follows:
* Parle Products (1950s), led by Vijay, Sharad and Raj Chauhan (owner of the brands such as Parle-G, 20-20, Magix, Milkshakti, Melody, Mango Bite,<ref>{{cite news |date=18 July 2022 |title=Parle Mango Bite: খুচরো পয়সার ছেলেবেলা! মনে পড়ে সেই হারিয়ে যাওয়া '১ টাকার আমের সুখের' কথা? |work=The Bengali Chronicle |url=https://thebengalichronicle.com/almost-100-years-of-parle-mango-bite-know-the-history-act/ |access-date=10 August 2022 |lang=bn |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810064509/https://thebengalichronicle.com/almost-100-years-of-parle-mango-bite-know-the-history-act/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Poppins, Londonderry, Kismi Toffee Bar, Monaco and KrackJack).
* [[Parle Agro]] (1960s), led by Prakash Jayantilal Chauhan (elder son of Jayantilal Chauhan). The company is run by his daughters Schauna, Alisha and Nadia (owner of the brands such as [[Frooti]] and [[Appy Fizz|Appy]]).
*[[Bisleri|Parle Bisleri]] (1970s), led by Ramesh Jayantilal Chauhan, younger son of Jayantilal. He runs it with his wife Zainab Chauhan and their daughter Jayanti Chauhan.

All three companies continue to use the family trademark name "Parle". The original Parle group was amicably segregated into three non-competing businesses. A dispute over the use of "Parle" brand arose when Parle Agro diversified into the confectionery business, thus becoming a competitor to Parle Products. In February 2008, Parle Products sued Parle Agro for using the brand Parle for competing confectionery products. Later, Parle Agro launched its confectionery products under a new design which did not include the Parle brand name.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/news/28459541_1_frooti-prakash-chauhan-parle-products | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080811/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-09-15/news/28459541_1_frooti-prakash-chauhan-parle-products | url-status = dead | archive-date = 31 May 2012 | title = Chauhan siblings close to settling row over Parle brand | author = Dev Chatterjee & Meghna Maiti | newspaper = Economic Times | date = 2008-09-15 | access-date= 2011-10-12 }}</ref> In 2009, the [[Bombay High Court]] ruled that Parle Agro can sell its confectionery brands under the brand name "Parle" or "Parle Confi" on condition that it clearly specifies that its products belong to a separate company which has no relationship with Parle Products.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-13/news/27651476_1_parle-agro-frooti-prakash-chauhan | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080833/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-13/news/27651476_1_parle-agro-frooti-prakash-chauhan | url-status = dead | archive-date = 31 May 2012 | title = No sign of truce in battle over 'Parle' brand | author = Paramita Chatterjee & Ratna Bhushan | newspaper = [[The Economic Times]] | date = 2009-01-13 | access-date= 2011-10-12 }}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
Apart from the original factory in Mumbai, Parle has manufacturing facilities at [[Kanpur]] (Uttar Pradesh), [[Neemrana]] (Rajasthan), [[Bengaluru]] (Karnataka), [[Hyderabad]] (Telangana), [[Kutch district|Kutch]] ([[Gujarat]]), [[Khopoli]] (Maharashtra), [[Indore]] (Madhya Pradesh), [[Pantnagar]] (Uttarakhand), [[Sitarganj]] (Uttarakhand), [[Bahadurgarh]] (Haryana), and [[Muzaffarpur]] (Bihar). The plants at Bahadurgarh and Muzaffarpur are some of the largest manufacturing plants of Parle in India. It deploys large-scale automation for manufacturing of quality biscuits. It also has several manufacturing units on contract.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-01-29/news/27546340_1_parle-g-biscuit-parle-brands | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150925225342/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-01-29/news/27546340_1_parle-g-biscuit-parle-brands | url-status = dead | archive-date = 25 September 2015 | title = Parle bakes a biscuit formula for TN, Kerala | work = [[The Economic Times|Economic Times]] | date = 2003-01-29 | access-date = 2012-02-12 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 1929]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in India]]

Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)

2026-04-29T07:32:07Z

Joquim: Done!

{{Short description|Indian film directed by Rosshan Andrrews}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kayamkulam Kochunni
| image = Kayamkulam Kochunni 2018 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| producer = Gokulam Gopalan
| writer = [[Bobby–Sanjay|Bobby & Sanjay]]
| starring = [[Nivin Pauly]] [[Mohanlal]] [[Sunny Wayne]] [[Priya Anand]] [[Babu Antony]] [[Priyanka Thimmesh]]
| music = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| cinematography = [[Binod Pradhan]] [[Nirav Shah]] Sudheer Palsane
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Sree Gokulam Movies
| distributor = [[Eros International]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|10|11|India}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| narrator = [[Mohanlal]]
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = {{INR}}45 crore<ref name=budget/>
| gross = {{INR}}70 crore{{efn|name="kochunni"|''Kayamkulam Kochunni''{{'s}} reported worldwide gross varies between ₹67 crore (''[[Pinkvilla]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-25 |title=Top highest grossing Mollywood films worldwide; 2018 tops with 143 crores in 20 days |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-mollywood-films-worldwide-2018-tops-with-143-crores-in-20-days-1222765 |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref>) – ₹70 crore (''[[Asianet News]]''<ref name="bo3">{{Cite web |last=honey |title=മമ്മൂട്ടിയുമല്ല മോഹൻലാലുമല്ല ഒന്നാമൻ, മലയാള താരങ്ങളുടെ സ്ഥാനങ്ങള്‍ മാറിമറിയുന്നു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/which-is-highest-grossing-film-in-malayalam-mohanals-pulimurugan-tovino-2018-mammootty-bheeshma-parvam-hrk-s96t5l |access-date=5 September 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml |archive-date=16 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916065805/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/which-is-highest-grossing-film-in-malayalam-mohanals-pulimurugan-tovino-2018-mammootty-bheeshma-parvam-hrk-s96t5l |url-status=live }}</ref>)}}
}}

'''''Kayamkulam Kochunni''''' is a 2018 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Epic film|epic]] [[Period film|period]] [[action film]] directed by [[Rosshan Andrrews]] and written by [[Bobby–Sanjay|Bobby & Sanjay]]. It is based on the life of [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]], a famed [[outlaw]] who robbed from the rich and gave to the poor during the [[British Raj]] in the early 19th century [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Travancore]]. The film stars [[Nivin Pauly]] in the [[Title character|title role]] as [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]] and Mohanlal as [[Ithikkara Pakki]], alongside an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Priya Anand]], [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Babu Antony]], [[Priyanka Thimmesh]], [[Shine Tom Chacko]], [[Manikandan R. Achari]], [[M. S. Bhaskar|M.S. Bhaskar]], [[Sudheer Karamana]], [[Sidhartha Siva]] and [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]].

In August 2016, Rosshan Andrrews confirmed directing the film, with a screenplay by his regular collaborators Bobby and Sanjay. [[Principal photography]] commenced on 30 September 2017 in [[Udupi]]. Filming took place in [[Manjeshwar]], [[Mangalore]], [[Goa]], [[Kasaragod]] and [[Sri Lanka]]. The filming was completed on 1 June 2018. The film has music by [[Gopi Sundar]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]. The cinematography was handled by [[Binod Pradhan]], [[Nirav Shah]] and Sudheer Palsane.

''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' released on 11 October 2018 met with a positive critical response and was a commercial success becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam film of 2018]].

== Plot ==
{{long plot|date=October 2022}} 
The story is set in the year of AD 1830:
A messenger tells the people of [[Kayamkulam]] that [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]], a famed [[Malabar Muslims|Mappila]] [[outlaw]] of the area, will be executed by [[hanging]].

In the past, Baputty, Kochunni's father, is a famed thief who struggles to look after his family. One time he gets caught and is beaten up by the local [[Brahmin]]s in front of Kochunni, who was a young boy at the time. His mother, not wanting him to grow up in abject poverty and suffering the same fate as his father, persuades him to leave home, so Kochunni leaves. He ends up in the house of a local Brahmin [[landlord]] and works as an employee in one of the landlord's shops.

At present, Kochunni is an adult. During his time there, Kochunni sees Janaki, a [[Hindus|Hindu]] [[Other Backward Class|lower-caste]] girl who is a servant, and falls in love with her, also learning from her that Thangal, a state-renowned fight master, has opened a school to train students in martial art. After jumping into a [[well]] and wrestling with a large [[Python (genus)|python]] to rescue a boy, he's awarded a medal of bravery by the local [[East India Company|British]] officer and makes a wish that he wants to join in with the dance and celebrations in their local British fort, which the officer grants.

Kochunni goes to the school but is turned away by Thangal on the basis that, like his father, he might become an even bigger thief by learning the martial art. Janaki also confesses her love for him, and with her help, he learns it by sitting and watching the training on a tree next to the school. However, one day he gets caught by Thangal and he tests Kochunni by making him fight the best student at the school, Thananayik Keshava Kurup, which Kochunni wins. Thangal has a change of heart and promises to teach him believing that one day Kochunni will become his successor. Seeing this, Keshava gets angry and leaves the school, threatening Kochunni that they'll meet one day and he will get his revenge.

During a stormy journey from [[Kochi]], Kochunni's beloved caretaker falls into the Kayamkulam Lake. While rescuing him, Kochunni sees a stash of gold at the bottom of the lake. Kochunni reports this to local Brahmin landlords and the Brahmins persuade him to get this gold to them in return for three wishes. He successfully gets the gold to them and they grant him one of the wishes, which was a bag of gold. However, their henchmen beat him up during his return and the Brahmins falsely accuse him on grounds of robbery and punish him by dipping his hand in boiling oil and hanging him upside down for four days. Janaki is then [[stoning|stoned]] and banished from Kayamkulam for loving a man from another caste much to Kochunni's dismay.

However, on the fourth day [[Ithikkara Pakki]], an infamous [[outlaw]], known for ruthlessly [[decapitation|beheading]] his enemies, comes and frees Kochunni, taking him to Pakki's hideout in the forest. There, he persuades Kochunni to take revenge against the Brahmins by stealing, and he agrees. He is then subjected to intense and hard training by Pakki and his gang of three thieves, Mammad, Kunju Marakkar and Noor Ahmed. He becomes a successful highwayman as well by carrying out robberies against several travelling Brahmins. They then rob several shops of Brahmins in the Kayamkulam market to show their power. Even though they rob many stores, Kochunni refuses to rob his ex-caretaker's store, telling him that he can't watch his beloved ones being attacked by others, unlike what he did when Kochunni was falsely accused by the landlords.

Then it is the time for Pakki to leave the place. After Pakki leaves, Kochunni becomes the hero for the downtrodden, being a robber for the poor. Keshavan who is out to destroy Kochunni makes several plans to kill him but in vain. Finally he uses Janaki whom Kochunni loved earlier when he was a gentle man. However Kochunni killed the British General and is given the death sentence as he was cheated by his mates who joined Keshavan.

At present, his capital punishment is fixed and at that time arrives Thangal, his former Kalari Master to see him in jail lastly. Kochunni and Thangal makes their sight useful by planning the way for Kochunni to escape using a letter given by [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma|king Swathy Thirunal Rama Varma]] to Kochunni. The procession for the hanging goes with song and martyrs. When Kochunni was about to be hanged, he uses his Kalari skills and after a struggling fight, he escapes with the help of Thangal. Then, a battle occurs between the British officers and the local villagers led by Kochunni.

At last in the present day, Kayamkulam Kochunni's temple, at Edappara Maladevar nada kshethram, in the district of Pathanamthitta is shown.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Ithikkara Pakki]] (extended cameo appearance)
* [[Nivin Pauly]] as [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]]
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Thananayik Keshava Kurup
* [[Babu Antony]] as [[Thangal]]
* [[Priya Anand]] as Janaki
* [[Priyanka Thimmesh]] as Suhara
** Davia Mary as young Suhara
* [[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Kochu Pillai
* Romanch Rajendran as Kunju Marakkar
* [[Manikandan R. Achari]] as Vava
* [[Sidhartha Siva]] as British Advicer
* [[Aneesh G. Menon]] as Noor Ahmed
* [[Amith Chakalakkal]] as Mammad
* [[Sadiq (Indian actor)|Sadiq]] as Kunjikelu
* [[Mukundan (actor)|Mukundan]] as Pulikeshi
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Suhara's Mother
* [[Sunil Sukhada]] as Brahmin
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Naduvazhi / Nair leader
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Mothalali
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Menon
* [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Brahmin
* [[Sudev Nair]] as [[Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma]]
* Vishnu Premkumar as [[Uthram Thirunal Marthanda Varma]]
* [[Riaz M T]] as [[Brahmin]]
* [[Padmaraj Ratheesh]] as Jootha Pillai, a trader
* [[Nora Fatehi]] as the item number in the song "Nrithageethikalennum" (special appearance)
{{Colend}}

==Production==
===Development===
By late August 2016, [[Rosshan Andrrews]] confirmed via media outlets that he would be directing a film based on the life of [[Kerala]]'s heroic outlaw [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]], written by his regular collaborators [[Bobby–Sanjay|Bobby & Sanjay]] and [[Nivin Pauly]] playing the title character, to be produced by Gokulam Gopalan. It is the second film based on Kayamkulam Kochunni after the [[Kayamkulam Kochunni (1966 film)|1966 film of the same name]].<ref name="august2016">{{cite news|last=നായർ|first=അനീഷ്|title=നിവിൻ ഇനി കായംകുളം കൊച്ചുണ്ണി|url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/exclusives/nivin-pauly-roshan-andrews-movie-kayamkulam-kochunni.html|access-date=15 January 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=26 August 2016|language=ml}}</ref> Kayamkulam Kochunni was a real-life thief who lived in 19th century in the [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Travancore]] region. He is said to have stolen from the rich and gave to the poor like [[Robin Hood]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Kuttoor|first=Radhakrishnan|title=Legendary thief now a deity at Kerala temple|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/legendary-thief-now-a-deity-at-kerala-temple/article8001757.ece|access-date=18 January 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=18 December 2015|language=en-IN}}</ref> The screenplay was written after a two-and-a-half-year research by an eight-member team. The script was rehashed three times. ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' holds the subtitle "most dangerous man". According to Andrrews, the film would feature Kochunni's life before and after his transition as a thief, his survival attempts, romance, and the social structure during the time. It would also discuss several unanswered questions in his story. Since the appearance of present-day [[Kayamkulam]], [[Alappuzha district]] has changed from the time of Kochunni, a [[Sri Lanka]]n village was to be set as Kayamkulam in the film. Filming was then planned to commence by the beginning of 2017 in Sri Lanka, a few scenes were also planned in Kayamkulam. Andrrews also revealed that they have plans to [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dub]] and release the film in [[Tamil language]]. [[P. M. Satheesh]] was signed as the sound designer. Initially, they had talks with [[Santhosh Narayanan]] to compose the film's music.<ref name="august2016"/>

''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' is a period film set in the 1850s and 1860s in what is present-day Kerala.<ref name="set">{{cite news|last=Sundar|first=Mrinalini|title=I had a fight with the horse the other day: Nivin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-had-a-fight-with-the-horse-the-other-day-nivin/articleshow/62179785.cms|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 December 2017}}</ref> Bobby and Sanjay collected a large amount of information beyond what was already known through [[Kottarathil Sankunni]]'s ''[[Aithihyamala]]'' and through hearsay. Sanjay said that the film focuses on Kochunni's relationships and friendship. Kochunni was a socialist thief, he fought against "unbelievable cruelty" over the caste system that prevailed during that time.<ref name="script">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Nivin's Kayamkulam Kochunni will showcase his battles against caste system|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivins-kayamkulam-kochunni-will-showcase-his-battles-against-caste-system/articleshow/59929759.cms|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 August 2017}}</ref> The team went on [[location scouting]] in Sri Lanka in June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Nivin Pauly's Kayamkulam Kochunni team heads for recce in Sri Lanka|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-paulys-kayamkulam-kochunni-team-heads-for-recce-in-sri-lanka/articleshow/59298795.cms|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 June 2017}}</ref> In August, it was reported that the filming would begin on 10 September.<ref name="script"/> Nivin started learning horse riding and [[Kalaripayattu]] in August, he had begun learning the basics earlier in the year.<ref name="training">{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Nivin Pauly to train in horse riding for Kayamkulam Kochunni|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-to-train-in-horse-riding-for-kayamkulam-kochunni/articleshow/60172964.cms|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 August 2017}}</ref> He also gained weight for the role.<ref name="set"/> The script demanded the actors to be trained in Kalaripayattu. Apart from Nivin, actors [[Babu Antony]] and [[Sunny Wayne]] also underwent training. The training sessions were held at Andrrew's martial arts school in [[Kochi]] and went through September 2017.<ref>[https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nivin-pauly-and-other-kayamkulam-kochunni-actors-learning-martial-arts-69076 Nivin Pauly and other 'Kayamkulam Kochunni' actors learning martial arts]. The News Minute (27 September 2017). Retrieved on 1 December 2018.</ref> During pre-production, Andrrews created miniatures for every set to be used in the film. In early September, Nivin confirmed that the filming would commence in [[Udupi]] in a fortnight.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sidhardhan|first=Sanjith|title=Nivin Pauly reveals how Kayamkulam Kochunni team is gearing up for the biggest movie in his career|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nivin-pauly-reveals-how-kayamkulam-kochunni-team-is-gearing-up-for-the-biggest-movie-in-his-career/articleshow/60375773.cms|access-date=27 November 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=6 September 2017}}</ref>

===Casting===
According to Andrrews, Nivin was their first and only choice for the role of Kochunni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ramachandran|first=Mythily|title=Nivin Pauly's 'Kayamkulam Kochunni' a time travel to the 1830s|url=https://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/desi-news/south-india/nivin-pauly-s-kayamkulam-kochunni-a-time-travel-to-the-1830s-1.2288128|access-date=10 October 2018|work=[[Gulf News]]|date=9 October 2018}}</ref> The film traverse through multiple timelines in Kochunni's life. Nivin was selected for the role since Andrrews felt that he has a flexible body language that suits any role, among his generation of actors. According to Sanjay, Nivin's features matches Sankunni's descriptions of Kochunni in ''Aithihyamala''. Andrrews briefed the film's story to Nivin along with the story of another film he plans to follow up after ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'', to both Nivin agreed.<ref name="august2016"/> In July 2017, a casting call was released for both males and females aged between 5–40.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pauly|first=Nivin|title=Casting Call|url=https://www.facebook.com/NivinPauly/photos/a.409309542471994.88214.408473859222229/1345665178836421/|publisher=[[Facebook]]|access-date=9 January 2018|date=27 July 2017}}</ref> [[Amala Paul]] and [[Priyanka Thimmesh]] was confirmed before August 2017. Amala's character was said to be an important figure in Kochunni's life; Priyanka plays the role of Suhra, his wife.<ref name="script"/> Babu Antony confirmed his role in September 2017 as Ithingal Thangal, the mentor of Kochunni.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Babu Antony plays Thangal in 'Kayamkulam Kochunni'... Who is he?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/babu-antony-plays-thangal-in-kayamkulam-kochunni-who-is-he/articleshow/60727466.cms|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 September 2017}}</ref>

In late 2017, Amala opted out from the film due to scheduling conflicts, who was replaced by [[Priya Anand]]. Andrrews said the rain affected their schedule and had to make changes, which conflicted with Amala's dates who had commitments in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. Priya cancelled three films for ''Kayamkulam Kochunni''; she plays Janaki. According to Priya, Janaki's story is relevant to every woman.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=I cancelled three of my projects to be part of Kayamkulam Kochunni: Priya Anand|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/i-cancelled-three-of-my-projects-to-be-part-of-kayamkulam-kochunni-priya-anand/articleshow/61948638.cms|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 December 2017}}</ref> Wayne plays the character named Keshavan, who is well trained in Kalaripayattu.<ref name="training"/> In early January 2018, Nivin and Andrrews announced that [[Mohanlal]] would appear in the film in the role of [[Ithikkara Pakki]], a robber contemporary to Kochunni.<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama staff|title=Mohanlal joins Nivin Pauly's 'Kayamkulam Kochunni,' Rosshan reveals role|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/01/09/mohanlal-joins-nivin-paulys-kayamkulam-kochunni-rosshan-reveals-.html|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=9 January 2018}}</ref> In a February 2018 interview, Sanjay revealed that Mohanlal has 40 minutes screen time who appears at a particular juncture in the story, "we wished for someone of his stature to play this character. Pakki is Kochunni's contemporary and predecessor. It's Pakki who started the unique style of robbing and that's what Kochunni continued with".<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Mohanlal joins the sets of Kayamkulam Kochunni|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-joins-the-sets-of-kayamkulam-kochunni/articleshow/62916059.cms|access-date=15 February 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 February 2018}}</ref> In March 2018, [[Nora Fatehi]] was confirmed to be appearing in a song sequence in the film, which also features Nivin. Choreographed by [[Vishnu Deva]], it was shot in [[Goa]] in that month.<ref>{{cite news|last=Soman|first=Deepa|title=Nora Fatehi sizzles in a dance number in 'Kayamkulam Kochunni'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/nora-fatehi-sizzles-in-a-dance-number-in-kayamkulam-kochunni/articleshow/63366225.cms|access-date=22 March 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 March 2018}}</ref>

===Filming===
Principal photography commenced on 30 September 2017 in [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Pauly|first=Nivin|title=#KayamkulamKochunni starts rolling!|url=https://twitter.com/NivinOfficial/status/914332872974139392|publisher=[[Twitter]]|access-date=9 January 2018|date=30 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="amala">{{cite news|last=Acharya|first=Sandeep|title=Kayamkulam Kochunni: Amala Paul opts out, Priya Anand comes on board|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kayamkulam-kochunni-amala-paul-opts-out-priya-anand-comes-on-board/story-J7lRvvYsnwdvAJAUM5hiQP.html|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 December 2017}}</ref> In the first schedule the team filmed in locations such as [[Mangalore]], [[Manjeshwar]], and Udupi for two months. It was reported that the filming would move to [[Sri Lanka]] for the following schedule. Nivin trained in Kalaripayattu every morning before shoot under trainers from Kerala. He had a shot crop haircut and wears a [[handlebar moustache]] for the character of Kochunni.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nivin Pauly learns Kalaripayattu for Kayamkulam Kochunni|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/nivin-pauly-learns-kalaripayattu-for-kayamkulam-kochunni/story-3VCR7uqhMtwaKuVf1QP4JK.html|access-date=9 January 2018|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=10 October 2017}}</ref> Filming was held in [[Kasaragod]] and Mangalore during November and December 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Photos: Nivin Pauly thanks Suriya, Jyothika for visiting the sets of his Kayamkulam Kochunni|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/photos-nivin-pauly-suriya-jyothika-for-visiting-the-sets-of-his-kayamkulam-kochunni-4956725/|access-date=9 January 2018|work=The Indian Express|date=27 November 2017}}</ref> Large sets were created for the film. [[Binod Pradhan]] was the cinematographer.<ref name="set"/> Mohanlal joined the sets in Mangalore on 13 February 2018 and began filming from the following day with the combination scenes between Ithikkara Pakki and Kochunni.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mohanlal starts shooting for 'Kayamkulam Kochunni'|url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-starts-shooting-for-kayamkulam-kochunni-kerala-malayalam-movie-1.2602401|access-date=14 February 2018|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=14 February 2018|archive-date=15 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180215023357/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/mohanlal-starts-shooting-for-kayamkulam-kochunni-kerala-malayalam-movie-1.2602401|url-status=dead}}</ref> The 161 days long filming was wrapped in Sri Lanka on 1 June 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nivin completes 'Kayamkulam Kochunni' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-completes-kayamkulam-kochunni-news-malayalam-sgckyUhhdjcbj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602061235/http://www.sify.com/movies/nivin-completes-kayamkulam-kochunni-news-malayalam-sgckyUhhdjcbj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 June 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2 June 2018 |date=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar R. |first=Manoj |title=Nivin Pauly wraps up Kayamkulam Kochunni |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-wraps-up-kayamkulam-kochunni-5201453/ |access-date=2 June 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 June 2018}}</ref>

Three cinematographers worked in ''Kayamkulam Kochunni''—[[Binod Pradhan]], [[Nirav Shah]], and Sudheer Palsane. Pradhan worked for 110 days after which the filming was delayed due to Nivin's injury and other reasons and Pradhan had to join ''[[Kalank]]'' due to prior commitment. Shah was the cinematographer for the next 40 days, who shot the climax and scenes in [[Goa]]. Palsane joined for the remaining 11 days for filming the scenes in Sri Lanka. Film's [[color grading|colour grading]] was done by [[Red Chillies Entertainment]].<ref>{{cite news|author=മനോരമ ലേഖകൻ|title=കായംകുളം കൊച്ചുണ്ണിയുടെ പിന്നണിയിൽ ഷാരൂഖ് ഖാന്റെ റെ‍ഡ് ചില്ലീസും|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2018/07/24/kayamkulam-kochunni-technical-team.html|access-date=27 July 2018|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=24 July 2018}}</ref> ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' was made on an average budget of {{INR}}30 crore.<ref name="budget">{{cite news|last=George|first=Vijay|title=Thinking big|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rosshan-andrrews-gets-candid-as-he-talks-about-his-upcoming-release-kayamkulam-kochunni/article24633258.ece|access-date=14 August 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pillai|first=Sreedhar|title=From Kayamkulam Kochunni to Oru Kuttanadan Blog, a look at Malayalam films releasing this Onam|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-kayamkulam-kochunni-to-oru-kuttanadan-blog-a-look-at-malayalam-releases-this-onam-4947951.html|access-date=14 August 2018|work=Firstpost|date=12 August 2018}}</ref>

==Music==
The original soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Gopi Sundar]] and released by [[Eros Now]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kayamkulam Kochunni|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/malayalam/Kayamkulam-Kochunni-2018/cRY,mQYVCGQ_|publisher=[[Saavn]]|access-date=14 August 2018|date=3 August 2018}}</ref> The lyrics for the songs were written by Shobin Kannangatt and [[Rafeeq Ahamed]].

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Kalariyadavum
| writer1 = Shobin Kannangatt
| extra1 = [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 5:10

| title2 = Thjanajana Naadam
| writer2 = [[Rafeeq Ahamed]]
| extra2 = [[Gopi Sundar]]
| length2 = 3:22

| title3 = Nrithageethikalennum
| writer3 = Shobin Kannangatt
| extra3 = Pushpavathy Poypadathu
| length3 = 3:59
}}

==Release==
''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' was initially set to release on 15 August 2018, but was postponed for about a week due to delays in completing the post-production.<ref>{{cite news|last=R.|first=Manoj Kumar|title=Nivin Pauly-Mohanlal's Kayamkulam Kochunni unlikely to release this week|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kayamkulam-kochunni-release-date-nivin-pauly-mohanlal-film-5304701/|access-date=14 August 2018|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Release was postponed again due to the [[2018 Kerala floods|August 2018 Kerala floods]] and was rescheduled and released on 11 October 2018.<ref>{{cite news|title=Nivin Pauly's Kayamkulam Kochunni to release on October 11|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2018/oct/01/nivin-paulys-kayamkulam-kochunni-to-release-on-october-11-1879329.html|access-date=1 October 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

==Reception==

=== Critical reception ===
Anna M M Vetticad of ''[[The First Post]]'' wrote, "Such carefully crafted imagery ensures that despite its visual scale, heart-stopping action, high-adrenaline chases and Gopi Sundar's pulsating music, the dominant takeaway from Kayamkulam Kochunni is its politics and humanity."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-14 |title=Kayamkulam Kochunni movie review: Nivin Pauly excels in a period epic that outshines Bahubali's scale with its sensitivity |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kayamkulam-kochunni-movie-review-nivin-pauly-excels-in-a-period-epic-that-outshines-bahubalis-scale-with-its-sensitivity-5376361.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave a rating 3.5/5 and wrote, "It's not the spectacle from Kayamkulam Kochunni that stayed with me after leaving the theatre; it's the characters.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Kayamkulam Kochunni' movie review: A modest and sincere interpretation of a legend |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2018/oct/12/kayamkulam-kochunni-movie-review-a-modest-and-sincere-interpretation-of-a-legend-1884596.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=The New Indian Express|date=12 October 2018 }}</ref> Benita Chacko of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote, "The period film is worth a watch for its cinematography and detailed setting but you will need to have some patience to watch it unravel."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chacko |first=Benita |title='Kayamkulam Kochunni' movie review: Slow but worth it |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kayamkulam-kochunni-slow-697636.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Deepa Soman of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a rating of 4/5 and wrote, "You might have heard this story n number of times, but it is worth your time and money, all over. The film has what it takes to bring alive all those visuals you had in mind, when you heard or read the story wonderstruck as a little kid."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kayamkulam Kochunni Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kayamkulam-kochunni/movie-review/66159499.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Priyanka Sundar of [[Hindustan Times|''The Hindustan Times'']] gave a rating 3/5 and wrote, "Nivin Pauly's Kayamkulam Kochunni is the journey of a man who helped his people start a revolution against the oppressors in power. This struggle is not just important to understand what happened in the past, but could also be instrumental in changing mindset for a better future."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-11 |title=Kayamkulam Kochunni review: Nivin Pauly starrer is visually stunning |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/kayamkulam-kochunni-movie-review-nivin-pauly-mohanlal-starrer-is-visually-stunning/story-yZpdKGP4gEpIX3NpQpfCBO.html |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Manoj Kumar R of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a rating of 2/5 and wrote, "Writers Bobby and Sanjay could have made the film more dark and gritty, instead of making it a simple black-and-white story told in broad strokes. It's unclear why the writers were so keen on exonerating Kochunni."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-11 |title=Kayamkulam Kochunni movie review: The Nivin Pauly starrer falls flat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/kayamkulam-kochunni-movie-review-nivin-pauly-mohanlal-5397417/ |access-date=2023-11-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Box office===
''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' was released in more than 350 screens in [[Kerala]] and screened 1700 shows in the first day, making it the largest movie release in the state. The film grossed {{INR}}5.30 [[crore]] in the opening day from Kerala alone, the highest opening-day collection at Kerala box office.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kayamkulam-kochunni-box-office-collection-nivin-pauly-5399186/ Kayamkulam Kochunni box office collection: Nivin Pauly scores career-best opening], ''The Indian Express'' (12 October 2018). Retrieved on 1 December 2018.</ref> In seven days the film made ₹42 crore worldwide.<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/nivin-pauly-kayamkulam-kochunni-box-office-collection-42-crore-5409112/</ref> It grossed ₹53.5 crore worldwide in 10 days.<ref>https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-earns-rs-27-9-cr-on-opening-weekend-aravinda-sametha-becomes-junior-ntrs-highest-grossing-film-5438371.html</ref> It garnered a worldwide total of ₹59.4 crore in 18 days surpassing ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' to become the fourth highest-grossing Malayalam film of all-time globally after ''[[Pulimurugan]]'', ''[[Premam]]'', and ''[[Drishyam]]''.<ref>https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vada-chennai-becomes-dhanushs-highest-grossing-film-vijay-sethupathis-96-earns-rs-50-cr-worldwide-5479641.html</ref> The film's final box office was estimated to be ₹67{{En dash}}70 crore.

''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' grossed $1,108,021 in the [[United Arab Emirates]] from 49 screens in the opening weekend—the best opener of that weekend, and earned $1,654,495 in four weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kochunni|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?id=_fKOCHUNNI01&country=UE&wk=2018W41&id=_fKOCHUNNI01&p=.htm|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref> In the opening weekend, the film collected $70,319 (₹52.03 lakh) in the United States and NZ$21,191 (₹10.18 lakh) in [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Helicopter Eela is a disaster in overseas, AndhaDhun remains strong|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/helicopter-eela-is-a-disaster-in-overseas-andhadhun-remains-strong/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 July 2019|date=15 October 2018}}</ref> Released on 26 October, the film debuted with £39,483 (₹37.19 lakh) in the opening weekend in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Badhaai Ho remains strong in overseas; Baazaar average|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/badhaai-ho-remains-strong-in-overseas-baazaar-average/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 July 2019|date=29 October 2018}}</ref> It made $226,069 (₹1.65 crore) in the US in five weeks and £88,368 (₹83.2 lakh) in the UK in three weeks,<ref>{{cite web|title=Thugs of Hindostan collects approx. 6.4 mil. USD [Rs. 46.66 cr.] in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/thugs-of-hindostan-collects-approx-6-4-mil-usd-rs-46-66-cr-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 July 2019|date=12 November 2018}}</ref> and NZ$32,264 (₹15.61 lakh) in New Zealand in two weeks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Badhaai Ho embarks on a flying start in overseas|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/badhaai-ho-embarks-on-a-flying-start-in-overseas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=2 July 2019|date=22 October 2018}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipient / nominee
! Result
! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="7"|[[Asianet Film Awards]]
| Best Film
| [[Rosshan Andrrews]], Gokulam Gopalan
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="7"|
|-
| Best Actor
| [[Mohanlal]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Screenplay
| [[Bobby–Sanjay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Most Popular Film
| [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| {{won}}
|-
| Most Popular Actor
| [[Nivin Pauly]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Music Director
| [[Gopi Sundar]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Lyricist
| Shobin Kannangatu
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| Best Film
| Sree Gokulam Movies
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|
|-
| Best Director
| [[Rosshan Andrrews]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Cinematographer
| [[Binod Pradhan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]]
| Best Villain
| [[Sunny Wayne]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Vanitha Film Awards: Mohanlal wins Best Actor, Manju Warrier is Best Actress|url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/03/02/vanitha-film-awards-winners-list-live-show-kochi.html|access-date=18 July 2019|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=3 March 2019}}</ref>
|-
| Janmabhumi Cinema Awards
| Best Art Director
| Sunil Babu
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Janmabhumi Cinema Awards 2018: Mohanlal Actor and Nimisha Sajayan Actress|url=https://global.janmabhumidaily.com/news861146|access-date=18 July 2019|work=[[Janmabhumi]]|date=12 July 2019|archive-date=18 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718092211/https://global.janmabhumidaily.com/news861146|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|7231546}}

{{Rosshan Andrrews}}

[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian historical action films]]
[[Category:2010s historical action films]]
[[Category:Films set in the 19th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the British Raj]]
[[Category:History of Kerala on film]]
[[Category:Films about highwaymen]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Bobby-Sanjay]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rosshan Andrrews]]

H. G. Dattatreya

2026-04-25T06:09:51Z

Joquim: Done!

{{Short description|Indian actor, theatre personality}}
{{Indian name|Dattatreya|Harihar Gundurao}}
{{redirect|Dattanna|Indian politician|Bandaru Dattatreya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Wing commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]
| name = H. G. Dattatreya
| image = HGDattatreya.jpg
| caption = Dattatreya in 2013
| birth_name = Harihar Gundurao Dattatreya
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1942|04|20}}
| birth_place = [[Chitradurga]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering|UVCE, Bangalore]] [[Air Force Technical College, Bangalore|Air Force Technical College]] [[Indian Institute of Science]]
| occupation = Actor
| relatives = [[H. G. Somashekar Rao]] (brother)
| website = 
| allegiance = [[India]]
| branch = {{Air force|India}}
| service_years = 1965–1986
| rank = [[File: British_RAF_OF-4.svg|30px]] Wing Commander
}}
'''Harihar Gundurao Dattatreya''' (born 20 April 1942), popularly known as '''Dattanna''', is an Indian actor who has appeared in more than 204 films and several [[Play (theatre)|play]]s. Alongside his career as an actor, he served in the [[Indian Air Force]] as an Aeronautical Engineer for over 20 years and also occupied academic positions with [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL). He is best known for his work in [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada cinema]], in which he appears in mostly supporting roles. In a film career of almost three decades, he has won two [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Awards]], one [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and two [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]. He is known for his performances in ''[[Munnudi]]'' (2000), ''[[Bettada Jeeva]]'' (2011) and ''[[Bharath Stores]]'' (2012). In 2022, he was awarded the [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] by the [[Government of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka: Isro ex-chief K Sivan, Daiva Nartaka among 67 Rajyotsava awardees |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-isro-ex-chief-k-sivan-daiva-nartaka-among-67-rajyotsava-awardees/articleshow/95189234.cms |access-date=13 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2022}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dattatreya was born in 1942 in [[Chitradurga]], in the erstwhile [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (now in [[Karnataka]], India) to Harihar Gundurao and Venkamma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dattatreya H G|url=http://www.geni.com/people/Dattatreya-H-G/6000000011173612419|website=Geni|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005064723/http://www.geni.com/people/Dattatreya-H-G/6000000011173612419|archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> He has six siblings; brothers Venkatesh, who was a physicist at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]; Suryanarayana Rao, is a professor of English in [[University of Mysore]]; and [[H. G. Somashekar Rao]], a writer and an occasional actor. Dattatreya completed his education in Chitradurga.<ref>{{cite news|title=Dattanna on Flashback|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/dattanna-on-flashback-kannada-news-119673.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924170922/http://www.indiaglitz.com/dattanna-on-flashback-kannada-news-119673.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|work=indiaglitz.com|date=27 November 2014}}</ref> He secured the first rank in his matriculation exams in 1958, and second rank on completion of his [[pre-university course]] in 1959. He graduated with a [[Bachelor of Electrical Engineering|degree in electrical engineering]] from [[University of Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]] (UVCE), [[Bangalore]], in 1964. In 1978, he obtained a master's degree in electrical communication engineering from [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc), Bengaluru.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dattatreya H G|url=http://alumni.iisc.ernet.in/profile/view/dattatreya-h-g|website=Indian Institute of Science|publisher=IISc, Bangalore, Alumni Website|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== In Indian Air Force ===
After graduating in 1964, Dattatreya joined the [[Indian Air Force]], as a Commissioned Officer in its technical branch. He subsequently trained at [[Air Force Technical College, Bangalore|Air Force Technical College]], Bangalore, and while studying his post graduation at IISc, Bangalore, he received a certificate on completion of a project on Management and Advance Technologies, in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|title=CASES WHERE UNDERTAKING / PAN / BANK / ADDRESS DETAILS NOT RECEIVED|url=http://indianairforce.nic.in/pdf/ADD_NOT_DATA_1986_TO_1995.pdf|website=Indian Air Force|publisher=indianairforce.nic.in|access-date=6 August 2015}}</ref> He served the IAF for over 20 years, before retiring as a [[Wing Commander (rank)|Wing Commander]]. Upon retirement, he served in the Management Academy of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL), the Staff Training College, as its Deputy General Manager and Principal.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web|title=Sandesha awards on Feb 24|url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb162005/d33.asp|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=16 February 2005|access-date=28 June 2015|archive-date=1 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701044857/http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/feb162005/d33.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== As actor ===
[[File:The Director of the Kannada film “Bettada Jeeva”, P Sheshadri addressing a press conference during the 42nd International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2011), in Panaji, Goa. The Actor of the Kannada film “Bettada Jeeva”.jpg|thumb|right|[[P. Sheshadri]] (middle) and Dattatreya (right) addressing a press conference during the 42nd [[International Film Festival of India]], in Panaji, Goa]]
Dattatreya began acting in plays in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and while studying engineering in college at UVCE.<ref>{{cite web|title=When old friends meet again|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/when-old-friends-meet-again/article1031439.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 January 2011|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> His first appearance in a Kannada film came in [[T. S. Nagabharana]]'s ''[[Aasphota]]'' (1988), which earned him the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]].<ref name="dh1"/> Since then, he went on to appear in several films that have won multiple awards such as ''[[Kraurya]]'' (1996) and ''[[Munnudi]]'' (2000). His performance in the latter film earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]] and the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/48th_nff_2001.pdf|title=48th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 June 2015|pages=44–45}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Mussanje' bags best film award|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/29/stories/0429210c.htm|access-date=25 April 2017|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 May 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

Dattatreya's performances in ''[[Mouni (2003 film)|Mouni]]'' (2003) won him a [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]] at the 51st National Film Awards.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> In the 2012 released film ''[[Bharath Stores]]'', his role as Govinda Shetty, a Grocery shop owner hit hard when the Union Government increases [[foreign direct investment]] in the retail sector, won widespread critical acclaim. He won his second National Special Jury Award at the [[60th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref> He was also awarded the Best Actor at the International Film Festival in Fiji in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Fiji_July_2014.pdf|title=India – Fiji Relations|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Dhwani, Desai|title=Dattanna bags Best Actor award at international film festival|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Dattanna-bags-Best-Actor-award-atinternational-film-festival/articleshow/23159789.cms|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 September 2013|access-date=28 June 2015}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
*''Note: All films are in Kannada, unless otherwise noted.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|rowspan="2"|1988 || ''Udbhav'' || ||Hindi film
|-
| ''[[Aasphota]]'' || ||
|-
| 1989|| ''Madhuri'' || ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]'' || Imam Sab||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1992 || ''[[Mysore Mallige (film)|Mysore Mallige]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Harakeya Kuri]]'' || Danappa||
|-
| 1993 ||''[[Chinnari Mutha]]''|| Daada||
|-
| 1994 || ''[[Kotreshi Kanasu]]'' || ||
|-
| 1995 || ''Lady Police'' || ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Kraurya]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1997 || ''Ganga Yamuna'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ulta Palta (1997 film)|Ulta Palta]]'' || Police inspector||
|-
| ''[[America! America!!]]'' || Srinivas||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1998 ||''[[Andaman (1998 film)|Andaman]]'' || [[Lieutenant Governor]]||
|-
| ''[[Hoomale]]'' || Santosh's uncle||
|-
| rowspan="3"|1999 ||''Maha Edabidangi'' || ||
|-
| ''Chaithrada Chiguru'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Prema Prema Prema]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000 || ''[[Thiladaanam]]''|| Subbayya||Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Munnudi]]'' || Hasanabba ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2001 || ''[[Mussanje]]'' || Seshanna||
|-
| ''Chandana Chiguru'' || ||
|-
| 2002 ||''[[Atithi (2002 film)|Atithi]]'' || Doctor||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2003 ||''[[Don (2003 film)|Don]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Mouni (film)|Mouni]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2004 || ''[[Yahoo (film)|Yahoo]]'' || Haladi Nagappa's ghost ||
|-
| ''[[Dharma (2004 film)|Dharma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Joke Falls]]'' || Raghavendra Joshi||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2005 || ''[[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (film)|Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Beru (film)|Beru]]'' || Venkateshaiah||
|-
| ''[[Siddhu (film)|Siddhu]]'' || Siddu's teacher||
|-
| ''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]'' || Rangaswamy||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2006 || ''[[Thutturi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Miss California (film)|Miss California]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Uppi Dada M.B.B.S.]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2007 || ''[[SMS 6260]]'' || Dattanna ||
|-
| ''Masanada Makkalu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Sathyavan Savithri]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kaada Beladingalu]]'' || Chandranna||
|-
| ''Atheetham'' || ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Hani Hani (film)|Hani Hani]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2009 || ''[[Anu (film)|Anu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Maleyali Jotheyali]]'' || Col. Thammayya ||
|-
| ''Kurunadu'' || ||
|-
| ''Daatu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''Anishchitha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Cheluveye Ninne Nodalu]]'' || Gopala Gowda ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011 || ''[[Johny Mera Naam Preethi Mera Kaam]]'' || Priya's grandfather||
|-
| ''[[Bettada Jeeva]]'' || Gopalaiah ||
|-
| ''[[Allide Nammane Illi Bande Summane]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Paramathma (film)|Paramathma]]'' || Appanna ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Dashamukha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Bharath Stores]]'' || Govinda Shetty ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014 || ''[[December-1]]'' || [[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister]]||
|-
| ''Matthe Satyagraha'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bahaddur]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Baanaadi]]'' || Kishore's grandfather||
|-
| ''[[Haggada Kone]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 || ''Male Nilluvavarege'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Endendigu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vidaaya]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9"|2016 || ''[[Parapancha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Home Stay'' || ||
|-
| ''Jigarthanda'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Run Antony]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Santheyalli Nintha Kabira]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Birthday (2016 Indian film)|Happy Birthday]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Neer Dose]]'' || Dattatreya||
|-
| ''[[Doddmane Hudga]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="8"|2017 || ''Srinivasa Kalyana'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jilebi (2017 film)|Jilebi]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Prathima'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Raajakumara]]'' || Mohammad Rafi||
|-
| ''Tab'' || ||
|-
| ''[[April Na Himabindu]]'' || Srikanta ||
|-
| ''[[Kempiruve]]'' || Venkatesh Murthy||
|-
| ''Hombanna'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7"|2018 || ''[[Churikatte]]'' || Adi's grandfather||
|-
| ''[[Kannadakkaagi Ondannu Otti]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Double Engine (2018 film)|Double Engine]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Loudspeaker (2018 film)|Loudspeaker]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Amrutha Ghalige'' || ||
|-
| ''Ajja'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ananthu vs Nusrath]]'' || Zulfikar Ali Khan||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Mission Mangal]]'' || Ananth Iyengar
|Hindi film
|-
| ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]]'' || Vinayak's neighbour||
|-
| ''[[Sarvajanikarige Suvarnavakasha]]'' || Devraj||
|-
| ''[[Brahmachari (2019 film)|Brahmachari]]'' || Dr. Ramdev||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Act 1978]]'' || Venkatachalaiah ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''[[SriKrishna@gmail.com]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rider (2021 film)|Rider]]'' || Principal ||
|-
| ''Nan Hesaru Kishora Yel Pass Yentu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022 || ''Four Walls & Two Nighties '' || Mavayya ||
|-
| ''[[Selfie Mummy Googl Daddy]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Totapuri: Chapter 1]]'' || Imaam Saheb||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2023 || ''[[Raghavendra Stores]]'' || Gunda Bhat ||
|-
| ''Jersey Number 10'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Totapuri: Chapter 2]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bad Manners (2023 film)|Bad Manners]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[My Hero (2024 film)|My Hero]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Murphy (film)|Murphy]]'' || Richard||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2026 || ''Elra Kaaleliyatte Kaala'' || ||
|}

=== Web series ===
* 2018 - ''[[Joshelay]]''

== Awards and nominations==
* 1987–88: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]: ''[[Aasphota]]''
* [[48th National Film Awards|2000]] : [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor]]: ''[[Munnudi]]''
* 2000: Film Fans Association Award for Best Supporting Actor: ''[[Munnudi]]''<ref>{{cite news|title=The ones who made a mark|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022q.htm|access-date=2 October 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 July 2001}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* 2000–01: [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor]] : ''[[Munnudi]]''
* [[51st National Film Awards|2003]] : [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]]: ''[[Mouni (2003 film)|Mouni]]''
* 2011: Nominated : [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada]]: ''[[Bettada Jeeva]]''
* [[60th National Film Awards|2012]] : [[National Film Award – Special Mention (Feature Film)|National Film Award – Special Jury Award]] : ''[[Bharath Stores]]''
* 2013: Best Actor Award at the Fiji International Film Festival for ''[[Bharath Stores]]''
* 2016: Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada for ''[[Neer Dose]]''
* 2016: Nominated, SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Kannada for ''[[Neer Dose]]''
* 2016: Nominated, Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada for ''[[Kempirve]]''
* 2022: [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]

{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=1227718|name=H. G. Dattatreya}}

{{National Film Award Best Supporting Actor}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dattatreya, H. G.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Chitradurga]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Best Supporting Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2022]]
[[Category:Karnataka State Film Award winners]]

Mandhata Balaji Temple

2026-04-19T09:10:14Z

Joquim: adding new place w/ sources - done

{{Infobox temple
| name = Mandhata Balaji Temple
| native_name = मांधाता बालाजी मंदिर
| native_name_lang = hi
| image = [[File: Mandhata Balaji Temple.jpg|200 px|]]
| map_type = India Rajasthan
| map_caption = Location in Rajasthan
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bundi district]]
| location = Tiger Hill, [[Bundi]]
| deity = [[Hanuman]]
| festivals = Annual fair during New Year period
|caption=A view of Mandhata Balaji Temple|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]}}

'''Mandhata Balaji Temple''' ({{langx|hi|मांधाता बालाजी मंदिर}}) is a historic [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple located atop Tiger Hill of [[Aravalli Range|Arvalli mountain Range]] in the [[Bundi district]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. The temple venerates Hindu deity [[Hanuman]] and attracts devotees, especially around [[New Year]], when a four-day fair is celebrated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandhata Balaji fair: Huge crowd of visitors throughout the day |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bundi/news/mandhata-balaji-fair-has-a-huge-crowd-of-visitors-throughout-the-day-134221308.html |website=Dainik Bhaskar |date=1 January 2024 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Mandhata Balaji Temple is situated atop Tiger Hill in Bundi, [[Rajasthan]], and is geographically near to [[Jait Sagar Lake]]. The temple overlooks the northern stretch of Jait Sagar and lies a short distance uphill from the heritage palace of [[Sukh Mahal]], which was once visited by [[Rudyard Kipling]]. The area is part of the Aravalli foothills and offers a panoramic view of the [[Bundi]] city.

The approach to the temple is via a forested trail, passing through a reserve area under the jurisdiction of the Forest Department of Rajasthan.

== History and significance ==
The temple is located near a [[chhatri]] (cenotaph), which is sometimes associated in local narratives with Bundi royal history, although no official documentation confirms this.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}. In January 2018, the local administration initially prohibited worship due to communal sensitivity, invoking [[Unlawful assembly|Section 144]]. This led to protests and communal tension.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sporadic protests, Rajasthan's Bundi situation tense |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sporadic-protests-rajasthans-bundi-situation-tense-1795558 |website=NDTV |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

Following public pressure, the government allowed limited worship activities by the forest department.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Govt bows to Hindu Mahasabha: Diya finally lit at Mandhata Balaji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/government-bows-to-hindu-mahasabha-diya-finally-lit-at-mandhata-balaji/articleshow/62375551.cms |work=The Times of India |date=5 January 2018 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

During the unrest, the then [[District collector|district collector]] of Bundi received death threats, which were investigated by local authorities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bundi Collector gets death threat amid Mandhata Balaji row |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bundi-collector-gets-death-threat-over-mandhata-balaji-temple-row-118010800134_1.html |work=Business Standard |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

== Cultural and religious events ==
Each year, a four-day religious fair is held around the [[New Year]], and thousands of devotees come. Local legends associate the site with miraculous occurrences, and rituals include [[Hanuman Chalisa]] recitation, ''Deepdan'', and [[bhajan]] gatherings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mandhata Balaji Fair begins in Bundi |url=https://www.firstindia.co.in/news/rajasthan/mandhata-balaji-fair-begins-in-bundi |website=First India News |date=30 December 2023 |access-date=4 July 2025}}</ref>

== Administration and access ==
Tiger Hill falls under forest department jurisdiction. Daily rituals are performed by forest personnel under a legal compromise. During peak periods, the district administration manages security and crowd control.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Bundi]]
* [[Taragarh Fort, Bundi]]
* [[Dobra Mahadev Temple]]
* [[Charbhuja Nath Temple]]
* [[Bundi Utsav]]

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|25.45265|75.64516|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

{{morecat|date=April 2026}}
[[Category:Temples in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Bundi district]]

Rohat Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:53:56Z

Joquim: Added page

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rohat Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1968
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,13,983
|mla = Sukhbir Singh
|party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Rohat Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}

|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Kanwar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Phool Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Bhim Singh || {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Mahendra
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Hukam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Krishana Gahlawat || {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Padam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Sukhbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=43,246 |percentage=52.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=20,106 |percentage=24.63% |change={{decrease}}24.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishana Gahlawat |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,060 |percentage=17.22% |change={{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nawal Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,623 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=787 |percentage=0.96% |change={{increase}}0.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Toor |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=327 |percentage=0.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,140 |percentage=28.34% |change= {{increase}}20.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,640 |percentage=71.62% |change= {{increase}}3.48 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}4.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=35,739 |percentage=48.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=30,114 |percentage=41.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,320 |percentage=8.64% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=657 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,625 |percentage=7.69% |change= {{increase}}4.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,185 |percentage=69.06% |change= {{increase}}4.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,07,399 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}14.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishana Gahlawat |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=23,799 |percentage=34.34% |change={{increase}}15.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padam Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=21,676 |percentage=31.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=10,809 |percentage=15.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rampal Dahiya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,878 |percentage=8.48% |change={{decrease}}27.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,680 |percentage=5.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=792 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,123 |percentage=3.06% |change= {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,296 |percentage=65.56% |change= {{increase}}7.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,09,056 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Hukam Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,834 |percentage=36.26% |change={{increase}}8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=19,796 |percentage=36.20% |change={{increase}}31.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nawal Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=10,484 |percentage=19.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devinder Singh |party=Haryana Chhatra Yuva Morcha |votes=1,716 |percentage=3.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,499 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sube Singh |party=Jawan Kisan Mazdur Party |votes=309 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=306 |percentage=0.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=38 |percentage=0.07% |change= {{decrease}}34.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,692 |percentage=58.27% |change= {{decrease}}10.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,059 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.49 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}26.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra |party=Lokdal |votes=36,882 |percentage=62.37% |change={{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rizaq Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,570 |percentage=28.02% |change={{decrease}}6.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=2,899 |percentage=4.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pyare Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,548 |percentage=2.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lekh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=342 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish S/O Shiv Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=299 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,312 |percentage=34.35% |change= {{increase}}13.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=59,137 |percentage=66.88% |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,559 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=28,952 |percentage=56.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,971 |percentage=34.86% |change={{increase}}17.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,037 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalel Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=679 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Kaur |party=Independent politician |votes=308 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,981 |percentage=21.30% |change= {{decrease}}19.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,548 |percentage=67.62% |change= {{increase}}5.49 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,224 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Janata Party |votes=23,396 |percentage=57.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nawal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,897 |percentage=17.00% |change={{decrease}}12.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,684 |percentage=9.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raghbir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,321 |percentage=8.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kawar Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=3,279 |percentage=8.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,499 |percentage=40.66% |change= {{increase}}39.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,577 |percentage=61.92% |change= {{decrease}}2.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,237 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing= {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=12,249 |percentage=35.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=11,726 |percentage=33.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,419 |percentage=29.83% |change={{decrease}}24.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ratan Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=1.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=523 |percentage=1.50% |change= {{decrease}}6.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,924 |percentage=65.81% |change= {{increase}}22.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,373 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}18.80 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohat<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanwar Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,268 |percentage=53.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phool Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=9,646 |percentage=46.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,622 |percentage=7.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,914 |percentage=42.59% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,166 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|28.93|76.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1968]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Nainital Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:43:34Z

Joquim: adding a details w/ infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nainital
| mla = [[Sarita Arya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Nainital]]
| reservation = SC
| electors = 109,970
| type = SLA
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| constituency_no = 58
| map_image =Nainital Assembly constituency map.svg
| latest_election_year = 2022
}}

'''Nainital Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the seventy electoral [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]]. It includes [[Nainital]] area of [[Nainital]] District.

Nainital Legislative Assembly constituency is a part of [[Nainital-Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Name
! colspan=2 | Party
|-
| [[1951 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" | [[N. D. Tiwari|Narayan Datt Tiwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India)}}
|-
| [[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3 | Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| P. Singh
|-
| [[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| Dungar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2 | Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Bal Krishna Sanwal
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Ram Datt Joshi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Shivnarayan Singh Negi
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3 | Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" | Kishan Singh Taragi
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Banshidhar Bhagat]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3 | Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| Dr. Narayan Singh Jantwal
| {{Full party name with color|Uttarakhand Kranti Dal}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| Kharak Singh Bohra
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| colspan=4 align=center | ''Major boundary changes''
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Sarita Arya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Sanjiv Arya]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2 | Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Sarita Arya]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nainital<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarita Arya]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,770 |percentage=52.19% |change={{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjiv Arya |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,889 |percentage=39.24% |change={{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Chandra Arya|party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=2,789 |percentage=4.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash (Subhash Kumar) |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=904 |percentage=1.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkamal Sonkar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=830 |percentage=1.36% |change={{decrease}}0.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=695 |percentage=1.14% |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,881 |percentage=12.95% |change= {{increase}}1.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,877 |percentage=54.98% |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,10,734 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}3.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nainital<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sanjiv Arya]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,036 |percentage=48.85% |change={{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarita Arya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,789 |percentage=37.06% |change={{decrease}}12.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Chandra Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=5,505 |percentage=8.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. L. Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,035 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal Arya |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=997 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}7.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=899 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,247 |percentage=11.79% |change= {{decrease}}0.48 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,484 |percentage=56.89% |change= {{increase}}2.37 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,08,069 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nainital<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sarita Arya]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,563 |percentage=49.69% |change={{increase}}27.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Chandra Arya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,255 |percentage=37.43% |change={{increase}}12.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Snjay Kumar Alias Sanju |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,460 |percentage=8.67% |change={{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Padma Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=878 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vinod Kumar |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=763 |percentage=1.48% |change={{decrease}}22.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devanand Alias Deva |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=503 |percentage=0.98% |change={{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,308 |percentage=12.26% |change= {{increase}}11.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,444 |percentage=54.52% |change= {{decrease}}5.07 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,360 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}25.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2007 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Nainital<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharak Singh Bohara |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=12,347 |percentage=24.45% |change={{increase}}7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Narayan Singh Jantwal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=11,980 |percentage=23.73% |change={{decrease}}3.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaya Bisht |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,164 |percentage=22.11% |change={{increase}}1.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Harish Singh Bisht |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=6,267 |percentage=12.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Bhatt |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,079 |percentage=12.04% |change={{decrease}}6.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,113 |percentage=2.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deepak Shah |party=Bharatiya Jan Shakti |votes=466 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khushal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=463 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zameer Ahmad |party=Jan Morcha |votes=309 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Chandra |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=307 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=367 |percentage=0.73% |change= {{decrease}}5.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,495 |percentage=59.59% |change= {{increase}}12.33 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,737 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |swing= {{decrease}}2.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Uttaranchal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nainital<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Narayan Singh Jantiwal |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=10,864 |percentage=26.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaya Bisht |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,517 |percentage=20.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Bhupal Singh Bhakuni |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,499 |percentage=18.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shanti Mehra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,936 |percentage=17.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishan Singh Negi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,382 |percentage=3.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkrishna Alias Balkishan |party=Independent politician |votes=714 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=576 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=559 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harish Chandra |party=Independent politician |votes=551 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh |party=Independent politician |votes=539 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pushpa Katoch |party=Independent politician |votes=481 |percentage=1.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,347 |percentage=5.78% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,623 |percentage=47.26% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,959 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |website=Eci.nic.in |accessdate=2017-06-25}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/RESULTS_2012_Uttarakhand_State.pdf |title=fo/kku lHkk {ks= 01&iqjksyk ¼vuq-tk} |website=Ceo.uk.gov.in |accessdate=2017-06-25|language=hi}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |title=Ac_pc |accessdate=2010-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619064401/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_pc.aspx |archivedate=19 June 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |title=Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=2013-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201021552/http://gov.ua.nic.in/ceouttranchal/ceo/ac_detl.aspx |archivedate=1 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.39|79.46|display=title}}

[[Category:Nainital]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1952]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]

Pancha-siddhantika

2026-04-14T00:25:26Z

Joquim: Added data

{{Short description|6th-century Sanskrit text written by astronomer Varāhamihira}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''''Pancha-siddhantika''''' ([[IAST]]: ''Pañca-siddhāntikā'') is a 6th-century CE [[Sanskrit]]-[[Sanskrit literature|language text]] written by [[Astrology|astrologer]]-[[astronomer]] [[Varāhamihira]] in present-day [[Ujjain]], India. It summarizes the contents of the treatises of the five contemporary schools of astronomy ([[siddhanta (astronomy)|siddhantas]]) prevalent in India.

== Date ==

The text refers to the [[Shaka era|Shaka]] year 427, which corresponds to 505 CE.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|pp=3-4}} [[Indian literature|Indian writers]] on [[astrology]] and [[astronomy]] generally chose an [[epoch (astronomy)|epoch]] year close to the date of composition of their texts, in order to facilitate correct astronomical calculations.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1996|p=8}} Thus, 505 CE was most probably the year in which [[Varāhamihira]] composed ''Pancha-Siddhantaka'' or began planning it.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=3}} The writings of both Varāhamihira and his commentator [[Utpala (astronomer)|Utpala]] suggest that the text was Varāhamihira's first work.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1996|p=25}}

However, some scholars believe that 505 CE was the year of Varāhamihira's birth or of another important event in his life. This is because according to Amaraja, the author of a commentary on [[Brahmagupta]]'s ''[[Khandakhadyaka|Khanda-khadyaka]]'', Varāhamihira died in 587 CE (Shaka year 509). If Varāhamihira wrote ''Pancha-siddhantika'' in 505 CE even at the young age of 25, he must have been over 105 years old at the time of his death, which seems exceptionally high to these scholars.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=4}} Consequently, these scholars date Varāhamihira's lifespan to 505-587 CE.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=3CPwAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61|title=The Development of Mathematics Throughout the Centuries: A Brief History in a Cultural Context |page= 61 | first= Brian |last= Evans |publisher= John Wiley & Sons |date=24 February 2014|isbn=978-1118853979 |quote= Varāhamihira, a mathematician born around 505 CE and died 587 CE, who was also known for innovation with Pascal's triangle.}}</ref> Other scholars doubt the accuracy of Amaraja's statement, since he lived a thousand years after Varāhamihira.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=4}}

== Contents ==

The text discusses five contemporary astronomical schools and their treatises, listed in order of importance, the last two regarded as inferior:<ref name="JFR">{{cite book |author=John F. Riley |title=The Bone-setters: An Algebraic Odyssey |year=2019 |publisher=Matador |isbn=9781789016161 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2e6KDwAAQBAJ }}</ref>{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=19}}{{sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|p=50}}

* ''[[Surya Siddhanta]]'' (or ''Saura Siddhanta''), the treatise of the Sun
* ''[[Romaka Siddhanta]]'', the treatise of Romans or westerners
* ''[[Paulisa Siddhanta]]'', the treatise of Pulisha ([[IAST]]: Pauliśa, possibly Paulos)
* ''Vasishtha Siddhanta'', the treatise of the sage [[Vasishtha]] (IAST: Vāsiṣṭha)
* ''Paitāmaha Siddhanta'', the treatise of Pitamaha (the deity [[Brahma]])

Varāhamihira's text summarizes the contents of the astronomical treatises of these schools: these treatises, at least in their original form, are now lost. For example, the surviving version of the ''Surya Siddhanta'' can be dated to 1000 CE, although its original version may have been composed around 400 CE.<ref>{{cite book |author=Otto Neugebauer |title=The Exact Sciences in Antiquity |year=1969 |publisher=Dover |isbn=9780486223322 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JVhTtVA2zr8C |page=174 }}</ref> Similarly, the ''Paitamaha Siddhanta'' referred to by Varāhamihira was probably composed in the early 5th century (distinct from an even earlier work of the same name{{sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|p=117}}), but the present-day text is a later work that survives as part of a [[Puranas|Purana]] text.{{sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|p=67}} Thus, Varāhamihira's text is the only source about these ancient treatises.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=21}} Varāhamihira mentions several rules from these texts, but sometimes, it is not clear which rule is from which text.{{sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|p=50}}

Varāhamihira refers to his ''Pancha-siddhantika'' as ''Karana'' (a concise exposition of astronomy), but the text covers a wider range of topics compared to the texts belonging to the ''karana'' genre.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=21}}

Notable mathematical concepts in the ''Pancha-siddhantika'' include:<ref name="JFR"/>

* Use of the decimal notation with its place-value number system<ref name="JFR"/>
* Arithmetic addition and subtraction operations involving zero<ref name="JFR"/>
* Associating sines with arcs at an intervals of 30°/8, thus implying that [[pi]] = square root of 10 = 3.16{{sfn|Kim Plofker|2009|p=50}}

Like Brahma-gupta, Varāhamihira rejects Aryabhata's view (now universally accepted) that the earth revolves around the sun.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=21}}

Utpala suggests that Varāhamihira wrote an abridged version of the ''Pancha-siddhantika'', but that work is now [[Lost literary work|lost]].{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1991|p=19}} Shatananda based his ''Bhasvati-karana'' (c. 1098 CE) on the ''Surya Siddhanta'' section of the ''Pancha-siddhantika''.{{sfn|A.M. Shastri|1969|p=3}}

== Editions ==

Printed editions of the text include:<ref>{{cite book |editor1=K. Ramasubramanian |editor2=M.S. Sriram |title=Tantrasaṅgraha of Nīlakaṇṭha Somayājī |year=2011 |publisher=Springer / Hindustan Book Agency |isbn=9780857290366 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGYxXjZXIGwC |page=565 }}</ref>

* 1889, Varanasi: Edited by [[George Thibaut]] and [[Sudhakara Dvivedi]], with a Sanskrit commentary by Dvivedi
** 1970: English translation by [[Otto E. Neugebauer]] and [[David Pingree]]
* 1993, Chennai: Edited and translated by T. S. Kuppanna Sastry and [[K. V. Sarma|K. Venkateswara Sarma]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Ancient Indian Heritage, Varahamihira's India: Historical geography, religion, and society |year=1996 |publisher=Aryan |isbn=9788173050817 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NhVWAAAAYAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=Varāhamihira and His Times |year=1991 |publisher=Kusumanjali |oclc=28644897 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mf0MAQAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=A.M. Shastri |author-link=Ajay Mitra Shastri |title=India as Seen in the Bṛhatsaṁhitā of Varāhamihira |year=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9780896842212 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQAbAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=Kim Plofker |author-link=Kim Plofker |title=Mathematics in India |year=2009 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691120676 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHvThPNp9yMC }}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Works by Varāhamihira]]

Shailendra Pratap Singh

2026-04-12T11:29:44Z

Joquim: new biography

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shailendra Pratap Singh
| office = [[Legislative council|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 2016
| term_end =
| constituency = ''Sultanpur Local Authorities''
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2022- current)
| other_party = [[Samajwadi Party]] (2016- 2022)
| profession = [[Politician]]
| term_start1 = 1990
| term_end1 = 2010
| constituency1 = ''Sultanpur Local Authorities''
}}

'''Shailendra Pratap Singh''' is an Indian politician who is currently serving as the member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]] since 2016 from Sultanpur [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council#Elected by Local Authority Constituencies (36)|Local Authority Constituencies]]. He is a party member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="MLC">{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur/news/shailendra-pratap-singh-became-mlc-from-bjp-for-the-fifth-time-daughter-in-law-shilpa-singh-is-the-block-chief-from-sp-defeated-the-only-muslim-candidate-of-bjp-129658520.html|title=सुल्तानपुर...बहू सपाई-ससुर भाजपाई:5वीं बार भाजपा से MLC बने शैलेंद्र प्रताप सिंह, बहू शिल्पा सिंह सपा से हैं ब्लॉक प्रमुख|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/sultanpur/shailendra-pratap-singh-of-bjp-elected-mlc-sultanpur-news-lko625830225|title=भाजपा के शैलेंद्र प्रताप सिंह एमएलसी निर्वाचित|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/2023-01/nominators2019listfinal_16042019.pdf|title=Shailendra Pratap Singh|publisher=mha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Political career==
Singh previously held 4 times MLC position from the same local authority constituencies and was formerly affiliated with [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-declares-names-of-6-more-candidates-for-up-legislative-council-polls/articleshow/90351359.cms?from=mdr|title=BJP declares names of 6 more candidates for UP Legislative Council polls|newspaper=The Economic Times|via=The Times of India|agency=PTI|date=21 March 2022|accessdate=1 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="MLC"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-up-mlc-election-2022-result-bjp-candidate-surendra-pratap-singh-wins-in-sultanpur-22620550.html|title=UP MLC Election 2022 Result: सुलतानपुर में शैलेंद्र स‍िंह के सिर पांचवीं बार सजा जीत का मुकुट - UP MLC Election 2022 Result BJP candidate Shailendra Pratap Singh wins in Sultanpur|website=Jagran}}</ref>

Singh is a member of the "Parliamentary and Social Harmony Committee".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in/government/page/parliamentary-and-social-harmony|title= PSHC|publisher=vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Hazarika ministry

2026-04-07T17:22:43Z

Joquim: New!

{{Short description|1979 cabinet in the Indian state of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
| date_formed = 9 September 1979
| date_dissolved = 11 December 1979
| government_head = [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]
| state_head = [[Lokanath Misra]]
| state_head_title = Governor
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| opposition_party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| political_parties = *'''[[Janata party]]'''
| predecessor = [[Borbora ministry]]
| successor = [[President's rule]]
| image = Jogendra Nath Hazarika Lok Sabha photo.jpg
}}

The '''Hazarika Ministry''' was the Cabinet of Assam headed by [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazarika ministry |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50847/10/10_chapter%201.pdf}}</ref> The Ministry lasted from 9 September 1979 to 11 December 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam Legislative Assembly - Chief Ministers since 1937 |url=http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116091830/http://assamassembly.nic.in/cm-list.html |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2026-02-26 |website=assamassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

== Ministers ==

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
! Constituency
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Assam|'''Chief Minister''']] and also in-charge of: Department of Home Department of Political Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms Department of General Administration Department of Information and Public Relations Department of Planning and Development Department of Election Department of Civil Defence Department of Secretariat Administration Department of Freedom Fighters Department of Social Welfare And all other departments and subjects not allocated to any other minister.
| minister1 = [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Affairs |first=India Ministry of Home |url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Official_Directory/Yc_jlj7ZpFcC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=jogendra%20hazarika%20ministry%20gogoi%20finance |title=Official Directory |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |language=hi}}</ref>
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Duliajan Assembly constituency|Duliajan]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Education Minister of Cultural Affairs
| minister1 = Premadhar Bora
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = [[Bihpuria Assembly constituency|Bihpuria]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Finance Minister of Revenue Minister of Judicial and Legislative (Law) Minister of Students and Youth Welfare Minister of Sports
| minister1 = [[Kesab Chandra Gogoi]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Dibrugarh Assembly constituency|Dibrugarh]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department Minister of Tourism Minister of Health and Family Welfare
| minister1 = Tarini Mohan Barua
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Dispur Assembly constituency|Dispur]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Flood Control Minister of Minority Affairs
| minister1 = [[Zahirul Islam (politician)|Zahirul Islam]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Mankachar Assembly constituency|Mankachar]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Irrigation Minister of Excise
| minister1 = Rabindra Nath Choudhury
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Abhayapuri South Assembly constituency|Abhayapuri South]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Department of Agriculture and Horticulture (Assam)#Ministers|Minister of Agriculture]] Minister of Town and Country Planning
| minister1 = Santi Ranjan Das Gupta
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Hojai Assembly constituency|Hojai]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Hill Areas Development Minister of Jails
| minister1 = Sona Ram Thaosen
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Haflong Assembly constituency|Haflong]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Forests Minister of Sericulture and Weaving Minister of Khadi and Village Industries
| minister1 = Ramesh Chandra Saharia
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = [[Independent politician|IND]]
| minister1_ref = [[Panery Assembly constituency|Panery]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour Minister of Power Minister of Mines and Minerals
| minister1 = [[Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)|Jagannath Singh]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Udharbond Assembly constituency|Udharbond]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Supply Minister of Co-operation Minister of Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Altaf Hussain Mazumdar|Altaf Hossain Mazumdar]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Jorhat Assembly constituency|Jorhat]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Panchayats and Community Development
| minister1 = Afzalur Rahman
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Jaleswar, Assam Assembly constituency|Jaleswar]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Rural Development Minister of State for Land Revenue and Reforms
| minister1 = [[Silvius Condpan]]
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Majbat Assembly constituency|Majbat]]
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of State for Public Health Engineering Minister of State for Municipal Administration
| minister1 = Tarini Charan Das
| minister1_termstart = 9 September 1979
| minister1_termend = 11 December 1979
| minister1_party = Janata Party
| minister1_ref = [[Bhabanipur, Assam Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Template:Assam ministries}}
[[Category:Assam ministries]]
[[Category:Janata Party state ministries]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1979]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian politics]]

Jagsir Singh

2026-04-07T16:01:01Z

Joquim: Added!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency|Bhucho Mandi]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

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| birth_place =
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| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
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}}
'''Jagsir Singh''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He represents the [[Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency]] as MLA in Punjab Assembly. The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

;[[Punjab Legislative Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes|Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes]]<ref name="Committee on Welfare of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=29&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions|Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions]]<ref name="Committee on Panchayati Raj Institutions">{{cite web |title=vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=44&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in |access-date=2022-06-13 }}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Bhucho Mandi Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Bhucho Mandi
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Jagsir}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Sardar Patel Medical College

2026-04-07T05:46:12Z

Joquim: new entry

{{Short description|Medical college in Bikaner, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sarder Patel Medical College
| image = Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner.jpg
| established = {{Start date and age|1959}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] (Government medical college)
| principal = Dr. Surendra Kumar Verma
| address = SP Medical College Rd, [[PBM Hospital]], Bikaner, Rajasthan 334001
| city = [[Bikaner]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| postalcode = 334001
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28|00|23|N|73|19|49|E|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Urban
| free_label1 = Recognition
| free1 = [[National Medical Commission]]
| free_label2 = Undergraduates
| free2 = 250 per year
| nickname = SPMC
| website = [https://educationsector.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/sardar-patel-medical-college--bikaner/en/home.html Official Website ]
| affiliations = [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
}}

'''Sarder Patel Medical College''' is a government medical college located in [[Bikaner]] (Rajasthan), India. Established in 1959, it is one of six government-run medical colleges in the western state of [[Rajasthan]], and the second to be established in the state. It is affiliated with [[Rajasthan University of Health Sciences|RUHS]] and provides education leading to the [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS) degree (recognized by [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]) and MS/MD/DM degrees.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=SP Medical College - Home |url=https://educationsector.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/sardar-patel-medical-college--bikaner/en/home.html# |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=educationsector.rajasthan.gov.in |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=सरदार पटेल मेडिकल कॉलेज को मिला प्रिंसिपल:ग्यारह डॉक्टर्स की दौड़ में डॉ. गुंजन सोनी रहे सबसे आगे, SPMC में स्थायी प्रिंसिपल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/dr-gunjan-soni-leads-the-race-for-eleven-doctors-permanent-principal-in-spmc-130422428.html}}</ref>

==History==
The college was established in 1959 and was Rajasthan's second medical college. It was inaugurated by the former Prime Minister of India Pandit [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and approved by MCI.<ref name=":0" />

== Academics ==
There are 250 seats approved by the [[Medical Council of India]] for MBBS degree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-17 |title=SPMC Bikaner 2023-24: Admission, Fee, Cutoff, Ranking, etc. |url=https://www.edufever.com/sardar-patel-medical-college-spmc-bikaner/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=www.edufever.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[MBBS]] degree takes four and a half years to complete, followed by a year of a [[Compulsory Rotating Medical Internship]]. Postgraduate studies are offered in various fields.
== Notable alumni ==
* [[Karan Singh Yadav]], former member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
* [[Kirodi Lal Meena]], Indian politician
* [[Tirath Das Dogra]], Indian [[Forensic pathology|forensic pathologist]] and former director of [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS, New Delhi]]

==Overview==
[[File:Sardar Patel Medical College, Bikaner.jpg|thumb]]
The college is fully funded by the government of Rajasthan. The college has 250 seats for [[MBBS]] and 63 for the post grad students. and 18 in diploma, two seats in DM cardiology and two seats in MCh Urology.

The following hospitals are attached to Sarder Patel Medical College:
* [[PBM Hospital]]
* G.G.J. TB Hospital
* Eye Department
* Pediatrics Department
* Haldiram Moolchand Govt. Center for Cardiovascular Research
* [[Acharya Tulsi Regional Cancer Institute and Research Centre]]
* Trauma Centre
* Geriatric Research Centre
* Diabetic Research Centre

==Accommodation==
There are separate hostels for students, four for undergraduate boys, one for girls, one for interns and two for postgraduate students.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://educationsector.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/education/sardar-patel-medical-college--bikaner/en/home.html SPMC Official website]
*

{{Colleges affiliated to Rajasthan University of Health Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colleges in Bikaner]]
[[Category:Medical colleges in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1959]]
[[Category:1959 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Rajasthan University of Health Sciences]]
[[Category:Memorials to Vallabhbhai Patel]]

{{Rajasthan-university-stub}}

Ramesh Surajmal Garg

2026-03-31T04:59:06Z

Joquim: Added a info

{{Short description|Indian Judge (born 1948)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ramesh Surajmal Garg
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Gauhati High Court|32nd]] [[Chief Justice]] of [[Gauhati High Court]]
| term_start = 17 April 2010
| term_end = 18 June 2010
| appointer = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor = [[Jasti Chelameswar]]
| successor = [[Madan Lokur]]
| nominator = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| office1 = [[Judge]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start1 = 17 September 2007
| term_end1 = 16 April 2010
| appointer1 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator1 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| status2 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start2 = 16 November 2009
| term_end2 = 19 December 2009
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| predecessor2 = [[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]]
| successor2 = [[Syed Rafat Alam]]
| office3 = [[Judge]] of [[Gujarat High Court]]
| term_start3 = 28 February 2005
| term_end3 = 16 September 2007
| appointer3 = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| nominator3 = [[R. C. Lahoti]]
| office4 = [[Judge]] of [[Patna High Court]]
| term_start4 = 1 November 2001
| term_end4 = 27 February 2005
| appointer4 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| nominator4 = [[A. S. Anand]]
| office5 = [[Judge]] of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]]
| term_start5 = 1 November 2000
| term_end5 = 31 October 2001
| appointer5 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| status6 = [[Acting (law)|Acting]] [[Chief Justice]]
| term_start6 = 1 November 2000
| term_end6 = 4 December 2000
| predecessor6 = ''Position established''
| successor6 = [[W. A. Shishak]]
| appointer6 = [[K. R. Narayanan]]
| office7 = [[Judge]] of [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
| term_start7 = 15 December 1994
| term_end7 = 31 October 2000
| appointer7 = [[S. D. Sharma]]
| nominator7 = [[A. M. Ahmadi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1948|6|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Judge]]
| profession =
}}
'''Ramesh Surajmal Garg''' (born: 18 June 1948), also known as R. S. Garg, is a retired Indian judge and a former Chief Justice of [[Gauhati High Court]].

==Career==
Justice Garg was born in 1948. He passed master's degree in economics and law. He started practice in [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] on Civil, Criminal, Revenue, Constitutional and Taxation matters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Justice Ramesh Garg is new Chief Justice of Gauhati High Court|url=https://www.netindian.in/news/people/justice-ramesh-garg-new-chief-justice-gauhati-high-court|access-date=2021-08-25|website=www.netindian.in|language=en}}</ref> He was appointed as Additional Judge of the Madhya Pradesh High Court on 15 December 1994 and was made permanent on 19 July 1995.

He became the first acting Chief Justice of [[Chhattisgarh High Court]] upon its creation in 2000 and remained so till the appointment of first permanent chief justice [[W. A. Shishak]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Official Website of the High Court of Chhattisgarh|url=https://highcourt.cg.gov.in/is.html|access-date=2021-08-25|website=highcourt.cg.gov.in}}</ref> He also served as a judge of [[Patna High Court]] and [[Gujarat High Court]]. Justice Garg was repatriated to Madhya Pradesh High Court in 2007 and was appointed Acting Chief Justice on 16 November 2009 consequent upon the elevation of the then chief justice [[Ananga Kumar Patnaik]] to Supreme Court of India. He was elevated to the post of Chief Justice of the Gauhati High Court on 17 April 2010 and served brief period of 2 months at the helm before reaching age of superannuation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Hon’ble Chief Justices of Gauhati High Court – The Gauhati High Court|url=https://ghconline.gov.in/index.php/former-honourable-chief-justices-of-gauhati-high-court/|access-date=2021-08-25|website=ghconline.gov.in}}</ref>

He came again in the news in August 2025 because of robbery in his Indore house despite presence of security personnel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2025-08-13 |title=Three Men Steal Over Rs 5 Lakh, Gold-Silver From Retired Justice Ramesh Garg’s Indore Home |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/legalnews/three-men-steal-over-rs-5-lakh-gold-silver-from-retired-justice-ramesh-gargs-indore-home-1897288 |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-12 |title=Robbers loot jewellery, cash from retired Justice's house in Indore: Flee with stolen valuables in under 4 minutes; alarm sounds, family remains asleep - Indore News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/mp/indore/news/theft-of-lakhs-from-retired-justices-bungalow-in-indore-thieves-break-almirah-take-jewellery-cash-in-4-mins-135660959.html |access-date=2025-10-18 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Ramesh Surajmal}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madhya Pradesh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Chhattisgarh High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Gujarat High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Gauhati High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

C. R. Irani

2026-03-25T06:24:33Z

Joquim: Added entry

{{Short description|Indian journalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Cushrow Russi Irani''' was an Indian journalist and the [[editor-in-chief]] of ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]''. Over an illustrious career, he held a number of posts including Chairman of the [[Press Trust of India]]. Irani was known for his criticism and staunch opposition against [[Indira Gandhi]]'s policy of [[press censorship]] during the [[Indian Emergency (1975-1977)|state of emergency]] proclaimed in 1975.

The Statesman, of which he was also the managing director, was among very few newspapers to defy censors during the Emergency. Mr. Irani was known as a fierce defender of press freedoms for criticizing government censorship rules in the 1970s during the Emergency. He published blank spaces in The Statesman where reports or photos had been barred.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-2005-07-24-voa2-66931452/264190.html|title=India's ''The Statesman'' Editor-in-Chief Dies|publisher=|website=Voice of America|date=28 October 2009 }}</ref>

==Biography==
Cushrow Russi Irani, born in 1931, was the chairman of Press Trust of India (PTI) for two terms, and a member of PTI Board for two decades till his death. Irani was the first Indian to be chairman of the [[International Press Institute]] in 1980 and 1981. He was again re-elected in 1990.

Irani was also vice-president of the World Press Freedom Committee, the apex body of press freedom
organisations all over the world and a member of [[UNESCO]]'s advisory group on press freedom. He was on the board of the International Press Institute (IPI).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/veteran-journalist-c-r-irani-passes-away_230595.html|title=Veteran journalist C R Irani passes away|date=23 July 2005|publisher=}}</ref>

A former insurance lawyer, Irani joined The Statesman as its managing director in 1968. He took over as the Editor-in-Chief in 1991 where he rested on his laurels as a fearless editor always ready to speak truth to power. In 2003, he relinquished the post of managing director but continued to head its board of directors as chairman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/print/the-statesman-editor-in-chief-c-r-irani-passes-away_17156.html|title=The Statesman Editor-in-Chief C R Irani passes away|publisher=|website=www.exchange4media.com}}</ref>

He was author of well written books: 'Pax America-The War That Lost Iraq Its Freedom', 'Ayodhya- Demolishing A Dream` and `Bengal-The Communist Challenge.'

Irani who died of kidney failure at the [[Rabindranath Tagore]] Institute of Cardiac Sciences, is survived by his wife Threety Irani, a leading beautician, and three daughters.

The Statesman Print Journalism School was established in 2008 by the C R Irani Foundation, a not-for-profit body, in memory of Cushrow Russi Irani.<ref>http://spjsco.in/</ref>

==Awards==
Irani received "Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella Catholica" from the then King of Spain for highest loyalty to democracy in 1983.

He also received the ‘Freedom Award’ of Freedom House, New York, in 1977.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/050731/plus/7.html|title=Plus|website=www.sundaytimes.lk}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irani, C R}}
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Irani (India) people]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian newspaper editors]]

List of governors of Chhattisgarh

2026-03-24T07:23:57Z

Joquim:

{{Short description|Head of state in state of Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = Governor
| native_name =
| body = Chhattisgarh
| insignia = Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Chhattisgarh]]
| insigniasize = 120
| incumbent = [[Ramen Deka]]|
| image = File:Ramen Deka with President Murmu (cropped).jpg
| imagesize =
| incumbentsince = 31 July 2024
| style = [[Excellency|His Excellency]]
| residence = [[Raj Bhavan (Chhattisgarh)|Lok Bhavan]]; [[Raipur]]
| termlength = [[At His Majesty's pleasure#Derivatives|At the pleasure of the president]]
| appointer = [[President of India]]
| formation = {{start date and years ago|df=yes|2000|11|1}}
| inaugural = [[Dinesh Nandan Sahay|D. N. Sahay]]
| website =
}}
The '''governor of Chhattisgarh''' is the nominal [[head of state]] of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. The governor is appointed by the [[president of India]]. The official residence of the governor is [[Raj Bhavan, Raipur|Raj Bhavan]].

The position of the governor of Chhattisgarh came into existence following the creation of the state in November 2000 as a result of the [[Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|bifurcation of Madhya Pradesh]]. The first governor to be appointed was [[Dinesh Nandan Sahay]] who served in office between 2000 and 2003. The current governor is [[Ramen Deka]] who has been in office since 31 July 2024. A total of 10 governors has served in the state.

<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 Jul 2024 |title=Ramen Deka appointed as Governor of Chhattisgarh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/ramen-deka-appointed-as-governor-of-chhattisgarh/articleshow/112092448.cms |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Powers and functions==
[[File:India Chhattisgarh locator map.svg|left|thumb|160px|Chhattisgarh is in central India.]]
{{See also|Governors of India#Powers and functions}}
The governor enjoys many different types of powers:

*'''Executive powers''' related to administration, appointments and removals,
*'''Legislative powers''' related to lawmaking and the state legislature, that is Vidhan Sabha or Vidhan Parishad, and
*'''Discretionary powers''' to be carried out according to the discretion of the governor.

Apart from enjoying various constitutional powers, the governor of Chhattisgarh is the ''ex-officio'' Chancellor of the state universities of Chhattisgarh. The universities include [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]], [[Bastar Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Hemchand Yadav Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Indira Kala Sangeet Vishwavidyalaya]], [[Sarguja University]], etc.

== Oath ==

{{quote|I, ''A. B.'', do swear in the name of God/solemly affirm that I will faithfully execute the office of Governor (or discharge the functions of the Governor) of Chhattisgarh and will to the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law and that I will devote myself to the service and well-being of the people of Chhattisgarh.}}

==History==
The inaugural governor of Chhattisgarh was retired Indian Police Service officer and former Bihar DGP [[Dinesh Nandan Sahay]] who served in office since the state's creation in November 2000 until he swapped positions with then Governor of Tripura Lieutenant General [[Krishna Mohan Seth]] (retired) in June 2003. <ref>{{Cite news |date=29 January 2018 |title=Chhattisgarh’s first Governor Dinesh Nandan Sahay passes away |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chhattisgarh-s-first-governor-passes-away-118012900584_1.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>Seth served in office until retiring in January 2007 and was succeeded by former Intelligence Bureau director [[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]. Narasimhan served as the state's governor until being permanently transferred as Governor of Andhra Pradesh in January 2010, a position he was holding on additional basis since December 2009 following the resignation of [[N. D. Tiwari]]. Following the transfer of Narasimhan, former Defence Secretary [[Shekhar Dutt]] was appointed as the governor and he remained in office until resigning in June 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 July 2025 |title=Ex-defence secretary and former Chhattisgarh Governor Shekhar Dutt passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ex-defence-secretary-shekhar-dutt-passes-away/articleshow/122213193.cms |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

Following Dutt's resignation, Madhya Pradesh governor [[Ram Naresh Yadav]] briefly acted as the state's governor. He was relieved of the additional duties following the appointment of [[Balram Das Tandon]] the following month. Tandon remained the governor until his demise in office on 14 August 2018, thus becoming the first and only sitting governor of the state to die in office.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 August 2018 |title=Balramji Das Tandon, former Chhattisgarh Governor, dies at 90 |url=https://www.ndtv.in/mp-chhattisgarh-news/chhattisgarh-governor-balramji-das-tandon-dies-1900399 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=NDTV |language=hi}}</ref> He was succeeded by Madhya Pradesh governor [[Anandiben Patel]] on acting basis who served till July the next year and was succeeded by [[Anusuiya Uikey]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2018 |title=Anandiben Patel takes additional charge as Governor of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.ibc24.in/state/anandiben-patel-cg-governor-40880-98270.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=IBC24 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 July 2019 |title=Anusuiya Uikey assumes charge as new Governor of Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/anusuiya-uikey-assumes-charge-as-governor-of-chhattisgarh-119072901471_1.html |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Business Standard |language=en}}</ref> Uikey served as the state's governor until February 2023 and was transferred as Governor of Manipur and was succeeded by Andhra Pradesh governor [[Biswabhusan Harichandan]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 February 2023 |title=Biswabhusan Harichandan sworn in as Governor of Chhattisgarh |url=https://scroll.in/latest/930784/anysuya-uikey-bb-harishchandran-appointed-governors-of-chhattisgarh-and-andhra-pradesh |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Till July 2024, Harichandan remained in office and was replaced by [[Ramen Deka]]. Since then, Deka has been the governor of the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 Jul 2024 |title=रामेन डेका को छत्तीसगढ़ का नया राज्यपाल बनाया गया |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh/who-is-ramen-deka-new-governor-of-chhattisgarh-know-about-him-2747539 |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=ABP Live |language=hi}}</ref>

==List ==
;Legend
*{{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
*{{note label|§|§|§}} Transferred
*{{note label|‡|‡|‡}} Resigned

*{{legend2|wheat}} indicates acting/additional charge

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; border:1px #aaf solid;"
! rowspan="2"| No.
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" | Governor (lifespan)
! rowspan="2" style="width:7em" | Home state
! colspan="3"| Tenure in office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" | Appointer (President)
|-
! style="width:9.5em"| Took office
! style="width:9.5em"| Left office
! style="width:5em"| Term length
|-
! 1
| [[File:Dinesh Nandan Sahay, Governor of Tripura.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Dinesh Nandan Sahay]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (1936–2018)}}
| [[Bihar]]
| 1 November 2000
| 1 June 2003{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Tripura]]}}
| {{ayd|1 November 2000|1 June 2003}}
| [[K. R. Narayanan]]
|-
! 2
| [[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Governor of Chhattisgarh, Lt. Gen. (Retd.) K. M. Seth at Raj Bhawan in Raipur, during his one day visit to the State on April 30, 2005 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| {{small|[[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant General]]}} '''[[Krishna Mohan Seth]]''' {{small|(Retd)}} {{post-nominals|country=IND|PVSM|AVSM}} {{small|(born 1939)}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 2 June 2003
| 25 January 2007
| {{ayd|2 Jun 2003|25 Jan 2007}}
| rowspan="2" | [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
|-
! 3
| [[File:E. S. L. Narasimhan.JPG|80x80px]]
| '''[[E. S. L. Narasimhan]]''' {{small|[[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Retd) (born 1945)}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 26 January 2007
| 23 January 2010{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Andhra Pradesh]]}}
| {{ayd|26 January 2007|23 January 2010}}
|-
! 4
| [[File:Shekhar Dutt.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Shekhar Dutt]]''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|SM}} {{small|[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] (Retd) (1945–2025)}}
| [[Assam]]
| 23 January 2010
| 19 June 2014{{ref label|‡|‡|‡}}
| {{ayd|23 January 2010|19 June 2014}}
| [[Pratibha Patil]]
|-
! 5
| bgcolor="wheat" | [[File:Ram Naresh Yadav (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat" | '''[[Ram Naresh Yadav]]''' {{small|(1928–2016) (Additional charge)}}
| bgcolor="wheat" | [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| 19 June 2014
| bgcolor="wheat"| 14 July 2014
| {{ayd|19 June 2014|14 July 2014}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 6
| [[File:Balram Tandon (cropped).jpg|92x92px]]
| '''[[Balram Das Tandon]]''' {{small|(1927–2018)}}
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| 18 July 2014
| 14 August 2018{{ref label|†|†|†}}
| {{ayd|18 July 2014|14 August 2018}}
|-
! 7
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[File:Anandiben Patel in 2022 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| '''[[Anandiben Patel]]''' {{small|(born 1941) (Additional charge)}}
| bgcolor="wheat"| [[Gujarat]]
| bgcolor="wheat"| 15 August 2018
| bgcolor="wheat"| 28 July 2019{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]}}
| {{ayd|15 August 2018|28 July 2019}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
|-
! 8
| [[File:Anusuiya Uikey in 2023 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anusuiya Uikey]]''' {{small|(born 1957)}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 29 July 2019
| 22 February 2023{{ref label|§|§|§}}{{efn-lg|Transferred as the [[Governor of Manipur]]}}
| {{ayd|29 July 2019|22 February 2023}}
|-
! 9
| [[File:Biswabhushan Harichandran (cropped).jpg|85x85px]]
| '''[[Biswabhusan Harichandan]]''' {{small|(born 1934)}}
| [[Odisha]]
| 23 February 2023
| 30 July 2024
| {{ayd|23 February 2023|30 July 2024}}
| rowspan="3" | [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|-
! 10
| [[File:Ramen Deka with President Murmu (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ramen Deka]]''' {{small|(born 1954)}}
| [[Assam]]
| 31 July 2024
| ''Incumbent''
| {{ayd|31 July 2024}}
|-
|}

{{reflist|group=lower-greek}}

==See also==
* [[Governors of India]]
* [[Governors of India#Powers and functions|Powers and functions of the governors of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://www.dprcg.gov.in/content/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%AF

{{Governors_and_Lt_Governors_of_Indian_States}}
{{Chhattisgarh}}
{{Governors of Chhattisgarh}}
[[Category:Governors of Chhattisgarh|*]]
[[Category:Lists of governors of Indian states|Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Chhattisgarh-related lists|Governors]]

Tamil Nadu State Film Awards

2026-03-21T14:45:47Z

Joquim: updated information for accuracy based on references

{{Short description|Group of awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Tamil Nadu State Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = TN State Award
| awarded_for = ''Honouring the Excellence and achievements in [[Tamil Film Industry|Tamil cinema]] ''
| presenter = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| sponsor = [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Department of Arts and Culture]] (Tamil Nadu Govt) Iyal Isai Nadaga Mandram
| country = [[India]]
| status = Active
| year = 1967
| firstawarded = 1967
| lastawarded = 2022
}}
'''Tamil Nadu State Film Awards''' were given for excellence in [[Cinema of Tamil Nadu|Tamil cinema]] in [[India]]. They were given annually by the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] to recognize the best talents in the [[South Indian]] [[film industry]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |title=Archived copy |website=rrtd.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030430210643/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |archive-date=30 April 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The awards were decided by a committee headed by a Judge. The awards were first given in 1967 and discontinued after 1970. The awards were resumed in 1977 and continued till 1982. The awards were not given in the years 1971 to 1976. However, in the year 1977, the awards for Best Actress and Best Actor were announced for the years 1971 to 1976 by way of honorary certificates by the government led by the then chief minister [[M. G. Ramachandran]]. Since 1988, the awards were regularly given until it became defunct in 2008.<ref>{{cite book|last=Anandan|first=‘Film News’|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (Tamil Film History and Its Achievements)|year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|pages=738}}</ref>

After winning the election for the Producers Council of Tamil Cinema, the chairman [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] revealed that he would approach the government to reinstate the awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/actor-vishal-wins-producers-council-election-news-tamil-redinTgbidcdf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170403075114/http://www.sify.com/movies/actor-vishal-wins-producers-council-election-news-tamil-redinTgbidcdf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 April 2017|title=Actor Vishal wins producers council election!|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/now-the-battle-with-piracy-has-begun-vishal/articleshow/57991356.cms|title=Now, the battle with piracy has begun: Vishal|website=The Times of India |date=4 April 2017 }}</ref> The awards were reinstated in July 2017 after the government announced the wins for 2009–2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/|title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners|date=14 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jul/14/tamil-nadu-government-announces-state-film-awards-for-2009-2014-1628446.html|title=Tamil Nadu government announces state film awards for 2009-2014|website=The New Indian Express |date=14 July 2017 }}</ref> After a gap of seven years, the awards for the year 2015 were announced in March 2024.

== Record Winners ==

The List consists of the most leading wins by the artists of the respective categories.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Most awards
|-
!Image
!Recipient
! Award
!No. of Awards
|-
|[[File:Vikraman at Koditta Idangalai Nirappuga Audio Launch and Felicitation to K Bhagyaraj.jpg|60px]]
![[Vikraman]]
|Best Director
|3
|-
|[[File:Kamal Haasan FICCI event.jpg|60px]]
![[Kamal Haasan]]
|Best Actor
|8
|-
|[[File:Rajinikanth Felicitates Writer Kalaignanam 1.jpg|60px]]
![[Rajinikanth]]
|rowspan="2"|Best Actor Special Prize (Jury)
|rowspan="2"|2
|-
|[[File:Suriya2011.jpg|60px]]
![[Suriya]]
|-
| [[File: Jyothika Filmfare 2014.jpg|60px]]
![[Jyothika]]
|Best Actress
|5
|-
| [[File:BhanuPriyaPortrait.jpg|60px ]]
![[Bhanupriya]]
|Best Actress Special Prize (Jury)
|2
|-
|[[File:Nassar at Oru Kadhai Sollattumaa Audio Launch.jpg|60px]]
![[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
|Best Supporting Actor
|3
|-
|[[File:Saranya Ponvannan at Saivam Audio Launch.jpg|60px]]
![[Saranya Ponvannan]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|2
|-
|[[File:Prakash Raj at KLF 18 kozhikode.jpg|60px]]
![[Prakash Raj]]
|Best Villain
|5
|-
|[[File:Vadivelu at Trailer & HD Songs Launch of Kaththi Sandai .jpg|60px]]
![[Vadivelu]]
|Best Comedian
|6
|-
|[[File:A. R. Rahman.jpg|60px]]
![[A. R. Rahman]]
|Best Music Director
|7
|}

==Awards==
Awards are given in the following categories. Follow the links for lists of the award winners, year by year.

===Creative Awards===
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]]: since 1967
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]]: since 1967
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Family Film|Best Family Film]]:2000 & 2001; since 2006 - 2008
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light|Best Film Portraying Woman in Good Light]]: since 1994
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]: since 1967
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]: since 1967
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Male)|Best Supporting Actor]]: 1968 to 1970; since 2000
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Character Artiste (Female)|Best Supporting Actress]]: 1968 to 1970; since 2000
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]: since 1995
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]: 1980 to 1982; since 1995
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]: 1969 and 1970; 1977 and 1978; 1990; since 1994
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988

===Technical Awards===
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator|Best Stunt Coordinator]]: 1970; 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]: since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]: since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Audiographer|Best Audiographer]]: since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]]: since 2000
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]: since 2000
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]: 1980 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Story Writer|Best Storywriter]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer|Best Dialogue Writer]]: 1968 to 1970; 1977 to 1982; since 1988
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]]: since 1993
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]: since 1993

===Special Awards===
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]: since 1970
* [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award]]: since 1988

===Retired Awards===
* Best Male Debut – [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] for ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'': 1981
* Best Female Debut – [[Radha (actress)|Radha]] for ''Alaigal Oivathillai'': 1981

== List of frequent winners==

[[File:K Balachander.jpg|thumb|right|K Balachander|120px]]
[[File:Kamal Haasan at Promotions of 'Vishwaroop' with Videocon (03).jpg|thumb|right|Kamal Haasan|120px]]

Legendary Dir. [[K. Balachander]] (14) remains to be the most individual wins by an artist in TN State Film Awards till date followed by his student [[Kamal Haasan]] with eleven Wins.

{| class="infobox" style="width: 25em; text-align: center; font-size: 75%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ '''List of winners of Tamil Nadu State Film Awards'''
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center;" |
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"
! style="text-align:center;" | Artist
| style="text-align:center;" font-size:8pt; width:60px;" | Wins
|- style="background:#eef;"
! [[K. Balachander]]
| {{won|14}}
|-
![[Kamal Haasan]]
|{{won|11}}
|-
![[Suriya]]
|{{won|10}}
|-
![[Prakash Raj]]
|{{won|10}}
|-
![[Bharathiraja]]
|{{won|9}}
|-
![[Vikraman]]
|{{won|9}}
|-
![[Rajinikanth]]
|{{won|8}}
|-
![[R. B. Choudary]]
|{{won|7}}
|-
![[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|{{won|7}}
|-
![[A R Rahman]]
|{{won|7}}
|-
![[Jyothika]]
|{{won|5}}
|-
|}

== Most awarded films ==

A.R. Murugadoss Directional [[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]], Starring [[Suriya]] and [[Asin]] still hold the Record of Most Number of Wins by a Film.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|+ List of films with most number of wins
|-
! Film
! Year
! Wins
|-
![[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]
|2005
|{{won|9}}
|-
! [[Alaigal Oivathillai]]
|1981
|{{won|8}}
|-
! [[Kannathil Muthamittal]]
|2002
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[Chinna Thambi]]
|1991
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[Kumki (film)|Kumki]]
|2012
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]
|2014
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[36 Vayadhinile]]
|2015
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[Vada Chennai]]
|2018
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[Soorarai Pottru]]
|2020
|{{won|7}}
|-
! [[Jai Bhim]]
|2021
|{{won|7}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tamil Nadu State Film Awards}}
{{Film and Television Awards in India}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards| ]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1967]]
[[Category:Tamil film awards]]
[[Category:Indian film awards]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu awards]]

Martha Nussbaum

2026-03-17T03:15:29Z

Joquim: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Short description|American philosopher and academic (born 1947)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| image = Martha Nussbaum 2010 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nussbaum in 2010
| birth_name = Martha Craven
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|5|6}}
| birth_place = New York City, New York, U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Alan Nussbaum]]|1969|1987|end=div}}
| awards = {{unbulleted list | [[Kyoto Prize]] (2016) | [[Berggruen Prize]] (2018) | [[Holberg Prize]] (2021) | [[Balzan Prize]] (2022) }}
| thesis_url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/302755565
| school_tradition = {{hlist | [[Analytic philosophy]] | [[Aristotelianism]] | [[feminism]] | [[social liberalism]]}}
| workplaces = {{unbulleted list | [[University of Chicago]] | [[Brown University]] | [[Harvard University]]}}
| notable_students = [[Christine Korsgaard]]
| main_interests = {{hlist | [[Political philosophy]] | [[ethics]] | [[feminism]] | [[liberal theory]]}}
| notable_ideas = [[Capability approach]]
| influences = {{hlist | [[Aristotle]] | [[Catharine MacKinnon]] | [[John Stuart Mill]] | [[Adam Smith]] | [[G. E. L. Owen]] | [[John Rawls]] | [[Bernard Williams]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2018/12/martha-nussbaum-there-s-no-tension-supporting-metoo-and-defending-legal-sex |title=Martha Nussbaum: "There's no tension in supporting #MeToo and defending legal sex work" |last=Wendland |first=Aaron James |date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[New Statesman]] |access-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-date=December 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207154245/https://www.newstatesman.com/culture/books/2018/12/martha-nussbaum-there-s-no-tension-supporting-metoo-and-defending-legal-sex |url-status=live }}</ref> | [[Amartya Sen]]}}
| education = [[New York University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) [[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| thesis_title = Aristotle's "DE MOTU ANIMALIUM"
| notable_works = {{unbulleted list | ''[[The Fragility of Goodness]]'' (1986)}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[G. E. L. Owen]]
| influenced = {{hlist | [[Amartya Sen]] | [[Elizabeth S. Anderson]]<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/07/the-philosopher-redefining-equality |title=The Philosopher Redefining Equality |last=Heller |first=Nathan |date=December 31, 2018 |magazine=[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]] |access-date=June 14, 2019 |archive-date=May 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502041009/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/01/07/the-philosopher-redefining-equality |url-status=live }}</ref> | [[Linda Martín Alcoff]] | [[Louise Antony]] | [[David G. Hebert]]}}
}}
'''Martha Nussbaum''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ʊ|s|b|ɔː|m}}; {{nee}} '''Craven'''; born May 6, 1947) is an American philosopher and the [[Ernst Freund]] Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the [[University of Chicago]], where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department.

Nussbaum's work has concerned [[Greek philosophy|ancient Greek]] and [[Roman philosophy]], [[political philosophy]], [[existentialism]], [[feminism]], and ethics, such as [[animal rights]]. She also holds associate appointments in [[classics]], [[divinity]], and [[political science]], is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and a board member of the Human Rights Program. She previously taught at [[Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Brown University|Brown]].<ref>[http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/ "Martha Nussbaum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025085154/https://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum |date=October 25, 2019 }}, University of Chicago, accessed June 5, 2012.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|title=The Philosopher of Feelings|last=Aviv|first=Rachel|magazine=The New Yorker|date=July 18, 2016|access-date=June 14, 2019|language=en|issn=0028-792X|archive-date=October 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013030121/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nussbaum has written [[Martha Nussbaum bibliography|more than two dozen books]], including ''[[The Fragility of Goodness]]'' (1986). She received the 2016 [[Kyoto Prize in Arts and Philosophy]], the 2018 [[Berggruen Prize]], and the 2021 [[Holberg Prize]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2016/06/17/prof-martha-nussbaum-wins-kyoto-prize|title=Prof. Martha Nussbaum wins Kyoto Prize|date=June 17, 2016|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=November 19, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119215259/https://news.uchicago.edu/article/2016/06/17/prof-martha-nussbaum-wins-kyoto-prize|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/arts/martha-nussbaum-berggruen-prize.html|title=Martha Nussbaum Wins $1 Million Berggruen Prize|newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 30, 2018 |access-date=October 30, 2018|language=en|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025020159/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/30/arts/martha-nussbaum-berggruen-prize.html|url-status=live|last1=Schuessler |first1=Jennifer }}</ref><ref name="holbergprisen.no">{{Cite web|title=Martha C. Nussbaum {{!}} Holbergprisen|url=https://holbergprisen.no/en/holberg-prize/prize-winners/martha-c-nussbaum|access-date=March 5, 2021|website=holbergprisen.no|date=March 5, 2021 |language=nb-NO}}</ref> In the early 2020s, she was considered a candidate for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/167921/will-win-2022-nobel-prize-literature|title=Who Will Win the 2022 Nobel Prize in Literature?|date=3 October 2022|access-date=1 July 2024|author=Alex Shepard|magazine=[[The New Republic]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://forward.com/culture/562731/martha-nussbaum-literature-nobel-prize/|title=This Jewish philosopher should win the Nobel Prize in Literature|date=2 October 2023|website=Forward|author=Mira Fox|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref>

{{Liberalism US|activists and intellectuals}}

==Early life and education==
Nussbaum was born Martha Craven on May 6, 1947, in New York City, the daughter of George Craven, a Philadelphia lawyer, and Betty Warren, an interior designer and homemaker. During her teenage years, Nussbaum attended [[The Baldwin School]] in [[Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania|Bryn Mawr]]. She described her upbringing as "East Coast [[White Anglo-Saxon Protestant|WASP]] elite ... very sterile, very preoccupied with money and status".<ref>McLemee, Scott. ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]''. [http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i06/06a01401.htm "What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710072716/http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i06/06a01401.htm |date=July 10, 2009 }}</ref> She would later credit her impatience with "mandarin philosophers" and dedication to [[public service]] as the "repudiation of my own aristocratic upbringing. I don't like anything that sets itself up as an in-group or an elite, whether it is the [[Bloomsbury Group|Bloomsbury group]] or [[Jacques Derrida|Derrida]]".<ref name="robertboynton1">Boynton, Robert S. ''The New York Times Magazine.'' [http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 Who Needs Philosophy? A Profile of Martha Nussbaum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523173436/http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 |date=May 23, 2011 }}</ref>

After studying at [[Wellesley College]] for two years, Nussbaum dropped out to pursue theatre in New York. She studied theatre and [[classics]] at [[New York University]], getting a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1969, and gradually moved to philosophy while at [[Harvard University]], where she received an [[M.A.]] in 1972 and a [[Ph.D.]] in 1975, studying under [[G. E. L. Owen]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==Career==

In the 1970s and early 1980s, Nussbaum taught philosophy and classics at Harvard, where she was denied tenure by the Classics Department in 1982.<ref name="robertboynton1" /> Nussbaum then moved to [[Brown University]], where she taught until 1995 when she joined the [[University of Chicago Law School]] faculty. Her 1986 book ''[[The Fragility of Goodness]]'', on ancient Greek ethics and Greek tragedy, made her a well-known figure throughout the humanities.<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=July 18, 2016|title=The Philosopher of Feelings: Martha Nussbaum's far-reaching ideas illuminate the often ignored elements of human life – aging, inequality, and emotion.|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013030121/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2016/07/25/martha-nussbaums-moral-philosophies|archive-date=October 13, 2019}}</ref> At Brown, Nussbaum's students included philosopher [[Linda Martín Alcoff]] and actor and playwright [[Tim Blake Nelson]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singer|first=Mark|date=April 8, 2019|title=Tim Blake Nelson, Classics Nerd, Brings "Socrates" to the Stage|language=en|magazine=The New Yorker|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/15/tim-blake-nelson-classics-nerd-brings-socrates-to-the-stage|url-status=live|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926044632/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/04/15/tim-blake-nelson-classics-nerd-brings-socrates-to-the-stage|archive-date=September 26, 2019|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> In 1987, she gained public attention due to her critique of fellow philosopher [[Allan Bloom]]'s ''[[The Closing of the American Mind]].''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Cooper|first1=Marylin|title=Martha Nussbaum: The Philosopher Queen|url=https://www.momentmag.com/martha-nussbaum-the-philosopher-queen/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530172832/https://www.momentmag.com/martha-nussbaum-the-philosopher-queen/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|access-date=May 30, 2019|website=Moment Magazine|date=July 10, 2018}}</ref> More recent work (''Frontiers of Justice'') establishes Nussbaum as a theorist of global justice. Nussbaum's work on capabilities has often concerned the unequal freedoms and opportunities of women, and she has developed a distinctive type of [[feminism]], drawing inspiration from the liberal tradition, but emphasizing that liberalism, at its best, entails radical rethinking of gender relations and relations within the family.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha. ''Women and Human Development''. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.</ref>

Nussbaum's other major area of philosophical work is the emotions. She defended a ''neo-[[stoicism|Stoic]]'' account of emotions that holds that they are appraisals that ascribe to things and persons, outside the agent's own control, great significance for the person's own flourishing. On this basis, she has proposed analyses of grief, compassion, and love,<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. Poetic Justice: ''Literary Imagination and Public Life.'' Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.</ref> and, in a later book, of disgust and shame.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Hiding from Humanity: Shame, Disgust, and the Law''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.</ref> Nussbaum has engaged in debates with other intellectuals, in her academic writings as well as in the pages of semi-popular magazines and book reviews and, in one instance, when testifying as an expert witness in court. She testified in the Colorado bench trial for ''[[Romer v. Evans]]'', arguing against the claim that the history of philosophy provides the state with a "compelling interest" in favor of a law that sought to overturn local anti-discrimination laws. A portion of this testimony, dealing with the potential meanings of the term ''tolmêma'' in Plato's work, was the subject of controversy, and was called misleading and even [[perjury|perjurious]] by critics.<ref>[http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/9609/stand.html The Stand]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523024049/http://linguafranca.mirror.theinfo.org/9609/stand.html |date=May 23, 2019 }} by Daniel Mendelsohn, from ''[[Lingua Franca (magazine)|Lingua Franca]]'' September 1996.</ref><ref>[http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 Who Needs Philosophy?: A profile of Martha Nussbaum]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523173436/http://www.robertboynton.com/articleDisplay.php?article_id=55 |date=May 23, 2011 }} by Robert Boynton from ''The New York Times Magazine'', November 21, 1999.</ref>[[File:Martha Nussbaum bij The School of Life.png|thumb|left|Nussbaum at [[The School of Life]], 2016]] Nussbaum responded to these charges in a lengthy article called "Platonic Love and Colorado Law".<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum. [https://www.jstor.org/pss/1073514 "Platonic Love and Colorado Law: The Relevance of Ancient Greek Norms to Modern Sexual Controversies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309184743/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1073514 |date=March 9, 2020 }}, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 80, No. 7 (Oct. 1994), pp. 1515–1651.</ref> Nussbaum used multiple references from Plato's ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' and his interactions with Socrates as evidence for her argument. The debate continued with a reply by one of her sternest critics, [[Robert P. George]].<ref>George, Robert P. '"Shameless Acts" Revisited: Some Questions for Martha Nussbaum', Academic Questions 9 (Winter 1995–96), 24–42.</ref> Nussbaum has criticized [[Noam Chomsky]] as being among the leftist intellectuals who hold the belief that "one should not criticize one's friends, that solidarity is more important than ethical correctness". She suggests that one can "trace this line to an old Marxist contempt for bourgeois ethics, but it is loathsome whatever its provenance".<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/violence-on-the-left-nandigram-and-the-communists-of-west-bengal |title=Violence on the Left |author=Martha C. Nussbaum |date=Spring 2008 |journal=Dissent |access-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-date=October 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015072433/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/violence-on-the-left-nandigram-and-the-communists-of-west-bengal |url-status=live }}</ref> Among her academic colleagues whose books she has reviewed critically are [[Allan Bloom]],<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum, ''[http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/11/05/undemocratic-vistas/ Undemocratic Vistas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815133256/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/11/05/undemocratic-vistas/ |date=August 15, 2016 }}'', ''[[New York Review of Books]]'', Volume 34, Number 17; November 5, 1987.</ref> [[Harvey Mansfield]],<ref>Martha C. Nussbaum, ''[http://www.powells.com/review/2006_06_22 Man Overboard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123023/http://www.powells.com/review/2006_06_22 |date=September 29, 2007 }}'', ''New Republic'', June 22, 2006.</ref> and [[Judith Butler]].<ref>Martha Nussbaum, ''The Professor of Parody'', ''[[The New Republic]]'', February 22, 1999; [http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf Copy] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070803112258/http://www.akad.se/Nussbaum.pdf |date=August 3, 2007 }}</ref> Other academic debates have been with figures such as [[John Rawls]], [[Richard Posner]], and [[Susan Moller Okin]].<ref>[https://www.chronicle.com/article/what-makes-martha-nussbaum-run/ What Makes Martha Nussbaum Run?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710072716/http://chronicle.com/free/v48/i06/06a01401.htm#highlights|date=July 10, 2009}} (2001, Includes a timeline of her career, books and related controversies to that time.)</ref><ref>[http://bostonreview.net/martha-nussbaum-patriotism-and-cosmopolitanism Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060311090748/http://www.soci.niu.edu/~phildept/Kapitan/nussbaum1.html|date=March 11, 2006}} a 1994 essay</ref><ref>''The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future,'' [http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/events/nussbaum.shtml audio and video recording] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001101512/http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/events/nussbaum.shtml |date=October 1, 2011 }} from the [http://internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/wbh.shtml World Beyond the Headline Series] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625145641/http://internationalstudies.uchicago.edu/wbh.shtml |date=June 25, 2007 }}</ref><ref>David Gordon, [https://www.mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=42&sortorder=issue Cultivating Humanity, Martha Nussbaum and What Tower? What Babel?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020112311/http://mises.org/misesreview_detail.aspx?control=42 |date=October 20, 2011 }}, ''Mises Review'', Winter 1997</ref> In January 2019, Nussbaum announced that she would be using a portion of her Berggruen Prize winnings to fund a series of roundtable discussions on controversial issues at the University of Chicago Law School. These discussions will be known as the Martha C. Nussbaum Student Roundtables.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/prof-martha-nussbaum-endows-student-roundtables-support-free-expression|title=Prof. Martha Nussbaum endows student roundtables to support free expression|website=University of Chicago News|date=January 22, 2019 |language=en|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=November 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103055604/http://news.uchicago.edu/story/prof-martha-nussbaum-endows-student-roundtables-support-free-expression|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dailynous.com/2019/01/23/nussbaum-uses-berggruen-winnings-fund-discussions-challenging-issues/|title=Nussbaum Uses Berggruen Winnings to Fund Discussions on Challenging Issues|last=Weinberg|first=Justin|date=January 23, 2019|website=Daily Nous|language=en-US|access-date=June 14, 2019|archive-date=May 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512031902/http://dailynous.com/2019/01/23/nussbaum-uses-berggruen-winnings-fund-discussions-challenging-issues|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Capabilities approach ===
{{Main|Capability approach}}
Nussbaum is well known for her contributions in developing the [[Capability approach|capabilities approach]] to well-being, alongside [[Amartya Sen]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schokkaert |first=Erik |date=January 1, 2008 |title=The Capabilities Approach |url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=1084821 |language=en |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1084821|ssrn=1084821 |s2cid=15595011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Measuring Justice: Primary Goods and Capabilities |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |editor-last=Brighouse |editor-first=Harry |language= |chapter= |editor-last2=Robeyns |editor-first2=Ingrid}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vecchio |first1=Giovanni |last2=Martens |first2=Karel |date=November 2, 2021 |title=Accessibility and the Capabilities Approach: a review of the literature and proposal for conceptual advancements |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01441647.2021.1931551 |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=833–854 |doi=10.1080/01441647.2021.1931551 |bibcode=2021TrRev..41..833V |s2cid=236382308 |issn=0144-1647|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The key question the capabilities approach asks is "What is each person able to do and to be?"<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |title=Creating capabilities : the human development approach |date=2011 |isbn=978-0-674-06120-0 |location=Cambridge, Mass. |oclc=753976782}}</ref>{{Rp|page=18}} As such, the approach looks at combined capabilities: an individual's developable abilities (''internal abilities''), freedom, and opportunity.<ref name=":1" /> Here, "freedom" refers to the ability of a person to choose one life or another,<ref name=":2" /> and opportunity refers to social, political, and/or economic conditions that allow or disallow individual growth.<ref name=":1" />

Nussbaum asserts that all humans (and non-human animals) have a basic right to dignity. To provide human dignity, she states that governments must provide "at least a threshold level"{{Rp|page=33–34}} of the following capabilities: life; bodily health; bodily integrity; senses, imagination, and thought, emotions; practical reason; affiliation; other species; play; and control over one's environment, including political and material environments.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lozano |first1=J. Felix |last2=Boni |first2=Alejandra |last3=Peris |first3=Jordi |last4=Hueso |first4=Andrés |date=2012 |title=Competencies in Higher Education: A Critical Analysis from the Capabilities Approach: Competencies in Higher Education |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9752.2011.00839.x |journal=Journal of Philosophy of Education |language=en |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=132–147 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9752.2011.00839.x|hdl=10251/71130 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shakespeare & Watson |first=Tom and Nicholas |title=Chapter 15 in The Global Handbook on Justice, Disability and Social Justice |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2019 |pages=205}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nussbaum was married to [[Alan Nussbaum]] from 1969 until they divorced in 1987; during the marriage she [[conversion to Judaism|converted to Judaism]] and gave birth to her daughter Rachel. Nussbaum's interest in Judaism has continued and deepened; on August 16, 2008, she became a ''[[bat mitzvah]]'' in a service at [[K.A.M. Isaiah Israel Temple|Temple K. A. M. Isaiah Israel]] in Chicago's [[Hyde Park, Chicago|Hyde Park]], chanting from the ''[[Parashah]] Va-etchanan'' and the ''[[Haftarah]] Nahamu'', and delivering a ''D'var [[Torah]]'' about the connection between genuine, non-[[narcissistic]] consolation and the pursuit of [[global justice]].<ref>"The Mourner's Hope: Grief and the Foundations of Justice", ''The Boston Review'', November/December 2008., 18–20.</ref>

Nussbaum's daughter Rachel died in 2019 due to a drug-resistant infection following successful transplant surgery.<ref>[https://hd-ca.org/news/in-memoriam-rachel-nussbaum-wichert "In Memoriam – Rachel Nussbaum Wichert,"] Human Development and Capability Association. December 17, 2019.</ref> At the time of her death, she was a government affairs attorney in the Wildlife Division of [[Friends of Animals]], a nonprofit organization working for animal welfare. The two women had co-authored four articles about wild animals.{{cn|date=September 2024}} Nussbaum dated and lived with [[Cass Sunstein]] for more than a decade.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/fashion/16samantha.html|url-access=limited|title=A Monster of a Slip|newspaper=The New York Times|date=March 16, 2008|last1=Buckley|first1=Cara|access-date=July 31, 2018|archive-date=October 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013065700/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/16/fashion/16samantha.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They had been engaged to be married.<ref name="Keller 2002">{{cite news |last=Keller |first=Julia |author-link=Julia Keller |date=September 29, 2002 |title=The Martha Show |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-09-29-0209290310-story.html |newspaper=Chicago Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126055629/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-09-29-0209290310-story.html |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |access-date=January 26, 2019}}</ref> She had previously had a romantic relationship with [[Amartya Sen]].<ref name="Keller 2002"/>

==Major works==
{{Further|Martha Nussbaum bibliography}}

===''The Fragility of Goodness''===
''[[The Fragility of Goodness|The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy]]'' confronts the [[ethical dilemma]] that individuals strongly committed to [[justice]] are nevertheless vulnerable to external factors that may deeply compromise or even negate their [[Eudaimonia|human flourishing]]. Discussing literary as well as philosophical texts, Nussbaum seeks to determine the extent to which [[reason]] may enable self-sufficiency. She eventually rejects the [[Platonism|Platonic]] notion that human goodness can fully protect against peril, siding with the [[Tragedy|tragic]] playwrights and [[Aristotle]] in treating the acknowledgment of vulnerability as a key to realizing the human good.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy.'' New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986.</ref>

Nussbaum's interpretation of [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' in particular drew considerable attention. Under her consciousness of vulnerability, the re-entrance of [[Alcibiades]] at the end of the dialogue undermines [[Diotima of Mantinea|Diotima]]'s account of the ladder of love in its ascent to the non-physical realm of the [[Theory of the forms|forms]]. Alcibiades's presence deflects attention back to physical beauty, sexual passions, and bodily limitations, hence highlighting human fragility. ''Fragility'' brought attention to Nussbaum throughout the humanities. It garnered wide praise in academic reviews,<ref>Barnes, Hazel E. ''Comparative Literature'', Vol. 40, No. 1 (Winter, 1988), pp. 76–77</ref><ref>Woodruff, Paul B. ''Philosophy and Phenomenological Research'', Vol. 50, No. 1 (Sep. 1989), pp. 205–210</ref> and even drew acclaim in the popular media.<ref>[[Bernard Knox|Knox, Bernard]]. "The Theater of Ethics". [http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=4941 ''The New York Review of Books''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428140741/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=4941 |date=April 28, 2009 }}</ref> [[Camille Paglia]] credited ''Fragility'' with matching "the highest academic standards" of the twentieth century,<ref>Paglia, Camille. ''Sex, Art, & American Culture''. NY: Vintage Books, 1991. pp. 206</ref> and ''The Times Higher Education'' called it "a supremely scholarly work".<ref>Hodges, Lucy. [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=95200&sectioncode=26 ''And you may ask yourself...''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403011431/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=95200&sectioncode=26 |date=April 3, 2012 }}</ref> Nussbaum's reputation extended her influence beyond print and into television programs like PBS's [[Bill Moyers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shoppbs.org/search/noResults.jsp?kw=2407861|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120909144927/http://www.shoppbs.org/search/noResults.jsp?kw=2407861|url-status=dead|title=Shop PBS|date=September 9, 2012|archive-date=September 9, 2012|access-date=October 31, 2017}}</ref>

===''Cultivating Humanity''===
''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education'' appeals to classical Greek texts as a basis for defense and reform of the [[liberal education]]. Noting the Greek [[Cynicism (philosophy)|cynic]] philosopher [[Diogenes of Sinope|Diogenes]]' aspiration to transcend "local origins and group memberships" in favor of becoming "a [[Global citizenship#World citizen|citizen of the world]]", Nussbaum traces the development of this idea through the [[Stoicism|Stoics]], [[Cicero]], and eventually the [[classical liberalism]] of [[Adam Smith]] and [[Immanuel Kant]]. Nussbaum champions [[multiculturalism]] in the context of [[ethical universalism]], defends scholarly inquiry into race, gender, and [[human sexuality]], and further develops the role of literature as narrative imagination into ethical questions.<ref name=":3">Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education.'' Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1997.</ref>

At the same time, Nussbaum also censured certain scholarly trends. She excoriated [[deconstructionist]] [[Jacques Derrida]] saying "on [[truth]] [he is] simply not worth studying for someone who has been studying [[W. V. O. Quine|Quine]] and [[Hilary Putnam|Putnam]] and [[Donald Davidson (philosopher)|Davidson]]". She cites Zhang Longxi, who labels Derrida's analysis of [[Chinese culture]] "pernicious" and without "evidence of serious study".<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|pages=41 126}} More broadly, Nussbaum criticized [[Michel Foucault]] for his "historical incompleteness [and] lack of conceptual clarity", but nevertheless singled him out for providing "the only truly important work to have entered philosophy under the banner of '[[Postmodern philosophy|postmodernism]].'<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|page=40}}

Nussbaum is even more critical of figures like [[Allan Bloom]], [[Roger Kimball]], and [[George Will]] for what she considers their "shaky" knowledge of non-Western cultures and inaccurate caricatures of today's humanities departments. ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised ''Cultivating Humanity'' as "a passionate, closely argued defense of multiculturalism" and hailed it as "a formidable, perhaps definitive defense of diversity on American campuses".<ref>Shapiro, James. ''Beyond the Culture Wars''. [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E4D61E3EF937A35752C0A96E958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2/ ''The New York Times'']</ref> Nussbaum received the 2002 University of Louisville [[Grawemeyer Award]] in Education for ''Cultivating Humanity''.<ref>{{cite web |title=2002 – Martha Nussbaum |url=http://grawemeyer.org/2002-martha-nussbaum/ |website=Grawemeyer Awards |date=July 21, 2002 |access-date=March 1, 2022}}</ref>

===''Sex and Social Justice''===
''Sex and Social Justice'' argues that sex and sexuality are morally irrelevant distinctions that have been artificially enforced as sources of [[social hierarchy]]; thus, [[feminism]] and [[social justice]] have common concerns. Rejecting anti-universalist objections, Nussbaum proposes functional freedoms, or central human capabilities, as a rubric of social justice.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Sex & Social Justice.'' New York: [[Oxford University Press]], 1999. pp. 29–47.</ref>{{Unclear inline|date=June 2021}} Nussbaum discusses at length the feminist critiques of liberalism itself, including the charge advanced by [[Alison Jaggar]] that liberalism demands [[ethical egoism]]. Nussbaum notes that liberalism emphasizes respect for ''others'' as individuals, and further argues that Jaggar has elided the distinction between [[individualism]] and self-sufficiency. Nussbaum accepts [[Catharine MacKinnon]]'s critique of abstract liberalism, assimilating the salience of history and context of group hierarchy and subordination, but concludes that this appeal is rooted in liberalism rather than a critique of it.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Sex & Social Justice.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 55–80.</ref>

Nussbaum condemns the practice of [[female genital mutilation]], citing deprivation of [[normative]] human functioning in its risks to health, impact on sexual functioning, violations of dignity, and conditions of non-[[autonomy]]. Emphasizing that female genital mutilation is carried out by brute force, its irreversibility, its non-consensual nature, and its links to customs of [[Patriarchy|male domination]], Nussbaum urges feminists to confront female genital mutilation as an issue of injustice.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Sex & Social Justice.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 118–130.</ref>

Nussbaum also refines the concept of "[[objectification]]", as originally advanced by [[Catharine MacKinnon]] and [[Andrea Dworkin]]. Nussbaum defines the idea of treating as an object with seven qualities: [[instrumental rationality|instrumentality]], denial of autonomy, inertness, [[fungibility]], violability, ownership, and denial of [[subjectivity]]. Her characterization of pornography as a tool of objectification puts Nussbaum at odds with [[sex-positive feminism]]. At the same time, Nussbaum argues in support of the legalization of prostitution, a position she reiterated in a 2008 essay following the [[Eliot Spitzer prostitution scandal|Spitzer scandal]], writing: "The idea that we ought to penalize women with few choices by removing one of the ones they do have is grotesque."<ref>Martha Nussbaum, "[http://www.ajc.com/search/content/opinion/2008/03/13/spitzered_0314.html Trading on America's puritanical streak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317232352/http://www.ajc.com/search/content/opinion/2008/03/13/spitzered_0314.html |date=March 17, 2008 }}", ''[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]'', March 14, 2008</ref>

''Sex and Social Justice'' was highly praised by critics in the press. ''[[Salon (magazine)|Salon]]'' declared: "She shows brilliantly how sex is used to deny some people—i.e., women and gay men—social justice."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/04/19/nussbaum/|title=Rescuing the Feminist Book|author=Maria Russo|work=salon.com|date=April 19, 1999|access-date=May 27, 2008|archive-date=February 20, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030220064140/http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/04/19/nussbaum/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' praised the work as "elegantly written and carefully argued".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/03/14/reviews/990314.14ryanlt.html?scp=5&sq=martha+nussbaum&st=cse|title=Cultural Perversions|website=www.nytimes.com|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112342/http://www.nytimes.com/books/99/03/14/reviews/990314.14ryanlt.html?scp=5&sq=martha+nussbaum&st=cse|url-status=live}}</ref> Kathryn Trevenen praised Nussbaum's effort to shift feminist concerns toward interconnected transnational efforts, and for explicating a set of universal guidelines to structure an agenda of social justice.<ref>Trevenen, Kathryn. "Global Feminism and the 'Problem' of Culture". ''Theory & Event'' 5.1 (2001).</ref> Patrick Hopkins singled out for praise Nussbaum's "masterful" chapter on sexual objectification.<ref>Hopkins, Patrick D. "Sex and Social Justice". ''Hypatia'' 17.2 (2002): 171–173.</ref> Radical feminist Andrea Dworkin faulted Nussbaum for "consistent over-intellectualization of emotion, which has the inevitable consequence of mistaking suffering for cruelty".<ref>Dworkin, Andrea R. "Rape is not just another word for suffering". ''Times Higher Education.'' August 4, 2000.</ref>

===''Hiding from Humanity''===
[[File:Nussbaum Martha2.jpg|thumb|upright|Nussbaum in 2004]]
''Hiding from Humanity''<ref>Nussbaum, Martha C. ''Hiding from Humanity: Disgust, Shame, and the Law.'' Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004.</ref> extends Nussbaum's work in [[moral psychology]] to probe the arguments for including two emotions—[[shame]] and [[disgust]]—as legitimate bases for legal judgments. Nussbaum argues that individuals tend to repudiate their bodily imperfection or [[animal]]ity through the projection of fears about contamination. This cognitive response is in itself irrational, because we cannot transcend the animality of our bodies. Noting how [[psychological projection|projective]] disgust has wrongly justified group subordination (mainly of women, Jews, and homosexuals), Nussbaum ultimately discards disgust as a reliable basis of judgment. In an interview with ''[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]'', Nussbaum elaborated:
{{blockquote|Disgust and shame are inherently [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]]; they set up ranks and orders of human beings. They are also inherently connected with restrictions on [[liberty]] in areas of non-harmful conduct. For both of these reasons, I believe, anyone who cherishes the key democratic values of [[egalitarianism|equality]] and liberty should be deeply suspicious of the appeal to those emotions in the context of law and [[public policy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reason.com/news/show/33316.html|title=Discussing Disgust|work=Reason.com|date=2004-07-15|access-date=February 22, 2008|archive-date=February 18, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218040129/https://www.reason.com/news/show/33316.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}

Nussbaum's work was received with wide praise. ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' called her argument "characteristically lucid" and hailed her as "America's most prominent philosopher of public life".<ref>Wilson, John. ''You Stink therefore I am''.[https://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/05/02/you_stink_therefore_i_am/?page=2/ ''The Boston Globe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071640/http://www.boston.com/news/globe/ideas/articles/2004/05/02/you_stink_therefore_i_am/?page=2%2F |date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref> Her reviews in national newspapers and magazines garnered unanimous praise.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/08/LVGC580JDU1.DTL&hw=nussbaum&sn=002&sc=952/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121216135707/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/08/LVGC580JDU1.DTL&hw=nussbaum&sn=002&sc=952/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 16, 2012|title=Philosopher warns us against using shame as punishment / Guilt can be creative, but the blame game is dangerous|work=SFGate|date=August 8, 2004}}</ref> In academic circles, Stefanie A. Lindquist of [[Vanderbilt University]] lauded Nussbaum's analysis as a "remarkably wide ranging and nuanced treatise on the interplay between emotions and law".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/nussbaum904.htm|title=''Stefanie A. Lindquist's Review''|access-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012004410/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/nussbaum904.htm|archive-date=October 12, 2008}}</ref>

A prominent exception was [[Roger Kimball]]'s review published in ''[[The New Criterion]]'', in which he accused Nussbaum of "fabricating" the renewed prevalence of shame and disgust in public discussions and says she intends to "undermine the inherited moral wisdom of millennia". He rebukes her for "contempt for the opinions of ordinary people" and ultimately accuses Nussbaum herself of "hiding from humanity".<ref>Kimball, Roger. ''The New Criterion''.[http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/23/sept04/shame.htm ''Does Shame have a Future?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203174720/http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/23/sept04/shame.htm |date=February 3, 2008 }}</ref> Nussbaum has recently drawn on and extended her work on disgust to produce a new analysis of the legal issues regarding sexual orientation and same-sex conduct. Her book ''From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and the Constitution'' was published by Oxford University Press in 2009, as part of their "Inalienable Rights" series, edited by Geoffrey Stone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/ConstitutionalLaw/?view=usa&ci=9780195305319|title=From Disgust to Humanity|work=oup.com|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604142304/http://www.oup.com/us/catalog/general/subject/Law/ConstitutionalLaw/?view=usa&ci=9780195305319|archive-date=June 4, 2011}}</ref>

===''From Disgust to Humanity''===
In her 2010 book ''From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law'', Nussbaum analyzes the role that disgust plays in law and public debate in the United States.<ref>Nussbaum, Martha. Oxford University Press. "From Disgust to Humanity: Sexual Orientation and Constitutional Law" (2010)</ref> The book primarily analyzes constitutional legal issues facing gay and lesbian Americans but also analyzes issues such as anti-miscegenation statutes, segregation, antisemitism and the caste system in India as part of its broader thesis regarding the "politics of disgust". Nussbaum posits that the fundamental motivation of those advocating legal restrictions against gay and lesbian Americans is a "politics of disgust". These legal restrictions include blocking [[sexual orientation]] being protected under [[anti-discrimination law]]s (see ''[[Romer v. Evans]]''), sodomy laws against consenting adults (see ''[[Lawrence v. Texas]]''), constitutional bans against same-sex marriage (see [[California Proposition 8 (2008)]]). Nussbaum also argues that legal bans on conducts, such as nude dancing in private clubs, nudity on private beaches, the possession and consumption of alcohol in seclusion, gambling in seclusion or in a private club, which remain on the books, partake of the politics of disgust and should be overturned.<ref>Nussbaum, ''From Disgust to Humanity'', 154–155.</ref>

Nussbaum identifies the "politics of disgust" closely with [[Lord Devlin]] and his famous opposition to the [[Wolfenden report]], which recommended decriminalizing private consensual homosexual acts, on the basis that those things would "disgust the average man". To Devlin, the mere fact some people or act may produce popular emotional reactions of disgust provides an appropriate guide for legislating. She also identifies the '[[wisdom of repugnance]]' as advocated by [[Leon Kass]] as another "politics of disgust" school of thought as it claims that disgust "in crucial cases ... repugnance is the emotional expression of deep wisdom, beyond reason's power fully to articulate it". Nussbaum goes on to explicitly oppose the concept of a disgust-based morality as an appropriate guide for legislating. Nussbaum notes that popular disgust has been used throughout history as a justification for persecution. Drawing upon her earlier work on the relationship between disgust and shame, Nussbaum notes that at various times, racism, [[antisemitism]], and [[sexism]], have all been driven by popular revulsion.<ref name="Nussbaum 2004">{{Cite web |author=Nussbaum, Martha C. |url=http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i48/48b00601.htm |title=Danger to Human Dignity: The Revival of Disgust and Shame in the Law |work=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]] |date=August 6, 2004 |access-date=November 24, 2007 |location=Washington, DC |archive-date=July 10, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710070415/http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i48/48b00601.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In place of this "politics of disgust", Nussbaum argues for the [[harm principle]] from [[John Stuart Mill]] as the proper basis for limiting individual liberties. Nussbaum argues the harm principle, which supports the legal ideas of [[consent]], the [[age of majority]], and [[privacy]], protects citizens while the "politics of disgust" is merely an unreliable emotional reaction with no inherent wisdom. Furthermore, Nussbaum argues this "politics of disgust" has denied and continues to deny citizens humanity and [[equality before the law]] on no rational grounds and causes palpable social harms to the groups affected.{{cn|date=September 2024}} ''From Disgust to Humanity'' earned acclaim from liberal American publications,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanfranciscobookreview.com/current-events-politics/from-disgust-to-humanity-sexual-orientation-and-constitutional-law/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716003823/http://www.sanfranciscobookreview.com/current-events-politics/from-disgust-to-humanity-sexual-orientation-and-constitutional-law/|url-status=dead|title=''San Francisco Book Review''|archivedate=July 16, 2011|accessdate=March 17, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.slate.com/id/2246892/|title=Martha Nussbaum's From Disgust to Humanity.|work=Slate Magazine|date=March 8, 2010|access-date=December 4, 2010|archive-date=November 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126094914/http://www.slate.com/id/2246892|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=lets_be_rational_about_sex|title=Let's Be Rational About Sex|journal=The American Prospect|date=February 28, 2010|access-date=December 4, 2010|archive-date=June 11, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611234704/http://www.prospect.org/cs/articles?article=lets_be_rational_about_sex|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdn.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/03/19/RVK51CG7JK.DTL&type=gaylesbian#ixzz0j13iukEO|title=''San Francisco Chronicle Book Review''|access-date=October 31, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308211309/http://cdn.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2010%2F03%2F19%2FRVK51CG7JK.DTL&type=gaylesbian#ixzz0j13iukEO|archive-date=March 8, 2012}}</ref> and prompted interviews in ''The New York Times'' and other magazines.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/magazine/13FOB-Q4-t.html|title=Gross National Politics|first=Deborah|last=Solomon|date=December 10, 2009|access-date=October 31, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107164847/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/13/magazine/13FOB-Q4-t.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.thenation.com/article/back-talk-martha-c-nussbaum|title=Back Talk: Martha C. Nussbaum|journal=The Nation|date=February 25, 2010|access-date=December 4, 2010|archive-date=July 26, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726205622/http://www.thenation.com/article/back-talk-martha-c-nussbaum|url-status=live|last1=Smallwood|first1=Christine}}</ref> It was criticized by the conservative magazine ''[[The American Spectator]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://spectator.org/archives/2010/12/02/the-politics-of-humanity/ |title=The Politics of Humanity |work=The American Spectator |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101204234502/http://spectator.org/archives/2010/12/02/the-politics-of-humanity |archive-date=December 4, 2010 }}</ref>

=== ''Creating Capabilities'' ===
{{main|Creating Capabilities}}

The book ''Creating Capabilities'', first published in 2011, outlines a unique theory regarding the [[Capability approach]] or the [[Human development (economics)|Human development]] approach. Nussbaum draws on theories of other notable advocates of the Capability approach like [[Amartya Sen]], but has a distinct approach. She proposes to choose a list of capabilities based on some aspects of [[John Rawls|John Rawls']] concept of "central human capabilities."<ref>{{Citation |last1=Robeyns |first1=Ingrid |title=The Capability Approach |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/capability-approach/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=October 14, 2022 |last2=Byskov |first2=Morten Fibieger}}</ref>

Nussbaum's book combines ideas from the [[Capability approach]], [[development economics]], and [[distributive justice]] to substantiate a qualitative theory on capabilities. She criticizes existing economic indicators like GDP as failing to fully account for quality of life and assurance of basic needs, instead rewarding countries with large growth distributed highly unequally across the population.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg7Q2V8fi8gC |title=Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach |date=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-05054-9 |language=en}}</ref> The book also aims to serve as an introduction to the Capability approach more generally; it is accessible to students and newcomers to the material because of the current lack of general knowledge about this approach. Finally, Nussbaum compares her approach with other popular approaches to human development and economic welfare, including [[Utilitarianism]], [[Rawlsian Justice]], and [[Welfarism]] in order to argue why the Capability approach should be prioritized by development economics policymakers.<ref name=":02" />

==Awards and honors==
===Honorary degrees and honorary societies===
Nussbaum is a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] (1988) and the [[American Philosophical Society]] (1996).<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Martha+Nussbaum&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=December 16, 2021|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> She is an Academician in the Academy of Finland (2000) and a Corresponding Fellow of the British Academy (2008). She has 66 honorary degrees from colleges and universities across the US, Canada, Europe, Asia, and Latin America, including:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum|title=Martha Nussbaum|work=uchicago.edu|access-date=October 15, 2003|archive-date=October 8, 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008155918/http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2013/06/martha-nussbaum-liberal-education-crucial-to-producing-democratic-societies.html|title=Martha Nussbaum: Liberal Education Crucial to Producing Democratic Societies|work=lawrence.edu|date=June 11, 2013|access-date=June 11, 2013|archive-date=September 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210424/http://blogs.lawrence.edu/news/2013/06/martha-nussbaum-liberal-education-crucial-to-producing-democratic-societies.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/|title=Martha Nussbaum|access-date=October 15, 2003|archive-date=October 25, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191025085154/https://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2021/april/honorary-degrees.html|title=Honorary Degrees Awarded at 2021 Commencement|access-date=May 16, 2021|archive-date=April 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423191940/https://www.cmu.edu/news/stories/archives/2021/april/honorary-degrees.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{div col}}
'''North America'''
* [[Harvard University]], Massachusetts <ref name="Harvard Gazette 2022">{{cite web | title=Harvard awards seven honorary degrees | website=Harvard Gazette | date=May 26, 2022 | url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2022/05/harvard-awards-seven-honorary-degrees-2/ | access-date=May 28, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Carnegie Mellon University]], Pennsylvania
* [[Knox College (Illinois)|Knox College]], Illinois
* [[Mount Holyoke College]], Massachusetts
* [[Wabash College]], Indiana
* [[Emory University]], Georgia
* [[Grinnell College]], Iowa
* [[Kenyon College]], Ohio
* [[Williams College]], Massachusetts
* [[Colgate University]], New York
* [[Bucknell University]], Pennsylvania
* [[The College of William and Mary]], Virginia
* [[Lawrence University]], Wisconsin
* [[The New School|The New School University]], New York City
* The [[Ohio State University]], Ohio
* The [[University of North Carolina at Asheville]], North Carolina
* [[Concordia University, St. Paul|Concordia College]], Minnesota
* [[Georgetown University]], Washington, D.C.
* The [[University of Toronto]], Canada
* [[McGill University]], Canada
* [[Simon Fraser University]], Canada

'''Europe'''
* The [[University of St Andrews]], Scotland
* The [[University of Edinburgh]], Scotland
* The [[Katholieke Universiteit Leuven]], Belgium
* The [[University of Humanistic Studies]], Utrecht, Netherlands
* The [[École Normale Supérieure]], Paris, France
* [[Bielefeld University]], Germany
* The [[Institute of Social Studies]], Rotterdam, Netherlands
* [[Queen's University Belfast]], Northern Ireland
* The [[University of Athens]], Greece
* [[Dimitrie Cantemir Christian University]], Bucharest, Romania
'''Middle East'''
* The [[University of Haifa]], Israel
* The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], Israel
'''Africa'''
* The [[University of the Free State]], South Africa
'''Latin America'''
* [[Pontifical Catholic University of Peru]], Peru
* [[University of Antioquia]], Colombia
{{div col end}}[[University of the Andes (Colombia)|Universidad de los Andes]], Colombia

===Awards===
* 1990: Brandeis Creative Arts Award in Non-Fiction
* 1991: [[PEN/Diamonstein-Spielvogel Award for the Art of the Essay]] for ''Love's Knowledge''
* 1998: Ness Book Award of the [[Association of American Colleges and Universities]] (''Cultivating Humanity'')
* 2000: Book award of the [[North American Society for Social Philosophy]] (''Sex and Social Justice'')
* 2002: [[University of Louisville]] [[Grawemeyer Award]] in Education (''Cultivating Humanity'')
* 2003: [[Barnard College|Barnard College Medal]] of Distinction
* 2004: Honorary membership into [[Phi Beta Kappa]] at the [[University of Chicago]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://phibetakappa.tumblr.com/post/183141470703/martha-nussbaum |title=Martha Nussbaum |access-date=March 1, 2019 |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025557/https://phibetakappa.tumblr.com/post/183141470703/martha-nussbaum |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 2004: Association of American University Publishers Professional and Scholarly Book Award for Law (''Hiding From Humanity'')
* 2005: listed among the world's Top 100 intellectuals by ''[[Foreign Policy]]'' (as well as in 2008 and 2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4314 |title=Foreign Policy: Top 100 Public Intellectuals |date=May 29, 2009 |website= |accessdate=March 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529063528/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/story/cms.php?story_id=4314 |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]'' magazines.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/intellectuals/results.htm |title=The Prospect/FP Global public intellectuals poll – results |publisher=Prospect |access-date=February 9, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122122228/http://www.prospect-magazine.co.uk/intellectuals/results.htm  |archive-date=January 22, 2008}}</ref>
* 2007: Radcliffe Alumnae Recognition Award
* 2009: [[American Philosophical Society]]'s [[Henry M. Phillips Prize]] in Jurisprudence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1607|title=Nussbaum Receives Prestigious Prize for Law and Philosophy|author=anonymous|work=uchicago.edu|access-date=April 3, 2016|archive-date=June 10, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610075051/http://news.uchicago.edu/news.php?asset_id=1607|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2009: Arts and Sciences Advocacy Award from the Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences ([[Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences|CCAS]]). CCAS bestows this award upon an individual or organization demonstrating exemplary advocacy for the arts and sciences, flowing from a deep commitment to the intrinsic worth of liberal arts education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccas.net/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3636|title=Arts & Sciences Advocacy Award – Council of Colleges of Arts and Sciences|website=www.ccas.net|access-date=May 2, 2016|archive-date=May 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531104602/http://www.ccas.net/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3636|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2010: Centennial Medal of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University
* 2012: [[Princess of Asturias Awards#Social Sciences (Ciencias Sociales)|Prince of Asturias Awards]] for Social Sciences
* 2014: [[John Locke Lectures]] at Oxford University.
* 2015: Premio Nonino, Italy
* 2015: Inamori Ethics Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.case.edu/events/featured-events/inamori-ethics-prize/recipient/|title=2015 Recipient – University Events|work=case.edu – Case Western Reserve University|access-date=July 8, 2015|archive-date=July 8, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708124530/http://www.case.edu/events/featured-events/inamori-ethics-prize/recipient/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2016: [[Kyoto Prize]] in Philosophy, Japan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/latest/|title=Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation|website=Kyoto Prize, Inamori Foundation|access-date=October 31, 2017|archive-date=July 30, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730110430/https://www.kyotoprize.org/en/laureates/latest/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* 2017: [[Jefferson Lecture]]<ref name="IHEJeffLecture">[https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/01/19/martha-nussbaum-named-jefferson-lecturer "Martha Nussbaum Named Jefferson Lecturer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011725/https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2017/01/19/martha-nussbaum-named-jefferson-lecturer |date=February 2, 2017 }}, ''[[Inside Higher Ed]]'', January 19, 2017.</ref>
* 2017: Don M. Randel Award for Contribution to the Humanities, American Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 2018: [[Berggruen Prize]]<ref name=":0" />
* 2021: [[Holberg Prize]] "for her groundbreaking contribution to research in philosophy, law and related fields"<ref name="holbergprisen.no"/>
* 2022: The Order of Lincoln the highest award for public service conferred by the State of Illinois
* 2022: The [[Balzan Prize]] for "her transformative reconception of the goals of social justice, both globally and locally".

==See also==
{{Columns-list|
* [[American philosophy]]
* [[List of animal rights advocates]]
* [[List of American philosophers]]
* [[List of female philosophers]]
* [[Nikidion]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.law.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum/ University of Chicago biography]
* [http://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/martha-c-nussbaum-anger-and-forgiveness-audio Nussbaum on Anger and Forgiveness (Audio) University of Chicago]
* [https://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/nussbaum.html Nussbaum's University of Chicago faculty website]
* [https://archive.today/20130419141247/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/help/search.cfm?qt=Nussbaum&x=6&y=3 Nussbaum bibliographies]
* {{IMDb name|2257106}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2007/oct/27/weekend7.weekend Q&A with Martha Nussbaum] from ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b012r6vg 'Creating capabilities' Nussbaum interviewed] by [[Laurie Taylor (sociologist)|Laurie Taylor]] on [[BBC Radio 4]], July 2011
* {{C-SPAN|85953}}
** [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/Nus ''In Depth'' interview with Nussbaum, June 6, 2010] on [[C-SPAN]]
* Martha Nussbaum, [http://bostonreview.net/BR34.2/nussbaum.php Land of my Dreams: Islamic liberalism under fire in India], ''[[Boston Review]]'', March/April 2009. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727000755/http://bostonreview.net/BR34.2/nussbaum.php|date=July 27, 2009}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101204051702/http://www.iss.nl/About-ISS/History/Honorary-Fellows Profile] at the [[International Institute of Social Studies]]
* [https://thebestschools.org/features/most-influential-living-philosophers/#nussbaum Honored as one of ''50 Most Influential Living Philosophers'']
* [https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2021/06/30/dismantling-the-citadels-of-pride/ "Dismantling the 'Citadels of Pride': Claudia Dreifus, an interview with Martha C. Nussbaum"], ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'' (June 30, 2021)

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[[Category:American women human rights activists]][https://eclass.yorku.ca/pluginfile.php/7501676/mod_folder/content/0/Handbook_Chapter%2017.pdf Hearn. J., Aboim. S., & Shefer. T. (2018). "Handbook on Global Social Justice: Sexualities, social justice and sexual justice." pp. 228-238]

Pyne (Indian surname)

2026-03-15T09:37:24Z

Joquim:

{{Short description|Indian surname}}
{{Infobox Surname|name=Pyne|variant=Pain, Paine|derivation=|language=[[Odia language|Odiya]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]|origin=[[South Asia]]|languageorigin=[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]|seealso=[[Satapathy]], [[Pathak]], [[Mishra]]}}

'''Pyne''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: পাইন) is an Indian surname. Alternative spellings include Paine and Pain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ubrahmin.blogspot.com/2015/04/utkal-brahman-utkal-means-who-are-best.html?m=1|title=Utkala Brahmin|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

*[[Ganesh Pyne]] Artist
*[[Bedabrata Pain]] Film Maker

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]
[[Category:Surnames]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]

Vadakkumkur

2026-03-11T17:06:18Z

Joquim: new post

'''Vadakkumkur''' was a late medieval/early modern feudal principality located in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. Along with [[Thekkumkur]], it succeeded from the early medieval political region of [[Vempolinad]] by around 1200 AD.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zUkULqT28UoC&q=Vadakkumkur|title=Census of India, 2001: Wayanad|date=2004|publisher=Controller of Publications|language=en}}</ref> After their separation, Thekkumkur became an independent kingdom, while Vadakkumkur became a vassal of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]]. During the time of Portuguese dominance in Cochin, disputes arose between the Vadakkumkur chieftain and the Kingdom of Cochin over the pepper trade and the Vadakkumkur Rajah was killed in battle with Cochin and their Portuguese allies.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qdc3NKpQ5jEC&dq=Vadakkumkur&pg=PA157|title=By Sweat and Sword: Trade, Diplomacy and War in Kerala Through the Ages|last=Nair|first=K. K.|date=2013|publisher=KK Nair|isbn=9788173049736|pages=157|language=en}}</ref> Vadakkumkur and Thekkumkur were later annexed by [[Marthanda Varma]] and incorporated into the Kingdom of [[Travancore]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVd1AQAAQBAJ&dq=Vadakkumkur&pg=RA1-PA48|title=TRAVANCORE STATE MANUAL: with foreword by VED from VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS|last=AIYA|first=V. NAGAM|date=1906|publisher=VICTORIA INSTITUTIONS, Aaradhana, DEVERKOVIL 673508 India www.victoriainstitutions.com|pages=48|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />{{Feudal states of Kerala}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]

Carex parvigluma

2026-03-11T06:48:16Z

Joquim: Added new entry

{{Short description|Species of sedge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Carex
| species = parvigluma
| authority = [[Charles Baron Clarke|C.B.Clarke]]
}}

'''''Carex parvigluma''''' is a [[Bunch grass|tussock]]-forming species of perennial [[Carex|sedge]] in the family [[Cyperaceae]]. It is native to [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in north eastern [[India]] in the eastern part of the [[Himalayas]].<ref name=kew>{{cite web |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:301454-1|title=''Carex parvigluma'' C.B.Clarke |access-date=23 August 2022 |publisher=Kew Science – Plants of the World Online}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Carex species|List of ''Carex'' species]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15579042}}

[[Category:Carex|parvigluma]]
[[Category:Flora of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Endemic flora of East Himalaya]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1894]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Charles Baron Clarke]]

{{Carex-stub}}

Paigah Tombs

2026-03-11T01:00:40Z

Joquim: added citations for clarity and improved wording

{{Cleanup rewrite|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Paigah Tombs
| image = Paigah Tombs.jpg
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Hyderabad
| coordinates = {{coord|17.3439|78.5041|region:IN-AP|display=inline,title}}
| location_town = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]]
| location_country = {{flagicon|India}}
| architect =
| client =
| engineer =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| demolished_date =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| architectural_style =
| size =
}}
'''Paigah Tombs''' or Maqbara Shams al-Umara, are the tombs belonging to the nobility of [[Paigah family]], who were fierce loyalists of the [[Nizams]], served as statespeople, philanthropists and generals under and alongside them. The Paigah tombs are among the major wonders of [[Hyderabad State]] which are known for their architectural excellence as shown in their laid mosaic tiles and craftsmanship.<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Explore one of Hyderabad's hidden gems — the majestic Paigah tombs |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/explore-one-of-hyderabads-hidden-gems-the-majestic-paigah-tombs/cid/2036537 |access-date=30 August 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph|date=30 July 2024}}</ref> Since it was Amir-e-Kabir H.E. Nawab Sir Khursheed Jah Bahadur who built the Paigah Tombs, he gave special preference in terms of construction to his immediate family. Of all the arches at Paigah Tombs, it is only the arch of his family's tomb that is bigger compared to the others. The entire necropolis was built earlier then the architecture
would have been the same for all the tombs but instead in terms of architectural beauty, the tomb of Nawab Sir Khursheed Jah's family was given special preference. The largest arch and the double maqbara inside known as
"Mahajar" cannot be seen inside any other tomb and also to mention the beautifully decorated stucco work in the tomb of Lateefunnisa Begum
Saheba (Grandmother of Sir Khursheed Jah) is not found in any other tomb. The tombstone of
Lateefunnisa Begum Saheba, on which is already mentioned was built by Nawab Sir Khursheed Jah Bahadur. "Lateefunnisa Begum Saheba Jid'de
Mohammed Mohiuddin Khan
Khursheed Jah Tayyari ye
Mohammed Mohiuddin Khan
Khursheed Jah Bahadur."
The word "Jid'de" over here would mean Grandmother of Sir Khursheed Jah Bahadur and "Tayyari'ye Mohammed Mohiuddin Khan
Khursheed Jah Bahadur" would mean "Prepared by Khursheed Jah Bahadur." Inside this tomb are the graves of Nawab Sir Khursheed Jah Bahadur's immediate family members. Shahzadi Hussainunnisa Begum (Wife), Shahzadi Hashmatunnisa Begum (Mother), Amir-e-Kabir Nawab Mohammed Rasheeduddin Khan Bahadur (Father) and Hussaini Begum (second wife of Nawab Rasheeduddin Khan). The [[Paigah family|Paigah]]'s necropolis is located in a quiet neighbourhood 4  km southeast of [[Charminar]] [[Telangana|Hyderabad]], at [[Phisal banda]] suburb, down a small lane across from Owaisi Hospital near Santosh Nagar. These tombs are made out of lime and mortar with beautiful inlaid marble carvings. These tombs are 200 years old and represent the final resting places of several generations of the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] Nobles.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/the-paigahs-necropolis/article22481683.ece|title=The Paigah's necropolis|last=Safvi|first=Rana|date=2018-01-21|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-paigah-tombs-the-lime-and-mortar-wonders/article19271266.ece|title=The Paigah Tombs: The lime and mortar wonders|last=Sripada|first=Krishna|date=2017-07-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/171017/end-to-squatters-at-paigah-tombs.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017104912/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/171017/end-to-squatters-at-paigah-tombs.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2017|title=End to squatters at Paigah Tombs|date=2017-10-17|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-08-06|language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Paigah Tombs II 3.jpg|thumb|Mosque at Paigah Tombs complex]]
At first, Paigah Tombs may look deserted and uncared for, but on a closer look, you will find the place quite enthralling. With marvellous carvings and motifs in floral designs and inlaid mosaic tile works, the tombs are exquisite to walk around. The tombs and their walls are delicately carved and enclosed in pierced marble facades, some of them in rows and some with beautifully carved screens and canopies.

The place is easily approachable and is set amidst a labyrinth of concrete houses built around the 30 acres of property in which the tombs are nestled. They are almost obscure and a marvellous piece of artistry in marble lost in time. The Indo-Islamic architecture is a mix of both the Asaf Jahi and the Rajputana styles of architecture. You will also see décor in fabulous stucco work, representing the Mughal, Persian and Deccan styles too.

==History==

[[File:Paigah Tombs II 8.jpg|thumb|An ornate tomb at Paigah Tomb Complex]]

The noble families of [[Paigah family|Paigah]], during the 18th century were the most influential and powerful families of the [[Hyderabad State|Princely State of Hyderabad]]’s aristocracy are the descendants of the [[Umar|Omar bin Al-Khattab]], Islam’s second caliph, comprising the area of their Jagirs to 4000 sq. miles. Their ancestor was Abdul Fateh Khan Tegh Jung who came to [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] with [[Asaf Jah]] 1st and founded the [[Paigah family|Paigah]] nobility. He rendered service to the second [[Nizam]], who ruled between 1760 and 1803 and received the highest position of Commander in chief with the title of Shams-ul-Umra, meaning the sun among the nobles. Their distinguished family background, their valuable services to the [[Nizam]]'s generation and also matrimonial alliances with the ruling [[Nizams]] made them the highest ranking nobles next only to the [[Nizams]]. They Constructed several palaces in the City notable among them were [[Asman Garh Palace]], [[Khursheed Jah Devdi]], Vicar-ul-Umarahi palace and also the famous [[Falaknuma Palace]], they were believed to be wealthier than the average Maharajah of the country and were the only ones to have the privilege of maintaining their own court, palaces, as well as their own private armies, which often numbered several thousand.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}
Abdul Fateh Khan Tegh Jung was the first who buried in 1786 at the place which later became the family Maqbara built as per the generations of the members of their families, mostly renovated by his son Amir-e-Kabir I (in the 1880s some additions were made by Sir Asman Jah, Sir Khurshid Jah, and Sir Vikar Ul Umra)., the tombs of several generations of the Paigah nobles include Abul Fatah Khan Shums ul Umra I to Shums ul Umra v, [[Sir Asman Jah]], [[Sir Khursheed Jah]], [[Sir Vicar-ul-Umra]], Sultan ul Mulk, Lady Vicar ul Umra, Lady Khurshid Jah, Lady Asman Jah, Moin ud Dowla, Zaheer yar Jung, Zayd Yar Khan and other members of the Paigah Family.

The Paigah tombs are near to the Dargah of Barhana Shah Sahab are very delicate and splendor works of art in Mughal Provinces Style. Though these stunning tombs are strewn over 35-40 acres, tombs of the Paigah as who had married daughters of the Nizams and their spouses are confined to a two-acre site. It is this enclosure which is now known as Paigah tombs., are in the shape of chaukhandis with latticed panels but open to sky. As all the [[Nizam]]'s tombs till the ascending to the throne by 7th Nizams were exposed to the sky, to emulate the tomb of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Aurangazeb]], of whom the [[Nizam]] were the [[governor]]. So the [[Paigah (Hyderabad)|Paigah]] nobles preferred their graves to be without any roof. It is as per the simple tenets of Islam. The surrounding beautiful structure of walls have latticed panels with geometrical and floral design. The delicate polished stucco work and [[Jali]] is art is tic which represents the general style of the period.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

=== At The Mausoleum ===
The sublime beauty of Paigah Tombs has enchanted many through the years. It lies just 6 km from Hyderabad making the location easily accessible. A cranked up signage stating the name will welcome you. As you step inside the compound you will be instantly transformed into an era where beauty and craftsmanship went hand in hand, even if it was to follow them in the after-life! Each step you take around the mausoleum will bring you closer to the exemplary craftsmanship with elaborately carved canopies and marble inlaid floral designs. The most fascinating aspect about the destination is that none of the designs are repetitive. Each of the Paigah noble’s tombs features something uniquely different and part of the wonder is in discovering the differences in the carvings.

It is a treasure house of intricately designed latticework. It fills one with such wonder to see the delicately carved wooden doors and window screens done in jaali (perforated) work. Even though there is little to seek beyond the tombs, one can spend hours here walking through its passages and enclosed areas. Photographers must come here to watch and capture the shadows which play on each tomb and its rich carvings.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

==Architecture and design==
[[File:Paigah Tombs complex belonging to the Paigah family in Hyderabad 01.jpg|thumb|Architectural Style of Paigah Tombs]]
The style of architecture of the Paigah Tombs is an amalgam of Mughal and Moorish styles resulting in a unique synthesis. The crypts, made of lime and mortar, have intricate marble inlay work and stucco reminiscent of Granada and Seville in Spain. These tombs are magnificent structures, decorated in stucco work, and represent the Moghal, Greek, Persian, [[Asaf Jahi]], [[Rajasthani people|Rajasthani]] and Deccani style of architecture which are unique specimens of extraordinary artistry that is ardently visible in the wonderfully inlaid mosaic work. The geometrical designs in the Paigah Tombs are unique and are perforated with screens with great craftsmanship. Which has been constructed by Amir e Kabir I (Details of which are available in the diary of the Viceroy and the letter written by the then Resident J.C Bayley to Nawab Salar Jung the then prime minister Informing him about important details regarding tombs on 10 March 1882 after the death of the Co-Regent and Amir E Kabir III Nawab Rashid uddin Khan Bahadur informing Sir Salar Jung that all the three Amirs wanted to perform the Urs of their Grand Father and Great Grand Father on the same day, he advised The Prime minister to see to it that all three Paigahs perform the Urs ceremony at the same time to maintain protocol and to avoid a situation in which who would perform first could be discussed)Nawab Sir Asman Jah Bahadur, Sir Khurshid Jah and Sir Vikar Ul Umra later made some additions which included the chowkhandis of marble added by Sir Khurshid Jah (this was taken up when Sir Khurshid Jah ordered 18 Chowkhandis over the shrines of Important holy saints all over India. The last addition was made by Lady Vikar ul Umra for herself and her son Nawab Sultan ul Mulk Bahadur Beside the tomb of Amir e Kabir III Nawab Rashid uddin Khan Bahadur. It is in Hyderabad. These structures are specimens of remarkable artistry showing itself off in exquisite inlaid mosaic work. Local people claim that the geometrical patterns of the sculptural features of these tombs are unique and not found anywhere in the world.{{citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Restoration work is being undertaken by the [[Aga Khan Trust for Culture]] to restore the missing architectural features, replace faulty repairs, and fix structural cracks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Work to restore Telangana's Paigah Tombs in progress|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2020/may/12/work-to-restore-telanganas-paigah-tombs-in-progress-2142278.html|website=The New Indian Express|date=12 May 2020 |access-date=2020-05-12}}</ref>

== The Tombs ==
The detail of the stuccowork on these structures is intricate. They have become extremely popular because of the geometrical features carved on them. Apart from the geometrical designs, the floral designs, trellis marble fencing, and canopies are also very intricate and beautiful.
[[File:Paigah Tombs, buildings and graves of Paigah family in Hyderabad 26.jpg|thumb|Tomb of the Paigah Family member]]
The Tomb of Asman Jah and Begum Khurshid Jah attract maximum number of tourists. The structures are made of marble and were once adorned with precious and semi-precious stones which changed colours with the change of seasons. The Tombs are enclosed by a wall which is ornamented with lattice work and exotic floral and geometric designs. Each wall is done up differently with fruits, drums, serpents, flowers, vases, etc.

The mausoleums themselves feature differing designs but all have exemplary craftsmanship, utilizing elaborate canopies and marble fences done in trellis-work that are made up of geometric and floral designs. Arches fringed by smaller semi-circular arches–a feature unique to India–are also employed. Each of the Paigah noble’s tomb feature something unique different and part of the wonder is discovering each of the difference. All of these are housed by walls that are intricately designed by a wealth of latticework and exotic designs.

== Restoration ==
The Paigah Tombs complex in Hyderabad is currently undergoing a major restoration effort aimed at returning the site to its original grandeur. The conservation work is being carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) in partnership with the Department of Heritage Telangana, and is supported by the U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP) for the restoration of six of the tomb structures. The project has been timed for completion by the end of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paigah Tombs to Be Restored by Year-End Telangana |url=https://the.akdn/en/resources-media/whats-new/in-the-media/paigah-tombs-to-be-restored-by-yearend-telangana |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=Aga Khan Development Network |language=en}}</ref>

To restore the complex to its original grandeur, more than a hundred minarets have been meticulously reconstructed, following traditional construction practices observed on-site. The conservation of monuments at the Paigah Tombs complex is being carried out by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture in partnership with the Department of Heritage Telangana, with support from the U.S. Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation for six of them.

The funding support from the U.S. AFCP amounted to USD 250,000<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-01-11 |title=Historic Paigah tombs in Hyderabad get USD 2,50,000 for conservation and restoration from US |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/Jan/11/historic-paigah-tombs-in-hyderabadget-usd-250000for-conservation-and-restoration-from-us-2536647.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and targets six tombs built in the 18th and 19th centuries. The work includes documenting decorative stucco, lime-mortar jaali screens (which were discovered to be made of terracotta tiles and iron cores) and replacing earlier inappropriate repairs (such as cement patching) with traditional materials and techniques.

The restoration initiative also encompasses ancillary site improvements including better landscaping, visitor amenities, walking paths, signage and lighting, all designed to safeguard the necropolis and enhance public access while preserving the heritage fabric.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Paigah Tombs.jpg|Paigah Tombs: Tomb of '''Amir e Kabir I''', Abul Fakhr Fakhruddin Khan, Shums ud Dowla, Shums ul Mulk, Shums ul Umra,2nd Amir e Paigah.Son-In-Law of 2nd Nizam of Hyderabad
Image:Paigah_Tombs2.jpg|Paigah Tombs: Pineapple Shape Stucco work
Image:Paigah Tombs05.jpg|Paigah Tombs: Stucco work and open Ceiling
Image:Paigah Tombs Roof.jpg|Paigah Tombs: Stucco work on the roof
File:Inside paigah tombs.jpg|Inside Paigah tombs
File:Graves of Paigah family.jpg|Graves
File:Qutub shahi style architecture.jpg|Mosque at Paigah tombs
</gallery>

==References==
<references />

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://www.trulyhyderabad.com/2015/06/paigah-tombs-pictures-photographs-of-paigah-tombs-in-hyderabad.html Paigah Tombs in Hyderabad Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817053246/http://www.trulyhyderabad.com/2015/06/paigah-tombs-pictures-photographs-of-paigah-tombs-in-hyderabad.html |date=17 August 2018 }}
*[https://paigahtombs.blogspot.com/2006_12_01_archive.html Blog with good pictures and feature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725095555/http://paigahtombs.blogspot.com/2006_12_01_archive.html |date=25 July 2012 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013153509/http://7wondersofhyderabad.com/paigah-tombs/paigahtombs.html Feature on Paigah Tombs]
*[http://www.hyderabadplanet.com/paigah-tombs-photos.html Photos of Paigah Tombs on HyderabadPlanet.com]

{{Hyderabad topics}}

[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Telangana]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1787]]
[[Category:1787 establishments in India]]

Bengaluru geography and environment

2026-03-10T07:28:00Z

Joquim: added the pg w/ sources...

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
'''[[Bengaluru]]''' is situated in the southeast of the [[South India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. It is positioned at 12.97° N 77.56° E and covers an area of {{convert|2190|km2}}. A [[landlocked]] city, Bengaluru is located in the heart of the [[Mysore Plateau]] (a region of the larger [[Deccan Plateau]]) at an average elevation of {{convert|920|m}}. Bangalore district borders with [[Kolar district|Kolar]] and Chikkaballapur in the northeast, [[Tumkur]] in the northwest, and [[Mandya]] and [[Ramanagaram]] in the southeast.

== Geography ==
[[File:Ulsoor Lake from a distance.JPG|thumb|right|[[Halasuru]] lake, seen from Public Utility Building in MG Road.]]
[[Bangalore]] lies in the southeastern part of the [[South India]]n state of Karnataka. It is in the heart of the Mysore Plateau (a region of the larger [[Precambrian]] Deccan Plateau) at an average elevation of 920 m (3,020 ft). It is positioned at {{Coord|12.97|N|77.56|E|}} and covers an area of 1741 km2 (673 mi2). The majority of the city of Bangalore lies in the [[Bangalore Urban]] district of Karnataka and the surrounding rural areas are a part of the [[Bangalore Rural]] district. The region comprising the Bangalore Urban and Rural districts is known as the [[Bangalore (region)]]. The Government of Karnataka has carved out the new district of [[Ramanagara]] from the old Bangalore Rural district.

In the 16th century, Kempe Gowda I constructed many lakes to meet Bangalore's water requirements. The Kempambudhi Kere, since overrun by modern development, was prominent among those lakes. In the earlier half of 20th century, the Nandi Hills [[waterworks]] was commissioned by [[Mirza Ismail|Sir Mirza Ismail]] ([[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Mysore, 1926–41 CE) to provide water supply to the city. Currently, the river [[Kaveri]] provides around 80% of the total water supply to the city with the remaining 20% being obtained from the Thippagondanahalli and Hesaraghatta
reservoirs of the Arkavathi river.<ref name="watersup">{{cite web|url=http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206121846/http://bwssb.org/help_faq.html|archive-date=6 February 2006|title=FAQ|access-date=2 July 2007}}</ref> Bangalore receives 800 million [[liters]] (211 million [[US gallon]]s) of water a day, more than any other Indian city.<ref name=bglrWater>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081223012502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=8dc55aa2-693c-49f9-a954-28f811fb5d68 "Thirsty Bengalooru seeks divine help"]. Hindustan Times. 2006. HT Media Ltd. 9 June 2003.</ref>
However, Bangalore sometimes does face water shortages, especially during the summer season — more so in the years of low rainfall. A [[random sample|random sampling]] study of the [[air quality index]] (AQI) of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe air pollution around areas of traffic concentration.<ref name=EIA>{{cite web|url= http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date= 2006-03-20 |title="Environmental Impact Analysis" }} {{small|(362 KB)}}. Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Corporation Limited.. 2006. Government of Karnataka. 2005.</ref>

Bangalore has a handful of freshwater lakes and [[water tank]]s, the largest of which are Madivala tank, [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal Lake]], [[Ulsoor Lake]] and [[Sankey Tank]]. Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of the [[alluvial]] sediments. The Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) is the most dominant rock unit in the area and includes [[granite]]s, [[gneiss]]es and [[migmatite]]s, while the soils of Bangalore consist of red [[laterite]] and red, fine [[loam]]y to [[clay]]ey soils.<ref name="EIA"/>

[[Vegetation]] in the city is primarily in the form of large [[deciduous]] [[canopy (biology)|canopy]] and minority [[coconut]] trees. Though Bangalore has been classified as a part of the seismic zone III, it has experienced quakes of magnitude as high as 6.4.

=== Topography ===

[[Image:Nandi hillside.jpg|thumb|upright|The slopes of the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], located 60 km north of Bangalore.]]Bangalore has two unique [[Topography]] [[terrain]]s—North Bangalore [[taluk]] and the South Bangalore taluk. The North Bangalore taluk is a relatively more level plateau and lies between an average of 839 to 962 meters [[above sea level]]. The middle of the taluk has a prominent ridge running [[north-northeast|NNE]]-[[south-southwest|SSW]]. The highest point in the city, ''Doddabettahalli'', (962m) is on this ridge. There are gentle slopes and valleys on either side of this ridge. The low-lying area is marked by a series of [[water tank]]s varying in size from a small pond to those of considerable extent, but all fairly shallow.

The topography of Bangalore is undulating with a central [[ridge]] running [[north-northeast|NNE]]-[[South-southwest|SSW]]. The highest point is [[Doddabettahalli]], which is 962 m (3,156 ft) and lies on this ridge.<ref name=bglrGeo>[http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html "Studyarea- Bangalore"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html |date=16 July 2012 }}. Centre for Ecological Sciences. 2006. Indian Institute of Science.</ref>
No major rivers run through the city, though the [[Arkavathy River|Arkavathi]] and [Dakshin Pinakini river] cross paths at the [[Nandi Hills, India|Nandi Hills]], 60 km (37 mi.) to the north. [[River Vrishabhavathi]], a minor tributary of the Arkavathi, arises within the city at Basavanagudi and flows through the city. The rivers Arkavathi and Vrishabhavathi together carry much of Bangalore's [[sewage]]. A [[sanitary sewer|sewerage]] system, constructed in 1922, covers 215 km2 (133 mi2) of the city and connects with five [[sewage treatment]] centers located in the periphery of Bangalore.<ref name=sewage>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |title= Each drop of water counts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311005340/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/mar112004/metro1.asp |archive-date=11 March 2007}}. Deccan Herald. 2006. The Printers (Mysore) Ltd. 11 March 2004</ref> Outflow from [[Bellandur lake]] and [[Varthur lake]] valleys go to [[Ponnaiyar river]] that flows towards [[Hosur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/244394/tn-now-lays-claim-city.html|title=TN now lays claim to City sewage|date=24 April 2012|website=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>

The South Bangalore taluk has an uneven landscape with intermingling hills and valleys. The southern and western portions of the city consist of a topology of [[granite]] and [[gneiss]]ic masses. The eastern portion is a plane, with rare minor undulations.

There are no major rivers flowing through the city. However, rivers Arkavathi and [[Kaveri river|Kaveri]] merge within the proximity of [[Mekedatu]], which lie 60 km south of Bangalore. River Vrishabhavati, a [[tributary]] of Arkavathi, flows for a small stretch in the Bangalore North taluk and carries a bulk of the city's [[sewerage]]. The age old [[South Pennar]] river, also known as Dakshina Pinakini, used to run through the eastern side of the city. Now it is being considered for renewal and rejuvenation by the government. The city has a handful of [[freshwater]] lakes and [[water tank]]s such as Madivala tank, [[Hebbal Lake, Bangalore|Hebbal tank]], Ulsoor lake and [[Sankey Tank]]. Groundwater occurs in [[silt]]y to [[sand]]y layers of [[alluvial]] [[sediment]]s and jointed [[quartzite]].

The rock types prevalent in the district belong to the Saugar, Charnokite and Peninsular Gneissic Complex (PGC) groups. The PGC is the dominant group of rocks and covers two-thirds of the area and includes [[granite]]s, gneisses and [[migmatite]]s. The soils in Bangalore vary from red [[laterite]] to [[clay]]ey soils.

== Climate ==
{{climate chart
|Bangalore
|16.1|27.9|1.9
|17.5|30.7|5.4
|20.0|33.1|18.5
|22.0|34.0|41.5
|21.7|33.3|107.4|20.4|29.6|106.5
|19.9|28.3|112.9|19.8|27.7|147.0
|19.8|28.6|212.8|19.6|28.2|168.3
|18.0|27.2|48.9|16.2|26.5|15.7
|12|22|1,683
|source=
|float=right
|clear=right
}}

[[Image:Bangalore raintemp.png|thumb|right|Rainfall and temperature]]<nowiki>Due to its elevation, Bangalore enjoys a pleasant and equable climate throughout the year with occasional extreme weather events like heatwaves, coldwaves, floods and droughts. The highest temperature ever recorded in Bengaluru is 41.8°c in April 30, 2024 in Kengeri at Bengaluru. Winter temperatures rarely drop below 13</nowiki> °C (52 °F) and summer temperatures seldom exceed 37 °C (97 °F)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/kkimd.htm |title=Local Weather Report and Forecast |access-date=7 February 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060204222654/http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/kkimd.htm |archive-date=4 February 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="CPC">{{cite web|url=http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/global_monitoring/temperature/tn43295_1yr.gif|format=GIF|title=Average Mean Daily Temperature Chart|website=Cpc.ncep.noaa.gov|access-date=16 August 2018}}</ref>
The hottest summer day on average has a maximum temperature of about 37 °C, and the coldest winter day has a temperature of about 13 °C. Occasionally, heat waves can cause temperatures of up to 38-40 °C. Occasional coldwaves will be leading to the temperatures as low as below 9-10 °C . Bangalore receives about 970 mm of rain annually, with the wettest months being August, September and October. The heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 18 cm recorded on 1988.

Most of the rainfall occurs during late afternoon, evening or night and rain before noon is infrequent. November 2015 (290.4 mm) was recorded as one of the wettest months in Bangalore with heavy rains causing severe flooding in some areas, and closure of a number of organisations for over a couple of days.<ref name="CPC"/>

{{Weather box
| location = Bangalore (1981–2010, extremes 1901–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 32.8
| Feb record high C = 35.9
| Mar record high C = 37.9
| Apr record high C = 41.8
| May record high C = 41.1
| Jun record high C = 38.1
| Jul record high C = 33.3
| Aug record high C = 33.3
| Sep record high C = 33.3
| Oct record high C = 32.4
| Nov record high C = 31.7
| Dec record high C = 31.1
|year record high C = 41.8
| Jan high C = 27.9
| Feb high C = 30.7
| Mar high C = 33.1
| Apr high C = 34.0
| May high C = 33.3
| Jun high C = 29.6
| Jul high C = 28.3
| Aug high C = 27.8
| Sep high C = 28.6
| Oct high C = 28.2
| Nov high C = 27.2
| Dec high C = 26.5
| year high C = 29.6
| Jan low C = 15.8
| Feb low C = 17.5
| Mar low C = 20.0
| Apr low C = 22.0
| May low C = 21.7
| Jun low C = 20.4
| Jul low C = 19.9
| Aug low C = 19.8
| Sep low C = 19.8
| Oct low C = 19.6
| Nov low C = 18.0
| Dec low C = 16.2
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = 7.8
| Feb record low C = 9.4
| Mar record low C = 11.1
| Apr record low C = 14.4
| May record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low C = 14.4
| Sep record low C = 15.0
| Oct record low C = 13.2
| Nov record low C = 9.6
| Dec record low C = 8.9
|year record low C = 7.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.9
| Feb rain mm = 5.4
| Mar rain mm = 18.5
| Apr rain mm = 41.5
| May rain mm = 107.4
| Jun rain mm = 106.5
| Jul rain mm = 112.9
| Aug rain mm = 147.0
| Sep rain mm = 212.8
| Oct rain mm = 168.3
| Nov rain mm = 48.9
| Dec rain mm = 15.7
|year rain mm = 986.9
| Jan rain days = 0.2
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 1.1
| Apr rain days = 3.1
| May rain days = 6.7
| Jun rain days = 6.2
| Jul rain days = 7.2
| Aug rain days = 9.9
| Sep rain days = 9.8
| Oct rain days = 8.3
| Nov rain days = 3.8
| Dec rain days = 1.4
|year rain days = 58.1
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 41
| Feb humidity = 32
| Mar humidity = 29
| Apr humidity = 35
| May humidity = 47
| Jun humidity = 62
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 67
| Sep humidity = 64
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 53
|year humidity = 52
| Jan sun = 262.3
| Feb sun = 247.6
| Mar sun = 271.4
| Apr sun = 257.0
| May sun = 241.1
| Jun sun = 136.8
| Jul sun = 111.8
| Aug sun = 114.3
| Sep sun = 143.6
| Oct sun = 173.1
| Nov sun = 190.2
| Dec sun = 211.7
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Bangalore/Bangaluru Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 81–84
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M88–M89
| access-date = 18 April 2020}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[NOAA]] (sun: 1971–1990)<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43295.TXT
| title = Bangalore Climate Normals 1971–1990
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200802040743/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/43295.TXT
| archive-date = 2020-08-02
| url-status = dead
| access-date = 24 December 2012}}</ref>
| date = August 2010
}}
{{Weather box
| location = [[Bangalore Airport]] (1981–2010, extremes 1949–2012)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| collapsed = Y
| Jan record high C = 32.2
| Feb record high C = 35.0
| Mar record high C = 36.6
| Apr record high C = 38.5
| May record high C = 39.2
| Jun record high C = 37.5
| Jul record high C = 33.0
| Aug record high C = 32.2
| Sep record high C = 33.0
| Oct record high C = 32.5
| Nov record high C = 31.7
| Dec record high C = 30.3
|year record high C = 38.3
| Jan high C = 27.6
| Feb high C = 30.3
| Mar high C = 32.7
| Apr high C = 33.8
| May high C = 33.1
| Jun high C = 29.8
| Jul high C = 28.6
| Aug high C = 28.1
| Sep high C = 28.6
| Oct high C = 28.1
| Nov high C = 26.9
| Dec high C = 26.2
| year high C = 29.5
| Jan low C = 14.8
| Feb low C = 16.2
| Mar low C = 18.7
| Apr low C = 21.0
| May low C = 21.2
| Jun low C = 20.1
| Jul low C = 19.6
| Aug low C = 19.5
| Sep low C = 19.5
| Oct low C = 19.2
| Nov low C = 17.5
| Dec low C = 15.4
| year low C = 18.6
| Jan record low C = 8.8
| Feb record low C = 10.0
| Mar record low C = 11.7
| Apr record low C = 14.6
| May record low C = 16.7
| Jun record low C = 16.1
| Jul record low C = 16.1
| Aug record low C = 15.0
| Sep record low C = 15.6
| Oct record low C = 13.7
| Nov record low C = 10.5
| Dec record low C = 9.2
|year record low C = 8.8
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 1.4
| Feb rain mm = 5.7
| Mar rain mm = 15.5
| Apr rain mm = 42.7
| May rain mm = 94.5
| Jun rain mm = 91.1
| Jul rain mm = 97.7
| Aug rain mm = 122.2
| Sep rain mm = 183.5
| Oct rain mm = 155.9
| Nov rain mm = 50.6
| Dec rain mm = 13.8
|year rain mm = 874.6
| Jan rain days = 0.1
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 1.0
| Apr rain days = 2.7
| May rain days = 5.5
| Jun rain days = 5.1
| Jul rain days = 7.0
| Aug rain days = 8.9
| Sep rain days = 9.2
| Oct rain days = 8.3
| Nov rain days = 4.1
| Dec rain days = 1.2
|year rain days = 53.5
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 41
| Feb humidity = 31
| Mar humidity = 28
| Apr humidity = 35
| May humidity = 46
| Jun humidity = 62
| Jul humidity = 65
| Aug humidity = 67
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 61
| Dec humidity = 54
|year humidity = 52
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDnormals/><ref name=IMDextremes/>
}}

==Seismicity==
Because it lies in the [[seismology|seismically]] stable region, Zone III (encompassing parts of Karnataka, [[Maharashtra]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]), Bangalore has been untouched by major seismic events. Only mild [[tremor]]s have been recorded frequently in the city. The largest earthquake that has ever hit the city was of magnitude 6.4 in April 1843.

==Land use==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:250px; float:right; font-size:0.85em; margin:0 0 1em 1em;"
|- style="background:#b0e0e6;"
||'''Component'''
||'''PIU "ideal" Index'''
||'''Average Score'''
|-
|Air Quality
|395
|180
|-
|Water Quality
|130
|121
|-
|Land
|40
|37
|-
|Terrestrial [[ecosystem]]
|150
|143
|-
|Aquatic ecosystem
|15
|12.5
|-
|Socio-economic ([[traffic]], [[quality of life]], etc.)
|270
|49.5
|-
|'''Total'''
|'''1000'''
|'''542'''
|-
|colspan="3"|'''Table 1''': Adapted from Table 17 of ''"Environment Impact Analysis"'' (2003) conducted by [http://www.bmrtl.com/ Bangalore Mass Rapid Transport Limited (BMRTL)]
|}
According to data contained in the [[Bangalore Mahanagara Palike]] Master Plan, 40.4% of the land in the city is used for residential purposes. [[Transport]] uses 24.3% of the land, while land used for industrial, and [[commerce|commercial]] purposes comprise 6.9% and 2.7% respectively. As the city of Bangalore expands, the BMP expects the percentage of land used for industrial purposes to decrease, while it expects the percentages of land used for residential, commercial and public and semi-public purposes to increase.

==General metropolitan environment==
A [[random sample|random sampling]] study of the [[air quality index|air quality index (AQI)]] of twenty stations within the city indicated scores that ranged from 76 to 314, suggesting heavy to severe [[air pollution]] around areas of traffic concentration. Major pollutants contributing to Bangalore's high AQI score include [[nitrogen oxide]], [[particulate|Suspended Particulate Matter]] (SPM) and [[carbon monoxide]].

The Bangalore metropolitan area, referred to as the [[Garden City of India]] has an abundance of [[fauna]] and [[flora]]. But now this is gone due to deforestation. The city has two nationally renowned [[botanical garden]]s—Cubbon Park and [[Lal Bagh]]. A majority of the trees in the city are big to medium [[Canopy (biology)|canopy]] trees with [[Girth (geometry)|girths]] above 40 cm. [[Coconut]] trees form a large minority of the tree population in the city.

In 2003, the Battelle Environmental Evaluation System (BEES) index used to evaluate environmental components was used to rate Bangalore's physical, biological and socioeconomic parameters. The results are summarized in Table 1.

==See also==
* [[Geography of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060320001853/http://www.bmrtl.com/EIA.PDF Bangalore Metropolitan Rapid Transport Limited, Environmental Impact Analysis, 2003] last accessed 6 February 2006.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120716221547/http://ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/wetlands/sarea.html Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Study Area: Bangalore] last accessed 6 February 2006.
* [http://thejeshgn.com/iloveblr/ Visualizing Bangalore weather]
* Singh. R.L. 1964. Bangalore - an urban survey. Tara Publications, Varanasi, First Edition.
* Venkatarayappa, K.N. 1957. Bangalore (A Socio-Ecological Study). Bombay University Press, Bombay.

{{Coord|12.97|N|77.56|E|source:enwiki-plaintext-parser|display=title}}

[[Category:Environment of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Geography of Bengaluru|*]]

S. K. Satheesh

2026-03-08T06:23:37Z

Joquim: Added a page

{{Short description|Indian meteorologist (born 1970)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S. K. Satheesh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|5|1}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | Atmospheric [[aerosols]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | Divecha Center For Climate Change | [[University of Bern]] | Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences | [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal|IISER Bopal]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Kerala]] | [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] | [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on atmospheric [[aerosols]]
| awards = {{ublist|1997 [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]] Best Research Paper Award | 2001 START Young Scientist Award | 2001 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientists' Medal | 2001 [[World Meteorological Organisation|WMO]] Young Scientist Award | 2007 AARA Asian Young Aerosol Scientist Award | 2007 SCOPUS Young Scientist Award | 2007 [[Physical Research Laboratory|PRL]] Research Award | 2008 [[Kurukshetra University|KU]] Rajib Goyal Prize | 2009 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|S. S. Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2009 [[American Geophysical Union|AGU]] Editors’ Citation | 2011 [[TWAS Prize]]}}
}}
'''Sreedharan Krishnakumari Satheesh''' (born 1970) is an Indian meteorologist and a professor at the ''Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences'' of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] (IISc).<ref name="NASI profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |title=NASI profile |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316043224/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=S |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Authors">{{Cite journal |title=Authors |journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=1990–1998 |date=2016 |doi=10.1109/TGRS.2008.2010221 |last1=Jethva |first1=H. |last2=Satheesh |first2=S.K. |last3=Srinivasan |first3=J. |last4=Moorthy |first4=K.K. |s2cid=26915210 }}</ref> He holds the chair of the Divecha Centre for Climate Change, a centre under the umbrella of the IISc for researches on ''climate variability, climate change and their impact on the environment''.<ref name="About Us">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dccc.iisc.ernet.in/dcccaboutus.html |title=About Us |date=2016 |publisher=Divecha Centre for Climate Change |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022628/http://www.dccc.iisc.ernet.in/dcccaboutus.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his studies on atmospheric aerosols<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=123 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. [[Indian Academy of Sciences]]<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Satheesh,_Dr_Sreedharan_Krishnakumari |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1557 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308025933/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1557 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as [[The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/satheesh-sreedharan-krishnakumari |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109113111/http://twas.org/member/satheesh-sreedharan-krishnakumari |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2009.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} He received the [[TWAS Prize]] of The World Academy of Sciences in 2011.<ref name="TWAS Prize">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/article/twas-announces-2011-prize-winners |title=TWAS Prize |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> In 2018, he received the Infosys Prize (in Physical Sciences category), one of the highest monetary awards in India that recognize excellence in science and research, for his work in the field of climate change.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.infosys-science-foundation.com/prize/laureates/2018/s-k-satheesh.asp|title=Infosys Prize - Laureates 2018 - Prof. S.K. Satheesh|website=www.infosys-science-foundation.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Kerala University.jpg|thumb|235px|left|University of Kerala]]
S. K. Satheesh, born on 1 May 1970 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]], the capital city of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Sreedharan Nair and Krishnakumari Amma, did his graduate studies in science at the [[University of Kerala]] during 1987-90 and completed his master's degree from the same university in 1990.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/satheesh/satheesh.htm |title=Faculty profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> Enrolling at Kerala University, he did his doctoral studies at the [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] and after securing a PhD in 1997, he moved to the US for his post-doctoral work which was done at the Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate (C4) of [[Scripps Institution of Oceanography]] during 1998–2000. On his return to India, he joined the ''Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences'' (CAOS) of the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as an assistant professor and has been serving IISc since then. During this period, he held the post of an associate professor from 2006 till he became a professor in 2011.<ref name="TWAS profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thecams.org/news_announcement/en_post.php?id=353 |title=TWAS profile |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He is the incumbent chairman of ''Divecha Center For Climate Change'', a research wing of IISc for climate-related studies.<ref name="Divecha Center For Climate Change">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dccc.iisc.ernet.in/dcccstaff.html |title=Divecha Center For Climate Change |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science |work=List of faculty |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022224/http://www.dccc.iisc.ernet.in/dcccstaff.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also served as a visiting scientist at the [[University of Bern]]<ref name="NairNayak2016">{{cite book|author1=Madhavan Rajeevan Nair|author2=Shailesh Nayak|title=Observed Climate Variability and Change over the Indian Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GxJwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PR22|date=2 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-981-10-2531-0|pages=22–}}</ref> and is an adjunct professor at the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES)<ref name="Faculty profile" /> and the [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal]].<ref name="Adjunct professor">{{Cite web |url=https://iiserb.ac.in/profile.php?empid=MjA3&page=earth%20and%20environmental%20sciences&pid=&id= |title=Adjunct professor |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Bhopal}}</ref>

Satheesh is married to Deepshikha singh and the couple has one son, Satdeep Satheesh. The family lives in [[Bengaluru]], India.<ref name="NASI profile" />
His brother-in-law, Jaivir singh is an alumnus of [[IIT Kanpur]] and is currently a physics teacher at the [[Allen career institute]].

== Legacy ==
[[File:Heavy mist.jpg|thumb|235px|Mists and clouds are aerosols]]
Satheesh is reported to have done extensive studies on ''atmospheric aerosols'' and his work is known to have widened our understanding of their impact on climate.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He elucidated how the radiation balance of the Earth-atmosphere system and climate are influenced by the aerosols<ref name="Sooty air sweeps away clouds">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/11/stories/08110009.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Sooty air sweeps away clouds |date=11 May 2000 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and one of his principal contributions is the hypothesis he suggested for the resolution of ''anomalous absorption paradox'',<ref name="TWAS profile" /> a meteorological problem where cloud absorption measurements, at times, show inconsistency with the theoretical calculations.<ref name="Pearce2005">{{cite book|author=Robert P. Pearce|title=Meteorology at the Millennium|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6u-0ZsJby4UC&pg=PA171|date=22 February 2005|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-051149-8|pages=171–}}</ref> He has also experimentally shown how human-generated soot results in higher atmospheric temperatures by absorbing sunlight.<ref name="Climate Warms as Black Soot Traps Sun's Heat">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2000/2000-05-15-06.html |title=Climate Warms as Black Soot Traps Sun's Heat |date=15 May 2000 |publisher=Express News Service}}</ref><ref name="Indian Ocean pollution substantially cuts sunlight reaching Earth's surface">{{Cite web |url=https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/2816 |title=Indian Ocean pollution substantially cuts sunlight reaching Earth's surface |date=3 May 2000 |publisher=Scripps Institution of Oceanography News Letter |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022241/https://scripps.ucsd.edu/news/2816 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Carbon dioxide has competition in global warming game">{{Cite web |url=http://m.rediff.com/us/2000/jun/12us1.htm |title=Carbon dioxide has competition in global warming game |date=12 June 2000 |publisher=ReDiff}}</ref> ''Dust Absorption Efficiency'' (DAE) is another area of focus of his researches and he has studied the topic in relation to Afro-Asian regions and Indian deserts.<ref name="Atmospheric warming due to dust absorption over Afro-Asian regions">{{Cite journal |last=S. K. Satheesh, C. B. S. Dutt, J. Srinivasan, U. R. Rao |title=Atmospheric warming due to dust absorption over Afro-Asian regions |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2007 |volume=34 |issue=L04805 |pages=L04805 |doi=10.1029/2006GL028623|bibcode=2007GeoRL..34.4805S |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Dust absorption over the ‘‘Great Indian Desert’’ inferred using ground-based and satellite remote sensing">{{Cite journal |last=K. Krishna Moorthy, S. Suresh Babu, S. K. Satheesh, J. Srinivasan, C. B. S. Dutt |title=Dust absorption over the ''Great Indian Desert'' inferred usingground-based and satellite remote sensing |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |date=2007 |volume=112 |issue=D09206 |pages=D09206 |doi=10.1029/2006JD007690|bibcode=2007JGRD..112.9206M |doi-access=free }}</ref> His studies have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Satheesh=3ASreedharan_Krishnakumari=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} [[ResearchGate]] an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 171 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sk_Satheesh |title=On ResearchGate |date=2016 }}</ref> Two of his articles, ''Enhanced aerosol loading over Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season: Natural or Anthropogenic?''<ref name="Enhanced aerosol loading over Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season: Natural or Anthropogenic?">{{Cite journal |last=S.K. Satheesh and J. Srinivasan |title=Enhanced aerosol loading over Arabian Sea during pre-monsoon season: Natural or Anthropogenic? |journal=Geophys. Res. Lett. |volume=29 |issue=18 |pages=21–1–21–4 |date=September 2002 |doi=10.1029/2002GL015687|bibcode=2002GeoRL..29.1874S |doi-access=free }}</ref> and ''Short wave versus long wave radiative forcing due to aerosol over Indian Ocean: Role of sea-surface winds'',<ref name="Short wave versus long wave radiative forcing due to aerosol over Indian Ocean: Role of sea-surface winds">{{cite journal |last1=Satheesh |first1=S. K. |last2=Lubin |first2=D. |title=Short wave versus long wave radiative forcing by Indian Ocean aerosols: Role of sea-surface winds |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=July 2003 |volume=30 |issue=13 |page=1695 |doi=10.1029/2003gl017499 |bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1695S }}</ref> were included in the AGU Highlights by the [[American Geophysical Union]] during 2002–03 and his article, ''Radiative Effects of Natural Aerosols: A Review''<ref name="Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review">{{Cite journal |last=S.K. Satheesh, K. Krishna Moorthy |title=Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review |journal=Atmospheric Environment |date=April 2005 |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=2089–2110 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.029|bibcode=2005AtmEn..39.2089S }}</ref> was listed as a ''Top 25 Hottest Article'' by [[ScienceDirect]], an online scientific database.<ref name="Faculty profile" />

Satheesh was a member of the first phase of ''Indian Ocean Experiment'' (INDOEX) conducted by an international team of scientists in 1999 and his article on the experiment warned of the rising aerosol levels in the atmosphere and its negative impact on climate.<ref name="Aerosols polluting skies over Indian Ocean?">{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/06/stories/08060001.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |title=Aerosols polluting skies over Indian Ocean? |date=6 May 2000 }}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He also explained how monsoons were affected by the dust-containing aerosols of Arabian and Saharan regions and the sea-salt carrying aerosols of the [[Arabian Sea]].<ref name="The play of environmental politics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl1920/stories/20021011008707800.htm |title=The play of environmental politics |date=October 2002 |newspaper=Frontline - The Hindu}}</ref> He has delivered several keynote or invited speeches on the topic.<ref name="Factors controlling monsoon discussed">{{Cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021110/cth2.htm |title=Factors controlling monsoon discussed |date=9 November 2002 |work=The Tribune}}</ref><ref name="Seminars">{{Cite web |url=http://caos.iisc.ernet.in/faculty/satheesh/Seminar.htm |title=Seminars |date=2016 |publisher=CAOS}}</ref>

Satheesh has been involved with the several national and international scientific committees which included Scientific Committee of the [[International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme]] and Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Steering Committee on Aerosols, Clouds, Precipitation, Climate of the [[World Climate Research Program]], Core Science Team for the Indian Satellite for Aerosols and Gases of [[Indian Space Research Organization]] and the Committee for the assessment of environmental impact of [[Namma Metro]] project, Bangalore.<ref name="Satheesh on CAOS">{{Cite web |url=http://caos.iisc.ac.in/person_page.php?type=Faculty&uniqueid=NTY,&name=S.K.%20Satheesh |title=Satheesh on CAOS |date=2016 |publisher=Centre For Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021728/http://caos.iisc.ac.in/person_page.php?type=Faculty&uniqueid=NTY,&name=S.K.%20Satheesh |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the principal investigator or co-principal investigator of the ''Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment'' (GVAX)<ref name="Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment">{{Cite web |url=https://www.arm.gov/publications/programdocs/doe-sc-arm-14-011.pdf |title=Ganges Valley Aerosol Experiment |date=2016 |publisher=US Department of Energy}}</ref> and ''Multi-Angle Polarization Imager'' (MAPI) of ISRO<ref name="Multi-angle polarization imager: A satellite sensor for studies of continental aerosols">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/jan252007/174.pdf |title=Multi-angle polarization imager: A satellite sensor for studies of continental aerosols |date=2016 |publisher=IISc}}</ref> and the Chief Mission Scientist of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, Gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB) experiment of ISRO.<ref name="Integrated campaign for aerosols, gases and radiation budget (ICARB): an overview">{{Cite journal |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/17117/ |title=Integrated campaign for aerosols, gases and radiation budget (ICARB): an overview |journal=Journal of Earth System Science |volume=117 |pages=243–262 |date=2016 |last1=Krishna Moorthy |first1=K. |last2=Satheesh |first2=S. K. |last3=Babu |first3=S. Suresh |last4=Dutt |first4=C. B. S. |doi=10.1007/s12040-008-0029-7 |s2cid=54899684 }}</ref> He sat in the technical programs committee of the Asian Aerosol Conference in 2005, program committee of the SPIE International symposium of 2006, departmental promotion committee and national committee on Aerosol Radiation Budget Studies (ARBS) of the Indian Space Research Organization and was a member of the working groups of ISRO - Geosphere Biosphere Programme (ISRO-GBP) (2001-2007), Environmental Monitoring Research Centre (EMRC) of [[India Meteorological Department]] and Hyperpsectral Signature Database Management System of the Department of Science and Technology. He was a co-convener of the National Space Science Symposium held at Kottayam in 2004 and the AOGS2014 conference organized by Asia Oceania Geosciences Society in Singapore in 2005.<ref name="Satheesh on CAOS" /> His contributions are also reported in the establishment of a South Asia regional office of ''Future Earth initiative'' at Divecha Centre for Climate Change in November 2016.<ref name="South Asia Regional Office of Future Earth inaugurated at the Divecha Centre for Climate Change">{{Cite web |url=http://www.futureearth.org/news/south-asia-regional-office-future-earth-inaugurated-divecha-centre-climate-change |title=South Asia Regional Office of Future Earth inaugurated at the Divecha Centre for Climate Change |date=2 November 2016 |publisher=Future Earth |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021632/http://www.futureearth.org/news/south-asia-regional-office-future-earth-inaugurated-divecha-centre-climate-change |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Satheesh was one of the lead authors of the Chapter 7, ''Clouds and Aerosols'', of the Fifth Assessment Report prepared by the Working Group I of the [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC)<ref name="Fifth Assessment Report">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/authors.php?q=1&p=7 |title=Fifth Assessment Report |date=2016 |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change}}</ref> and is a member of the selection committee (2013–16) of the Haagen-Smit Prize of [[Elsevier]].<ref name="Haagen-Smit Prize">{{Cite web |url=https://www.elsevier.com/awards/global/haagen-smit-prize |title=Haagen-Smit Prize |date=2016 |publisher=Elsevier}}</ref> He has been associated with a number of science journals; he is a former associate editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research of [[American Geophysical Union]], a former member of the editorial board of the Atmospheric Environment journal of Elsevier and the incumbent co-editor of [[Current Science]] journal of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Co-Editor">{{Cite web |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/editorial_board.php |title=Co-Editor |date=2016 |publisher=Current Science}}</ref> He is a referee for a number of journals{{Refn|group=note|The list of journals Satheesh is associated as a reviewer includes [[Journal of Geophysical Research]], [[Geophysical Research Letters]], IEEE Transactions on Geo Science & Remote Sensing, IEEE Geo Science & Remote Sensing Letters, [[Optical Engineering (journal)|Optical Engineering Journal]], [[Current Science]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences|Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences]], [[India Meteorological Department|Mausam]], [[Geophysical Journal International|Annales Geophysicae]], [[Tellus B]], [[Atmospheric Environment]], International Journal of Remote Sensing, [[Atmospheric Research]] and [[Theoretical and Applied Climatology]] }} and is a reviewer for NASA, UNEP, Israel Science Foundation, ISRO, Department of Science and Technology (India) and [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], for their funding activities. He is also a former secretary (2003–06) of the Bangalore chapter of the [[Indian Meteorological Society]].<ref name="Satheesh on CAOS" />

== Awards and honors ==
His early years in research earned Satheesh the ''Best Research Paper Award'' of the [[Physical Research Laboratory]] in 1997 and a Certificate of Merit of the Swadeshi Science Movement, [[Kochi]] in 1999.<ref name="Satheesh on CAOS" /> The International START Secretariat, USA awarded him the Young Scientist Award in 2001,<ref name="NairNayak2016" /> the same year as he received the Young Associate-ship of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]], with the tenure running till 2005.<ref name="Faculty profile" /> The next year, he received the Young Scientists' Medal of the [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="INSA Young Scientists Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the Young Scientist Award of the [[World Meteorological Organisation]].<ref name="WMO Young Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=https://wmo.int/wmo-research-award-young-scientists |title=WMO Young Scientist Award |date=2016 |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |access-date=8 January 2017 }}</ref> Three awards reached him in 2007, Asian Young Aerosol Scientist Award of the Asian Aerosol Research Assembly (AARA),<ref name="Asian Young Aerosol Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aaraonline.org/awards.html |title=Asian Young Aerosol Scientist Award |date=2016 |publisher=Asian Aerosol Research Assembly}}</ref> SCOPUS Young Scientist Award in Earth Sciences of [[Elsevier]]<ref name="Weekly Report for the Week of December 17, 2007">{{Cite web |url=http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/meso/calendar/print.php?id=288 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109022158/http://atmospheres.gsfc.nasa.gov/meso/calendar/print.php?id=288 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-01-09 |title=Weekly Report for the Week of December 17, 2007 |date=2017 |publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center}}</ref> and the PRL Research Award of the Physical Research Laboratory.<ref name="PRL, Sarabhai awards announced">{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/PRL-Sarabhai-awards-announced/articleshow/3347233.cms |title=PRL, Sarabhai awards announced |date=10 August 2008 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> He received the Rajib Goyal Prize in Physical Sciences of [[Kurukshetra University]] in 2008<ref name="NairNayak2016" /> and the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2009.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The same year, the [[American Geophysical Union]] selected him for the ''Editors’ Citations for Excellence in Refereeing'' for his work in [[Geophysical Research Letters]]<ref name="2009 Editors’ Citations for Excellence in Refereeing">{{Cite journal |title=2009 Editors' Citations for Excellence in Refereeing |journal = Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union|volume = 91|issue = 39|pages = 349–351|date=September 2010 |doi=10.1029/2010EO390009 |last1 = Anonymous|bibcode = 2010EOSTr..91..349.|doi-access = free}}</ref> and [[The World Academy of Sciences]] awarded him the [[TWAS Prize]], making him the first [[Malayali]] scientist to receive the honor.<ref name="Unveiling the aerosol factor in climate change">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/unveiling-the-aerosol-factor-in-climate-change/article2681564.ece |title=Unveiling the aerosol factor in climate change |last=T. Nandakumar |date=2 December 2011 |newspaper=The Hindu }}</ref>

Satheesh, a [[NASA]] Senior fellow of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center<ref name="32 IISc scientists helm Nasa labs">{{Cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG%2F2010%2F05%2F31&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00106&AppName=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109114528/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOIBG/2010/05/31&GZ=T&ViewMode=HTML&EntityId=Ar00106&AppName=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2017 |title=32 IISc scientists helm Nasa labs |date=2016 |publisher=Times of India}}</ref> and an [[Oak Ridge Associated Universities|ORAU]] Senior Fellow,<ref name="ORAU Senior Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://www.aqua.nasa.gov/calendar/view.php?id=305&y=2008&m=04&d=02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109021653/http://www.aqua.nasa.gov/calendar/view.php?id=305&y=2008&m=04&d=02 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2017-01-09 |title=ORAU Senior Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=NASA Atmospheric Science Research Portal}}</ref> received the Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] for the year 2005–06.<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/sjaward05-06.pdf |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2016 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology}}</ref> The Indian Academy of Sciences elected him as their fellow in 2010<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he became a fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], the same year.<ref name="NASI fellows" /> The Indian National Science Academy followed suit in 2011<ref name="The Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=The Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and two years later, he was elected as a fellow by [[The World Academy of Sciences]] (2013).<ref name="TWAS fellow" /> He is also a fellow of the Indo-Swiss Bilateral Research Initiative.<ref name="Faculty profile" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Satheesh, S. K. |title=Aerosol radiative forcing over tropical Indian Ocean: modulation by sea-surface winds |journal=Current Science |date=2002 |volume=82 |issue=3}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Satheesh, S. K. |author2=Lubin, D. |title=Short wave versus long wave radiative forcing by Indian Ocean aerosols: role of sea-surface winds |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2003 |volume=30 |issue=13 |page=1695 |doi=10.1029/2003GL017499|bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1695S |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Vinoj, V. |author2=Babu, S. Suresh |author3=Satheesh, S. K. |author4=Krishnamoorthy, Krishnaswamy |author5=Kaufman, Y. J. |title=Radiative forcing by aerosols over the Bay of Bengal region derived from shipborne, island-based, and satellite (moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer) observations |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |date=2004 |volume=109 |issue=D5 |page=D05203–D05213 |doi=10.1029/2003JD004329|bibcode=2004JGRD..109.5203V |doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Satheesh, S. K. |author2=Krishna Moorthy, K. |title=Radiative effects of natural aerosols: a review |journal=Atmospheric Environment |date=2005 |volume=39 |issue=11 |pages=2089–2110 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.029|bibcode=2005AtmEn..39.2089S }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Suresh Babu, S. |author2=Krishna Moorthy, K. |author3=Satheesh, S. K. |editor4-first=R |editor4-last=Sridharan |editor3-first=Ramesh P |editor3-last=Singh |editor2-first=Teruyuki |editor2-last=Nakajima |editor1-first=Si-Chee |editor1-last=Tsay |title=Temporal heterogeneity in aerosol characteristics at a tropical coastal station and the resulting radiative impacts |journal=Proceedings of SPIE |date=2006 |volume=6408 |pages=6408–13 |doi=10.1117/12.696113|series=Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere and Clouds |bibcode=2006SPIE.6408E..13B |s2cid=129723648 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Babu, S. Suresh |author2=Krishna Moorthy, K. |author3=Satheesh, S. K. |title=Temporal heterogeneity in aerosol characteristics and the resulting radiative impacts at a tropical coastal station- Part 2: Direct short wave radiative forcing |journal=Annales Geophysicae |date=2007 |volume=25 |issue=11 |pages=2309–2320 |doi=10.5194/angeo-25-2309-2007|bibcode=2007AnGeo..25.2309B |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Satheesh, S. K. |author2=Krishna Moorthy, K. |author3=Babu, S. Suresh |author4=Vinoj, V. |author5=Dutt, C. B. S. |title=Climate implications of large warming by elevated aerosol over India |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2008 |volume=35 |issue=19 |page=L19809–L19814 |doi=10.1029/2008GL034944|bibcode=2008GeoRL..3519809S |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Krishnamoorthy, K. |author2=Nair, Vijayakumar S. |author3=Babu, S. Suresh |author4=Satheesh, S. K. |title=Spatial and vertical heterogeneities in aerosol properties over oceanic regions around India: implications for radiative forcing |journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society |date=2009 |volume=135 |issue=645 |pages=2131–2145 |doi=10.1002/qj.525|bibcode=2009QJRMS.135.2131M |s2cid=122020500 |doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Suresh Babu, S. |author2=Krishna Moorthy, K. |author3=Manchanda, Ravi K. |author4=Sinha, Puna Ram |author5=Satheesh, S. K. |author6=Vajja, Dinkar Prasad |author7=Srinivasan, S. |author8=Arun Kumar, V. H. |title=Free tropospheric black carbon aerosol measurements using high altitude balloon: do BC layers build "their own homes" up in the atmosphere? |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=2010 |volume=38 |issue=8 |page=L08803_1–L08803_6 |doi=10.1029/2011GL046654|bibcode=2011GeoRL..38.8803B |s2cid=128179929 |doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Satheesh, S. K. |author2=Vinoj, V. |author3=Krishna Moorthy, K. |title=Weekly periodicities of aerosol properties observed at an urban location in India |journal=Atmospheric Research |date=2011 |volume=101 |issue=1–2 |pages=307–313 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.03.003|bibcode=2011AtmRe.101..307S }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Particulates]]
* [[Ozone depletion]]
* [[Global warming]]
* [[Carbon footprint]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxb8_PPOM0I |title=Aerosols & Climate System |last=S. K. Satheesh |date=23 January 2014 |publisher=Divecha IISc |work=Climate Science training program (YouTube video)}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www-c4.ucsd.edu/personnel/satheesh/ |title=S. K. Satheesh |date=2016 |publisher=Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate |work=Home Page on C4}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://hindustanuniv.ac.in/ceplar.php |title=Atmospheric Science: Implication to Climate Change and Optical Communication |date=22 April 2015 |publisher=Hindustan University |work=National Technical Seminar - Centre of Excellence in Photonics and LIDAR Research (CEPLR) |access-date=8 January 2017 |archive-date=19 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119001203/http://hindustanuniv.ac.in/ceplar.php |url-status=dead }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Satheesh, S. K.}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Indian meteorologists]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:ISRO people]]
[[Category:Scripps Institution of Oceanography alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Bern]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian earth scientists]]

Huchchi

2026-03-05T18:39:30Z

Joquim: Added

{{short description|Indian psychological drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Huchchi
| image = Huchchi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Venkatesh Panchangam
| writer = Giri Panchangam (dialogue)
| screenplay = Giri Panchangam
| story = Venkatesh Panchangam
| based_on = 
| producer = Smt Kavitha Kumaraswamy
| starring = [[Pooja Gandhi]] [[Anant Nag]] Soundarya
| narrator =
| cinematography = Naveen Suvarna
| editing = S Soundar Raj
| music = Giri Panchangam
| studio = Sri Kavithalaya Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|10|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Huchchi''''' ({{Translation|Mad girl}}) is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[psychological drama film]] directed by Venkatesh Panchangam and starring [[Pooja Gandhi]] in the titular role, [[Anant Nag]] and Soundarya. The film was released to negative reviews.

== Plot ==
Chinnu's babysitter Preethi has acute [[psychosis]] after being abused by a rowdy along with her mother, as a child. While staying with Chinnu, Preethi imagines the rowdy and tries to protect Chinnu. Preeti's confused parents think that there actually is a rowdy harming their child. How a psychiatrist fixes the issue in Preethi's mind forms the rest of the story.<ref name="B"/>

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Pooja Gandhi]] as Preethi
*[[Anant Nag]] as the psychiatrist
*[[Sudha Rani]]
*Dharma
*Jayashree
*Baby Pooja
*[[Thilak Shekar]]
*[[Mandeep Roy]]
*Baby Soundarya as Chinnu
}}

== Production ==
According to [[Pooja Gandhi]], she "realized her dream of acting in the role of a mentally retarded girl".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/ive-changed-my-looks-pooja-gandhi/24466/story.htm#google_vignette|title=I've changed my looks: Pooja Gandhi|date=8 July 2009|work=Nowrunning|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|author-link=R. G. Vijayasarathy|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006135449/https://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/ive-changed-my-looks-pooja-gandhi/24466/story.htm#google_vignette|url-status=live}}</ref> She finished dubbing for her role in four days.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/poojas-dubbing-ways/articleshow/22131222.cms|title=Pooja's dubbing ways|date=1 June 2009|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006135455/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/hansika-reveals-her-desire/articleshowajax/22131752.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=22132137&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "If you want to watch a scary movie without getting scared, ''Huchchi'' is the perfect choice".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/huchchi-could-have-been-crazier/articleshow/22026801.cms|title=Huchchi: Could have been crazier|date=9 October 2009|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=6 October 2024|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006135456/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/jail-sharib-toshi-save-the-day/articleshowajax/22026756.cms?version=18&enforceseoatarticle=0&lastarticle=22026765&photocount=6&photoexclude=3|url-status=live}}</ref> [[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote that "All in all ''Huchchi'' is an average fare".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/12/south-telugu-movie-review-huchchi.htm|title=''Huchchi'' is a badly made film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=12 October 2009|access-date=6 October 2024|first=R. G.|last=Vijayasarathy|archive-date=6 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006135450/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/12/south-telugu-movie-review-huchchi.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian psychological drama films]]
[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]

Bombairiya

2026-03-02T09:23:35Z

Joquim: minor cleanup section for consistency and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bombairiya
| image = Bombairiya poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = Pia Sukanya
| producer = Michael E. Ward, Colin Burrows, Surendra Bagri
| writer = Michael E. Ward
| story = Michael E. Ward Pia Sukanya Aarti Bagdi
| starring = [[Radhika Apte]] [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] [[Akshay Oberoi]] [[Adil Hussain]] [[Ravi Kishan]]
| music = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] Amjad Nadeem
| cinematography = Karthik Ganesh
| editing = Antara Lahiri
| studio = Kreo Films FZ Beautiful Bay Entertainment
| distributor = [[TriStar Pictures]] [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] [[Zee Studios]] (Overseas)
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2019|1|18}} November 2018 (film festival)
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR}}1.4 [[million]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bombairiya/box-office/|title=Bombairiya Box Office Collection till Now - Bollywood Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=28 January 2019|archive-date=25 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190125215621/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bombairiya/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Bombairiya''''' ({{translation|The disease of Bombay}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[black comedy]] [[crime film|crime]]-[[drama film|drama]] film directed by Pia Sukanya and written by Michael E. Ward, with story by Ward, Sukanya and Aarti Bagdi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://dbpost.com/gave-up-my-green-card-to-be-here-bombairiya-director-pia-sukanya/amp/|title=Gave up my green card to be here: 'Bombairiya' director Pia Sukanya|date=4 January 2019|accessdate=10 February 2019|publisher=[[D B Corp Ltd.]]|archive-date=12 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212011528/https://dbpost.com/gave-up-my-green-card-to-be-here-bombairiya-director-pia-sukanya/amp/|url-status=live}}</ref> Ward was also the producer. The film stars [[Radhika Apte]], [[Siddhanth Kapoor]], [[Akshay Oberoi]], [[Adil Hussain]], [[Ravi Kishan]], [[Amit Sial]], Ajinkya Deo and [[Shilpa Shukla]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/48640-the-trailer-of-radhika-apte-rsquo-s-lsquo-bombairiya-rsquo-looks-like-a-funny-chaotic-thriller.html|title=The Trailer Of Radhika Apte's 'Bombairiya' Looks Like A Funny Chaotic Thriller|last=Anand|first=Harshleen|publisher=MensXP.com|date=29 November 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129142417/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/bollywood/48640-the-trailer-of-radhika-apte-rsquo-s-lsquo-bombairiya-rsquo-looks-like-a-funny-chaotic-thriller.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It follows Meghna, a native of Mumbai who gets embroiled in a series of events after her phone is stolen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://scroll.in/reel/903823/bombairiya-trailer-radhika-apte-a-stolen-cellphone-and-a-whole-lot-of-chaos|title='Bombairiya' trailer: Radhika Apte, a stolen cellphone and a whole lot of chaos|publisher=Scroll.in|date=28 November 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129154410/https://scroll.in/reel/903823/bombairiya-trailer-radhika-apte-a-stolen-cellphone-and-a-whole-lot-of-chaos|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 18 January 2019.<ref>{{cite tweet|user=taran_adarsh| author=Taran Adarsh|date=4 January 2019|number = 1081057621094785025 |title=Radhika Apte, Siddhanth Kapoor, Akshay Oberoi, Adil Hussain, Ajinkya Deo, Ravi Kishan and Shilpa Shukla... #Bombairiya to release on 18 Jan 2019... Directed by Pia Sukanya... Poster: https://t.co/OR44P7eFgm}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/bombairiya-will-release-on-jan-11-2150440.html|title='Bombairiya' will release on Jan 11|publisher=Zee News|date=23 October 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129142314/http://zeenews.india.com/people/bombairiya-will-release-on-jan-11-2150440.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Radhika Apte]] as Meghna
* [[Siddhanth Kapoor]] as Biker
* [[Akshay Oberoi]] as Abhishek
* [[Adil Hussain]] as Kamlesh Pandya
* [[Ravi Kishan]] as Karan Kapoor
* [[Amit Sial]] as Gujral
* [[Ajinkya Deo]] as Police commissioner Wadia
* [[Shilpa Shukla]] as Iravati Angre
* [[Saniya Anklesaria]] as Alice
* Shailesh Hejmady as Constable Dheere

==Production==
The film is inspired by Ward's experience of living in Mumbai for 13 years with his wife Sukanya.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-radhika-aptes-bombairiya-will-release-on-january-11-next-year-475323|title=Radhika Apte's Bombairiya will release on January 11 next year|publisher=India TV|date=24 October 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129183902/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood-radhika-aptes-bombairiya-will-release-on-january-11-next-year-475323|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] for the film had begun in 2015, but production was delayed due to the difficulties in filming in Mumbai. The film was shot in over 40 locations, most of which were streets of Mumbai, with [[sync sound]].<ref name=mm>{{cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/end-of-four-year-wait-for-radhika-apte/articleshow/66626684.cms|title=End of four-year wait for Radhika Apte|last=Coutinho|first=Natasha|work=Mumbai Mirror|date=15 November 2018|accessdate=29 November 2018|archive-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129183850/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/end-of-four-year-wait-for-radhika-apte/articleshow/66626684.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Siddhanth Kapoor was injured while filming and received 47 stitches in his arm.<ref name=mm/> The film's visual effect's work also took a year to finish.<ref name=mm/>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
''Bombairiya'' received mixed reviews from critics. A review for the [[Indo-Asian News Service]] carried by ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' opined: "Radhika Apte's film is a crazy, heartwarming homage to Mumbai. It captures the polarised propensities of the split city with vigour and humour. Sure, towards the midpoint, the edifice of chaos built on the premise of ‘One Day in the Life Of Radhika Apte’ (she gets top solo billing), begins to fall apart. And you feel the film is trying to cram in too much physical activity at the cost of giving the plot and the characters space to breathe. But then, this is a homage to a breathless city. And the rhythms of the film follow suit. No time to ask why. Just act".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bombairiya-movie-review-crazily-heartwarming-homage-to-mumbai/story-jdMF10OqloOJUy1L8ijHXK.html|title=Bombairiya movie review: Radhika Apte's film is a crazy, heartwarming homage to Mumbai|website=Hindustan Times|date=18 January 2019|access-date=19 January 2019|archive-date=18 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118160935/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/bombairiya-movie-review-crazily-heartwarming-homage-to-mumbai/story-jdMF10OqloOJUy1L8ijHXK.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bombairiya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] and Amjad Nadeem
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 December 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bombairiya/1ZRx,,7NaJs_|title=Bombairiya - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|publisher=[[Saavn]]|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404101355/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/bombairiya/1ZRx,,7NaJs_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2018
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| length = 16:33
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|ImAJOXy8q3c|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Extra chronology
| artist = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| type =
| prev_title = [[Jack and Dil]]
| prev_year = 2018
| title = Bombairiya
| year = 2019
| next_title = [[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]] and Amjad Nadeem, with the latter also writing the lyrics.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:33
| title1 = Sanki
| extra1 = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| music1 = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| lyrics1 = Arko, Michael E Ward
| length1 = 3:18
| title2 = Bairiya
| note2 = version 1
| extra2 = [[Navraj Hans]]
| music2 = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| lyrics2 = Arko
| length2 = 3:23
| title3 = Sajde Karoon
| extra3 = Yasser Desai, Meraj Warsi, Riyaz Warsi, Faraz Warsi
| music3 = Amjad Nadeem
| lyrics3 = Amjad Nadeem
| length3 = 6:09
| title4 = Bairiya
| note4 = version 2
| extra4 = Navraj Hans, [[Akriti Kakar]]
| music4 = Arko Pravo Mukherjee
| lyrics4= Arko
| length4 = 3:43
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4971258}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|bombairiya}}

[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:TriStar Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures Networks India films]]

Maya Dolas

2026-02-26T23:52:12Z

Joquim: add details based on references and corrected details

{{short description|Indian criminal}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox criminal
| name = Mahindra "Maya" Dolas
| image = MayaDolas.PNG
| image_size = 190px
| caption = Dolas' portrait
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1966|10|15}}
| birth_place = Pratiksha Nagar, [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1991|11|16|1966|10|15}}
| death_place = [[Lokhandwala Complex]], [[Andheri]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| death_cause = [[1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout|Police encounter]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[Gangster]]|[[extortion]]ist}}
| criminal_charges =
| website =
}}

'''Maya Dolas''' (born '''Mahindra Dolas'''; 15 October 1966 – 16 November 1991) was an Indian [[gangster]] who used to work for the [[D-Company]] don, [[Dawood Ibrahim]]. He was killed in an encounter at the [[1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout]] by the then Additional [[Police Commissioner]] of [[Mumbai]], [[Aftab Ahmed Khan]], at the age of 25.<ref>{{cite news
|title='450 rounds were fired…like bullets were doing the talking'
|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=237186
|work=[[Indian Express]]
|date=20 May 2007
|accessdate=1 June 2007
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603154021/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=237186
|archive-date=3 June 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

Dolas' story was made into a 2007 movie titled ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'', with [[Vivek Oberoi]] playing the role of Maya, and [[Amrita Singh]] acting as his mother Ratna Prabha Dolas.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Preview: Shootout At Lokhandwala
|author=Vijay
|url=http://www.moviewalah.com/diary/2007/04/14/preview-shootout-at-lokhandwala
|date=14 April 2007
|accessdate=24 May 2007
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070529191207/http://www.moviewalah.com/diary/2007/04/14/preview-shootout-at-lokhandwala
|archivedate=29 May 2007
}}</ref>

==Biography==
Dolas was born in 1966 to Vithoba and Ratna Prabha Dolas in the slums of [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. He was one of their six children. Dolas joined the Ashok Joshi Gang in 1980 and rose quickly through the ranks in the outfit. He ran several successful extortion rackets for the [[criminal]] - [[politician]] Ashok Joshi's gang at [[Kanjurmarg|Kanjur village]] which was also affiliated with the [[Arun Gawli|Byculla Company]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = Stealth attack in September
| author = J. Dey, Mumbai
| work = [[Indian Express]]
| url = http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73009
| access-date = 23 May 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101223134850/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=73009
| archive-date = 23 December 2010
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Education==
Dolas completed his education in ITI at Bombay, India.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

==Shootout at Lokhandwala==
{{Main|1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout}}
The [[Lokhandwala Complex]] is an upper end middle-class housing area in [[Andheri]] (Swati A wing Flat no. 002 and 003), [[Mumbai|Bombay]], where [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] [[criminal]]-[[politician]] [[Gopal Rajwani]] had purchased a flat for mega-[[mobster]] [[Dawood Ibrahim]].<ref>{{cite news
|title = Sena leader Gopal Rajwani shot dead
|author = Jake Khan, Ulhasnagar
|work = [[India Abroad]]
|url = http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2000/jan/25jake.htm
|date = 25 January 2000
|accessdate = 27 May 2007
|location = Ulhasnagar
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120909161438/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/2000/jan/25jake.htm
|archivedate = 9 September 2012
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> In 1991, Ibrahim's henchmen Dolas and [[Dilip Buwa]], along with four others, were in this apartment when they were surrounded by a group of the [[Mumbai Police|Bombay Police]] led by [[Additional Commissioner of Police|ACP]] [[Aftab Ahmed Khan|A. A. Khan]]; it was later alleged that Khan had been tipped off by Ibrahim who wanted the police to kill them. During the encounter, Dolas was hit by 100 bullets.<ref name="indexp">{{cite news
|title="Mr Controversy" seeks a clean ticket
|author=S Hussain Zaidi
|work=[[Indian Express]]
|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980205/03650824.html
|date=5 February 1998
|accessdate=23 May 2007
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604232950/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19980205/03650824.html
|archivedate=4 June 2007
}}</ref>

The ensuing four-hour shootout, much of it publicised live on news channels, made Dolas infamous, and the police officer Khan a household name. After the encounter, it was alleged that the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] (ATS), which had participated in the encounter, had made off with Rs. 70 [[lakh]] (Rs. 70,00,000) cash which was with Dolas.<ref name="indexp" /> A number of inquiries conducted by the Bombay Police failed to turn up any concrete evidence.

{{Blockquote|Maya Dolas was just reckless and foul mouthed. [[Dilip Buwa]] was cold-blooded. Unlike Dolas, nothing could divert Buwa’s attention when his fingers were on the trigger. He was a mentor to [[Chhota Rajan]]. Post shootout media coverage made out Dolas to be the big gun. “It was far from the truth. Dolas just kept hurling abuses from inside the building, while there being pumped by Buwa. I knew nothing about Dolas, except his reputation. Buwa was something else. He was Ibrahim’s best shooter and his most efficient killer. Till date, there has been no second.<ref>450 rounds were fired…like bullets were doing the talking - The Indian Express, Mumbai NewsLine (19 May 2007) [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=237186] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603154021/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=237186 |date=3 June 2007 }}</ref>|[[Aftab Ahmed Khan]]|Officer in-charge of the [[Anti-Terrorism Squad]] at the time of [[Lokhandwala]] shootout}}

Dolas' mother Ratna Prabha had appealed to the court to ban the movie ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]'' (2007) stating that the movie presents her son falsely. For example, the movie shows that he had killed his abusive father at age nine, whereas in reality, his father outlived Dolas and died in 1997.<ref name="movie">{{cite news
|title=Court rejects gangster's mother's plea to stay film release
|publisher=[[Cybernoon]]
|url=http://www.cybernoon.com/DisplayArticle.asp?section=fromthepress&subsection=inbombay&xfile=May2007_inbombay_standard12984
|date=22 May 2007
|accessdate=23 May 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070603153951/http://www.cybernoon.com/DisplayArticle.asp?section=fromthepress&subsection=inbombay&xfile=May2007_inbombay_standard12984
|archivedate=3 June 2007
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> She also claimed that he was an ITI passout (Industrial Training Institute).<ref>{{cite news
|title=HC defers plea requesting Shootout at Lokhandwala stay
|publisher =Express Network Private Ltd.
|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEH20070526110721&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0&
|date=27 May 2007
|accessdate=1 June 2007
}}</ref> Taking note of the fact that the movie also portrays Ratna as encouraging the criminal tendencies in her son, the suit wanted the producer to re-do the film. [[Chhota Rajan]] also objected to the film, saying that it "grossly distorts the facts".<ref>{{cite news
|title=Chhota Rajan takes potshots at film
|work =[[The Times of India]]
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-21/india/27882953_1_rajan-and-dawood-ibrahim-murder-and-extortion-sharad-shetty
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022234858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-05-21/india/27882953_1_rajan-and-dawood-ibrahim-murder-and-extortion-sharad-shetty
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=22 October 2012
|date=21 May 2007
|accessdate=23 May 2007
}}</ref> In response, Khan (the cop who led up front the team which gunned down Dolas) rubbished Rajan's claim, saying that the operation was videographed and it was conducted in full view of the public.

The directors claim that the movie is highly fictionalised, although it uses the real names, and the movie opens with an apology to the real characters. A Mumbai sessions court refused to stay the film release based on the case in May 2012.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

\

==Further reading==

* https://worldofscriptz.com/manya-surve-the-70s-kingpin-mumbai-underworld/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614170826/https://worldofscriptz.com/manya-surve-the-70s-kingpin-mumbai-underworld/ |date=14 June 2020 }}
{{Organised crime in India|Maya Dolas=Maya Dolas}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dolas, Maya}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:1991 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters]]
[[Category:Indian extortionists]]
[[Category:D-Company]]
[[Category:Indian gangsters killed in encounters]]
[[Category:1991 Lokhandwala Complex shootout]]
[[Category:Criminals from Mumbai]]

Ranjan Bezbaruah

2026-02-10T02:55:57Z

Joquim: Added data

{{Short description|Indian singer, lyricist, translator}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=March 2022}}
{{Citation style|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjan Bezbaruah
| image = Ranjan Bezbaruah (Singer).jpg
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1971|8|1}}
| birth_place = Hatichong, [[Nagaon]], [[Assam]]
| death_date = 
| death_cause =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Lyricist|Writer|Teacher|Translator}}
| children = Mayukhi (Daughter) Jishnu (Son)
| spouse = Bornali Parashar
| parents = Rohit Chandra Bezbaruah (Father) Sri Subhadra Bezbaruah (Mother)
| years_active =
| alma_mater = ADP College [[Cotton College]] [[Gauhati University]]
| death_place =
| awards = 'Xudhakantha Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Memorial Integration Award' (2014) 'Sanskrita Gayaka' (2019) 'Rashtriya Sanskrit Geetikavi' (2020)
| notable_works =
}}

'''Ranjan Kumar Bezbaruah''' is an Indian singer, lyricist, translator and academic engaged in promoting Modern Sanskrit Lyrical Literature.<ref name="Ranjan"/> He is a vocal artiste of ‘Sanskrit songs’ contributing to All India Radio, Delhi Doordarshan & other regional & national platforms.<ref name="Ranjan Bezbaruah">{{cite web |url=https://xahitya.org/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0/ |title=সাক্ষাৎকাৰ- সংগীত সমুদ্ৰত অৱগাহন: এক ব্যতিক্ৰমী পথেৰে শিল্পী ৰঞ্জন বেজবৰুৱা |language=Assamese |trans-title=An interview with artist Ranjan Bezbaruah |work=xahitya.org |date=2020-11-21 |access-date=2021-10-19 }}</ref> He was honoured with 'Rashtriya Sanskrit Geetikavi' in 2020 by an international organisation.<ref name="Bezbaruah">{{cite web|title=Assams Ranjan Bezbaruah Conferred Rashtriya Sanskrit-Geetikavi-Title |date=28 August 2020 |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assams-ranjan-bezbaruah-conferred-rashtriya-sanskrit-geetikavi-title-497981}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ranjan Bezbaruah was born on 1 August 1971 in Chakalaghat, Hatichong, [[Nagaon]] district of [[Assam]]. His father Rohit Chandra Bezbaruah was an educationist, writer and his mother Sri Subhadra Bezbaruah is a teacher and artist. Bezbaruah married Bornali Parashar of Tezpur-Jamugurihat in 2002. They have two children, a son Jishnu and a daughter Mayukhi.<ref name="Ranjan Bezbaruah"/>

== Cultural and academic activity ==
Sanskrit version of a number of patriotic Indian songs of the maestros like [[Rabindranath Tagore]] & [[Muhammad Iqbal|Md. Iqbal]],<ref name="Ranjan1">{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/saare-jahan-se-accha-in-sanskrit-on-i-day/cid/1416904 |title=Saare jahan se accha in Sanskrit on I-Day |work=Telegraphindia.com |date=2016-08-09 |access-date=2021-10-19 }}</ref> [[Kazi Nazrul]], [[Kavi Pradeep]] and so on.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangladesh-national-anthem-goes-sanskrit-on-bhupen-hazarika-death-anniversary/article29886406.ece |title=Bangladesh national anthem goes Sanskrit on Bhupen Hazarika death anniversary |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |work=Thehindu.com |date=2019-11-05 |access-date=2021-10-19 }}</ref> Moreover, has been rendering his vocal to a few rare Hindi film songs with dignified lyrics & music encompassing [[K. L. Saigal]] to [[A. R. Rahman]] along with a few popular Ghazals and Bhajans.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/gandhijis-favourite-bhajan-vaishnava-jana-to-now-in-sanskrit/article29565239.ece |title=Gandhiji's favourite bhajan 'Vaishnava Jana To', now in Sanskrit |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |work=Thehindu.com |date=2019-10-01 |access-date=2021-10-19 }}</ref>

He has been translating popular and patriotic songs from [[Assamese Language|Assamese]], [[Bengali Language|Bengali]] and [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] into [[Sanskrit Language|Sanskrit]] and singing them since 1999.<ref name="thehindu"/>

Presented the Sanskrit rendition of the patriotic song- [[Muhammad Iqbal|Md. Iqbal's]] '[[Sare Jahan se Accha]]'<ref name="Ranjan1"/> which was produced and published by the national media, DDNews, Delhi for the first time, on the grand occasion of India's 70th independence day, on 14 August 2016. It was translated and sung by Ranjan Bezbaruah along with other vocalists.<ref name="Ranjan Bezbaruah"/>

He started 'Prachyaa', the first Sanskrit band from North East India and second in India in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/fresh-words-familiar-music/cid/1420701 |title=Fresh words, familiar music |last=Bhattacharyya |first=Smita |work=Telegraphindia.com |date=2017-01-07 |accessdate=2021-10-19 }}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Award !! Place !! Year !! Notes
|-
| Xudhakantha Dr. Bhupen Hazarika Memorial Integration Award || [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]] || 2014 ||
|-
| Sanskrita Gayaka || [[Tripura University]] || 2019 ||
|-
| Rashtriya Sanskrit Geetikavi || Lokbhasha Prachar Samitih, [[Bhubaneswar]] || 2020 || <ref name="Ranjan">{{cite web |url=https://nenow.in/top-news/rashtriya-sanskrit-geetikavi-title-bestowed-on-assams-ranjan-bezbaruah.html |title=Rashtriya Sanskrit Geetikavi title bestowed on Assam's Ranjan Bezbaruah |last=BHATTACHARYYA |first=SMITA |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=2020-08-28 |accessdate=2021-10-19 }}</ref><ref name="Bezbaruah"/>
|-
| Sadhana Award
| Asam Sahitya Sabha, Nagaon Chapter
| 2023
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/ramdhun-in-sanskrit-tribute-on-gandhi-jayanti/ |title=Ramdhun in Sanskrit: Tribute on Gandhi Jayanti |work=Thehillstimes.in |date=2020-10-02 |access-date=2021-10-19 |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021181607/https://www.thehillstimes.in/regional/ramdhun-in-sanskrit-tribute-on-gandhi-jayanti/ |url-status=dead }}
{{Commons category|Ranjan Bezbaruah}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bezbaruah, Ranjan}}
[[Category:Singers from Assam]]
[[Category:People from Nagaon district]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

KIOCL Limited

2026-02-08T18:39:39Z

Joquim: Stub!

{{Short description|Indian iron company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = KIOCL Limited
| owner = [[Ministry of Steel]], [[Government of India]]
| parent =
| logo = [[File:Kudremukh Iron Ore Company logo.svg|x200px]]
| type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|540680}} {{NSE|KIOCL}}
| foundation = 1976
| location = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[Bangalore]], [[India]]
| key_people = Shri T Saminathan [[Chairman]] and [[Managing Director|MD]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Our Chairman |url= https://www.kioclltd.in/user/cms/47 |publisher= KIOCL Limited |access-date= 16 October 2017 |archive-date= 16 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225814/https://www.kioclltd.in/user/cms/47 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| industry = {{unbulleted list|Iron making|Mining}}
| products = {{unbulleted list||Iron oxide pellets|[[Pig iron]]}}
| revenue = [[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|12px]] [[Indian rupee|INR]] 497.3 million (2016-17)<ref name="AR2017">{{cite web |title= Annual Report |url= https://www.kioclltd.in/user/cms/39 |at= Annual Report 2016-2017 |publisher= KIOCL Limited |access-date= 16 October 2017 |archive-date= 16 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171016225841/https://www.kioclltd.in/user/cms/39 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
| subsid =
| homepage = [https://www.kioclltd.in www.kioclltd.in]
| footnotes =
}}

'''KIOCL Limited''', formerly '''Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited,''' is a [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|central public sector undertaking]] under the [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Steel]], [[Government of India]], with its head office and administrative activities in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="Origin">{{cite web |title= Origin of KIOCL |url= https://www.kioclltd.in/user/cms/274# |publisher= KIOCL Limited |access-date= 16 October 2017 }}</ref> It has a [[Pelletizing|pelletisation]] plant in [[Mangalore]] and an iron ore mine in [[Kudremukh]] ([[Chikkamagaluru district]]). The Kudremukh mine, one of the largest iron ore mines in the world, was closed in 2006.

The [[Captive service|captive]] mining took place at Kudremukh on the [[Western Ghats]] range. The mined ore was transported 110 km through slurry pipelines running through the districts of [[Udupi district|Udupi]] and [[Dakshina Kannada]] up to the pelletisation plant in [[Panambur]],<ref name="Origin"/> adjacent to the premises of the [[New Mangalore Port]].

[[File:Iron Ore factory.jpg|thumb|The Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Ltd. plant in [[New Mangalore Port]]]]

The pellet plant, with a capacity of 3.5 million tons per annum, was commissioned at Mangalore in 1987.<ref name="Origin"/> The plant was stopped in 2011 but in 2014, it resumed producing and exporting pellets, running on ores supplied by [[National Mineral Development Corporation|NMDC Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |title= After 7 years, Kudremukh Iron Ore Company Limited comes to life again |url= http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-after-7-years-kudremukh-iron-ore-company-limited-comes-to-life-again-1949608 |publisher= DNA India |access-date= 16 October 2017 |date= 12 January 2014 }}</ref> The pellets have been shipped to countries like China, Iran, Japan, and Taiwan.

In 2017, there were plans to restart captive mining operations, now at [[Sanduru]] in the [[Ballari district|Bellary district]].<ref>{{cite web |title= KIOCL Ltd to restart mining in Bellary |url= http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kiocls-pellets-production-jumps-to-1460-mt-in-201617/article9837935.ece |publisher= The Hindu Business Line |access-date= 16 October 2017 |date= 31 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="AR2017"/>

== Controversies ==
In 2016, KIOCL planned to develop a commercial resort in the Kudremukh National Park, refurbishing some of its unused buildings since the closure of the mine. The project had not obtained an environmental clearance. In October 2016 the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change|Ministry of Environment and Forests]] ordered to stop the work immediately.<ref>{{cite web |title= KIOCL ordered to terminate work on resort in Kundremukh National Park |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/KIOCL-ordered-to-terminate-work-on-resort-in-Kundremukh-National-Park/article16442982.ece |work= [[The Hindu]] |access-date= 16 October 2017 |date= 12 November 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== General references ==
* [https://www.kioclltd.in/user/cms/116 Company overview] KIOCL Limited.
* [http://steel.gov.in/sites/default/files/Brief%20Overview%20of%20KIOCL%20Limited.pdf Brief overview of KIOCL limited] Ministry of Steel, Government of India.

{{Steel industry of India}}
{{Public Sector Undertakings in India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Iron ore mining companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mangalore]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1976]]
[[Category:Mining in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

N. Ravichandran

2026-02-08T17:58:33Z

Joquim: adding some details w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian real-estate businessman}}
{{about|the business magnate|the professor of operations management|N. Ravichandran (professor)}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = N. Ravichandran
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu|Tiruchirappalli]], India
| alma_mater = [[Harvard University]] ([[Harvard Business School#Owner/President Management Program (OPM)|OPM]])
| occupation = [[Business magnate]], entrepreneur, [[investor]], philanthropist
| title = [[Chairman]] of TVH (True Value Homes) group of companies
|years_active = 1997–present
| known_for = Founder of TVH (True Value Homes) group
| website = {{URL|http://www.tvh.in}}
| relatives = [[K. N Nehru- DMK Leader]]
}}

'''N. Ravichandran''' is an Indian [[business magnate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/finance/tvh-to-invest-rs-3450-cr-in-housing-projects-110021900007_1.html|title=Ravi talks about future projects|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=21 December 2013}}</ref> [[investor]] and philanthropist. He is the [[Entrepreneur|founder]] and chairman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/true-value-homes-to-invest-rs-800-cr-111032300064_1.html|title=Ravichandran|publisher=Business Standard|accessdate=23 December 2013}}</ref> of TVH (True Value Homes)<ref name="tvh">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvh.in/contact/|title=Contact | TVH|publisher=tvh.in|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> group, an Indian conglomerate with presence in [[real estate]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rising-home-loan-rates-will-not-hit-enduser-demand-tvh-chairman/article1146672.ece|title=Hindu interviews Ravi|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=23 December 2013}}</ref> [[energy]] and [[construction]].

==Early life and education==
Ravichandran grew up in [[Trichy]] and later moved to [[Chennai]]. He is a civil engineer and he obtained his [[Harvard Business School#Owner/President Management Program (OPM)|OPM]] from [[Harvard Business School]] in the United States.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==Career==
In 1997, Ravichandran founded True Value Homes (TVH). TVH has offices in [[Chennai]], [[Trichy]], [[Coimbatore]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/tvh-launches-800-cr-township-project-in-coimbatore/743811/l|title=Indian express interview |publisher=Indian Express|accessdate=9 June 2013}}</ref> and [[Kochin]]. By 2013, TVH had developed six million sq.ft cumulatively in both commercial and [[residential]] space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news/tvh-launches-project-in-adyar-5448208458_1.htm|title=Ravi launches project at Adayar|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=13 August 2014}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
*Reality Plus – Luxuary project of the year 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realtyplusmag.com/interview_fullstory.asp?interview_id=79|title=Superb Take-off |publisher=Realty Plus|accessdate=16 July 2012}}</ref>
*Reality Plus – Environmental friendly project of the year 2012<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realestate.moneycontrol.com/winner.phpl|title=Real estate awards |publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>
*Best affordable housing of the year 2012 & 2013 awarded by [[NDTV]] Profit{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*[[CNBC]] Real Estate Award for BEST 100% completed ultra luxury residential{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}
*Best concrete structure award for the year 2011 recognised by the [[Tamil Nadu Government]]{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}

==Philanthropy==
*Ravichandran, through TVH, helped organise [[Medical]] camps in [[economically]] backward villages, and day care facilities for the children. He also organized [[Day care|Creche]]'s and schools at each site to educate the children of contract [[labourers]]
*He proactively donates to Udavum Karangal, a [[charity (practice)|charity]] for [[orphans]] and the destitute and to other such charities.
*Under his stewardship, TVH has [[adopted]] more than 700 [[orphan]] children from the Indian Council of [[Child Welfare]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/anil-agarwal-pledges-75-of-his-wealth-to-charity-114092600997_1.htmll|title=adoption |publisher=Business Standards|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref>
*Ravichandran is also actively working to create [[awareness]] about the importance of [[educating]] the Girl child.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandran, N}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople in the real estate industry]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)

2026-02-07T20:10:28Z

Joquim: Bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Hodal Assembly constituency|Hodal]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Jagdish Nayar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Harinder Singh''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is a [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Member of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Hodal Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Hodal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: BJP's Harinder Singh Wins, Defeats Udai Bhan Of Congress |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/hodal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077370.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Hodal (Sc), Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Harinder Singh wins Hodal with 68865 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/hodal-sc-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612859-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hodal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Hodal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0783.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108125718/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0783.htm |archivedate=8 November 2024 |accessdate=8 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|title=A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs|date=2 December 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Harinder}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}

World Series Cricket

2026-01-14T06:27:58Z

Joquim: rework page based on references and improved wording

{{short description|Professional cricket competition from 1977 to 1979}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}{{EngvarB|date=June 2024}}
{{about|the original cricket competition|text = For the subsequent cricket competition also referred to as the world series see: [[Australian Tri-Series]].}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = World Series Cricket
| image = World Series Cricket logo.svg
| imagesize = 80px
| caption =
| administrator = [[Kerry Packer]]
| cricket format = Various
| tournament format =
| first = 1977
| last = 1979
| participants = Four: [[File:Aus WSC.png|20px]] [[World Series Cricket Australia XI|Australia XI]] [[File:Cavaliers WSC.png|20px]] [[World Series Cricket Cavaliers XI|Cavaliers XI]] [[File:World WSC.png|20px]] [[World Series Cricket World XI|Rest Of The World XI]] [[File:Windies WSC.png|20px|link=]] [[World Series Cricket West Indies XI|West Indies XI]]
| champions =
| most successful =
| most runs = [[Greg Chappell]]
| most wickets = [[Dennis Lillee]]
}}
{{International cricket competitions sidebar}}
[[File:ABC World Series Cricket.ogv|thumb|right|[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]] news report of the first WSC match.]]
'''World Series Cricket''' ('''WSC''') was a commercial professional [[cricket]] competition staged between 1977 and 1979 which was organised by [[Kerry Packer]] and his Australian television network, [[Nine Network]]. WSC ran in commercial competition to established international cricket. World Series Cricket drastically changed the nature of cricket, and its influence continues to be felt today.

Three main factors caused the formation of WSC — a widespread view that players were not paid sufficient amounts to make a living from cricket or reflect their market value and that following the development of colour television and increased viewer audiences of sports events, the commercial potential of cricket was not being achieved by the established cricket boards and Packer wished to secure the exclusive broadcasting rights to Australian cricket, then held by the non-commercial, government-owned [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|Australian Broadcasting Commission]] (ABC), to realise and capitalise on the commercial potential of cricket.

After the [[Cricket Australia|Australian Cricket Board]] (ACB) refused to accept Channel Nine's bid to gain exclusive television rights to Australia's Test matches in 1976, Packer set up his own series by secretly signing agreements with leading Australian, English, Pakistani, South African and West Indian players, most notably [[English cricket team|England]] captain [[Tony Greig]], West Indies captain [[Clive Lloyd]], Australian captain [[Greg Chappell]], future Pakistani captain [[Imran Khan]] and former Australian captain [[Ian Chappell]]. Packer was aided by businessmen [[John Cornell]] and [[Austin Robertson Jr.|Austin Robertson]], both of whom were involved with the initial setup and administration of the series.

Ian Chappell summed up the quality of World Series Cricket by saying it was the toughest cricket that he ever played (having all the best players in the world involved).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Burnett |first=Adam |date=25 November 2015 |title=Cricket Australia Recognise World Series Cricket Statistics |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/cricket-australia-recognise-world-series-cricket-statistics-ian-chappell-barry-richards/2015-11-25 |access-date=12 July 2022 |website=Cricket.com.au}}</ref>

==Kerry Packer and the Australian television industry==
In the mid-1970s, the Australian television industry was at a crossroads. Since its inception in 1956, commercial television in Australia had developed a reliance on imported programs, particularly from the United States, as buying them was cheaper than commissioning Australian productions. Agitation for more Australian-made programming gained impetus from the "TV: Make it Australian" campaign in 1970. This led to a government-imposed quota system in 1973.<ref>[http://www.ahc.gov.au/publications/linking-nation/chapter-9.html Australian Heritage Council.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010193844/http://www.ahc.gov.au/publications/linking-nation/chapter-9.html |date=10 October 2007 }} Accessed 29 July 2007.</ref> The advent of colour transmissions in 1975 markedly improved sport as a television spectacle and, importantly, Australian sport counted as local content. However, sports administrators perceived live telecasts to have an adverse effect on attendance. The correlation between sports, corporate sponsorship, and television exposure was not evident to Australian sports administrators at the time.

After the death of his father [[Frank Packer|Sir Frank]] in 1974, [[Kerry Packer]] had assumed control of [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]], one of the many media interests owned by the family's company [[Consolidated Press Holdings]] (CPH).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/obituaries/media-colossus-pushed-boundaries-of--empire/2005/12/27/1135445573138.html?page=2|title=Media colossus pushed the boundaries of family empire |work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=28 December 2005 }}</ref> With Nine's ratings languishing, Packer sought to turn the network around via an aggressive strategy that included more sports programming. Firstly, he secured the rights to the [[Australian Open (golf)|Australian Open golf tournament]]. He spent millions of dollars revamping [[The Australian Golf Club]] in Sydney as a permanent home for the tournament. [[Jack Nicklaus]] was hired to redesign the course and to appear in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Packer 'put Australian Open on map' |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/packer-put-australian-open-golf-on-map/2005/12/27/1135445562371.html |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date=27 December 2005 |access-date=29 July 2007 }}</ref> Packer was a fan of cricket, which was undergoing a resurgence in popularity during the mid-1970s. In 1976, Packer sought the rights to televise Australia's home Test matches, the contract for which was about to expire. He approached the [[Cricket Australia|ACB]] with an offer of A$1.5 million for three years (eight times the previous contract), yet he was rebuffed.<ref>Haigh (1993), p 34.</ref> The ACB felt loyal to the [[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC]], which had broadcast the game for twenty years when the commercial networks showed little interest in the game. Packer believed that there was an "[[old-boy network]]" element to the decision,<ref>McFarline (1977), p 157.</ref> and he was furious at the dismissive way that his bid was handled. The government-funded ABC could not hope to match a commercial network's bid, but they were awarded another three-year contract worth only $210,000, commencing with the [[English cricket team in Australia in 1976–77|1976–77 season]].

Determined to get some cricket on Channel Nine, Packer put an offer to the [[Test and County Cricket Board]] (TCCB) to telecast the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1977|Australian tour of England scheduled for 1977]]. His interest was further stimulated by a proposal to play some televised exhibition matches, an idea presented to him by Western Australian businessmen [[John Cornell]] and [[Austin Robertson, Jr.|Austin Robertson]].<ref>Lillee (2003), p 129.</ref> Robertson managed several high-profile Australian cricketers such as [[Dennis Lillee]], while Cornell was [[Paul Hogan]]'s business manager and on-screen sidekick.

Packer took this idea, then fleshed it out into a full series between the best Australian players and a team from the rest of the world. His mistrust of cricket's administrators deepened when the ACB recommended the TCCB accept an offer for their broadcasts rights from the ABC, even though ABC's $210,000 offer was only 14% of the offer from Packer.<ref name="Haigh 1993, p 41">Haigh (1993), p 41.</ref> For the first time, the game's officialdom had a demonstration of Packer's wherewithal: he immediately doubled his original offer and won the contract.<ref name="Haigh 1993, p 41"/> But he never forgot the machinations involved in winning the bid.

==Secret signings==
Packer's planning of the proposed "exhibition" series was audacious. In early 1977, he began contracting a list of Australian players provided by recently retired [[List of Australia national cricket captains|Australian Test captain]] [[Ian Chappell]]. A bigger coup was achieved when Packer convinced the [[List of England cricket captains|England captain]] [[Tony Greig]] to not only sign on, but to act as an agent in signing many players around the world.<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/233660.html ''Wisden Cricketer'' magazine.] Accessed 28 July 2007.</ref> By the time the season climaxed with the 
[[Centenary Test]] match between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] at the [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] in March 1977, about two dozen players had committed to Packer's enterprise, which as yet had no grounds to play on, no administration and was secret to all in the cricket world. It was a measure of the players' dissatisfaction with official cricket that they were prepared to sign up for what was still a vague concept and yet keep everything covert.<ref>Pollard (1982), p. 1138.</ref>

By the time the Australian team arrived to [[Australian cricket team in England in 1977|tour England]] in May 1977, thirteen of the seventeen members of the squad had committed to Packer. News of the WSC plans were inadvertently leaked to Australian journalists, who broke the story on 9 May.<ref name="BBC News - 27 December 2005 - Press turns on Packer">{{cite news |last1=Gough |first1=Martin |title=Press turns on Packer |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/1976199.stm |access-date=5 January 2026 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=27 December 2005}}</ref> Immediately, all hell broke loose in the hitherto conservative world of cricket.{{cn|date = December 2021}} Not unexpectedly, the English were critical of what they quickly dubbed the '''"Packer Circus"''' and reserved particular vitriol for the English captain Tony Greig, for his central role in organising the break-away. Greig retained his position in the team, but was stripped of the captaincy and ostracised by everyone in the cricket establishment, most of whom had been singing his praises just weeks before.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

It seemed certain that all Packer players would be banned from Test and first-class cricket. The Australian players were a divided group and the management made their displeasure clear to the Packer signees.<ref>[http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=987. ''The Age''.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214035944/http://150.theage.com.au/view_bestofarticle.asp?straction=update&inttype=1&intid=987. |date=14 February 2009 }} Accessed 28 July 2007</ref> Dispirited by this turn of events and hampered by poor form and indifferent weather, Australia crashed to a 3–0 defeat, surrendering [[the Ashes]] won two years before. In light of the controversies the ''[[Sydney Gazette]]'' article clearly showed [[West Indian]] captain [[Clive Lloyd]] interviewed after leaving the Caribbean team to join Packer, Lloyd stated it was nothing personal it was clearly earning a more comfortable source of income. That interview created waves across the Caribbean and even in world cricket. It was then realised that the sport had been transformed into one's livelihood.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}

==Court case==
A largely unknown [[Kerry Packer]] arrived in [[London]] in late May 1977.<ref>Haigh (1993), p 67.</ref> He appeared on [[David Frost]]'s ''The Frost Programme'' to debate his concept with commentators [[Jim Laker]] and [[Robin Marlar]]. Marlar's aggressive, indignant interrogation of Packer came unstuck when Packer proved to be articulate, witty, and confident that his vision was the way of the future.<ref>McFarline (1977), p 33.</ref> The show significantly raised Packer's profile and converted some to his way of thinking. The main goal of his trip was to meet the game's authorities and reach some type of compromise. He made a canny move by securing [[Richie Benaud]] as a consultant. Benaud's standing in the game and his journalistic background helped steer Packer through the politics of the game.

Cricket's world governing body, the International Cricket Conference ([[International Cricket Council|ICC]]), now entered a controversy initially perceived as an Australian domestic problem. They met with Packer, Benaud and two assistants at [[Lord's]] on 23 June to discuss the WSC plans.<ref>McFarline (1977), p56.</ref> After ninety minutes of compromise from both sides had almost created common ground, Packer demanded that the ICC award him the exclusive Australian television rights after the 1978–79 season ended. It wasn't in the power of the ICC to do so<ref>McFarline (1977), pp 56–57.</ref> and Packer stormed from the meeting to deliver the following unadulterated declaration of war:<ref>Haigh (1993), p 76.</ref>
<blockquote>Had I got those TV rights I was prepared to withdraw from the scene and leave the running of cricket to the board. I will take no steps now to help anyone. It's every man for himself and the devil take the hindmost.
</blockquote>
This outburst undid any goodwill that Packer had created during his earlier television appearance, and alarmed his contracted players, who had viewed his scheme as being as much philanthropic as commercial.<ref>Haigh (1993), p 77.</ref> The ICC decided to treat Packer's scheme with contempt when a month later they decided Packer's matches would not be given [[First-class cricket|first-class]] status and the players involved would be banned from Test matches and first-class cricket.

A number of the signed players now considered withdrawing.<ref>McFarline (1977), pp 61–62.</ref> [[Jeff Thomson]] and [[Alvin Kallicharan]] had their contracts torn up when it was discovered that they had binding agreements with a radio station in Brisbane requiring them to play for [[Queensland Bulls|Queensland]].<ref>McFarline (1977), pp 100–101.</ref> Packer moved quickly to shore up support, meeting with the players and taking legal action to prevent third parties from inducing players to break their contracts. To clarify the legal implications (including the proposed bans), Packer backed a challenge to the TCCB in the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] by three of his players: Tony Greig, [[Mike Procter]] and [[John Snow (cricketer)|John Snow]].<ref>Haigh (1993), p 101. The ICC was not a defendant in the case as it had no [[Legal personality|legal "personality"]] at the time.</ref>

The case began on 26 September 1977 and lasted seven weeks. The cricket authority's counsel said that if the top players deserted traditional cricket then gate receipts would decline. Mr. Packer's lawyers stated that the ICC had tried to force the Packer players to break their contracts and to prevent others from joining them. [[Christopher Slade| Mr Justice Christopher Slade]] considered the following nine points:<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152098.html ''Wisden 1978''.] Accessed on 29 July 2007.</ref>

# Are the contracts between WSC and its players void?
# Has WSC established that, as at 3 August, and subject to any statutory immunity conferred by the [[Trade Union and Labour Relations Act 1974|1974 Act]], it was a good cause of action in tort against the ICC based on inducement of breach of contract?
# Has WSC established that as at 3 August and subject as aforesaid, it had a good cause of action in tort against the TCCB based on the same grounds?
# Subject to the provisions of the 1974 Act, are the new ICC rules void as being in restraint of trade?
# Subject to aforesaid, are the proposed new TCCB rules void as being in restraint of trade?
# Is the ICC an employers' association within the 1974 Act?
# Is the TCCB an employers' association?
# If either the ICC or TCCB or both be employers' associations, does this itself bar any cause of action that would otherwise exist?
# In the light of the answers, what relief (if any) should be given to (a) the individual plaintiffs and (b) WSC?

Justice Slade in his judgement said that professional cricketers need to make a living and the ICC should not stand in their way just because its own interests might be damaged. He said the ICC might have stretched the concept of loyalty too far. Players could not be criticised for entering the contracts in secrecy as the main authorities would deny the players the opportunity to enjoy the advantages offered by WSC.

The decision was a blow to the cricket authorities and, adding insult to injury, they had to pay court costs. English County cricket teams were pleased as their players who had signed to play for Packer were still eligible to play for them.

=="Supertests", the West Indies and drop-in pitches==
[[Image:Vivian richards crop.jpg|left|150px|thumb|Viv Richards, the West Indian who was the second most successful batsman in WSC.]]
Official cricket won a series of minor victories – Packer was unable to use the terms "Test match" or call their team of Australians "Australia", or use the official rules of cricket, which are the copyright of the [[Marylebone Cricket Club]].<ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/preface,71,AR.html Marylebone Cricket Club.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509085713/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/preface,71,AR.html |date=9 May 2008 }} Accessed 29 July 2007.</ref>

So the five-day matches became "Supertests", played by the "WSC Australian XI" and Richie Benaud set to work writing rules and playing conditions for the series. Most importantly, WSC was shut out of traditional cricket venues, so Packer leased two [[Australian football|Australian rules football]] stadiums ([[Waverley Park|VFL Park]] in [[Melbourne]] and [[Football Park]] in [[Adelaide]]), as well as [[Perth]]'s [[Gloucester Park, Perth|Gloucester Park]] (a [[Harness racing|trotting track]]) and [[Sydney]]'s [[Sydney Showground (Moore Park)|Moore Park Showground]].

The obvious problem was preparing grass pitches of suitable standard at these venues, where none had existed previously. By common consensus, it was considered impossible to create the pitches in such a short time.<ref>Lillee (2003), p 131.</ref> However, Packer hired curator John Maley, who pioneered the concept of [[Drop-in pitch|"drop-in" pitches]].<ref>Cashman et al. (1996), p 327. After WSC concluded, Maley was the curator of the WACA ground in [[Perth]] from 1980–88.</ref> These pitches were grown in hothouses outside the venue, then dropped into the playing surface with cranes. This revolutionary technique was the unsung highlight of the first season of WSC – without them, WSC would have been a folly.<ref>Lillee (2003), p 132.</ref>

Another unexpected element of the series was the emergence of a West Indian side. The concept was originally envisaged as Australia versus Rest of the World. When the West Indians were offered contracts that would pay them more than they could earn in an entire career, they all signed with alacrity. However, WSC used the West Indian players in the Rest of the World team as well.

The first WSC game, a "Supertest" between the Australians and the West Indians began at VFL Park on 2 December 1977. The standard of the cricket was excellent, but the crowds were poor, which was emphasised by the stadium's capacity of 79,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19771206.2.252 |title='Supertest' crowds disappoint W.S.C. |work=[[The Press]] |date=6 December 1977 |page=42 }}</ref> The [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1977–78|official Test match]] played in [[Brisbane]] at the same time, featuring the weakened Australian team and India, attracted far more spectators.

==First season: 1977–78==
Employing personality-based marketing, WSC placed great emphasis on the "gladiatorial" aspect of fast bowling and heavily promoted fast bowlers such as [[Dennis Lillee]], [[Imran Khan]], [[Michael Holding]] and [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]]. Packer was doubtful of the effectiveness of slow bowling.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}} To counteract the continual rotation of pace bowlers on pitches of unproven quality, WSC batsmen felt the need to increase their bodily protection. In the Sydney Supertest on 16 December, Australian [[David Hookes]] was hit a sickening blow from a bouncer bowled by West Indian [[Andy Roberts (cricketer)|Andy Roberts]].<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/156021.html Cricinfo.com.] Accessed 29 July 2007.</ref> Paradoxically, the effect of Hookes' broken jaw, captured graphically by Nine's cameras, served to "legitimise" the WSC matches:
<blockquote>... he had his jaw shattered by a bouncer from Andy Roberts ... Until that moment, WSC had looked suspiciously like a thrown-together entertainment package; Hookes' injury impressed the contest's intensity on all observers.<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/australia/content/player/5696.html Cricinfo.com: David Hookes player profile.] Retrieved 27 September 2007.</ref></blockquote>
[[Image:DK Lillee (crop).jpg|right|thumb|Dennis Lillee, one of WSC's star personalities who later claimed that WSC was originally his idea.]]
This incident had another effect: the first helmets appeared on batsmen's heads.<ref>Haigh (1993), p 132.</ref> Initially, Englishman [[Dennis Amiss]] sported a motorcycle helmet when batting in WSC,<ref>[https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/dennis-amiss-a-limpet-at-the-crease-24974 Dennis Amiss: A limpet at the crease.] Accessed 28 July 2007.</ref> and he was quickly followed by many other players. Protective cricket equipment developed rapidly, and by the end of WSC,<ref>[http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1050&article_id=10064. Australia Innovates project.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211820/http://www.powerhousemuseum.com/australia_innovates/?behaviour=view_article&Section_id=1050&article_id=10064. |date=3 March 2016 }} Accessed on 29 July 2007.</ref> virtually all batsmen in WSC and official Test matches were sporting some form of protective headwear.

WSC decided to place a greater emphasis on [[one-day cricket]] than it had previously been given in Australia. A one-day series, the "'''International Cup'''" featuring the Australian, West Indian, and World teams, was played alongside six Supertests in Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Perth. The first day/night match, played at Melbourne's VFL Park, attracted some curiosity value, but generally, the paying public were indifferent to the series. Many took a lead from the hostile press, and official cricket benefited from a [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1977–78|dramatic Test series played between Australia and a touring Indian team]]. The ACB's masterstroke was the appointment of the 41-year-old [[Bob Simpson (cricketer)|Bob Simpson]] as Australian captain, after a ten-year retirement from first-class cricket. He led a team of relatively unknown youngsters (with the exception of fast bowler [[Jeff Thomson]], who did not sign up for the WSC) to a 3–2 series victory which was not decided until the final Test in Adelaide. Big crowds attended the Tests, and the media coverage was very supportive of the ACB throughout the summer.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-the-return-of-bob-simpson-in-1977-812033 |first=Martin |last=Williamson |title=The return of Bob Simpson |website=[[Cricinfo]] |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=30 January 2024 }}</ref>

By contrast, Packer was seen disconsolately counting cars as they arrived in the car park at some of his matches. He held one glimmer of hope, however. The best-attended matches had been the day-night fixtures, and this format would become the backbone of the programming for the second season. In hindsight, his organisation's ability to even stage the games at such short notice was a triumph and excellent fine-tuning for what was to come. So far, the ACB had enjoyed the backing of the press and the true aficionados of the game. But a series of misfortunes and poor decisions came to plague the ACB in their battle to stay ahead of Packer.

The official Australian team [[Australian cricket team in West Indies in 1977–78|toured the Caribbean]] under Bob Simpson in March 1978. The West Indies cricket officials had no wish to buy into the ACB-Packer fight and decided to select all of their WSC players for the first two Tests, until the [[Cricket West Indies|West Indies Cricket Board of Control]] made a decision to leave out three of their WSC-contracted players for the 3rd Test, ostensibly to allow others a chance to play in Test matches prior to the West Indies' tour to India and Sri Lanka later in the year, which would be at a time that World Series Cricket could not guarantee the availability of their West Indian players. The non-selection of these three players led to the resignation of Clive Lloyd as captain, and all of the WSC contracted West Indian players to declare themselves unavailable for the rest of the series.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19780331.2.201 |title=Packer men out — W.I. test team decimated |work=[[The Press]] |date=31 March 1978 |page=24 }}</ref>

==The united front weakens==
Between the two WSC seasons, the united front presented by the ICC countries began to erode. The highest ill-feeling toward Packer existed in England, but many officials of the county clubs were prepared to keep Packer players on their books.

The West Indies were the most financially vulnerable, and only voted for the original ICC in the interests of unity. The financial and political problems of the recent Australian tour led them to begin negotiations with Packer for a WSC series in the Caribbean during the spring of 1979. Initially, Pakistan took a hard line and refused to select their Packer players, but when WSC signed additional Pakistanis during the off-season, and when an under-strength official Pakistan team were easily beaten by England in the three-Test series in the English summer of 1978, they took a more pragmatic approach, so when it came time in October 1978 for the first Test series between Pakistan and India for seventeen years, all the Packer players were included. Ostensibly, India were not involved as yet, but rumours abounded that their captain Bishan Bedi and star batsman Sunil Gavaskar had signed WSC options.<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152138.html ''Wisden 1979''.] Accessed 29 July 2007.</ref>

New Zealand's chief administrator, [[Walter Hadlee]], had advocated a compromise from the start. Now he had no objection to WSC making a [[World Series Cricket Tour of New Zealand|brief tour of his country]] in November, nor was he going to stop the Kiwis' best player, his son [[Richard Hadlee|Richard]], from appearing with WSC.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19781009.2.142 |title=Hadlee released for W.S.C. matches |work=[[The Press]] |date=9 October 1978 |page=19 }}</ref> The South Africans, subject to an [[Sporting boycott of South Africa during the Apartheid era|international boycott]] caused by the [[Apartheid|apartheid policy of their government]], were keen to see their individual cricketers compete with the world's best. Some{{who|date=January 2012}} were prepared to acclaim South Africa as the best side of the world on the basis of the performances of some of their players (LeRoux and Proctor best bowling averages, Barry Richards best batting average) in WSC.

Meanwhile, WSC continued to up the stakes for the embattled ACB, optioning a number of young Australians and signing more overseas players: they now had well over 50 cricketers under contract. After organising the tours of New Zealand and the West Indies, WSC began making noises about a tour to England and signing enough players for stand-alone England and Pakistan teams.
[[Image:SCG floodlight, Jan 2006.jpg|thumb|200px|The NSW government paid for the installation of lights at the SCG in time for WSC's second season, 1978–79.]]
A second-tier tour was created for the 1978–79 season, taking the game to provincial centres around Australia and giving back-up players an opportunity to play regularly. This tour covered a 20,000-kilometre route between [[Cairns]] in Queensland to [[Devonport, Tasmania|Devonport]] in Tasmania. WSC created the "[[World Series Cricket Cavaliers XI|Cavaliers]]" for this secondary tour, a similar concept to the "[[International Cavaliers]]" teams of the 1960s in England. The team captained by [[Eddie Barlow]] was made of recently retired cricketers, such as [[Rohan Kanhai]], [[David Holford]] and [[Ian Redpath]] and occasionally young Australians such as [[Trevor Chappell]]. It also starred a great innings at [[Maitland, New South Wales]], by a then unheard of [[Kepler Wessels]] of 92 not out for the Cavaliers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/world-series-cricket-cavaliers-country-tour-1978-79-322831/wsc-australia-vs-wsc-cavaliers-322865/full-scorecard |title=Result: Maitland, December 17, 1978, World Series Cricket Cavaliers Country Tour |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=30 December 2023 }}</ref> These matches brought cricket to venues that rarely saw big games.

Packer demonstrated his political clout by getting New South Wales premier [[Neville Wran]] to overturn the ban on WSC and allow matches to be played at the traditional home of the game, the [[Sydney Cricket Ground]] (SCG). To boot, Wran had his government foot the bill to install floodlights at the SCG good enough to be used in WSC matches. WSC also gained access to Brisbane's Test ground, [[Brisbane Cricket Ground]], and were offered use of the [[Adelaide Oval]], which was rejected. Perth and Adelaide were dropped from the itinerary. A strategy of focusing on audiences in Melbourne and Sydney was now in place.

==Second season: 1978–79==
The war swung dramatically in Packer's favour on 28 November 1978 when the first day-night match on a traditional cricket ground was played at the SCG between the WSC Australian and West Indian teams. A near-capacity crowd of 44,374 turned out to watch the [[Limited overs cricket|limited overs contest]], serving a warning to the ACB.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19781129.2.60 |title=Big crowd at night cricket |work=[[The Press]] |date=29 November 1978 |page=6 }}</ref> A few days later, the official Australian team was humbled in the first Test against England at Brisbane, a precursor to a [[English cricket team in Australia in 1978–79|5–1 thrashing]] for a side now captained by the unprepared [[Graham Yallop]]. Even Yallop felt himself unsuited to the position, and his team was unable to compete with an experienced, and a more professional England side. Although the Englishmen merely defeated the opposition presented, they further damaged the ACB's cause by playing slow, grinding cricket. Consequently, attendances were poor and the media clamoured for the Australian team to return to full strength.

On the other hand, WSC, with its aggressive marketing, nighttime play, and a plethora of one-day matches, had increased both attendances and television ratings. The targeted audience of women and children flocked to WSC, and the playing standard remained high.

The Supertest final at the SCG between Australia XI and Rest Of The World XI, played under lights, drew almost 40,000 spectators over three days. The sixth Australia-England Test at the same venue a week later was attended by just 22,000 people for four days of play. Later in the season, the ACB scheduled [[Pakistani cricket team in Australia in 1978–79|two Tests]] against [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]], which brought the number of Tests played by Australia to eight. This overkill further damaged the ACB's finances. The Pakistanis played their WSC men in what turned out to be an ill-tempered series.<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152195.html ''Wisden 1980''.] Accessed 10 August 2007.</ref>

WSC then headed to the [[WSC Tour of West Indies|Caribbean]] for a tense, hard-fought series that players from both Australia and West Indies declared the best they ever played in.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} A riot marred the [[Bourda|Guyana]] Supertest,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Martins |first1=Dave |title=Cricket riot at Bourda |url=https://www.stabroeknews.com/2016/01/24/features/cricket-riot-bourda/ |website=stabroeknews.com |date=24 January 2016 |access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref> but the five Supertests and 12 one-day matches went some way toward reducing the debts of the West Indies board. The last cricket action of WSC occurred on 10 April 1979, the final day of a drawn Supertest at [[Antigua Recreation Ground|Antigua]]. The West Indies and Australia finished the series 1–1.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/wsc-australia-tour-of-west-indies-1978-79-322679/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=WSC Australia tour of West Indies 1978/79 - Fixtures and Results |website=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=30 December 2023 }}</ref>

==The rapprochement==
By 1979, the ACB was in desperate financial straits and faced the prospect of fighting an opponent who had seemingly endless cash resources. In two seasons, the combined losses of the two biggest cricket associations, [[New South Wales Cricket Association|New South Wales]] and [[Cricket Victoria|Victoria]], totalled more than half a million dollars. [[Kerry Packer]] was also feeling the financial pinch – many years later, WSC insiders claimed that the losses he incurred were very much higher than the amounts quoted at the time. During March of that year, Packer instigated a series of meetings with then chairman of the ACB board, Bob Parish, which hammered out an agreement on the future of Australian cricket.

When Parish announced the truce on 30 May 1979, a surprise was in store for followers of the game. Not only had [[Nine Network|Channel Nine]] won the exclusive rights to telecast Australian cricket, it was granted a ten-year contract to promote and market the game through a new company, PBL Marketing. The ACB capitulation infuriated the English authorities and the ICC as they had provided much in the way of financial and moral support to the ACB, which now appeared to have sold out to Packer. According to the 1980 issue of ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'':<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152175.html ''Wisden 1980''.] Accessed 28 July 2007.</ref>
<blockquote>The feeling in many quarters was that when the Australian Board first found Packer at their throats, the rest of the cricket world supported them to the hilt; even to the extent of highly expensive court cases which cricket could ill afford. Now, when it suited Australia, they had brushed their friends aside to meet their own ends.
</blockquote>
The WSC Australian players (on tour in West Indies at the time) had no input into the negotiations. This left some disillusioned and apprehensive that they would suffer discrimination from the ACB in the coming years. The ACB opted to not select WSC-contracted players for the tours of England (for the [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979 World Cup]]) and [[India]] (for [[Australian cricket team in India in 1979-80|six Tests]]) later in the year. Both tours produced sub-standard Australian performances, and both were led by [[Kim Hughes]].<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/5724.html Cricinfo.com.] Accessed 10 August 2007.</ref>

For the 1979–80 season, [[Greg Chappell]] was restored as Australian captain and the team contained an even mixture of WSC and non-WSC players.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/CHP19791120.2.182 |title=Greg Chappell returns to the cricket fold as Australian captain |work=[[The Press]] |date=20 November 1979 |page=32 }}</ref> The season's schedule was similar to the WSC format. England and West Indies toured, playing three Tests each against Australia, with a triangular one-day tournament (the [[Australian Tri-Series|World Series Cup]]) interspersed among the Tests. Australia's results were mixed: in the Test matches, they defeated England 3–0 (having lost 5–1 to the same opponents the previous summer) but lost 0–2 to West Indies, and they failed to make the final of the one-day tournament. The format of the season received heavy criticism,<ref>[http://content-aus.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/69697.html ''Wisden 1981'']. Retrieved 18 August 2007.</ref> but still made a healthy profit, much of which went to PBL rather than the ACB.

==Legacy==
{{More citations needed section|date=June 2019}}
World Series Cricket changed the game in many ways. Due to the punishing schedule, cricketers had to be fitter than ever before.

Night matches have become very common, in all forms of the game, with the recent innovation of the [[Day-night test]] proving popular. Players became full-time professionals, and at least in the larger cricketing nations are very well-paid, mainly through television rights; broadcasters now have a huge say in the running of the game. With the advent of [[Twenty20]] cricket, players can now play in many domestic leagues around the world and attract high salaries, partly due to broadcast rights. The [[Indian Premier League]] only trails the [[National Football League|NFL]] in terms of per-match value of broadcast rights, sitting at USD 15.1 million per match, for a deal worth USD 6 billion running from 2023-27.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lavalette |first=Tristan |title=Indian Premier League's Jaw-Dropping $6 Billion Broadcast Deal Will Have Major Ramifications In Cricket |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tristanlavalette/2022/06/14/the-indian-premier-leagues-jaw-dropping-6-billion-broadcast-deal-will-have-major-ramifications-in-cricket/ |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

[[Image:Wsc marketing.jpg|right|200px|thumb|Examples of World Series Cricket marketing. The popular "[[C'mon Aussie C'mon]]" single and a World Series Cricket autograph book]]

However, the traditional form of the game, [[first-class cricket]] and [[Test cricket|Test matches]], is still played around the world, and in recent{{when|date=October 2021}} seasons has challenged one-day cricket for the interest of the public. Indeed, membership of a Test Cricket side is often seen as being more prestigious for players, due both to the more challenging nature of the format and to the higher turnover rate of one-day players.{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} [[Kerry Packer]] described his involvement in World Series Cricket as "half-philanthropic".

Marketing was a major tool for World Series Cricket, and revolutionised the way cricket in Australia was marketed, with the catchy "[[C'mon Aussie C'mon]]" theme song, the simple logo, the coloured clothing worn by the players, and a range of merchandise. All of these techniques pioneered by World Series Cricket have become a staple of the way the game is now marketed in Australia.

In the Australian team, there was a division between the players who stayed loyal to the official XI and the Packer rebels, especially between players such as [[Dennis Lillee]], [[Rod Marsh]], former WSC players, and [[Kim Hughes]] who stuck with the official side. The division went on into the 1980s. Many of WSC's players fitted back into the official Australian side, though a handful of players from outside WSC remained at the highest level, most notably [[Allan Border]].

The ACB continued to use the name ''"[[Australian Tri-Series|World Series Cup]]"'' to describe the One Day International tournament it held during each summer, usually involving Australia and two other international teams. This format was from WSC's International Cup. The name was used until the mid-1990s.

Coloured dress, protective helmets, [[field restrictions]], and cricket under lights became a standard part of the post-Packer game. Crucially, Packer drove home the lesson that cricket was a marketable game, which could generate huge revenues.

[[Austin Robertson Jr.|Austin Robertson]] when he was promoting his book<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/sport/cricket/austin-robertson-lifts-the-lid-on-kerry-packers-world-series-cricket-in-tell-all-book-cricket-outlaws/news-story/7d63690869260b00b646d8191b173947|title=Lifting the lid on World Series Cricket|access-date=2017-12-23|language=en}}</ref> ''Cricket Outlaws''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cricket Outlaws|last=Robertson|first=Austin|publisher=Pan MacMillan|year=2017|isbn=9781760554712|location=Australia}}</ref> stated how much the directors were paid for World Series Cricket. [[John Cornell]] – $70,000, [[Paul Hogan]] – $20,000 and [[Austin Robertson Jr.|Austin Robertson]] – $10,000.

The [[Nine Network]] continued to hold the rights to Test and international cricket in Australia until 2018, when the rights were given to the [[Seven Network]] and [[Foxtel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cowie |first=Tom |date=2018-04-13 |title=Farewell cricket on Nine, but the spark was lost long ago |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/tv-and-radio/farewell-cricket-on-nine-but-the-spark-was-lost-long-ago-20180413-p4z9dx.html |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> As of late 2022, Nine is again seeking the rights to international cricket,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Report: Nine in late run for Cricket rights {{!}} TV Tonight |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2022/12/report-nine-in-late-run-for-cricket-rights.html |access-date=2022-12-22 |website=TV Tonight |date=22 December 2022 |language=en-AU}}</ref> with Seven suing Cricket Australia over the quality of the [[Big Bash League]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-01 |title=Why Seven is suing Cricket Australia and wants out of its broadcast rights agreement |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-01/seven-suing-cricket-australia-broadcast-rights/101201046 |access-date=2022-12-22}}</ref>

==Players, results and statistics==
{{main|World Series Cricket squads|World Series Cricket results|World Series Cricket player records|List of World Series Cricket international centuries|List of World Series Cricket international five-wicket hauls}}

==Venues==
{{main|List of World Series Cricket venues}}

==See also==
{{portal|Cricket}}
*[[Cricket World Cup]]
*''[[Howzat! Kerry Packer's War]]'' (2012)
*[[South African rebel tours]]
*[[Super League war|Super League War]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Cashman, Richard et al. – editors (1996): ''The Oxford Companion to Australian Cricket'', [[Oxford University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-19-553575-8}}.
*[[Gideon Haigh|Haigh, Gideon]] (1993): ''The Cricket War – the Inside Story of Kerry Packer's World Series Cricket'', [[Canongate Books#Partners and Joint Ventures|Text Publishing]]. {{ISBN|1-86372-027-8}}.
*McFarline, Peter (1977): ''A Game Divided'', [[Hutchinson (publisher)|Hutchinson]] Australia. {{ISBN|0-09-130680-9}}.
*[[Jack Pollard|Pollard, Jack]] (1982): ''Australian Cricket: The Game and the Players'', [[Hodder and Stoughton]].
*[[Golden Press]] (1978): ''Cricket Alive! World Series Cricket, the first exciting year'', Macarthur Press {{ISBN|0-85558-798-9}}. Foreword by [[Richie Benaud]]
*Golden Press (1979): ''Cricket Alight! World Series Cricket, in Australia, New Zealand and the [[West Indies]]'', Macarthur Press {{ISBN|0-85558-608-7}}. Foreword by [[Dennis Lillee]]
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Nicholls-The Establishment Boys }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/World_Series_Cricket_Supertests_1977-78.html WSC Supertests Scorecards 1977–78 – Cricket Archive.]
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1977-78/OTHERS+ICC/PACKER/ World Series Cricket (Packer) in Australia, 1977-78 – ESPNCricinfo.]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/4/World_Series_Cricket_Supertests_1978-79.html WSC Supertests Scorecards 1978–79 – Cricket Archive]
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1970S/1978-79/OTHERS+ICC/PACKER/ World Series Cricket (Packer) in Australia, New Zealand and West Indies, 1978-79 – ESPNCricinfo]
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/38/38678.html WSC Australia v WSC West Indies WSC International Cup 28 November 1978 – Cricket Archive]
* [http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/05/30/1054177727227.html The World Series: gone but not forgotten – Greg Baum – The Age 31 May 2003]

{{World Series Cricket}}
{{International cricket}}

[[Category:World Series Cricket| ]]
[[Category:Defunct cricket competitions]]
[[Category:Nine's Wide World of Sports]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Sports leagues established in 1977]]
[[Category:Cricket controversies]]

Saxifraga rufescens

2026-01-12T03:15:14Z

Joquim: new details

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Saxifragarufescens.jpg
| image_caption = ''Saxifraga rufescens'' at the UC Botanical Garden, Berkeley, California, USA.
| genus = Saxifraga
| species = rufescens
| authority = [[Isaac Bayley Balfour|Balf.f.]]
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Saxifraga rufescens''''' is a [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] plant in the family [[Saxifragaceae]]. It is a perennial and grows primarily in the subalpine or subarctic biome.

== Description ==
In 1916, the ''Saxifraga rufescens'' plant described by Balfour came through the botanical collector [[George Forrest (botanist)|George Forrest]] who noticed it in China. The plant was close to ''[[Saxifraga cortusifolia]]'' but distinct in its "densely red-hairy flower-shoots and the petals flushed with red."

The plants grow between 16 and 40 cm in height with rather long [[rhizome]]s beneath. Its [[Petiole (botany)|petiole]] is between 1.6 and 3.7 cm in length with glandular hairy, base cordate to reniform, or cuneate to truncate. The flowers have five petals and are from white to pink in colour. Usually, their shortest four petals [[lanceolate]]. Its [[stamen]]s are between 4.5 mm and 5.5 mm.<ref name=":0" /> The ovary ovoid is between 1.3 and 2.5 mm. The plant flowers from April to June.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Saxifraga rufescens in Flora of China @ efloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200010383 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.efloras.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Jin-Tang |first1=Pan |author-link1=Pan Jin-Tang |last2=Gornall |first2=Richard |last3=Ohba |first3=Hideaki |author-link3=Hideaki Ohba |date=2001 |title=Saxifraga, Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 398. 1753. |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=129353 |journal=Flora of China |volume=8 |pages=280–344}}</ref>

Taxonomist [[Jin Tang Pan]] described the var. ''uninervata'' in 1991. Pan along with [[Wu Zhengyi|C. Y. Wu]] described the var. ''flabellifolia'' in 1991. Thereby, the three accepted varieties are,
*''Saxifraga rufescens'' var. ''rufescens'' (1916)
*''Saxifraga rufescens'' var. ''flabellifolia'' C. Y. Wu & J. T. Pan (1991)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=C. Y. |author-link1=Wu Zhengyi |last2=Pan |first2=Jin-Tang |date=1991 |title=Saxifraga rufescens var. flabellifolia |journal=Acta Phytotaxonomica Sinica |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=7}}</ref>
*''Saxifraga rufescens'' var. ''uninervata'' J. T. Pan (1991)<ref name=":2" />
Pan and Wu's analysis in 1991 led to identifying var. ''flabellifolia'' as ''S. rufescens.'' Thereby, it changed the separate taxonomy created by French botanist Louis René Marie François Morot in 1894 as ''S. flabellifolia''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Saxifraga rufescens var. flabellifolia C.Y.Wu & J.T.Pan {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:965921-1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> However, some argue that this variety needs a separate taxonomical recognition due to its distinctive leaf shape. Therefore, the name ''S. zhejiangensis'' has also been proposed. The leaf blade is usually cuneate to truncate at base.<ref name=":3" />

In Pan's description of var. ''uninervata,'' compared to var. ''rufescens,'' the leaf blades have a cordate base, and is never cuneate or truncate. The petals have a margin that is not glandular-ciliate; they are only single-veined.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Jin-Tang |date=1991 |title=A Study on the Genus Saxifraga L. from China |url=https://www.jse.ac.cn/EN/Y1991/V29/I1/1 |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=1–24}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat==
The native range of ''S. rufescens'' var. ''rufescens'' is [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]], [[Sichuan]], [[Hubei|west Hubei]], [[Yunnan]] in [[China]] to [[Myanmar]].<ref name=":3" /> It is a perennial and grows primarily in the subalpine or subarctic biome.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saxifraga rufescens Balf.f. {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:794460-1 |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> It grows in forests and its margins, scrubs, alpine meadows, rock crevices, slopes, wetlands at sides of valleys. It is usually found between the altitudes of 600m and 4000m.<ref name=":0" />
[[File:Specimen of Saxifraga rufescens from Psi Shang.jpg|thumb|333x333px|''Saxifraga rufescens'' collected by [[Joseph Rock]] from Psi Shang, in the eastern slopes of [[Lijiang]] snow range]]
Between 1906 and 1910, Botanical collector [[George Forrest (botanist)|George Forrest]] noticed ''S. rufescens'' in China and provided the specimens to Balfour. He had collected them from different parts of [[Yunnan]]. In the eastern part of the Tali range, it was found on moss-covered rocks and river banks in shady pine and mixed forests. In the eastern of the Lichiang range, it was found in similar rocky and shady places in pine and mixed forests. At the Mount Tahai, at the altitude of 2926m, it was found on rocks. The last specimens was provided by [[Édouard-Ernest Maire]]. In all these specimens, the plant ranged from 6-16 inches.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Balfour |first=Bayley |date=1916-01-01 |title=Saxifrages Of The Diptera Section, With Description of New Species |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03746601609468463 |journal=Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=65–75 |doi=10.1080/03746601609468463 |issn=0374-6607}}</ref> The var. ''rufescens'' was later found to be spread from [[Tibet]] to South-Central China and further, to Myanmar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saxifraga rufescens var. rufescens {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77227658-1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024 a research team of Santanu Dey and Moaakum from [[Kohima Science College]], and Hussain A. Barbhuiya from [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] recorded the var. ''rufescens'' for the first time in Nagaland in [[Northeast India]]. Thereby, it expanded the known range of var. ''rufescens.'' It was found thriving in [[Noklak district]]'s Khelia King mountain range at an elevation of 2265m above sea level. The plants were thriving on moss-covered rocks within the range's temperate broad-leaved evergreen forest. There were two distinct populations of 15-20 individual plants on surrounding mountain slopes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zhimo |first=Veroli |date=8 April 2025 |title=Rare plant species discovered in Nagaland, a first for India |url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/rare-plant-species-discovered-in-nagaland-a-first-for-india |access-date=28 May 2025 |work=Eastern Mirror}}</ref> In Noklak, where var. ''rufescens'' was found the forest is dominated by ''[[Rhododendron arboreum]]'', ''[[Quercus]]'', and ''[[Lithocarpus pachyphyllus]]'', along with ''[[Strobilanthes atropurpureus]]'', ''[[Corydalis]]'', ''[[Impatiens stenantha]]'', ''[[Thalictrum reniforme]]'', and ''[[Sedum]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dey |first1=Santanu |last2=Barbhuiya |first2=Hussain A. |last3=Khiamniungan |first3=Thangsoi M. |last4=Moaakum |last5=Jing |first5=Imtilila |title=Saxifraga rufescens var. rufescens (Saxifragaceae): A New Addition to the Flora of India |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/fedr.70007 |journal=Feddes Repertorium |date=2025 |article-number=fedr.70007 |language=en |volume=n/a |issue=n/a |doi=10.1002/fedr.70007 |issn=1522-239X|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The native range of var. ''flabellifolia'' is the northeast region of Sichuan and western region of Yunnan provinces.<ref name=":1" /> It is found in forests, wetlands on the sides of valleys and rock crevices at an altitude of 600m to 2100m.<ref name=":3" />

The native range of var. ''uninervata'' is South-Central Sichuan in China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saxifraga rufescens var. uninervata J.T.Pan {{!}} Plants of the World Online {{!}} Kew Science |url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:965206-1 |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=Plants of the World Online |language=en}}</ref> It is found around 2400m.<ref name=":3" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15250430}}

[[Category:Saxifraga|rufescens]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1916]]

Kere Basadi

2026-01-07T00:02:03Z

Joquim: New

{{Short description|Jain temple in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| image = File:Kere Basadi - Varanga.jpg
| alt = Kere Basadi
| caption = Kere Basadi
| map_type =
| map_alt = Kere Basadi
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Karanata
| coordinates = {{coord|13|23|46.53|N|75|0|30.14|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Varanga]], [[Udupi district|Udupi]], [[Karnataka]]
| festivals = Rathotsava, [[Mahavir Jayanti]]
| deity = [[Parshvanath]]
| established = 12th century
| creator = Varanga Raya
| governing_body = Karkala Jain Mutt
| temple_quantity =
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Kere Basadi''' (meaning: Lake temple) or '''Chaturmukha Basadi''' is a [[Jain temple]] located in [[Varanga]] village in [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. This 12th-century temple is situated amidst of a lake giving it the name Kere Basadi (lake temple).{{efn|{{INRConvert|9.13|c|0}} for developing the Udupi includes Jain basadis in Varanga.{{sfn|Prabhu|2017}} }} The temple is also known Chaturmukha Basadi as it houses a chaturmukha (four-faced) idol of [[tirthankara]]s. The temple is situated 26 km from [[Karkala]], another popular Jain centre.

== History ==
The temple dates back to 850 years back.{{sfn|Prabhu|2017}} The ''Sripurana'', found [[Jain matha]] at Varanga,{{Sfn|Kachru|Kachru|Sridhar|2008|p=5}} is one of the famous 8th century work by [[Tamil Jain|Jain tamils]].{{Sfn|Umamaheshwari|2018|p=126}} The Jain Matha is an offshoot of the [[Humcha]] Jain Matha. This matha is said to have been a segment of Mula Kundakundanvaya Kranurgana's Mesha Pashana [[Gaccha]].{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}} According to an inscription found in Neminath Basadi, dating back to 1424 CE, King [[Deva Raya II]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] visited the temple and granted land for operation.{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}} The inscription also mentions a Jain Matha existence before installation of the inscription.{{Sfn|Sewell|1884|p=270}} The matha is estimated to date back to {{circa|8th–9th-century CE}}. There is an inscription dating 1515 CE and 1522 CE mentioning of grants sanctioned by a Jain businessman and ''Chenna Bhairava'' respectively.{{sfn|Sewell|1882|p=232}}

== About temple ==
Kere Basadi is a 12th-century temple, considered to be unique for being situated in the middle of a lake.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=42}}{{sfn|Goel|1983|p=1}} The mulnayak of the temple is [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd Tirthankara. The temple is built in ''chaturmukha style'', having four entrance{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=43}} and a ''chaturmukha'' idol with images of Parshvanatha, [[Neminatha]], [[Shantinatha]], and [[Anantanatha]] representing the four cardinal direction.{{sfn|Mallick|Ganapathy|2019}} The temple also houses an idol of [[Padmavati (Jainism)|Padmavati]].{{sfn|Kumari|2023}}{{sfn|Vyjay|2021}} According to beliefs, performing [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] (praying) here brings prosperity. There is also a ritual for people to visit the shrine before marriage. As per popular belief, the falling of flower from the right side of the idol is a blessing.{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}} One has to take a boat to reach the temple. [[Anekere]] village of [[Hassan district]] has a replica of this shrine erected in the 15th century.{{fact|date=December 2022}}

=== Other temples ===
'''Neminatha Basadi''' is a stone temple built in 9th century. The shrine is {{convert|70|x|70|ft|m}} in dimensions with a [[thatched roof]]. The temple has an ornate [[torana]] housing an image of seated tirthankar.{{Sfn|Titze|Bruhn|1998|p=44}} The temple houses an 5 feet black-colored idol of Neminatha in [[padmasan]] posture{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}} as the mulnayak deity of the temple.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=169}} Temple also houses a bronze idol of [[Mahavira]], [[Ambika (Jainism)|Ambika]], and Padmavati. A small shrine dedicated to [[Kshetrapala]] exists in the temple premises. The shrine features a 45 feet tall monolithic [[manastambha]] built in the 12th century.{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}}{{sfn|Jain|2019}}

The Kathale Basadi, Mathada Basadi, and Chandranath Basadi are other important temples in the region dating back 1,000 years.{{sfn|Shah|1987|p=144}}{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}}{{sfn|Prabhu|2017}}{{sfn|Padaki|2014}}

== In popular culture ==
The temple was featured in [[Mugulu Nage]] song ''Kere Yeri''.

== Festivals ==
The rathotsava (chariot festival) is the primary festival of this temple, and a five-day event is organized annually in February. [[Buta Kola]] is organised to celebrate [[Navaratri]], [[Dusshera]], [[Diwali]]. On [[Vijayadashami]], [[Ratha Yatra]] with an idol of Padmavathi Devi is organized to commemorate the procession of King Deva Raya II during Vijayadashami.{{sfn|D'Souza|2010}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Anekere lake (cropped).jpg|Replica of Kere Basadi at [[Anekere]] built in 16th century
File:Water color painting,Kere basadi, Varanga.jpg|Watercolor Painting of Kere Basadi, Varanga.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{commons category}}
* [[Karkala]]
* [[Shravanabelagola]]
* [[Jainism in Karnataka]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citation ===
{{reflist|23em}}

=== Sources ===
==== Book ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | editor-last=Goel | editor-first=J. P. | title=Akashvani | volume=6 |url={{Google books|KDAHEAAAQBAJ|page=1|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[All India Radio]] | year=1983 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Kachru |first1=Braj B. | author1-link=Braj Kachru | last2=Kachru | first2=Yamuna | author2-link=Yamuna Kachru | last3=Sridhar | first3=S. N. |title=Language in South Asia |url={{Google books|O2n4sFGDEMYC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=2008 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9781139465502 }}
* {{cite book | last=Sewell | first=Robert | author-link=Robert Sewell (historian) | title=New Imperial Series | volume=7 |publisher=E. Keys at the Government Press | location=Madras | date=1882 | url={{Google books|W5YXtbHisaUC|page=232|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} }}
* {{cite book |last=Sewell |first=Robert | author-link=Robert Sewell (historian) |title=Lists of Inscriptions, and Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India | volume=2 | series=Archaeological Survey of Southern India | url={{Google books|S8wOAAAAQAAJ|page=270|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=1884 |publisher=E. Keys at the Government Press | location=Madras }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Umakant Premanand | author-link=Umakant Premanand Shah |title=Jaina-rūpa-maṇḍana: Jaina iconography |url={{Google books|m_y_P4duSXsC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |date=1987 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-208-6 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Titze |first1=Kurt | last2=Bruhn | first2=Klaus |title=Jainism: A Pictorial Guide to the Religion of Non-Violence |url={{Google books|loQkEIf8z5wC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |edition=2 |date=1998 |isbn=978-81-208-1534-6 }}
* {{cite book | last=Umamaheshwari | first=R. | title=Reading History with the Tamil Jainas: A Study on Identity, Memory and Marginalisation | volume=22 | series=Sophia Studies in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Traditions and Cultures | url={{Google books|TRxJDwAAQBAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} | publisher=[[Springer Publishing]] | date=2018 | isbn=9788132237563 }}
{{refend}}

==== Web ====
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news | last1=Mallick | first1=Anurag| last2=Ganapathy | first2=Priya | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/supplements/travel/it-s-a-whole-new-world-752144.html | title=It's a whole new world | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=2019-08-06 | access-date=2020-03-07 }}
* {{cite news | last=Prabhu | first=Ganesh | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/lesser-known-tourist-spots-of-udupi-in-focus/article19894386.ece | title=Lesser-known tourist spots of Udupi in focus | date=2017-10-21 | access-date=2020-03-07 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}
* {{cite news | last=Padaki | first=Arun | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/415471/a-mid-lake-spiritual-wonder.html | title=A mid-lake spiritual wonder | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=2014-06-23 | access-date=2020-03-07 }}
* {{cite news | last=D'Souza | first=Sandhya | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/101144/basadis-testimony-rich-jain-culture.html | title=Basadis are testimony to rich | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=2010-01-10 | access-date=2020-05-09 }}
* {{cite news | last=Jain | first=Ashwani | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/altruism-speaks-grand-719933.html | title=Altruism speaks from the grand pavilions | newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=2019-02-24 | access-date=2020-12-18 }}
* {{cite news | last=Vyjay | first=Sandy | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/takeaway/udupi-unplugged/article34555369.ece | title=Udupi unplugged | date=14 May 2021 | access-date=15 May 2021 | newspaper=[[Business Line]] }}
* {{cite news | last=Kumari | first=Rupa | url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/discover-india-floating-temple-karnataka | title=Discover India: The Floating Temple of Karnataka | date=11 December 2023 | access-date=12 December 2023 | newspaper=[[DD News]] | publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]] }}
{{refend}}

{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:12th-century Jain temples]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Udupi district]]

Manoharkirtisagarsuri

2026-01-06T09:49:15Z

Joquim:

{{Short description|Śvetāmbara Jain Acharya (born 1928)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}

[[File:Tapagacchadipati.png|thumb|Acharya Manohar Kirti Sagar Suri]]

{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific_prefix = Tapa Gacchādhipati Acharya
| religion = Jainism
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| subsect = [[Tapa Gaccha]]
| birth_date = 1928
| birth_place = Bardoli, Gujarat, British India
| title = Jain Acharya
| known_for = Monastic leadership, religious teaching, lineage leadership
}}

{{Jainism}}

'''Tapa Gacchādhipati Acharya Manohar Kirti Sagar Suri''' (Gujarati: ''આચાર્યશ્રી મનહરકીર્તિસાગરસૂરીશ્વરજી''; born 1928) is a Śvetāmbara Jain monk of the [[Tapa Gaccha]] and an ''ācārya'' (monastic leader).<ref name="SBP2_139_140">{{cite book |title=Shasana Prabhavaka Shraman Bhagwanto – Part 2 |language=gu |pages=139–140 |url=https://jainqq.org/pagetext/Shasana_Prabhavaka_Shraman_Bhagwanto_Part_2/004597/140 |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> He is listed among senior ascetics of the Buddhi Sagar lineage (samudāy) in an institutional directory published in ''Jain Digest'' (2011).<ref name="JainDigest2011p47">{{cite book |title=Jain Digest |date=May 2011 |page=47 |publisher=Federation of Jain Associations in North America (JAINA) |url=https://jainqq.org/booktext/Jain_Digest_2011_04/527119 |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> Indian news reporting has referred to him with the honorific ''Tapāgacchādhipati'' in connection with public religious events in Gujarat.<ref name="TOI2020SilverBricks">{{cite news |title=Ahmedabad: Silver bricks to adorn Ram Temple |work=The Times of India |date=4 August 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/silver-bricks-to-adorn-ram-temple/articleshow/77338593.cms |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> As of 2026, community sources describe him as being 98 years of age, based on the Vikram Samvat birth date recorded in Jain biographical literature.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" />

== Historical background ==
Within Śvetāmbara Jainism, the Mūrtipūjaka tradition represents the principal temple-based stream and is organised through lineage-based monastic orders (''gacchas'').<ref name="JainpediaMurtiPujaka">{{cite web |title=Śvetāmbara Mūrti-pūjaka |website=Jainpedia |url=https://jainpedia.org/themes/principles/sects/svetambara-murti-pujaka/ |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> A ''gaccha'' denotes a renunciant lineage grouping monks and their associated lay communities.<ref name="BritannicaGaccha">{{cite web |title=Gaccha |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |date=3 December 2025 |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/gaccha |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref> The Tapā Gaccha has been described in academic literature as a historically influential Śvetāmbara monastic order, characterised by multiple parallel lineages rather than centralised authority.<ref name="DundasRoutledgeTapaLeading">{{cite web |title=History, Scripture and Controversy in a Medieval Jain Sect |author=Paul Dundas |website=Routledge |url=https://www.routledge.com/History-Scripture-and-Controversy-in-a-Medieval-Jain-Sect/Dundas/p/book/9780415502153 |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

== Early life ==
According to a Gujarati biographical account, Manohar Kirti Sagar Suri was born in Bardoli. His father was named Naginadas and his mother Kamalaben. His birth is recorded as Bhādrapada Śukla 1 of Vikram Samvat 1984, corresponding to 1928 CE. He received his primary education in Bardoli.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" />

== Monastic initiation ==
The same source states that he accepted Jain monastic initiation (''dīkṣā'') at the age of 21 on Kārtika Vad 1 of Vikram Samvat 2005 in Mumbai.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" /> The initiating guru is not specified in the cited biographical account.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" />

== Education and training ==
Following initiation, the biographical sketch describes sustained engagement in ''svādhyāya'' (scriptural study). He undertook advanced study of Sanskrit and Prakrit and developed an interest in writing and teaching. The source notes his efforts to present philosophical material in simplified language and records his emergence as a preacher known for a clear and accessible style of discourse.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" />

== Ascension to Acharyaship ==
According to the Gujarati biographical account, he was conferred the rank of ''gaṇi–paṇyās'' on Māgha Vad 5 of Vikram Samvat 2026 at Old Deesa. He was later elevated to the rank of ''ācārya'' on Māgha Śukla 5 of Vikram Samvat 2031 at Ahmedabad–Sabarmati, following recognition of his suitability within his monastic lineage.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" /> His status as an ''ācārya'' within the Buddhi Sagar lineage is corroborated by the 2011 ''Jain Digest'' directory.<ref name="JainDigest2011p47" />

== Monastic career ==
The biographical sketch records that, after long-standing requests from the Bardoli Jain community, he observed ''chāturmāsa'' in his birthplace for the first time 36 years after initiation. The account notes wide participation by local residents in associated religious observances.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" /> In wider public reporting, he has been mentioned in connection with community events in Ahmedabad; a 2020 ''Times of India'' report described him as ''Tapāgacchādhipati'' at a public religious ceremony attended by multiple Jain acharyas.<ref name="TOI2020SilverBricks" /> A Government of Gujarat Chief Minister’s Office release concerning an Anjan Śalākā–Pratiṣṭhā Mahotsav at Rancharda (Gandhinagar district) in December 2024 listed him among the Jain acharyas present, also using the title ''Tapāgacchādhipati''.<ref name="CMOGujarat2024Rancharda">{{cite web |title=CM Bhupendra Patel at Anjan Shalaka-Pratishtha in Rancharda |website=Chief Minister’s Office, Government of Gujarat |date=6 December 2024 |url=https://cmogujarat.gov.in/en/latest-news/cm-anjan-shalaka-pratishtha-rancharda |access-date=5 January 2026}}</ref>

== Works and intellectual contributions ==
The cited biographical pages attribute to him continuous engagement in reading, writing, and teaching throughout his monastic life. While specific published works are not enumerated in the source, it records sustained activity in religious instruction and exposition.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" />

== Disciples and lineage ==
The Gujarati biographical account lists members of his disciple and grand-disciple circle, including Paṇyās Sudarshan Kirti Sagar Ji, monks Anant Kirti Sagar Ji, Shanti Sagar Ji, and Uday Kirti Sagar Ji, as well as additional monks named Vidyit Sagar Ji, Vidyoday Kirti Sagar Ji, as transcribed in the source text.<ref name="SBP2_139_140" /> The ''Jain Digest'' (2011) listing situates him within the Buddhi Sagar samudāy alongside other contemporary acharyas, indicating a recognised lineage context rather than solitary leadership.<ref name="JainDigest2011p47" />

== See also ==
* [[Śvetāmbara]]
* [[Tapa Gaccha]]
* [[Jain Acharya]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:20th-century Jain monks]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1928 births]]

Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express

2025-12-07T03:13:18Z

Joquim:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2012|07|29}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Santragachi}} (SRC)
| stops = 19
| end = {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} (AII)
| distance = {{convert|1986|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 39 Hrs 55 Mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB Coaches]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18009 / 18010
| speed = {{convert|50|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18009 / 18010 '''Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18009/18010 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1765&did=1498817568919688E8E059A52D108052957491E948D8F.web91 SER TRAIN SERVICES DISRUPTED DUE TO RAIL ROKO]</ref><ref>[http://www.avenuemail.in/jamshedpur/cm-raghubar-das-to-flag-off-tata-jaipur-direct-train-for-fagun-mela-on-march-15/89561/ "CM Raghubar Das to flag off Tata-Jaipur direct train for Fagun Mela on March 15"]</ref><ref>[http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,423&dcd=1179&did=1455618384801EBA7853E0339AAE982754151759C844D.web91 PERMANENT AUGMENTATION OF SER TRAINS FOR MORE ACCOMMODATION]</ref>

==Service==

* 18009 Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express has an average speed of 50 km/h and covers 1986 km in 39h 55m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Jyoti |title=18009/Santragachi - Ajmer Weekly Express - Santragachi to Ajmer SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-santragachi-ajmer-weekly-express-18009/18385/1724/280 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>
* 18010 Ajmer–Santragachi Weekly Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1986 km in 39h 00m.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Jyoti |title=18010/Ajmer - Santragachi Weekly Express - Ajmer to Santragachi SER/South Eastern Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-ajmer-santragachi-weekly-express-18010/18386/280/1724 |access-date=2022-08-01 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref>

== Route and halts ==

* '''{{stnlnk|Santragachi Junction}}'''
* {{stnlnk|Kharagpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Tatanagar Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barkakana Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barwadih Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Daltonganj}}
* {{stnlnk|Chopan}}
* {{stnlnk|Singrauli}}
* {{stnlnk|Katni Murwara Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Saugor}}
* {{stnlnk|Guna Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chanderiya}}
* {{stnlnk|Bhilwara}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}'''

==Coach composition==

The train has Modern LHB rakes with a maximum speed of 130 km/h. The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 2 AC II Tier
* 6 AC III Tier
* 10 Sleeper Coaches
* 2 General Unreserved
* 2 End on Generation (EOG) Coaches

== Traction==

Both trains are hauled by a {{stnlnk|Santragachi}}-based [[WAP-4]] locomotive from end to end.

==Rake sharing==

The train shares its rake with,
* 22829/22830 [[Shalimar–Bhuj Weekly Superfast Express]]
* 22825/22826 [[Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly SF Express]]
* 22851/22852 [[Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express]].

==Direction reversal==

The train reverses its direction 3 times at:

* {{stnlnk|Chopan}}
* {{stnlnk|Kota Junction}}
* [[Chanderiya railway station|Chanderiya]].

== See also ==

* [[Ajmer Junction railway station]]
* [[Santragachi Junction railway station]]
* [[Shalimar–Chennai Central Weekly SF Express]]
* [[Shalimar–Bhuj Weekly Superfast Express]]
* [[Santragachi–Mangalore Central Vivek Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18385 18009/Santragachi–Ajmer Weekly Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/18386 18010/Ajmer–Santragachi Weekly Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Western India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santragachi-Ajmer Weekly Express}}
[[Category:Rail transport in Howrah]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Transport in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

BEE Star Label

2025-11-03T06:22:08Z

Joquim: added a data added tags...

{{Short description|Indian government program}}
{{Infobox company
| name = BEE Star Label
| logo = BEE Star Rating Label Big.jpg
| logo_size = 350 px
| logo_caption = The BEE Star Label can be found on electrical appliances sold in India
| founded = {{Start date and age|2006|5|01}}
| area_served = [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.beestarlabel.com/}}
}}

'''BEE Star Label''' is a program run by the Indian government's [[Bureau of Energy Efficiency]] under Ministry of Power that promotes [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]]. The program provides information on the energy consumption of products and devices using different standardized methods. The program for rating electrical appliances started in May, 2006. The labeling program now covers a wide range of electrical appliances like Air Conditioner, Ceiling Fan, Colour Television, Computer, Refrigerator & Freezers, Distribution Transformer, Domestic Gas Stove, Industrial Motor, Pump, Water Heater, Washing Machine, Ballast, Solid State Inverter, Office Automation Products, Diesel Generator Set, LED Lamps, Microwave Oven and Air Compressors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Standards & Labeling Program|url=https://www.beestarlabel.com/Home/ViewMoreAbout|access-date=2021-03-05|website=www.beestarlabel.com}}</ref>

== Methodology ==
The process for determining star ratings differs between various categories. For instance, the BEE had announced in 2016 that it would be switching to ISEER (Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) to calculate star ratings for air conditioners. This is an evolution of the SEER method used in the US. ISEER allows manufacturers to make more efficient air conditioners for the Indian climate conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IST|first=Pranay Parab {{!}} Updated: 30 October 2019 10:53|title=All You Need to Know About BEE Star Labels Before Your Next Purchase|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/smart-home/guide/bee-star-labels-india-explained-how-rated-ac-geyser-fan-tv-2122727|access-date=2021-03-05|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=30 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
== See also ==

* [[Energy Star]]
* [[European Union energy label]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Product certification]]
[[Category:Environmental certification marks]]
[[Category:2006 introductions]]
[[Category:Energy conservation in India]]

{{energy-stub}}
{{india-gov-stub}}

Neelakanta (director)

2025-10-08T05:16:15Z

Joquim: improved intro per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Neelakanta
| image = Neelakanta in Cinivaram.jpg
| caption = Neelakanta in 2018
| birth_name = G. Neelakanta Reddy<ref name="idlebrain interview" />
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kadapa]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = Loyola College, Vijayawada
| occupation = Director, Screen Writer
| spouse =
}}

'''Neelakanta''' is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works predominantly in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] films director. He has received the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|National Award]] in the screenwriting for the feature ''[[Show (film)|Show]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awards of Neelakanta|url=http://www.cineradham.com/biographies/directors/neelakanta/awards.html|publisher=Cine Radham|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302032946/http://www.cineradham.com/biographies/directors/neelakanta/awards.html|archive-date=2 March 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He won two [[National Film Awards]] and three [[Nandi Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020 | language=Telugu}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Neelakanta is a native of [[Kadapa]], Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="idlebrain interview">{{cite web|title=Interview with Neelakanta|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/neelakanta.html|publisher=Idle Brain}}</ref> He studied at Loyola Public School and [[Andhra Loyola College|Loyola College]] in Vijayawada. Since his school days, Neelakanta has had a deep love for film direction and film making which is what drove him to [[Chennai]] after his graduation.

==Career==
Neelakanta always wanted to make films which eloquently depicted the psychological study of characters for the off-beat<ref>{{cite web|title=Directors show all the way|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-missamma.html|publisher=Idle brain}}</ref> his passion materialised with [[Show (film)|Show]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Review|url=http://movies.fullhyderabad.com/show/telugu/show-movie-reviews-926-2.html|publisher=Fully hyderabad}}</ref> followed by ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]''. He received two national awards, one for Best Screenplay and the other for the Best Feature Film in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] for ''Show'' while state [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] in the screenplay department for the latter.

He then made ''[[Sadaa Mee Sevalo|Sada Mee Sevalo]]'', with [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Venu Thottempudi]] in lead roles,<ref>{{cite web|title=Sada mee sevalo is a dud|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/sada/20050328.htm|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> and later made a psychological thriller, ''[[Nandanavanam 120km]]''. Both these films did not do well at the box office. Despite its commercial failure, ''Nanadanavanam'' got him huge critical acclaim.<ref>{{cite web|title=120 km away from routine flicks|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/reviews/nandanavanam.htm|publisher=cinegoer}}</ref> These were followed by ''[[Mr. Medhavi|Mr.Medhavi]]''. with [[Genelia]] and [[Raja Abel|Raja]] in the lead roles. This film, produced by [[RamaRao Bodduluri]], proved to be an above-average grosser. He also wrote dialogues for a Telugu remake of the [[Hindi]] hit ''[[A Wednesday!]]'', entitled ''[[Eeenadu]]''. In 2011, Neelakanta directed ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]'', featuring [[Meka Srikanth]] and [[Kamalinee Mukherjee]]. Neelakanta secured the [[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer|best dialogue writer award]] in the year 2011 for this film. In 2013 he directed ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'', which gathered bad reviews for both the director and the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=writer sleeping under tree|url=http://english.tupaki.com/enews/view/Neelakantas-Writer-Sleeping-Under-Tree--/18443|publisher=tupaki}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Nothing flashy about this|date=15 February 2013 |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/review-chammak-challo-nothing-flashy-about-this.html|publisher=123 telugu}}</ref>

In 2018, he directed the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] film ''[[Zam Zam (film)|Zam Zam]]'' starring [[Manjima Mohan]]. The film is an official remake of the Hindi film [[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]].

==Filmography==
*''Note: All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Notes
|-
| 1994
| ''[[Priyanka (1994 film)|Priyanka]]''
|Tamil film; Remake of Hindi film ''[[Damini – Lightning]]''
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Show (film)|Show]]''
| Winner - two [[National Film Awards]]
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]''
| Winner - Four [[Nandi Awards]]
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Sadaa Mee Sevalo]]''
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Nandanavanam 120km]]''
|
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mr. Medhavi]]''
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]''
| Screened at [[International Film Festival of India]] – 2011
 Winner - Two [[Nandi Awards]] 2011
 Screened at [[Melbourne International Film Festival]]-2011<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFM neglected Telugu films|url=http://sirienterprises.net/?news_type=why-telugu-films-are-neglected-in-iffm|publisher=sisi enterprises|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221080018/http://sirienterprises.net/?news_type=why-telugu-films-are-neglected-in-iffm|archive-date=21 February 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]''
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Maaya (2014 film)|Maaya]]''<ref>{{cite web| title = For 'Maaya', Harshvardhan Rane follows caveman's diet| publisher = CNN-IBN| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/for-maaya-harshvardhan-rane-follows-cavemans-diet/445975-71-216.html| date = 17 January 2014| access-date = 25 May 2014| archive-date = 25 May 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140525213532/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/for-maaya-harshvardhan-rane-follows-cavemans-diet/445975-71-216.html| url-status = dead}}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite web|title=Maaya is Neelakanta's new film|url=http://www.action2cut.com/news/maaya-director-neelakanta-new-film-movies-list/|publisher=action cut|access-date=3 March 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140303211455/http://www.action2cut.com/news/maaya-director-neelakanta-new-film-movies-list/|archive-date=3 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Circle (2023 film)|Circle]]''
|
|-
|{{TBA}}||''[[Zam Zam (film)|Zam Zam]]''||Malayalam film; Remake of Hindi film ''[[Queen (2014 film)|Queen]]''
|-
|}

;As dialogue writer
* ''[[Eeenadu|Eenadu]]'' (2009)

==Awards==
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] – 2002 – ''Show''
*[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay]] – 2002 – ''Show''

;[[Nandi Awards]]
*[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]] – ''[[Show (film)|Show]]'' (2001)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Screenplay Writer]] – ''[[Missamma (2003 film)|Missamma]]'' (2003)
*[[Nandi Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] – ''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]'' (2011)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1252615}}

{{Neelakanta (director)}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neelakanta}}
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu screenwriters]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]

Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji

2025-10-03T09:28:29Z

Joquim: adding the pg more to come - done

{{short description|Price controls and related reforms in Alauddin Khalji's empire}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
In the early 14th century, the [[Delhi Sultanate]] ruler [[Alauddin Khalji]] (reigned 1296–1316) instituted [[price controls]] and related reforms in his empire. He fixed the prices for a wide range of goods, including grains, cloth, slaves and animals. He banned [[hoarding (economics)|hoarding]] and [[regrating]], appointed supervisors and spies to ensure compliance with the regulations, and severely punished the violators. The reforms were implemented in the capital [[Delhi]], and possibly, other areas of the Sultanate.

Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] states that Alauddin's objective was the welfare of the general public. However, [[Ziauddin Barani]] (c. 1357), the main source of information about the reforms, states that the Sultan's objective was to subjugate the [[Hindu]]s and to maintain an unprecedentedly large army (the low prices would make low salaries acceptable for the soldiers). The reforms were revoked shortly after Alauddin's death, by his son [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]].

== Background ==

The main source of information about Alauddin's reforms is [[Ziauddin Barani]], a Delhi Sultanate chronicler who wrote around half-a-century after Alauddin's death.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=242}} Barani provides a numbered list of Alauddin's regulations, but his account does not contain the verbatim text of the royal orders. Barani's has reproduced the regulations from his memory, organizing them in a logical sequence.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}}

Barani's account, at least his narration of Alauddin's price control measures, is corroborated by other writers who mention the reforms with lesser detail.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=242}} Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]] mentions the price control measures, attributing these to Alauddin's desire for [[public welfare]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=376}} The 16th century chronicler [[Firishta]] also describes the reforms, and besides Barani, his account seems to be based on Shaikh Ainuddin Bijapuri's now-[[Lost literary work|lost]] ''Mulhiqat-i Tabaqat-i Nasiri''. While Bijapuri was not a contemporary of Alauddin, he may have had access to other lost works that described these reforms.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}}

== Objective ==

Alauddin's courtier [[Amir Khusrau]], in his ''Khazainul Futuh'' (1311), states that Alauddin reduced and fixed prices because of his "great regard for general prosperity and abundance, and for the happiness and comfort of the select as well as the [[commoner|commons]]."{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=376}} A later anecdote also states that Alauddin implemented his price control measures for the welfare of the citizens. This anecdote was mentioned by the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar, and is originally said to have been narrated by ''Malikut Tujjar'' ("Prince of Merchants") Qazi Hamiduddin to the [[Sufi]] saint [[Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi]], during the early reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughlaq]] (r. 1351–1388). Hamiduddin told Nasiruddin that he once entered Alauddin's chamber, and found him engaged in deep thought. Alauddin told Hamiduddin that he wanted to do something for the benefit of the common people, because the God had made him the leader of these people. Alauddin stated that he considered giving away all his treasures and property, but then realized that the benefits of such a distribution would not reach ''all'' the people. He then got the idea of lowering and fixing the price of [[grain]]s, which would benefit ''all'' the people.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=374}}

Contrary to these accounts, Barani states that Alauddin (who was a [[Muslim]]) introduced these reforms to be able to maintain an unprecedentedly large army, and to subjugate his [[Hindu]] subjects.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=242}} According to Barani, the [[Mongol invasion of India, 1303|1303 Mongol invasion of Delhi]] prompted Alauddin to raise a large army to deal with the [[Mongol invasions of India|Mongol threat]]. However, such a large army would be a drain on the state treasury, unless the soldiers' salaries could be lowered substantially. Alauddin was the first Sultan of Delhi to pay all his soldiers in cash.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=103}} He determined that the maximum salary he could pay to a well-equipped cavalryman as 234 ''tankas'',{{efn|name=jital_and_tanka}} with an additional 78 ''tankas'' for a cavalryman with two horses.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=373}} It appears that the cavalryman was expected to maintain his own horse and equipment from this salary.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=103}} An increase in this salary would exhaust the treasury in 5–6 years. Alauddin's ministers told him that such low salaries would be acceptable to the soldiers, if the prices of necessary commodities were reduced.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=373}} Alauddin then asked his counsellors for ways to reduce the prices without resorting to [[oppression|tyranny]], and on their advice, decided to regulate the market prices.{{sfn|Abraham Eraly|2015|p=166}}

Barani also states that the Hindu traders indulged in [[profiteering (business)|profiteering]], and Alauddin wanted to punish the Hindus. However, much of Delhi's overland trade with [[Western Asia|Western]] and [[Central Asia]] was controlled by [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasani]] and [[Multan]]i merchants, many of whom were Muslims, and were impacted by Alauddin's reforms. Moreover, the cheap prices resulting from Alauddin's price control measures benefited the general public, which included the Hindus.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=104}}

== Establishment of markets ==

Alauddin implemented [[price control]] measures by setting up following types of markets in Delhi:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=379,382}}

# ''Mandi'', the central [[grain trade|grain market]], plus grocery shops in every [[mohalla|neighbourhood]]
# ''Sera-i Adl'', the central market for manufactured commodities and imported goods
# Markets for slaves and animals
# General markets for other commodities

== ''Sahana-i-Mandi'' (grain market) ==

=== Price controls ===

Alauddin's administration fixed the price of [[grain]]s in Delhi as follows:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=379}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! Grain !! Price (in ''jitals''{{efn|name=jital_and_tanka|''Tankas'' and ''jitals'' were contemporary units of currency. According to the 16th century historian [[Firishta]], during Alauddin's period, a ''tanka'' was made of one ''[[tola (unit)|tola]]'' of gold or silver. A ''jital'' was a copper coin: different sources variously describe its weight as 1 ''tola'' or 1.75 ''tolas''. Firishta states that 1 silver ''tanka'' was equal to 50 ''jitals''.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=378}}}}) per ''[[maund (unit)|mann]]''{{efn|name=mann|According to historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]], during Alauddin's time, 1 ''mann'' was approximately equivalent to 15 kg. Thus, 1 ''tanka'' could buy 96 kg of wheat, 144 kg of rice, and 180 kg of barley.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=103}} However, according to [[Mohammad Habib]], 1 ''mann'' was equivalent to 25.44 [[avoirdupois]] [[pound (mass)|pounds]] or 11.54 kg.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=379}}}}
|-
| Wheat || 7.5
|-
| Barley || 4
|-
| Rice || 5
|-
| Pulses and gram || 5
|-
| [[Vigna aconitifolia|Moth]] || 3
|}

The prices were lower in smaller towns.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=389}} The Delhi Sultanate chronicles do not elaborate how these numbers were arrived at, but both Khusrau and Barani state that the prices were not allowed to increase during Alauddin's lifetime, even when the rainfall was scarce.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=379}}

=== Appointment of market controller ===

Alauddin appointed Malik Qabul Ulugh Khani as controller of the grain markets, and a friend of Malik Qabul as an assistant controller. The Sultan granted Malik Qabul extensive territories as [[iqta']], and placed a large cavalry and infantry under his charge.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=379-380}} Alauddin also appointed one of his own close associates as an [[intelligence officer]] of the grain market.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}}

The controller strictly regulated the market prices, and informed Alauddin of any violations. The government strictly punished the shopkeepers who tried to sell goods above the regulated price, and those who tried to cheat by using false [[balance scale|weights]].{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}} The traders considered Alauddin's regulations as burdensome, and frequently violated them; the drastic punishments led to further resentment among the traders.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

=== Government-run granaries ===

Alauddin's administration set up [[granary|granaries]], and stocked them with grain collected from the peasants.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}} According to Barani, the government's share of the grain in the crown territory (''khalisa'') in the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab|Doab]] region was collected in kind, and taken to the government-run granaries in Delhi. In the [[Jhain]] region, half of the government's share was collected in kind and taken to the Jhain town; when needed, the stores were transferred to the government-run granaries in Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}} Firishta mentions that the government's share was collected and stored in various towns, not just Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=389}}

The stores in the government-run granaries were released and sold at fixed price during the times of scarcity.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}}

{{see also|Revenue reforms of Alauddin Khalji#Direct revenue collection}}

=== Anti-hoarding measures ===

Alauddin's administration mandated registration for the transporters who bought the farming produce from the peasants and carried it to the towns.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}} The government banned [[Hoarding (economics)|hoarding]], and held the transporters, their agents and their families collectively responsible for any violations.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=102}}

Alauddin placed the transporters under the controller of the grain market. His administration arrested the former leaders of the transporters, and handed them over to the controller, Malik Qabul. Alauddin asked Malik Qabul to keep them in chains until they collectively agreed to abide by certain conditions imposed on them, and gave sureties for each other. These conditions required the transporters to adhere to Alauddin's regulations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}} The transporters were also ordered to settle in the villages at specific distances along the [[Yamuna River]], so as to ensure rapid transport of grains to Delhi.{{sfn|Hermann Kulke|Dietmar Rothermund|2004|p=173}} They were required to bring their families, cattle and goods to their new residences. A supervisor was appointed to oversee their operations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}}

According to Barani, because of these changes, the transporters brought so much grain to Delhi that no releases were required from the government-run granaries.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}}

=== Ban on regrating ===

Alauddin banned [[regrating]], the practice of buying goods at a lower price and selling them at a higher price. All the government officials in the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab]] region were required to guarantee that they would not permit any regrating in their area of authority. If any regrating was discovered in a particular territory, the officials in-charge were answerable to the throne. The regrated grain was confiscated by the government, and the violator was severely punished.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}}

According to Barani, such regulations made it impossible for a merchant, a peasant, a grocer or anyone else to sell even minute quantities of grains above the regulated price.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=380}}

=== Ban on taking surplus grain home ===

Alauddin's administration allowed the cultivators to take limited quantity of grain from fields to their homes for personal consumption.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=389}} Alauddin required his revenue officers to sign written agreements promising that they would take severe measures to ensure that the cultivators in the [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab|Doab]] region were unable to take the surplus grain to their houses for regrating. This would force the cultivators to sell the grain to the transporters at low prices.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=381}}

Barani states that the cultivators were also given the option of taking the surplus grain to the market themselves, and selling it there for a profit, at the prices fixed by Alauddin. Firishta clarifies that the cultivators could sell the grain at the markets in the nearest town: they were not required to visit the central market in Delhi.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=381}}

=== Daily reports ===

Alauddin sought daily reports about the grain market from three independent sources:{{sfn|Peter N. Stearns|1988|p=153}}

# The market superintendent
# The intelligence officers
# The secret spies

The 16th century chronicler [[Firishta]] states that although Alauddin was illiterate at the beginning of his reign, he gradually acquired the ability to read these reports, which included hastily scribbled notes written in [[Persian script]].{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=381}} Any variance in the reports from the three sources resulted in punishment for the market superintendent. The officials were aware that Alauddin received reports from three different sources, and thus, found no opportunity to deviate from the market rules.{{sfn|Peter N. Stearns|1988|p=153}}

=== Rationing during drought ===

Even during the times of scarce rainfall, there was no increase in the grain prices during Alauddin's reign. When the rains failed, the grocers of every neighbourhood (''[[mohalla]]'') in Delhi were given a daily allowance of grain from the central market. The allowance was determined by the population of the neighbourhood. People were also allowed to purchase ½ ''[[maund (unit)|mann]]''{{efn|name=mann}} of grain directly from the central market at one time. The allowance was higher for the landless nobles and other distinguished men, and varied on the number of their [[dependant]]s.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=381}}

Alauddin ordered his officers to maintain law and order in market during times of [[drought]]. If a [[stampede]] resulted in the death of a helpless citizen, the law required the superintendent in-charge of the market to be punished.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=381}}

== ''Sera-i Adl'' ==

The ''Sera-i Adl'' (literally "Place of Justice") was an exclusive market in Delhi for [[manufactured good|manufactured]] and [[import]]ed goods. The goods sold at ''Sera-i Adl'' included cloth, sugar, herbs, dry fruits, butter (including [[ghee]]) and lamp-oil.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=382}}

=== Establishment ===

Alauddin established the ''Sera-i Adl'' on an extensive piece of unused land near the Green Palace (''Koshak-i Sabz''), on the inner side of the [[Gates of Delhi|Badaun Gate]]. The market remained open from morning to the [[asr prayer|afternoon prayer]]. The Sultan ordered every specified commodity to be sold only at the ''Sera-i Adl'' at the prices fixed by his administration. Any violation of this regulation resulted in confiscation of the commodity, and punishment to the seller.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=382}}

=== Price fixing ===

Alauddin's administration fixed the prices of the various commodities sold at ''Sera-i Adl''.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=382-383}} Although the control over prices of such goods was not vital for the state, Alauddin probably wanted to keep the nobles happy, or he may have feared that high prices of these goods may affect the prices of other goods.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=103}} Barani gives the prices for some of these commodities as follows:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|pp=382-383}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
! Commodity !! Price{{efn|name=jital_and_tanka}} !! per
|-
| Silk - ''Khuzz-i Delhi'' || 16 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Silk - ''Khuzz-i Konla'' || 6 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Silk - ''Mashru shiri'' (fine) || 3 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Silk - ''Shirin'' (fine) || 5 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Silk - ''Shirin'' (medium) || 3 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Silk - ''Shirin'' (coarse) || 2 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Silk - ''Salahati'' (coarse) || 2 ''tankas'' || unspecified
|-
| Cotton - ''Burd'' (fine) with red lining || 6 ''jitals'' (seemingly a copyist's mistake) || unspecified
|-
| Cotton - ''Burd'' (coarse) || 36 ''jitals'' || unspecified
|-
| Cotton - ''Astar-i Nagauri'' (red) || 24 ''jitals'' || unspecified
|-
| Cotton - ''Astar'' (coarse) || 12 ''jitals'' || unspecified
|-
| Cotton - ''Chadar'' || 10 ''jitals'' || unspecified
|-
| Fine-woven cotton cloth || 1 ''tanka'' || 20 yards
|-
| Coarse-woven cotton cloth || 1 ''tanka'' || 40 yards
|-
| Crystallized sugar (''[[misri]]'') || 2.5 ''jitals'' || 1 ''[[seer (unit)|sir]]''
|-
| Coarse sugar || 1.5 ''jitals'' || 1 ''sir''
|-
| Brown sugar || 1 ''jital'' || 3 ''sirs''
|-
| [[Ghee]] || 1 ''jital'' || 1.5 ''sir''
|-
| Sesame oil || 1 ''jital'' || 3 ''sirs''
|}

Barani does not provide prices of all the commodities, but states that they can be estimated from the above list. Firishta adds that 5 ''sirs'' of salt could be purchased for 1 ''jital''.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=383}}

=== Registration of merchants ===

Alauddin ordered all the merchants of his empire (not just Delhi), both Hindu and Muslim, to be registered with the Ministry of Commerce. Their businesses were regulated. The merchants of Delhi were required to sign a written agreement promising to bring the imported commodities to ''Sera-i Adl'', and to sell them at the officially fixed rates. Barani states that these merchants brought such large quantities of goods to ''Sera-i Adl'' that the goods accumulated in Delhi and remained unsold.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=383}}

=== Prevention of regrating ===

After Alauddin fixed the prices of cloth, several merchants would purchase costly cloth at ''Sera-i Adl'' in Delhi and sell it outside Delhi a higher rate.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=383}} To avoid such [[regrating]], Alauddin appointed the rich [[Multan]]i merchants as officers of ''Sera-i Adl'', and asked them to sell their goods directly to the public, in such a way that these goods did not fall into the hands of the other merchants.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=383}} The Multani merchant-officers were given 2 million ''tankas'' from the treasury, possibly as a subsidy,{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=383}} or as an advance.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=103}}

=== Permit for buying expensive fabrics ===

Alauddin ordered that certain expensive fabrics, which were deemed unnecessary for the general public, could be bought only with a [[license|permit]]. These permits had to be issued personally by specific state-appointed officers (''Parwana Ra'is''). The officers issued permits to ''[[emir|amirs]]'', ''[[Malik#Usage in South Asia|maliks]]'', and other important persons in accordance with their incomes. This ensured that people could not buy such fabrics at a cheap price in Delhi and sell it elsewhere at a higher price.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}}

== Slave and animal market ==

=== Price-fixing ===

Alauddin also fixed the prices for slaves and animals. Barani gives the following prices for slaves:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Slave prices
! Type of slave !! Price{{efn|name=jital_and_tanka}}
|-
| Female slave for domestic work || 5-12 ''tankas''
|-
| Female slave for [[concubinage]] || 20-40 ''tankas''
|-
| Handsome, young male slave || 20-30 ''tankas''
|-
| Slave experienced in work || 10-15 ''tankas''
|-
| Inexperienced young slave || 7-8 ''tankas''
|}

Barani states that very few slaves were sold for 100-200 ''tankas'': if an expensive slave, whose normal price would be 1,000-2,000 after Alauddin's death, appeared in the market, nobody would buy it because of the fear of Alauddin's spies.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

The supply of horses in Delhi had improved as a result of [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Gujarat|Alauddin's conquest of Gujarat]], which was an important hub for the [[Indian Ocean trade]]. However, only Alauddin's government was allowed to buy good quality horses, which were important for raising and maintaining an efficient army.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=103}} Alauddin's administration fixed the prices for horses as follows, after consulting experienced brokers:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Horse prices
! Type of horse !! Price{{efn|name=jital_and_tanka}}
|-
| Grade I || 100-120 ''tankas''
|-
| Grade II || 80-90 ''tankas''
|-
| Grade III || 60-70 ''tankas''
|-
| Small Indian pony (''tattoo'', not suitable for the cavalry) || 10-25 ''tankas''
|}

Barani gives the following prices for other animals:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible"
|+ Prices for other animals
! Animal !! Price{{efn|name=jital_and_tanka}}
|-
| Best-quality [[beast of burden]] || 4-5 ''tankas''
|-
| Male cattle for breeding purposes || 3 ''tankas''
|-
| Cows for meat || 1.5-2 ''tankas''
|-
| Cows for milk || 3-4 ''tankas''
|-
| Buffalo for meat || 5-6 ''tankas''
|-
| Buffalo for milk || 10-12 ''tankas''
|-
| Fat goat or sheep || 10-12 ''jitals''
|}

Barani states that the best-quality beasts of burden, which cost 4 ''tankas'' (maximum 5 ''tankas'') during Alauddin's reign, cost 30-40 ''tankas'' a few decades after his death.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}}

=== Elimination of horse merchants ===

During Alauddin's reign, any man who wanted to join the [[cavalry]] had to appear for a review with a horse and equipment. The state would reimburse the cost of the horse, if the candidate passed the review and joined the army, and if his horse died or became useless during the service. However, the candidate was expected to pay for his horse before the review. Taking advantage of this situation, several wealthy people entered into the business of purchasing and rearing horses, and colluded with the brokers to raise prices.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}}

As part of his market reforms, Alauddin ordered these horse merchants to be arrested and imprisoned in remote forts. Capitalist investors were banned from participating in the horse trade.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}} Alauddin also eliminated the merchants from the markets for other animals and slaves.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}}

Barani does not mention who sold slaves and animals after the merchants were arrested. The later writer [[Firishta]] clarifies that Alauddin imprisoned the merchants only temporarily: After the prices had stabilized, they were allowed to buy and sell horses on the condition that they would not violate Alauddin's price-fixing regulations.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}}

=== Supervision of brokers ===

Alauddin's administration closely supervised the [[broker]]s participating in the slave and animal markets.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}} The brokers were responsible for grading the goods and estimating their prices.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}} Before Alauddin's reforms, the leading brokers would help the wealthy merchants raise the prices, and took [[commission (remuneration)|commissions]] from both the merchants and the buyers.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=384}} As part of his market reforms, Alauddin ordered the brokers to be screened carefully to prevent any price rises. The erring brokers were imprisoned with the merchants in remote forts.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}}

=== Investigations ===

As the horses were required for Alauddin's army, he gave special attention to the horse trade. He ordered the leading horse brokers and their horses to be brought before him for a detailed investigation every forty days or two months. Barani states that the brokers were treated so harshly that they wanted to die. Alauddin also appointed [[spy|spies]] to the slave and animal markets, and thoroughly analyzed their reports.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=385}}

== General markets ==

According to Barani, Alauddin's Ministry of Commerce (''diwan-i riyasat'') dictated the prices of all the goods sold in the general markets spread across Delhi. These prices were determined by Alauddin and his staff according to the [[production cost]] of the goods.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=386}} Barani mentions that Alauddin's price control measures were directed at all kinds of goods, "from caps to socks; from combs to needles; from vegetables, soups, sweetmeats to [[chapati]]s."{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

Alauddin selected Yaqub Nazir as his Minister of Commerce, and also appointed him as the censor, and the superintendent of weights and measures. Barani describes Yaqub Nazir as an honest but "rude and cruel" man. The Minister appointed a superintendent for every market to ensure that the shopkeepers adhered to the price list sanctioned by Alauddin's administration. The superintendents were also responsible for maintaining proper prices for the commodities that could not be included in the official price list.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=387}}

Yaqub Nazir regularly checked the prices in the general markets, and meted out humiliating punishments to the erring shopkeepers. These punishments scared the shopkeepers into reducing their prices. However, the shopkeepers used other methods to make illegal profits, including use of false weights, sale of low-quality commodities, and lying to young and ignorant customers. To address this problem, Alauddin started sending child employees of the royal pigeon-house to make test purchases, which would be reviewed by Yaqub Nazir. Barani states that if a shopkeeper did not give full weight to the child customer, the Minister would carve out double the due weight of flesh from the shopkeeper's body. Such severe punishments finally ensured adherence to Alauddin's price-fixing regulations in the general markets.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=387}}

== Extent of implementation ==

Barani states that Alauddin's market reforms (such as price control) were implemented in the city of [[Delhi]], the capital of the empire. He states that the regulations implemented in Delhi tended to be followed in other towns, but does not explicitly state if this was the case with Alauddin's reforms.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=104}} The later writer Firishta suggests that the price control regulations were implemented in the territories other than Delhi as well.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=388}}

== Impact ==

Alauddin's reforms allowed him to raise a powerful army, which decisively defeated the Mongols.{{sfn|Satish Chandra|2007|p=105}}

Alauddin's courtier Amir Khusrau greatly praises his reforms, portraying them as [[public welfare]] measures.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=375}} He states that the low fixed prices of grains and supply from the royal granaries benefited the public during the times of scarce rainfall.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=376}} According to an anecdote mentioned by the 14th century writer Hamid Qalandar, even after the Sultan's death, people respected Alauddin for reducing and fixing the price of grains: they made pilgrimages to his tomb to have their prayers fulfilled.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=375}}

The cheap prices enabled the general public to indulge in frequent entertainment activities. Hamid Qalandar, who wrote during the early reign of [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] (r. 1351–1388), quotes [[Nasiruddin Chiragh Dehlavi]] as follows:{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=390}}

{{cquote|In those days entertainments were common. During the days of the pilgrimages and on the last Wednesday of the month of [[Safar]] it was difficult to find (sitting) accommodation in the public enclosures, in the public gardens or by the side of the tanks. There was music and dancing on every side. These feasts would cost a tanka or more.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=390}}}}

According to Nasiruddin, even beggars could afford cotton-stuffed garments during Alauddin's reign. In fact, an officer called Kafur Muhrdar would distribute such garments among the poor.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=390}}

According to historian [[Banarsi Prasad Saksena]], the contemporary [[Muslim]]s had limited participation in the business because of Islamic restrictions (see [[riba]]). Alauddin's reforms must have caused "discomforts" to the two leading [[Hindu]] mercantile communities: the Nayakas (who traded grains) and the Multanis (who traded cloth). Saksena believes that these discomforts were compensated by guaranteed profits resulting from Alauddin's price fixing.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=378}}

== Revocation ==

Alauddin's market reforms ended a few months after his death, when they were revoked by his son [[Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah|Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]]. This led to an increase in prices, and consequently, wages. Mubarak Shah also released a large number of prisoners that Alauddin's administration had arrested for various reasons.{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=429}}

== Notes ==

{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Abraham Eraly|author-link=Abraham Eraly|title=The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT166 |year=2015 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-93-5118-658-8 }}
* {{cite book |author=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |author-link=Banarsi Prasad Saksena |chapter=The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji |editor=Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526) |volume=5 |edition=Second |year=1992 |orig-year=1970 |publisher=The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ |oclc=31870180 }}
*{{cite book |author1=Hermann Kulke |author1-link=Hermann Kulke |author2=Dietmar Rothermund |author2-link=Dietmar Rothermund|title=A History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C&pg=PP1 |year=2004 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-32919-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kishori Saran Lal |author-link=K. S. Lal |title=History of the Khaljis (1290-1320) |year=1950 |publisher=The Indian Press |location=Allahabad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ |oclc=685167335 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter N. Stearns |title=Documents in World History: The great traditions, from ancient times to 1500 |url=https://archive.org/details/documentsinworld00pete |url-access=registration |year=1988 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-046382-3 }}
* {{cite book |author=Satish Chandra |author-link=Satish Chandra (historian)|title=History of Medieval India: 800-1700 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=978-81-250-3226-7 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://persian.packhum.org/main?url=pf%3Ffile%3D80201013%26ct%3D49 Barani's description of Alauddin's reforms]

{{Alauddin Khalji}}

[[Category:Alauddin Khalji]]
[[Category:Horse trade]]

J. V. Pawar

2025-08-17T12:29:36Z

Joquim: Added!

{{Short description|Indian poet and novelist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J.V. Pawar
| honorific_suffix = co-founder of [[Dalit Panther]]
| image = J_V_Pawar.jpg
| caption = co-founder of [[Dalit Panther]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1943|07|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Chiplun taluka]]
| occupation = Poet and novelist
}}

'''Jayram Vitthal Pawar''' Aka '''J.V. Pawar''' (born 14 July 1943) is a poet and novelist who co-founded the [[Dalit Panthers]] organization and served as its general secretary.<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbaimirrored/episodes/jv-pawar | title=From Migrant Boy to Dalit Panthers: JV Pawar -Author & Activist }}</ref>

== Biography ==
As a novelist and poet Pawar is best known for his 1969 novel 'Balidaan' and 'Naakebandi' his 1976 collection of poems, since translated and published in English as 'Blockade'.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2019/04/the-history-of-marathi-ambedkarite-literature/ | title=The history of Marathi Ambedkarite Literature | date=13 April 2019 }}</ref>

Among his many books, he has devoted himself to documenting and analyzing the post-Ambedkar Dalit movements in several volumes.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/36349534-ambedkarite-movement-after-ambedkar | title=Ambedkarite Movement After Ambedkar }}</ref>

A lifelong [[Ambedkarite]], Pawar has been involved in several Dalitbahujan social and political movements in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dalitarchives.com/archives/xmjmp0ba9dztkp2qj4n23c6gfuu4s8 | title=In Conversation: J. V. Pawar }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/893326/interview-the-government-is-saying-that-anyone-who-supports-dalits-will-be-jailed | title=JV Pawar interview: 'The government is saying that anyone who supports Dalits will be jailed' | date=6 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>[http://ijmsrr.com/downloads/160320216.pdf DALIT PANTHERS: AN ANTI-CASTE STRUGGLE IN CONTEMPORARY INDIAN HISTORY]</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/dalit-panthers-an-authoritative-history-book-review-jv-pawar-documents-facts-fanaticism-and-a-movement-against-caste-oppression-4431545.html | title=Dalit Panthers: An Authoritative History book review — JV Pawar documents facts, fanaticism and a movement against caste oppression | date=14 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsclick.in/50-years-dalit-panther-indias-first-aggressive-dalit-youth-movement | title=50 Years of Dalit Panther: India's First Aggressive Dalit Youth Movement | date=9 January 2022 }}</ref>

== Books ==

* Dalit Panthers
* Mother India: Miss Catherine Mayo's much-loved work
* Dalit Panthers: An Authoritative History
* Ambedkarite Movement After Ambedkar
* Blockade
* Dr. B.R. Ambedkar's Social Revolution

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, JV}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Dalit rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian political party founders]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]

Deo Nukhu

2025-08-13T00:20:35Z

Joquim:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deo Nukhu
| office = Member of the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
| party = [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] [[Samata Party]] (now led by Uday Mandal its President)<ref>https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/flaming-torch-symbol-ec-delhi-hc-dismisses-samata-partys-appeal-8278007/</ref> [[Naga People's Front]]
| constituency = [[Chizami Assembly constituency|Chizami]]
| termstart = 2003
| termend = 2018
| successor = Kezhienyi Khalo
| predecessor = Zhovehu Lohe
}}
'''Deo Nukhu''' is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He was elected to the [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly]] from [[Chizami (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chizami constituency]] in the [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]], [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] and [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] as a member of the [[Samata Party]], [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Naga People's Front]]. He is currently a member of [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/deo-nukhu-in-t-r-zeliangs-camp-kaito-group-accuses-rivals-of-kidnapping-him/|title=Deo Nukhu in T R Zeliang's camp, Kaito group accuses rivals of kidnapping him|date=2015-01-21|website=Eastern Mirror|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.morungexpress.com/deo-nukhu-seeks-social-harmony-meluri-people | title=Deo Nukhu seeks social harmony from Meluri people | newspaper=The Morung Express | date=20 February 2011 | accessdate=3 December 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://myneta.info/nagaland2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5843|title=Deo Nukhu(NPP):Constituency- CHIZAMI(PHEK) – Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=2020-04-10}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nukhu, Deo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Nagaland]]
[[Category:National People's Party (India) politicians]]
[[Category:People from Phek district]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2003–2008]]

{{Nagaland-INC-politician-stub}}

Chinmayee Jena v. State of Odisha

2025-06-16T16:26:23Z

Joquim: Added a entry

{{Short description|Indian LGBT Rights Case Law}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Chinmayee Jena v. State of Odisha
| judges = S. K. Mishra {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} and Savitri Ratho {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| keywords = [[Cohabitation|Cohabitation Rights]], [[Legal status of transgender people|Transgender Recognition]], [[Queer|Queer Relationships]]
| opinions = *The right of self-determination of gender as an integral part of personal autonomy and self-expression.
*Trans persons have the right to cohabit with the partner of their choice, regardless of the “gender” of the partner.
| related actions =
| subsequent actions =
| appealed to =
| Overturned previous case =
| prior actions =
| concur/dissent =
| dissenting =
| concurring =
| decision by = S. K. Mishra {{Abbr|J.|Justice}} and Savitri Ratho {{Abbr|J.|Justice}}
| number of judges = 2
| transcripts =
| court = [[Orissa High Court]]
| ECLI =
| Concurrence =
| JoinPlurality =
| Plurality =
| citations = {{URL|1=https://translaw.clpr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Sonu-Jena.pdf|2={{Abbr|W. P. (CRL) No.|Writ Petition (Criminal) Number}} 57 of 2021}}
| date decided = 24 August 2020
| full name = Chinmayee Jena versus State of Odisha {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}
| caption =
| imagealt =
| imagelink =
| imagesize =
| image =
| italic title =
}}

'''Chinmayee Jena versus State of Odisha {{Abbr|&|and}} {{Abbr|Ors.|Others}}''' '''(2020)''' is case where the [[Orissa High Court]] upheld the right of self-determination of gender as an integral part of personal autonomy and self-expression. The court recognized the rights of trans persons to cohabit with the partner of their choice, regardless of the “gender” of the partner.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |date=2020-08-27 |title=Odisha HC allows same-sex couple to live-in, says 'love knows no bounds has expanded its bounds' |url=https://scroll.in/latest/971557/odisha-hc-allows-same-sex-couple-to-live-in-says-love-knows-no-bounds-has-expanded-its-bounds |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2020-08-26 |title=Orissa HC allows transman to continue live-in relationship with woman |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/orissa-hc-allows-transman-to-continue-live-in-relationship-with-woman/article32444472.ece |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chinmayee Jena Vs State of Odisha & Others |url=https://translaw.clpr.org.in/case-law/sonu-krishna-jena-vs-state-of-odisha-others/ |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=South Asian Translaw Database |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite court|litigants=Chinmayee Jena versus State of Odisha & Ors.|court=[[Orissa High Court]]|opinion=Writ Petition (Criminal) No. 57 of 2020|url=https://translaw.clpr.org.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Sonu-Jena.pdf}}</ref>

The [[Supreme Court of India]] acknowledged this case in its publication titled "Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community" as one of the [[High courts of India|High Court]] judgments that effectively addressed the difficulties and obstacles experienced by queer individuals within the justice system due to their systemic marginalization.<ref name=":02">{{Citation |last=Supreme Court of India |title=Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community |url=https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2023/05/2023050154.pdf |pages=25 |publication-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602010134/https://cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in/s388ef51f0bf911e452e8dbb1d807a81ab/uploads/2023/05/2023050154.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of India |archive-date=2 June 2023 |author-link=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

== Background ==
The petitioner, a 24-year-old trans man, was born under the name Chinmayee Jena, and he has chosen the name Sonu Krishna Jena, engaged in a consensual relationship with his romantic partner since 2017. As their relationship progressed, the couple decided to reside together in their apartment located in Bhubaneshwar.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

However, on April 9, 2020, Sonu Krishna Jena's partner was taken away from their apartment by her mother and uncle against her will. In reaction to this, Sonu Jena lodged complaints with Inspector In-Charge of Khandagiri Police Station in Bhubaneswar and Inspector In-Charge of Bari Police Station in Jajpur, but received no response. In the interim, he discovered that his partner's family had arranged a [[forced marriage]] for her with someone else. Seeking the issuance of a writ of Habeas Corpus, the petitioner urges the Court to demand his partner's presentation and appropriate action from the respondents.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Proceedings ==
The petitioner's counsel submitted a Gender Dysphoria certification for a Transgender Person, issued by Dr. Amrit Pattojoshi, M.D. (Neuro-Psychiatry), of the Central Institute of Psychiatry in Ranchi. The certificate affirms that Sonu Krishna Jena experiences [[gender incongruence]] (referred to as gender dysphoria in [[DSM-5]]) and is devoid of any psychotic symptoms or other psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, the petitioner's counsel presented the joint affidavit from Sonu Krishna Jena and his partner, attested by the Executive Magistrate of Bhubaneswar on March 16, 2020, confirming their current cohabitation.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Upadhyay |first=Sparsh |date=2020-08-25 |title='Love Knows No Bound Has Expanded Its Bounds To Include Same-Sex Relationships': Orissa HC Allows Same-Sex Live-In Couple To Stay Together [Read Judgment] |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/love-knows-no-bound-has-expanded-its-bounds-to-include-same-sex-relationships-orissa-hc-allows-same-sex-live-in-couple-161947 |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

The Additional Advocate General representing the State Government of Orissa acknowledged the right of individuals of the same gender to live together and affirmed that the State is prepared to comply with any directives issued by the Court.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

The Court has instructed the Superintendent of Police of Jajpur to determine the desires of Sonu Krishna Jena's romantic partner, including whether she intends to remain with the petitioner, and to ensure that her marriage is not solemnized against her wishes.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

On August 17, 2020, the court held a video conferencing session with Sonu Krishna Jena's romantic partner. The justices clarified to her that the mere filing of the writ petition alleging illegal restraint did not compel her to join Sonu Krishna Jena if she chose otherwise. She was free to remain with her family if she so desired. Sonu Krishna Jena's romantic partner explicitly expressed her intention to join Sonu Krishna Jena without delay. However, the court did not issue an order on that day, deferring it to August 21, 2020, upon the request of the counsel representing the family of Sonu Krishna Jena's romantic partner.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

On 21 August 2020, the counsel representing Sonu Krishna Jena's partner's family conveyed that the partner's widowed mother, like many Indian mothers, had faced considerable challenges while raising her two daughters, providing education with the aspiration of their self-sufficiency and eventual marriage. The counsel stated that Sonu Krishna Jena's partner's mother is disturbed by her daughter's choices and envisions a change of heart over time, expressing concerns about the future of both daughters, particularly Sonu Krishna Jena's partner, who has taken a path that diverges from societal norms. The counsel sought protective measures for the safety and well-being of Sonu Krishna Jena's partner, if the court rules in favor of Sonu Krishna Jena.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

== Opinion of the Court ==
The court noted that Sonu Krishna Jena, who is of legal age and does not exhibit any psychological issues aside from [[gender incongruence]] (referred to as gender dysphoria in [[DSM-5]]), possesses typical cognitive functions, signifying that, as an adult, he holds the capacity to make medical decisions. The court drew upon the verdict of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in the case of [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|''National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014)'']], where it was established that self-determination of gender forms an integral part of personal autonomy and self-expression, falling within the ambit of personal liberty guaranteed by Article 21 of the Constitution. Importantly, the court cited the [[Yogyakarta Principles]] from the ''National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014)'' verdict to affirm the inviolable nature of universal human rights for all individuals. Consequently, the court upheld the right of self-determination of gender as an integral part of personal autonomy and self-expression.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

Additionally, the court relied on the verdict of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] in the case of [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|''Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)'']], which upheld the entitlement of queer community members to the benefits of equal citizenship devoid of discrimination, and equal protection under the law. The court determined that Sonu Krishna Jena and his partner possess the right to choose their partner, including the right to cohabit. Consequently, the court directed the State Government of Odisha to extend various forms of protection to them, as outlined in Part III of the Constitution of India, including the right to life, the right to equality before the law, and the guarantee of equal protection under the law. Addressing the concerns raised by the family of Sonu Krishna Jena's partner, the court established that Sonu Krishna Jena's partner holds the rights accorded to women under the [[Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005|Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act of 2005]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

=== Concurring Opinion ===
In a concurring opinion, Justice Savitri Ratho emphasized that the array of preventive, remedial, and punitive measures designed to address honor crimes and related unlawful activities, as delineated by the Supreme Court in the ''Shakti Vahini v. Union of India (2018)'' case, is pertinent to the present case. Justice Savitri Ratho expressed that while the mother of Sonu Krishna Jena's partner has the option to invoke the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act of 2007 if Sonu Krishna Jena's partner fails to provide financial support, the family of Sonu Krishna Jena's partner should not disrupt the lives of Sonu Krishna Jena and his partner.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" />

== Impact ==
''Chinmayee Jena v. State of Odisha'' holds immense significance as India's pioneering judicial ruling explicitly acknowledging trans persons' rights to engage in a cohabiting relationship with their chosen partner, irrespective of the partner's gender. This decision establishes a robust precedent safeguarding cohabitation and partnership rights for queer Indians, further reinforcing the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]'s verdicts in ''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014)]]'' and ''[[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]''.<ref name=":0" />

The Supreme Court of India acknowledged this case in its publication "Sensitisation Module for the Judiciary on LGBTIQA+ Community," underscoring it as a significant example of a High Court confronting systemic hurdles encountered by queer individuals within the justice system, with the publication highlighting that the ruling provided due recognition to the self-identified gender identity and pronouns of a transgender man petitioner, consistently referring to him as he/him/his throughout the judgment.<ref name=":02" />

== See also ==

{{Portal|India|LGBTQ
}}

* [[LGBT rights in India|LGBT Rights in India]]
* [[Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh|Sultana Mirza v. State of Uttar Pradesh (2020)]]
* [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India|Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)]]
* [[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India|National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India (2014)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{LGBT Rights Case Law in India|state=expanded}}{{LGBT in India|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:High courts of India cases]]
[[Category:2021 in LGBTQ history]]
[[Category:2021 in Indian law]]
[[Category:2021 in case law]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights case law]]
[[Category:LGBTQ rights in India]]
[[Category:Transgender case law]]

2010 Royal Challengers Bangalore season

2025-05-25T17:25:38Z

Joquim: added new post w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club =[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| season =2010
| image =
| coach = [[Ray Jennings]]
| captain = [[Anil Kumble]]
| ground = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| comp1 = [[2010 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Playoffs
| comp2 = [[2010 Champions League Twenty20|CLT20]]
| comp2 result = Semi-finals
| most runs = [[Jacques Kallis]] (572)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/batting/highest_career_strike_rate.html?id=5319;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2010/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| most wickets =[[Anil Kumble]] (17)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=5319;type=tournament|title=Indian Premier League, 2010/ Records / Most runs |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref>
| prevseason = [[2009 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2009]]
| nextseason = [[2011 Royal Challengers Bangalore season|2011]]
}}

[[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] is a franchise cricket team based in [[Bangalore]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams that competed in the [[2010 Indian Premier League]]. They were captained by [[Anil Kumble]]. Royal Challengers Bangalore finished third in the IPL and qualified for the Champions League T20.

== Squad ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
! Name
! Nationality
! Birth date
! Batting Style
! Bowling Style
! Notes
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Batsmen
|-virat kohli
| [[Virat Kohli]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1988|11|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|Vice-captain]]
|-
| [[Rahul Dravid]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1973|1|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] ||
|-
| [[Manish Pandey]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1989|9|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] ||
|-
| [[Kevin Pietersen]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1980|6|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
| [[Ross Taylor]] || {{cr|NZL}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1984|3|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || Overseas
|-
| [[Cameron White]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1983|8|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Overseas
|-
| [[Eoin Morgan]] || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1986|9|10|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
| [[Sridharan Sriram]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1976|2|21|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox spin]] ||
|-
| [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1989|6|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| All-rounders
|-
| [[Jacques Kallis]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1975|10|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
| [[KP Appanna]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1988|12|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox spin]] ||
|-
| [[Roelof van der Merwe]] || {{cr|NED}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1984|12|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm orthodox spin|orthodox spin]] ||
|-
| [[Dillon du Preez]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1981|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || Overseas
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Robin Uthappa]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1985|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || –
|-
| [[Mark Boucher]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1976|12|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || – || Overseas
|-
| [[Shreevats Goswami]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1989|5|18|df=y}} || Left-handed || – ||
|-
! colspan="6" style="background: #DCDCDC" align=center| Bowlers
|-
| [[Anil Kumble]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1970|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
| [[Dale Steyn]] || {{cr|RSA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1987|6|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || Overseas
|-
| [[Vinay Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1984|2|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Praveen Kumar (cricketer)|Praveen Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1986|10|2|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Abhimanyu Mithun]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1989|10|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Balachandra Akhil]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1977|10|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2010|04|01|1990|2|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] ||
|-
|}

==Indian Premier League season==

===Standings===
Royal Challengers Bangalore finished fourth in the league stage of IPL 2010.
{{2010 Indian Premier League Points table|team=RCB}}

===Match log===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Scorecard
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||1 || 14 March || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[Eden Gardens|Kolkata]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419109.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||2 || 16 March || [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 8 wickets, MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 89* (55) and 1/39 (4 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419112.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||3 || 18 March || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 10 wickets, MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 44* (34) and 2/20 (4 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419115.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||4 || 20 March || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Brabourne Stadium|Mumbai]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM – [[Jacques Kallis]] 66* (55) and 1/35 (4 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419119.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||5 || 23 March || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 36 runs, MoM – [[Robin Uthappa]] 68* (38) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419123.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||6 || 25 March || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 17 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419128.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||7 || 31 March || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[MA Chidambaram Stadium|Chennai]] || Lost by 5 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419133.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||8 || 2 April|| [[Kings XI Punjab]] || [[Punjab Cricket Association Stadium|Mohali]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – [[Kevin Pietersen]] 66* (44) and 0/8 (1 over) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419136.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||9 || 4 April || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Lost by 37 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419140.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||10 || 8 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 7 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419145.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||11 || 10 April || [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Won by 7 wickets, MoM – [[Vinay Kumar]] 3/23 (3 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419148.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||12 || 12 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[Vidarbha Cricket Association Stadium|Nagpur]] || Lost by 13 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419151.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||13 || 14 April || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium|Jaipur]] || Won by 5 wickets, MoM – [[Kevin Pietersen]] 62 (29) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419154.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||14 || 17 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|Bengaluru]] || Lost by 57 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419157.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
||Semifinal || 21 April || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]] || Lost by 35 runs || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419162.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
||3/4 Playoff || 24 April || [[Deccan Chargers]] || [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]] || Won by 9 wickets, MoM – [[Anil Kumble]] 4/16 (4 overs) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419164.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record: 8–8. Semin-finalists. Qualified for 2010 Champions Trophy Twenty20.
|}

==Champions League Twenty20==

===Match log===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No.
!Date
!Opponent
!Venue
!Result
!Scorecard
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010-09-12}} || Guyana || [[SuperSport Park|Centurion]] || Won by 9 wickets MoM - {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Jacques Kallis]] 43* (32) and 3/16 (4 overs)|| [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465123.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 2 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010-09-17}} || [[South Australia cricket team|Southern Redbacks]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Lost by 8 wickets || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465129.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| 3 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010-09-19}} || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Lost by 2 runs ||[http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465133.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#c3fdb8;"
| 4 || {{dts|format=dmy|2010-09-21}} || [[Highveld Lions cricket team|Lions]] || [[Wanderers Stadium|Johannesburg]] || Won by 6 wickets, MoM – {{flagicon|IND}} [[Virat Kohli]] 49* (29)|| [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465136.html Scorecard]
|- style="background:#fbb;"
| Semi-Final || {{dts|format=dmy|2010-09-24}} || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[Sahara Stadium Kingsmead|Durban]] || Lost by 52 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis method|D/L]]) || [http://www.cricinfo.com/t20champions2010/engine/match/465139.html Scorecard]
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| Overall record of 2–3. Semi-finalists.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Royal Challengers Bangalore}}

[[Category:2010 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru seasons]]
[[Category:2010s in Bengaluru]]

Moolakaraipatti

2025-04-01T17:37:52Z

Joquim: reworked information for accuracy

{{Use British English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Moolakaraipatti
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|32|31|N|77|45|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9484
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Moolakaraipatti''' is a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] town in [[Tirunelveli district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

==Location==
Located in Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu, Moolaikaraipatti is a prominent 'panchayat town'. It is situated in the south of Tirunelveli at a distance of 22 km, in the east of Munradaippu at a distance of 10 km, and 15 km. from Nanguneri.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Moolakaraipatti had a population of 9484. Males constitute 48% of the population and females 52%. Moolakaraipatti has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 76%, and female literacy is 64%. In Moolakaraipatti, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tirunelveli district]]

Niladhar Singh Deo

2025-03-25T02:22:35Z

Joquim: Added a biography

{{Short description|Raja of Sonepur from 1840 to 1891}}

{{Use British English|date=January 2023}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Niladhar Singh Deo
| title = Raja of Sonepur
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = 10th [[Sonepur State|Raja of Sonepur]]
| reign = 27 July 1841{{sndash}}{{avoid wrap|9 September 1891}}
| coronation = 30 August 1841
| predecessor = Prithvi Singh Deo
| successor = [[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]]
| birth_date = 1838
| birth_place = [[Subarnapur, Odisha|Sonepur]], Odisha, India
| death_date = {{death date|1891|10|09|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Subarnapur, Odisha|Sonepur]], Odisha, India
| spouse = Durga Devi
| father = Prithvi Singh Deo
| mother = Gundicha Devi
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]]
* Bir Kalap Singh Deo
* Bir Bahadur Singh Deo
* Bir Mihir Singh Deo
* Jang Bahadur Singh Deo
}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Niladhar Singh Deo,''' known as '''''Niladrinath Singh Deo''''' (1838 – 9 September 1891), was Raja of [[Sonepur State|Sonepur]] from 1841 until his death in 1891.

== Biography ==
He was born in 1838 to Prithvi Singh Deo and his wife Gundicha Devi.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CZuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1999 |publisher=Superintendent of Research and Museum |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3kwoAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire |date=1893 |publisher=Macmillan |language=en}}</ref> He succeeded his father on 27 July 1841 as a minor.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_cvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Orissa (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SULAQAAIAAJ |title=Orissa District Gazetteers: Balangir |date=1968 |publisher=Superintendent, Orissa Government Press |language=en}}</ref> He was educated and trained in matters of statecraft by his mother, Gundicha Devi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Mazumdar |first=B. C. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.10193 |title=Chohan rulers of Sonpur |date=1925}}</ref> He gained an intimate acquaintance with English and could converse in it with ease and fluency.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Nāẏaka |first=Pabitra Mohana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_zZuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Voice of Silence: Sonepur Durbar and Indian Cultural Traditions |date=2001 |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7586-058-2 |language=en}}</ref> He used to read historical works in English.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> [[Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|Sir Richard Temple]] described him in 1863 as "fairly verseü in English," and that "considering the isolated country where he lives, his comparative enlightenment is a matter for gratification, almost for surprise."<ref name=":2" /> Besides [[English language|English]], he was equally well-versed and proficient in [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Urdu]], [[Sanskrit]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref name=":2" /> He was extremely popular and very loyal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LfoxAQAAMAAJ |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |language=en}}</ref> He obtained the title of Raja Bahadur for meritorious services rendered to British Government during the Sambalpur insurrection.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Cotton |first1=James Sutherland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F0YoAAAAYAAJ |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ... |last2=Burn |first2=Sir Richard |last3=Meyer |first3=Sir William Stevenson |date=1908 |publisher=Clarendon Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ld5AAQAAMAAJ |title=Who's who in India |date=1911 |publisher=Newul Kishore Press |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> He died on 9 September 1891, and was succeeded by [[Pratap Rudra Singh Deo]] as Raja of Sonepur.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8wkAQAAIAAJ |title=United Provinces, Oudh, Bengal, Central Provinces |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Sonepur]]
[[Category:People from Subarnapur district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian monarchs]]

National Highway 948A (India)

2025-03-05T21:26:06Z

Joquim: Started a post

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 948A
|map =
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=
|ahn=
| length_km = 185
| direction_a =
| direction_b =
| terminus_a = [[National Highway 648 (India)|National Highway 648]], [[Dobbaspet]]
| terminus_b = [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]], [[Sarjapura]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route =
| next_route =
| states = [[Karnataka]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
| destinations =
|image_notes=
}}

'''National Highway 948A''', commonly called '''NH 948A''', is a [[National Highway (India)|national highway]] in the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]] in [[India]]. It is a [[Spur route|secondary]] route of [[National Highway 48 (India)|National Highway 48]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/181468.pdf|title=New National Highways notification - GOI|website=[[The Gazette of India]]|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127120453/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2018/181468.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|title=New National highways notification by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812194639/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details-of-National-Highways-as-on-31.03_1.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/13986676 NH 948A on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH48 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Karnataka]]
[[Category:National highways in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Malda, Bihar

2025-03-05T17:01:25Z

Joquim: quick update

{{One source|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malda
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| map_caption = Location in Bihar
| coordinates = {{coord|27.108|N|84.464|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Champaran district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malda''' is a village in [[West Champaran]] district in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Demographics==
As of the [[2011 census of India]], Malda had a population of 1367 in 243 households. Males constitute 52.81% of the population and females 47.18%. Malda has an average literacy rate of 53.84%, lower than the national average of 74%: male literacy is 63.31%, and female literacy is 36.68%. In Malda, 21.2% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/final_pca.aspx|title=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{West Champaran district}}
[[Category:Villages in West Champaran district]]

{{WestChamparan-geo-stub}}

Choozhal

2025-02-07T09:56:58Z

Joquim: refined lead after review to improve readability

{{Short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Choozhal
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Tamil language
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|8.32|N|77.13|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| leader_title = altitude =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 6158
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Choozhal''' is a village in [[Tamil Nadu]] located nearly {{convert|60|km|mi|}} from [[Kanyakumari]] and {{convert|40|km|mi|}} from [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. It is on the border between Tamil Nadu and Kerala, [[India]].

Choozhal is within the [[Munchirai]] municipality. It contains a lot of [[Church (building)|church]]es and [[temple]]s; among them are Choozhal-Piracode Sree Krishna Swamy Temple, Pammakkulangara Sree Bhadrakali Temple (famous for Iratta Ponkala), Madathu Nada Sree Dharma Shastha Temple, St Little Flower MSC{{clarify|date=December 2024|reason=What is "MSC"?}} Church, St Joseph MSC Church, St Thomas MSC Church Ambilikonam, St Michael's Church Choozhal,<ref>{{cite web |title=Diocese of Kuzhithurai |url=https://www.ucanews.com/directory/parishes-stations/india-kuzhithurai/555/70 |publisher=Union of Catholic Asian News |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> and Kingdom Hall of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] at Choozhal Junction.

Residents of Choozhal are mainly farmers or government employees.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Geography ==
Choozhal is situated 4 km from [[Parassala]], [[Kerala]] and 6 km from [[Kaliyakkavilai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is fairly well-connected by bus, rail, and air; the nearest railway station, [[Parassala railway station|Parassala]], is situated approximately 4 km from Choozhal.

== Demographics ==
As of the [[2011 India census]], the village had a population of 6,158. There were 3,094 females and 3,064 males with a sex-ratio of 1,009 females for every 1,000 males, well above the national average of 929. A total of 627 were children below the age of six.<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics of Tamil Nadu Panchayats |url=http://www.tamilvu.org/coresite/download/Village_Panchayat.pdf |website=Tamil Online Education Society |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

== Attractions ==
The main attraction of Choozhal is the Choozhal-Piracode Sree Krishna Swamy Temple. The temple celebrates its annual festival, known as Kumbha Rohini Mahotsavam, during the months of February to March. In the early days, the village is known as Shankurutty. After a period of time, the village was named Krishnapuram which originated from the name of the Lord Sree Krishna. Once upon a time, this temple was a {{lang|ta|bhajan mandir}} and Uriyadi with Bhajana Pattabhishekeam (annual festival) was conducted regularly. Sivasankara Panicker presided over the temple committee for a long period. In 1973, the original structure was demolished, making way for the construction of a new temple. Thanks to the active participation of the community, the present Sree Krishna Swamy Temple was inaugurated on April 17, 1979. Later, on February 18, 2008, the temple was reconstructed again with the generous support of the local community. There is also a Bhadrakali Temple situated in Piracode, opposite to Krishanpuram famous for {{lang|ta|iratta ponkala}}.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

A Youth Social Services (YSS) society located at Krishnapuram performs social services in the area. The facilities include a library with a huge collection of books, information room, and a public television room. The club celebrates its annual function during the month of August to September in connection with the [[Onam]] festival, by conducting various programmes which include various sports, arts, quizzes, etc. The club also promotes students of class 10th and 12th by awarding students who topped with marks.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Regions of Kanyakumari}}

[[Category:Villages in Kanyakumari district]]

Chanira Bajracharya

2024-10-22T23:53:32Z

Joquim: added intro per sources

{{Short description|Nepalese kumari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''Chanira Bajracharya''' ({{langx|ne|चनिरा बज्राचार्य}}; born 1995) is a former [[Kumari (goddess)|Kumari]] or Living Goddess of [[Patan, nepal|Patan]] in [[Nepal]].

== Biography ==
She was born in [[Nepal]], chosen as living goddess in April 2000, and enthroned when she was five years-old.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27885141 |title=Nepal's living goddess who still has to do homework |last=Narang |first=Sonia |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=2014-06-18 |accessdate=2016-12-08 }}</ref> In late-May 2001, she cried for four days in what was interpreted as a bad omen. The day after she stopped crying, the [[Nepalese royal massacre]] occurred.<ref name="Schmall 2022">{{cite web|date=15 July 2022|title=Ex-Goddess Works to Reform 700-Year Tradition. Her M.B.A. Helps.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/15/world/asia/nepal-kumari-living-goddess.html|author-last=Emily|author-first=Emily|access-date=27 July 2022|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Her reign ended when she reached puberty at the age of 15 when she menstruated for the first time, as is customary for Kumaris. She was succeeded by [[Samita Bajracharya]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2015/05/28/410074105/the-very-strange-life-of-nepals-child-goddess|title=The Very Strange Life Of Nepal's Child Goddess|publisher=npr.org |date=2015-08-28 |last=McCarthy |first=Julie|accessdate=2016-12-08 }}</ref> Bajracharya is the niece of [[Dhana Kumari Bajracharya]], one of the longest serving living goddesses, who reigned in Patan for three decades.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jul/20/nepals-earthquake-forces-living-goddess-to-break-decades-of-seclusion |title=Nepal's earthquake forces 'living goddess' to break decades of seclusion |publisher=theguardian.com |date=2015-07-20 |accessdate=2016-12-08 }}</ref>

Bajracharya speaks fluent English, which she learned during her reign as Living Goddess.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-27885141|title=Nepal's living goddess who still has to do homework|last=Narang|first=Sonia|date=2014-06-18|newspaper=BBC News|language=en-GB|access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> Following her retirement as Living Goddess, she studied business administration at [[Kathmandu University]], eventually earning a [[Master of Business Administration]].<ref name="Schmall 2022"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-24371433 100 Women] at [[BBC Online]]
* [http://www.michael-murr.de/index.php?page=215&languageid=en The ex-Kumari: Chanira Bajracharya (Patan / Lalitpur)]

{{Kumari|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajracharya, Chanira}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deified women]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Nepal]]
[[Category:Buddhism in Nepal]]
[[Category:Virgin goddesses]]
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:People from Lalitpur District, Nepal]]
[[Category:Kumaris (goddesses)]]

{{nepal-bio-stub}}
{{hindu-bio-stub}}

Baati

2024-07-12T10:52:49Z

Joquim: further cleaned up intro for accuracy and updated info

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Muley Jats

2023-10-15T09:34:57Z

Joquim: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Jat Muslim]]

Indian Premier League controversies

2023-10-08T06:24:03Z

Joquim: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Indian Premier League#Controversies]]

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