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List of Jain temples

2026-05-08T11:33:42Z

Johnsmithabmm1: made new place!

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{dynamic list}}

[[File:Jain Temple Ranakpur.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Ranakpur Jain temple]] in [[Ranakpur]], Rajasthan]]
{{Jainism}}

[[File:Palitana.jpg|thumb|[[Palitana Tirtha]] ]]
[[File:Delwada.jpg|thumb|[[Dilwara Temples]] ]]
[[File:1000-Pillar-Temple-Moodbidri-Left-Side-View.JPG|thumb|[[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] in [[Moodbidri]] ]]
[[File:Jain temple at Lakkundi built in the Kalyani Chalukya style.jpg|thumb|[[Brahma Jinalaya]], [[Lakkundi]] ]]
[[File:Sheth_Hutheesinh_Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Hutheesing Jain Temple]]]]
[[File:Jain Narayana temple at Pattadakal.JPG|thumb|[[Pattadakal#Jain Narayana Temple|Jain Narayana temple]]: a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ]]
[[File:Le temple de Parshvanath (Khajuraho) (8638423582).jpg|thumb|[[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho]]: a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] ]]
[[File:Digambar Jain Lal Mandir, Chandni Chowk, Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Lal Mandir]] in [[Delhi]] ]]
[[File:Lodurva Temples.jpg|thumb|[[Lodhurva Jain temple]] ]]
[[File:Nasiyan_Jain_Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Soniji Ki Nasiyan]] ]]
[[File:Panchakuta Basadi (10th century AD) at Kambadahalli.JPG|thumb|[[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli|Panchakuta Basadi]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]] ]]
[[File:Calcutta Jain Temple-Sheetalnath Mandir-P1080642.jpg|thumb|[[Calcutta Jain Temple|Parshwanath Temple, Calcutta]] ]]
[[File:Jain Tirthankara Relief at Padmakshi Gutta 02.jpg|thumb|Jain Tirthankara Relief at [[Padmakshi Gutta]], [[Warangal]] ]]
[[File:Mel Sithamur Jain Math, Tamil Nadu.JPG|thumb|[[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]] ]]
[[File:Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Temple.png|thumb|[[Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Jain Temple]] ]]
[[File:Jain_temple_warangal.jpg|thumb|[[Kulpakji]] ]]
[[File:Upper Temple Complex at Tirumalai.jpg|thumb|[[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]] ]]
[[File:Sangheji jain temple,sanganer,jaipur.JPG|thumb|[[Sanghiji]], [[Sanganer]] ]]
[[File:Deogarh, UP. Jain temple complex.jpg|thumb|[[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] ]]

[[Jain temples]] and ''[[Tirtha (Jainism)|tirtha]]'' (pilgrimage sites) are present throughout the [[Indian subcontinent]], many of which were built several hundred years ago. Many of these temples are classified according to [[Jain sects]]. Idols of [[tirthankara]]s are present in these temples. Many Jain temples are found in other areas of the world. This article lists and documents prominent Jain temples and Tirthas around the world.

==India==

===Andhra Pradesh===
<gallery>
File:Gummileru Jain Temple.jpg|Shree Shankheshwar Parshwanath Jain Temple
File:Hrinkar Teerth.jpg|Hrinkar Teerth
File:Siddala Kona Rock Cave.JPG|[[Siddalakona]] cave temple
</gallery>

;Cave temples
* [[Undavalli Caves]]
* [[Ambapuram cave temple]]
* [[Ramateertham#Bodhikonda|Bodhikonda]] and [[Ramateertham#Durgakonda .28Ghanikonda.29|Ghanikonda]] Caves
* [[Siddalakona]]

; Main temples
* [[Danavulapadu Jain temple]]
*[[Gummileru#Shree Shankheshwar Parshwanath Jain temple|Shree Shankheshwar Parshwanath Jain temple]] in [[Gummileru]]
*[[Mangalagiri#Tourism|Hrinkar Teerth]] near [[National Highway 5 (India, old numbering)|NH 5]], [[Namburu]].

===Assam===
* [[Jainism in Assam|Jain Temple in Tihu]], [[Tihu]]
* [[Sri Surya Pahar]]

===Bihar===
<gallery>
File:Pawapuri - 001 Temple marking Mahavira's Passing (9243092471).jpg|[[Jal Mandir]], [[Pawapuri]]
File:Pawapuri - 013 Jaina Temple (9245758028).jpg|Gaon mandir, Pawapuri
File:Kundalpur Jain Temple Nalanda (cropped).jpg|[[Jain temple, Kundalpur (Bihar)|Jain temple]], [[Kundalpur, Bihar]]
File:Naulakha Mandir.jpg|Naulakha Mandir, [[Rajgir]]
</gallery>

;Cave temple
* [[Son Bhandar Caves]]

;Main temple
* [[Rajgir]]
* [[Jal Mandir]], [[Pawapuri]]
* [[Champapuri]]
* [[Lachhuar Jain temple]], [[Jamui district]]
* [[Kamaldah Jain temple]] in [[Patna|Pataliputra]]
* [[Vikramashila]]
* [[Jain temple, Kundalpur (Bihar)|Jain temple, Kundalpur]]
* [[Mandargiri, Bihar]]
* [[Arrah]] – 44 Jain temples including [[Parashanatha Temple, Arrah]]

===Chhattisgarh===
<gallery>
File:9th century Bhand Deul Jain brick temple, Arang Chhattisgarh.jpg|Terracota [[Bhand Dewal temple]], [[Arang]]
File:Kaivalydham_Jain_temple,_raipur.JPG|[[Kumhari#Places of interest|Kevalya Dham Jain Tirth]]
File:Uwasaggaharam_gate.JPG|Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth
</gallery>
* [[Arang Jain temples]], [[Arang]]
* [[Kumhari#Places of interest|Kevalya Dham]], [[Kumhari]]
* [[Durg#Places to see|Uwasaggaharam Parshwa Teerth]], [[Durg]]

===Daman and Diu===
<gallery>
File:Jain_Temple,_Daman_(2012).jpg|Jain Temple inside Nani Daman Fort
</gallery>
*[[Daman, Daman and Diu#Tourism|Jain Temple, Daman Fort]]

===Delhi===
<gallery>
File:Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak - Main (1).jpg|[[Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak]]
File:Naya Mandir, Dharampura - side view (1).jpg|[[Naya Mandir]]
File:Padmavati Digamber Jain temple, interior.jpg|Interior in Shri Padmavati Purwal Digamber Jain Mandir
</gallery>

* [[Sri Digambar Jain Lal Mandir]]
* [[Naya Mandir]], Dharampura
* [[Ahinsa Sthal]], [[Mehrauli]]
* [[Shri Atma Vallabh Jain Smarak]]
* [[Dādābadī#Mehrauli|Dādābadī]], [[Mehrauli]]

===Goa===
* [[Jainism in Goa#Main Temples|Neminath Jain Basti]] at Bandivade
* [[Jainism in Goa#Main Temples|Cudnem Jain Temple]]
* [[Jainism in Goa#Main Temples|Narve Jain Temple Ruins]]

===Gujarat===
<gallery>
File:Tarangaji_Jain_temple.jpg|[[Taranga Jain temple|Ajitnath Temple]]
File:Kutch_Bhadreshwar_Jain_Temple.jpg|[[Vasai Jain Temple]]
File:Girnar Jain temple - Neminath temple.jpg|[[Girnar Jain temples|Girnar]]
File:Samovsaran Mandir Palitana 02.jpg|Samovsaran Mandir, [[Palitana Teerth]]
File:Jain Temple, Pavagadh (cropped).jpg|[[Pavagadh Jain temples]] part of [[Champaner-Pavagadh Archaeological Park]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]
File:Kumbhariya Jain Derasar complex, Ambaji Gujarat 240.jpg|[[Neminatha temple, Kumbharia]]
</gallery>
;Cave temple
* [[Bava Pyara Caves]]
* [[Dhank Caves]]
* [[Talaja Caves]]

;Main temple
[https://www.srmd.org/jinmandir-gurumandir/ Shri Dharampur Tirth (Jain Mandir)] most visited Jain temple in [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jinmandir & Gurumandir |url=https://www.srmd.org/jinmandir-gurumandir/ |access-date=2026-05-08 |website=Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Palitana Tirtha]],
* [[Shri Shankeshwar Tirth]]
* [[Girnar Jain temples]]
* [[Taranga Jain temple]]
* [[Hutheesing Jain Temple]]
* [[Vasai Jain Temple]] in [[Bhadresar]]
* [[Mahudi Jain Temple]]
* [[Shantinath Jain temple, Kothara|Shantinath Jain temple]] in [[Kothara, Kutch]]
* [[Kumbharia Jain temples]]
* [[Panchasara Parshwanath temple]], [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]
* [[Songadh Tirtha]] – main tirth for [[Kanji Panth]]
* [[Vataman]]
* [[Jain temples, Abhapur]]
* [[Adalaj|Trimandir, Adalaj]] in [[Gandhinagar]]
* [[Shri Pavagadh Tirth]]
* [[Naliya#Naliya Jain Derasar|Naliya Jain Derasar]]
* [[Mehsana#Places of worship|Simandhar Swami Jain Derasar]] in [[Mehsana]]
* [[Palanpur#Temples|Pallaviya Parshwanath Temple]] in [[Palanpur]]
* [[Jamnagar#Temples|Vardhman Shah's Temple]] and Shantinath Mandir in [[Jamnagar]]
* [[Surat#Points of interest|Chintamani Jain Temple]] in [[Surat]]
* [[Talaja, Bhavnagar#Jain Temple|Shri Talaja Tirth]]
* [[Valsad district#Tourism|Simandhar Swami Jain Derasar]] in [[Bhilad]]
* [[Vijapur#Vijapur Derasar|Vijapur Derasar]] in [[Vijapur]]
* [[Bhiloda#Places of interest|Chandaprabhu Digambar Jain Bavan Jinalya]], [[Bhiloda]]
* [[Rajgadhi Timbo]]
* [[Godhra#Religious importance|Trimandir, Godhra]] in [[Godhra]]
* [[Suthari#Shri Suthri Jain Derasar|Shri Suthri Jain Derasar]], [[Suthari]]
* [[Tera, Kutch#Notable buildings|Jain Derasar of Tera, Kutch]]
* [[Ghogha#Jain temples|Jain temples in Ghogha]]
* [[Sonkatch|Pushpagiri, Sonkatch]]

===Haryana===
<gallery>
File:Hansi Jain temple.jpg|Hansi Jain temple
File:Navagraha temple - Shikhopur.jpg|Siddhant Tirth Kshetra Shikohpur
File:Gupti Dham (4).jpg|Gupti Dham
</gallery>
* [[Ranila Jain temple]]
* [[Punyoday Tirth]]
* [[Dehra Temple]]

=== Himachal Pradesh ===
<gallery>
File:A Shrine at Kangra Fort.JPG|Ambika mata temple, Kangra fort
File:Kangra Shwetambar Jain temple.jpg|Kangra [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain temple
</gallery>
* [[Kangra fort|Ambika mata temple, Kangra fort]]
* Kangra [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain temple

===Jharkhand===
<gallery>
File:Sikharji jalmandir.jpg|Jal Mandir
File:Sikharji parasnath hills.jpg|Shri Sammed Shikharji
</gallery>
*[[Shri Sammed Shikharji]]

===Karnataka===
<gallery>
File:Bahubali_Shravana_Belagola.jpg|The famous monolithic [[Gommateshwara statue]] at [[Shravanabelagola]] was built in 10th century
File:Old_jain_temple_belgaum_(1).jpg|[[Kamal Basadi]] at [[Belgaum Fort]]
File:Rear_view_of_Shantinatha_basadi_at_Jinanathapura.JPG|[[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura|Shantinatha Basadi]]
File:View of Akkana Basadi from northeastern side at Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Akkana Basadi]]
File:Profile of the Parshvanatha basadi (1133 AD) at Halebidu.JPG|[[Jain temples, Halebidu|Parshvanatha basadi]], [[Halebidu]] a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]
File:Chaturmukha Basadi.jpg|[[Chaturmukha Basadi]]
File:Chandragiri hill temple complex at Shravanabelagola.jpg|[[Chandragiri Hill|Chandragiri Complex]], [[Shravanbelgola]]
File:Backside view of Basadi in Humcha.jpg|[[Humcha]]
</gallery>

; Cave temples
* [[Badami cave temples]] in [[Badami]]
* [[Aihole#Jain cave temple|Aihole cave temple]]

; Main temples
* [[Shravanabelagola]], a monumental [[Gommateshwara statue]] ([[Bahubali]]) in [[Hassan district]]. 27 [[Shravanabelagola#Basadi|Basadi complex]] including [[Akkana Basadi]], [[Odegal basadi]], [[Parshvanatha basadi, Shravanabelgola|Parshvanatha basadi]], [[Chandragupta basadi]], [[Bhandara Basadi]] and [[Chavundaraya Basadi]]
* [[Karkala]], 1. Hiriyangadi Basadi 2. Chathurmukha Basadi 3. Padmavathi Kere Basadi. The famous monolithic {{convert|42|ft|m}} [[Gommateshwara statue, Karkala|Gommateshwara statue]] the second tallest in Karnataka is also here.
* [[Dharmasthala]], a {{convert|39|ft|m}} Gomateshwara idol.
* [[Venur]], a {{convert|35|ft|m}} Gomateshwara idol.
* [[Gommatagiri]], a {{convert|20|ft|m}} Gomateshwara idol.
* [[Moodabidri]], 18 ancient Jain temple including [[Saavira Kambada Basadi]] the Thousand Pillars Temple and [[Guru Basadi]]
* [[Brahma Jinalaya]] in [[Lakkundi]]
* [[Humcha Jain temples]]
* [[Navagraha Jain Temple]] in [[Hubli]]
* [[Sankighatta]]
* [[Jain Narayana temple, Pattadakal]]
* [[Kundadri]]: It is said this is Samadhi sthal of [[Acharya (Jainism)|Acharya]] [[Kundakunda]]
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi]] in [[Karkala]]
* [[Jain Basadi complex, Halebidu|Basadi complex]], [[Halebidu]]: 1. Parshvanatha Basadi 2. Shantinatha Basadi 3. Adinatha Basadi
* [[Varanga]] – This is an important Jain centre. The [[Kere basadi]] is located in midst of a lake. There are many other basadis too.
* [[Aihole#Jain Temples|Aihole Jain complex]] – Meguti Jain temple, Charanthimatha Group of temples, Yoginarayana group and Jain cave temple
* [[Kanakagiri Jain tirth]]
* [[Shanka Basadi]] and Ananthanatha basadi at [[Lakshmeshwara]]
* [[Shantinatha Basadi, Jinanathapura]]
* [[Panchakuta Basadi, Kambadahalli]]
* [[Hadavalli|Hadavalli Jain Temple]]
* [[Jwalamalini temple]], [[Narasimharajapura]]
* [[Kamal Basadi]] and Chikki Basadi at [[Belgaum Fort]]
* [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Gerusoppa]]
* [[Mandaragiri]]
* [[Manyakheta#Ancient institutions|Jain Bhattaraka Math]] at [[Manyakheta]]
* [[Aagam Mandir, Tumkur]]
* [[Kamthana#Parshavanatha Teerthankara Jain temple|Kamthana Jain temple]]
* [[Places of worship in Bangalore#Jainism and Jain derasars|Shri 1008 Adinath Digamber Jin Mandir]], [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]]
* [[Places of worship in Bangalore#Jainism and Jain derasars|Shri Mahavira Digambara Jain temple]], [[Chickpet]]
* [[Kalya (Kalyana pura)]]
* [[Gundwad|Gundwad Jain Basadi]]
* [[Barkur#Temple Architecture|Kathale Basadi]], [[Barkur]]
* [[Sringeri#Sri Parshwanath Swamy Basadi|Sri Parshwanath Swamy Basadi]]
* [[Hangal#Jain temple at the fort|Jain temple inside Hangal Fort]], [[Hubli]]
* [[Hampi#Jain monuments|Hampi Jain complex]]
* [[Naregal, Gadag#Padmabbarasi basadi|Padmabbarasi basadi]], [[Naregal, Gadag|Naregal]]
* [[Kalaghatagi#Shantinatha Basadi|Shantinatha Basadi]], [[Kalaghatagi]]
* [[Godageri]]
* [[Sargur]]
* [[Attibele#Jain Temple|Shri Parshwa Sushil Dham]], [[Attibele]]

===Kerala===
<gallery>
File:Jaina2.jpg|[[Anantnath Swami Temple]]
File:Kerala jain temple.jpg|[[Kochi Jain temple|Dharmanath Jain Temple]]
File:Jain-temple-alleppey.jpg|[[Jain temple, Alleppey|Alleppey Sree Jain Shwethambar Temple]]
File:Jain temple, Wayanad IMG 3494 by Joseph Lazer.jpg|[[Sultan Bathery Jain Temple]]
File:Shri Vasupujya Swami Jain Temple.jpg|Shri Vasupujya Swami Jain Temple
File:Manjeshwar Jain Temple.JPG|[[Manjeshwar#Places of worship|Chathurmukha Basati]], [[Manjeshwar]]
File:Trikkur Jain Cliff Cave.jpg|Trikkur Jain Cliff
</gallery>
* [[Anantnath Swami Temple]]
* [[Jain temple, Alleppey]]
* [[Jainimedu Jain temple]], [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]].
* [[Kallil Temple]] in [[Angamaly]], [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]].
* [[Kattil Madam Temple]]
* [[Sultan Bathery Jain Temple]], [[Wayanad]]
* [[Manjeshwar#Places of worship|Chathurmukha Basati]] and Parswanatha Basati, [[Manjeshwar]]
* [https://www.jainmandir.org/Temple/Shri-Tirthankar-Mahaveer-Jinalaya%2C-Panampilly-Nagar%2C-Kochi-(Cochin)%2C-District-Ernakulam-(Kerala) Shri Mahaveer Swami Digambar Jain Temple, Panambilli Nagar, Ernakulam]

===Madhya Pradesh===
<gallery>
File:Hanumantal.jpg|[[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]]
File:Temples_kundalpur.JPG|[[Kundalpur tirth]]
File:Sonagiri.jpg|[[Sonagiri]]
File:Temples of muktagiri.jpg|[[Muktagiri]]
File:Kanch Mandir, Indore.jpg|[[Kanch Mandir]], Indore
File:Papauraji_Entrance_Temple.jpg|[[Paporaji]]
File:Maladevi Temple Gyaraspur facade.jpg|[[Maladevi temple]]
File:Gadarmal Temple Badoh.jpg|Gadarmal temple
File:Pataria Jain Temple, Badoh.jpg|Pataria Jain temple
File:Jain statues, Gwalior.jpg|Rock carved Jain statues at [[Siddhachal Caves]] inside [[Gwalior Fort]]
File:Gopachal (4).jpg|Tirthankar statue at [[Gopachal]]
File:01022 Sarvodaya Jain temple, Amarkantak MP 017.jpg|[[Sarvodaya Jain temple]]
</gallery>

;Caves
* [[Siddhachal Caves]] of [[Gwalior Fort]] is home to dozens of historical large size Jain rock-cut sculptures.
* [[Gopachal Hill]]
* [[Udayagiri Caves]]

;Temples
* [[Kundalpur]] – including [[Bade Baba Temple]]
* [[Jain temples of Khajuraho]] – [[Parshvanatha temple, Khajuraho|Parshvanatha temple]], [[Adinatha temple, Khajuraho|Adinatha temple]], [[Shantinatha temple, Khajuraho|Shantinatha temple]], and [[Ghantai temple]]
* [[Sonagiri]]
* [[Muktagiri]]
* [[Hanumantal Bada Jain Mandir]], [[Jabalpur]]
* [[Bawangaja]]
* [[Kanch Mandir]] in [[Indore]]
* [[Jain temples, Vidisha]] – Pataria Jain temples, [[Bajramath temple]], [[Maladevi temple]], [[Gadarmal Devi Temple]], Bada Mandir
* [[Pataini temple]]
* [[Paporaji]], Tikamgarh District
* [[Pateriaji]], Sagar District
* [[Bandhaji]]
* [[Mohankheda|Mohankheda Tirth]], [[Dhar]]
* [[Aharji Jain Teerth]]
* [[Nainagiri]]
* [[Ajaigarh]]
* [[Sarvodaya Jain temple]], [[Amarkantak]]
* [[Pisanhari ki Marhia]]
* [[Pawagiri Jain temple|Pavagiri Tirth]] and [[Khargone#Jain temples|Chaubara Dera]], Oon, [[Khargone]]
* [[Semliya]]
* [[Badagaon#Places of interest|Digambar Jain Siddhakshetra, Falhodi Badagaon]]
*
* [[Chanderi#Jainism at Chanderi|Jain temple complex]], [[Chanderi]] – Choubeesee Bara Mandir, Khandargiri Jain cave, Thobonji Jain temple, Chandraprabha Digambar Jain temple
* [[Sakri#Tourism|Shree Vimalnath Bhagwan Tirth]] in [[Dhule]]
* [[Bhind district#Jain temples|Mahavir Jain Temple]] and Digambar Jain Parasnath Jinalaya, [[Bhind district|Bhind]]
* [[Bahuriband]]
* [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh#Places of interest|Sri Mandavgadh Jain Tirth]], [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Sagar district#Dayasagar Ji Mararaj Nemingar Jain Tirth|Dayasagar Ji Mararaj Nemingar Jain Tirth]], [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
* [[Beenaji]], [[Sagar district|Sagar]]
* [[Sihoniya#Ambikā Devī temple|Sihoniya Ambikā Devī Temple]], [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh|Morena]]
* [[Maksi]]
* [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh#Jain temples|Bhojpur Jain Temple]]
* [[Jalore Fort|Temples in Jalore Fort]]
* [[Khadotiya#Shri Adinath Keshwarna Jain Temple|Shri Adinath Keshwarna Jain Temple]]
* [[Indore#Gommat Giri|Gommat Giri]], [[Indore]]
* Nemavar Digambar Jain Temple, [[Dewas]]
* Bandha ji Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra, [[Tikamgarh]]
* Baraso Ji Digambar Jain Temple, [[Bhind]]
* Golakot Digambar Jain Temple, Golakot, [[Shivpuri]]
* Pachrai Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra, [[Shivpuri]]

===Maharashtra===
<gallery>
File:Antariksh Parshvanath Temple, Shirpur.jpg|[[Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha]] at Shirpur, [[Washim]], [[Akola district]]
File:Dharmachakra, lord mahaviras temple.jpg|Shree Dharmachakra Prabhav Tirth at [[Gajpanth]]
File:Shri 1008 Shantinath Jain Temple.JPG|[[Shantinath Jain Teerth]]
File:0101821 Shantinath Jain Mandir, Ramtek, Maharashtra 079.jpg|[[Ramtek Jain temple]]
File:Jain Pavapuri Jal Mandir Katraj Pune.JPG|Jain Pavapuri Jal Mandir in [[Katraj]]
File:Jain temple in bombay 3.jpg|[[Walkeshwar#Places of interest|Walkeshwar Jain temple]]
File:Jain Temple located in Dadawadi.jpg|Dadabadi, [[Jalgaon]]
</gallery>
; Cave temple
* [[Ellora Caves#The Jain caves|Ellora Jain Caves]]
* [[Nasik Caves]]
* [[Manmodi Caves]]
* [[Mangi-Tungi]]

; Main temple
* [[Shantinath Jain Teerth]]
* [[Gajpanth]]
* [[Kumbhoj]]
* [[Jintur]]
* [[Godiji]]
* [[Nemgiri]]
* [[Katraj#Katraj Jain Temple|Katraj Tirth]]
* [[Walkeshwar#Places of interest|Babu Amichand Panalal Adishwarji Jain Temple]], [[Walkeshwar]]
* [[Ramtek Jain temple|Shantinatha temple]], [[Ramtek]]
* [[Sakri#Shree Vimalnath Bhagwan Tirth.2C Balsana.2C Sakri.2C Dhule|Shree Vimalnath Bhagwan Tirth]], [[Sakri]]
* [[Antarikṣa Pārśvanātha Tīrtha]], Pavali Jain Mandir, Vighnahara Parshvanath Shvetambar Mandir
* Chintamani Parshvanath Mandir in [[Nashik]]
* [[Nijampur Dhule#Tourism|Pashvanath Jain Temple]], [[Nijampur Dhule]]
* [[Paithan#Paithan Jain Tirth|Paithan Jain Tirth]]
* [[Karanja Lad#Jain temples|Karanja Jain temple]]
* [[Osmanabad district#Tourism|Shri Digamber Jain Siddha Kshetra Kunthalgiri]]
* [[Sanjay Gandhi National Park#Trimurti Temple|Trimurti Digambar Jain Mandir]]
* [[Pimpri-Chinchwad#Parks, Recreation and Tourism|Shree Mahavir Jain Temple]] in [[Pimpri-Chinchwad]]
* [[Bibwewadi#Jain Temple|Shri Vimalnatha Jain]] [[Śvetāmbara]] Temple
* [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra#Tourist attractions|Kachner Jain temple]]
* [[Dahigaon]]

===Nagaland===
<gallery>
Image:Jain Temple Dimapur.png|[[Dimapur Jain Temple]], [[Nagaland]]
File:Kohima Jain Temple (2024).jpg|Kohima Jain Temple
</gallery>
* [[Dimapur Jain Temple]], [[Dimapur]]
* [[Jain Temple Kohima]], [[Kohima]]

===Odisha===
<gallery>
File:Subai Jain temple, Koraput district, Odisha.jpg|[[Subai Jain temples]] built in 4th century
File:Digambara.png|[[Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri|Khandagiri Jain temple]]
File:Khandagiri Jain temple.jpg|Jain temple near [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]]
</gallery>
;Cave temple
* [[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]], [[Bhubaneswar]]: 2nd century BCE

;Main temple
* [[Digambara Jaina Temple, Khandagiri]]
* [[Parsvanath Jain Temple-I]] and [[Parsvanath Jain Temple-II]], Khandagiri hill
* [[Subai Jain temples]]: 4th century CE
* [[Jaugada]], [[Ganjam]]
* [[Digambara Jain Temple, Rourkela]]

===Rajasthan===
<gallery>
File:Shri 1008 muni svratnath bhagwan.jpeg|Statue of Munisuvratnath at [[Jahazpur#Atishykari Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Jain Mandir|Jahazpur Jain Mandir]]
File:Temple_de_Shanthinath.jpg|[[Kirti Stambh]], [[Chittor Fort]]
File:Kalpesh,Nakoda Tirath 2007.JPG|[[Nakoda Parsvanath temple]]
File:Jain temples, Jaisalmer Fort - panoramio (cropped).jpg|[[Parshavantha temple, Jaisalmer Fort]]
File:Osian 17-70.jpg|[[Osian Jain temple]]
File:Shri Mahaveerji temple.jpg|[[Shri Mahavirji]]
</gallery>

* [[Ranakpur Jain Temple]], [[Ranakpur]]
* [[Dilwara Temples]], [[Mount Abu]]
* [[Mirpur Jain Temple]], [[Sirohi]]
* [[Shri Mahaveer Ji temple|Shri Mahaveerji]], [[Karauli]]
* [[Sanghiji]], [[Sanganer]]
* [[Soniji Ki Nasiyan]] ([[Ajmer Jain Temple]])
* [[Nareli Jain Temple]]
* [[Kesariyaji Tirth]], [[Rishabhdeo]]
* [[Tijara Jain Temple]], [[Alwar]]
* [[Mahavira Jain temple, Osian]]
* [[Lodhurva Jain temple]]
* [[Nakodaji]]
* [[Bhandasar Jain Temple]] in [[Bikaner]]
* [[Kirti Stambh]] in [[Chittor Fort]]
* [[Kumbhalgarh|Jain Temples in Kumbhalgarh Fort]]
* [[Bijolia Parshvanath temple]]
* [[Andeshwar Parshwanath]]
* [[Jaisalmer Fort Jain temples]]
* [[Muchhal Mahavir Temple]]
* [[Chand Khedi]], [[Jhalawar]]
* [[Naugaza Digambar Jain temple]]
* [[Padampura]], [[Jaipur]]
* [[Shree Pavapuri Tirth Dham]], [[Sirohi district]]
* [[Jirawala]]
* [[Chamatkarji]]
* [[Ladnu Jain temple]]
* [[Atishaya Kshetra Lunwa Jain Temple]] at [[Nagaur district]]
* [[Nageshwar Parshwanath Tirth]]
* [[Jahaj Mandir]], [[Mandwala]]
* [[Bhandavapur]]
* [[Mungathala]]
* [[Jahazpur#Atishykari Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Jain Mandir|Atishykari Shri 1008 Munisuvratnath Jain Mandir]], [[Jahazpur]]
* [[Nana, Rajasthan#Jain Temple|Nanaji Jain temple]]
* [[Kanor, Rajasthan#Adeshware Ji|Kanor Adeshware Ji]]
* [[Bhinmal]] Bhaya-[[Bhinmal#Jainism in Bhinmal|Bhanjan Parshvanath Temple]]
* [[Swaran Jain temple, Falna]]
* [[Bijapur, Rajasthan|Rata Mahaveerji]]
* [[Pali, Rajasthan#Shri Navlakha Parshwanath Jain Temple|Shri Navlakha Parshwanath Jain Temple]], [[Pali, Rajasthan]]
* [[Tonk district#Jain Temples|Jain temples in Tonk dist.]]
* [[Jalore#Visitor attractions of Jalore|Jain temples in Jalore]]
* [[Bishangarh, Rajasthan#Jain Temple|Jain Temple]] in [[Bishangarh, Rajasthan|Bishangarh]]
* [[Jhalrapatan#Temples|Shantinath Jain Temple]], [[Jhalawar]]
* [[Keshoraipatan Jain temple]]
* [[Sanderao#Places of Interest|Sanderao Jain Temple]]
* [[Khimel#Jain Temple|Khimel Jain Temple]]
* [[Narlai|Shri Narlia Teerth]]
* [[Pindwara]]
* [[Ranoli]]
* Choolgiri, [[Jaipur]]

===Telangana===
; Cave temple
* [[Bommalagutta]] cave temple and Tribhuvanatilaka Basadi

; Main temple
* [[Kulpakji]]
* [[Kulcharam#History|Shri Vighn-harneshvar Parshva Digambara Jain Atishaya Kshetra]] in [[Kulcharam]]

===Tamil Nadu===
<gallery widths="150" heights="150">
File:Tiruparuthikundram (15).jpg|[[Trilokyanatha Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]]
File:Karandai Digambar Jain Temple.jpg|[[Karanthai|Karanthai Jain Temple]]
File:Desur Digambar Jain Temple.jpg|Shri Adinatheeswarar Jain Temple, [[Desur]]
File:Thirupanamur Digambar Jain Temple.jpg|Thirupanamur Digambar Jain Temple
File:Jain temple, Mettupudur 2.jpg|[[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]]
</gallery>

; Cave temples
* [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)]]
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]
* [[Thirakoil]]
* [[Samanar Hills]]
* [[Sittanavasal Cave]]: 2nd century BCE
* [[Thirakoil]], Thiruvannamalai
* [[Vallimalai Jain caves]]
* [[Thirupparankundram Rock-cut Cave and Inscription]]
* [[Onampakkam#Kurathimalai|Kurathimalai]], [[Onampakkam]]
* [[Keelavalavu#Panchapandavar Malai|Panchapandavar Malai]]
* [[Seeyamangalam#Rock Cut Jain Temple|Seeyamangalam]]
* [[Kanchiyur#Jain cave and stone beds|Kanchiyur Jain cave and stone beds]]
* [[Ennayiram#Ennayira Malai .28Ancient Jain cave.2C beds and inscriptions.29|Ennayira Malai]]
* [[Cholapandiyapuram#Andimalai|Andimalai Stone beds]], [[Cholapandiyapuram]]
* [[Nehanurpatti#Adukkankal|Adukkankal]], [[Nehanurpatti]]
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]
* [[Kanchiyur#Jain cave and stone beds|Kanchiyur Jain cave and stone beds]]

; Main temples
* [[Arahanthgiri Jain Math]], [[Thiruvannamalai]]
* [[Alagramam Jain Temple]]
* [[Chitharal malaikovil]]: 1st century BCE
* [[Gingee]], [[Viluppuram]]
* [[Karanthai|Karanthai Jain Temple]]
* [[Mannargudi Mallinatha Swamy Jain Temple]], [[Thiruvarur]]
* [[Mel Sithamur Jain Math]], [[Villupuram]]
* [[Poondi Arugar Temple]]
* [[Ponnur Hills]], [[Thiruvannamalai]]
* [[Sittanavasal]], [[Pudukottai]]
* [[Trilokyanatha Temple]], [[Kanchipuram]]
* [[Vijayamangalam Jain temple]]
* [[Adisvaraswamy Jain Temple, Thanjavur]]
* [[Chandraprabha Jain Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Deepanayakaswamy Jain Temple, Deepankudi]]
* [[Sowcarpet#Temples|Parshvantha temple, Sowcarpet]]

===Uttar Pradesh===
<gallery>
File:Jain Prachin Bada Mandir - side view.jpg|[[Digamber Jain Bada Mandir Hastinapur]]
File:Ashtapad Hastinapur.jpg|[[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Ashtapad]]
File:Kailash Parvat Rachna - 1.jpg|Kailash Parvat Rachna
File:Jambudweep Rachna.jpg|[[Jambudweep]]
File:Trilok teerth dham.jpg|[[Trilok Teerth Dham]]
File:Ahichchhatra Shwethambar Tirth (5).jpg|[[Ahichchhatra Jain temple]]
File:Haridwar Jain temple (1).jpg|[[Haridwar#Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir|Shri Chintamani Parshwnath temple, Haridwar]]
File:Bahubaleshwar Temple.jpg
</gallery>

* [[Shantinath Temple, Deogarh|Shantinath Temple]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]]
* [[Digamber Jain Mandir Hastinapur|Prachin Bada Mandir]], [[Jambudweep]], Kailash Parvat Rachna, Ashtapad Teerth in [[Hastinapur]], [[Meerut]]
* [[Navagarh Tirth]]
* [[Ahichchhatra Jain temples|Ahi Kshetra]]
* [[Vahelna Jain temple]], [[Vahelna]]
* [[Trilok Teerth Dham]], [[Bada Gaon]] in [[Baghpat]]
* [[Parshvanath Jain temple, Varanasi|Parshvanath Jain temple]] in [[Varanasi]]
* [[Sarnath Jain Tirth]] at [[Sarnath]], [[Varanasi]]
* [[Chandrawati Jain temple]] near [[Varanasi]]
* [[Shobhnath temple]], [[Shravasti]]
* [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh#Shri Shouripur Digambar and shwetambar Jain Siddha Kshetra|Shri Shouripur Digambar Jain Siddha Kshetra]], [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]
* [[Kampil#Jain Temple|Shri Vimalnath Digambar Jain Atishay Kshetra]] in [[Kampil]], [[Farrukhabad district]]
* [[Bada Gaon temple|Shree Parsvnath Atishey Kshetra Digamber Jain mandir]], [[Bada Gaon]] in [[Baghpat]]
* [[Haridwar#Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain Shwetambar Mandir|Shri Chintamani Parshwnath Jain]] [[Śvetāmbara]] Mandir, [[Haridwar]]
* [[Raiganj#Tourism|Shri 1008 digamabar Adinath Jain mandir]], [[Raiganj]]
* [[Khukhundoo]]
* [[Teerthdham Mangalayatan Mandir]]
* Bahubaleshwar Temple at Greater Noida

===Uttarakhand===
<gallery>
File:Shri Aadinath Digamber Jain Mandir, New Tehri.jpg|Shri Aadinath Digamber Jain Mandir, New Tehri
</gallery>
* Shri Adinath Digambar Jain Mandir, [[New Tehri]]
* 1008 Shri Rishabhdev Jain Mandir, [[Srinagar, Uttarakhand|Shrinagar]]

===West Bengal===
<gallery>
File:Pakbirra Jain Shrine of Purulia 03.jpg|[[Pakbirra Jain temples]], [[Purulia district|Purulia]]
File:Belgachhia Pareshnath Mandir (1).jpg|[[Belgachia#Jain Temple|Belgachia Pareshnath Mandir]]
File:Sat Deul 6.jpg|[[Sat Deul]]
File:Deulbhira Taldangra block (15).jpg|Parshvanatha temple, Deulbhira
File:Deul at Banda, Purulia WLM2016-0207.jpg|[[Banda Deul]]
File:Brick and stone deul in Para at Purulia.jpg|Para Deul, [[Para, Purulia|Para]]
File:Stone Deul at Charara.jpg|Charara Deul, [[Chharra, Purulia|Chharra]]
</gallery>
* [[Calcutta Jain Temple]]
* [[Pakbirra Jain temples]]
* [[Kathgola#Adinath Temple|Kathgola Adinath Temple]]
* [[Belgachia#Jain Temple|Shree Digambar Jain Pareswanath Temple]], [[Belgachia]]
* [[Sat Deul]]
* [[Harmasra#Culture|Harmasra Jain temple]]

==Outside India==
There are a number of Jain temples in various countries outside India.
[[File:Templejaindanvers.jpg|thumb|[[Antwerp Jain temple]] in [[Antwerp]], [[Belgium]] ]]
[[File:Jain Temple Oshwal Centre Pottersbar Hertfordshire UK ground.jpg|thumb|Jain Temple, Pottersbar, Hertfordshire]]

===Australia===
* Jain Temple, Melbourne – 124-126 Rowans Rd, Moorabbin, Victoria 3189 – [http://www.msjs.org.au Melbourne] [[Śvetāmbara]] Jain Sangh (MSJS)
* Jain Temple, Sydney – Seven Hill Sydney Jain Mandal
* Jain Temple, Sydney – 139 Gilba Rd, Girraween NSW 2145 [https://vitraagjainsangh.org Vitraag Jain] [[Śvetāmbara]] Sangh

===Belgium===
* [[Jain temple, Antwerp]] in [[Wilrijk]], Belgium

===Canada===
<gallery>
File:Brampton Adinath Digambar Jain Temple Toronto Canada.png|[[Brampton Jain Temple]]
</gallery>
* [[Brampton Jain Temple]]
* [[The Jain Society of Toronto]] has a [[Śvetāmbara]] or [[Swethambar]]/ [[Digambar]] temple in [[Toronto]]
* [[Digambar]] Temple [[Shri Jain Mandir]] in [[Toronto]]

===Hong Kong===
* [[Jainism in Hong Kong|Shree Hong Kong Jain Sangh]], [[Tsim Sha Tsui]], Hong Kong

===Japan===
<gallery>
File:Mahavirswami_Jain_Temple_Kitano_Kobe_Japan_IMG_2695_20130429.JPG|Mahavir swami Jain Temple, Kobe
</gallery>
* [[Jainism in Japan|Kobe]], Japan

===Kenya===
* Mombasa Jain temple
* Nairobi Jain temple
* Thika
* Nakuru
* Eldoret

===Malaysia===
* Ipoh, Perak
* "First Shikhar Bandhi Jain Deraser" dedicated to Shri Chintamani Parshvanath Bhagawan, Mata Padamavati Devi & Mataji Sarasvati Devi in Ipoh
* Kualalumpur Swetamber Jain Temple – Bangsar

=== Myanmar ===
[[File:2016 Rangun, Świątynia Shree Jain Shwetamber Murtipujak (04).jpg|thumb|Shree Jain Shwetamber Murtipujak Temple, Yangon]]
* Shree Jain Shwetamber Murtipujak Temple, 29th Street [[Yangon]]

===Nepal===
<gallery>
File:Jain_Mandir.jpg|The Jain temple in Kathmandu, Nepal
</gallery>
* [[Jainism in Nepal#Jain Temple|Jain Temple, Kathmandu]] Near Kamal Pokhari Bus Stop, Kathmandu (Nepal)

===Pakistan===
<gallery>
File:SirkapJainTemple.JPG|An ancient Jain temple at [[Sirkap]], [[Taxila]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
File:Jain Temple Dunga Bunga.jpg|Jain Temple at [[Dunga Bunga]]
</gallery>
* Jain [[Śvetāmbara]] Temple with [[Shikhara|Shikhar]], Thari [[Bhabra|Bhabrian]] Lahore City.
* Jain [[Digambar]] Temple with Shikhar, Thari Bhabrian Lahore City.
* Jain [[Śvetāmbara]] Dada Wadi (Mini Temple), Guru Mangat in Lahore Cantt., footprints in stone.
* [[Jain Mandir, Lahore|Jain Digambar Temple with Shikhar, Old Anarkali Jain Mandir Chawk]]:<ref>http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C06%5C01%5Cstory_1-6-2007_pg13_6 TEPA to remodel roads leading to Jain Mandir Chowk</ref> This temple was destroyed in the riots of 1992.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/2546373.stm | publisher=BBC News | first=Aamir | last=Ghauri | title=Demolishing history in Pakistan | date=5 December 2002}}</ref> Now an Islamic school is run in the former temple.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jainsamaj.org/temples/pakistan.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2007-06-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215541/http://jainsamaj.org/temples/pakistan.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }} LIST OF JAIN TEMPLES IN PAKISTAN</ref>
*Digmabar Jain temple Thar, Pakistan.
*[[Parshvanath Jain Shwetambar temple]], Multan
* Jain Digambar Temple Bohar Gate Multan
* [[Atmaramji Samadhi]], Jain shrine and temple [[Gujranwala]]

[[File:Gori Mandar.jpg|thumb|The Gori Temple with 52 domes, [[Nagarparkar]] ]]
<gallery>
File:Jain_Temple_Nagarparkar_by_smn121-15.JPG|An ancient Jain temple at Nagarparkar
File:Virawah Jain Temple.jpg|Virawah Jain Temple
File:Jain Temple 2.jpg|Jain Temple of Bhodesar
File:Jain Temple 1.jpg|Karoonjar mountain temple
</gallery>
* [[Nagarparkar Jain Temples]]
* [[Gori Temple, Nagarparkar]], original site of Godiji Parshwanath
* Jain Shwetamber Temple with Shikhar, Ranchod Line, [[Karachi]]<ref name="Jain temples in Pakistan">[http://www.jainworld.com/jaintemples/pakistan_temples.asp List of Jain temples in Pakistan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215153537/http://www.jainworld.com/jaintemples/pakistan_temples.asp |date=15 December 2016 }}, Jain World</ref>
* Jain Shwetamber Temple, [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]<ref name="Jain temples in Pakistan"/>

===Singapore===
* [[Jainism in Singapore|Jain Temple 18 Jalan Yasin, Singapore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sjrs.org.sg/?page_id=80|title=SINGAPORE JAIN RELIGIOUS SOCIETY|date=14 January 2012 }}</ref>

===Tanzania===
* [[Shree Jain Sangh]] in [[Dar es Salaam]], [[Tanzania]]
* [[Jain Derasar]] in [[Arusha]], [[Tanzania]]
* [[Zanzibar Derasar]] in [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzania]]

===United Arab Emirates===
* [[Jain temple, Dubai]]

===United Kingdom===
<gallery>
File:Oshwal Mahajanwadi, Croydon - South West.jpg|Oshwal Mahajanwadi, Croydon
File:The Jain Centre on Oxford Street - geograph.org.uk - 1034296.jpg|The Jain Centre on Oxford Street, Leicester
</gallery>
* Shree Mahavir Swami Jain Temple, Harrow, London
* Oshwal Mahajanwadi, Croydon
* Jain Samaj Manchester
* Jain Samaj Leicester and Temple
* Jain Samaj Wellingborough and temple
* Jain Samaj Thornton Heath (Croydon)
* Jain Samaj Potters Bar – Jain temple and community centre
* Kailash Giri Jain temple, London
* Oshwal Centre, Hertfordshire. First on virgin ground in Europe.
* Shrimad Rajchandra Mission Dharampur London Spiritual Centre. (Bushey)
*Institute of Jainology at [[Greenford]], London.<ref>Kurt Titze, Klaus Bruhn, ''Jainism: a pictorial guide to the religion of non-violence'', p. 264</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Jain Temple -02 by Jain Center of Greater Phoenix (JCGP).jpg|thumb|[[Jain Center of Greater Phoenix]] (JCGP) in [[Phoenix, Arizona]]]]
[[File:Hindu Jain Temple, Monoroeville, PA, USA. - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Hindu Jain temple in Monroeville, Pennsylvania]]
* Franklin Township Derasar, New Jersey
* Hindu Jain temple in Monroeville, Pennsylvania
* [[Jain Center of America]], Elmhurst, Queens, New York City
* [[Jain Center of Greater Phoenix]]
* [[Jain center of Northern California|Jain Center of Northern California]], Milpitas, CA
* [[Jain Center of Southern California]], Buena Park, CA
* Jain Sangh of New England, Burlington, MA
* Jain Society of Greater Cleveland
* Jain Society of Greater Atlanta
* Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago
* Jain Society of San Diego, Vista CA
* Jain Society of Seattle
* Jain Religion Center of Wisconsin
* Jain Temple of Greater Detroit – Farmington Hills, Michigan USA
* Jain Temple of Pennsauken Township (Cherry Hill), NJ
* [[Siddhachalam]], New Jersey, USA
* [[Siddhayatan]], [[Windom, Texas|Windom]] near Dallas, Texas
* [[St. Louis Jain temple]]

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Jain Temple]]
* [[Tirthankara]]
* [[List of largest Jain temples]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jainism Topics|state=expanded}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jain temples}}
*[https://worldrepublicnews.com/list-and-details-of-jain-temples-in-different-parts-of-india/ List of Jain temples in India]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jain Temples}}
[[Category:Jain temples and tirthas|*]]
[[Category:Jainism-related lists|Temples]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Jain architecture|Temples]]

Hanu-Man

2026-05-06T17:48:59Z

Johnsmithabmm1:

{{short description|2024 Indian film by Prasanth Varma}}
{{about|a film|other uses|Hanuman (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hanu-Man
| image = Hanu Man film Release poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Prasanth Varma]]
| screenplay = Scriptsville
| story = Prasanth Varma
| producer = K. Niranjan Reddy
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Teja Sajja]]
* [[Amritha Aiyer]]
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
* [[Samuthirakani]]
* [[Vinay Rai]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]]
}}
| cinematography = Dasaradhi Sivendra
| editing = Sai Babu Talari
| music = {{Ubl
| '''Score:'''
| Gowra Hari
| '''Songs:'''
| Gowra Hari
| [[Anudeep Dev]]
}}
| studio = Primeshow Entertainment
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
* RKD Studios
* [[AA Films]]
* Sakthi Film Factory
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|1|12}}
| runtime = 158 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hanuman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njq1 |title=Hanuman |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111181456/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/hanuman-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde4njq1|url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|40}} crore<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 January 2024 |title=HanuMan director Prasanth Varma reveals film's actual budget, admits he is 'infamous for overshooting budgets' of all his films |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-reveals-films-actual-budget-admits-he-is-infamous-for-overshooting-budgets-of-all-his-films-9127020/ |access-date=25 January 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125081924/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-reveals-films-actual-budget-admits-he-is-infamous-for-overshooting-budgets-of-all-his-films-9127020/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|300{{ndash}}350}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-06 |title=Kantara Chapter 1 worldwide box office collection day 4: Rishab Shetty film storms past ₹300 crore; beats KGF, HanuMan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/kantara-chapter-1-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-rishab-shetty-film-earns-300-crore-beats-kgf-chapter-1-hanuman-101759721591709.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="hm1">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=HanuMan: హనుమాన్‍కు ఆ వెర్షన్ రానుంది: ఆసక్తికర విషయం చెప్పిన దర్శకుడు ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman-remastered-version-movie-will-surprise-more-says-director-prasanth-varma-at-50-days-event-teja-sajja-121709369904327.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240401181108/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman-remastered-version-movie-will-surprise-more-says-director-prasanth-varma-at-50-days-event-teja-sajja-121709369904327.html |archive-date=1 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[HT Media]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name="hm2">{{Cite web |last=Sahani |first=Debashis |date=28 March 2024 |title=How 'HanuMan' scored while 'Adipurush' missed the mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hanuman-adipurush-missed-the-mark-9237838/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423062919/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/hanuman-adipurush-missed-the-mark-9237838/ |archive-date=23 April 2024 |access-date=23 April 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Hanu-Man''''' (also marketed as '''''HanuMan''''') is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[superhero film|superhero]] film written and directed by [[Prasanth Varma]] and produced by K. Niranjan Reddy under Primeshow Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hanuman: First look of Prasanth Varma's first-ever Telugu superhero film to release on this date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanu-man-first-look-of-prasanth-varmas-first-ever-telugu-superhero-film-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/86257974.cms|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054908/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanu-man-first-look-of-prasanth-varmas-first-ever-telugu-superhero-film-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/86257974.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Teja Sajja]] in the title role, alongside [[Amritha Aiyer]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Samuthirakani]], [[Vinay Rai]], [[Vennela Kishore]] and [[Raj Deepak Shetty]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2021 |first1=Ramya |last1=Palisetty |title=Teja Sajja to star in Prasanth Varma's superhero film Hanuman. First look out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teja-sajja-to-star-in-prasanth-varma-s-superhero-film-hanu-man-first-look-out-1854194-2021-09-18|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=India Today |language=en|archive-date=19 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919092722/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/teja-sajja-to-star-in-prasanth-varma-s-superhero-film-hanu-man-first-look-out-1854194-2021-09-18|url-status=live}}</ref> Set in the fictional village of Anjanadri, ''Hanu-Man'' is the first installment of the [[Prasanth Varma Cinematic Universe]]. The narrative follows Hanumanthu, who gains the powers of [[Hanuman]] to protect the people of Anjanadri, ultimately facing off against Michael after encountering a mysterious gem.

Officially announced in May 2021, [[principal photography]] began on 25 June 2021 in [[Hyderabad]] and concluded by mid-April 2023. The film features music composed by GowraHari and [[Anudeep Dev]], digital marketing by Manoj Valluri under Haashtag Media,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefilmnagar.com/who-is-manoj-valluri-meet-the-founder-of-haashtag-media/|title=Who Is Manoj Valluri? Meet the Founder of Haashtag Media |publisher=The Film Nagar|first=Harsha|last=Suryadevara|date=17 May 2025}}</ref> cinematography by Dasaradhi Sivendra, visual effects supervision by Venkat Kumar Jetty, and editing by Sai Babu Talari.

Released on 12 January 2024, during [[Makar Sankranti|Sankranti]], ''Hanu-Man'' received positive reviews for Prasanth Varma's direction, screenplay, the cast's performances, the portrayal of Lord Hanuman, background score, visual effects, production design, and action sequences.<ref name=":reception" /> The film broke several box-office records, grossing {{Indian Rupee}}300–350 crore worldwide, making it the [[List of Telugu films of 2024|fourth highest-grossing Telugu film of 2024]], [[List of Indian films of 2024|tenth highest-grossing Indian film of the 2024]], one of the [[List of Indian superhero films|highest grossing Indian superhero films]] and the eleventh [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2024 |title=HanuMan director Prasanth Varma says he 'wasted a lot of time' waiting for stars like Ram Charan, Allu Arjun and Jr NTR: 'Even if Tom Cruise comes to me…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-says-he-wasted-a-lot-of-time-waiting-for-stars-like-ram-charan-allu-arjun-and-jr-ntr-even-if-tom-cruise-comes-to-me-9130130/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127082117/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-says-he-wasted-a-lot-of-time-waiting-for-stars-like-ram-charan-allu-arjun-and-jr-ntr-even-if-tom-cruise-comes-to-me-9130130/ |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=27 January 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A sequel, ''Jai Hanuman'', is currently in development. At the [[71st National Film Awards]], the film won 2 awards: [[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC|Best Film in AVGC]] and [[National Film Award for Best Stunt Choreography|Best Stunt Choreography]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=71st National Film Awards: Vikrant Massey Bags Best Actor For 12th Fail; All Winners Announced |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/71st-national-film-awards-vikrant-massey-competes-for-best-actor-announcement-begins-at-6-pm-ws-l-9478089.html |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1998 [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], in [[Akhanda Bharath]] a young Michael, obsessed with superheroes, attempts to fly but is stopped by his father. His fascination leads to an accident, and shortly after, he kills his parents in a fire because they try to explain to him that superheroes do not exist in real life. In the present, Michael becomes a "superhero" named Mega Man in Mumbai, using his friend Siri's innovations, but yearns for real power to make him a true superhero.

The film introduces a divine gem born from a drop of blood from [[Hanuman]], which fell into the sea off [[South India]] after a young Hanuman was struck by [[Indra]]. The gem holds the powers of Hanuman. Near the sea lies Anjanadri, a dystopian village under the tyranny of its [[polygar]], Gajapathi. Hanumanthu, a petty thief from Anjanadri, harbours feelings for Meenakshi, the granddaughter of the local school headmaster. Meenakshi opposes Gajapathi's rule and encourages the villagers to revolt.

Gajapathi, feeling threatened, orchestrates a fake bandit attack on Meenakshi to eliminate her. Hanumanthu, gaining the attention of Meenakshi since childhood under disguise, foils the ambush but is severely injured and thrown into the sea, where he accidentally acquires the divine gem. The next day, he is found unconscious on the shore, alarming his elder sister Anjamma and friend Kasi. However, Hanumanthu's wounds heal instantly, and he gains superhuman strength from the gem when exposed to sunlight, though it loses power without it.

Hanumanthu tries to prove to Meenakshi that he is her saviour, leading to comical situations, and while she remains sceptical, Kasi realizes his newfound powers. When Meenakshi confronts Gajapathi over his injustice, Gajapathi challenges her to a wrestling match. Hanumanthu steps in defeats Gajapathi using the gem, and is declared the new Polygar. However, he proposes abolishing the Polygar system and establishing democracy, which impresses Meenakshi.

Michael and Siri arrive in Anjanadri under the guise of [[corporate social responsibility|CSR]], with Michael secretly seeking to acquire Hanumanthu's powers. Michael engineers a situation to provoke Hanumanthu into revealing his powers during a festival, but Hanumanthu cleverly conceals the gem's power. Later, Hanumanthu, realizing his sister Anjamma's sacrifices for him, becomes more responsible and arranges her wedding.

Sensing a threat to Meenakshi, Hanumanthu is suddenly kidnapped by Siri, who demands the source of his powers while Michael monitors them remotely. Hanumanthu uses the gem to escape and saves Meenakshi, revealing himself as her childhood protector. They confess their feelings and unite. Hanumanthu also warns Gajapathi to avoid Meenakshi, urging him to be a benevolent leader in the upcoming elections.

Hanumanthu infiltrates Michael's camp to uncover his true intentions. Michael, revealing his plan to destroy Anjanadri and seize the gem, almost kills Siri by setting fire to their tent and admitting that he had killed his own parents similarly. The elderly sage, disguised as Hanumanthu, defeats the goons and returns the gem to Hanumanthu.

On Anjamma's wedding day, Michael interrupts, accusing Hanumanthu of stealing his ancestral gem. Hanumanthu gives Michael a fake gem, which injures Michael and exposes his lies. When Michael's men attack, Hanumanthu and Anjamma defend themselves, but Anjamma dies in the fight. Grieving, Hanumanthu discards the real gem, believing it failed him.

Michael then releases toxic smoke into the village, freezing the inhabitants. Meenakshi urges Hanumanthu to save them, but he feels powerless. The elderly sage reappears, revealing himself as King [[Vibhishana]] from the [[Ramayana]], and motivates Hanumanthu to defeat Michael. Aided by Siri, whom Hanumanthu saved with Gajapathi's help, they fight against Michael's forces. Hanumanthu ultimately destroys the drones, which spread the smoke by retaining the gem through Koti, a monkey. But Michael ties Hanumanthu, steals the gem from him, and tries to escape with it through a helicopter. Then, with a hard struggle, Hanumanthu frees himself and destroys the helicopter, thus killing Michael. The gem gets destroyed in the battle, and the power of Hanuman gets absorbed by Hanumanthu.

In the aftermath, the destruction of the gem triggers the rise of [[Asura|Asuras]] (demons) and the awakening of Lord [[Hanuman]] himself, who emerges from the [[Himalayas]] and appears before Hanumanthu, signalling the beginning of a great battle.

== Cast ==
{{cast list|
* [[Teja Sajja]] as Hanumanthu / Hanu-Man
** Revanth Reddy as Young Hanumanthu
* [[Amritha Aiyer]] as Dr. Meenakshi
** Praanya P Rao as Young Meenakshi
* [[Vinay Rai]] as Michael / Mega Man
** Vikas as Young Michael
* [[Samuthirakani]] as [[Vibhishana]], King of [[Lanka]]
* [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Anjamma
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Dr. Sirivennela "Siri", Michael's friend
* [[Raj Deepak Shetty]] as Singarayakonda Gajapathi
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Gunneswara Rao, a shopkeeper
* [[Getup Srinu]] as Kasi
* Rohini Reddy Noni as Meenakshi's friend
* Rakesh Master as Puli Raju, Gajapathi's henchman<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=HanuMan review: Teja Sajja's superhero film kicks off Prasanth Varma's cinematic universe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-review-teja-sajja-s-film-is-a-delightful-addition-to-the-superhero-genre-101704999534726.html |access-date=15 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115075526/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-review-teja-sajja-s-film-is-a-delightful-addition-to-the-superhero-genre-101704999534726.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sunishith as himself (cameo)<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2024 |title=5 reasons to watch Prasanth Varma and Teja Sajja's superhero film HanuMan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/5-reasons-to-watch-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajja-s-superhero-film-hanuman-101705070180782.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=14 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114150138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/5-reasons-to-watch-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajja-s-superhero-film-hanuman-101705070180782.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Koti, a monkey (voice)
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The producer Niranjan Reddy approached director [[Prasanth Varma]] to direct a film for his banner after watching ''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hanuman-all-you-need-to-know-about-prasanth-varma-teja-sajjas-superhero-film/0016cecf0a863 |title=HanuMan – All you need to know about Prasanth Varma, Teja Sajja's superhero film |website=OTTPlay|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123174251/https://www.ottplay.com/news/hanuman-all-you-need-to-know-about-prasanth-varma-teja-sajjas-superhero-film/0016cecf0a863|url-status=live}}</ref> After successfully directing ''Zombie Reddy'', Varma announced his fourth film on 29 May 2021, coinciding with his birthday.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2021 |title=On his birthday, filmmaker Prasanth Varma announces Hanuman, first Telugu superhero movie |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/on-his-birthday-filmmaker-prasanth-varma-announces-hanu-man-first-telugu-superhero-movie-9666471.html|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Firstpost |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054909/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/on-his-birthday-filmmaker-prasanth-varma-announces-hanu-man-first-telugu-superhero-movie-9666471.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Prasanth Varma announces superhero film titled HANUMAN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prasanth-varma-announces-superhero-film-titled-hanu-man/articleshow/83057084.cms|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=The Times of India |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054907/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/prasanth-varma-announces-superhero-film-titled-hanu-man/articleshow/83057084.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was announced that the film will be the first superhero film in Telugu cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2021 |title=Hanu-Man: Awe director Prasanth Varma announces Telugu cinema's first superhero film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-awe-director-prasanth-varma-announces-telugu-cinema-s-first-superhero-film-101622273853216.html|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054907/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-awe-director-prasanth-varma-announces-telugu-cinema-s-first-superhero-film-101622273853216.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prasanth Varma announces new film Hanu-Man; shares first motion poster on his birthday |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/prasanth-varma-announces-new-film-hanu-man-shares-first-motion-poster-on-his-birthday/763356|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=www.zoomtventertainment.com |date=29 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054908/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telugu-cinema/article/prasanth-varma-announces-new-film-hanu-man-shares-first-motion-poster-on-his-birthday/763356|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' he said, "the film is inspired by the Hindu God [[Hanuman]]", adding "As for the title of the film, Prasanth says he chose it because it was a dedication to many who, when they think of any superpower or a superhero in Hinduism, we remember Hanuman. In the film, the name of the protagonist is Hanu-Man", regarding the title of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=23 August 2021 |title=HanuMan is the first Telugu superhero film: Prasanth Varma |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/230821/hanuman-is-the-first-telugu-superhero-film-prasanth-varma.html|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054907/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/230821/hanuman-is-the-first-telugu-superhero-film-prasanth-varma.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The film was funded by the American [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] film distributor, K. Niranjan Reddy, under Primeshow Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/movies-hanuman-breaks-records-receives-appreciation-from-fans-leaves-merry-christmas-behind-kfh-13-01-2024-1656349 |title=HanuMan breaks records! Receives appreciation from fans; leaves Merry Christmas behind | KFH (13.01.2024) |date=13 January 2024 |website=news.abplive.com|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114123239/https://news.abplive.com/videos/entertainment/movies-hanuman-breaks-records-receives-appreciation-from-fans-leaves-merry-christmas-behind-kfh-13-01-2024-1656349|url-status=live}}</ref> It was made on a shoe-string budget of {{INR}}20 crores.<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hanuman-on-ott-heres-how-much-the-digital-rights-of-the-teja-sajja-starrer-were-sold-for/c10eb25516862 |title=HanuMan on OTT – Here's how much the digital rights of the Teja Sajja-starrer were sold for |website=OTT Play|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114155009/https://www.ottplay.com/news/hanuman-on-ott-heres-how-much-the-digital-rights-of-the-teja-sajja-starrer-were-sold-for/c10eb25516862|url-status=live}}</ref> During the teaser launch event held in [[Hyderabad]] in November 2022, Varma revealed that the production budget increased six times from the initial valuation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2022 |title=HanuMan: 'హను-మాన్‌' అంతర్జాతీయ చిత్రం..: ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/hanuman-is-an-international-movie/0210/122220427 |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |archive-date=24 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124155325/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/hanuman-is-an-international-movie/0210/122220427 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Hanu-Man'' is the first installment of the [[Prasanth Varma Cinematic Universe]] (PVCU).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanuman-set-for-spectacular-international-release-on-january-12th-2024-sankranthi-in-over-11-languages-clashes-at-box-office-with-prabhass-projectk/articleshow/101411941.cms |title='HANUMAN' set for a spectacular International release on January 12th, 2024, in Over 11 Languages; Clashes at Box-Office with Prabhas's 'ProjectK'! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 July 2023|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=11 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711221608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanuman-set-for-spectacular-international-release-on-january-12th-2024-sankranthi-in-over-11-languages-clashes-at-box-office-with-prabhass-projectk/articleshow/101411941.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Pre-production ===
The story of ''Hanu-Man'' came from Varma and was then developed by his team at Scriptsville, a writing team he co-founded with his sister, Sneha Sameera.<ref name=":3"/> In an interview, Varma said that his education in a gurukul helped him with the film's research.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Prasanth Varma opens up about conceiving HanuMan and cinematic universe; says felt like someone was directing |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-prasanth-varma-opens-up-about-conceiving-hanuman-and-cinematic-universe-says-felt-like-someone-was-directing-1270884 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114123941/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-prasanth-varma-opens-up-about-conceiving-hanuman-and-cinematic-universe-says-felt-like-someone-was-directing-1270884 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Varma also sought [[S. S. Rajamouli]]'s advice while making the film.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-prasanth-varma-i-sought-rajamoulis-advice-for-hanu-man/article66772806.ece |title=Director Prasanth Varma: I sought Rajamouli's advice for 'Hanu-Man' |first=Sangeetha Devi |last=Dundoo |newspaper=The Hindu |date=11 May 2023 |via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114101731/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-prasanth-varma-i-sought-rajamoulis-advice-for-hanu-man/article66772806.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Anudeep Dev]], GowraHari, and Krishna Saurabh were hired to compose the music for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-single-from-the-hanu-man-superhero-film-launched/articleshow/105211842.cms |title=The first single from the 'Hanu Man' superhero film launched! |newspaper=The Times of India |date=14 November 2023|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118002414/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-first-single-from-the-hanu-man-superhero-film-launched/articleshow/105211842.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> GowraHari composed the background score for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/hanuman.html |title=Hanu-Man, Hanuman review – Nandamuri Kalyan Ram, Samyuktha, Malavika Nair |website=idlebrain.com|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112055657/https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/hanuman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sai Babu Tallari was hired for the editing, reuniting with Varma after ''[[Zombie Reddy]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prasanth-varma-superhero-film-hanu-man-gets-release-date-languages-8698431/ |title=Prasanth Varma's superhero film Hanu Man gets release date; to hit the theatres in 11 languages |date=3 July 2023|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805095748/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/prasanth-varma-superhero-film-hanu-man-gets-release-date-languages-8698431/|url-status=live}}</ref> The other technicians includes cinematographer Dasaradhi Sivendra,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanuman-trailer-prasanth-varmas-superhero-film-promises-a-visual-extravaganza/article67653386.ece |title='HanuMan' trailer: Prasanth Varma's superhero film starring Teja Sajja promises a visual extravaganza |author= |newspaper=The Hindu |date=19 December 2023 |via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114125002/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanuman-trailer-prasanth-varmas-superhero-film-promises-a-visual-extravaganza/article67653386.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> production designer Nagendra Tangala,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/superhero-hanuman-song-from-hanu-man-released/ |title=Superhero Hanuman song from HANU-MAN released |first=Latha |last=Srinivasan |date=15 November 2023 |website=The Daily Guardian|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114180710/https://thedailyguardian.com/superhero-hanuman-song-from-hanu-man-released/|url-status=live}}</ref> action choreographers Nandu and Prudhvi,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Primeshowtweets/status/1751141343760691582|title=Primeshow Entertainment (@Primeshowtweets) on X}}{{dead link|date=November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Primeshowtweets/status/1751142606984429803|title=Primeshow Entertainment (@Primeshowtweets) on X}}{{dead link|date=November 2025}}</ref> costume designer Lanka Santhoshi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/hanuman-raviteja.html |title=Mass Maharaja Ravi Teja Lends Voice To The Character Koti In Prasanth Varma's Original Superhero Film HANU-MAN - idlebrain.com |website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=9 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109035710/https://idlebrain.com/news/today/hanuman-raviteja.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Prior to starting the first shooting schedule, the team had constructed a studio in a leased land at [[Vattinagulapally]] located in [[Telangana]], for filming [[green screen]] shots.<ref name=":3"/> Prior to the start of film production, Teja Sajja had attended a special workshop, in order to train physically and intensively for his role in the film.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

=== Casting ===
[[Teja Sajja]] played the titular character Hanumanthu, a superhero, and sported long hair and bearded look.<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Arikatla |first=Venkat |date=29 June 2021 |title=Teja Sajja's Makeover For Hanu-Man |url=https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/teja-sajjas-makeover-for-hanu-man-114101 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130641/https://www.greatandhra.com/movies/news/teja-sajjas-makeover-for-hanu-man-114101 |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date= |website=GreatAndhra}}</ref> His look was finalised after trying out 25 different looks.{{cn|date=December 2024}} This marked Tejja's third collaboration with Varma after their ''[[Zombie Reddy]]'' and ''[[Adbhutham]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-adhira-awe-zombie-reddy-director-prasanth-varma-exclusive-interview-with-pankaj-shukla-2023-06-03 |title=Prasanth Varma Exclusive: सरस्वती शिशु मंदिर की पढ़ाई ने हमें सिखाया सदाचार, अब बारी इसे दुनिया तक पहुंचाने की |website=Amar Ujala|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130801/https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/hanuman-adhira-awe-zombie-reddy-director-prasanth-varma-exclusive-interview-with-pankaj-shukla-2023-06-03|url-status=live}}</ref> About casting Teja Sajja as lead actor, Varma said "when I was casting for this film, I wanted to cast an actor who could give his 100 per cent and be fully committed to this film. He had to maintain a particular look and also suit the part. So, I think Teja fits the bill. He is the most lovable underdog and an amazing actor who can give me enough time to make this film".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/hanuman-is-just-tip-of-the-iceberg-prasanth-varma-on-launching-telugu-superhero-franchise-2861022 |title='HanuMan' is just tip of the iceberg: Prasanth Varma on launching Telugu superhero franchise |website=Deccan Herald|access-date=24 January 2024|archive-date=24 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124160346/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/hanuman-is-just-tip-of-the-iceberg-prasanth-varma-on-launching-telugu-superhero-franchise-2861022|url-status=live}}</ref> He had to learn [[scuba diving]] for the film.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/hanuman-actor-teja-sajja-refused-70-75-projects-only-worked-on-this-for-2-5-years-did-all-stunts-myself-101706967387513.html|title=HanuMan's Teja Sajja: 'Refused 70-75 projects, only worked on this for 2.5 years, did all stunts myself'|date=3 February 2024|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> [[Amritha Aiyer]] was cast as the film's lead actress, and her character name Meenakshi was revealed in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/amritha-aiyer-plays-meenakshi-in-teja-sajja-starrer-hanu-man |title=Amritha Aiyer plays Meenakshi in Teja Sajja-starrer 'HANU-MAN' |author= |date=13 December 2021 |website=Telangana Today|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209170742/https://telanganatoday.com/amritha-aiyer-plays-meenakshi-in-teja-sajja-starrer-hanu-man|url-status=live}}</ref> Varma said he selected Amritha Aiyer after watching "Neeli Neeli Aakasam" song.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanu-man-joins-the-top-5-highest-grossing-movies-in-north-america/articleshow/107208837.cms|title='Hanu-Man' joins the top 5 highest grossing movies in North America|newspaper=The Times of India |date=28 January 2024}}</ref> [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] was roped in a pivotal role, and her inclusion was confirmed on 4 March 2022, on the eve of her birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-looks-breathtaking-in-hanu-man-first-look-poster/articleshow/89985833.cms |title=Varalaxmi Sarathkumar looks breathtaking in 'Hanu Man' first-look poster |newspaper=The Times of India |date=4 March 2022|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131014/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varalaxmi-sarathkumar-looks-breathtaking-in-hanu-man-first-look-poster/articleshow/89985833.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Tamil actor [[Vinay Rai]] was announced as the film's antagonist in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vinay-rai-introduced-as-michael-from-teja-sajja-starrer-hanu-man-by-rana-daggubati/articleshow/92073519.cms |title=Vinay Rai introduced as Michael from Teja Sajja starrer Hanu Man by Rana Daggubati |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 June 2022|access-date=8 June 2022|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608095438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vinay-rai-introduced-as-michael-from-teja-sajja-starrer-hanu-man-by-rana-daggubati/articleshow/92073519.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Varma revealed that Rai's suit was difficult to wear and lost two [[kilograms]] while shooting.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

The film also features [[Vennela Kishore]], [[Satya]], [[Getup Srinu]], [[Raj Deepak Shetty]], Koushik Mahata and Bhanu Prakash in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/hanuman-x-review-audience-foresee-solid-blockbuster-in-teja-sajjas-sankranthi-release/na20240112130607296296167 |title=HanuMan X review: Audience foresee 'solid blockbuster' in Teja Sajja's Sankranthi release |website=ETV Bharat News |date=12 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131207/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/entertainment/movie/hanuman-x-review-audience-foresee-solid-blockbuster-in-teja-sajjas-sankranthi-release/na20240112130607296296167|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Rishab Shetty]] was approached to play the role of [[Vibhishana]], but declined the role, citing commitments to ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'', thus went to [[Samuthirakani]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/did-you-know-rishabh-shetty-was-the-first-choice-to-play-this-role-in-hanuman-1273460 |title=Kantara's Rishab Shetty rejected Prasanth Varma's HanuMan? |date=23 January 2024 |website=PINKVILLA|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123175737/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/did-you-know-rishabh-shetty-was-the-first-choice-to-play-this-role-in-hanuman-1273460|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ravi Teja]] gave his [[Voice-over|voice]] to the monkey character Koti.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/mass-maharaja-ravi-teja-lends-voice-to-the-character-koti-in-prasanth-varma-film-hanuman/articleshow/106328162.cms |title=HanuMan: 'హనుమాన్'లో రవితేజ.. అదిరిపోయే అప్‌డేట్ ఇచ్చిన టీమ్! |website=Samayam Telugu|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131337/https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/mass-maharaja-ravi-teja-lends-voice-to-the-character-koti-in-prasanth-varma-film-hanuman/articleshow/106328162.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The name of the fictional village was announced as Anjanadri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-x-reviews-fans-call-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajja-s-film-a-blockbuster-101705065244132.html |title=HanuMan X reviews: Fans call Prasanth Varma and Teja Sajja's film a 'blockbuster' |date=12 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114131948/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-x-reviews-fans-call-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajja-s-film-a-blockbuster-101705065244132.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Design ===
Nagendra Tangala served as the [[production designer]] for ''Hanu-Man''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/teja-sajjas-hanuman-scores-big-with-its-pre-release-business-will-have-a-wide-release-in-hindi/7bb9e1fd05897|title=Teja Sajja's HanuMan scores big with its pre-release business, will have a wide release in Hindi|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> The team leased an agricultural land in [[Vattinagulapally]] near Hyderabad and designed the sets of Anjanadri there, which took about 150 to 200 days.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/te/!entertainment/hanuman-movie-art-director-nagendra-tangala-shares-about-rudhiramani-and-hanuman-movie-facts-ten24020400411|title=హనుమాన్ : ఒక్క రుధిరమణి కోసం వంద మణులు - అంజనాద్రి ఆర్ట్ వర్క్ విశేషాలివీ!|first=E. T. V.|last=Bharat|date=4 February 2024|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref> "When director Prashanth told this story, we definitely wanted to create a new world for Anjanadri. We thought that it should be designed naturally to be close to fantasy and reality. Surrounded by green environment, high hills, and the river on the other side, we were fixed to build it like a beautiful village among [[Panchabhuta]]s", Nagendra on constructing Anjanadri village.<ref name=":6"/> The bank fight sequence was also set there.<ref name=":6"/> "Challenge for me was to design the [[Rudra]]mani which is formed from Hanuman's blood drop. We made more than a hundred manis in various shapes to make it natural and believable to everyone. In the end, Hanuman's blood drop was placed as Rama's name and surrounded by a powerful protective shield. It worked out well. In fact, when this mani was made, the film was 50 percent shot," Nagendra on creating Rudramani.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=4 February 2024 |title=HanuMan: Hanuman: ఒక్క రుధిరమణి కోసం వంద తయారు చేశా |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/general/0201/124022993 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Eenadu |language=te}}</ref>

The team had constructed a set of double-bedroom flats built by the government near [[Kollur, Ranga Reddy district|Kollur]], for filming the bank robbery scene.<ref name=":7"/> The team rebuilt the entire Maharshi set on the floor in one day at [[Ramoji Film City]], Hyderabad for filming the film's [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] scenes.<ref name=":7"/> Nagendra revealed that the team designed the big Hanuman statue in Anjanadri through graphics, inspired by the seven hills of [[Tirumala]].<ref name=":7"/>

=== Filming ===
[[File:MAREDUMILLI - forest area.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Maredumilli]], where parts of the film were shot.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/south-movies/hanuman-movie-shooting-location-paderu-and-maredumilli-in-andhra-pradesh-a-a734/ |title='हनुमान'चं शुटिंग कुठे झालं माहितीये का? महाराष्ट्राच्या अगदी जवळ आहे हे ठिकाण; तुम्हीही देऊ शकता भेट |date=19 January 2024 |website=Lokmat|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123130347/https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/south-movies/hanuman-movie-shooting-location-paderu-and-maredumilli-in-andhra-pradesh-a-a734/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
The film was officially launched on 25 June 2021 in [[Hyderabad]], with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony and [[Muhurat shot|muhurtam shot]] done.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hymavathi |first=Ravali |date=25 June 2021 |title=Prashant Varma's 'Hanu-Man' Movie Gets Launched Today With A Formal Pooja Ceremony |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/prashant-varmas-hanu-man-movie-gets-launched-today-with-a-formal-pooja-ceremony-692551|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054908/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/prashant-varmas-hanu-man-movie-gets-launched-today-with-a-formal-pooja-ceremony-692551|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film was also done on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=Prasanth Varma-Teja Sajja's Hanu-Man Film Launched |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/prasanth-varma-teja-sajja-s-hanu-man-film-launched-137687|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054909/https://english.sakshi.com/news/tollywood/prasanth-varma-teja-sajja-s-hanu-man-film-launched-137687|url-status=live}}</ref> As of August 2021, 40% of filming was completed. Filming of a few action sequences and songs took place at [[Maredumilli]] and [[Paderu]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]] in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2021 |title=Teja Sajja shares pics from the sets of superhero flick 'Hanu-Man' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/teja-sajjas-shares-pics-from-the-sets-of-superhero-flick-hanu-man|access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US|archive-date=6 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006054918/https://telanganatoday.com/teja-sajjas-shares-pics-from-the-sets-of-superhero-flick-hanu-man|url-status=live}}</ref> Around 60% of filming was completed by December 2021.{{cn|date=December 2024}}

The team constructed a temporary studio called Hanuman Studio at [[Vattinagulapally]], where most of the [[green screen]] shots portions were filmed. For wide angle visuals, the team moved to [[Paderu]] and [[Maredumilli]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":3"/> The underwater sequence was filmed in December 2022 in Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/dec/20/teja-sajja-shoots-for-an-underwater-sequence-in-hanuman-37923.html |title=Teja Sajja shoots for an underwater sequence in HanuMan |website=Cinema Express|date=20 December 2022 |access-date=16 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116044655/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/dec/20/teja-sajja-shoots-for-an-underwater-sequence-in-hanuman-37923.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Teja Sajja got trained under a special trainer for fifteen days in Hyderabad for this sequence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-hanu-man-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja-shoot-an-underwater-sequence-for-their-pan-world-film-news-246589|title='Hanu Man': Prasanth Varma, Teja Sajja Shoot An Underwater Sequence For Their 'Pan-World' Film|website=Outlook India|date=20 December 2022 }}</ref>

The [[Climax (narrative)|climax]] sequences were shot over 40 days,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/hanuman-star-teja-sajja-on-striking-a-chord-with-his-superhero-turn/38f3bd25880|title=HanuMan Star Teja Sajja On Striking A Chord With His Superhero Turn|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> and team built the set at [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref name=":7"/> The aerial climax scene was filmed for five days.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/entertainment/movie/teja-sajja-hanuman-stunts-young-hero-shares-about-hanuman-movie-shooting-and-stunts-in-recent-interview/na20240114154308034034406 |title='ఆ సీన్ కోసం 5 రోజులు గాల్లోనే- రిలీజ్ తర్వాత చిరు సర్ రిప్లై ఏంటంటే' |website=ETV Bharat News |date=14 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116050548/https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/entertainment/movie/teja-sajja-hanuman-stunts-young-hero-shares-about-hanuman-movie-shooting-and-stunts-in-recent-interview/na20240114154308034034406|url-status=live}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 17 April 2023, with filming having lasted 130 working days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/apr/17/its-a-wrap-forhanu-man-42422.html |title=It's a wrap for Hanu-Man |website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=17 April 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113045726/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/apr/17/its-a-wrap-forhanu-man-42422.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Post-production ===
The dubbing process began during April 2022, with Teja Sajja dubbing his portions.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/teja-sajja-begins-dubbing-for-his-superhero-film-hanu-man/0925d9cdfb497 |title=Teja Sajja begins dubbing for his superhero film Hanu-Man |website=OTTPlay|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113095056/https://www.ottplay.com/news/teja-sajja-begins-dubbing-for-his-superhero-film-hanu-man/0925d9cdfb497|url-status=live}}</ref> HaloHues Studios, Hyderabad was the film's principal visual effects studio.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/entertainment/movie/hanuman-movie-hyderabad-vfx-company-which-did-graphic-work-hanuman-movie/na20221203193718878878343 |title='హనుమాన్‌' అదిరిపోయే VFX హాలీవుడ్ వాళ్లది కాదు. . చేసింది మనోళ్లే.. |website=ETV Bharat News |date=3 December 2022 |access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113095211/https://www.etvbharat.com/telugu/telangana/entertainment/movie/hanuman-movie-hyderabad-vfx-company-which-did-graphic-work-hanuman-movie/na20221203193718878878343|url-status=live}}</ref> Extensive work on the visual effects took place for more than a year during the post-production process.<ref name=":1"/> VFX of the film was done by Venkat Kumar Jetty The picturization of "Anjandri Theme Song" was [[storyboarded]] in 2D, but inspired by the visual effects of ''[[Baahubali 2: The Conclusion]]'', team decided to give it a 3D feel and roped in Animation studios Flicksville, Visikefi as well as freelance technicians across the country worked for the film.<ref name="VFX">{{Cite web |last=BHATTACHARYA |first=ROSHMILA |title='Prasanth wanted Yash to play Hanuman' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/prasanth-wanted-yash-to-play-hanuman/20240131.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref> Anjanadri establishment shot, a technically challenging scene lasting over two minutes. To achieve this, extensive research and the utilisation of Hollywood software, coupled with an intelligent pipeline, were employed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2024/Feb/06/hanuman-catapulted-me-into-the-spotlight|title='HanuMan catapulted me into the spotlight'|first=Vennapusala|last=Ramya|date=6 February 2024|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Paderu Girula has been linked to the graphics in this film. More than three thousand photos and videos were taken and they were used in the film to suit the graphics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/Visakhapatnam/11/124027952|title=Hanuman: హను-మాన్‌ @ పాడేరు|website=Eenadu|language=te}}</ref> Varma had the plan to sign Kannada actor [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] to play [[Hanuman]] and include a [[live-action]] portrayal. It took nearly seven months for the visual effects shots of Hanuman "photorealistic Hanuman in the all-important climax song is the film's [[Unique selling proposition|USP]]".<ref name="VFX"/> The final edit had around 1600 visual effects shots, which constituted approximately 30% of the film.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2 January 2024 |title=Director Prasanth Varma on 'HanuMan': In this cinematic universe, we also plan to have a female superhero film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-prasanth-varma-on-hanuman-this-cinematic-universe-will-also-have-a-female-superhero-film/article67694986.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113101710/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/director-prasanth-varma-on-hanuman-this-cinematic-universe-will-also-have-a-female-superhero-film/article67694986.ece |archive-date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |via=}}</ref> In an interview, Prasanth Varma discussed the utilisation of [[pre-visualization]], [[matte painting]], [[3D computer graphics|3D]], and [[AI art]] in the film.<ref name=":3"/> [[ChatGPT]] and [[Midjourney]] were used to design film posters.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/5-reasons-to-watch-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajja-s-superhero-film-hanuman-101705070180782.html |title=5 reasons to watch Prasanth Varma and Teja Sajja's superhero film HanuMan |date=13 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114150138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/5-reasons-to-watch-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajja-s-superhero-film-hanuman-101705070180782.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/how-much-of-a-role-did-ai-and-chat-gpt-play-in-promoting-hanu-man-prasanth-varma-explains/articleshow/107111195.cms |title=How much of a role did AI and Chat GPT play in promoting 'Hanu Man'? Prasanth Varma explains |date=24 January 2024 |website=The Times of India|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125140828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/how-much-of-a-role-did-ai-and-chat-gpt-play-in-promoting-hanu-man-prasanth-varma-explains/articleshow/107111195.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[special effects]] was provided by Raghunath.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Primeshow Entertainment |user=Primeshowtweets |number=1745710117579071988 |title=#HanuManRAMpage Everywhere with the Craze that is Boundless & Matchless}}</ref> The [[color grading]] for the film bagan on 5 October, which was done by Shiva Kumar BVR.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Prasanth Varma |user=PrasanthVarma |number=1709770993730797610 |title=Started Color Grading for #HanuMan !}}</ref> The finishing work for the film was performed at ANR Sound & Vision at Annapurna Studios, by colourist Ashwath.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Primeshow Entertainment |user=Primeshowtweets |number=1745437257686008044 |title=The Wait is Almost Over & the #HanuMania Begins In a Few Hours}}</ref> The sound mixing was begun on 23 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/hanuman-trailer-launch-event-details-are-out-now-1392996 |title=HanuMan {{!}} తేజ సజ్జా హనుమాన్‌ ట్రైలర్ లాంఛ్ ఈవెంట్‌ ఎక్కడంటే.. వివరాలివే..!|date=23 November 2023|website=[[Namaste Telangana]]|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113161833/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/hanuman-trailer-launch-event-details-are-out-now-1392996|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Dolby Atmos]] mixing of the film was done by Eskala Radha Krishna.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LWR-g-3-8u4 |title=Sound Mixer Eskala Radha Krishna Speech @ HANUMAN Gratitude Meet | Teja Sajja | Prasanth Varma |website=[[YouTube]] |date=26 January 2024 | access-date=29 January 2024 | archive-date=28 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128174655/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=LWR-g-3-8u4 | url-status=live}}</ref>

The final copy of the film was ready by December 2023, and was submitted to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) that month. On 29 December 2023, the film received a [[U/A certificate]] from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|Censor Board]], with a finalised runtime of 158 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/teja-sajjas-upcoming-film-hanuman-gets-u-a-certificate |title=Teja Sajja's upcoming film 'HanuMan' gets U/A certificate |author= |date=29 December 2023 |website=Telangana Today|access-date=1 January 2024|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229132920/https://telanganatoday.com/teja-sajjas-upcoming-film-hanuman-gets-u-a-certificate|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
{{Quote box
| width = 30%
| align = right
| quote = "Superhero is a genre that I always wanted to do, but it needs a certain kind of budget. So then I decided that I'll make a superhero film. Then, around that time, there were a lot of things that were going on in my life, and the name of Hanuman ji kept reverberating around me. I started hearing Hanuman ji a lot in my life. So, I think, subconsciously, I don't know what has happened, I've named the film HanuMan, and I thought it would be really nice if some normal kid like me gets the powers of Hanuman ji."
| source = [[Prasanth Varma]], on the origin of the film.<ref name="auto1"/>
}}

''Hanu-Man'' is blend of [[sci-fi]], [[fantasy]] and [[mythology]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1157536 |title=Prasanth Varma's 'HanuMan' a well-told saga that gives Indian mythology its due |website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123172926/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1157536|url-status=live}}</ref> The film, featuring Teja Sajja as the titular character, revolves around Hanumanthu, a small-time thief, and his journey to save his village and the world after discovering a totem that enhances his abilities.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/director-prasanth-varmas-hanuman-a-culturally-rooted-indian-superhero-film-hits-cinemas-today/articleshow/106749597.cms |title='HanuMan': A culturally rooted Indian superhero film gets big cheers from viewers |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=16 January 2024|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123131404/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/director-prasanth-varmas-hanuman-a-culturally-rooted-indian-superhero-film-hits-cinemas-today/articleshow/106749597.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Varma said he was taught history as a subject in school, and was very passionate about those stories, and those characters inspired him to make the film. As he felt he is not mature enough or big enough director to make films on history, he started from doing a superhero film, where a normal boy gets powers of [[Hanuman]], from there on down, maybe mature to direct those big stories.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1156842 |title='HanuMan' director Prasanth reveals blend of superhero magic, 'Bhartiya Itihas' in his cinematic vis |website=www.daijiworld.com|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123171236/https://www.daijiworld.com/index.php/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1156842|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview, he said "I always wanted to do a superhero film. In fact, I wanted to become a superhero! Since I couldn't do that I thought, let me make a film. I didn't want it to be a [[Marvel Cinematic Universe|Marvel]] or [[DC Comics|DC]]-like superhero film but something indigenous and culturally rooted. The first thought that came to mind was Hanuman ji and I wrote the story. Then I got multiple ideas for various superheroes based on our itihaas and it took off from there."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-is-culturally-rooted-not-religious-director-prasanth-varma-101704857706264.html |title=HanuMan is culturally rooted, not religious: Director Prasanth Varma |date=10 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123131331/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-is-culturally-rooted-not-religious-director-prasanth-varma-101704857706264.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film borrows elements from [[Hindu mythology|Indian mythology]], mostly from the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the depictions of Hanuman and his exploits in the various oral and written traditions of [[Hinduism]]. ''[[DNA India]]'' wrote "despite the vociferous proclamations of [[Jai Shri Ram]] and songs borrowing lyrics from popular [[bhajans]], ''HanuMan'' is not a religious film. It is a superhero film that uses mythology and religious elements, blending them with science and spirituality quite neatly."<ref name=":DNA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hanuman-movie-review-fun-visually-stunning-lesson-to-adipurush-makers-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja-vfx-pvcu-3074286 |title=HanuMan movie review: Fun, visually stunning lesson in how to use mythology in modern cinema, Adipurush can take notes |website=DNA India|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112165345/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hanuman-movie-review-fun-visually-stunning-lesson-to-adipurush-makers-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja-vfx-pvcu-3074286|url-status=live}}</ref> Varma said he didn't view this film as a mythological tale and it would have presented him many new challenges. The film is set in a modern-day world blended with a key incident from Hanuman's life. Varma says, "the film's idea was born out of a small story related to Hanuman and it will leave audience thoroughly satisfied with the visualisation of the character, like how we have imagined him since childhood. We worked on the character sketches alone for a year".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/prasanth-varma-i-intentionally-didnt-view-hanuman-as-a-mythological-film/cf9bad3d57345 |title=Prasanth Varma: I intentionally didn't view HanuMan as a mythological film |website=OTTPlay|access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123172824/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/prasanth-varma-i-intentionally-didnt-view-hanuman-as-a-mythological-film/cf9bad3d57345|url-status=live}}</ref> "I have always been fascinated by the stories from our mythology and culture. When I was researching 'HanuMan', I found more characters in our mythology that we have not really explored. The audiences are also not aware of them. So I thought, it'd be interesting if I could create new characters and narrate their greatness at the same time", Varma told ''[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]'' following the film's release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/01/23/ent8-interview-hanuman-director.html |title='HanuMan' is just tip of the iceberg Prasanth Varma on launching Telugu superhero franchise |website=The Week|access-date=25 January 2024|archive-date=25 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125140207/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/entertainment/2024/01/23/ent8-interview-hanuman-director.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Varma revealed that he narrated the story to lyricist [[Siva Shakthi Datta]] for his guidance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/may/31/prashanth-varma-one-cannot-put-a-market-value-on-hanu-man-44071.html |title=Prashanth Varma: One cannot put a market value on Hanu Man |website=Cinema Express|date=31 May 2023 |access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113175620/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/interviews/2023/may/31/prashanth-varma-one-cannot-put-a-market-value-on-hanu-man-44071.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[India Today]]''{{'s}} Sana Farzeen notes, "Hanumanth attains superpowers, giving him the way to win his ladylove's heart. However, the catch is, just like ''[[Koi... Mil Gaya]]''{{'s}} Jaadu, the power or Hanuman's 'mani' can help him only when the sun is up." She also notes "fictional world of Anjanadri, a land that looks like a beta version of Mahishmati (''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]''). A huge statue of Hanuman adorns the location as a prelude to all that is set to follow."<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/hanuman-review-prashanth-varma-teja-sajja-amritha-aiyer-vinay-rai-2487677-2024-01-12 |title='HanuMan' review: Impressive VFX compliments this unique superhero drama |website=India Today|date=12 January 2024 |access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112165135/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/hanuman-review-prashanth-varma-teja-sajja-amritha-aiyer-vinay-rai-2487677-2024-01-12|url-status=live}}</ref> About choosing the fictional village Anjanadri, Varma said "If [[Gotham City|Gotham]] is based on [[New York City]], Anjanadri, which is also the name of Hanumanthudu's birthplace, is an island in [[Andhra Pradesh]], somewhat like [[Yanam]]." He also found inspiration from ''[[Krrish]]'' (2006) and ''[[Minnal Murali]]'' (2021).<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prasanth-varma-on-his-upcoming-film-hanuman-will-be-along-the-lines-of-krrish--news-340390 |title=Prasanth Varma On His Upcoming Film: 'HanuMan' Will Be Along The Lines Of 'Krrish'|date=2 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123131334/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/prasanth-varma-on-his-upcoming-film-hanuman-will-be-along-the-lines-of-krrish--news-340390|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film has ample references to pop culture elements, [[Spider-Man]], [[Superman]] and [[Batman]].<ref name=":DNA"/><ref name=":5"/> The film pays tribute to Telugu superstars such as [[Prabhas]], [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Pawan Kalyan]], [[Allu Arjun]], and [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/explained-why-teja-sajjas-hanuman-is-a-sleeperhit-2489348-2024-01-16 |title=Explained: How Telugu film 'HanuMan' became sleeper hit |website=India Today|date=16 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024|archive-date=23 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123171533/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/explained-why-teja-sajjas-hanuman-is-a-sleeperhit-2489348-2024-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also has scenes referring ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning|Baahubali]]'' (2015), ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005), ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'' (2004) and ''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]'' (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hanuman-review-a-masala-fied-superhero-origin-story-where-ambition-dominates-limitations-sankranti-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja |title=HanuMan Review: A Masala-fied Superhero Origin Story Where Ambition Dominates Limitations |first=Ram Venkat |last=Srikar |date=11 January 2024 |website=www.filmcompanion.in|access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111185600/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hanuman-review-a-masala-fied-superhero-origin-story-where-ambition-dominates-limitations-sankranti-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Hanu-Man (soundtrack)}}

The music of the film is composed by GowraHari, [[Anudeep Dev]] and Krishna Saurabh. The audio rights were acquired by [[Tips Industries]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/hanuman-on-ott-where-to-watch-teja-sajja-amritha-aiyer-varalaxmi-sarathkumars-film-after-its-theatrical-run/aa9e493aba433 |title=HanuMan on OTT – Where to watch Teja Sajja, Amritha Aiyer, Varalaxmi Sarathkumar's film after its theatrical run |website=OTTPlay|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113053246/https://www.ottplay.com/news/hanuman-on-ott-where-to-watch-teja-sajja-amritha-aiyer-varalaxmi-sarathkumars-film-after-its-theatrical-run/aa9e493aba433|url-status=live}}</ref>

The soundtrack consists of seven original songs, namely, "Hanuman Chalisa",{{cn|date=December 2024}} "SuperHero HanuMan",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/children-s-day-special-song-superhero-hanuman-released-news-330637 |title=Celebrate Children's Day with "Superhero Hanuman" Song & Video|date=14 November 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113052221/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/children-s-day-special-song-superhero-hanuman-released-news-330637|url-status=live}}</ref> "Avakaya Anjaneya",<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/avakaya-anjaneya-from-hanu-man-is-a-massy-folk-number-841317 |title='Avakaya Anjaneya' from 'HANU-MAN' is a massy folk number |author= |date=29 November 2023 |website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113052425/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/avakaya-anjaneya-from-hanu-man-is-a-massy-folk-number-841317|url-status=live}}</ref> "Sri Ramadootha Stotram",{{cn|date=December 2024}} "Anjanadri Theme Song",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/anjanadri-theme-song-out-527679.html |title=Hanuman: అంజనాద్రి థీమ్ రిలీజ్.. రోమాలు నిక్కబొడుచుకుంటున్నాయి భయ్యా |date=26 January 2024 | access-date=27 January 2024 | archive-date=27 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127064244/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/anjanadri-theme-song-out-527679.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Meenakshi Intro Song titled "Poolamme Pilla",<ref>{{cite web |url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/exclusive-videos/amritha-aiyer-poolamme-pilla-video-song-released-from-hanuman-movie-779568.html |title='హనుమాన్' మూవీ నుంచి కొత్త వీడియో సాంగ్ వచ్చేసింది |date=29 January 2024 | access-date=30 January 2024 | archive-date=30 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130042330/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/exclusive-videos/amritha-aiyer-poolamme-pilla-video-song-released-from-hanuman-movie-779568.html | url-status=live}}</ref> and "Raghunandana".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Raghunandana Song: నందన సాంగ్ వచ్చేసింది..ఆడియన్స్కు గూస్బంప్స్ పక్కా | trans-title=Raghunandana Song: Raghu Nandana Song has arrived..Goosebumps for the audience. |url=https://www.v6velugu.com/hanuman-raghunandana-telugu-lyrical-song-out |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[V6 News]] |language=te}}</ref> Lyrics are written by [[Krishna Kanth]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/nov/14/superhero-hanuman-song-from-teja-sajjas-hanu-man-is-out-49548.html|title=SuperHero HanuMan song from Teja Sajja's Hanu-Man is out|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=14 November 2023 }}</ref> Simhachalam Mannela,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hanu-man-song-avakaya-anjaneya-unveiled-the-third-track-featuring-teja-sajja-and-amritha-aiyer-is-a-vibrant-trendy-folk-single-watch/articleshow/105569880.cms|title='Hanu-Man' Song 'Avakaya Anjaneya' Unveiled; The Third Track Featuring Teja Sajja And Amritha Aiyer Is A Vibrant Trendy Folk Single|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Hanumath Ramadootha Strotam, [[Siva Shakthi Datta]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/hanu-man-malayalam-song-anjanadri/videoshow/107219981.cms|title=Hanu Man | Malayalam Song - Anjanadri |website=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Kasarla Shyam]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2024 |title=వైరల్ అవుతున్న 'హనుమాన్' వీడియో సాంగ్ | trans-title='Hanuman' video song going viral |url=https://www.123telugu.com/telugu/news/poolamme-pilla-video-song-released-from-hanuman-movie.html |access-date=21 February 2024 |website=[[123 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref> and Tripuraneni Kalyanachakravarthy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/feb/20/hanuman-makers-release-raghunandana-track-in-full-ahead-of-the-films-ott-release-52224.html | title=Hanu-Man makers release Raghunandana track in full ahead of the film's OTT release | website=[[Cinema Express]]| date=20 February 2024 }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
On 21 November 2022, the official [[teaser trailer|teaser]] of the film was released.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/hanuman-teaser-out-prasanth-varma-upcomiong-movie-hanuman-poster-teja-sajja-amritha-aiyer-1564698 |title=Hanuman Teaser Out: Teja Sajja Starrer Has Impressive Visuals & Background Score |author= |date=21 November 2022 |website=news.abplive.com|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113174724/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/hanuman-teaser-out-prasanth-varma-upcomiong-movie-hanuman-poster-teja-sajja-amritha-aiyer-1564698|url-status=live}}</ref> Teaser launch event was held at AMB Cinemas., Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Shreyas Media |user=shreyasgroup |number=1594553878816489473 |title=Join us in the Grand Teaser Launch Event of #Hanuman @ AMB Cinemas}}</ref> The team introduced [[NFT]] [[collectible]]s on 13 December 2022, becoming the first Telugu film to do so.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=VamsiShekar Media |user=UrsVamsiShekar |number=1470015831161507842 |title=Becomes the first film to introduce #NFTcollectibles in Telugu Cinema}}</ref> On 28 November 2023, Avakaya Anjaneya song launch event was held at Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2njaGu9_JJA |title=Director Prasanth Varma Speech @ Avakaya Anjaneya Song Launch Event {{!}} HanuMan {{!}} Teja Sajja, Amritha |date=28 November 2023 |publisher=Shreyas Media |url-status=live |via=YouTube |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113174939/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2njaGu9_JJA }}</ref> Teja Sajja promoted the film at SREEVISION'23 at [[Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology]] that held on 12 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oittge6Lmsk |title=SuperHero #tejasajja123 electrifies SREEVISION'23 at @Sreenidhi_SNIST #HANUMAN From JAN 12th, 2024 |date=12 December 2023 |publisher=Primeshow Entertainment |url-status=live |via=YouTube |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113175026/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oittge6Lmsk}}</ref>

The official trailer was released on 18 December 2023 in five languages.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/hanuman-trailer-teja-sajja-plays-a-superhero-fighting-darkness-with-dharma-article-106109715 |title=HanuMan Trailer: Teja Sajja Plays A Superhero Fighting Darkness With Dharma |date=19 December 2023 |website=TimesNow|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113175527/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/hanuman-trailer-teja-sajja-plays-a-superhero-fighting-darkness-with-dharma-article-106109715|url-status=live}}</ref> Trailer launch event was held at AMB Cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/videos/2023/dec/19/hanu-man-trailera-homegrown-superhero-rises-to-vanquish-evil-50513.html |title=Hanu Man Trailer: A homegrown superhero rises to vanquish evil |website=Cinema Express|date=19 December 2023 |access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113175617/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/videos/2023/dec/19/hanu-man-trailera-homegrown-superhero-rises-to-vanquish-evil-50513.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Subsequently, the trailer was attached to the prints of ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' for theatrical screenings.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Mohan Kumar Media |user=ursmohan_kumar |number=1737871217728590259 |title=Yes added interval in all screens #Jaisairam #Hanuman #SalaarCeaseFire}}</ref> On 24 December, Teja Sajja promoted the film at the [[Star Sports (Indian TV network)|Star Sports Telugu]] [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=VamsiShekar Media |user=UrsVamsiShekar |number=1739178559904903406 |title=@tejasajja123 at the #StarSportsTelugu Pro- Kabaddi League yesterday}}</ref> Later, on 31 December, a video was released titled "SESH X HANUMAN" on YouTube, in which [[Adivi Sesh]] interviewed Prasanth Varma and Teja Sajja.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playVideo/sesh--and-hanuman-adivi-sesh--prasanth-varma--and-teja-sajja-chit-chat/2/47719 |title=Hanuman: 'హనుమాన్' విషయంలో నాకు బెస్ట్ మూమెంట్‌ అదే : ప్రశాంత్‌ వర్మ |website=EENADU|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113175843/https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playVideo/sesh--and-hanuman-adivi-sesh--prasanth-varma--and-teja-sajja-chit-chat/2/47719|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soon after, the team has planned a promotional tour, titled "The Superhero Tour," across six cities over six days, starting from 4 January 2024 to 9 January 2024.{{cn|date=December 2024}} On the first day of the tour, the team headed to Kochi for a press meeting at [[Crowne Plaza]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=TrackTollywood Media |user=TrackTwood |number=1742775267045863847 |title=#Hanuman press meet today in crown plaza, Kochi at 11am.}}</ref> On the second day, the team moved to Chennai to attend interviews and press meetings at the Green Park Hotel.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Sakthi Film Factory |user=SakthiFilmFctry |number=1743174099000811613 |title=Here're the clicks of Team #HANUMAN from the ongoing Interviews at Green Park Hotel}}</ref> Later, interviews and [[Press conference|press meet]] were held at The Shelton Grand Hotel, [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Primeshow Entertainment |user=Primeshowtweets |number=1743514234057826322 |title=The Shelton Grand hotel is ready to host Team #HANUMAN for the Press Interaction}}</ref> On the fourth day, Mega Pre-Release Utsav was held at N Convention in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/teja-sajja-starrer-hanuman-pre-release-event-to-be-held-on-january-7-details-inside-8727992.html |title=Teja Sajja-starrer HanuMan Pre-release Event To Be Held On January 7; Details Inside |date=4 January 2024 |website=News18|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113180210/https://www.news18.com/movies/teja-sajja-starrer-hanuman-pre-release-event-to-be-held-on-january-7-details-inside-8727992.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chiranjeevi]] was the chief guest of the event, which was hosted by [[Suma Kanakala]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_Vwvvm1br4 |title=Actor Getup Srinu Best Comedy With Anchor Suma {{!}} Hanuman Pre Release Event {{!}} SumanTV |date=8 January 2014 |publisher=Suman TV |url-status=live |via=YouTube |access-date=13 January 2024 |archive-date=13 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113180304/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_Vwvvm1br4 }}</ref> On the fifth day, an event was held by the film's Hindi distributor, [[AA Films]], at the PVR Citi Mall in Mumbai, where the cast and crew interacted with the media and fans. [[Rana Daggubati]] was the chief guest at the event.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Shreyas Media |user=shreyasgroup |number=1744307198069469422 |title=Team #HANUMAN poses with @RanaDaggubati, the @RKDStudios producers & #AnilThadani from @AAFilmsIndia after an exciting press interaction during the 'The Superhero tour'}}</ref> On sixth day, the team visited the [[Hanuman Temple, Connaught Place|Hanuman Mandir]] in New Delhi and interacted with the local media to promote their film in the region.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Primeshow Entertainment |user=Primeshowtweets |number=1744685234426454339 |title=Here're some snaps of Team #HANUMAN from Hanuman Mandir Darshan in VP, Delhi during 'The Superhero Tour'}}</ref>

==Release==

===Theatrical===
The film was theatrically released on 12 January 2024 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], along with the dubbed versions of [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]] and [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2023 |title=Teja Sajja's Much-awaited Superhero Film HanuMan To Hit Theatres On This Date |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/teja-sajjas-much-awaited-superhero-film-hanuman-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date-6797743.html |access-date=26 January 2023 |website=[[News18]] |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126050637/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/teja-sajjas-much-awaited-superhero-film-hanuman-to-hit-theatres-on-this-date-6797743.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview Varma revealed that distributors in [[Japan]] and [[Korea]] approached the makers after watching the teaser.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanu-man-director-prasanth-varma-on-being-cautious-about-not-hurting-any-sentiments-this-is-not-a-religious-or-a-propaganda-film-its-a-superhero-film-9103317/ |title=Hanu Man director Prasanth Varma on being cautious about not hurting any sentiments: 'This is not a religious or a propaganda film, it's a superhero film' |date=10 January 2024|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111125231/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/hanu-man-director-prasanth-varma-on-being-cautious-about-not-hurting-any-sentiments-this-is-not-a-religious-or-a-propaganda-film-its-a-superhero-film-9103317/|url-status=live}}</ref> In late January 2024, it was reported that [[3D film|3D version]] of the film is scheduled to release in summer 2024,{{cn|date=December 2024}} with additional scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/hanuman-movie-set-for-3d-release-with-new-sequences-8762451.html|title=HanuMan Movie Set For 3D Release With New Sequences|date=1 February 2024|website=News18}}</ref> It also screened at the [[28th Fantasia International Film Festival]] on August 3, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fantasiafestival.com/en/film/hanu-man |title=Hanu-Man |website=[[Fantasia International Film Festival]] |access-date=July 11, 2024}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
[[Mythri Movie Makers]] distributed the film in the Nizam ([[Telangana]]) region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/hanuman-nizam-mythri.html |title=Mythri Movie Makers Acquire Nizam Rights Of Prasanth Varma's Original Superhero Film Hanu-Man - idlebrain.com |website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113055159/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/hanuman-nizam-mythri.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was distributed across [[Andhra Pradesh]] by Teja Pictures ([[Guntur]]), Abhi Cinemas ([[Nellore]]), Sai Chandra Films (Ceeded), Primeshow Films ([[Uttarandhra]]), Sri Venkata Padmavathi Films ([[East Godavari]]) and Dheeraj Mogilineni Entertainment ([[West Godavari]] and [[Krishna district]]).<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Primeshow Entertainment |user=Primeshowtweets |number=1740953477877313714 |title=Here we go, Andhra & Ceeded audience}}</ref> Sakthi Film Factory acquired the distribution rights to the film in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/jan/06/hanuman-has-been-working-on-cg-for-a-year-now-sakthi-film-factory-sakthivelan-4134869.html |title=ஒரு வருடமாக கிராபிக்ஸ் பணிகள் செய்து வருகிறார்கள்: ஹனுமான் படக்குழு! |website=Dinamani|date=6 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113053806/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/jan/06/hanuman-has-been-working-on-cg-for-a-year-now-sakthi-film-factory-sakthivelan-4134869.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sree Gokulam Movies acquired the distribution rights to the film in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/entertainment/movie/sree-gokulam-movies-got-hanuman-kerala-theatrical-distribution-rights/kerala20240107172412845845532 |title=തേജ സജ്ജയുടെ 'ഹനുമാൻ' വരുന്നു; കേരളത്തില്‍ വിതരണാവകാശം സ്വന്തമാക്കി ശ്രീ ഗോകുലം മൂവീസ് |website=ETV Bharat News |date=7 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113055556/https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/entertainment/movie/sree-gokulam-movies-got-hanuman-kerala-theatrical-distribution-rights/kerala20240107172412845845532|url-status=live}}</ref> The Karnataka theatrical rights were acquired by [[KRG Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/revealed-hanumans-release-plans-in-tamil-nadu-karnataka-and-kerala-pre-release-event-details/020d3f0ea9689 |title=Revealed – HanuMan's release plans in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala, pre-release event details |website=OTTPlay|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113060151/https://www.ottplay.com/news/revealed-hanumans-release-plans-in-tamil-nadu-karnataka-and-kerala-pre-release-event-details/020d3f0ea9689|url-status=live}}</ref> [[AA Films]] released the film in North India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/teja-sajja-starrer-hanuman-garners-over-10-crore-on-its-opening-day-in-india-surpasses-vijay-sethupathis-merry-christmas-collection/e5527b59cf465 |title=Teja Sajja-starrer HanuMan garners over ₹10 crore on its opening day in India; surpasses Vijay Sethupathi's Merry Christmas collection |website=OTTPlay|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113162557/https://www.ottplay.com/news/teja-sajja-starrer-hanuman-garners-over-10-crore-on-its-opening-day-in-india-surpasses-vijay-sethupathis-merry-christmas-collection/e5527b59cf465|url-status=live}}</ref> Primeshow Entertainment and Nirvana Cinemas released the film in North America.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/primeshow-entertainment-and-nirvana-cinemas-gets-hanu-man-overseas-rights-843517 |title=Primeshow Entertainment and Nirvana Cinemas gets 'Hanu-Man' overseas rights |first=Suhas |last=Sistu |date=10 December 2023 |website=www.thehansindia.com|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113060607/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/primeshow-entertainment-and-nirvana-cinemas-gets-hanu-man-overseas-rights-843517|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
In February 2022, it was reported that the film's digital rights were acquired by [[ZEE5]] and [[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee Network]] acquired the satellite rights of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hanuman: భారీ ధరకు 'హనుమాన్‌' సినిమా హక్కులు |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/hanuman-movie-non-non-theatrical-rights-for-a-whopping-price/0201/122033015 |access-date=8 June 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te |archive-date=8 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608115558/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/hanuman-movie-non-non-theatrical-rights-for-a-whopping-price/0201/122033015 |url-status=live}}</ref> The combined deal of post-theatrical streaming and satellite rights was reported to be {{INR}}35 crore.<ref name="budget"/> The film premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 16 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2024-03-17 |title=After much delay and backlash, HanuMan Telugu Now Streaming on OTT |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/hanuman-telugu-finally-releases-on-ott-885527 |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The Hindi version premiered on [[JioCinema]] and [[Colors Cineplex]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sunanda |date=11 March 2024 |title=HanuMan OTT Release Date: Check Cast, Plot & Platform |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/hanuman-ott-release-date-check-cast-plot-platform |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=[[The Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref> The Tamil, Malayalam, and Kannada versions are scheduled to premiere on 5 April 2024 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-26 |title=HanuMan OTT release in Tamil, Malayalam, Kannada: Teja Sajja film to stream on this platform; find out date, details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-ott-release-in-tamil-malayalam-kannada-teja-sajja-film-to-stream-on-this-platform-find-out-date-details-101711425067155.html |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Hanu-Man'' received positive reviews from critics who praised Prashanth Varma's direction, screenwriting, cast performances, visualization of [[Hanuman]], background score, [[VFX]], production design, and action sequences.<ref name=":reception">{{Cite web |title=Prasanth Varma Next Movie: ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ తర్వాతి చిత్రం ఏదో తెలుసా! 'జై హనుమాన్' కంటే ముందే మరో సూపర్ హీరో మూవీ |trans-title=Do you know Prasanth Varma's next movie? Another superhero movie before 'Jai Hanuman' |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-next-movie-is-adhira-121705060736108.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181741/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman-director-prasanth-varma-next-movie-is-adhira-121705060736108.html |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times Telugu |language=te |quote=ఈ మూవీని ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ తెరకెక్కించిన విధానం, నరేషన్, పీఎఫ్‍ఎక్స్, ఎలివేషన్లు, హనుమంతుడిని చూపించిన విధానం, నటీనటుల పర్ఫార్మెన్స్, బ్యాక్‍గ్రౌండ్ మ్యూజిక్ ఇలా అన్ని విషయాల్లో హనుమాన్‍కు మంచి టాక్ వస్తోంది. |trans-quote=This movie is receiving positive feedback in all aspects, including Prasanth Varma's direction, narration, VFX, elevations, the portrayal of Lord Hanuman, the performances of the cast, and the background score.}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=88|count=8|average=5.9|ref=yes |access-date=13 January 2024}}

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "With solid storytelling, impressive visuals, and strong performances, the film successfully merges elements of mythology with contemporary action, offering a unique viewing experience in Indian cinema."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hanuman/movie-review/106740731.cms |title=Hanuman Movie Review : Blending Indian Mythology with Superhero Spectacle |newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=12 January 2024 | archive-date=12 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112024318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/hanuman/movie-review/106740731.cms | url-status=live}}</ref> Bhavana Sharma of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave 3.5/5 and stated "HanuMan" stands as a solid entertainer with a rich tapestry of drama, emotions, and mythology skillfully woven together."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/110124/taran-adarsh-gives-35-stars-to-hanuman.html |title=HunuMan Critic's Review: Fascinating |date=11 January 2024 |access-date=11 January 2024|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111130547/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/110124/taran-adarsh-gives-35-stars-to-hanuman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The music is quite pleasant and the VFX department has done a fair job. Also, the comedy scenes had the theatre laughing out loud, and would definitely tickle the young and older audiences' funny bones."<ref name=":5"/> Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[DNA India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "HanuMan is a brilliant, visually stunning effort from Prasanth Varma in blending mythology with the superhero genre."<ref name=":DNA"/>

Rishil Jogani from ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "HanuMan is the first surprise package of 2024 as director Prasanth Varma brings out his ambition to the big screen with utmost conviction. The film entertains with the right amount of drama, action, comedy, and devotional value. What holds attention apart from the vision of creating something magical is also the non-serious approach to the superhero tale."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/hanuman-hindi-movie-review-prasanth-varma-wows-with-a-relatable-superhero-film-starring-teja-sajja-1270948 |title=HanuMan (Hindi) Movie Review: Prasanth Varma wows with a relatable superhero film starring Teja Sajja |date=12 January 2024 |website=PINKVILLA|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112031814/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/hanuman-hindi-movie-review-prasanth-varma-wows-with-a-relatable-superhero-film-starring-teja-sajja-1270948|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhargav Chaganti from ''[[NTV Telugu|NTV]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and stated that "Hanuman – Goosebumps Guaranteed Film. Enjoy the festival with the whole family without any hindrance."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/hanuman-review-518945.html |title=Hanuman Review: హనుమాన్ రివ్యూ.. గూజ్ బంప్స్ గ్యారెంటీ ఫిల్మ్ |date=11 January 2024 | access-date=11 January 2024 | archive-date=11 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111185559/https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/hanuman-review-518945.html | url-status=live}}</ref> Y Maheswara Reddy of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and stated that Prashant Varma "has succeeded in aptly mixing mythology with social elements such as exploitation of the poor by the greedy and underdeveloped villages and the lifestyle of people in such villages. Computer-generated images are a visual treat for family as well as mass audiences, especially children."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/hanuman-movie-review-visual-treat/articleshow/106786874.cms |title=Hanuman Movie Review: Visual treat |website=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113043951/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/hanuman-movie-review-visual-treat/articleshow/106786874.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Saki of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' wrote that "HanuMan is the best technically made film in recent times in Telugu. The music, visuals, VFX, and all other production elements totally shine in every episode."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hanuman-review-prasanth-vhanuman-review-prasanth-varmas-cinematic-brilliance-transforms-superhero-movie-into-epic-spectaclearmas-visual-choices-make-a-superhero-film-into-an-epic |title=HanuMan Review: Prasanth Varma's cinematic brilliance transforms superhero movie into epic spectacle |author= |date=12 January 2024 |website=Telangana Today|access-date=12 January 2024|archive-date=12 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112170757/https://telanganatoday.com/hanuman-review-prasanth-vhanuman-review-prasanth-varmas-cinematic-brilliance-transforms-superhero-movie-into-epic-spectaclearmas-visual-choices-make-a-superhero-film-into-an-epic|url-status=live}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that Director Prasanth Varma and actor Teja Sajja's superhero film blends the familiar good versus evil superpower template with a touch of devotion, and tops it with entertaining masala segments"<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanuman-telugu-movie-review-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajjas-superhero-film-is-largely-a-fun-ride/article67733097.ece |title='HanuMan' movie review: Prasanth Varma and Teja Sajja's superhero film is largely a fun ride |first=Sangeetha Devi |last=Dundoo |newspaper=The Hindu |date=12 January 2024 |via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113044330/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hanuman-telugu-movie-review-prasanth-varma-and-teja-sajjas-superhero-film-is-largely-a-fun-ride/article67733097.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Ram Venkata Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote that "Hanu Man is an inspiring start, It might just be the biggest surprise for Sankranthi."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hanuman-review-a-masala-fied-superhero-origin-story-where-ambition-dominates-limitations-sankranti-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja |title=HanuMan Review: A Masala-fied Superhero Origin Story Where Ambition Dominates Limitations |date=11 January 2024 | access-date=11 January 2024 | archive-date=11 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111185600/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/hanuman-review-a-masala-fied-superhero-origin-story-where-ambition-dominates-limitations-sankranti-prasanth-varma-teja-sajja | url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Hanu-Man'' is the biggest Sankranthi hit in 92 years of [[Tollywood (Telugu cinema)|Tollywood]] history.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''Hanu-Man'' broke several box-office records for a Telugu film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/hanuman-star-teja-sajja-says-he-nearly-lost-an-eye-shooting-for-film-confirms-sequel-exclusive-article-106944806|title=HanuMan Star Teja Sajja Says He 'Nearly Lost An Eye' Shooting For Film, Confirms Sequel | EXCLUSIVE|date=18 January 2024|website=TimesNow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/exclusive-hanuman-actor-teja-sajja-says-chiranjeevi-samantha-called-after-films-release-2489783-2024-01-17|title='HanuMan' actor Teja Sajja says Chiranjeevi, Samantha called after film's release|website=India Today|date=17 January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/hanuman-movie-creates-all-time-telugu-cinema-record-slb-2376988.html|title=Hanuman దెబ్బకు బాక్సాఫీస్ బ్లాస్ట్.. తెలుగు సినిమా చరిత్రలో తిరుగులేని రికార్డ్|date=2 February 2024|website=News18 తెలుగు}}</ref> The film has grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|350|c}},<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 March 2024 |title=HanuMan: హనుమాన్‍కు ఆ వెర్షన్ రానుంది: ఆసక్తికర విషయం చెప్పిన దర్శకుడు ప్రశాంత్ వర్మ|url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman-remastered-version-movie-will-surprise-more-says-director-prasanth-varma-at-50-days-event-teja-sajja-121709369904327.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302112445/https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hanuman-remastered-version-movie-will-surprise-more-says-director-prasanth-varma-at-50-days-event-teja-sajja-121709369904327.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2024 |website=[[HT Media]] |language=te }}</ref> emerging as the tenth [[List of Indian films of 2024|highest-grossing Indian film of 2024]], fourth [[List of Telugu films of 2024|highest-grossing Telugu film of 2024]] and eleventh [[List of highest-grossing Telugu films|highest-grossing Telugu film worldwide]].

The film grossed {{INRConvert|15|c}} on its opening day in India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} ''HanuMan''{{'}}s Hindi version collected a net of {{INRConvert|6.2|c}} in two days domestically.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/hanuman-box-office-earns-almost-double-opening-day-day-2-set-weekend-rs-10-crores/ |title=HanuMan Box Office: Earns almost the double of the opening day on Day 2, all set for a weekend of over Rs. 10 crores :Bollywood Box Office |author= |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=14 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115011843/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/hanuman-box-office-earns-almost-double-opening-day-day-2-set-weekend-rs-10-crores/|url-status=live}}</ref> In its three days of theatrical run, the film grossed over {{INRConvert|75|c}} worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/guntur-kaaram-vs-hanu-man-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-3-mahesh-babus-film-crosses-rs-150-cr-teja-sajja-starrer-on-course-to-cross-rs-100-cr-413281-2024-01-15 |title='Guntur Kaaram' vs 'Hanu Man' worldwide box office collection day 3: Mahesh Babu's film crosses Rs 150 cr, Teja Sajja-starrer on course to cross Rs 100 cr |date=15 January 2024 |website=Business Today|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115094808/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/guntur-kaaram-vs-hanu-man-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-3-mahesh-babus-film-crosses-rs-150-cr-teja-sajja-starrer-on-course-to-cross-rs-100-cr-413281-2024-01-15|url-status=live}}</ref> with {{INRConvert|46.5|c}} from India.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} {{INRConvert|12.26|c}} came from Hindi dubbed version alone in three days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hanuman-2/box-office/ |title=HanuMan Box Office Collection |author= |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 January 2024|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114164441/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/hanuman-2/box-office/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed overwithin {{INRConvert|100|c}} four days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/guntur-kaaram-vs-hanu-man-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-teja-sajja-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-mahesh-babu-starrer-races-towards-rs-200-crore-413530-2024-01-16 |title='Guntur Kaaram' vs 'Hanu Man' worldwide box office collection day 4: Teja Sajja film crosses Rs 100 crore, Mahesh Babu-starrer races towards Rs 200 crore |date=16 January 2024 |website=Business Today|access-date=16 January 2024|archive-date=16 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116144612/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/guntur-kaaram-vs-hanu-man-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-4-teja-sajja-film-crosses-rs-100-crore-mahesh-babu-starrer-races-towards-rs-200-crore-413530-2024-01-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

''Hanu-Man'' collected over {{INRConvert|150|c}} in seven days.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/hanuman-crosses-150-crores-in-7-days-at-box-office-hindi-version-collection-more-than-kantara-tmovs-1862545-2024-01-19 |title='हनुमान' ने सिर्फ एक हफ्ते में लांघा 150 करोड़ का पहाड़, हिंदी में की 'कांतारा' से ज्यादा कमाई |date=19 January 2024 |website=Aaj Tak|access-date=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129043630/https://www.aajtak.in/entertainment/news/story/hanuman-crosses-150-crores-in-7-days-at-box-office-hindi-version-collection-more-than-kantara-tmovs-1862545-2024-01-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Hindi version grossed {{INRConvert|22.5|c}} in a week of its release. It grossed {{INRConvert|114.10|c}} in nine days run.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-box-office-collection-day-9-teja-sajja-film-finally-crosses-100-crore-mark-in-india-101705804212123.html |title=HanuMan box office collection day 9: Teja Sajja film finally crosses ₹100 crore mark in India |date=21 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129043632/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-box-office-collection-day-9-teja-sajja-film-finally-crosses-100-crore-mark-in-india-101705804212123.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed over {{INRConvert|200|c}} in 10 days worldwide, with {{INRConvert|132.05|c}} domestically.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-10-teja-sajja-200-crore-india-total-101705916850213.html |title=HanuMan worldwide box office collection day 10: Teja Sajja film grosses ₹200 crore; mints over ₹132 cr in India so far |date=22 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129043630/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-10-teja-sajja-200-crore-india-total-101705916850213.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 12 days of its theatrical run, the film grossed over {{INRConvert|200.32|c}} worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-vs-guntur-kaaram-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-12-teja-sajjas-film-makes-25-3-cr-than-mahesh-babus-101706104524907.html |title=HanuMan vs Guntur Kaaram worldwide box office collection day 12: Teja Sajja's film makes ₹25.3 cr than Mahesh Babu's |date=24 January 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|access-date=29 January 2024|archive-date=27 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127154934/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/hanuman-vs-guntur-kaaram-worldwide-box-office-collection-day-12-teja-sajjas-film-makes-25-3-cr-than-mahesh-babus-101706104524907.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also collect a distributor share over {{INRConvert|30|c}} in the Telangana in two weeks.{{cn|date=December 2024}} ''Hanu-Man'' crossed {{INRConvert|272.78|c}} worldwide,<ref name=":0"/> and Hindi version grossed over {{INRConvert|45|c}} in 18 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/hanuman-box-office-prasanth-varma-film-managing-decent-footfalls-select-screens/ |title=Hanuman Box Office: Prasanth Varma film is managing decent footfalls at select screens :Bollywood Box Office |author= |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=28 January 2024|access-date=29 January 2024|archive-date=29 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129043630/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/hanuman-box-office-prasanth-varma-film-managing-decent-footfalls-select-screens/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Future ==

A sequel, titled ''Jai Hanuman'', was announced in the end credits of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/hanuman-part-2-name-teja-063630301.html |title=HanuMan Part 2 Name: Teja Sajja Film Post-Credit Scene Confirms Sequel |date=15 January 2024 |website=Yahoo Entertainment|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115164229/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/hanuman-part-2-name-teja-063630301.html|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revealed that Hanuman would have more prominence than the character of Hanumanthu in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/we-plan-to-introduce-six-superheroes-in-phase-one-of-pvcu-prasanth-varma-hanuman-awe-teja-sajja-telugu-movies |title=We Plan To Introduce Six Superheroes In Phase One Of Our Cinematic Universe: Prasanth Varma |first=Ram Venkat |last=Srikar |date=17 January 2024 |website=Film Companion|access-date=17 January 2024|archive-date=30 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130042230/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/telugu-interview/we-plan-to-introduce-six-superheroes-in-phase-one-of-pvcu-prasanth-varma-hanuman-awe-teja-sajja-telugu-movies|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/adhira-teaser-rrr-producers-to-bankroll-prasanth-varma-new-superhero-movie-7833143/ |title=Adhira teaser: RRR producers to bankroll Prasanth Varma's superhero movie |date=23 March 2022 |work=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=10 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710063146/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/adhira-teaser-rrr-producers-to-bankroll-prasanth-varma-new-superhero-movie-7833143/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Varma announced that the sequel had commenced [[pre-production]] work on the occasion of the inauguration of the [[Ram Mandir]], [[Ayodhya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=On Ram Mandir inauguration day, director Prasanth Varma announces his next directorial Jai Hanuman |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/on-ram-mandir-inauguration-day-director-prasanth-varma-announces-his-next-directorial-jai-hanuman-9122502/ |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122172348/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/on-ram-mandir-inauguration-day-director-prasanth-varma-announces-his-next-directorial-jai-hanuman-9122502/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Later, it was reported that [[Ram Charan]] was auditioned for the role of [[Rama]] in the sequel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-has-agreed-to-audition-for-hanu-man-2-to-play-shri-ram-exclusive-article-107191688 |title=Ram Charan Has Agreed to Audition for Hanu Man 2, to Play Shri Ram | Exclusive |date=27 January 2024 | access-date=29 January 2024 | archive-date=29 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129055524/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/ram-charan-has-agreed-to-audition-for-hanu-man-2-to-play-shri-ram-exclusive-article-107191688 | url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 October 2024, [[Rishab Shetty]] was announced to be portraying Hanuman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishab Shetty as Hanuman: 'Jai Hanuman' first look from Prasanth Varma's PVCU wows fans |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rishab-shetty-as-hanuman-jai-hanuman-first-look-from-prasanth-varmas-pvcu-wows-fans-3255773 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Expanding the cinematic universe further, simultaniously with Hanu-Man, Varma has announced the film called ''Adhira'', introducing Producer D.V.V. Danayya's son Kalyan Dasari, basing on the powers of [[Lord Indra|Indra]], But due to high response for Hanu-Man he decided to direct the sequel of Hanu-Man and recently a new director called Sharan Koppisetty ([[Kirrak Party]] fame (2018)) has announced for the film, Prasanth Varma penned the story and screenplay of the film. Recently the team has announced that actor director [[S.J. Suryah]] has playing an important role in the film. a film based on [[Mahakali|Goddess Mahakali]], ''Mahakāli'', was announced with Puja Kolluru of ''[[Martin Luther King (film)|Martin Luther King]]'' (2023) fame as the director. Prasanth Varma penned the story and screenplay of the film with Riwaz Ramesh Duggal producing and RK Duggal presenting the film under RKD Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Mahakali’: Director Prasanth Varma announces third film from PVCU |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahakali-director-prasanth-varma-announces-third-film-from-pvcu/article68740219.ece/ |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=10 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 September 2025, [[Akshaye Khanna]] was announced to be playing [[Shukracharya|Asuraguru Shukracharya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mahakali': Akshaye Khanna Is Shukracharya In the Prasanth Varma Cinematic Universe |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/mahakali-akshaye-khanna-is-shukracharya-in-the-prasanth-varma-production/amp |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |date=30 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref> On 30 October 2025, [[Bhoomi Shetty]] was announced to be playing the titular character of Mahakali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoomi Shetty to headline ‘Mahakali’, created by Prasanth Varma |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mahakali-bhoomi-shetty-prasanth-varma-pvcu-prasanth-varma-cinematic-universe/article70221348.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |date=30 October 2025}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[71st National Film Awards|23 September 2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Film in AVGC|Best Film in AVGC]]
|K. Niranjan Reddy ({{small|Producer}}), [[Prasanth Varma]] ({{small|Director}}) and Jetty Venkat Kumar ({{small|Animator}})
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537|title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced|work=Pib.gov.in|date=1 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Stunt Choreography|Best Stunt Choreography]]
|Nandu and Pruthvi Uppari
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="12" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |[[13th South Indian International Movie Awards|5 September 2025]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film – Telugu]]
|K. Niranjan Reddy
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="12" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=siima awards 2025: సైమా అవార్డ్స్‌ 2025.. అత్యధికంగా 11 నామినేషన్లతో ‘పుష్ప2’ |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/siima-awards-2025-nominations/0210/125132835 |access-date=2025-08-19 |website=EENADU |language=te}}</ref><ref name="SIIMA 2025: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna Win Big. Full List Of Winners (Telugu, Kannada)">{{cite news |date=6 September 2025 |title=SIIMA 2025: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna Win Big. Full List Of Winners (Telugu, Kannada) |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2025-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-full-list-of-winners-telugu-kannada-9227029 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906173814/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/siima-2025-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-win-big-full-list-of-winners-telugu-kannada-9227029 |archive-date=6 September 2025 |access-date=6 September 2025 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director – Telugu]]
|[[Prasanth Varma]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu|Best Cinematographer – Telugu]]
|Dasaradhi Shivendra
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Teja Sajja]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu|Best Actor in a Negative Role – Telugu]]
|[[Vinay Rai]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Telugu|Best Comedian – Telugu]]
|[[Getup Srinu]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director – Telugu]]
|Gowra Hari
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Kasarla Shyam]] (for "Poolamme Pilla")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|Gowra Hari (for "Poolamme Pilla")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor – Telugu]]
|[[Teja Sajja]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Critics Best Director – Telugu
|[[Prasanth Varma]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian superhero films]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15433956|title=HanuMan}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|hanuman-2}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
{{Prasanth Varma}}

[[Category:Films directed by Prasanth Varma]]
[[Category:Indian superhero films]]
[[Category:Indian action adventure films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]
[[Category:Films about scientists]]
[[Category:Biopunk films]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk films]]
[[Category:2024 superhero films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 adventure films]]
[[Category:2024 action films]]
[[Category:2024 fantasy films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]

List of Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu

2026-05-05T01:22:13Z

Johnsmithabmm1: adding place!

{{Short description|None}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=December 2022}}
{{POV|date=February 2024}}
{{Dynamic list}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:IN-TN.svg|right|180px|thumb|Tamil Nadu (red) in India (gray)]]
This is a list of temples in the Indian state of '''[[Tamil Nadu]].'''<ref name="bharatonline.com">{{Cite web|title=Temples of Tamilnadu|url=https://www.bharatonline.com/tamilnadu/temples.html|access-date=2021-07-20|website=www.bharatonline.com}}</ref> Tamil Nadu is the state with the highest amount of temples in India. According to the Tamil Nadu Hindu Endowments Board, there are 390,615 [[Hindu temple|Hindu]] temples in the state. Many of these temples are over 800 years old and are spread across the state. These temples were built over centuries by the rulers of various dynasties.<ref name="bharatonline.com"/>

The state holds some of the [[List of largest Hindu temples|largest Hindu temples]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Tamil-Nadu-Andhra-Pradesh-build-temple-ties-to-boost-tourism/articleshow/6284409.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120714155147/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-10/chennai/28312714_1_ttdc-package-tours-tourist-destinations |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-07-14 |title=Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh build temple ties to boost tourism |date=2010-08-10 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-09-21}}</ref> Historical records for the temple date back to at least 3,000 years ago.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |date=3 April 2014 |title=Srirangam temple rich with elaborate details |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/Srirangam-temple-rich-with-elaborate-details/article59829979.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> In Indian and Tamil culture, temples are not only considered as a place for spirituality but also shows the way of living, art, culture, knowledge, and sacrifice of people's life to protect the temples from invaders.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newsgram.com/general/2016/08/11/a-tale-of-faith-and-sacrifice-devotee-srivaishnava-acharyas-of-srirangam-temple-in-tamil-nadu | title=A tale of Faith and Sacrifice: Devotee Srivaishnava Acharyas of Srirangam Temple in Tamil Nadu | date=11 August 2016 }}</ref> Many temples contain inscriptions detailing the democratic rule of kings, which later inspired India's modern voting system.

{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 =
| width1 = 335
| alt1 =
| caption1 = '''[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy Temple]]''' dedicated to the [[Hindu]] deity [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] has the tallest ''[[gopurams|Rajagopuram]]'' in the world<ref>{{cite web | url=https://curlytales.com/web-stories/10-indian-temples-with-the-highest-gopurams/ | title=10 Indian Temples with the Highest Gopurams }}</ref> It is also the '''Largest functioning Religious complex in the world'''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/ | title=Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam }}</ref>
| image2 = Thanjavur, Brihadishwara Temple (7013915633).jpg
| width2 = 290
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Rajarajeswaram, also known as [[Brihadeshwara temple]] built by [[Chola]] emperor [[Rajaraja|Rajaraja-I]] at [[Tanjore|Thanjavur]] dedicated to [[Lord Shiva]].
}}

[[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple]], dedicated to [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]], is located in [[Srirangam]]. It is the largest temple compound in [[India]] and one of the largest religious complexes in the world.<ref name=unescosrirang/>{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2005|p= 456}} Some of these structures have been renovated, expanded and rebuilt over the centuries as a living temple. The latest addition is the outer tower that is approximately {{convert|73|m}} tall and was completed in 1987.{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby| 2005| p= 457}}{{sfn|Vater| 2010| p=40}}{{sfn|Jones| 2004| p= 4}} The temple is an active Hindu house of worship and follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of [[Sri Vaishnavism]]. The temple is one of the oldest temples in the world, which consists of inscriptions dating around 100 BCE.{{sfn|Sircar| 1979| p= 64}} The annual 21-day festival conducted during the Tamil month of ''Margali'' (December–January) attracts at least one million visitors every year. The temple complex has been nominated as an [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India|UNESCO World Heritage Site]] and is in UNESCO's tentative list.<ref name=unescosrirang>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5894/ Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam], UNESCO</ref>

Other temples like [[Madurai]]'s [[Kallalagar temple]] — which has high [[Gopuram]] towers ornamented with colourful figures — and the [[Meenakshi Temple]], which has high colourful towers and great long halls, are also of note. On [[Pamban Island]], [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] is a pilgrimage site. The town of [[Kanyakumari]], at India's southernmost tip, is the site of ritual sunrises.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tamil Nadu Government Portal|url=https://www.tn.gov.in/index.php|access-date=2021-07-23|website=www.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

The state also abounds with [[temple tank]]s. The state has 2,359 temple tanks located in 1,586 temples. The government has identified 1,068 tanks for renovation.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Mission to Renovate Temple Tanks
| newspaper = The Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 19 May 2013
}}</ref>

== Temples of Ganesha ==
{| class="wikitable" border="0" bgcolor="white"
|-
!S.No
!Name of Temple
!Name of Deity
!Location (Travel Base)
!Built around
!Notes/Beliefs
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

| 1
| [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple]]
| Karpaka Vinayakar
| Pillayarpatti ([[Karaikkudi]])
| 7th century CE <ref name=temples1961>P.K. Nambiar and K.C. Narayana Kurup (1961), Temples of Madras State, Census of India Volume IX, Part XI-D (vi), Government of India, pp. 196–198</ref>
| One of only two temples in the world that show Ganesha with two arms. The other is in Afghanistan.<ref>Sivashankar Chandrasekaran, "The Wonder that is Pillaiyarpatti"</ref><ref name="pillayarpatti_arms">{{cite web
| url = https://www.pillaiyarpattitemple.com/presiding-deities.html
| title = Presiding Deities
| access-date = 2023-11-11}}
</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

|2
| [[Ucchi Pillayar Temple]]
| Uchhi Pillayar
| [[Tiruchirappalli]]
| 700-900 CE<ref name=indiantemples_uchipillayar>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/uchhi.html
| title = ''...venerated by the hymns of the Tevaram Saints (7th - 9th century)...''
| access-date = 2007-05-25}}
</ref>
| Ganesha is shown with a small bump on his head, which was caused when [[Vibhishana]] knuckled him on his head.<ref name=chennaionline_uchipillayar>{{cite web
| url = http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/temple/uchi.asp
| title = ''Vibhishana finally caught up with him and knocked him on the head''
| access-date = 2007-05-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070407235039/http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/temple/uchi.asp  |archive-date = 2007-04-07}}
</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

| 3
| [[Manakula Vinayagar Temple]]
| Manakula Vinayagar
| Pondicherry ([[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]])
| 1688 CE<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manakulavinayagartemple.com/ |title=Home |website=manakulavinayagartemple.com}}</ref>
| Named as Bhuvaneshar Ganapathy, now called as Manakula Vinayagar. In Tamil 'Manal' means sand and 'Kulam' means pond near the sea, meaning God near the pond of sand.
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

|4
| [[Uchchhishta Ganapathy Temple]]
| [[Uchchhishta Ganapati]]
| [[Tirunelveli]]
| 1000 CE
| The only big ancient temple more than 1000 years ago for Uchishtta Ganapathy is situated in Manimoortheeswaram on the banks of River Thamirabarani in [[Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu, India.
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

| 5
| Sri Poyyamozhi Vinayagar Temple
| Sri Poyyamozhi Swayambu Vinayagar
| Theevanur (NH 66 (Krishnagiri-Pondicherry National Highway), Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu)
| 1100 CE<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/karppill.html|title = Karpaka Vinayakar Temple Pillayarpatti}}</ref>
| Swayambu Vinayaka temple with a Ganesha that looks like Siva Lingam. Very Powerful deity that cures all diseases, gives boon for power and position
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

|6
| [[Meenakshi Temple]]
| Mukkuruni Vinayakar
| [[Madurai]]
| 1600 CE
| This popular Ganesha shrine is located inside the Madurai Meenakshi Temple.
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

|7
| Adi vinayagar Temple
| Adi vinayagar
| [[Koothanur|Poonthottam]] ([[Thiruvarur]])
| 700 CE
| The name Thilatharpanapuri comes from two words thil meaning Gingely and tharpana is the Hindu ritual of performing pithru karmas (ritual of paying tribute to ancestors) to one's ancestors. It is also known as Sethalapathy.
There are 7 sthalams for performing these rituals viz. Kasi, Rameswaram, Srivanchiyam, Thiruvenkadu, Gaya, Triveni Sangamam & Thilatharpanapuri.
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

|8
| Abhishtavaradha Ganapathi Temple
| Abhishtavaradha Ganapathi
| [[Thiruvaiyaru]] ([[Tanjavur]])
| -
| [[Agastya]] attained his dwarf form at this abode.<ref name="hindu_agasthiyar">{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800080300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061213225306/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040800080300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2006-12-13
| title = ''It is believed that Saint Agastya attained his dwarf-form at this abode''
| access-date = 2007-05-25
| location=Chennai, India
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date=2005-04-08}}
</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee

|9
| Naramuga Vinayakar Temple
| Naramuga Vinayakar
| [[Chidambaram]] ([[Cuddalore]])
| -
| The Ganesha idol is human-faced in this temple.<ref name="chennaionline_naramuga">{{cite web
| url = http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/placesofworship/rareidols.asp
| title = ''This idol is human-faced...''
| access-date = 2007-05-25 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927172435/http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/placesofworship/rareidols.asp  |archive-date = 2007-09-27}}
</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|10
| Ganapatheeswarar Temple
| Vatapi Ganapathi
| Tiruchenkattankudi ([[Tanjavur]])
| 700 CE
| The Ganesha idol was brought here from [[Vatapi]] by the [[Pallavas]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/vatapi.html
| title = ''...an image of Ganapati brought back from Badami...''
| access-date = 2007-05-25}}
</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|11
| [[Kabartheeswarar Temple|Khabartheesar Karpaga Nathar Temple]]
| Sweta Vinayakar
| Tiruvalanchuzhi ([[Tanjavur]])
| -
| The deity represents the white image of Ganesha that was formed when the Devas churned the [[Kshir Sagar|holy milky ocean]]
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|12
| [[Eachanari Vinayagar Temple]]
| Ganesan
| [[Eachanari]] ([[Coimbatore]])
| 1500 CE
| The deity was brought here from [[Madurai]] by the [[Nayak caste|Nayaks]], originally meant for [[Perur Temple]].<ref name="Eachanari Vinayagar Temple"/>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|13
| [[Arulmigu Munthi Vinayagar Temple|Puliakulam Vinayakar Temple]]
| Munthi Vinayakar
| [[Puliakulam]] ([[Coimbatore]])
| 1993 CE
| The idol of the chief deity here is supposed to be one of the largest in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Eachanari Vinayagar Temple">{{cite web
| url = http://www.eprarthana.com/temples/coimbatore/tn1954each.asp?tid=1954
| title = ''Eachanari Vinayagar Temple''
| access-date = 2012-01-17}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|14
| Sree Vigneswarar Temple
| Sree Vigneswar
| Mela Kolappadi-Andimadam ([[Ariyalur district]])
| 1997 CE
| The idol of the chief deity here is supposed to be one of the largest in [[South Asia]].<ref name="Eachanari Vinayagar Temple"/>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|15
| Periya Uchipillaiyar Temple
| Uchhi Pillayar
| Periya Uchipillaiyar Temple ([[Kumbakonam]])
| 1000 CE
| The temple is in the city centre of [[Kumbakonam]].
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|16
| Sri Maha Ganapathi Temple
| Ganapathi Agraharam
| Sri Maha Ganapathi Temple near [[Kumbakonam]]
| 1000 years
| The temple is 25 km from [[Kumbakonam]] on Thiruvaiyaru bus route. The Vinayagar was actually installed at this temple by Agasthiyar (Ancient Hindu priest) more than 1000 years ago. He had done this with a holy intention of
protecting the globe against of massive starvation. The Ganapathi idol has its own look, where this cannot be seen anywhere else.
|-
|17
|Arulmigu Prasanna Vinayagar Temple
|Sri Prasanna Vinayagar
|Arulmigu Prasanna Vinayagar Temple, Ganapathy Pudur [[Coimbatore]]
|1937 CE
|The temple kumababishekam held on 1937 ganapathypudur in Coimbatore district Website:https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=2187

|-
|18
|Jambhulinga Vinayagar Temple
|Sri Jambhulinga Vinayagar
|Jambhulinga Vinayagar Temple, Thathankuppam, Chennai
|1940 CE
|The temple is known for a court case in which a statue responded to identify among the many were stolen
|-
|19
|Panchamuga Vinayagar Temple
|Sri Panchamuga Vinayagar
|Panchamuga Vinayagar Temple, Paramathi Velur [[Namakkal]]
|
|The temple where you will find 4 sides of face and on top of that one face of Vinayagar
|}

== Temples of Murugan ==

===Six Abodes of Murugan===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; background:#FFFBE5"
!style="background:gold"|S.No.
!style="background:gold"|Name of Temple
!style="background:gold"|Name of Deity
!style="background:gold"|Location (Travel Base)
!style="background:gold"|Built around
!style="background:gold"|Notes/Beliefs
|-
!style="background: #ffc"|1
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Palani Murugan Temple|Tiruavinankudi Temple]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.palani.org
| title = Pazhani Temple website
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
!style="background: #ffc"|Dandayudhapani Swami
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Pazhani]] ([[Dindigul]])
!style="background: #ffc"|-
!style="background: #ffc"|This temple is the third among the six Holy Abodes.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.palani.org/intro.htm
| title = Third among the Arupadai veedu
| access-date = 2007-05-25}}
</ref> The Murugan idol was made by [[Bogar]] from an [[Wiktionary:Amalgamation|amalgam]] of nine toxic substances (Navabaashaanam)<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.palani.org/saravanan.htm
| title = ''The observations made by the researchers ... Bhogar was the one who formulated this amalgamation of nava pâsanam''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|-
!style="background: #ffc"|2
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur|Arulmigu Subramanya Swami Temple]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tiruchendur.org/|title=Tiruchendur temple website|access-date=2007-05-26}}</ref>
!style="background: #ffc"|Senthil Andavar
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Tiruchendur]] ([[Thoothukkudi district|Thoothukkudi]])
!style="background: #ffc"|100 CE <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.murugan.org/temples/tiruchendur.htm|title="''...it has a holy past dating back to 2000 years, if not earlier.'' and "''...among which Tiruchendur is number one. This was the only temple of Lord Muruga located on the seashore.''"|access-date=2007-05-26}}</ref>
!style="background: #ffc"|This is the second among the six abodes and the only seashore Murugan temple. It is here that Surasamharam takes place, as this temple was Murugan's battle camp against the [[asura]] Surapadman who was being hosted at Vira Mahendram, a mid-ocean [[fortress]].
|-
!style="background: #ffc"|3
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Swamimalai Murugan Temple]]
!style="background: #ffc"|Swaminatha Swamy
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Swamimalai]] ([[Thanjavur]])
!style="background: #ffc"|-
!style="background: #ffc"|This temple is the fourth among the six Holy Abodes. Murugan explained the meaning of [[Om]]karam to his father [[Lord Siva|Shiva]] here.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/temples/swamimalai.htm
| title = ''Swamimalai is second among the six padai veedu...'' and ''Lord Siva ... heard the exposition of OM as a disciple''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|-
!style="background: #ffc"|4
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Tirupparankunram Murugan Temple]]
!style="background: #ffc"|Subramanya Swami
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Tirupparankunram]] ([[Madurai]])
!style="background: #ffc"|-
!style="background: #ffc"|Murugan married [[Deivanai]] at this abode, also is the fourth among the [[Six Holy Abodes of Murugan]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/temples/parankundram.htm
| title = Tirupparankundram
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.maduraidirectory.com/tourism/thiru.php
| title = ''So this place becomes the fourth Aru Padai Veedu.''
| access-date = 2007-05-25}}
</ref>
|-
!style="background: #ffc"|5
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Thiruthani Murugan Temple|Tiruttanikai Murugan Temple]]
!style="background: #ffc"|Tanikesan
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Tiruttani]] ([[Tiruvallur]])
!style="background: #ffc"|-
!style="background: #ffc"|Murugan married Valli at this abode. This temple is the fifth among the six Holy Abodes. Murugan imparted the knowledge of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] to [[Agastya|Sage Agathiyar]] here<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/m006.html
| title = ''Skanda imparted knowledge of Tamil to the Sage Agasthyar''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|-
!style="background: #ffc"|6
!style="background: #ffc"|[[Pazhamudircholai|Pazhamudhircholai Temple]]
!style="background: #ffc"|Malaikkizhavon
!style="background: #ffc"|Pazhamudhircholai ([[Madurai]])
!style="background: #ffc"|-
!style="background: #ffc"|This temple is the last one of the six Holy Abodes. Murugan tested [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]'s knowledge under a tree here<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://sify.com/samacharreligion/fullstory.php?id=13546731&page=1
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050412114447/http://sify.com/samacharreligion/fullstory.php?id=13546731&page=1
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2005-04-12
| title = ''...her knowledge was put to test by Lord Muruga''
| website=[[Sify]] | access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|-
|}

=== Other major [[Murugan]] temples ===
*[[Six Abodes of Lord Muruga|Six Abodes of Murugan]], the six sacred mountains of Tamil Nadu.

{| class="wikitable" border="0" bgcolor="white"
|-
!S.No
!Name of Temple
!Name of Deity
!Location (Travel Base)
!Built around
!Notes/Beliefs
|-
|1
|Balasubraminiya Swamy Temple
|Murugan
|Thiruvidakazhi, [[Mayiladuthurai]]
|25 CE<ref>{{Cite web |title=திருவிடைக்கழி கோவிலில் பந்தல்கால் முகூர்த்தம்; திரளான பக்தர்கள் தரிசனம் |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/sabarimala/detail.php?id=145962 |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=Dinamalar |language=ta}}</ref>
|It is a 2000-year-old Murugan temple believed that Lord Murugan worshipped Lord Shiva here, making the temple a sacred site for absolving sins and removing obstacles to marriage.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2
| [[Kuzhanthai Velappar temple|Kuzhanthai Velappar Temple]]
| Murugan
| Poombarai ([[Kodaikanal]])
| 1000 CE<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/temples/marudhamalai.htm
| title = ''...places the origin of the temple in the 10th century A.D.''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
| The Kuzhanthai Velappar Temple (Kulandai Velayudha Swami Tirukkovil)[6] has three thousand years of history and was consecrated by Bhogar. The idol is made of Navaphasanam(Dasabashanam) . As per inscriptions in the temple which temple has built by king of Chera dynasty during 10/12 Century.There is a song-poem(Poombarai Velan) by Aruna giri nathar who lived during the 15th century<ref>{{cite web |url=http://kodaikanal.nic.in/poombarai.html |title=''...Navaphasanam idle'' |access-date=2007-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126105941/http://nagapattinam.nic.in/sikkal.html  |archive-date=2007-01-26}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 3
| [[Sikkal Singaravelan Temple|Sri Navaneethaswara Swamy Temple]]
| Singaravelavar
| Sikkal ([[Tanjavur]])
| -
| Murugan received his weapon, the Velayudham, from his mother [[Parvathi]] and used it to perform the Surasamharam at Tiruchendur.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://nagapattinam.nic.in/sikkal.html
| title = ''...transformed her powers into Velayutham''
| access-date = 2007-05-26 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070126105941/http://nagapattinam.nic.in/sikkal.html  |archive-date = 2007-01-26}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 4
| [[Marudhamalai (temple)|Marudamalai Subramanya Swamy Temple]]
| Dandayudhapani Swamy
| Marudamalai ([[Coimbatore]])
| 1200 CE<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/temples/marudhamalai.htm
| title = ''...places the origin of the temple in the 12th century A.D.''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
| It's here that The Devas approach Murugan to seek his help in destroying Surapadman.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 5
| [[Kumarakottam Temple|Kumarakkottam Subramanya Swamy Temple]]
| Brahmasaastha<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/kaanchipuram/index.html |title=Kumarakkottam Temple |access-date=2007-05-26 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127042540/http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/kaanchipuram/index.html |archive-date=2013-01-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| Kumarakkottam ([[Kanchipuram]])
| -
| Kachiappa Sivachariar wrote the sacred Kanda Puraanam at this temple. Also, Murugan assumed the role of the Creator here, after imprisoning Brahma for his ignorance of the meaning of the Pranava manthiram.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.murugan.org/temples/kumarakottam.htm |title=''...the sacred Kanda Puranam in praise of Lord Muruga was composed...'' |access-date=2007-05-25}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 6
|[[Valliyur Subramanya Swamy Temple]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://murugan.org/temples/valliyur.htm|title=Valliyur Sri Subramaniyar Swami Kovil|website=murugan.org|access-date=2018-06-14}}</ref>
| Aanantha Kalyana Subramanyar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/valliyoor/index.html |title=Valliyur Temple |access-date=2007-05-26 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127051549/http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/valliyoor/index.html |archive-date=2013-01-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> thirumalai kovil, shencottai
| Valliyur ([[Tirunelveli]])
| -
| The Subramanyar Temple at Valliyur in Tirunelveli District is a rock-cut sanctum carved out of a hill. The [[Saravanappoigai]] in this temple was created by Murugan at the request of Valli, his consort.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Valliyur-Subramanyar-Temple-44381.htm
| title = ''...the tank was created by Murugan according to the request of his consort...''
| access-date = 2007-05-25}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 7
| [[Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple|Vallakkottai Murugan Temple]]
| Kodaiyandavar<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/vallakottai/index.html
| title = Vallakkottai Murugan Temple
| access-date = 2007-05-26
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130127065444/http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/vallakottai/index.html
| archive-date = 2013-01-27
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| Vallakkottai ([[Chennai]])
| -
| The Murugan idol in this temple is the tallest in Tamil Nadu, at 7 ft.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/research/moorchand.htm
| title = ''...the idol of Murukan is the tallest in Tamil Nadu...''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 8
| [[Thiruporur Kandaswamy temple|Kandaswamy Temple]]
| Kandaswamy
| Tirupporur ([[Chennai]])
| 1000 CE<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/temples/tirupporur.htm
| title = ''...preserves Pallava inscriptions from as early as the 10th century...''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
| After killing Surapadman at Tiruchendur, Murugan killed the rest of the asuras here, at Tirupporur (literally, 'place of the sacred war')
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 9
| [[Vayalur Murugan Temple|Sri Subramaniya Swamy Temple]]
| Kumara Vayalur
| Tiruchirappalli
| 1200 years
| Muruga blessed the saint-poet Arunagiri Nāthar at Vayalur by writing OM in his tongue and initiated him to compose Tiruppugal. Arunagirināthar wrote 18 verses (910–927) on Vayalur in the Tiruppukal. Nataraja is in the Sadura Danda pose in this Temple.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 10
| [[Viralimalai Murugan temple|Shanmuganathan Temple]]
| Aarumaga Swamy
| Viralimalai ([[Tiruchirappalli]])
| -
| Sage Vasishtar and his wife Arundhathi pray Murugan here to ward off their curses. The temple is also known for its peacocks.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.murugan.org/temples/viralima.htm |title=Viralimalai Murugan Temple |access-date=2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 11
| Mayilam Murugan Temple
| Aarumaga Swamy.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/mailam/index.html
| title = Mayilam Murugan Temple
| access-date = 2007-05-26
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130127032823/http://www.kaumaram.com/aalayam/mailam/index.html
| archive-date = 2013-01-27
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
| Mayilam ([[Villupuram]])
| -
| At the end of Surasamharam, one half of Surapadman assumed the form of the peacock here.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/research/hernault.htm
| title = ''...Surapadma assumed the form of a peacock...''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.murugan.org/gallery/kanda_puranam/html/kp_17.htm
| title = Kanda Puraanam: ''...one half becoming a cock (Seval) and the other half a peacock...''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 12
| [[Vadapalani Andavar Temple|Pazhani Aandavar Temple]]
| Pazhani Andavar
| [[Vadapalani, Chennai]]
| 1875 CE<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.murugan.org/temples/vadapalani.htm |title=''...built about 125 years back...'' |access-date=2007-05-26}}
</ref>
| One of the temples built in the modern era, this temple had extensive patronage from the renowned devotee of Murugan [[Arulmigu Kribanandha Variyar]]..
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 13
| Sri Vetri Velayudhaswami Temple
| [[Kaithamalai]]
| [[Uthukuli|Uttukuli]]
| Not Known but Reconstructed in 1999<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://murugan.org/temples/uttukuli.htm
| title = ''Uttukuli Murugan Temple''
| access-date = 2007-11-23}}
</ref>
| Vetri Velyadhaswami appeared in front the great Tamil saint Agastiyar and helped him to perform his pooja [[Agastiyar]].
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 14
| [[Thindal Murugan Temple]]
| [[Thindal]]malai
| [[Erode]]
| -
| Velyadhaswami temple is a model of Birla Mandir, with Golden Temple Car.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 15
| Arulmigu Subramanyaswamy Thirukovil
| [[Sivanmalai]], [[Kangeyam|Kangayam]],
| [[Tirupur]]
| -
| One of the well known myths associated with Siva is his conquest of Tripuram – the three celestial cities which the Asuras (demons) had taken over, and wreaked havoc over them. The Devas (celestial gods) appealed to Siva for help and asked him to save them from the demons. Siva made mount Meru his bow, and Vasuki the serpent his bow-string and prepared to wage war against the Asuras.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 16
| [[Pachaimalai Subramanya Swamy Temple]]
| Pachaimalai
| [[Gobichettipalayam]]
| -
| One of the two hill temples for Murugan in Gobi, the other one being Pavazhamalai which is only 2 km away from Pachaimalai. Though this temple is very old, the structure has been built starting 1967.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 17
| [[Pavalamalai Muthukumara Swamy Temple]]
| Pavalamalai
| [[Gobichettipalayam]]
| -
| The second hill temple for Murugan in Gobi.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 18
| Siragiri Dandayudhapani
| [[Chennimalai]]
| [[Erode]]
| -
| This hill is also called Sigaragiri, Pushpagiri and Siragiri and is located between Kangeyam and Perundurai. It is one of the better known temples of Murugan in Coimbatore district where Arunagirinathar was blessed with "Padikasu", wealth of coins. This is where a miracle took place in the year 1984 on 12 February. On that eventful day two bullocks of their own accord pulled a bullock cart up the 1320 steps. Saravana Munivar wrote the most popular Chennimalai Sthalapuranam 700 years ago. Milk and curds are used as special offerings to Murugan in Chennimalai and it is the general belief that curds do not become sour here.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 19
| Velayudhasamy Thirukoil
| Pugazhi malai
| [[Karur]]
| 2000CE
| The temple is located on a hillock. This place is called Aarunattar malai which is considered as one of the oldest Hill rock of the south.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 20
| [[Balasubramaniyaswamy Temple|Balasubramaniya Murugan Temple]]
| Vennai malai
| [[Karur]]
| 1800CE
| The temple was worshiped by Brahma and Kamadhenu. This ancient temple dedicated to Muruga has the distinction of being visited by the Saiva saint Arunagirinathar once. This hill temple enshrines the images of Murugan.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 21
| [[Ratnagiri Murugan Temple|Arulmigu Balamurugan Temple]]
| Rathnagiri
| Thirumanikundram, Vellore
| 1500CE
| Rathinagiri Bala Murugan Temple was built around the 14th century. Over the passage of time an ordinary sand structure was converted into a stone shrine.

The 14th Century poet '''Arunagirinathar'<nowiki/>'' has sung about this temple as ''Rathinakiri Vazh Murukane Ilaya Vaaramarar Perumaley''', which means 'Murugan, the God of Devas resides in Rathinagiri'
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 22
| Rajendra Chozheewarar Temple
| Balasubramaniyan
| [[Periyakulam]], [[Theni district|Theni]]
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 23
| [[Kolanjiappar temple|Sri Kolanjiappar Temple]]
| Kolanjiappar
| Manavalanallur 2 km from Vriddhachalam
| 1000 years old
| The benevolent Shiva so as to liberate the entire living being has incarnated himself in many holy Shrines in the so-called Middle Country. (Nadu Naadu). Vriddhachalam (means age old holy hill) is the best among such holy shrines. Two Mile west of this, there is a small village namely Manavalanallur. Where there is abundance of flowery trees bristling with humming of birds and insects. It is known as Manavalanallur because Murugan, the Manavalan (Eternal Bridegroom) has embodied himself here. In the words of Arunagirinathar. "He is the Manavalan residing in the monkeys inhabited hill"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 24
| [[Uthanda Velayudhaswamy temple, Uthiyur]]
| Velayudhasamy
| [[Uthiyur Hills]],
[[Kangeyam taluk|Kangeyam]], [[Tiruppur district]]
| 9th century CE
| Uthanda Velayudhasamy Temple is the main shrine dedicated t[[Kartikeya|urugan]] after a flight of 100 steps in [[Uthiyur|Uthiyur hills]] from the ground. It built in [[dravidian architecture]] with a huge water-well as well and the little path with few rocky steps beside the temple lead to the base of a hillock and the steps ended there as well. In this shrine, [[Kartikeya|Velayudhaswamy]] appears with his spear and [[Peacock]]. There are many [[sculpture]]s here and also some ancient era hero-stones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Uthanda Velayutha Swami Temple : Uthanda Velayutha Swami Temple Details {{!}} Uthanda Velayutha Swami- Uthiyur {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} உத்தண்ட வேலாயுத சுவாமி |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1547 |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 25
| [[Siruvapuri Sri Balasubrahmanyam temple|Balasubramaniyar Temple, Siruvaapuri]]
| Balasubramaniyar
| [[Chinnambedu, Siruvaapuri]],
[[Tiruvallur District|Tiruvallur]]
| 14th century CE
| Siruvaapuri is connected to the epic Ramayanam and is the place where the sons' of Rama, Lava and Kusha lived. Since they fought with Rama here it is called "Siruvar Por Puri", which latter became "Siruvaapuri". However, the village is now called as Chinnambedu. Arunagirinathar the Tamil Saint of 14th century CE has visited this temple and has composed Tiruppukal songs on the Murugan in this temple. He is standing facing the deity. The special feature of this temple is the presence of emarald peacock. The village is located 40 km from Chennai and can be reached by a detour before reaching Puduvoyal near Kavarapettai, before Gummidipoondi in Chennai - Kolkatta NH.
|}
<ref name="tevaram_templenet">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/shivlist.html
| title = Templenet Tevara Sthalangal
| access-date = 2007-05-29}}
</ref>

== Temples of Vishnu ==
கரிகிருஷ்ணா பெருமாள் கோவில் பொன்னேரி.
* [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]]
* [[Srivilliputhur Andal temple|Andal Temple, Srivilliputtur]]
* [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Namagiri Thayar Sametha Narasimhaswamy perumal temple, Namakkal]]
* [[Prasanna Venkatachalapathy Temple|Gunaseelam Prasana Venkatachalapathy Perumal Temple]]
* [[Chakrapani Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Sarangapani temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane]]
* [[Bhu Varaha Swamy temple]]
* [[Adi Srinivasa perumal temple]]
* [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Ashtabujakaram]]
* [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Kanyakumari]]
* [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple]]
* [[Rajagopalaswamy Temple, Mannargudi]]
* [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur]]
* [[Mudikondan Kothandaramar Temple]]
* [[Thirupullabhoothangudi Temple]]
* [[Kola Valvill Ramar Temple, Tiruvelliyangudi]]
* [[Vijayaraghava Perumal temple]]
* [[Kattu Narasimhaperumal Temple, Srirangam]]
* [[Sundaravarada Perumal temple]]
* [[Ramaswamy Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* [[Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Uthiramerur]]
* [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Tiruparamechura Vinnagaram - Sri Vaikunda Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Tiru pavla vannam|Tirupavalavannam - Sri Pavala Vanar Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Pandava Thoothar Perumal Temple|Tirupaadagam - Sri Pandava Thoodar Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Nilathingal Thundam Perumal temple|Tirunilaaththingalthundam - Sri Nilathingal Thundathan Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Thiruputkuzhi|Tirupputkuzhi - Sri Vijaya Raghava Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|Tirivikrama Perumal Temple]]
* [[Appakkudathaan Perumal Temple]]
* [[Thanjai Mamani Koil]], [[Thanjavur]]
* [[Parimala Ranganatha Perumal temple]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* [[Devaadi Raja Perumal temple]], [[Therazhundur]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* [[Azhagiyasingar Temple, Thiruvali]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* [[Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple]]
* [[Sundararaja Perumal temple]]
* [[Srinivasa Perumal Temple, Tirukulandhai]]
* [[Varadaraja Perumal Temple, Shoolagiri]]
* [[Vedanarayana perumal temple, Thirunarayanapuram]]
* [[Sri Venkatesa Perumal Temple (Melathiruppathi) – Mondipalayam]]
* [[Ranganatha Temple, Thiruneermalai]]
* [[Veeraraghava Swamy Temple, Tiruvallur]]
* [[Sri Kalyana Ramaswamy temple]]
* [[Loganatha Perumal Temple]]
* [[Neelamegha Perumal temple]]
* [[Soundararajaperumal temple, Nagapattinam]]
* [[Vanamamalai Perumal temple]]
* [[Ranganathaswamy temple, Karamadai|Ranganathaswamy temple, Karamadai, Coimbatore]]
* [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Puducherry]]
* [[Sri Yoga Rama temple|Sri Yoga Rama Temple, Nedungunam]] [[Chettupattu]]
* [[Thirukkadigai|Yoga Narasimhaswamy Temple]] [[Sholingur]]
* [[Devanathaswamy temple, Thiruvanthipuram]]
* [[Oppiliappan temple]]
* [[Bhaktavatsala Perumal temple, Tirukannamangai]]
* [[Krishnapuram Venkatachalapathy temple]]
* [[Soundararajaperumal temple, Thadikombu]]
* [[Santana Srinivasa Temple]] at [[Mogappair]]
* [[Saranathan temple|Saranatha Perumal Temple]]
* [[Nithyakalyana Perumal temple]] at [[Tiruvidanthai]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Srivaikuntanathan Perumal temple]]
* [[Abaya Hastha Swayambu Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Agaram Village, Hosur]]
* [[Adhirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]]
* [[Adikesava Perumal temple, Mylapore]]
* [[Adikesava Perumal Temple, Paramandur]]
* [[Adikesava Perumal temple, Sriperumpudur]]
* [[Andalukkum Aiyan Temple]]
* [[Arulmigu Prasanna Venkatesa Perumal Temple]]
* [[Kodandaramaswamy temple|Sri Kodandaramaswamy temple, Ayoyhyapatinam, Salem]]
* [[Betrayaswamy temple]]
* [[Eri-Katha Ramar Temple]]
* [[Jakath Rakshaka Perumal temple, Thirukkoodaloor]]
* [[Jagannatha Perumal temple]]
* [[Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple]]
* [[Varadharajaperumal temple, Thirubuvanai]]
* [[Chenraya Perumal Temple]]
* [[Senji Singavaram Ranganatha Temple]]
* [[Gingee Venkataramana Temple]]
* Ranganatha Perumal Temple at [[Erode Fort]]
* Magudeswarar Temple, [[Kodumudi]], Erode
* Kongu Tirupati at Erode
* Sri Viswaroopha Lakshmi Nrusimha Temple at Kattavakkam, Kancheepuram District, Near Thenneri
* The LakshmiNarasimhar Temple at Tindivanam
* The Lakshmi Narayan Temple at [[Pulikkundram]] near [[Thirukazhukundram]]
* The Kesavaperumal Temple at Chennai
* The Lakshmi Narasimhar Temple at Chennai
* Sri Mayakoothar Devasthanams, Perungulam, Tuticorin [Thoothukudi]
* Arulmegu sattur perumal swamy temple, Solavampalayam, Kinathukadavu, Pollachi, Coimbatore
* Sri Adivaraha Temple Kallidaikurichi Tamlinadu
* Sri Veeraragava perumal Temple, Dharapuram, Tirupur
* Adi Narayana Perumal Temple, [[Pariyur]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* Kalyana venkatramanaswamy Temple, Thannthondri Malai, [[Karur]]
* Shree Abayapradhana Ranganathar Temple, [[Karur]]
* Vasantha perumal Temple, Kadavur, [[Karur]]
* Neelameegha perumal Temple, Kulithalai, [[Karur]]
* Kripasamudra Perumal (Arulmakadal) Temple at [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Nainamalai
* Narasimha Temple at [[Tindivanam]]
* Yoga Narasimha Temple at [[Velachery]], Chennai
* Sri Srinivaasa Perumal, Thirumaleeswarar Temple, Arakonam
* Sri Lakshmi Narayanan Kovil, Sathyamangalam
* Pulikundram Sri Lakshmi Narayana Temple, [[Pulikkundram]], [[Mahabalipuram]], [[Tirukalukundram]]
* Lakshmi Narasimha Swamy Temple, Vellore
* Ranganathaswamy Temple, Bethur
* Mannarakrishna temple, Ramiyananhalli
* Seetha devi sametha Kodandaramaswamy temple, Ramiyanahalli

=== See also ===
* [[Divyadesam]]
* [[Abhimana Kshethram]]
* [[Pancharanga Kshetrams]]
* [[Nava Tirupati|Nava Tirupati Kshethrams]]
* [[Pancha Kshethram]]
* [[Pancha Rama Temples|Pancha Ramachandra Kshethram]]

== Temples of Shiva ==
{{Main|Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Hinduism}}
*[[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami Temple]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]
*[[Koorainadu Punukeeswarar Temple]], [[Mayiladuthurai]]
*Tiruppukkozhiyur Avinashi lingeshwarar temple, Tirupur
* [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]], [[Coimbatore]]
* Sarva Sitheshwarar Shiva temple, Madipakkam, Chennai
* Agatheeshwarar temple,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayabalan |first=Suriyakumar |title=அகத்தீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில் சிறப்புகள்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/astrology/highlights-of-ponneri-agatheeswarar-temple-131657092954967.html |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> Ponneri.
* Thirumaleeswarar Temple, Thirumathalampakkam, Arakonam Tk, Vellore Dt.
* Shivan temple, Thiru kundachappai village, Ooty, The Nilgiris Dt.
* Chenchadainathar Karunakadakshi Temple, Thirumal Ugandan kotai ( TM Kotai ), Ramanathapuram dist, Tamil Nadu, India
* Arulmigu Amarasundreashwarar Temple, Singalandapuram, Thuraiyur taluk, Tiruchirappalli district
* Surayanarayanar Temple, Gnairu, Ponneri
* [[Meenakshi Amman Temple|Madurai Meenakshi Sundareswarar Temple]], [[Madurai]]
* [[Nellaiappar Temple]], [[Tirunelveli]]
* Kasivisavanathar Gnanaambaigai Temple, [[Uthamapalayam]]
* [[Sankaranayinarkoil]] or Sankaranaraya swamy temple, [[Sankarankovil]]
* Chintamani nathar temple, vasudevanallur
* [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]] at [[Thanjavur]]
* [[Vaitheeswaran Koil|Vaitheeshwaran Temple]] near [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* [[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalakandeswarar Temple]], inside the [[Vellore Fort]], [[Vellore]]
* [[Kapaleeshwarar Temple]] at [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]
* [[Dandeeswarar Temple|Dandeeswarar Koil]], Velachery, Chennai
* [[Ramanathaswamy Temple]] at [[Rameshwaram]]
* [[Jambukeswarar Temple, Thiruvanaikaval]] at Tirucharapalli
* [[Annamalaiyar Temple|Arunachaleshwarar Temple]] at Thiruvannamalai
* [[Thillai Nataraja Temple]] at [[Chidambaram]]
* [[Vedapureeswarar Temple, Puducherry|Vedapureeswarar Temple]] at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
* [[Thyagaraja Temple, Tiruvarur|Thyagaraja Temple]] at [[Thiruvarur]]
* [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambaranathar Temple]](Kachi Egambam) at [[Kancheepuram]]
* Thirumagaraleeswarar Temple at [[Kancheepuram]]
* [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanathar Temple]], Kanchipuram
* [[Karchapeswarar Temple]], Kanchipuram
* Vazhakarutheeswarar Temple, Kanchipuram
* [[Sathyanatheswarar Temple]] ( Kachi Nerikkaaraikkadu), Kanchipuram
* [[Metraleeswar Temple]](Kachi Metrali), Kanchipuram
* [[Iravatanesvara Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* Muktheeswarar Temple, Kanchipuram
* [[Ona Kantheeswarar Temple]] (Onakanthan Thali)
* [[Anekadhangavadeswarar Temple]] (Kachi Anekatangapadam)
* [[Pasupateeswarar temple, Karur|Kalyana Pasupatheeswarar Temple]] (Thiru Aanilai), [[Karur]]
* Kalyanasundareswarar Temple, Thirumanancheri, Mayiladuthurai
* Magudeeswarar Temple, [[Kodumudi]], Erode
* [[Vriddhagiriswarar Temple, Vriddhachalam|Virdhgiriswarar Temple]] at Vriddhachalam
* Sree Pasupatheeswarar Temple, Pandanainallur
* [[Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram|Thenupuriswarar Temple]] at Pattiswaram, [[Kumbakonam]]
* [[Nageswaraswamy Temple, Kumbakonam|Nageeswarar Temple, Kumbakonam]]
* Amarapaneeswarar Temple at [[Pariyur]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* Arudra Kabaleeswarar Temple at [[Erode]]
* Vigirtheeswarar Temple, Venjamangudalur, [[Karur]]
* Rathinagireeshwarar Temple, Iyermalai, [[Karur]]
* [[Sangameswarar Temple]] at [[Bhavani]]
* [[Natadreeswarar Temple]] inside Cauvery, [[Erode]]
* Emaneswarar Temple, Emaneswaram at [[Paramakudi]].
* Agneeswarar Koil, Thirukkaattuppalli
* Sattainathar Temple, [[Sirkazhi]]
* Thaayumaanavar Koil, Tiruchy
* Poongundra Nathar Temple, Mahibalanpatti (sivagangai)
* Veerattaaneswarar Koil, Korukkai
* Koenaeswarar Koil, Kudavaasal
* Seshapureeswarar Koil, Thiruppaamburam
* Ligusaranyeswarar Koil, Ponnur
* Amirthakalasanaathar Koil, Sakkottai
* Hayavandheeswarar Koil, Seeyaaththamangai
* Maanikkavannar Koil, Thirumarugal
* Sookshmapureeswarar Koil, Sirukudi
* Uthraapatheeswarar Koil, Thiruchchengaattaangudi
* Panchanadheeswarar Koil, [[Thiruvaiyaru]]
* Pasupatheeswarar Koil, Aavoor
* Kasi Vishwanathar Temple, Darapuram
* Thiruaavinankudi Temple, Palani
* Agastheeswarar Koil, Agasthiyampalli
* AmudhaGataeswarar Koil, Kodikkarai
* Suguvaneshwarar Temple, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]
* [[Kailashnathar temple, Tharamangalam|Kailashnathar Temple, Tharamangalam]], Salem
* Theerthagirieswarar Temple, Theerthamalai, Dharmapuri
* [[Chandra Choodeswarar Temple]], Hosur
* Sri Ramalinga Sowdambikai Amman Temple at Raja street, Coimbatore.
* [[Arulmigu Manneaswarar Temple, Annur|Sri Manneaswarar Kovil, Annur, Coimbatore]]
* Old Someaswarar Kovil at Annaimalai, Pollachi.
* Shree Sadhasiva Bhrameendhraal Temple, Nerur, [[Karur]]
* Sivapurishwarar Temple, Shivayam, [[Karur]]
* [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple]], Thirupattur, [[Tiruchirappalli]]
* [[Sangameswarar Temple]], Bhavani, [[Erode]]
* [[Kadambavananathar Temple]], Kulithalai, [[Karur]]
* Ardhanaareeswarar Temple, Tiruchengodu, Namakkal
* Arapaleeswarar Temple, Kolli Hills, Namakkal
* Viratteeswarar Temple, Pillur, Namakkal
* Arulmigu Vedapurishwarar Temple, Thiruvothur, CHEYYAR.
* Ekambareswarar Temple, Chettikulam, Perambalur Dt, Tamil Nadu
* Sri Sivashankara Kasiviswanather Temple at Sri Chinna Mariamman Temple Kodaikanal.
* [[Arulmigu Vedhagiriswarar Temple]], [http://www.thirukalukundram.in Thirukalukundram]
* Kondarangi Hills - [[Lord Malligarjuna Swamy Temple|Malligarjuna Swamy Temple]], Konrangi Keeranur, [[Oddanchatram]]
* Arulmigu Kulantahivelappar Temple, [[Oddanchatram]]
* Agatheeshwarar temple, Dharapuram, Tirupur(https://web.archive.org/web/20160304220842/http://www.agastheeswarartemple.tinfo.in/)
* Arulmigu Sri Sivan Anaindha Pottri Temple, Mamsapuram, Srivilliputhur, Virudhunagar https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=2057
*Arulmigu Brihadeeswarar and Mangalambigai temple in Kazhipattur, OMR
*Vedaranyeswarar Temple, Vedaranyam, Nagapattinam Dt.
*Arulmigu Aranganayagi Samatha Agatheeshwarar Temple, Ananthamangalam, Maduranthagam Tk., Chengalpattu Dt.
*[[File:Gopura of the Mayuranathaswamy Temple.jpg|thumb|Mayuranathaswamy Temple, [[Mayiladuthurai]]]]

=== See also ===
* [[Paadal Petra Sthalam|Panchabhootha Sthalangal]]
* [[Paadal Petra Sthalam|Pancha Sabha Sthalangal]]<ref name="panchabootham">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/tamilnadu.html
| title = Panchabootha Sthalangal
| access-date = 2007-05-29}}
</ref>
* [[Paadal Petra Sthalam|The Ashta Veeratta shrines]]<ref name="shiva_templenet">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/abode.html
| title = Templenet shiva temples
| access-date = 2007-05-29}}
</ref>

==Temples of Bhairava==
* Kala Bhairavar Temple, Aathisivan temple, Thandarampattu, Thiruvannamalai.
*Kala Bhairavar, Sattainathar Temple, Sirkali, Mayiladuthurai Dt.
*Bhairavar Temple, Thulla Kattam, [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* Yoga Bhairavar Temple, Tiruppathur, Sivagangai Dt.
* Bhairavar Temple, Vairavan Patti, [[Karaikudi]]
* Bhairava Moorthi ( Bhairava Natha Moorthi) Temple, Morepalayam, [[Tiruchengodu]]
* Bhairaveswarar Temple, [[Cholapuram]], [[Kumbakonam]]
* Kalabhairav Temple, Adhiyaman Kottai
* Kala Bhairavar Temple, Achangulam, [[Pasuvanthanai]] Taluk
* Sri Bhairavanathaswamy Temple, Thagattur
* Sri kaala bhairavar Temple (Vairavankoil) near Eachangudi Thanjavur Dt
* Astha Bairavar Temple, Aragalur, Attur Tk, Salem Dt.
* Shri Bairavar Rudhra Alayam, Ecchankarunai, Chengalpatu -603003
* Kala Bhairavar Temple, Kshetrapalapuram, [[Mayiladuthurai]]
* Swarna Akarshana Bhairavar Temple, Mangaimadam, [[Mayiladuthurai]]
*Kala Bhairavar Temple, [[Kundadam]], [[Tiruppur district]]
*Bhairavar Temple, Renganathapuram, Bodinayakkanur, Theni dt

== Temples of [[Hanuman]] ==
* Anjaneyar Temple, [[Namakkal]]- 18 feet single stone sculpture
* [[Sri Rama Bhaktha Anjaneyar temple|Sri Rama Bhaktha Anjaneyar Temple]], Ayippettai, Chidamaram
* Anjaneyar Temple, Suchindram, Kanyakumari
* Anjaneyar Temple, Foothills of Nainamalai, Namakkal
* Sri Panchamukha Anjaneyar, Panchavatee, [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
* Sri [[Viswaroopa Adhivyadhihara Sri Bhaktha Anjaneya Swamy Temple]], Nanganallur, Chennai<ref name=nanganallur_official>{{cite web
| url = https://www.anjaneyaswami.com/
| title = Official website of the Nanganallur Temple
| access-date = 2007-05-28}}
</ref><ref name="nanganallur_indiantempleportal">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/tamil-nadu/sri-viswaroopa-adhivyadhihara-temple-chennai.html
| title = IndianTemplesPortal.com on Nanganallur Anjaneyar
| access-date = 2007-05-28
| archive-date = 8 June 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180608074713/http://www.indiantemplesportal.com/tamil-nadu/sri-viswaroopa-adhivyadhihara-temple-chennai.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
* Tirukkatikai Yoga Anjaneyar Temple, Sholingar<ref name="sholingar_temple">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/df064.html
| title = IndianTemples.com on Sholingar Anjaneyar
| access-date = 2007-05-28}}
</ref>
* Veera Anjaneya Swami Temple, Mylapore, Chennai<ref name="anjaneyar_temples">{{cite web
| url = https://vayusutha.in/vs4/temple00.html
| title = Other Anjaneyar Temples
| access-date = 2009-05-28}}
</ref>
* Sri periya Anjaneyar Temple, [[Ambur]]
* Sri Sanjeevi Rayan Temple, Iyengar Kulam, Kanchipuram<ref name="anjaneyar_temples"/>
* Sri Viswaroopa [[Panchamukha]] Anjaneya Swami Temple, [[Tiruvallur]]
* Sri Jaya Anjaneya Swami Temple, [[Karur]]
* Shri [[Bhaktha Anjaneyar]], Vedasandur, [[Dindigul]]
* Sri PunithaPuli Anjaneyar Temple, Paramakudi
* Sri Anuvavi Anjaneya Temple, Coimbatore
* Anjaneyar kovil, Ponneri
* Arulmigu Kadu Hanumatharayar Temple, Dharapuram
* Arulmigu Nava Anjaneyar Temple, Madurai-Dindugul Bye pass, Kulasekarapattinam.
* Sree Moola Anjaneyar Koil, Thanjavur
* Sanjeevirayar Anjaneyar Koil pidampatti Village Mathur post Kulathur tk Puthukkottai dt. near by trichy.
*Shri Rama Baktha Bavya Swaroopa Anjaneyar Temple, BHEL nagar, Medavakkam, Chennai
*Panchamuga Anjaneyar Temple, Gowrivakkam, Chennai
*Sri Guru Hanuman Temple, Vadavalli, Coimbatore

== Temples of Amman ==
*[[Adhiparasakthi Siddhar Peetam]], [[Melmaruvathur]], Kanchipuram
*[[Koniamman Temple]], [[Coimbatore]]
* Mariyamman Temple, Kuppuchipalayam, Paramathi Velur, Namakkal
* Angala Parameshwari Temple, Pillur, Namakkal
* Padaivetti Amman Temple, Pillur, Namakkal
* [[Arulmigu Maha Maariyamman temple]], Thenkudi
*[[Kamakshi Amman Temple]], Kanchipuram
*arulmigu sri seethala devi mahasakthi mariamman temple, perumpugalore, thiruvarur.
*[[Gangai Amman Temple, Gudiyattam]] |Arulmigu Kodiyidai Nayagi Temple, Thirumullaivoyal]]
*Arulmigu Vanabathrakali Amman Temple, Mettupalayam, Coimbatore
*[[Kancheepuram Adhi Kamatchiamman Temple|Adhi Kamakshi Temple, Kanchipuram]]
*[[Kamakshi Amman Temple, Mangadu]]
*Arulmigu Devi Pachaimalai Amman Temple, [[Thirumullaivoyal]]
* Arulmigu Vaishnavi Devi Temple, [[Thirumullaivoyal]]
* Mandhai Amman Temple, [[Rayavaram, Tamil Nadu|Rayavaram]], [[Pudukkottai]]
*kalingaiamman, Trichy Kuladevam Kalingaiamman Temple beside Delta Kavery River in front Sriranganathan Temple Srirangam
*Arulmigu Shri Ayirathamman Kovil, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli
* Shri Anandhavalli sametha Shri Agastheeswarar Temple, Semmangudi, Kudavasal taluk, Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu
* Arulmigu Chamundeshwari Amman Temple, Singalandapuram, Thuraiyur taluk, Tiruchirappalli district, Tamil Nadu
* Sri Angalaparameswari Amman Mel Kovil and Kizh Kovil, Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri Dist. Tamil Nadu
* Shri Anandhavalli sametha Shri Agastheeswarar Temple, Semmangudi, Kudavasal taluk, Tiruvarur district, Tamil Nadu
* Arulmigu Mariamman Temple, Irukkankudi, Virudhunagar Dist, Tamil Nadu.
* [[Gomathi Amman]] Temple, [[Sankarankovil]]
* Aanangur Ammaicharamman (Mariamman) Temple, Aanangur, Before Pillur, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.
* Arulmigu Angalaparameswari Aalayam, Chinna Subbarayapillai Street, Pondicherry-1.
* [[Bannari Amman Temple|Bannari Mariamman Temple]], [[Bannari]], Sathyamangalam
* Chenchadainathar Karunakadakshi Amman Temple, Thirumal Ugandan kotai ( TM Kotai ), Ramanathapuram dist, Tamil Nadu, India
* Arulmigu Masani Amman Temple, Anaimalai (Pollachi)
* [[Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman|Pariyur Kondathu Kaliamman Temple]], [[Gobichettipalayam]]
* [[Mariamman Temple, Samayapuram|Mariyamman temple, Samayapuram, Tiruchirappalli]]
*Arulmigu Annai Sri Gowmariamman Temple, Veerapandi, theni Dist, Tamil Nadu.
* [[PunnaiNallur Mariamman]] Temple, Thanjavur
* Sholiyamman Temple, Karur
* [[Golden Temple, Sripuram]] Sri Laskshmi narayani Temple, vellore District Tamil Nadu
*Arulmigu Gangai Amman Thirukkovil, Santhavasal, Tiruvannamalai District Tamil Nadu
* Arulmigu Devi Karumariamman Temple Thiruverkadu (Chennai)
* [[Thanjavur Bangaru Kamatchiamman Temple|Bangaru Kaamaatchiyamman Koil, Thanjavur]]
* Arulmigu Kottai Mariamman Kovil, Salem
* Sri Ramalinga Sowdambikai Amman Kovil at Raja Street, Coimbatore.
* [[Kottai Mariamman Temple, Dindigul|Kottai Mariamman Kovil, Dindigul]]
* Sri Poongundra Nayaki Amman Temple, MahibalanPatti(Sivagangai)
* Koppudayamman Koil, Karaikudi
* Kumariamman Koil, Kanyakumari
* Angalaparameswari Koil, Mel Malayanur
* Aathiparashakthi Koil, Mel Maruvathur
* Badrakali Amman Temple, madapuram, Sivagangai District.
*Sree Bhadhrakali Devaswom, Kollencode(Kanniyakumari District)
*Sri Rajarajeshwari Ishakkiamman Trust, Kollemcode (Kanyakumari)
* [[Mondaicaud Bhagavathi Temple]], Mandaicaud (Kanyakumari)
* [[Muppandal]] Isakki amman Temple, [[Muppandal]] (Kanyakumari)
*Arulmigu Thayamanagalam Muthu Mariamman Kovil, Thayamangalam, Sivagangai District
*Arulmigu kannaparkula peecha vettuva gounder kuladeivam kulavilakkuammankovil, kaalamangalam 'erode ganapathi palayam,
*Arulmigu Mariyamman koil, Alangayam (Vellore)
*Arulmigu Sri Chinna Mariamman Kovil (Kodaikanal) Dindugal District,
*Arulmigu Sri Angalaparameswari Amman kovil, Pappakudi, Near Mukkudal, Tirunelveli Dist. Tamil Nadu
*Arulmigu Sri Mariyamman kovil, <code>திருப்பணிகரிசல்குளம்</code> '''Thiruppanikarisalkulam''', Near Pettai, Tirunelveli Dist, Tamil Nadu .
*Muppidathi Amman kovil, <code>திருப்பணிகரிசல்குளம்</code> '''Thiruppanikarisalkulam''', Near Pettai, Tirunelveli Dist, Tamil Nadu .
* Arulmigu Sri Muttharamman Kovil, Ammandivilai, (Kanyakumari)
* Arulmigu Sri Manathattu Isakkiyamman kovil, Ammandivilai, (kanyakumari)
* Arulmigu Sri Bhavani Amman thriukovil, Preiyapalayam
* Sri Santhanamari amman kovil vickramasingapuram, ambasamudram taluk Tirunelveli
* Ashtalakshmi Kovil, Besant Nagar, Chennai
* Poongavanathamman {Angalaparameswari kovil} Temple, Ramapuram, Putlur, Tiruvallur

==Ayyanarappan Temples==

* Shri Manjaneeswarar Ayyanarappan Temple, Kilputhupattu, Pondicherry.
* Sri Porkilai, Sri Poorani Samedha Kaliyurayan Ayyanarappan Temple, Pillur, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.
* Sri Ayyanarappan Temple, Kanniakoil, Cuddalore Road, Puducherry.
* Arulmigu Ettimarathumuniappan Temple, Salem.
* [[Kathukonda Ayyanar Temple]], Sundarapandiapuram, Tenkasi, Tamil Nadu
* Arulmigu Siraimeetta Ayyanar Temple, Kottaram, Aavinankudi, Cuddalore.
* Arulmigu Vaagaimarathu Ayyanarappan karuppusamy Temple, Magudanchavadi, Salem.
* Sri vaazl Munishwar Temple, Mannangadu, Thanjavur district.
* Navaladiyan Temple, Mohanur, Namakkal

==Nagarajar Temples==
* Sangabala Nagarajar Temple, Mohanur, Namakkal

==SaibabaTemples==
* Mukkan Saibaba Temple, Veeranampalayam, Namakkal
* Saibaba Temple, Thottipatti, Namakkal
* Saibaba temple, Mylapore, Chennai
*Akaraipatti Saibaba Temple, Tenh Shirdi, Trichy

== Chitra Gupta Temples ==
* [[Chitragupta temple, Kanchipuram|Chitragupta temple]], Kanchipuram
* Chitragupta temple, Chinnandipalayam, Tiruppur

== Cave Temples of Pandiyas ==
* Kandan Kudaivarai - Muruga Temple, [[Madurai]]- Period: [[Pandiya]]
* Seevaramudaiyar Kudaivarai - Shiva Temple, [[Pudukkottai]]- Period: [[Pandiya]]
* Pathinen Bhoomi Vinnagaram - Pazhiyili Iswaram - Naarthamalai, [[Pudukkottai]] - Period: [[Pandiya]]

==Rockcut Monolith Temples of Pallavas==
[[File:Mamallapuram1a.jpg|thumb|Raajasimmeswaram, Kshatriya Simmeswaram - popularly known as shore temples in Mamallapuram built by Rajasimha Pallava - I. (c. eighth century C.E.)]]
* Adyantha Kaamam - Dharmaraja Ratha, [[Mamallapuram]] - Period: [[Pallava]]

== Structural Temples of Pallavas ==
* [[Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple|Kailasanatha Temple]] - [[Kancheepuram]] Dt - Period: [[Pallava]]
*[[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Tiruparamechura Vinnagaram - Sri Vaikunda Perumal Temple]]- Kancheepuram Dt, Period: Pallava
*[[Iravatanesvara Temple, Kanchipuram]]
* [[Shore Temple|Raajasimmeswaram / Kshatriya Simmeswaram - Shore Temples]], [[Mamallapuram]] - Period: [[Pallava]]
* [[Vijayalaya Choleeswaram]] - Naarthamalai, [[Pudukkottai]] - Period: [[Pallava]]
* Venkataramana Swamy Temple, Thanthondri malai, [[Karur]] - Period: [[Pallava]]
* [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Lakshmi Narashimma swamy Temple, Namakkal]] - Period: [[Pallava]]

== Structural Temples of Vijayanagara ==
* Kanagagiswarar Temple and [[Periyanayagi Amman Temple|Sri Periyanayagi Amman Temple]]- [[Devikapuram]], [[Tiruvannamalai district]] - Period: [[Nayak dynasty|Nayaka]]
* Sri Neelakanta Pillaiyar Temple-[[Peravurani]], [[Thanjavur district]]

== Structural Temples of Chola ==

[[File:Gangai Konda Cholapuram Temple.jpg|thumb|Gangai Konda Cholapuram Temple]]
* [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Gangaikonda Cholapuram Temple]][Jayankonda cholapuram][[ARIYALUR]] - Period: [[Chola]]
* Raajarajeswaram - [[Peruvudaiyaar kovil]] or Big Temple, [[Thanjavur]] - Period: [[Chola]]
* [[Mayuranathaswami Temple, Mayiladuthurai|Mayuranathaswami Temple]] - Mayavaram big Temple, [[Mayiladuthurai]] - Period: [[Chola]]
* Thayinum Nalla Iswaram - Aaragalur - Period: [[Chola]]
* Airavatheeshwarar Temple, [[Kumbakonam]] - Period: [[Chola]]

== Temples of [[Navagraha|The Navagrahams]] ==
The [[Navagraha temples in Tamil Nadu|Navagraha temples]] are a set of nine [[Hindu temple]]s, each dedicated to one of the nine planetary deities, the [[Navagraha]]m, in various places around the towns of [[Mayiladuthurai]] and [[Kumbakonam]].
{| class="wikitable" border="0" bgcolor="white"
|-
!S.No
!Name of Temple
!Name of Deity
!Location (Travel Base)
!Built around
!Notes/Beliefs
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 1
| [[Suryanar Kovil|Suryanaar Temple]]
| [[Surya]] (Sun)
| [[Maruthuvakudi|Aduthurai]] ([[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]])
| 1100 CE<ref name="suryanarkovil_templenet">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/suryanaar.html
| title = ''Inscriptions from the period of Kulottunga Chola I (1075-1120) refer to this temple...''
| access-date = 2007-05-27}}
</ref>
| This is the only Navagraham temple where the other eight grahams are also present. But, unlike the usual Navagraham arrangement, all other grahams ''face'' Surya here<ref name="pichu_link">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pichu.info/nav.htm
| title = ''It is the only Navagraha temple where the other eight grahas can also be found...''
| access-date = 2007-05-27 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070312152858/http://pichu.info/nav.htm  |archive-date = 2007-03-12}}</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 2
| [[Agniswarar Temple, Kanjanur|Agniswarar Temple]]
| [[Shukra]] (Venus)
| Kanchanoor ([[Thanjavur]])
| 600-800 CE<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/Navagraha/navagraha_intro.html
| title = ''Six of these eight temples ... clearly go back to the 2nd half of the 1st millennium CE.''
| access-date = 2007-05-26}}
</ref><ref>{{cite book
| last = Paramacivanantam
| first = A. Mu.
| title = The Historical Study of the Thevaram Hymns
| publisher = Tamilkalai Pub. House
| year = 1982
| pages = 7
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7-kZAAAAIAAJ&q=tevaram+period}}</ref>
| -
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 3
| [[Kailasanathar Temple, Thingalur|Kailasanathar Temple]]
| [[Chandra]] (Moon)
| Tingalur ([[Thanjavur]])
|
|
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 4
| [[Vaitheeswaran Koil|Vaitheeswaran Temple]]
| [[Mangala]] (Mars)
| Vaitheeswaran kovil ([[Mayiladuthurai]])
| 600-800 CE
| -
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 5
| [[Tirunageswaram Naganathar Temple]]
| [[Rahu]]
| Tirunageswaram ([[Thanjavur]])
| 950 CE
| This temple was built by [[Gandaraditya|Gandaraditya Chola]], son of Parantaka Chola I.<ref name="tirunageswaram_templenet">{{cite web
| url = http://www.indiantemples.com/Tamilnadu/s164.html
| title = ''This temple was built by Gandaraditya Chola...''
| access-date = 2007-05-28}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 6
| [[Tirunallar Saniswaran Temple]]
| [[Shani|Sani]] (Saturn)
| Tirunallaru ([[Karaikkal]])
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 7
| [[Nagannathaswamy Temple, Keelaperumpallam|Nagannathaswamy Temple]]
| [[Ketu (mythology)|Kethu]]
| Keezhperumpallam ([[Mayiladuthurai]])
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 8
| [[Apatsahayesvarar Temple, Alangudi|Apatsahayesvarar Temple]]
| [[Brihaspati|Guru]] (Jupiter)
| Alangudi ([[Thiruvarur]])
| -
| -
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 9
| [[Swetharanyeswarar Temple]]
| [[Budha]] (Mercury)
| Tiruvenkadu ([[Mayiladuthurai]])
| -
| -
|}

=== Other Navagraham Temples ===
{| class="wikitable" border="0" bgcolor="white"
|-
!S.No
!Name of Temple
!Name of Deity
!Location (Travel Base)
!Built around
!Notes/Beliefs
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
| 1
| Kuchanuraan Temple, Sri Mayakoothar Devasthanams, Perungulam
| [[Ashtamathu Sani]] (Saturn)
| Kuchanur ([[Theni]])
| -
| Shani is the main deity in this temple, unlike other temples where he is worshipped either along with other Navagrahams or is worshipped from a shrine that is a part of a bigger temple.<ref name="kuchanur_link">{{cite web
| url = http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/tourist.htm
| title = Kuchanur temple
| access-date = 2007-06-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070527174120/http://www.theni.tn.nic.in/tourist.htm  |archive-date = 2007-05-27}}
</ref>
|-
|2
|Navapasanam Devipattinam Temple
|Navagaragam
Nine stone
|Devipattinam
Ramanathapuram(dist)
| -
|This is one of the Navagaraha temples.
This navagaraha are believed to have built by Rama, an avatar of Vishnu.
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 3
| Saneeswarar Tirukkoil
|[[Shani|Sani]] (Saturn)
| Tirunaaraiyur a.k.a. Nachiarkoil ([[Tanjavur]])
| -
| This temple is a part of the Sri Ramanathaswami Temple at Tirunaaraiyur. It is the only temple where Saneeswaran is worshipped along with his two wives Mandhadevi and Jyeshtadevi (also known as Neeladevi) and his two sons, Maandhi and Kuligan.<ref name="tirunaaraiyur_link">{{cite news
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/02/stories/2004010201491200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040331121335/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/02/stories/2004010201491200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2004-03-31
| title = Lord Ramanathaswami temple at Thirunaraiyur
| access-date = 2007-06-03
| location=Chennai, India
| work = [[The Hindu]]
| date=2004-01-02}}
</ref>
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| 4
| Sri Vasishteswarar Temple
|[[Brihaspati|Guru]] (Jupiter)
| Thenkudi Thittai ([[Tanjavur]])
| -
| Sage Vasishtar is said to have worshipped Shiva in this temple. Brihaspati is worshipped as Guru Bhagavan from a separate shrine here, unlike in Alangudi where he is worshipped as Dakshinamurthi.<ref name="gurubhagawan_link">{{cite web
| url = http://www.gurubhagavan.com/
| title = Gurubhagavan.com
| access-date = 2007-06-03
| archive-date = 27 September 2007
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223513/http://www.gurubhagavan.com/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
<ref name="lordguru_chennaionline">{{cite web
| url = http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/placesofworship/LordGuru.asp
| title = Temples of Lord Guru
| access-date = 2007-06-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070405081506/http://www.chennaionline.com/toursntravel/placesofworship/LordGuru.asp  |archive-date = 2007-04-05}}</ref>
|-bgcolor=#eeeeee
|}

==Navagraha Temples of Chennai==

Chennai has its own set of Navagraha Temples located in and around [[Kundrathur]]

*a) Surya - Agastheeswaram at Kolapakkam<ref>There is also another temple dedicated to Suryan at Gnayiru Gramam near Red Hills</ref>
*b) Moon - Somanatheeswarar at Somamangalam
*c) Mars - Vaitheeswaran at Poonamalee
*d) Kethu - Neelakanteshwarar at Gerugambakkam
*e) Guru - Ramanadeshwarar at Porur
*f) Sukra - Velleswarar at Mangadu
*g) Budhan - Thirumeyneeswarar at Kovur
*h) Rahu - Thirunageshwaram at Kundrathur
*i) Saneeswarar - Agastheeswaram at Pozhichalur

For detailed write up on these temple refer to page on [[Kundrathur]]
Ayyanarappan Temples
Sri Porkilai, Sri Poorani Samedha Kaliyurayan Ayyanarappan Temple, Pillur, Villupuram, Tamil Nadu.
Sri Ayyanarappan Temple, Kanniakoil, Cuddalore Road, Puducherry.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last=Jones |first=Victoria |title=Wonders of the World Dot-to-Dot|year=2004 |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co., Inc. |location=New York |isbn=1-4027-1028-3}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mittal |first1=Sushil |first2=G. R.|last2= Thursby|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz6KBkgEacAC&pg=PA456 |title=The Hindu World|year=2005 |publisher=Routelge |location=New York |isbn=0-203-67414-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Sircar |first=D.C. |title=Some Epigraphical Records of the Medieval Period from Eastern India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-O18xhA_BXUC&pg=PA64 |year=1979 |publisher=Shakti Malik |location=Delhi |isbn=9788170170969 }}
* {{cite book |last=Vater |first=Tom |title=Moon Spotlight Angkor Wat|year=2010 |publisher=Perseus Books Group |location=USA |isbn=978-1-59880-561-1}}

{{Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Temples In Tamil Nadu}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tamil Nadu|*]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Tamil Nadu|Temples]]
[[Category:Lists of Hindu temples in India|Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu|Hindu temples]]

Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)

2026-05-03T12:05:47Z

Johnsmithabmm1: Made The Data W/ Infobox.

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= July 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)
|colorcode = #000080
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Kettle.jpg|150px]]
|logo =AZAD SAMAJ PARTY LOGO.webp
|abbreviation = ASP(KR)
|president = [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|leader = [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|general_secretary= Ravindra Bhati Gurjar
|ppchairman = [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|founder =[[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20230717-azad-samaj-party-in-up-a-shot-in-the-arm-2403364-2023-07-07|title=Azad Samaj Party in UP|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=7 July 2023 |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref> 
[[Vinay Ratan Singh]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|2020|03|15}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aazadsamajpartyk.org/2023/03/12/स्थापना-दिवस/|title=आजाद समाज पार्टी (कांशीराम) के तीसरे स्थापना दिवस पर "सीरी फोर्ट स्टेडियम" नई दिल्ली में प्रथम राष्ट्रीय अधिवेशन आयोजित किया जा रहा है|website=aazadsamajpartyk.org|access-date=15 March 2023}}</ref>
|split =
|headquarters = 3/22-c-136, c block Gokulpur [[New Delhi]], 110094
|ideology = [[Ambedkarism]] [[Socialism]] ([[Socialism in India|Indian]])
 [[Dalit|Dalit rights]] [[Secularism]]
|colours = {{Color box|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}} [[Blue]]
|youth =[[Bhim Army]]
|students =Bhim Army Student Federation of India
|Cultural =
|Farmers =
|Workers =
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#state party|Registered Unrecognised party]]
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245}}
|state_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|0|403}}
|state2_seats_name = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]
|state2_seats = {{Composition bar|0|100}}
|treasurer=[[Virendra Kumar Shirish]]|no_states =
|flag = AZAD SAMAJ PARTY (K) FLAG.png
|website = {{URL|https://aazadsamajpartyk.org/}}
|position=[[Centre-left]]
}}
'''Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)''' ({{small|abbr.}} '''ASP(KR)'''), commonly known as '''Aazad Samaj Party''' {{small|abbr.}} '''ASP'''), is an Indian registered, [[List of political parties in India#Unrecognised parties|unrecognized]] [[political party]] in the [[Federated state|state]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was founded by [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]].

==History==
{{Main|Bhim Army}}

===Precursor===
The Azad Samaj Party's origins lie in the Bhim Army founded by [[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandra Shekhar Aazad]] in 2015 to protect constitutional rights and oppose caste oppression.<ref name="Rashid 2017" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Ambedkarite 2.0: Saharanpur's Bhim Army signals the rise of a new, aggressive Dalit politics |url=https://scroll.in/article/837494/ambedkarite-2-0-saharanpurs-bhim-army-signals-the-rise-of-a-new-aggressive-dalit-politics |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |website=Scroll.in |date=13 May 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> The group formed after reports of discrimination and caste-based violence faced by [[Dalit]] students at AHP Inter-college in [[Uttar Pradesh]], and the Bhim Army then helped protect the Dalit students.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Ambedkar's Army |url=https://thequint.com/quintlab/ambedkar-dalit-army-fights-caste-atrocities-in-uttar-pradesh/ |last=Quint |first=The |website=TheQuint |language=en |access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref><ref name=":02" />

Azad gained attention after publicly posting a sign which read "The Great [[Chamar]] of Dhadkauli Welcome You."<ref name="Rashid 2017">{{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=The lowdown on the Bhim Army |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/the-lowdown-on-the-bhim-army/article18956257.ece |access-date=22 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] | date=June 10, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":02" /> Upper-caste [[Rajput]]s were upset with the Dalit celebration of identity and objected to the erection of the board.<ref name="signals">{{Cite web |title=Ambedkarite 2.0: Saharanpur's Bhim Army signals the rise of a new, aggressive Dalit politics |url=https://scroll.in/article/837494/ambedkarite-2-0-saharanpurs-bhim-army-signals-the-rise-of-a-new-aggressive-dalit-politics |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |website=Scroll.in |date=13 May 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=2020-05-20}}</ref> But, the Bhim Army intervened and ensure that the Thakurs did not unleash any violence.<ref name="signals" /> In another incident, the Rajputs prevented a Dalit groom from riding a horse to his wedding.<ref name="signals" /> Yet again, the Bhim Army intervened and escorted the groom.<ref name="signals" />

The Bhim Army attained national prominence after clashes in Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-up-bhim-army-set-to-rock-maharashtra-2486846 |title=After UP, Bhim Army set to rock Maharashtra |date=29 June 2017 |publisher=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> In June 2017, the group's leader Chandrashekhar, a lawyer, was arrested by the Uttar Pradesh [[Special Task Force (India)|Special Task Force]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/bhim-army-chief-arrested-family-threatens-govt-congress-calls-him-victim-4695617/ |title=Bhim army chief arrested: Family threatens govt, Congress calls him 'victim' |date=9 June 2017 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Chandrashekhar was granted bail by the [[Allahabad High Court]] in November 2017, but the Uttar Pradesh government led by [[Yogi Adityanath]] continued to detain him under the [[National Security Act (India)|National Security Act]] until it dropped the NSA order in September 2018 and acquitted Chandrashekhar from jail.<ref>Omar Rashid, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-released-from-jail-says-dalits-will-ensure-bjps-rout-in-2019/article24947396.ece Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad released from jail, says he will ensure BJP's rout in 2019], ''The Hindu'' (14 September 2018).</ref> Chandrashekhar describes himself as a representative of [[Bahujan]] identity and a follower of [[Kanshi Ram]].

The group protests against discrimination and [[Caste-related violence in India|caste violence against Dalit]] by members of the upper [[Rajput|Thakurs]] caste in [[Saharanpur violence|violent clashes in 2017 in Saharanpur]]. Bhim Army rally in [[Jantar Mantar, New Delhi]] in 2017 was attended by a large crowd,<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/news/we-the-people/we-the-people-the-curse-of-caste-458461 |title=The Curse of Caste? |date=28 May 2017 |work=[[We the People (Indian TV series)|We the People]] | publisher=NDTV}}</ref> estimated to be 10,000 by [[Delhi Police]].

In August 2019, the Bhim Army took part in nationwide Dalit protests against the demolition of [[Shri Guru Ravidas Gurughar]], a temple dedicated to [[Sant Ravidas]] in [[Tughlaqabad]], [[Delhi]], on the orders of the [[Delhi Development Authority]] (DDA), following lengthy litigation between the DDA and Guru Ravidas Jayanti Samaroh Samiti.<ref>{{cite news |first=Mukesh |last=Rawat |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dalit-protest-demolition-ravidas-temple-delhi-tughlakabad-explained-1590482-2019-08-22 |title=Explained: Why are Dalits agitated over demolition of Ravidas temple in Delhi |date=22 August 2019 |work=India Today |access-date=9 May 2021}}</ref> Dozens of people, including Chandrashekhar and Vinay Ratan, were arrested by police, prompting the Bhim Army to demand their release.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhim-army-warns-movement-if-top-leaders-not-freed-1591311-2019-08-25 Bhim Army warns of movement if its top leaders are not freed], [[Indo-Asian News Service]] (25 August 2019).</ref>

In March 2020, Chandrashekhar announced that the Bhim Army would formally enter electoral politics. The group previously operated as a quasi-political force. Chandrashekhar stated that "''We tried to join hands and work unitedly with the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] but its leader was unwilling to do so.''" Chandrashekhar said the new political party would set up an office in [[Lucknow]] and work to counter the ruling BJP. Chandrashekhar has described the BJP as his chief political adversary, but has also competed with [[Mayawati]], the leader of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad to announce new party on BSP founder Kanshi Ram's anniversary |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Mar/12/bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-to-announce-new-party-on-bsp-founder-kanshi-rams-anniversary-2115770.html |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

The Bhim Army opposes the BJP's [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019]] (CAA) legislation<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhim Army Chief Chandrashekhar Azad Sent To Jail For 14 Days Over Citizenship Protests |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-sent-to-jail-for-14-days-over-citizenship-protests-2152452#:~:text=Bhim%20Army%20chief%20Chandrashekhar%20Azad%20was%20sent%20to%2014%20days,before%20sending%20him%20to%20jail. |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> In January and February 2020, the Bhim Army engaged in the [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests against the CAA]] and sought its repeal.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-azad-vows-to-fight-until-caa-is-repealed-800693.html Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad vows to fight until CAA is repealed], ''Deccan Herald'' (2 February 2020).</ref><ref>[https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/anti-caa-protests-court-asks-police-to-verify-if-bhim-army-chief-has-an-office-in-delhi/articleshow/73354094.cms Anti-CAA protests: Court asks police to verify if Bhim Army Chief has an office in Delhi], Press Trust of India (18 January 2020).</ref> In February 2020, street clashes took place between pro-CAA BJP supporters and Bhim Army supporters in connection with the [[North East Delhi riots]]; both sides engaged in stone-pelting.<ref>Neeraj Chauhan, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/delhi-riots-face-off-between-bhim-army-caa-backers-a-trigger/story-iYMqbEZjVNcXY3kzjxw8OO.html Delhi riots: Face-off between Bhim Army, CAA backers a trigger], ''Hindustan Times'' (28 February 2020).</ref>

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Lok sabha election results
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Legislature
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|Pre-poll alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Total votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Overall vote %
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Outcome
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Ref.
|- style="text-align:center;"
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|{{Steady}}
|2
|{{Composition bar|1|543|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{increase}} 1
|5,12,552
|0.58%
| ''New''
| {{no2|Opposition}}
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605053823/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/index.htm |archive-date=5 June 2024 |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=26 August 2024 }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+State assembly election results
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Year
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|Party leader
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|Pre-poll alliance
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Seats contested
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Seats won
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Change in seats
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Total votes
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Overall vote %
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Vote swing
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| Outcome
|-
!colspan="10" |[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|
|GDA
|25
|{{Composition bar|0|243|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|
|
|''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
|-
! colspan="10" |[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|
|{{Steady}}
|15
|{{Composition bar|0|70|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|3018
|
|''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
|-
! colspan="10" |[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|
|{{Steady}}
|3
|{{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|2,191
|0%
|''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="10" |[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|Jharkhand]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|
|{{Steady}}
|17
|{{Composition bar|0|81|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|71,433
|0.41%
|''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="10" |[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|Haryana]]
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|
|[[Jannayak Janta Party|JJP]]+
|12
|{{Composition bar|0|90|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|{{Steady}}
|19,534
|0.1%
|''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center;"
!Colspan=10|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|{{Steady}}
| 86
|{{Composition bar|0|230|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|142,421
|0.33%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="10" |[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|
|{{Steady}}
|40
|{{Composition bar|0|288|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
|
|
|
|''new''
|
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|-
| [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|
|{{Steady}}
|8
|{{Composition bar|0|117|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|3,478
| 0.02%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|-
| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP+]]
| 48
|{{Composition bar|0|200|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|355,259
| 0.89%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|-
| [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|
|{{Steady}}
| 4
|{{Composition bar|0|119|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
|1,002
|0%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|
|{{Steady}}
| 13
|{{Composition bar|0|70|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
| 34,109
| 0.63%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
!Colspan=10|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|-
| [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|{{Steady}}
| 110
|{{Composition bar|0|403|{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}}}}
| {{Steady}}
| 119,170
| 0.13%
| ''new''
|{{Steady}}
|-
|}

===Current political organization===

On 15 March 2020, Chandrashekhar officially announced his new political party named Azad Samaj Party. As many as 78 former leaders of the [[Samajwadi Party]], Bahujan Samaj Party and [[Indian National Congress]] joined the newly launched party.<ref>[https://zeenews.india.com/india/bhim-army-president-announces-new-political-party-azad-samaj-party-2269626.html Bhim Army President announces new political party 'Azad Samaj Party'], ''Zee News'' (15 March 2020).</ref>
[[Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan|Chandra Shekhar Aazad]] officially announced the formation of his new political party, named Azad Samaj Party, on 15 March 2020. A total of 98 former leaders from the [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Bhartiya Janta Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], and [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] joined the newly launched party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhim Army President announces new political party Azad Samaj Party |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bhim-army-president-announces-new-political-party-azad-samaj-party-2269626.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

On 27 October, the Azad Samaj Party formed an alliance with the [[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party]] for the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023 Rajasthan Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Sobhana K. |date=2023-10-31 |title=Rashtriya Loktantrik Party makes another bid to lose its 'marginal player' tag in Rajasthan politics |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly/rlp-makes-another-bid-to-lose-its-marginal-player-tag-in-rajasthan-politics/article67480833.ece |access-date=2023-11-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The party's leader Chandrashekar Azad is the party's first Member of Parliament and is elected from nagina lok sabha constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/bhim-army-chief-chandrashekhar-launches-party/articleshow/74643563.cms|title=Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar launches party|website=bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/bhim-army-president-announces-new-political-party-azad-samaj-party-2269626.html|title=Bhim Army President announces new political party 'Azad Samaj Party'|website=zeenews.india.com|access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref>

== List of MPs ==

=== Members of Parliament, Lok Sabha ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |S.No
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |Election Year
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |MP
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |Constituency
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |Lok Sabha
! style="background-color:#000080; color:white" |Margin
|-
!1.
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[File:Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]
|[[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha]]
|'''1,51,473'''
|}

== Prominent members ==

* [[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandra Shekhar Azad]] - Founder and National President of the [[Azad Samaj Party]]. MP from [[Nagina Lok Sabha constituency|Nagina]].
* [[Ravinder Bhati Gurjar]], National General Secretary, [[Azad Samaj Party]].
* [[Gulzar Siddiqui]], National Core Committee member and founding member of the [[Azad Samaj Party]].
* [[Sunil Kumar Chittod]] - State President of the Azad Samaj Party, U.P. and Ex-MLC from Uttar Pradesh.
* [[Amir Alam Khan]] - Former Member of Parliament (MP) from [[Kairana Lok Sabha constituency|Kairana]].
* [[Damodar Singh Yadav]] - National Core Committee member of the [[Azad Samaj Party]] and former MLA candidate from [[Sewda Assembly constituency|Sewda]].
* [[Himanshu Valmiki]], National Core Committee member of the [[Azad Samaj Party]]. President [[Bhim Army]], Delhi
* [[Nawazish Alam Khan]] - Former Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA) from [[Sardhana (Assembly constituency)|Sardhana]], Uttar Pradesh.

== List of party leaders ==

=== Presidents ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Assumed office
! style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Left office
! style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Chandrashekhar Azad Ravan (cropped).jpg|100x100px]]
|
'''[[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandra Shekhar Azad]]'''
({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1986)
|14 March 2020
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2020|03|14}}
|}

=== General Secretaries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |No.
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Name
{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Term in office
|-
! style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Assumed office
! style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Left office
! style="background-color:#00008B;color:white" |Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|100x100px]]
|'''Ravinder Bhati Gurjar'''
|16 June 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{age in years and days|2023|06|16}}
|}

== State Leadership ==
The Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) has state units in Bihar, Chandigarh, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal and other states.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"| State
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|State President
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|General Secretary
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)}};color:white"|Vice President
|-
|Madhya Pradesh
|Er. Satyendra Vidrohi
|Adv. Ray Singh Baudh Rampreet Kansana
|Keshav Singh Yadav
|-
|Uttar Pradesh
|Sunil Kumar Chittod (Ex-MLC)
|Dr. Mohammad Aqib
|Saurabh Kishor
|-
|Uttarakhand
|Lekhraj Gautam
|
|
|-
|Bihar
|Jauhar Azad
|
|
|-
|Jharkhand
|Kashif Raza
|
|Asif Siddiqui
|-
|Rajasthan
|Anil Kumar Dhenwal
|Sunil Bhartiya Deepak Saini
|Surendra Singh Bhartiya
|-
|Haryana
|Rame Pradhan
|
|
|-
|Delhi
|Balakram Bauddh
|
|
|-
|Maharashtra
|Anand Londhe
|Zubair Memon
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of political parties in India]]
* [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
* [[Samajwadi Party]]
* [[Fourth Mayawati ministry]]
* [[Kanshi Ram]]
* [[List of Jatav]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Official website|https://bcyparty.org/}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Regionalist parties in India]]
[[Category:2020 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2020]]
[[Category:Political parties in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dalit politics]]
[[Category:Ambedkarite political parties]]

Project Elephant

2026-05-02T05:08:01Z

Johnsmithabmm1:

{{Short description|Indian government elephant conservation programme}}{{Infobox government agency
| type = Elephant conservation
| logo = Project Elephant logo.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo of Project Elephant
| formed = 1992
| parent_department = [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]
| website = {{url|https://moef.gov.in/}}
}}
{{Wildlife of India}}
'''Project Elephant''' is a [[wildlife conservation]] movement initiated in India to protect the [[endangered species|endangered]] [[Indian elephant]]. The project was initiated in 1992 by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of the [[Government of India]] to provide financial and technical support to the states for [[wildlife management]] of free-ranging elephant populations. The project aims to ensure the long-term survival and viability of elephant populations in their natural habitats by protecting the animals, their habitats and [[Wildlife corridor|migration corridors]]. The project also facilitates research of ecology and management of elephants, creating awareness of conservation among local people, and providing veterinary care for captive elephants.

== History and objectives ==
Project Elephant was initiated in 1992 as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) by the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] of the [[Government of India]]. The project was initiated to protect the [[Indian elephant]] and its habitats and to establish dedicated elephant reserves for sustaining elephant populations.<ref name="PE">{{cite web|title=Project Elephant|publisher=Government of India|url=https://moef.gov.in/moef/division/forest-divisions-2/project-elephant-pe/introduction/index.html|access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The project was established to provide financial and technical support to the states with free ranging elephant population for the protection of the animals, their habitats and [[Wildlife corridor|migration corridors]]. It was also intended to address [[Human–wildlife conflict|human-animal conflict]] and promote welfare of captive elephants.<ref name="ENVIS">{{cite web|url=https://wiienvis.nic.in/Database/eri_8226.aspx|title=Elephant Reserves|publisher=ENVIS, Government of India|access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref> The project has been implemented in 22 [[States and union territories of India]]. The project also undertakes activities aimed at constructing infrastructure and other facilities for conservation like veterinary care, field force training, necessary capture and translocation of wild elephants. With regards to captive elephants, the project aims to ensure the well being of such elephants including providing veterinary care, training of mahouts and supervisory staff.<ref name="PE"/>

[[File:Beautiful_Corbett_Park.jpg|thumb|left|Pictured are elephant herds from [[Jim Corbett National Park]] in India]]

Another important aim of the scheme is to prevent [[poaching]] of wild elephants. Project Elephant has been formally implementing MIKE (Monitoring of Illegal Killing of Elephants) programme of [[CITES]] since January 2004. It facilitates taking suitable measures like deployment of patrolling squads, intelligence gathering, maintaining data on illegal hunting and to determine factors responsible for poaching and to take appropriate measures to mitigate the same.<ref name="PE"/> Project Elephant also facilitates various research activities through the [[Central Rice Research Institute]] (CRRI) such as developing crop varieties not favored by elephants, developing elephant-proof storage bins for food grains and developing elephant repellents in order to reduce human-animal conflicts.<ref name="PE2">{{cite report|url=https://zoosprint.zooreach.org/index.php/zp/article/view/2945/2741|title=Achievements of Project Elephant|publisher=Zoos' Print, volume 20|date=September 2005|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> It has also engaged in research regarding disease-management in captive elephants and efficacy of immuno-contraceptives on domesticated elephants with [[Assam Agricultural University]], monitoring and tracking of elephants with [[Wildlife Institute of India]].<ref name="PE2"/> Project Elephant also promotes [[eco-tourism]] for generating extra revenue for the welfare of captive breeding programmes for elephants, organizes courses for veterinarians and mahouts dealing with domesticated elephants and in promoting awareness on elephant conservation across communities.<ref name="PE2"/>

== Elephant population ==
{{Further|List of Indian states by elephant population}}
The first exclusive exercise for enumeration of wild elephants in the elephant reserves was conducted in 2005. This exercise also sought to experiment with two sampling methods, viz. [[Blocking (statistics)|Block sampling]] and [[Line-intercept sampling|Line transect]]-Dung Count. As per the elephant population survey conducted in 2017, the population of wild elephants in the country has increased to 29,964 as compared to 27,669-27,719 in 2007.<ref name="PE"/><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2147750&reg=3&lang=2|title=Parliament Question: Census on tigers, elephants and lions|date=24 July 2025|access-date=1 August 2025|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> The estimated wild population in India accounted for nearly three-fourths of the extant population.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/india-has-27312-elephants-census-shows/article19504528.ece|title=India has 27,312 elephants, census shows|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=16 August 2017|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> However, a census conducted on a new DNA-based method estimated the population to have declined to 22,446 individuals in 2025.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2025 |title=India's wild elephant numbers drop by 18%, first DNA-based count shows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/indias-wild-elephant-numbers-drop-by-18-first-dna-based-count-shows/article70163088.ece |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=19 October 2025 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/why-do-elephants-face-a-jumbo-challenge-explained/article70180130.ece |title=Why do elephants face a jumbo challenge? |access-date=7 December 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |quote=the DNA-based method, used for the first time to estimate elephants, may be treated as a new monitoring baseline for further research.}}</ref>

There are about 138 identified elephant corridors in India with the majority of the elephant population in India is restricted to four general areas.<ref name="Sukumar">{{cite book|last=Sukumar|first=R.|year=1993|title=The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-43758-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ecorridors_glance.pdf|title=Elephant Corridors of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027185642/http://www.moef.nic.in/sites/default/files/ecorridors_glance.pdf|archive-date=27 October 2018|work=[[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]], [[Government of India]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Elephant corridors in India
!Region
!Areas
!Corridors
!Area (km2)
!Elephant population (2017)
!Percentage of elephant population (2017)
|-
|[[Northeast India|North-East]]
|From the eastern border of Nepal in northern [[West Bengal]] through western [[Assam]] along the Himalaya foothills as far as the [[Mishmi Hills]], extending into eastern [[Arunachal Pradesh]], the plains of upper Assam, and the foothills of [[Nagaland]], to the [[Garo Hills]] of [[Meghalaya]] through the [[Khasi Hills]], to parts of the lower [[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]] plains and [[Karbi Anglong plateau|Karbi Plateau]]; isolated herds occur in [[Tripura]], [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], and in the [[Barak Valley]] districts of Assam
|58
|41,000
|10,139
|33.8%
|-
|[[East India|East]]
|In [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], and in the southern part of [[West Bengal]], with some animals wandering into [[Chhattisgarh]]
|54
|23,500
|3,128
|10.4%
|-
|[[North India|North]]
|At the foot of the Himalayas in [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], ranging from [[Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary]] to the [[Yamuna River]]
|8
|5,500
|2,085
|7.0%
|-
|[[South India|South]]
|Eight populations are fragmented from each other in northern [[Karnataka]], in the crestline of Karnataka–[[Western Ghats]], in [[Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary|Bhadra]]–[[Malnad]], in [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri]]–[[Nilgiris]]–[[Eastern Ghats]], in [[Nilambur]]–[[Silent Valley National Park|Silent Valley]]–[[Coimbatore]], in [[Anaimalai Hills|Anamalai]]–[[Parambikulam]], in [[Periyar National Park|Periyar]]–[[Srivilliputhur]], and one in [[Agasthyamalai]]
|46
|40,000
|14,612
|48.8%
|}

== Elephant reserves ==
As of 2023, 33 Elephant Reserves (ERs) extending nearly {{convert|80778|km2|sqmi}} across 14 states have been formally notified.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986211|title=33 Elephant Reserves established in 14 major elephant States|date=14 December 2013|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=https://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/Elephant-Reserve-of-India-an-atlas_final.pdf|title=Elephant Reserves in India, an atlas|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/ETF_REPORT_FINAL.pdf|title=Elephant Task Force report|publisher=[[Government of India]]|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref>

{{static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"
|+Elephant reserves in India (2023)
|-
! Reserve Name !! Range !! {{tooltip|Estd.|Established}} !! State !! Total area (km²) || Population (2005)
|-
|[[Mayurjharna Elephant Reserve|Mayurjharna]] || East-Central || 2002 || [[West Bengal]] || 414 || 96
|-
|[[Singhbhum]] || East-Central || 2001 || [[Jharkhand]] || 13,440 || 371
|-
|[[Simlipal National Park|Mayurbhanj]] || East-Central || 2001 || [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] || 3,214 || 465
|-
|[[Mahanadi]] || East-Central || 2002 || [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] || 1,038 || 464
|-
||[[Sambalpur]] || East-Central || 2002 || [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] || 427 || 284
|-
|[[Badalkhol Wildlife Sanctuary|Badalkhol]]-[[Tamor Pingla Wildlife Sanctuary|Tamorpingla]] || East-Central || 2011 || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 1,143 || NA
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh|Lemru]] || East-Central || 2022 || [[Chhattisgarh]] || 1,995 || NA
|-
|[[Kameng Elephant Reserve|Kameng]] || Kameng-Sonitpur || 2002 || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 1,892 || NA
|-
|[[Sonitpur]] || Kameng-Sonitpur || 2003 || [[Assam]] || 1,420 || 612
|-
|[[Dihing]]-[[Patkai]] || Eastern-South Bank || 2003 || [[Assam]] || 937 || 295
|-
|[[Arunachal|South Arunachal]] || Eastern-South Bank || 2008 || [[Arunachal Pradesh]] || 1,957 || 129
|-
|[[Kaziranga]]-[[Karbi Anglong District|Karbi Anglong]] || Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki || 2003 || [[Assam]] || 3,270 || 1,940
|-
|[[Mora Dhansiri River|Dhansiri-Lungding]] || Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki || 2003 || [[Assam]] || 2,740 || 275
|-
|[[Intanki National Park|Intanki]] || Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki || 2005 || [[Nagaland]] || 202 || 30
|-
|[[Singphan Wildlife Sanctuary|Singphan]]|| Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki || 2018 || [[Nagaland]] || 24 || NA
|-
|[[Chirang, Assam|Chirang-Ripu]] || North Bengal-Greater Manas || 2003 || [[Assam]] || 2,600 || 658
|-
|[[Dooars|Eastern Dooars]] || North Bengal-Greater Manas || 2002 || [[West Bengal]] || 978 || 300-350
|-
|[[Garo Hills]] || Meghalaya || 2001 || [[Meghalaya]] || 3,500 || 1,047
|-
|[[Bandipur National Park|Mysore]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2002 || [[Karnataka]] || 8,056 || 4,452
|-
|[[Dandeli]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2015 || [[Karnataka]] || 2,321 || NA
|-
|[[Waynad|Wayanad]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2002 || [[Kerala]] || 1,200 || 636
|-
|[[Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary|Nilgiri]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2003 ||[[Tamil Nadu]]|| 4,663 || 2,862
|-
|[[Kotturu, Srikakulam|Rayala]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2003 || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || 766 || 12
|-
|[[Nilambur Elephant Reserve|Nilambur]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2002 || [[Kerala]] || 1,419 || 281
|-
|[[Coimbatore c|Coimbatore]] || Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghats || 2003 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 566 || 329
|-
|[[Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park|Anamalai]] || Anamalai-Nelliampathy-High Range || 2003 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 1,457 || 179
|-
|[[Eravikulam National Park|Anamudi]] || Anamalai-Nelliampathy-High Range || 2002 || [[Kerala]] || 3,728 || 1,726
|-
|[[Agasthyamala Biosphere Reserve|Agasthyamalai]] || Periyar-Agasthyamalai || 2022 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 1,198 || NA
|-
|[[Periyar National Park|Periyar]] || Periyar-Agasthyamalai || 2002 || [[Kerala]] || 3,742 || 1,100
|-
|[[Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary|Srivilliputtur]] || Periyar-Agasthyamalai || 2003 || [[Tamil Nadu]] || 1,249 || 638
|-
|[[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]] || North-Western || 2003 || [[Uttarakhand]] || 5,405 || 1,510
|-
|[[Amangarh Tiger Reserve|Uttar Pradesh]] || North-Western || 2009 || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 744 || NA
|-
|[[Terai Elephant Reserve|Terai]] || North-Western || 2022 || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || 3,072 || NA
|-
!colspan=4|Total
!80,778
!20,391
|}

==See also==
*[[List of Indian states by elephant population]]
*[[Project Tiger]]
*[[Project Dolphin (India)|Project Dolphin]]
*[[Project Cheetah]]
*[[Mela shikar]]
*[[Khedda]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Elephants}}
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Conservation-reliant species]]
[[Category:Elephant conservation]]
[[Category:Conservation projects]]
[[Category:Elephants in India]]

Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni

2026-04-30T04:39:00Z

Johnsmithabmm1: put up new details

{{short description|Indian Bengali television mythological drama series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni Uttar Parbo.jpg
| alt_name = Rani Rashmoni Uttor Porbo
| native_name =
| genre = {{ubl|[[Drama]]|[[society]]|[[history]]|[[mythology]]}}
| creator = {{ubl|Subrata Roy|Samrat Ghosh}}
| based_on =
| developer = Shibasish Bandopadhyay
| writer = Anjan Chakraborty
| screenplay = Saswati Ghosh
| story = Saswati Ghosh
| director = Rupak Dey
| creative_director = {{ubl|Saswati Ghosh|Rajendra Prasad Das}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ditipriya Roy]]|Gazi Abdun Nur||Dhrubajyoti Sarkar||[[Gourab Chatterjee]]|Sourav Saha|[[Sandipta Sen]]|Roshni Bhattacharya||Susmili Acharjee|Suman Dey}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = ''Tomar Tulona Tumi .... Korunamoyee Rani Rashmoni''
| endtheme =
| composer = Upali Chattopadhyay
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 1549 
| executive_producer = {{ubl|Krishanu Ganguly|Subhangi Ghosh}}
| producer = {{ubl|Subrata Roy (Past)}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| cinematography = Santu Goldar
| editor = {{ubl|Jishu Nath|Biplab Mondal}}
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Bangla]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2017|07|24|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|02|13|df=yes}}
| company = {{ubl||Subrata Roy Production (2017-2019)|[[Zee Bangla]] (2019-2022)}}
}}

'''''Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni''''' ({{lit|''Compassionate Queen Rashmoni''}}) was an Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[historical drama]] television series which aired on Bengali Entertainment Channel [[Zee Bangla]] and is also available on the digital platform [[ZEE5]].<ref name = "Official page of Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/rani-rashmoni/0-6-627|title=Official page of Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni|website=www.zee5.com|language=en-US}}</ref> It was premiered on 24 July 2017. The serial was earlier produced by Subrata Roy and then it was produced by [[Zee Bangla]]. It completed 1,000 episodes on its third birthday (24 July 2020) and 1,500 episodes on 26 December 2021. After a successful run of {{frac|4|1|2}} years, Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni went off-air on 13 February 2022.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 January 2022|title=শেষ হচ্ছে জনপ্রিয় সিরিয়াল! 'লক্ষ্মী কাকিমা সুপারস্টার' কবে থেকে শুরু? ঘোষণা হল|language=bn|work=[[Hindustan Times]] Bangla|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aparajita-auddy-s-comback-mega-laxmi-kakima-superstar-to-replace-karunamoyee-rani-rashmoni-period-drama-finally-coming-to-an-end-31643343200712.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128045416/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/aparajita-auddy-s-comback-mega-laxmi-kakima-superstar-to-replace-karunamoyee-rani-rashmoni-period-drama-finally-coming-to-an-end-31643343200712.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2022}}</ref>

The show starred [[Ditipriya Roy]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/king-size-lives-of-small-screen-stars/articleshow/66475677.cms|title=King-size lives of small-screen stars|date=2 November 2018|first=Ruman|last=Ganguly|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref> in the title role as [[Rani Rashmoni]], the deeply spiritual and liberal-minded "Rani" of 19th century, Gazi Abdun Noor and [[Gourab Chatterjee]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/actor-gourab-chatterjee-to-enter-rani-rashmoni/articleshow/64731849.cms|title=Actor Gourab Chatterjee to enter the serial 'Rani Rashmoni'|website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=25 June 2018 }}</ref> among others. The show was received well by the audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/rani-rashmoni-beats-popular-shows-on-tv-rules-the-trp-chart/articleshow/63362152.cms|title=Rani Rashmoni beats popular shows on TV; rules the TRP chart|website= timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>

On July 4, 2021, Rani Rashmoni's character came to end showcasing her death. The show got revamped into a new season titled "''Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni - Uttar Porbo"'' focusing on the life of [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa|Ramakrishna]] Paramahamsa (portrayed by Sourav Saha) - his spiritual journey and marriage with holy mother [[Sarada Devi]] (portrayed by [[Sandipta Sen]]).

== Plot ==
[[Rani Rashmoni]] (best known for being the founder of the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] and for her untamed zeal and fight against the aggression of the British East India Company in 19th century at Bengal) and narrates the events of her life, starting from her being a young girl of 11, named "Rani", residing with her Vaishnav father and aunt in her ancestral village [[Halisahar]] to marrying ‘[[Rajchandra Das|Babu Rajchandra Das]]’ of Janbazar, Kolkata; and how she becomes an extraordinary woman fighting against all odds during the then British ruled patriarchal society. The show upholds the quest of her life with the backdrop of the famous [[Janbazar Raj|Marh family]] of [[Janbazar]].

=== Uttar Parba ===

The story revolves around the life of [[Ramakrishna|Ramkrishna Paramhansha Dev]] and [[Sarada Devi]] and the backdrop of the [[Dakshineswar Kali Temple|Dakshineswar Temple]] and the [[Janbazar Raj|Marh family]] of [[Janbazar]] after [[Rani Rashmoni]] aka [[Rani Rashmoni|Ranima]]'s death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ditipriya Roy gets emotional as she shoots for her last episode in Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni dgtl|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/ditipriya-roy-gets-emotional-as-she-shoots-for-her-last-episode-in-karunamoyee-rani-rashmoni-dgtl/cid/1290456|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=আগামী রবিবারই শেষযাত্রায় রানি রাসমণি! এরপর কোনদিকে এগোবে ধারাবাহিকের গল্প?|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/television/karunamoyee-rani-rashmoni-promo-is-now-viral-on-social-media/|access-date=2021-07-05|website=www.sangbadpratidin.in|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Ditipriya Roy]] as [[Rani Rashmoni]] aka "Rani"/"Rani maa" - A Businesswoman, Entrepreneur, [[Philanthropist]], [[Zamindar]], [[Social Activist]], Social Reformer, founder of [[Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]], The defendant woman and Rani maa of [[Janbazar]], Rajchandra's widow (2017-2022)
* Gazi Abdun Noor as
** Harchandra Das - Pritoram and Jogmaya's elder son, Rajchandra's twin elder brother, Anandamoyee's late husband. (2017)
**[[Rajchandra Das|Babu Raj Chandra Das]] (Marh) - the wealthy and magnanimous [[Zamindar]], Social Reformer, [[Philanthropist]], Businessman of [[Janbazar]], Rashmoni's late husband (2017-2019)
* Sourav Saha as Sri Sri [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] Dev - an Indian mystic and saint of 19th century Bengal. He is believed to be an incarnation of [[Lord Vishnu]] himself (2019–2022)
** Swarnava Sanyal as Child Gadadhar/ Ramkrishna (2018)
* [[Sandipta Sen]] as [[Sarada Devi]] - one of the notable woman saints and mystics of the nineteenth century and wife of Sri Sri [[Ramakrishna Paramahamsa]] Dev. She is believed to be an incarnation of [[Lakshmi Devi]] herself (2021-2022)
** Ayanna Chatterjee as child Saradamoni a.k.a Maa Sarada (2021)
* Sampurna Mondal / Roshni Bhattacharya / Mimi Dutta as Jagadamba Biswas ({{née|Das}}) aka Choto Khuki - Rajchandra and Rashmoni's youngest daughter, she is liberal minded, dedicated and fearless by nature; just like her mother Rani Rashmoni, Mathuramohon's second wife and widow (2018–2022)
* [[Gourab Chatterjee]] as [[Mathurmohan Biswas]] aka "Mathur" - Karunamoyee's widower and Raj Chandra, Rashmoni's youngest son-in-law. He became like a son to Rashmoni-Rajchandra that they never had biologically. After Karunamoyee's death, he married Jagadamba, her younger sister (2018-2021)
* Susmili Acharjee as Kumudini Biswas / Indumoti Biswas - wife of Dwarikanath Biswas and daughter-in-law to Jagadamba and Mathuramohan Biswas. She is strong willed, open minded and fearless by nature. Her actions often represents her grandmother-in-law Rani Rashmoni (2021–2022)
* Nilotpal Banerjee / [[Suman Dey (actor)|Suman Dey]] as Dwarikanath Biswas, eldest son of Jagadamba Dasi and Mathuramohan Biswas, grandson of Rani Rashmoni. He was a devotee of Sri Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa Dev and helped his mother Jagadamba Dasi in constructing the Annapurna Temple (2019–2022)

=== Recurring ===
* [[Sohan Bandopadhyay]] as [[Preetoram Marh|Pritoram Das]] (Marh)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/sohan-to-direct-sadhabar-ekadashi/articleshow/63431674.cms|title=Sohan to direct Sadhabar Ekadashi|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=24 Mar 2018}}</ref> - Jogmaya's husband, Raj Chandra's father and Rashmoni's father-in-law (2017-2018)
* [[Samata Das]] as Jogmaya Das ({{née|Manna}}) aka "Maya" / "Jugi" - Jugal Manna's daughter, Pritoram Marh's widow, Raj Chandra's mother and Rashmoni's mother-in-law (2017-2018)
* [[Suchandra Banerjee]] as Sukumari Das - Pritoram's youngest brother Kaliprasad's wife, sister-in-law of Jogmaya Dasi, Rajchandra's aunt, Abhay's mother. She is wicked and is greedy for wealth and wants her grandson Madhab to inherit Raj Chandra's property (2017-2019)
* Indrajit Deb as Jugalkishore Manna (Jugal Manna) - Jogmaya's father and Raj Chandra's maternal grandfather (2017-2018)
* Runa Bandopadhyay as Jogmaya's mother and Raj Chandra's maternal grandmother (2017-2018)
* Nibedita Chakrabarty as Raj Chandra's elder grandaunt (2017-2018)
* Abijit Debroy as Ramtanu Das (Marh)
* Priyanka Halder as Bordasundari Devi
* [[Tania Kar]] as Anandamoyee Das aka Anandi - Harchandra's widow, elder sister-in-law of Rashmoni, widowed at young age (2017-2019)
* [[Dhrubajyoti Sarkar]] as
** Abhay Charan Das (2017-2018) (previously)
** Dakshin Ray (2021)
* Sudeep Raha as Abhay Charan Das - Sarajoo and Harimati's husband, Kaliprasad and Sukumari's son, Raj Chandra's younger cousin, Rashmoni's younger brother-in-law, Madhab's father. She is wicked and is greedy for wealth and wants he to inherit Pritoram and Raj Chandra's property (2018-2020)
* [[Ashmita Chakraborty]] as Harimati Das - Abhay's second wife (2019-2020)
* [[Shyamoupti Mudly]] / [[Ipshita Mukherjee]] as Sarajoo Das - Abhay's first wife, Rashmoni's younger sister-in-law, Madhab's mother who later left her husband because of his wickedness (2017-2019)
* Diya Chakrabarty as Padmamoni Das Ata ({{née|Das}}) aka "Padma" - Raj Chandra-Rashmoni's eldest daughter, Ram Chandra's wife (2018–2022)
** Rinisa Dutta as Young Padma
* Chandraneev Mukherjee / Saurav Chakraborty as Ram Chandra Das Ata aka "Atamoshai" - Padma's husband, Raj Chandra-Rashmoni's eldest son-in-law (2018-2022)
** Ayush Das as Young Ram Chandra (2018)
* Saheli Ghosh Roy / Ashmee Ghosh as Kumari Choudhury ({{née|Das}}) - Raj Chandra-Rashmoni's second daughter, Pyarimohan's wife (2018-2019)
** Rishita Nandy as Young Kumari (2018)
* Parthiv Banerjee as Pyarimohan Choudhury - Kumari's widower, Raj Chandra-Rashmoni's second son-in-law (2018-2019)
* [[Oindrila Saha]] as Karunamoyee Biswas ({{née|Das}}) aka "Karuna" - Raj Chandra-Rashmoni's third daughter, Mathuramohan's first wife who died after giving birth to her child, Bhupal (2018)
* Pritam Das as Madhab Chandra Das - Abhay and Saraju's son, Raj Chandra-Rashmoni's nephew, Sukumari's grandson, Padma's younger cousin brother, Kumari-Karuna-Jagadamba's elder cousin brother. He was a man of virtue in spite of his father and grandmother's continuous evil opinions (2018-2019)
* [[Sayak Chakraborty]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Those bitter experiences as a junior artist ignited my passion to work hard: 'Rani Rashmoni' actor Sayak Chakraborty |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/exclusive-those-bitter-experiences-as-a-junior-artist-ignited-my-passion-to-work-hard-rani-rashmoni-actor-sayak-chakraborty/articleshow/71009720.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> as Mahendra Das aka Mohen, eldest son of Padmamani Dasi and Ramchandra Ata, grandson of Rani Rashmoni (2019-2020)
* [[Subhrojit Saha]] as Jadunath Choudhury aka Jadu, son of Kumari Dasi, grandson of Rani Rashmoni, Ashalata's widower (2019-2020)
* [[Biswabasu Biswas]] as Bhupal Chandra Biswas, son of Mathuramohan Biswas and his first wife Karunamoyee Das, grandson of Rani Rashmoni (2019-2021)
* Somashri Bhattacharya as Prasannamoyee Das aka Prasanno, wife of Bhupal Chandra, eldest daughter-in-law to Jagadamba Dasi and Mathuramohan Biswas (2019-2021)
* Beas Dhar as Nistarini Hazra ({{née|Biswas}}) - Mathur Babu and Jagadamba Dasi's daughter (2019-2020)
* [[Alokananda Guha]] as Ashalata, first wife of Jadunath, daughter-in-law of Kumari Dasi and Pyarimohan Choudhury (2019)
* Aniket Chakraborty / [[Arunava Dey]] as Trailokyanath Biswas aka Trailokyo, second son of Mathur Babu and Jagadamba Dasi (2019–2022)
* [[Poonam Basak]] as Kanaklata Biswas aka Konok, Trailokyonath's first wife, Jagadamba and Mathur's daughter-in-law (2021–2022)
* Deerghoi Paul as Subhasini Biswas aka Subhash, Trailokyonath's second wife, Jagadamba and Mathur's daughter-in-law (2021–2022)
* [[Soumi Chakraborty]] as Kamala Acharya - Mahendra's widow, eldest daughter-in-law to Padmamani Dasi and Ramchandra Ata (2019–2022)
* [[Amitava Das]] as Raghabendra Acharya, he married the widow of Mahendra, Kamala (2020-2022)
* Pronnoy Chandra / Koushik Das as Ganeshchandra Das Ata, youngest son of Padmamani Dashi and Ramchandra Ata (2020–2022)
* [[Promita Chakraborty]] as Annada Sundari, wife of Ganesh Chandra (2020–2022)
* Sujoy Sinha as Bhudebmohan Chowdhury, Pyarimohan's father (2019)
* Sujoy Saha as Doyal Hazra, Nistarini's husband (2021)
* Aritra Dutta as Dhiren, Doyal's elder cousin brother (2021)
* [[Arghya Mukherjee]] as Dhiren's father (2021)
* Sahana Sen as Dhiren's mother (2021)
* [[Prantik Banerjee]] as Prankrishna Biswas - Mathur's elder brother, previously engaged to Karuna, Manmohini's husband (2018-2019)
* Soumi Ghosh as Manmohini Biswas - Prankrishna's wife (2019)
* [[Diganta Bagchi]] as Joy Narayan Biswas - Prankrishna and Mathuramohan's father, he is egoistic and estranged Mathur as a son owing to his ego as Mathur married Karuna without his permission. He is the Zamindar of Bithari village (2018-2019)
* Ayesha Bhattacharya as Mongola - Rajchanda's maternal cousin sister. (2017-2018)
* Anirban Guha
* Shankar Debnath as Harekrishna Das - Rashmoni's father (2017-2018)
* [[Suchandrima (actress)|Suchandrima]] as Khemankari Devi, Harekrishna's younger sister, Rashmoni's paternal aunt who raised her (2017)
* Gora Dhar as
** Kanai - A resident of Kona village (2017)
** Krishnadhon Mallick - Nayeb of Jagannathpur (2019)
* Sarbari Mukherjee as Lokkhi - A resident of Kona village and servant of Janbazar house (2017)
* [[Manoj Ojha]] as Ramkumar Chattopadhyay, elder brother of Gadadhar, and the former chief priest of Dakshineswar Kali Temple (2019-2020)
* Samriddho as
** Young Ramkumar (2018)
** Young Ganesh Chandra (2019)
* [[Twarita Chatterjee]] as Shyamasundari Mukhopadhyay - mother of Saradamoni (2021)
* Anindya Sarkar as
** Matilal Bahadur - Businessman (2018)
** Indranath Ghosh (2021)
* [[Shaktipada Dey]] as Haladhari Thakur (2020–2022)
* Siddhartha Ghosh as Hriday Thakur (2019–2022)
* Sujata Dawn / Lopamudra Sinha as Late Chandramani Devi - Shri Ramakrishna's mother (2018–2022)
* Aditya Roy as Rameshwar - Shri Ramakrishna's second elder brother (2020-2021)
* [[Kanyakumari Mukherjee]] / [[Prarona Bhattacharya]] as Shibani - Rameshwar's wife Shri Ramakrishna's second elder sister-in-law (2020-2021)
* [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]] as Khudiram Chattopadhyay - Shri Ramakrishna's father, a priest (2018)
* Samir Biswas as Chakrabarty Moshai - A priest and saint. (2017)
* [[Aditi Chatterjee]] as [[Bhairavi Brahmani]] (or Yogeshwari) - a Yogeshwari who initiated [[Ramakrishna]] into Tantra (2021)
* Anindita Bhattacharya / [[Tanushree Bhattacharya Bose]] / Rumpa Das as the divine goddess Bhabotarini-Annapurna, a form of Bhabotarini - Janbazar's house's and Dakshineshwar temple's respected goddess (2018–2022)
* [[Biswanath Basu]] as Nagendranath Choudhury (2021-2022)
* Diya Mukherjee as [[Binodini Dasi]] (2022)
* [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] (2022)
* [[Subhajit Banerjee]] as
** Dr. Bidhunath Gupta (2019)
** Robin Saheb (2021)
* Subrata Mitra as Makhon - A resident of [[Sundarban]]. (2021)
* [[Indrakshi Nag]] as Jogendramohini Dasi aka Jogen - comes in Dakshineshwar to give puja to Maa Bhabotarini (2021-2022)
* [[Avrajit Chakraborty]] as Agnikacharan - Jogendramohini's husband (2021)
* [[Sangita Ghosh]] as Moynaboti - a girl who come to meet with Ramkrishna (2021–2022)
* Chandicharan as
** T.J. Kreg - English Judge (2018)
** Brahmapada Acharya - Acharya of [[Dakshineshwar Kali Temple]] (2021)
* Rajat Ganguly as Advocate Peterberg - English Lawyer (2018)
* Sandip Dey as Rudreshwar Bhairav (2021)
* Dedipya Ganguly as Bishtucharan (2021)
* [[Kaushambi Chakraborty]] as [[Mahakali|Maa Mahakali]] - a form of Maa Bhabatarini (2021)
* Arindol Bagchi as Haran Thakur (2020–2022)
* Rahul Chakraborty as Jotadhari Baba - Gurudeb (2021)
* Gautam Mukherjee as Haran - A Fisherman (2019)
* Mridul Mazumder as Ratan - A resident of Jagannathpur village (2019)
* Aishwarya Roy as Maa Kali disguised as a child (2017-2019)
* Hiya Dey as [[Kali|Maa kali]] - form of Maa Bhabatarini (2018)
* Debraj Mukherjee as Bhairav Dakat (2018)
* Biplab Banerjee (younger) as
** Koral Moshai (2018)
** Gurudev (2021)
* Rajiv Bose as Daroga Babu (2018)
* Dipanjan Jack Bhattacharya as Gangaram Chowdhury - A dacoit (2018)
* Indrani Bhattacharya as Moynasundari Bai - A Baiji (2018)
* [[Rupsa Chatterjee]] as Lusa Donald - Memsaheb (2018)
* Ishani Sengupta as Durga - a resident of Mukimpur village (2017-2018)
* Arnab Bhadra as Mahesh - Durga's husband (2018)
* Sayan Karmakar as English Man (2019)
* Debomoy Mukherjee as
** Colonel Johns Nickel - East India Company officer (2019)
** [[Dinabandhu Mitra]] - A writer (2020)
* Ashim Mukherjee as Colonel Bronson - East India Company officer (2019)
* Sounak Roy as Samuel Johnson - East India Company officer (2019)
* Biplab Banerjee (older) as Haranath Mukhopaddhay (2019)
* Nilanjan Dutta as
** Sashadhar - A [[Thuggee]] (2018)
** Robinson - English Businessman (2019)
** Ratan Ray - A resident of Shibpukur (2020)
* Rohit Mukherjee as [[Lord William Bentinck]] - Governor General of [[Bengal Presidency]] (2018)
* Arindya Banerjee as Atkinson - East India Company Officer (2018)
* [[Partha Sarathi Deb]] as Gurudev of Janbazar house (2020)
* Arindam Banerjee as Head Gurudev of Janbazar house (2018-2020)
* Samadipta Mukherjee as Rupmatibai - came in Janbazar's house to sing (2021)
* Shamik Chakraborty as Meghnath Upadhayay (2020)
* Boni Mukherjee as Umaboti Upadhayay (2020)
* Arijit Chowdhury as Captain Robert Halliday (2021)
* Goutam Dey as Bachaspati Mahashoy - head of contemporary (orthodox) [[Brahmin]] society of early 19th century Bengal (2018)
* [[Barun Chanda]] as Aghor Shastri Mahashoy - former head of contemporary [[Brahmin]] society of early 19th century Bengal, orthodox in mindset (2017-2018)
* Jagriti Goswami as mother of Kalimoti (2020)
* Sanjib Sarkar as Tarkalankar Mahashoy - head of contemporary [[Brahmin]] society after Bachaspati Mahashoy's demise. He is an orthodox Hindu and has strained relations with the [[Marh]] family over frequent disputes (2019-2020)
* Vascar Dev as Sukumar Brahmachari (2019-2020)
* Buddhadeb Bhattacharya as Shibananda Brahmachari (2020)
* [[Joyjit Banerjee]] as Donald Saheb (2020)
* Judhajit Banerjee as Ramnath Mallick (2020)
* Suman Banerjee as Sitanath Mallick (2020)
* [[Anindita Raychaudhury]] as Champabati (2020)
* Fahim Mirza as Raja [[Ram Mohan Roy]] (2017-2019)
* [[Goutam Halder]] as Mrityunjai Vidyalankar (2017)
* Raj Bhattacharya as Prince [[Dwarkanath Tagore]] (2018)
* Sourav Chatterjee as Raja [[Radhakanta Deb]] (2018-2019)
* Sourav Das as [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] (2018-2020)
* [[Kaushik Banerjee]] as [[Sabarna Roy Choudhury]] (2018)
* Debopriyo Mukherjee as [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] (2022)
* Sumit Samaddar as Brojohari - a [[Thuggee]] (2018)
* Juiee Sarkar as Napit Bou (2018)
* [[Rita Dutta Chakraborty]] as [[Kapalika]] (2019)
* Ashok Mukherjee as Ramcharan Mitra - Nayeb of [[Janbazar]] (2017-2020)
* Amlan Mazumder as Krishnakanto Mitra - Nayeb of Mahimshahi (2018)
* Subhashish Banerjee as Ramdoyal Ghosh - Nayeb of [[Mukimpur]] (2020)
* Shankar Sanku Chakrabarty as Ramdhon Mallick - Nayeb and Dewan of Rani Rashmoni (2020-2022)
* Neil Chatterjee as
** Samuel - English Man (2018)
** [[Swami Vivekananda]] (2022)
* Subrata Guha Roy as Ramratan Roy (2019)
* Saptarshi Ray as
** Talukder Moshai - Marh family's rival. (2018-2020)
** Dr. [[Mahendralal Sarkar]] (2022)
* [[Saugata Bandapadhyay]] as Sadananda Bandapadhyay (2017-2019)
* Aritram Mukherjee as Shibananda Bandapadhyay (2017-2018))
* [[Subhra Sourav Das]] as Anmary Saheb - English Man (2018)
* Shirsha Guha Thakurta as Kusum Dasi - the young widow. Her father was a doctor (Boddimoshai) who saved the life of Jagadamba when she became ill during a widespread famine. Madhab has a soft corner for Kusum and wants to marry her (2019)
* [[Aratrika Maity]] as Padma Dasi (2019)
* [[Arindam Ganguly]] as [[Nidhu Babu]], the famous Tappa singer (2017)

==Reception==
In week 50 of 2020, the series has risen to fifth place with 4.701 million impressions for the most watched television series in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WEEK 50 - DATA: Saturday, 12th December 2020 To Friday, 18th December 2020|url=https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|url-status=live|website=BARC India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231053446/https://www.barcindia.co.in/data-insights|archive-date=31 December 2020}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/rani-rashmoni/0-6-627 Karunamoyee Rani Rashmoni]'' at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt10305548}}
{{Zee Bangla}}

[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:Zee Bangla original programming]]
[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Sangrahur

2026-04-26T23:21:35Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started new stub

{{Short description|Village in Faridkot, Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sangrahur
| other_name = ਸੰਗਰਾਹੂਰ
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{Coord|30.758944|74.576844|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]
| government_type = Sarpanch
| governing_body = Gram panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total = 1195
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code = 151203
| registration_plate = PB04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Faridkot
| website =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Gram panchayat]]
}}
'''Sangrahur''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਸੰਗਰਾਹੂਰ) is a village in [[Faridkot district]] in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangrahur · Punjab 151212, India |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Sangrahur,+Punjab+151212/@30.7582488,74.5750212,16.33z/data=!4m6!3m5!1s0x3919de3b92a8b2c5:0x9bf09e3c2c5ea8c0!8m2!3d30.75878!4d74.5763519!16s/g/1vpfgyn7!5m1!1e1|access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Sangrahur · Punjab 151212, India |language=en}}</ref> The Village has a population of 1195 of which 633 are males while 562 are females as per the population census of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangrahur Village Population - Faridkot - Faridkot, Punjab |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/35511-sangrahur-punjab.html |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Punjab) |url=https://cdn.s3waas.gov.in/s3ca9c267dad0305d1a6308d2a0cf1c39c/uploads/2016/09/2018052293.pdf |website=cdn.s3waas.gov.in |page=61}}</ref> The total geographical area of the village is about 1,362 hectares. The postal code of the village is 142052.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GHS SANGRAHOOR {{!}} District Faridkot, Government of Punjab |url=https://faridkot.nic.in/public-utility/ghs-sangrahoor/ |access-date=2025-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

[[Category:Villages in Faridkot district]]

Nurul Huda (Assamese politician)

2026-04-26T18:53:20Z

Johnsmithabmm1: Info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

'''Nurul Huda''' (born 24 January 1965) is an Indian politician from Assam. He has been a Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Rupohihat Assembly constituency]] since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rupohihat Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Nurul Huda of INC Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/rupohihat-election-result-2021-live-updates-rupohihat-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694565.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News18 |date=2 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-03-18 |title=Nurul Huda from Rupohihat: Early Life, Controversy & Political Career - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/assam-election-2021/candidates/phase1/nurul-huda-from-from-rupohihat-biography-529220 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=The Sentinel Assam |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nurul Huda(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- RUPOHIHAT(NAGAON) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/assam2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1048 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Elections 2022 Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh LIVE Results, Voting, Vidhan Sabha Election 2022 Results latest News |url=https://www.india.com/elections/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> He is associated with the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-03-26 |title=Assam Election: नुरुल हुदा क्या बचा पाएंगे कांग्रेस का किला, देखें प्रोफाइल Assam Election Nurul Huda Profile Congress give him ticket to Rupohihat Constituency |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/elections/assembly-polls/assam-election-nurul-huda-profile-congress-give-him-ticket-to-rupohihat-constituency-182072.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Piravom Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners Assam Piravom Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/assam-election-results-2021/assam-piravom-constituency-85.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]

Royal Commonwealth Society

2026-04-26T03:54:12Z

Johnsmithabmm1: New...

{{Short description|Non-governmental organisation}}
{{use British English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Royal Commonwealth Society
|image =
|image_border =
|image_size =
|caption =
|map =
|map_size =
|map_caption =
|abbreviation = RCS
|founded = {{start date and age|1868}}
|extinction =
|type = [[Non-governmental organisation]]
|status =
|purpose =
|founding_location =
|headquarters = 65 Basinghall Street [[London]], United Kingdom
|location =
|region_served = [[Commonwealth of Nations]]
|num_members =
|language = English
|leader_title = Patron
|leader_name = [[King Charles III]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.royalcwsociety.org/post/his-majesty-the-king-announced-as-rcs-patron |title=His Majesty The King announced as Patron of the Royal Commonwealth Society |publisher=Royal Commonwealth Society |access-date=19 December 2024}}</ref>
|main_organ =
|parent_organization =
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget =
|website = {{url|royalcwsociety.org}}
|remarks =
|former_name = Colonial Society (1868–1869) Royal Colonial Society (1869–1870) {{nowrap|Royal Colonial Institute (1870–1928)}} Royal Empire Society (1928–1958)
}}

The '''Royal Commonwealth Society''' ('''RCS''')<ref name="UIA">{{Cite web |url=https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100045854 |url-access= |title=Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) |author1=Staff writer |year=2024 |department=UIA Global Civil Society Database |website=uia.org |publisher=[[Union of International Associations]] |agency=Yearbook of International Organizations Online |location=Brussels, Belgium |format= |arxiv= |asin= |bibcode= |doi= |isbn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |lccn= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |osti= |pmc= |pmid= |rfc= |ssrn= |zbl= |id= |access-date=12 January 2025 |quote= |trans-quote= }}</ref> is a [[Non-governmental organization|non-governmental organisation]] with a [[Mission-based organization|mission]] to promote the value of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] and the [[Value (ethics)|value]]s upon which it is based.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://www.thercs.org/about-us/our-history/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226012746/https://thercs.org/about-us/our-history/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=26 December 2013 |title=Our history |date=2017 |publisher=Royal Commonwealth Society |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> The Society upholds the values of the [[Charter of the Commonwealth|Commonwealth Charter]], promoting [[conflict resolution]], [[peacemaking|peace-making]] and [[Liberal democracy|democracy]] to improve the lives of citizens across the [[Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations|member states of the Commonwealth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thercs.org/support-the-rcs/legacy-giving/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319133520/https://thercs.org/support-the-rcs/legacy-giving/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 March 2015 |title=Legacy giving |date=2017 |publisher=Royal Commonwealth Society |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

==History==

===1868–1958===

What is now the Royal Commonwealth Society was founded in 1868 as a non-political, [[Learned society|learned organisation]]. A [[royal charter]] was granted in 1869, and a [[Gentlemen's club|clubhouse]] opened in 1885. The Society's name slowly evolved – from '''The Colonial Society''' (1868–1869), to '''The Royal Colonial Society''' (1869–1870), to '''The Royal Colonial Institute''' (1870–1928), to '''The Royal Empire Society''' (1928–1958). The Royal Commonwealth Society was the name adopted in 1958.<ref name="times">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/beyond-the-league-of-gentlemen/404541.article#survey-answer |title=Beyond the league of gentlemen |date=4 December 2008 |magazine=[[Times Higher Education]] |first=Matthew |last=Reisz|access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

The Society may be seen from early on to have been [[Progressivism|progressive]] in its time towards [[Equality and diversity (United Kingdom)|equality and diversity]]. A woman was first invited by The Royal Colonial Institute to read a [[Academic journal|research paper]] in 1894, and The Royal Colonial Institute was one of the first learned organisations to admit women as full [[Fellow]]s, in 1922.<ref name="history"/> The Society's first Asian member was Ji ju Sanjo, son of the Japanese prime minister ([[Sanjo Sanetomi]]), in 1872. The first African member was [[Samuel Bannerman]], of the [[Gold Coast (British colony)|Gold Coast]], in 1879.<ref name="review">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Ex+libris%3A+the+destruction+of+a+great+commonwealth+treasure-a014249400 |title=Ex libris: the destruction of a great commonwealth treasure |date=1 October 1992 |first=Molly|last=Mortimer|magazine=[[The Contemporary Review]] |access-date=10 October 2017}}</ref>

The identity of the Society was for more than a hundred years bound up with its [[library]]. At a meeting on 26 June 1868, [[Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue, 1st Baron Carlingford|Chichester Parkinson-Fortescue]] recommended "the formation of a colonial library, to which all interested in the welfare of the colonies should have access," an aim affirmed by the Society's first elected chairman, [[William Keppel, 7th Earl of Albemarle|Viscount Bury]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Cambridge University Library: The Great Collections |last=Fox |first=Peter |year=1998 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=0521626471 |page=168}}</ref> The Society's first librarian was appointed in 1869, and the first salaried librarian, Australian-born [[Joseph Sylvester O'Halloran]], in 1885. The person mainly responsible for the Library's remarkable development and international reputation was Evans Lewin, Master Librarian for thirty-six years, 1910–1946.<ref name="review"/>

The Society's first home was above a shirt shop at No. 15 [[Strand, London|The Strand]] in London, where it remained from 1870 until 1885. It was in this modest space that the organisation's Library collection began to be assembled.<ref name="library">{{cite journal |last=Craggs |first=Ruth |date=2008 |title=Situating the imperial archive: the Royal Empire Society Library 1868–1945 |url=https://www.academia.edu/300475 |journal=Journal of Historical Geography |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=48–67 |doi= 10.1016/j.jhg.2007.04.002|access-date=17 October 2017 }}</ref> The Society's Library quickly increased in size and reputation, and the organisation moved in 1885 to 18–21 [[Northumberland Avenue]] in London. The site was completely rebuilt in 1936 to the design of architect Sir [[Herbert Baker]], providing a greatly extended Library.<ref name="library"/> The expanded and renovated premises were formally opened on 12 November 1936 by the Duke and Duchess of York (later King [[George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|Queen Elizabeth]]).<ref name="history"/>

[[File:The Second World War 1939 - 1945- the Home Front HU1129.jpg|thumb|London during [[the Blitz]]]]

[[The Blitz]] had a devastating effect on the Society's Northumberland Avenue headquarters and Library. On the night of 16/17 April 1941, the building was struck by a two-ton bomb. Seventy-four people were present at the time; one member was killed and another injured, and two members of staff badly hurt. Fire ignited by the blast and the large quantity of water pumped in to extinguish it meant some unique collections were destroyed; examples, painstakingly assembled over more than seventy years, included: the Library of Overseas Law, the contents of the Newspaper Room, and sections covering the general [[British Empire]], foreign colonies, the [[World War I|First World War]], [[Malta]] and [[Gibraltar]]. The lost collections on the [[German colonial empire]], the [[French colonial empire]], the [[Dutch Empire]], the [[Italian Empire]], and [[Belgian overseas colonies]]{{snd}} mainly in foreign languages and published overseas{{snd}} were unique in the United Kingdom. Numerous early accounts of [[exploration]], voyages and [[travel]] were likewise destroyed. Out of a collection of 260,000, total losses were estimated at 35,000 books and 5,000 pamphlets.<ref name="cambridge">{{cite web |url=https://specialcollections.blog.lib.cam.ac.uk/?p=5147 |title=The Royal Commonwealth Society Library and the Blitz |date=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Library]] |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> On the night of 10/11 May 1941, the hardest night of the Blitz,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/research/online-exhibitions/history-of-the-battle-of-britain/the-blitz-the-hardest-night.aspx |title=The Blitz – The Hardest Night |date=2016 |publisher=[[Royal Air Force Museum London]] |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> the Northumberland Avenue address was again severely damaged.

The Society persevered, adopting the "[[Business as usual (policy)|business as usual]]" motto characteristic of Britons targeted in the Blitz. The subsequent issue of the Society's journal ''United Empire'', May–June 1941, reported the resumption of activities including its Saturday afternoon dances for members of the Overseas Armed Forces. Determined attempts were made to replace the Library's losses, drawing helpful donations from institutions and individuals, and an award from the [[War Damage Commission]], but many items proved irreplaceable.<ref name="cambridge"/> Full restoration of the Society's Northumberland Avenue headquarters was completed in 1957; the building was officially re-opened by Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], and a grand festival organised to celebrate the event. ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' of 14 April 1957 noted that the nose of the 16/17 April 1941 bomb was displayed in a prominent position, reflecting "the true spirit of British sportsmanship".<ref name="cambridge"/>

===1958–present===

"The Royal Commonwealth Society" name was adopted in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11293377 |title=Royal Empire Society: alteration of name to Royal Commonwealth Society |date=2006 |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|National Archives]] |access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref> Enthusiasm may seem to have surrounded the Commonwealth in the 1950s, but political tides began to flow against the Society; for example, [[newsroom]] space was taken for the fledgling [[Voluntary Service Overseas]] (1961–1963), which began life under the wing of the Royal Commonwealth Society.<ref name="review"/>

The Library of the Society, despite the damage caused by the [[Germany|German]] bombing offensive during [[World War II]], grew to over half a million items. The Subject Index to the collection, published in the 1930s, is an invaluable guide to early publications.<ref>Subject Catalogue of the Library of the Royal Empire Society, formerly the Royal Colonial Institute, edited by E. Lewin. 1930–1937. London, UK: The Society. 4 volumes.</ref> ''[[The Contemporary Review]]'' described the collection as "the most comprehensive single source for the history of the world's greatest empire from its 16th century beginnings to its present fifty-nation Commonwealth".<ref name="review"/>

[[Cambridge University Library]] recognised the collection as a "treasure-trove" of information on the Commonwealth and Britain's former colonial territories, comprising over 300,000 printed items, about 800 archival collections (including manuscript diaries, correspondence, pictures, cine films, scrapbooks and newspaper cuttings) and over 120,000 photographs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/departments/royal-commonwealth-society |title=Welcome to the Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) Library collections |date=2017 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Library]] |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> From 1956 to 1987 the society's librarian was Donald Simpson (1920–2002), who had joined the staff in 1945. He was in advance of other librarians of his time in recognising the importance of photographs and ensured that photographic collections were identified and catalogued. He was the author of ''Dark Companions'' (1975), a book about the indigenous associates of explorers.<ref>''The Guardian'' obituary; 28 October 2002</ref>

From the late 1960s, however, increasing financial problems, combined with severe [[Water damage|flood damage]], led to the conclusion that it was no longer viable for the Society to maintain its Library. Cambridge University Library acquired the Library's collection in 1993. There had been a sign of things to come when a notable chairman of the Library, Sir [[Alan Burns (governor)|Alan Burns]] (who in 1948 had published a study called ''Colour Prejudice'', a groundbreaking contribution to the subject), resigned from his post in protest at the Society's attempt to sell off Library books in order to supplement its income.<ref name="review"/>

[[File:Commonwealth Club 1.JPG|thumb|25 [[Northumberland Avenue]] in London, the Society's headquarters from 1994 until 2013]]
Cambridge Library's intervention enabled the Society to clear its debts and, in 1994, to redevelop the grand clubhouse at 18–21 Northumberland Avenue (now [[Citadines]] Trafalgar Square) to the design of architect Linda Morey Smith.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.womanthology.co.uk/linda-morey-smith-founder-managing-director-morey-smith-looking-things-differently-encouraging-women-design-architecture-go-beyond-expected-find-success/ |title=Linda Morey Smith, Principal Director and Founder of MoreySmith |date=8 October 2014 |publisher=Womanthology |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> This building was sold and the Society purchased a former bank building next door at 25 Northumberland Avenue, but with no accommodation.

By 2012, financial pressures again presented a challenge. The Society found it necessary in 2013 to sell its headquarters at 25 Northumberland Avenue, and it moved in 2014 to a new London office on [[Pall Mall, London|Pall Mall]], with a view to focusing on its [[Charitable organization|charitable]] work.<ref name="history"/>

The Royal Commonwealth Society is now the centre of an international [[Business networking|network]] of more than 10,000 members, spread across 100 countries and territories, and linked by around seventy self-governing Society branches and Commonwealth societies, in forty-three countries and territories.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archival.sl.nsw.gov.au/Details/archive/110012585 |title=Royal Commonwealth Society. New South Wales Branch records, ca. 1865-ca. 1992 |date=2017 |publisher=[[State Library of New South Wales]] |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref> Through its [[education]]al, [[Youth service|youth]] and [[outreach]] programmes, the Society aims to encourage young people to develop skills and, with an increased understanding of their role as [[Global citizenship|global citizen]]s, to engage with challenges facing the international community. It aims to bring alive the principles of the modern Commonwealth{{snd}} [[Toleration|tolerance]], [[Cultural diversity|diversity]], [[Political freedom|freedom]], [[Justice (virtue)|justice]], [[Liberal democracy|democracy]], [[International human rights law|human rights]], and [[sustainable development]]{{snd}} to a generation living in an increasingly interconnected world. Society projects aim to enable young people to engage with their counterparts across the Commonwealth in [[youth leadership]] programmes, and [[creative writing]] and [[Filmmaking|film-making]] projects. Through its charitable programmes and its international network, the Society's remit is to work towards the continued growth and resilience of Commonwealth [[civil society]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thercssa.com.au/our-story.html |title=Our story |date=2017 |publisher=Royal Commonwealth Society; South Australia Branch |access-date=22 October 2017}}</ref>

The Society is one of three bodies supporting The [[Queen's Commonwealth Canopy]], a project launched in 2015 to preserve and promote forested areas throughout the Commonwealth.<ref name=RT>{{cite news|work=Radio Times|date=16 April 2018|author=Terry Payne|title=How the Queen is putting politicians to shame with her Commonwealth Canopy project|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/news/tv/2018-04-16/the-queens-green-planet-itv-commonwealth-canopy-project/|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Queen's Commonwealth Canopy|url=https://queenscommonwealthcanopy.org/|access-date=16 May 2018}}</ref>

The Society's Hong Kong office was opened in 1983 and has existed outside of the Commonwealth realm since 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rcshk.com/about-us/rcs-background/|title=RCS Background {{!}} Royal Commonwealth Society in HK|website=rcshk.com|access-date=11 June 2019}}</ref> The Hong Kong branch's cultural<ref>{{Cite news |title=How is the coronation being celebrated around the UK and Commonwealth? |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/commonwealth-charles-iii-humza-yousaf-windsor-castle-westminster-abbey-b2332170.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517120458/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/commonwealth-charles-iii-humza-yousaf-windsor-castle-westminster-abbey-b2332170.html |archive-date=2023-05-17 |access-date=2025-02-19 |work=The Independent |language=en-GB}}</ref> and charitable activities are of sufficient importance that its Chairmen are often recognised with appointment to the Order of the British Empire for their services to the Commonwealth community in Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mrs Joan Campbell MBE {{!}} Royal Commonwealth Society in HK |url=https://rcshk.com/mrs-joan-campbell-mbe/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=rcshk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-30 |title=New Year Honours: Covid heroes and NHS key workers recognised by the Queen |url=https://metro.co.uk/2020/12/30/new-year-honours-nhs-staff-and-pandemic-helpers-are-recognised-13826245/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Metro |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chairman of RCS, HK Branch, Peter Mann, receives his MBE from HRH The Prince of Wales at Windsor Castle on 8 June 2022 {{!}} Royal Commonwealth Society in HK |url=https://rcshk.com/chairman-of-rcs-hk-branch-peter-mann-receives-his-mbe-from-hrh-the-prince-of-wales-at-windsor-castle-on-8-june-2022/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=rcshk.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rsbradbeer |date=2020-12-31 |title=Local Sai Kung resident awarded MBE in Queen’s New Year Honours |url=https://hongkongbuzz.hk/2020/12/local-sai-kung-resident-awarded-mbe-in-queens-new-year-honours |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=SAI KUNG BUZZ |language=en-GB}}</ref>

There is also a branch of the Royal Commonwealth Society in the [[Republic of Ireland]], due to Ireland's history as part of both the British Empire and the Commonwealth until 18 April 1949 when the [[Republic of Ireland Act 1948]] came into effect.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{Official website|https://www.royalcwsociety.org/}}
*[http://www.rcs.ca Royal Commonwealth Society of Canada website]
*[http://www.thercssa.com.au/ Royal Commonwealth Society South Australia website]
*[http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/rcs Royal Commonwealth Society Collection] in [[Cambridge Digital Library]]
*[http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/EmpComm1/contents-of-reels.aspx Archives of the Royal Commonwealth Society from Cambridge University Library 1]
*[http://www.ampltd.co.uk/collections_az/EmpComm2/contents-of-reels.aspx Archives of the Royal Commonwealth Society from Cambridge University Library 2]
*[https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=UU1qv7eAaakRukb75ZdBrEeQ YouTube uploads from the Royal Commonwealth Society]
*[http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/rcs_photo_project/history1.html Royal Commonwealth Society photography project website]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7931706.stm BBC News – Royal Commonwealth Society research (60th Anniversary – 2009)]
*[http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/103674 1978 speech at the Royal Commonwealth Society ("The Ideals of an Open Society")] by Baroness [[Margaret Thatcher]]
*[https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/immigration-damian-greens-speech-to-the-royal-commonwealth-society 2010 speech to the Royal Commonwealth Society ("Immigration")] by [[Damian Green]]
*[http://www.sundaytimes.lk/081228/Plus/sundaytimesplus_09.html Dr Chris Nonis, First Lankan to be elected Deputy Chairman of Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS)]

{{Commonwealth of Nations topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1868 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Charities based in London]]
[[Category:Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in England]]
[[Category:Cultural promotion organizations]]
[[Category:Educational charities]]
[[Category:Educational charities based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:International charities]]
[[Category:International cultural organizations]]
[[Category:International educational charities]]
[[Category:Organisations based in London with royal patronage]]

Vilas Sandipan Bhumre

2026-04-22T02:20:49Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started new stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vilas Bhumre
| office = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| image =
| constituency = [[Paithan Assembly constituency|Paithan]]
| country = [[India]]
| term_start = 23 November 2024
| term_end =
| party = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| children =
| alma_mater = Yashwantrao Chavan Open University
| profession = Agriculture, Rent, Business & Social Work
| parents = [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] (father)
| governor = [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| predecessor = [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]]
}}

'''Vilas Sandipanrao Bhumre''' (born 1986)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bhumre Vilas Sandipanrao(Shiv Sena):Constituency- Paithan (Aurangabad) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=590 |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]]. He is currently serving as the Member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from the [[Paithan Assembly constituency]] in the [[Aurangabad]] district of the state of [[Maharashtra]].

== Early life and education ==
Bhumre is from Paithan, Aurangabad district, Maharashtra. His father [[Sandipanrao Bhumre]] is a five time MLA from this constituency for consecutive terms.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhumre Vilas Sandipanrao(Shiv Sena):Constituency- PAITHAN(AURANGABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Maharashtra2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=590 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paithan Election Result 2024 LIVE: Bhumre Vilas Sandipanrao of SS wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/paithan-election-result-2024-live-leading-winner-mla-9130055.html |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hindi |first=India TV |title=Bhumre Vilas Sandipanrao Performance in Paithan Assembly Elections 2024: Vote Margins & Live Trends |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/paithan-constituency/candidate-list/bhumre-vilas-sandipanrao |website=India TV Hindi}}</ref> He was former Zilla Parishad finance chairman. He completed his MA in 2013 at Vivekanad Arts Sardar Dalipsing Commerce and Science College, Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar which is affiliated with Yashwantrao Chavan Open University.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhumre, Vilas}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]

Calliophis nigrescens

2026-04-21T00:34:01Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started some post w/ sources

{{short description|Species of reptile}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Calliophis nigrescens (3).jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, C. |author2=Srinivasulu, B. |date=2013 |title=''Calliophis nigrescens'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172695A1368422 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172695A1368422.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Calliophis
| species = nigrescens
| authority = ([[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862)<ref name="Blgr1896">[[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger GA]]. 1896. ''Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History), Volume III., Containing the Colubridæ (Opisthoglyphæ and Proteroglyphæ), ...'' London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). xiv + 727 pp. + Plates I–XXV. (''Hemibungarus nigriscens'', pp. 394–395).</ref>
| synonyms = *''Callophis'' [sic] ''nigrescens'' [[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1862
*''Callophis concinnus'' [[Richard Henry Beddome|Beddome]], 1863
*''Callophis pentalineatus'' Beddome, 1871
*''Hemibungarus nigrescens'' — [[George Albert Boulenger|Boulenger]], 1896
*''Maticora nigriscens'' — Golay et al., 1993
*''Calliophis nigriscens'' — [[Joseph Bruno Slowinski|Slowinski]] et al., 2001<ref name=RDB>{{NRDB species|genus=Calliophis|species=nigriscens|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref>
}}

'''''Calliophis nigriscens''''', commonly known as the '''black coral snake''' or '''striped coral snake''', is a [[species]] of [[venom]]ous [[Elapidae|elapid]] [[snake]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]], [[India]].<ref name=RDB/>

==Geographic range==
It is found in India in the [[Western Ghats]], [[Karwar]], [[Wayanad]], [[Nilgiris]], [[Anaimalai Hills|Anamalai]], and the [[Travancore]] hills at {{convert|4000| -|6000|ft|m|-2}}.

==Description==
:''See [[snake scales]] for terms used.''
Rostral broader than long; frontal as long as its distance from the end of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one preocular and two postoculars; a single temporal; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin shields as long as the posterior or a little shorter, in contact with four labials.
[[File:Calliophis nigrescens (Western Ghats of Kerala).jpg|left|thumb|From Western Ghats of Kerala]]
Dorsal scales in 13 rows. Ventrals 232–261; anal usually divided; subcaudals 33–44.

This species comprises several colour varieties, which are connected by insensible gradations; in all the head and nape are black, with an oblique yellow band, sometimes broken up into spots, on each side from the parietals to behind the angle of the mouth, and the upper lip is yellow in front of and behind the eye; lower parts uniform red.<ref>Boulenger GA. 1890. ''The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia.'' London: Secretary of State for India in Council. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xviii + 541 pp. (''Callophis'' [sic] ''nigrescens'', pp. 384–385).</ref>

Color variations include the following:
*A. Dark purplish brown above, with three or five longitudinal series of black, light-edged spots.
*B. The spots confluent and forming three longitudinal black bands edged with whitish.
*C. Intermediate between A and B.
*D. Dark purplish brown above, with three or five more or less distinct black stripes, which are not light-edged.
*E. Pale reddish brown or red above, with five black stripes.<ref name="Blgr1896"/>

Total length {{convert|110|cm|in|abbr=on}}; tail {{convert|11.5|cm|in|frac=2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Blgr1896"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[:fr:Indraneil Das|Das I]]. 2002. ''A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of India''. Sanibel Island, Florida: Ralph Curtis Books. 144 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-056-5}}. (''Calliophis nigriscens'', p. 52).
* [[Albert Günther|Günther A]]. 1862. On New Species of Snakes in the Collection of the British Museum. ''Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.'', Series 3, '''9''': 124–132. (''Callophis'' [sic] ''nigrescens'', pp. 131–132).
* [[Joseph Bruno Slowinski|Slowinski, Joseph B.]]; Boundy, Jeff; Lawson, R. 2001. The phylogenetic relationships of Asian coral snakes (Elapidae: ''Calliophis'' and ''Maticora'') based on morphological and molecular characters. ''Herpetologica'' '''57''' (2): 233–245.
* [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]]. 1943. ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes.'' London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Callophis'' [sic] ''nigriscens'', pp. 422–423).
* Vyas, Raju. 1988. Extension range of the striped coral snake (''Callophis nigrescens''). ''Hamadryad'' '''13''' (2): 3–4.

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2934225}}

[[Category:Calliophis|nigrescens]]
[[Category:Snakes of India]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1862]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Albert Günther]]

Extra Ordinary Man

2026-04-20T09:34:00Z

Johnsmithabmm1:

{{Short description|2023 Indian action comedy film by Vakkantham Vamsi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Extra Ordinary Man
| image = Extra ordinary man.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]
| writer = Vakkantham Vamsi
| producer = {{Ubl|N. Sudhakar Reddy|N. Nikitha Reddy}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nithiin]]|[[Sreeleela]]|[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]}}
| cinematography = {{ubl|[[J. Yuvaraj]]|[[Arthur A. Wilson]]|Sai Sriram}}
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| music = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| studio = {{ubl|Sreshth Movies|Ruchira Entertainments}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|12|08|df=y}}
| runtime = 157 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = ₹35 crore<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 December 2023 |title=Nithiin-starrer Extra Ordinary Man to Release on Netflix in January? |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nithiin-starrer-extra-ordinary-man-to-release-on-netflix-in-january-8711648.html |access-date=4 September 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = ₹10.25 crore<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Extra Ordinary Man''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] written and directed by [[Vakkantham Vamsi]]. The film stars [[Nithiin]], [[Sreeleela]], and [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]], while [[Sudev Nair]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], and [[Sampath Raj]] play supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=5 December 2023 |title=Nithiin on 'Extra-Ordinary Man': Comedy can get mechanical if we don't crack it at the earliest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-nithiin-discusses-his-telugu-comedy-movie-extra-ordinary-man-also-starring-sreeleela-rao-ramesh-and-directed-by-vakkantham-vamsi/article67606960.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206150825/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-nithiin-discusses-his-telugu-comedy-movie-extra-ordinary-man-also-starring-sreeleela-rao-ramesh-and-directed-by-vakkantham-vamsi/article67606960.ece |archive-date=6 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Extra Ordinary Man is a no-brainer filled with non-stop entertainment, says Sreeleela |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/extra-ordinary-man-is-a-no-brainer-filled-with-non-stop-entertainment-says-sreeleela/d7560d332b519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209051221/https://www.ottplay.com/news/extra-ordinary-man-is-a-no-brainer-filled-with-non-stop-entertainment-says-sreeleela/d7560d332b519 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> The music was composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]]. ''Extra Ordinary Man'' was released on 8 December 2023 to negative reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref name=":rd">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Nithin-starrer Extraordinary Man Locks New Release Date To Avoid Clash With Salaar |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/nithin-starrer-extraordinary-man-locks-new-release-date-to-avoid-clash-with-salaar-8610545.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023134350/https://www.news18.com/movies/nithin-starrer-extraordinary-man-locks-new-release-date-to-avoid-clash-with-salaar-8610545.html |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Abhinay "Abhi", a recruit of Selvamani, a [[drug lord]] and music freak, narrates his past to the latter.

'''Past''': Abhi, a junior artist with aspirations of becoming an actor in [[Telugu cinema]], lives in [[Hyderabad]] with his parents Somsasekharam and Usha. He meets Likitha, a [[business tycoon]], and they both begin to fall for each other. Abhi gets a job at her company but soon resigns after he gets a chance to act as the lead role in a film directed by his friend Rakesh. Somashekaram kicks Abhi out of the house after learning about his resignation, while Rakesh changes his mind and removes Abhi from the film.

Abhi gets heartbroken and goes to a [[dhaba]] for a drink, where he gets into a fight with some goons and thrashes Loki, the brother of a dreaded gangster Nero. Abhi gets surprised that Nero is the name of the antagonist in Rakesh's script. Additionally, he learns that all the occurring events are based on the script. Abhi assumes that this is all [[Maisamma|''Maisamma's'']] will, so he does not act in the film, and he follows the written script and recreates it in real life. Abhi confronts Nero as [[Inspector|SI]] Sai ''Saitan'' Nath (the main protagonist of the script) and challenges Nero to defeat him. After knowing the facts, Nero confronts Abhi and burns the script.

After that, Abhi makes a deal with Nero to raise him as the protagonist against him, and Nero can later kill him to sustain his power. As per the plan, Sai stops Nero's crimes, resulting in a fierce confrontation. Meanwhile, Likitha, Somasekharam, and Usha arrive to meet Abhi, assuming he is in a film shooting. After observing the true situation, they decided to act in front of the villagers as Likitha's parents, who made Abhi act like an orphan. The villagers take the initiative to fix the marriage of Abhi and Likitha. Later, Nero pulls [[Inspector general|IG]] Vijay Chakravarthy into the issue, but Vijay, after believing the facts, stands by Abhi and adds more fuel to the fire.

In a final confrontation, Nero stabs Abhi and reveals his real identity to Vijay to declare him a cop to save their reputation. However, Abhi survives and tells Nero that the last confrontation is the pre-climax of the film and that Nero's death is the film's ending. Abhi kills Nero in front of Vijay, but Vijay manages the situation and gives Abhi a new identity to catch Selvamani.

'''Present''': After narrating his past, Abhi arrests Selvamani, who leaves his revenge on Abhi because of his admiration for his performance. Later, Vijay assigns Abhi a new task to capture an international gangster.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Nithiin]] as Abhinay/Abhi
* [[Sreeleela]] as Likitha
* [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] as [[Inspector-general of police|IG]] Vijay Chakravarthy
* [[Sudev Nair]] as Nero
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Somasekhar, Abhinay's father
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Usha, Abhinay's mother
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Satyanarayana
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Selvamani
* [[Brahmaji]] as Pathro
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as [[Traffic police|Traffic police officer]] Bhaskar
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Mohanthi
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] S. Arjun Baldev<ref name="Z">{{Cite web |title=Extra Ordinary Man Movie Review: Nithiin Starrer Is A Unique Take On Journey Of Junior Artiste |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/reviews/extra-ordinary-man-movie-review-a-unique-take-on-journey-of-a-junior-artiste-review-105817583 |website=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]}}</ref>
* [[Pradeep Kondiparthi]] as Govindharaju, Likitha's grandfather
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Rajyalakshmi, Likitha's grandmother
* [[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Devaki Chakravarthy, Likitha's mother<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nicodemus |first=Paul |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra: Ordinary Man Movie Review : Nithiin shines in this Rollercoaster Ride of Comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/extra-ordinary-man/movie-review/105836791.cms?from=mdr |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Snehalatha, Abhi's mother
* [[Giri Babu]] as Rama Chandra Murthy, Abhi's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Likitha's father
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Patnaik<ref name="Z" />
* [[Hyper Aadi]] as Constable Ganga<ref name="Z" />
* [[Jagadeesh Prathap Bandari]] as Abhinay's friend
* Soniya Singh as Constable Valli
* Satyasri as Constable Lakshmi
* [[Hari Teja]] as Sam
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Anand Rao
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Yadav
* Shivakumar Ramachandravarapu as Rocky
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Satyanarayana Murthy, Likitha's uncle
* [[Satya Krishnan]] as Satya Muddukrishna, Likitha's aunt
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]] as Villager
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] Subhadra, Abhi's aunt
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as Gangadhara Rao, Abhi's uncle (uncredited)
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Paidthalli (uncredited)
* [[Jani Master]] as a special appearance in the song "Ole Ole Paapaayi"
{{Colend}}

==Production==
The [[principal photography]] of the film started in June 2023.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The filming was completed in 60 days and wrapped up in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 August 2023 |title=Extraordinary Man: Nithiin and Sreeleela's film warps up 60% of shooting |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/extraordinary-man-nithiin-and-sreeleelas-film-warps-up-60-of-shooting/articleshow/103051945.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042825/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/extraordinary-man-nithiin-and-sreeleelas-film-warps-up-60-of-shooting/articleshow/103051945.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Extra Ordinary Man
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| released = 6 November 2023
| studio = Studio H, Chennai
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| prev_title = [[The Legend (2022 film)|The Legend]]
| prev_year = 2022
| next_title = [[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]
| next_year = 2024
| chronology = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
}}

The music and background score are composed by [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2022 |title=Harris Jayaraj To Compose Music For Nithiin's Next Telugu Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/harris-jayaraj-to-compose-music-for-nithiins-next-telugu-film-4666676.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118001003/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/harris-jayaraj-to-compose-music-for-nithiins-next-telugu-film-4666676.html |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]]. The first single, "Danger Pilla", was released on 2 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Danger Pilla from ‘Extra’: Peppy and catchy! |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/danger-pilla-from-extra-peppy-and-catchy |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=Telugucinema.com}}</ref> The placement of the "Pette Thalam" song (reused Gururaj's composition for ''Manmadha Ravula Kosam'') in the film's second half received criticism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A N |first=Tirumala |date=16 December 2023 |title='నా పెట్టే తాళం' పాట వెనకున్న చరిత్ర ఏంటో తెలుసా.. ఎయిడ్స్ విజృంభిస్తున్న టైంలో ఆ విధంగా.. |trans-title=Do you know the history behind the song 'Naa Pette Taalam'? At a time when AIDS was rampant, it was like that.. |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/history-behind-nithiin-extra-movie-naa-pette-thalam-song-dtr-s5qxkg |access-date=30 January 2025 |language=te}}</ref>

{{Soundtrack
| headline = Tracklist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Extra - Ordinary Man (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/extra-ordinary-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1720740497 |access-date=30 January 2025 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 18:03
| title1 = Danger Pilla
| music1 = [[Harris Jayaraj]]
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Brush Vesko
| music2 = Harris Jayaraj
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[Sanjith Hegde]]
| length2 = 4:24
| title3 = Ole Ole Paapaayi
| music3 = Harris Jayaraj
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra3 = [[Ram Miriyala]] [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 3:44
| title4 = Sirraaku Thaandavam
| music4 = Harris Jayaraj
| lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| extra4 = Ram Miriyala
| length4 = 4:08
| title5 = Pette Thalam
| music5 = Gururaj
| lyrics5 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra5 = Maneesha Pandranki, Sai Charan
| length5 = 1:21
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Extra Ordinary Man'' was expected to be released on 23 December 2023 during [[Christmas]], but was preponed to 8 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2023 |title=First look of Nithiin's 'Extra' out; gets a release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-nithiins-extra-out-gets-a-release-date/article67115175.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728132415/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-nithiins-extra-out-gets-a-release-date/article67115175.ece |archive-date=28 July 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=":rd" />. It released along with the movie [[Hi Nanna]].

===Home media===
The film was premiered on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 19 January 2024 in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

==Reception==
Srivathsan Nadadhur of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Extra Ordinary Man'' is an irreverent, hilarious ode to cinema. Vakkantham Vamsi chooses an entertaining, 'lightweight' script for his second directorial, playing to the strengths of his capable cast."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra Ordinary Man review - Vakkantham Vamsi's film is jolly good fun, if not extraordinary |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/extra-ordinary-man-review-vakkantham-vamsis-film-is-jolly-good-fun-if-not-extraordinary/914617aed282 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042825/https://www.ottplay.com/review/extra-ordinary-man-review-vakkantham-vamsis-film-is-jolly-good-fun-if-not-extraordinary/914617aed282 |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Extra Ordinary Man could have been more impactful had it maintained the energy, characterisation, and vibe from the first half."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra: Ordinary Man Movie Review: Nithiin Shines In This Rollercoaster Ride Of Comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/extra-ordinary-man/movie-review/105836791.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209061842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/extra-ordinary-man/movie-review/105836791.cms |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

''[[NTV (India)|NTV]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "An ordinary routine film in pursuit of becoming Extra Ordinary became silly and pointless."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra Ordinary Man Movie Review: Filmy Silly! - NTV English | Latest News | NTV News Channel |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/extra-ordinary-man-movie-review-filmy-silly.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119115832/https://www.ntvenglish.com/ |archive-date=19 January 2024 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> Raghu Bandi of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Vakkantham Vamsi's writing is poor, illogical and hardly entertains. His direction is equally lackluster."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra Ordinary Man movie review: Nithiin-starrer is a silly, outdated film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/extra-ordinary-man-movie-review-nithiin-starrer-is-a-silly-outdated-film-9059802/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042825/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/extra-ordinary-man-movie-review-nithiin-starrer-is-a-silly-outdated-film-9059802/ |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called it "most ridiculous film of 2023" and wrote "Director Vakkantham Vamsi's Nithiin and Sreeleela-starrer almost seems to spoof everything that's laughable about commercial cinema."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra Ordinary Man review: Nithiin, Sreeleela headline the most ridiculous film of 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/extra-ordinary-man-review-nithiin-sreeleela-headline-the-most-ridiculous-film-of-2023-101702025876297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042822/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/extra-ordinary-man-review-nithiin-sreeleela-headline-the-most-ridiculous-film-of-2023-101702025876297.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref> BVS Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "After disasters like ''[[Maestro (2021 film)|Maestro]]'' and ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'', young actor Nithin has again chosen a lackluster plot 'Extra' Ordinary Man which falls flat on its face. It neither boasts of a novel plot nor has an interesting narration."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Extra Ordinary man a woeful, ridiculous entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/081223/nithiins-extra-ordinary-man-review-rating.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042823/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/081223/nithiins-extra-ordinary-man-review-rating.html |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote the film "is sometimes smart, sometimes silly and overstretched, but ensures plenty of laughs".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=8 December 2023 |title='Extra Ordinary Man' movie review: Director Vakkantham Vamsi and Nithiin's film is hilarious in parts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/extra-ordinary-man-movie-review-vakkantham-vamsi-and-nithiins-film-is-hilarious-in-parts/article67617650.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042822/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/extra-ordinary-man-movie-review-vakkantham-vamsi-and-nithiins-film-is-hilarious-in-parts/article67617650.ece |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "Extra Ordinary Man is a film that works on a writing level more than its final form. The ideas are so much fun, and you can totally see what the film could have been."<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=Extra Ordinary Man Review: A Wonderful Idea Doesn't 'Meta'morphose Into An Equally Brilliant Film |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/extra-ordinary-man-review-a-wonderful-idea-doesnt-metamorphose-into-an-equally-brilliant-film-nithiin-sreeleela-vakkantham-vamsi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209042825/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/telugu-review/extra-ordinary-man-review-a-wonderful-idea-doesnt-metamorphose-into-an-equally-brilliant-film-nithiin-sreeleela-vakkantham-vamsi |archive-date=9 December 2023 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|23846664}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Harris Jayaraj]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]

Sofia Firdous

2026-04-19T19:45:34Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started data

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sofia Firdous
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| predecessor = [[Mohammed Moquim]]
| constituency = [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]]
| parents = [[Mohammed Moquim]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] {{small|(March 2026-Present)}}
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(till 2026)}}
| alma_mater = [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology|KIIT]] ([[B.Tech]]) [[IIM Bangalore]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|23 August 1991}}
| birth_place = [[Cuttack]], Odisha
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| image = Sofia Firdous MLA (cropped).jpg
}}
'''Sofia Firdous''' (born 23 August 1991) is an Indian politician and a sitting member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency|Barabati-Cuttack]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Barabati-Cuttack Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/barabati-cuttack-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8917101.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Barabati-Cuttack, Odisha Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: INC's Sofia Firdous defeats BJP's Purna Chandra Mahapatra with 8116 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/barabati-cuttack-odisha-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548473-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> As a member of the [[Indian National Congress]], Sofia Firdous became the first woman from the [[Odia Muslims|Odia Muslim]] , as well as the first [[Millennials|millennial]], to be elected as a Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election commission of india |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1890.htm |url-status= |archive-url=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title='Odia, Indian, and a woman first': Congress' Sofia Firdous on identity as 'Muslim MLA' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/odia-indian-and-woman-first-congress-sofia-firdous-on-identity-as-muslim-mla-101717923686214.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2024-06-05 |title=Sofia Firdous becomes first ever Muslim woman MLA in Odisha |url=https://www.siasat.com/sofia-firdous-becomes-first-ever-muslim-woman-mla-in-odisha-3039036/ |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-12 |title=सोफ़िया फ़िरदौस: ओडिशा की पहली मुस्लिम महिला विधायक जो जीत के बाद पहुँचीं दुर्गा मंदिर |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/ck778klr0m7o |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BBC News हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title=સોફિયા ફિરદૌસ: ઓડિશાનાં પ્રથમ મુસ્લિમ મહિલા ધારાસભ્ય જે જીત્યાં બાદ મંદિરે ગયાં |url=https://www.bbc.com/gujarati/articles/c9ww0lddeweo |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BBC News ગુજરાતી |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-11 |title=صوفیہ فردوس: اوڈیشہ سے اسمبلی پہنچنے والی پہلی مسلمان خاتون، جنھوں نے ہمیشہ مشکل چیزوں کا انتخاب کیا |trans-title=Sofia Firdous: The first Muslim woman to reach the Assembly from Odisha, who always chose the difficult things |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/articles/c0ddk91kmg0o |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=BBC News اردو |language=ur}}</ref> On 17 March 2026, Sofia Firdous was expelled from the Indian National Congress after defying the party whip by voting in favour of a candidate backed by the Bharatiya Janata Party in a Rajya Sabha election.<ref>https://theprint.in/politics/traitors-congress-expels-3-odisha-mlas-for-cross-voting-in-rajya-sabha-polls/2881305/</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sofia Firdous was born on 23 August 1991 in Cuttack, Odisha. She is the daughter of [[Mohammed Moquim]], a former Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly (2019-2024) from the Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sofia Firdous(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BARABATI-CUTTACK(CUTTACK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=559 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She completed her early education at St. Joseph's Girls's High School in Cuttack and [[Ravenshaw University|Ravenshaw Junior College]]. She later pursued a [[Bachelor of Technology]] in Civil Engineering from [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], KIIT University in Bhubaneswar, graduating in 2013. She furthered her education by completing an Executive General Management Program at the [[Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]], in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=affidavit.eci.gov.in |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/CandidateCustomFilter?_token=DQVMsxtbpI1vru0XTGskHpeIytvAqnKtGJSCfPFP&electionType=24-PC-GENERAL-1-46&election=24-AC-GENERAL-3-47&states=S18&constId=90&page=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-09 |title=Sofia Firdous: Odisha's first Muslim woman MLA, an IIM graduate, scripts history |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/odisha/from-iim-to-odishas-first-muslim-woman-mla-meet-history-maker-sofia-firdous/articleshow/110840910.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career and entrepreneurship ===
Before entering politics, Sofia Firdous was an established entrepreneur. She worked as a director at Metro Group, where she played a pivotal role in realty and asset development ventures.<ref name=":1" /> Her responsibilities spanned various facets of business, including operations, management, marketing, and overall growth. In addition to her entrepreneurial ventures, Sofia held significant positions in several business and industry organizations. She served as the President of CREDAI Bhubaneswar Chapter from 2023 to 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Suranjan |date=2023-08-03 |title=Sofia Firdous elected as new president of Credai Bhubaneswar |url=https://sambadenglish.com/sofia-firdous-elected-as-new-president-of-credai-bhubaneswar/ |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=Sambad English |language=en}}</ref> becoming the first woman to lead a city or state chapter in the organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Credai Odisha |url=https://www.credaiorissa.com/committee.php |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.credaiorissa.com}}</ref> She was also the CWW East Zone Coordinator at CREDAI from 2019 to 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Sofia Firdous, Odisha's First-Ever Woman Muslim MLA: 5 Facts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/meet-sofia-firdous-odishas-first-ever-woman-muslim-mla-5-facts-5845284 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> Her leadership roles extended to her involvement with the [[Confederation of Indian Industry]], where she was the Co-Chair at the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) Bhubaneswar Chapter.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-09 |title=IIM passout Sofia Firdous, 32, is Odisha's first Muslim woman MLA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/iim-passout-sofia-firdous-32-is-odishas-first-muslim-woman-mla/articleshow/110826617.cms |access-date=2024-06-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Sofia was also an active member of the CII Indian Women Network (IWN) Odisha and a core committee member of the ICC INWEC Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Sofia Firdous, Odisha’s first-ever woman Muslim MLA |url=https://www.coastaldigest.com/india-top-story/meet-sofia-firdous-odishas-first-ever-woman-muslim-mla?page=7 |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India |language=en}}</ref>

Sofia is also a trustee of the Moquim Foundation, an organization dedicated to social welfare and community service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-04-25 |title=Odisha: Congress may field retired hurt Mohammed Moquim’s daughter from Cuttack-Barabati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2024/Apr/25/congress-may-field-retired-hurt-mohammed-moquims-daughter-from-cuttack-barabati |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Political career ===
Sofia Firdous entered the political arena in 2024, running as the [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for the Barabati-Cuttack Assembly constituency in the [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|Odisha Legislative Assembly elections]]. She won, defeating Purna Chandra Mahapatra of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by a margin of 8,001 votes. Carrying forward her father’s legacy, she retained her father Mohammed Moquim’s seat, as he had served as the MLA for Barabati-Cuttack from 2019 to 2024.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2024 |title=Meet Sofia Firdous, first Muslim woman to win assembly election in Odisha |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/meet-sofia-firdous-first-muslim-woman-to-win-assembly-election-in-odisha-101717862853748.html |access-date=2 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-06-10 |title=Odisha's first Muslim woman MLA Sofia Firdous calls her win a message of brotherhood |url=https://theprint.in/india/odishas-first-muslim-woman-mla-sofia-firdous-terms-her-victory-a-message-of-brotherhood/2125041/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> On 17 March 2026, Sofia Firdous was expelled from the Indian National Congress after defying the party whip by voting in favour of a candidate backed by the Bharatiya Janata Party in a Rajya Sabha election.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barman |first=Sourav Roy |date=2026-03-17 |title='Traitors': Congress expels 3 Odisha MLAs for 'cross-voting' in Rajya Sabha polls |url=https://theprint.in/politics/traitors-congress-expels-3-odisha-mlas-for-cross-voting-in-rajya-sabha-polls/2881305/ |access-date=2026-03-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Sofia Firdous married Sheikh Mairajul Haque, an entrepreneur based in Odisha who manages business in different states of India, in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Moushumi Das |date=2025-04-08 |title=Real estate dynamo to Odisha's 1st Muslim MLA, Congress's Sofia Firdous is making even rivals take note |url=https://theprint.in/politics/real-estate-dynamo-to-odishas-1st-muslim-mla-congresss-sofia-firdous-is-making-even-rivals-take-note/2582243/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==

* Times Power Woman 2021{{cn|date=May 2025}}
* Times Power Woman 2023{{cn|date=May 2025}}
* Top 20 Inspirational Personalities of Odisha 2021<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=About Metro Group {{!}} Building Futures, Creating Success |url=https://metrogroup.ind.in/about-us/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Metro Group |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Nandini Satpathy]]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Firdous, Sofia}}
[[Category:Women in Odisha politics]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:People from Cuttack]]
[[Category:Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Indian Muslim politicians]]

Swabhimani Shetkari Saghtana

2026-04-19T16:19:29Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started a entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Swabhimani Shetkari Saghtana स्वभिमानी शेतकरी संघटना
|logo =
|colorcode =
|chairman = [[Raju Shetti]]
|foundation =
|alliance = [[United_Progressive_Alliance_(India)|UPA]] (2019)
|ideology =
|international =
|colours =
|position =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|publication =
|headquarters =
|symbol =
|website = [http://www.swabhimani.com// http://www.swabhimani.com/]
}}
'''Swabhimani Shetkari Saghtana''' or '''SSS''' (Marathi: स्वभिमानी शेतकरी संघटना) is a farmers union based in [[Kolhapur]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It was founded by Member of Parliament, [[Raju Shetti]].<ref name="Raju Shetti seeks finance ministry investigation into future trading - The Indian Express">{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/raju-shetti-seeks-finance-ministry-investigation-into-future-trading/ | title=Raju Shetti seeks finance ministry investigation into future trading - The Indian Express | publisher=Express News Service | date=5 January 2016 | accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Raju Shetti, MP, farmers’ activist - Livemint">{{cite web | url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zMUvyO1NneEYZqQBBVyBzI/Raju-Shetti-MP-farmers-activist.html | title=Raju Shetti, MP, farmers’ activist - Livemint | publisher=Livemint | date=28 December 2012 | accessdate=23 July 2016 | author=Makarand Gadgil}}</ref>

They fight for the fair price of sugarcane farmer and other issues.<ref name=" Maharashtra: Order ED probe into selling of sugar factories, says Lok Sabha MP Raju Shetti - DNA">{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-maharashtra-order-ed-probe-into-selling-of-sugar-factories-says-lok-sabha-mp-raju-shetti-2205744 | title=Maharashtra: Order ED probe into selling of sugar factories, says Lok Sabha MP Raju Shetti - DNA | publisher=DNA | date=25 April 2016 | accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref>

As of January 2014, Swabhimani Shetakari Sanghatana is part of the state's governing grand alliance, led by [[Shiv Sena]] and the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref name="Miffed, Raju Shetti to shun BJP’s rural outreach programme">{{cite web | url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/miffed-raju-shetti-shun-bjp-005000130.html | title=Miffed, Raju Shetti to shun BJP’s rural outreach programme | publisher=The Indian Express | date=9 February 2016 | accessdate=23 July 2016 | author=Parthasarathi Biswas}}</ref>

On 28 September 2015, the SSS was one of 16 parties in Maharashtra to lose its registration for not submitting audited balance sheets and IT return documents since 2005. Thus they have lost their official election symbols.<ref name="Farmers’ stir over Bharat Forge SEZ inching towards resolution - Business Line">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/farmers-stir-over-bharat-forge-sez-inching-towards-resolution/article8437663.ece | title=Farmers’ stir over Bharat Forge SEZ inching towards resolution - Business Line | publisher=Business Line | date=5 April 2016 | accessdate=23 July 2016 | author=ALKA KSHIRSAGAR}}</ref>

Raju Shetti, once allied with the NDA, became a vocal critic of the Modi and Fadnavis governments, leading him to quit the alliance in 2017. He later aligned with Sharad Pawar’s NCP for the 2019 elections, but this move backfired when he lost the Hatkanangale seat to Shiv Sena’s Dhairyasheel Mane in a major upset.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Banerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=2024-04-15 |title=Lok Sabha 2024: ‘Farmer’s voice’ Raju Shetti files nomination from Maharashtra’s sugar heartland |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-2024-farmers-voice-raju-shetti-files-nomination-from-maharashtras-sugar-heartland/article68068371.ece |access-date=2025-04-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.swabhimani.com/ Official site]
* [https://amchimatiamchimansa.com/ amchi mati amchi mansa]

[[Category:Organisations based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

Krishnapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:50:00Z

Johnsmithabmm1: put up stub!

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Other uses|Krishnapur (disambiguation){{!}}Krishnapur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Krishnapur
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[Khowai district|Khowai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = ST
| type = SLA
| map_image = Krishnapur Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 29
| mla = [[Bikash Debbarma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:37929}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Krishnapur''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/7249-tripura/ |title=Delimitation Commission of India - Notification |website=eci.gov.in |date=12 May 2005 |author=Shangara Ram |accessdate= 25 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=district-AC-Map>{{cite web |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |title=District/AC Map - Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura |website=ceotripura.nic.in |access-date= 23 January 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405133941/http://ceotripura.nic.in/Map.asp |archive-date=5 April 2014}}</ref> It is in [[Khowai district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. It is also part of [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Tripura Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/khowai.html Sitting and Previous MLAs from Krishnapur Assembly Constituency]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/ECI_Main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/TRP2013_Reports.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF TRIPURA]</ref><ref>[https://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/ne/6133-list-of-assembly-constituency-of-tripura.html List of assembly constituency of Tripura]</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Manindra Debbarma || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Kali Kumar Debbarma
|-
| [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=6 | [[Khagendra Jamatia]]
|-
| [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || [[Atul Debbarma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Bikash Debbarma]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bikash Debbarma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,800 |percentage=39.97% |change={{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahendra Debbarma |party=Tipra Motha Party |votes=11,162 |percentage=32.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Swasti Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=8,679 |percentage=25.14% |change={{decrease}}19.97 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=471 |percentage=1.36% |change={{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Atul Debbarma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=413 |percentage=1.20% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,638 |percentage=7.64% |change= {{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,525 |percentage=91.10% |change= {{decrease}}1.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,929 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Atul Debbarma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,730 |percentage=51.21% |change={{increase}}49.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,735 |percentage=45.11% |change={{decrease}}13.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saratal Jamatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=397 |percentage=1.22% |change={{decrease}}36.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=325 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kripajay Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=211 |percentage=0.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,995 |percentage=6.11% |change= {{decrease}}14.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,668 |percentage=91.80% |change= {{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,359 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}7.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=17,125 |percentage=58.32% |change={{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabda Kumar Jamatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,083 |percentage=37.74% |change={{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunadhan Debbarma |party=Indigenous People's Front of Tripura |votes=606 |percentage=2.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mania Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=549 |percentage=1.87% |change={{decrease}}2.02 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,042 |percentage=20.58% |change= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=29,363 |percentage=93.75% |change= {{increase}}3.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,350 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}6.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,325 |percentage=51.57% |change={{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabda Kumar Jamatia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,508 |percentage=44.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mania Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,006 |percentage=3.89% |change={{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,817 |percentage=7.03% |change= {{increase}}1.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,839 |percentage=90.36% |change= {{increase}}20.27 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,631 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,922 |percentage=50.09% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sabda Kumar Jamatia |party=Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra |votes=8,885 |percentage=44.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=649 |percentage=3.28% |change={{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pandiram Reang |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=352 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,037 |percentage=5.24% |change= {{decrease}}12.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,808 |percentage=69.98% |change= {{decrease}}0.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,305 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}4.29 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,821 |percentage=54.39% |change={{decrease}}15.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khagendra Kumar Reang |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=6,568 |percentage=36.37% |change={{increase}}10.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Debbarma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,367 |percentage=7.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rabini Debnath (Debbarma) |party=Amra Bangali |votes=133 |percentage=0.74% |change={{decrease}}2.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namajoy Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=123 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,253 |percentage=18.01% |change= {{decrease}}26.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,058 |percentage=72.27% |change= {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,753 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}15.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=13,850 |percentage=70.38% |change={{increase}}12.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Singh Jamatia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=5,051 |percentage=25.67% |change={{decrease}}14.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandramani Debbarma |party=Amra Bangali |votes=704 |percentage=3.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,799 |percentage=44.71% |change= {{increase}}27.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,679 |percentage=78.12% |change= {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1988 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Khagendra Jamatia]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,861 |percentage=57.78% |change={{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Singh Jamatia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=6,922 |percentage=40.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sishu Ranjan Roy |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=1.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,939 |percentage=17.22% |change= {{increase}}0.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,066 |percentage=81.76% |change= {{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,135 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1983 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Kumar Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,267 |percentage=54.29% |change={{decrease}}3.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maharaja Kumar Sahadeb Bikaram Kishore Debbarma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,059 |percentage=37.80% |change={{increase}}21.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudhangshu Sen |party=Independent politician |votes=1,059 |percentage=7.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,208 |percentage=16.50% |change= {{decrease}}24.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,385 |percentage=71.86% |change= {{increase}}4.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,970 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Krishnapur<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Manindra Debbarma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,116 |percentage=57.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maharajkumar Nakshatra Bikram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,703 |percentage=15.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ananta Hari Jamatia |party=Janata Party |votes=1,062 |percentage=9.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhrighumani Jamatia |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=964 |percentage=9.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karna Singh Jamatia |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=682 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilaiham Reang |party=Independent politician |votes=147 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,413 |percentage=41.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,674 |percentage=67.32% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,234 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Khowai district]]
* [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|23.87|91.64|display=title}}

[[Category:Khowai district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Tripura]]

Bhilai Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T22:36:10Z

Johnsmithabmm1: Made New Article More To Come.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhilai Nagar
| mla = [[Devendra Yadav]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Durg district|Durg]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Durg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durg]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:169013}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/chhattisgarh-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=State Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate=25 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 65
| map_image = Bhilai Nagar Assembly constituency map.svg
}}

'''Bhilai Nagar''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Durg district|Durg]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Govind Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Gopal Singh
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|D. S. Gupta
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Phoolchand Bafna
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Dinkar Dange
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Phoolchand Bafna
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ravi Arya
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|Badruddin Quraishi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
|-
|[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|[[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Badruddin Quraishi
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Devendra Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==

===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhilai Nagar<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Devendra Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54,405
|percentage = 48.47
|change = +0.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 53,141
|percentage = 47.34
|change = +1.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rituraj Verma
|party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh
|votes = 1,219
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nadia Bhooshan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,028
|percentage = 0.92
|change = -1.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 925
|percentage = 0.82
|change = -0.27
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,264
|percentage = 1.13
|change = -1.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 112,243
|percentage = 66.41
|change = -1.06
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Bhilai Nagar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Chhattisgarh Assembly elections: List of MLAs|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-list-of-mlas/438504-80-259.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211013006/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/chhattisgarh-assembly-elections-list-of-mlas/438504-80-259.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 December 2013|accessdate=25 March 2014|newspaper=IBN Live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Devendra Yadav]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51,044
|percentage = 48.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Prem Prakash Pandey]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 48,195
|percentage = 45.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Deenanath Jaiswar
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,662
|percentage = 2.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,147
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,849
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 105,693
|percentage = 67.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Durg district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|21.2|81.34|display=title}}

[[Category:Durg district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]

Chandipat Sahay

2026-03-26T08:27:10Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started the stub from scratch.

{{Short description|Bihari zamindar, politician and music patron}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}

[[The Honourable|The Hon'ble]] '''Chandipat Sahay''' {{Post-nominals|list=[[State legislative councils of India#Member of the Legislative Council|MLC]]}} was a [[Zamindars of Bihar|principal zamindar]] and ruler of the Patna zamindari estate, primarily governing the district of [[Patna district|Patna]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35869/page/n241/mode/2up?view=theater | title=Thacker's Indian Dictionary 1929 | date=1929 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.101704/page/n1425/mode/2up?view=theater | title=Thacker's Indian Dictionary 1928 | date=1928 }}</ref> He also served a term as a Member of Legislative Council in the [[Legislatures of British India|Legislative Council of the Governor of Bihar and Orissa]], representing the [[Patna Division]] Landholders' Constituency, where he was appointed to the Panel of chairmen.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.77325/page/n97/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The Combined Civil List for India 1926 | date=1926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.852/page/n133/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The Indian Year Book 1924 | date=1924 }}</ref><ref name="jstor">{{cite web | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.34648213 | jstor=saoa.crl.34648213 | title=Bihar and Orissa Legislative Council debates: Official report (Vol. 9, Issue 1) | last1=Legislative Council | first1=Bihar Orissa (India). Legislature | date=1924 | volume=9 | issue=1 | publisher=Government Printing }}</ref><ref>http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/4683/1/Appointment%20of%20a%20panel%20of%20chairmen%20%2019th%20August%2C%201924.pdf{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==Politics==

He was appointed to the Legislative Council of the Governor of Bihar and Orissa by [[Sir Henry Wheeler]] in 1923.<ref name="jstor" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.45421/page/n599/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The Indian Quarterly Register Vol 1. (1924) | date=1924 }}</ref> He was also a member of the Licensing Board of Patna.<ref>{{Cite web| title=The legislative council of the governor of Bihar and Orissa | url=http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6058/1/Resolution%20%E2%80%93%20Prohibition%20of%20the%20sale%2c%20manufacture%20and%20consumption%20of%20intoxicants%20except%20for%20medicinal%20purposes%20%E2%80%93%2017th%20February%2c%201925.pdf#page=17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706154415/http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6058/1/Resolution%20%E2%80%93%20Prohibition%20of%20the%20sale,%20manufacture%20and%20consumption%20of%20intoxicants%20except%20for%20medicinal%20purposes%20%E2%80%93%2017th%20February,%201925.pdf | archive-date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

Drawing from his own experiences as a [[zamindar]], he was responsible for the abolition of chaukidari tax in [[Bihar and Orissa Province]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.206692/page/n355/mode/2up?view=theater | title=The Indian Quarterly Register Vol-i(jan-jun-1926) | date=1926 }}</ref><ref>http://archives.biharvidhanmandal.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6520/1/Resolutions-Abolition%20of%20chaukidari%20tax%20and%20appointment%20of%20addittional%20dafadars%20%2017th%20February%2c%201926.pdf{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In 1931, he was invited by [[Syed Mohammad Fakhruddin|Sir Mohammad Fakhruddin]], [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], and Syed Abdul Aziz to assist in preventing Hindu-Muslim riots in Bihar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.97837/page/n187/mode/2up?view=theater | title=History of the Freedom Movement in Bihar,vol.2(1928-1941) | date=1957 }}</ref>

==Music patronage==

He was a patron of [[Hindustani classical music]], and hosted some of the greatest classical musicians at his [[Estate (land)|estate]] in [[Patna]]. [[Pandit Vishnu Digambar Paluskar]] performed there for two consecutive days, whereas other performers included [[Ahmed Jan Thirakwa]] and Maharajji Berve.<ref name="timesarticle">{{cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Shweta |date= 4 February 1996|title= Once, once upon a musical time...|work=The Sunday Times of India |location=Patna}}</ref>

In 1931, he founded Sangeet Sadan along with Hari Narayan Kapoor, the only music school in Patna at the time, in his estate's palace.
Since music was taboo at the time, he established the school to educate the people about its nuances and remove the stigma associated with music. The first five students of the school came from the [[Sahay family]] itself. His son, Jwalapati Sahay, a zamindar, emerged as one of the best [[Khayal]] singers of his time.<ref name="timesarticle" /><ref name="book1">{{cite book |last=Bhakth |first=Narayan |date= 9 January 2015 |title=हमारे संगीतकार ,नर्तक, गायक एवं वादक |trans-title=Hamare Sangeetkar, Nartak, Gayak Evam Vadak |pages=129–131 |language=Hindi |location= India|publisher= V&S Publishers|isbn=9789352150854}}</ref> The school was also supported by his peers, including [[Sir Sultan Ahmed]], [[Sir Ganesh Dutt]], Rajandhari Sinha, [[Anees Fatima|Lady Imam]], [[Madhav Shrihari Aney]], [[Raja]] Rajiv Ranjan Prasad Sinha, [[Fazl Ali|Sir Fazl Ali]] and [[Sachchidananda Sinha]], among others.<ref name="book1" /><ref>{{Google books|Tq3hqRz171YC|The Bihar Theatre}}</ref>

==See also==

*[[Zamindars of Bihar]]
*[[Bihar and Orissa Province]]
*[[Bihar Legislative Council]]
*[[Hindustani classical music]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sahay, Chandipat}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:Indian landlords]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]

Guerrilla warfare

2026-03-22T11:23:13Z

Johnsmithabmm1: cleanup

{{Short description|Warfare by small groups against regular forces}}
{{other uses|Guerrilla (disambiguation)|Guerrilla Warfare (disambiguation)}}
{{Being merged|Strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare|date=December 2025|discuss=Talk:Guerrilla warfare#Proposed merge of Strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare into Guerrilla warfare|dir=from}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Original research|date=October 2024}}
{{More footnotes|date=September 2010}}
}}
[[File:As Guerrilhas na Guerra Peninsular (Roque Gameiro, Quadros da História de Portugal, 1917).png|thumb|upright=1.3|''Guerrilla warfare during the [[Peninsular War]]'', by [[Alfredo Roque Gameiro|Roque Gameiro]], depicting a Portuguese guerrilla ambush against French forces]]
{{History of war}}
'''Guerrilla warfare''' is a type of [[unconventional warfare]] in which small groups of [[irregular military]], such as rebels, [[Partisan (military)|partisan]]s, [[paramilitary]] personnel or armed [[civilian]]s, which may include [[children in the military]], use [[ambush]]es, [[sabotage]], [[terrorism]], [[Raid (military)|raids]], [[petty warfare]] or [[hit-and-run tactics]] in a [[rebellion]], in a [[violence|violent conflict]], in a [[war]] or in a [[civil war]] to fight against regular [[military]], [[police]] or rival [[insurgency|insurgent]] forces.{{sfn|Asprey|2023}}

Although the term "guerrilla warfare" was coined in the context of the [[Peninsular War]] in the 19th century,{{sfn|OED|2023}} the tactical methods of guerrilla warfare have long been in use. In the 6th century [[Anno Domini|BC]], [[Sun Tzu]] proposed the use of guerrilla-style tactics in ''[[The Art of War]]''.<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9110197/guerrilla-warfare Encyclopædia Britannica, Guerrilla warfare]</ref> The 3rd century BC Roman general [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]] is also credited with inventing many of the tactics of guerrilla warfare through what is today called the [[Fabian strategy]], and in China [[Peng Yue]] is also often regarded as the inventor of guerrilla warfare. Guerrilla warfare has been used by various factions throughout history and is particularly associated with revolutionary movements and popular resistance against invading or occupying armies.

[[Strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare|Guerrilla tactics]] focus on avoiding head-on confrontations with enemy armies, typically due to inferior arms or forces, and instead engage in limited skirmishes with the goal of exhausting adversaries and forcing them to withdraw (see also [[attrition warfare]]). Organized guerrilla groups often depend on the support of either the local population or foreign backers who sympathize with the guerrilla group's efforts.<ref>''Guerrilla Warfare'' (1987), John Pimlott (Author), {{ISBN|0861242254}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[File:6-de-junio-1808.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Spanish guerrilla resistance to the Napoleonic French invasion of Spain at the [[Battle of Valdepeñas]]]]
The Spanish word {{lang|es|guerrilla}} is the diminutive form of {{lang|es|guerra}} ("war"); hence, "little war". The term became popular during the early-19th century [[Peninsular War]], when, after the defeat of their regular armies, [[Guerrilla warfare in the Peninsular War|the Spanish and Portuguese people successfully rose]] against the [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleonic]] [[Grande Armée|troops]] and defeated a highly superior army using the guerrilla strategy in combination with a [[scorched earth policy]] and [[people's war]] (see also [[attrition warfare against Napoleon]]). In correct [[Spanish language|Spanish]] usage, a person who is a member of a {{lang|es|guerrilla}} unit is a {{lang|es|guerrillero}} ({{IPA|es|geriˈʎeɾo|}}) if male, or a {{lang|es|guerrillera}} ([[Help:IPA/Spanish|[geriˈʎeɾa]]]) if female. [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]] adopted the term "guerrilla" into [[English language|English]] from Spanish usage in 1809,{{sfn|OED|2023}} to refer to the individual ''fighters'' (e.g., "I have recommended to set the Guerrillas to work"), and also (as in Spanish) to denote ''a group or band'' of such fighters. However, in most languages ''guerrilla'' still denotes a specific style of warfare. The use of the [[diminutive]] evokes the differences in number, scale, and scope between the guerrilla army and the formal, professional army of the state.{{sfn|etymonline|2023}}

==History==
{{Main|History of guerrilla warfare}}
[[File:Elas vo Ksanti.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Guerrillas of the [[Greek People's Liberation Army]] in Xanthi during [[World War II]]]]
[[File:Sov partizans.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Soviet partisans]] on the road in [[Nazi-occupied Belarus]] during the 1944 counter-offensive]]

Prehistoric tribal warriors presumably employed guerrilla-style tactics against enemy tribes:
{{blockquote|Primitive (and guerrilla) warfare consists of war stripped to its essentials: the murder of enemies; the theft or destruction of their sustenance, wealth, and essential resources; and the inducement in them of insecurity and terror. It conducts the basic business of war without recourse to ponderous formations or equipment, complicated maneuvers, strict chains of command, calculated strategies, timetables, or other civilized embellishments.{{sfn|Keeley|1997|p=75}}}}

Evidence of [[conventional warfare]], on the other hand, did not emerge until 3100 BC in Egypt and Mesopotamia. The Chinese general and strategist [[Sun Tzu]], in his ''[[The Art of War]]'' (6th century BC), became one of the earliest to propose the use of guerrilla warfare.{{sfn|Leonard|1989|p=728}} This inspired developments in modern guerrilla warfare.{{sfn|Snyder|1999|p=46}}

In the 3rd century BC, [[Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus]], called ''Cunctator'' ("delayer"), used elements of guerrilla warfare, such as the evasion of battle, the attempt to wear down the enemy, to attack small detachments in an ambush{{sfn|Laqueur|1977|p=7}} and devised the [[Fabian strategy]], which the [[Roman Republic]] used to great effect against [[Hannibal]]'s army, see also ''His Excellency : George Washington'': the Fabian choice.{{sfn|Ellis|2005|pp=99–102}} The Roman general [[Quintus Sertorius]] is also noted for his skillful use of guerrilla warfare during [[Sertorian War|his revolt]] against the [[Roman Senate]]. In China, Han dynasty general [[Peng Yue]] is often regarded as the inventor of guerrilla warfare due to his use of irregular warfare in the [[Chu–Han Contention|Chu-Han contention]] to attack Chu convoys and supplies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=彭越，一个历史量身打造的游击战术的鼻祖 |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/367455192_120507727 |access-date=2024-10-29 |website=www.sohu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=彭越游击战：刘邦反楚的重要推手 |url=https://m.szonline.net/think/contents/20240218/202402735054.html |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

In the [[Byzantine Empire]], guerrilla warfare was frequently practiced between the eighth through tenth centuries along the eastern frontier with the Umayyad and then Abbasid caliphates. Tactics involved a heavy emphasis on reconnaissance and intelligence, shadowing the enemy, evacuating threatened population centres, and attacking when the enemy dispersed to raid.{{sfn|McMahon|2016|pages=22–33}} In the later tenth century this form of warfare was codified in a military manual known by its later Latin name as ''[[De velitatione bellica]]'' ('On Skirmishing') so it would not be forgotten in the future.{{sfn|Dennis|1985|p=147}}

The Normans often made many forays into Wales, where the Welsh used the mountainous region, which the Normans were unfamiliar with, to spring surprise attacks upon them.{{sfn|Hooper|Bennett|1996|pp=68–}}

[[Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba]] successfully employed guerrilla warfare during the [[Italian Wars]], where his Italian lieutenant and successor [[Prospero Colonna]] was called ''Cuntatore'' after Quintus Fabius Maximus due to their similar tactics. Guerrilla warfare eventually became one of the specialties of the Spanish ''[[tercio]]s'', including techniques like the [[camisado]].<ref>Baquer, M. A. (2006). ''La escuela Hispano-Italiana de Estrategia. Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica''. Vol. 1, 2006, ISBN 84-8483-235-X, págs. 367-380</ref>

Since [[the Enlightenment]], ideologies such as [[nationalism]], [[liberalism]], [[socialism]], and [[religious fundamentalism]] have played an important role in shaping insurgencies and guerrilla warfare.{{sfn|Hanhimäki|Blumenau|Rapaport|2013|pp=46–73}}

In the 17th century, [[Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]], founder of the [[Maratha Kingdom]], pioneered the ''Shiva sutra'' or ''[[Ganimi Kava]]'' (Guerrilla Tactics) to defeat the many times larger and more powerful armies of the [[Mughal Empire]].{{sfn|Duff|2014}}
[[File:Fortaleza San Luis - Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Siege of the [[Fortaleza San Luis]] by the Dominican rebels by Melanio Guzmán]]
The [[Dominican Restoration War]] was a guerrilla war between 1863 and 1865 in the [[Dominican Republic]] between nationalists and [[Spain]], the latter of which [[Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic|had recolonized the country]] 17 years after its independence. The war resulted in the withdrawal of Spanish forces and the establishment of a second republic in the Dominican Republic.{{sfn|Pons|1998}}

[[File:Hogan's Flying Column.gif|thumb|upright=1.3|[[Seán Hogan]]'s [[flying column]] of the IRA's [[3rd Tipperary Brigade]], during the [[Irish War of Independence]]]]
The Riffian [[Berbers|Berber]] military leader [[Abd el-Krim]] ({{circa | 1883}} – 1963) and his father{{sfn|islamicus|2023}} unified the Berber tribes under their control and took up arms against the Spanish and French occupiers during the [[Rif War]] in 1920. For the first time in history, [[tunnel warfare]] was used alongside modern guerrilla tactics, which caused considerable damage to both the colonial armies in Morocco.{{sfn|Boot|2013|pp=10–11, 55}}

In the early 20th century [[Michael Collins (Irish leader)|Michael Collins]] and [[Tom Barry (Irish republican)|Tom Barry]] both developed many tactical features of guerrilla warfare during [[Irish War of Independence|the guerrilla phase of the 1919–1921 Irish War of Independence]]. Collins developed mainly urban guerrilla warfare tactics in [[Dublin| Dublin City]] (the Irish capital). Operations in which small [[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]] (IRA) units (3 to 6 guerrillas) quickly attacked a target and then disappeared into civilian crowds.{{sfn|Ferriter|2020}}{{sfn|historyireland|2003}} In [[County Cork]], Tom Barry was the commander of the IRA [[3rd Cork Brigade|West Cork brigade]]. Fighting in west Cork was rural, and the IRA fought in much larger units than their comrades in urban areas. These units, called "[[flying column]]s",{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=585}} engaged British forces in large battles, usually for between 10–30 minutes.

[[File:Women guerrilla.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Lakhdari, [[Zohra Drif|Drif]], [[Djamila Bouhired|Bouhired]] and [[Hassiba Ben Bouali|Bouali]]. Female Algerian guerrillas of the [[Algerian War|Algerian War of Independence]], {{circa|1956}}.]]

The [[Algerian revolution|Algerian Revolution]] of 1954 started with a handful of Algerian guerrillas. Primitively armed, the guerrillas fought the French for over eight years. This remains a prototype for modern insurgency and counterinsurgency, terrorism, torture, and asymmetric warfare prevalent throughout the world today.{{sfn|Horne|2022}} In [[South Africa]], [[African National Congress]] (ANC) members studied the Algerian War, prior to the release and apotheosis of [[Nelson Mandela]];{{sfn|Drew|2015|pp=22–43}} in their [[intifada]] against Israel, [[Palestinian fedayeen|Palestinian fighters]] have sought to emulate it.{{sfn|Chamberlin|2015}} Additionally, the tactics of [[Al-Qaeda]] closely resemble those of the Algerians.{{sfn|Boeke|2019}}

==Theoretical works==
The growth of guerrilla warfare was inspired in part by theoretical works on guerrilla warfare, starting with the ''Manual de Guerra de Guerrillas'' by [[Matías Ramón Mella]] written in the 19th century:{{blockquote|...our troops should...fight while protected by the terrain...using small, mobile guerrilla units to exhaust the enemy...denying them rest so that they only control the terrain under their feet.{{sfn|Kruijt|Tristán|Álvarez|2019}}}}

More recently, Mao Zedong's ''[[On Guerrilla Warfare]]'',{{sfn|Mao|1989}} [[Che Guevara]]'s [[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|''Guerrilla Warfare'']],{{sfn|Guevara|2006}} and Lenin's ''Guerrilla warfare'',{{sfn|Lenin|1906}} were all written after the successful revolutions carried out by them in China, Cuba and Russia, respectively. Those texts characterized the tactic of guerrilla warfare as, according to [[Che Guevara]]'s text, being "used by the side which is supported by a majority but which possesses a much smaller number of arms for use in defense against oppression".{{sfn|Guevara|2006|p=16}}

=== Foco theory ===
{{Main|Foco}}
[[File:Nigerien MNJ fighter technical gun.JPG|thumb|A [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] rebel fighter with a [[DShK]] on a [[Technical (vehicle)|technical]] in northern Niger, 2008]]
{{Blockquote|Why does the guerrilla fighter fight? We must come to the inevitable conclusion that the guerrilla fighter is a social reformer, that he takes up arms responding to the angry protest of the people against their oppressors, and that he fights in order to change the social system that keeps all his unarmed brothers in ignominy and misery.| [[Che Guevara]]{{sfn|Guevara|2006|p=17}}}}

In the 1960s, the [[Marxist]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara]] developed the ''foco'' ({{langx|es|foquismo|link=no}}) theory of [[revolution]] in his book ''[[Guerrilla Warfare (book)|Guerrilla Warfare]]'',{{sfn|Guevara|2006|p=13}} based on his experiences during the 1959 [[Cuban Revolution]]. This theory was later formalized as "focal-ism" by [[Régis Debray]]. Its central principle is that [[vanguardism]] by [[Cadre (politics)|cadres]] of small, fast-moving [[paramilitary]] groups can provide a focus for popular discontent against a sitting regime, and thereby lead a general [[insurrection]]. Although the original approach was to mobilize and launch attacks from rural areas, many ''foco'' ideas were adapted into urban guerrilla warfare movements.

== Strategy, tactics and methods ==
{{See also|Strategy and tactics of guerrilla warfare}}
[[File:Afrikaner Commandos2.JPG|thumb|upright=1.0|Boer guerrillas during the [[Second Boer War]] in South Africa]]
[[File:Estonian forest brothers relaxing and cleaning their guns after a shooting exercise in Veskiaru, Järva County, Estonia, 1953. (47953893422).jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|The Estonian [[Forest Brothers]] relaxing and cleaning their guns after a shooting exercise in [[Veskiaru]], [[Järva County]], [[Estonian SSR]], in 1953]]

=== Strategy ===
Guerrilla warfare is a type of [[asymmetric warfare]]: competition between opponents of unequal strength.{{sfn|Tomes|2004}} It is also a type of [[irregular warfare]]: that is, it aims not simply to defeat an invading enemy, but to win popular support and political influence, to the enemy's cost. Accordingly, guerrilla [[strategy]] aims to magnify the impact of a small, mobile force on a larger, more cumbersome one.{{sfn|Creveld|2000|pp=356–358}} If successful, guerrillas weaken their enemy by [[Attrition warfare|attrition]], eventually forcing them to withdraw.

=== Tactics ===
{{See also|Asymmetric warfare}}
Tactically, guerrillas usually avoid confrontation with large units and formations of enemy troops but seek and attack small groups of enemy personnel and resources to gradually deplete the opposing force while minimizing their own losses. The guerrilla prizes mobility, secrecy, and surprise, organizing in small units and taking [[advantage of terrain]] that is difficult for larger units to use. For example, [[Mao Zedong]] summarized basic guerrilla tactics at the beginning of the [[Chinese Civil War]] as:<blockquote>"The enemy advances, we retreat; the enemy camps, we harass; the enemy tires, we attack; the enemy retreats, we pursue."{{sfn|Mao|1965|p=124}} </blockquote>At least one author credits the ancient Chinese work ''[[The Art of War]]'' with inspiring Mao's tactics.{{sfn|McNeilly|2003|pp=6–7}} In the 20th century, other communist leaders, including North Vietnamese [[Ho Chi Minh]], often used and developed guerrilla warfare tactics, which provided a model for their use elsewhere, leading to the Cuban "[[foco]]" theory and the anti-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Mujahadeen]] in [[Afghanistan]].{{sfn|McNeilly|2003|p=204}}

=== Unconventional methods ===
Guerrilla groups may use [[improvised explosive device]]s and [[Logistics|logistical]] support by the local population. The opposing army may come at last to suspect all civilians as potential guerrilla backers. The guerrillas might get political support from foreign backers and many guerrilla groups are adept at public persuasion through [[propaganda]] and use of force.{{sfn|Detsch|2017}} Some guerrilla movements today also rely heavily on children as combatants, scouts, porters, spies, informants, and in other roles.{{sfn|Child Soldiers International|2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-03 |title=IDF proof: Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad use young children for Gaza terror activities {{!}} The Jerusalem Post |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-hamas-war/article-780613 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en}}</ref> Many governments and states also [[child soldier|recruit children]] within their armed forces.{{sfn|United Nations Secretary-General|2017}}{{sfn|Child Soldiers International|2012}}

=== Comparison of guerrilla warfare and terrorism ===
No commonly accepted [[Definitions of terrorism|definition of "terrorism"]] has attained clear consensus.{{sfn|Emmerson|2016}}{{sfn|Halibozek|Jones|Kovacich|2008|pp=4–5}}{{sfn|Williamson|2009|p=38}} The term "terrorism" is often used as political propaganda by [[belligerent]]s (most often by governments in power) to denounce opponents whose status as [[Terrorism|terrorists]] is disputed.{{sfn|Sinclair|Antonius|2012|p=30}}{{sfn|Rowe|2002|pp=3–4}}

While the primary concern of guerrillas is the enemy's active military units, actual [[Terrorism|terrorists]] largely are concerned with non-military agents and target mostly civilians.{{sfn|Tamer|2017}}

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Armed Insurrection]]
* [[Counter-insurgency]]
* [[Free war]]
* [[Freedom Fighters (disambiguation)]]
* [["Yank" Levy]]
* [[Insurgency weapons and tactics]]
* [[List of guerrilla movements]]
* [[List of guerrillas]]
* [[List of revolutions and rebellions]]
* [[Militia]]
* [[New generation warfare]]
* [[Partisan (military)]]
* [[Resistance during World War II]]
* [[Special forces]]
* [[Civilian Irregular Defense Group program]]
* [[United Nations Partisan Infantry Korea]]
* [[Violent non-state actor]]
* [[National Liberation Front of South Vietnam]]
* [[TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook]]{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
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* {{cite book |last=Boot |first=Max |year=2013 |title=Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present| pages=10–11, 55 |publisher=Liveright |isbn=978-0-87140-424-4}}
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* {{cite book |last=Duff |first=James Grant |year=2014 |url= https://play.google.com/store/books/details/James_Grant_Duff_The_History_Of_The_Mahrattas?id=qQZvCwAAQBAJ|publisher= Pickle Partners Publishing |title=The History Of The Mahrattas |isbn=9781782892335 |pages=376}}
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* {{cite web |last=etymonline |year=2023 |title=guerrilla | website=Origin and meaning of guerrilla by Online Etymology Dictionary | url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/guerrilla#etymonline_v_14346 | access-date=14 July 2023}}
* {{cite news |last=Ferriter |first=Diarmaid |year=2020 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/diarmaid-ferriter-bloody-sunday-1920-changed-british-attitudes-to-ireland-1.4411709 |title=Diarmaid Ferriter: Bloody Sunday 1920 changed British attitudes to Ireland |newspaper=The Irish Times}}
* {{cite book |last=Guevara |first=Ernesto Che |year=2006 |url=https://archive.org/details/guerrilla-warfare-che-guevara |title=Guerrilla Warfare |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}
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* {{cite book |last1=Hanhimäki |first1=Jussi M. |year=2013 |title=An International History of Terrorism: Western and Non-Western Experiences |last2=Blumenau |first2=Bernhard |last3=Rapaport |first3=David |chapter=The Four Waves of Modern Terrorism |pages=46–73 |publisher=Routledge |chapter-url=https://international.ucla.edu/media/files/Rapoport-Four-Waves-of-Modern-Terrorism.pdf |isbn=9780415635417 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213228/https://international.ucla.edu/media/files/Rapoport-Four-Waves-of-Modern-Terrorism.pdf |archive-date=February 21, 2014}}
* {{cite web |last=historyireland |year=2003
|url= https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/bloody-sunday-1920-new-evidence/
|title= Bloody Sunday 1920: new evidence}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hooper |first1=Nicholas |last2=Bennett |first2=Matthew |year=1996 |title=Cambridge illustrated atlas, warfare : the Middle Ages, 768–1487 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-44049-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeillustr00nich/page |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite journal |last=Horne |first=Alistair |year=2022 |title=A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962. Rev. ed |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim220070002 |access-date=17 July 2023 |website=The SHAFR Guide Online |doi=10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim220070002|url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite web |last=islamicus |year=2023 |url=http://islamicus.org/abd-el-krim/ |title=ABD EL-KRIM |website=Islamicus |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614171503/http://islamicus.org/abd-el-krim/ |archive-date=14 June 2023}}
* {{cite book |last=Keeley |first=Lawrence H. |year=1997 |title=[[War Before Civilization]] |publisher=Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kruijt |first1=Dirk |last2=Tristán |first2=Eduardo Rey |last3=Álvarez |first3=Alberto Martín |year=2019 |title=Latin American Guerrilla Movements: Origins, Evolution, Outcomes |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780429534270 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtvBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Latin+American+Guerrilla+Movements:+Origins,+Evolution,+Outcomes+mella&pg=PT62}}
* {{cite book |last=Laqueur |first=Walter |year=1977 |title=Guerrilla : a historical and critical study |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |isbn=9780297771845 |url=https://archive.org/details/guerrillahistori0000laqu_j9w4/page/7 |via=Internet archive}}
* {{cite web |last=Lenin |first=V. I. |year=1906 |title=Guerrilla Warfare
|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1906/gw/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511043828/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1906/gw/index.htm |archive-date=11 May 2023 |via=Internet archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas M. |title=Encyclopedia of the developing world |year=1989}}
* {{cite book |last=Mao |first=Zedong |year=1965 |title=Selected Works: A Single Spark Can Start a Prairie Fire |publisher=Foreign Languages Press |url=https://archive.org/details/selectedworksofm0001maot |volume=I |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite book |last=Mao |first=Zedong |year=1989 |title=On Guerrilla Warfare |url=https://archive.org/details/yuchichanenglish00unse |publisher=U.S. Marine Corps |location=Washington |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{cite journal |last=McMahon |first=Lucas |year=2016 |title=De Velitatione Bellica and Byzantine Guerrilla Warfare |journal=The Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU |volume=22 |pages=22–33 |url=https://ams.ceu.edu/2016/McMahon.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807152415/https://ams.ceu.edu/2016/McMahon.pdf |archive-date=2021-08-07 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=McNeilly |first=Mark |title=Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare |year=2003| page=204}}
* {{cite web |last=OED |year=2023 |title=guerrilla |url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/82246 |website=Oxford English Dictionary}}
* {{cite book |last=Pons |first=Frank Moya|year=1998 |title=The Dominican Republic: a national history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8BfRF9B02kgC |access-date=15 August 2011 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=978-1-55876-192-6}}
* {{cite journal |last=Rowe |first=P |year=2002 |title=Freedom fighters and rebels: the rules of civil war |pmc=1279138 |pmid=11773342 |volume=95 | issue=1 |journal=J R Soc Med |pages=3–4|doi=10.1177/014107680209500102}}
* {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Craig |year=1999 |title=Contemporary security and strategy}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sinclair |first1=Samuel Justin |last2=Antonius |first2=Daniel |year=2012 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_2oCOWmQfysC&pg=PT30 |title=The Psychology of Terrorism Fears |publisher=Oxford University Press, US |isbn=978-0-19-538811-4}}
* {{cite web |last=Tamer |first=Cenk | date=25 September 2017 |url=https://ankasam.org/en/the-differences-between-the-guerrilla-warfare-and-terrorism/ | title=The Differences Between the Guerrilla Warfare and Terrorism}}
* {{cite journal |last=Tomes |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare |url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/Articles/04spring/tomes.pdf |journal=Parameters |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607224951/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/USAWC/Parameters/Articles/04spring/tomes.pdf |archive-date=7 June 2010}}
* {{cite web |last=United Nations Secretary-General |year=2017 |url=http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/2017/821&Lang=E&Area=UNDOC |title=Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017 |website=www.un.org |access-date=2018-01-24}}
* {{cite book |last=Williamson |first=Myra |year=2009 |title=Terrorism, war and international law: the legality of the use of force against Afghanistan in 2001 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |isbn=978-0-7546-7403-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZuJIPP9HfRsC&pg=PA38}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson |first=William John |year=1883 |title=History of Madras Army |publisher=Printed by E. Keys at the Govt. Press |via=Internet Archive |url=https://archive.org/details/historymadrasar01wilsgoog }}

'''Attribution:'''
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Flying column|volume=10|page=585}}

==Further reading==
* Asprey, Robert. ''War in the Shadows: The Guerrilla in History''
* {{cite book |ref=none |title=Encyclopedia of Guerrilla Warfare |type=Hardcover |first1=I. F. W. |last1=Beckett |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=Abc-Clio Inc |year= 2009 |isbn=978-0874369298}}
* Derradji Abder-Rahmane, The Algerian Guerrilla Campaign Strategy & Tactics, [[Lewiston, New York]]: [[Edwin Mellen Press]], 1997.
* [[Warren Hinckle|Hinckle, Warren]] (with Steven Chain and David Goldstein): ''Guerrilla-Krieg in USA'' (''Guerrilla war in the USA''), [[Stuttgart]] (Deutsche Verlagsanstalt) 1971. {{ISBN|3-421-01592-9}}
* Keats, John (1990). ''They Fought Alone''. Time Life. {{ISBN|0-8094-8555-9}}
* Kreiman, Guillermo (2024). "[[doi:10.1177/00223433231215751|Revolutionary days: Introducing the Latin American Guerrillas Dataset]]". ''Journal of Peace Research''.
* MacDonald, Peter. ''Giap: The Victor in Vietnam''
* {{cite book |ref=none |title=The Heretic: the life and times of Josip Broz-Tito|year=1957|url=https://archive.org/details/FitzroyMacleanTheHereticTheLifeAndTimesbOk.xyz/page/n2}}
* Oller, John. ''The Swamp Fox: How Francis Marion Saved the American Revolution''. Boston: Da Capo Press, 2016. {{ISBN|978-0-306-82457-9}}.
* [[William R. Peers|Peers, William R.]]; [[Dean Brelis|Brelis, Dean]]. ''[[Behind the Burma Road|Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America's Most Successful Guerrilla Force]]''. Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1963.
* Polack, Peter. ''Guerrilla Warfare; Kings of Revolution'' Casemate,{{ISBN|9781612006758}}.
* [[Thomas Powers]], "The War without End" (review of [[Steve Coll]], ''Directorate S: The CIA and America's Secret Wars in Afghanistan and Pakistan'', Penguin, 2018, 757 pp.), ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', vol. LXV, no. 7 (19 April 2018), pp. 42–43. "Forty-plus years after our failure in [[Vietnam]], the United States is again fighting an endless war in a faraway place against a culture and a people we don't understand for political reasons that make sense in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], but nowhere else." (p. 43.)
* Schmidt, LS. 1982. [http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADB068659&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf "American Involvement in the Filipino Resistance on Mindanao During the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005012402/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADB068659&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf |date=5 October 2015 }}. M.S. Thesis. U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. 274 pp.
* Sutherland, Daniel E. "Sideshow No Longer: A Historiographical Review of the Guerrilla War." ''Civil War History'' 46.1 (2000): 5–23; American Civil War, 1861–65
* Sutherland, Daniel E. ''A Savage Conflict: The Decisive Role of Guerrillas in the American Civil War'' (U of North Carolina Press, 2009). [https://www.questia.com/library/120077254/a-savage-conflict-the-decisive-role-of-guerrillas online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624040035/https://www.questia.com/library/120077254/a-savage-conflict-the-decisive-role-of-guerrillas |date=24 June 2018 }}
* [[Olivier Weber|Weber, Olivier]], ''Afghan Eternity'', 2002

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{Wiktionary|guerrilla}}
* {{YouTube|Xudmib4Posg|abcNEWS: The Secret War}} – Pakistani militants conduct raids in Iran {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529100910/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xudmib4Posg|date=May 29, 2024}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120429235556/http://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2007/04/abc_news_exclus/ abcNEWS Exclusive: The Secret War] – Deadly guerrilla raids in Iran
* [http://insurgencyresearchgroup.wordpress.com/ Insurgency Research Group] – Multi-expert blog dedicated to the study of insurgency and the development of counter-insurgency policy. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305033837/https://insurgencyresearchgroup.wordpress.com/|date=March 5, 2025}}
* [http://www.spartacus-educational.com/VNguerrilla.htm Guerrilla warfare on Spartacus Educational] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203012344/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/VNguerrilla.htm#source|date=December 3, 2024}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080514095825/http://www.army.mil/prof_writing/volumes/volume2/march_2004/3_04_1.html Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare]
* [https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo46546 Casebook on Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare] [[United States Army Special Operations Command]] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305034115/https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo46546/index.htm|date=March 5, 2025}}
* [http://www.sepiamutiny.com/sepia/archives/002207.html Counter Insurgency Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS)India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428141542/http://sepiamutiny.com/blog/2005/09/14/guerrillas_in_t/|date=April 28, 2020}}

{{Weapons}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guerrilla Warfare}}
[[Category:Guerrilla warfare| ]]
[[Category:Warfare by type]]
[[Category:Spanish words and phrases]]

Frank Messervy

2026-03-20T03:15:46Z

Johnsmithabmm1: refined formatting for consistency

{{Short description|British Army general (1893–1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox military person
|honorific_prefix = [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
|name= Sir Frank Messervy
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI|KBE|CB|DSO*}}
|image= British Generals 1939-1945 IND3143.jpg
|image_upright = 1.0
|alt=
|caption= Messervy as the GOC of the [[7th Indian Infantry Division]] during the [[Second World War]]
|nickname= "The Bearded Man"{{efn|So-called due to his tendency to forego shaving during periods of action.}}
|birth_date= {{birth date|df=y|1893|12|09}}
|birth_place= [[Trinidad]]
|death_date= {{Death date and age|df=y|1974|02|02|1893|12|09}}
|death_place= [[Heyshott]], West Sussex, England
|placeofburial=
|allegiance= United Kingdom
|branch= [[British Indian Army]]
|serviceyears= 1913–1948
|rank= [[General (United Kingdom)|General]]
|servicenumber=
|unit= [[9th Hodson's Horse]]
|commands= [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] (1947–48) [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command, India]] (1946–47) [[Malaya Command]] (1945–46) [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] (1944–45) [[7th Indian Infantry Division]] (1943–44) [[43rd Indian Armoured Division]] (1942–43) [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] (1942) [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] (1942) [[4th Indian Infantry Division]] (1941–42) [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (1941) Gazelle Force (1941) [[13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers]] (1938–39)
|battles= [[First World War]] [[Second World War]]
|awards= [[Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37977|date=6 June 1947|page=2574|supp=y}}</ref> [[Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=35396|date=26 December 1941|page=7333|supp=y }}</ref> & [[Medal bar|Bar]]<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=36477|date=18 April 1944|page=1815|supp=y}}</ref> [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (3)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35396 |date=26 December 1941|pages=7339–7353|supp=y }}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37015 |date=3 April 1945|page=1819|supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37184|date=17 July 1945 |pages=3746–3753|supp=y }}</ref> [[Order of the Nile]] (Egypt)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=31736|date=13 January 1920|pages=698–700|supp=y}}</ref> [[Legion of Merit]] (United States)
|relations=
|laterwork= Honorary Colonel, 16th Light Cavalry (1945–48)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37238|date=24 August 1945|page=4299}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38431|date=15 October 1948|page=5447}}</ref> Honorary Colonel, The Jat Regiment (1947–55)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=40738|date=23 March 1956|page=1736}}</ref> Deputy Chief Scout (1949–50) Berkshire County Councillor (1953–56)
}}
[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] '''Sir Frank Walter Messervy''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|sep=,|KCSI|KBE|CB|DSO1}} (9 December 1893 – 2 February 1974) was a British military officer who served as the first [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army|commander-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]] from August 1947 to February 1948. Prior to [[Pakistan's independence]], he served in the [[British Indian Army]] in the [[First World War|First]] and [[Second World War]]s, and as the [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] for [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] of British India in 1946 and 1947.<ref>A letter catalogued by MJF{{who|date=December 2013}}, dated 23 March 1948, refers to Sir [[Douglas David Gracey]] as Commander-in-Chief, Pakistan Army at that date; but the International ''Who's Who'' states that Messervy was Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army until August the same year.</ref>

==Early life==
Messervy was born in Trinidad on 9 December 1893,<ref>Frank Walter Meservy [sic], death registration March Quarter 1974, Registration District: Midhurst, 5h 2245.</ref> the oldest child of Walter John Messervy (born in [[Jersey]] in the English Channel), a bank manager in the colony (and later England) and his wife Myra Naida de Boissiere from Trinidad.<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Messervy, Sir Frank Walter (1893–1974), army officer : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography – oi|url=http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/31440|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/31440|access-date=16 July 2018}}</ref>

==Early career==
Sent to England from Trinidad, Messervy was initially educated at [[Eton College]] and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]], and was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]] in January 1913<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28683|page=499|date=21 January 1913}}</ref><ref name="Officers of the Indian Army">{{cite web|url=https://www.unithistories.com/officers/IndianArmy_officers_M01.html#Messervy_FW|title=Indian Army officer histories|publisher=Unit Histories}}</ref> and in 1914 joined [[9th Hodson's Horse]].<ref>[http://www.kingscollections.org/catalogues/lhcma/collection/m/me60-001 MESSERVY, Gen Sir Frank Walter (1893–1974)], Liddell Hart Military Archives, [[King's College, London]]</ref>{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=215}} which later became part of the 4th Duke of Cambridge's Own Hodson's Horse. He would see action in the [[First World War]] in France, [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Syria]] from 1914 to 1918. He later served in [[Kurdistan]] in 1919.{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=215}}

After attending the [[Staff College, Camberley]], from 1925 to 1926,{{sfn|Smart|2005|p=215}}{{sfn|Maule|1961|p=16}} Messervy was appointed as an instructor at the [[Staff College, Quetta]] from 1932 to 1936, where [[Bernard Montgomery]] was among his fellow instructors.{{sfn|Maule|1961|pp=17–18}} He was made commanding officer of the [[13th Duke of Connaught's's Own Lancers]], then in [[British Raj|British India]], during 1938 and 1939.<ref name="Officers of the Indian Army" />

==Second World War==
===East Africa===
In September 1939, Messervy was promoted to colonel<ref name="Officers of the Indian Army" /> and became a General Staff Officer Grade 1 (GSO1) of the [[5th Indian Infantry Division]], which was about to be formed at [[Secunderabad]]. In mid-1940, the division was sent to the [[Sudan]] to counter the threat from the Italian forces based in [[Italian East Africa]]. Messervy was appointed commander of ''Gazelle Force''.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=295}} Created on 16 October 1940, it was a mobile reconnaissance and strike formation of expanded battalion size created from elements of 5th Indian Division. During the ensuing [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]], Messervy commanded [[Order of Battle, East African Campaign (World War II)#Northern Front, Eritrea|''Gazelle Force'']] with notable success, latterly attached to the [[Indian 4th Infantry Division]]. By 13 February 1941, the campaign had become static and Messervy's formation was disbanded.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=296}}

In early March 1941, Messervy was promoted acting brigadier<ref name="Officers of the Indian Army" /> to command the Indian 5th Infantry Division's [[9th Indian Infantry Brigade]] and played a significant role in the third [[Battle of Keren]] during the second half of March 1941. His promotion was in part related to his actions during the advance from [[Kassala]] through [[Agordat]] to the early fighting at [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]] during February.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=296}}

When Major-General Noel Beresford-Peirse, then commander of the [[4th Indian Infantry Division]],<ref>Mason, Philip (1982), 'The Indian Divisions Memorial, 1939–1945', Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Wellingborough, Skelton's Press</ref> was promoted to command [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|XIII Corps]] in [[Western Desert campaign|North Africa]] Messervy, a brigadier for only six weeks, was appointed to take his place.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=296}} He was promoted to the acting rank of major general as a result of his new appointment.<ref name="Officers of the Indian Army" />

===Western Desert – North Africa===
[[file:British Generals 1939-1945 E7236.jpg|thumb|left|Messervy, unshaved, giving orders south-west of Gazala.]]

Messervy took his division to North Africa in April 1941, taking part in [[Operation Battleaxe]] in June. During [[Operation Crusader]] in November that year, 4th Indian Division, dug in on the Egypt–Libya border, played a key role in repelling Rommel's tanks after they had defeated the British armour at Sidi Rezegh. The division's battle groups took part in the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|Eighth Army]]'s pursuit when Rommel withdrew from his defensive positions at Gazala in December, ending the year at [[Benghazi]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|pp=296–297}}

In early January 1942 Messervy had received orders to depart for India where he would assume command of the [[31st Indian Armoured Division]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=297}} He was instead appointed to replace Major General [[Herbert Lumsden]], the wounded commander of the [[1st Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|1st Armoured Division]] which had recently arrived in the desert.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=298}}{{sfn|Maule|1961|p=163}} During Rommel's attack from [[El Agheila]] in late January 1942, the division was outmatched by the Axis armour and heavily defeated. Upon Lumsden's return in March, Messervy was moved to command the [[7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|7th Armoured Division]] ("The Desert Rats") which had just lost its newly appointed commander, Major General [[Jock Campbell (British Army officer)|Jock Campbell]], who had been killed in a motor accident, shortly after being awarded the [[Victoria Cross]] (VC).{{sfn|Maule|1961|p=170}} This made Messervy the only Indian Army officer to command a British Army division during the Second World War.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=298}}

When division HQ was overrun by the Germans at the start of the [[Battle of Gazala]], Messervy was captured on 27 May 1942; but, removing all insignia, managed to bluff the Germans into believing he was a [[batman (army)|batman]] and escaped with other members of his staff to rejoin division HQ the following day.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=298}}

Messervy knew little about tanks and was not considered a great success commanding armoured divisions by his superiors. He was dismissed from command of 7th Armoured Division by Eighth Army commander [[Neil Ritchie]] in late June 1942 following the severe defeat the division had sustained at the Battle of Gazala. He transferred to Cairo as Deputy Chief of General Staff, GHQ [[Middle East Command]] 1942 and was sent to India a few months later to raise [[43rd Indian Armoured Division]] as its commander. Originally intended for service in Persia, the division was disbanded in April 1943 when the threat to Persia was removed by the Soviet victory at [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=299}}

===India and Burma===
[[File:Major General Sir Frank Messervy inspecting Indian Army troops in Burma, 1944 (c).jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant-General Frank Messervy, GOC IV Corps in Burma, talks to a sepoy from the 17th Indian Infantry Division, December 1944.{{efn|This division was sometimes known as 'The Black Cat Division' due to its formation badge, which are clearly visible on the shoulders of the men on parade.}}]]
[[File:General F W Messervy receives the sword of General Itagaki.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant-General Sir Frank Messervy receives the sword of General [[Seishirō Itagaki]], commander of the [[Japanese Seventh Area Army]], at a formal ceremony of surrender held in the grounds of HQ [[Malaya Command]], Kuala Lumpur, 22 February 1946.]]

Much to his horror, Messervy was then made Director of Armoured Fighting Vehicles, [[General Headquarters, India]], in 1943, where he argued successfully against the then prevailing view that anything other than light tanks could not be used in Burma. This was to have a significant impact in the next two years when medium tanks were used to telling effect against the Japanese.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=299}}

In July 1943, Messervy was appointed GOC of the [[7th Indian Infantry Division]], in succession to Major-General [[Thomas Corbett (Indian Army officer)|Thomas Corbett]], which, although an improvement above his old position, was not initially greeted with much enthusiasm by the division's officers, who all admired Corbett.{{sfn|Maule|1961|pp=216–219}}

The division had been created some three years before Messervy's assumption of command and originally contained many professional soldiers in its ranks. However, many of these men had been, in the usage of the day, "milked" to help create other new units then being formed in the huge expansion of the Indian Army, with the situation being so severe that the division had at one point resembled a training formation rather than a combat division. This all changed in the summer of 1942 when serious training began to take place and which started to absorb the many lessons learned from fighting in the jungle and the Japanese. This would serve the division well when it did enter combat the following year.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=299}}

The division was sent to the [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] in Burma to join XV Corps in September. In the Japanese offensive in February 1944, despite having his headquarters overrun and scattered and his supply lines compromised, Messervy's brigades conducted a successful defence whilst being supplied by air ([[Battle of the Admin Box]]). After going on the attack in late February, 7th Indian Division was relieved in mid-March.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=300}}

In March 1944, Messervy lost two brigades sent to reinforce the hard-pressed defences at [[Battle of Imphal|Imphal]] and [[Battle of Kohima|Kohima]] in India. By May, the whole division was back in the front line in the Kohima sector, fighting a key five-day battle at the Naga Village. It then advanced towards the [[Chindwin river]], combining with [[Indian 20th Infantry Division]] to inflict a heavy defeat on the Japanese at Ukhrul.{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=300}}

In December 1944, Messervy was appointed to command [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]], which he led in the 1945 offensive during which, he captured the key communications centre at [[Meiktila]] in Burma and advanced to [[Rangoon]] between February and April. When Messervy returned from home leave hostilities had ceased. He was made Commander-in-Chief [[Malaya Command]] in 1945 after the [[Japanese surrender]].{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=301}}

==Pakistan and Kashmir==
Close to the [[Partition of India]], Messervy was made [[General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command, India]] from 1946 to 1947. Finally when [[Pakistan]] came into being on 15 August 1947, he was appointed as the [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]].<ref name="LGHonGen">{{London Gazette|issue=38411|date=21 September 1948|page=5135|supp=y}}</ref>

[[File:J&K04low.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Fighting in Kashmir at the time of Messervy's retirement]]

On 20 August, a letter signed by Messervy went out to all the brigade headquarters in northwest Pakistan, attaching plans for a certain [[Operation Gulmarg]]. According to the plan, 20 lashkars of [[Federally Administered Tribal Areas|Pashtun tribesmen]] were to be armed and trained in various brigade locations in northwest Pakistan for an armed invasion of Kashmir. The information leaked out, one of the letters having fallen into the hands of an Indian officer Major [[Onkar Singh Kalkat]]. Kalkat was put under house arrest, but he escaped and made his way to India.<ref>
{{citation |last1=Malhotra |first1=Iqbal Chand |last2=Raza |first2=Maroof |title=Kashmir's Untold Story: Declassified |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eM6uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79 |year=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-88912-85-3 |pages=79–80}}</ref> By the D-day of 22 October, when the attack was launched, Messervy was away in London, leaving General [[Douglas Gracey]], the Chief of General Staff, as the Acting Commander-in-Chief<ref>{{citation |chapter=Failures and Successes of Kashmir War: Muzaffarabad Seminar – 27 November 1990 |title=Defence and Media 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations, Pakistan |page=114}}: Quoting General Wajahat Hussain, former ADC to Muhammad Ali Jinnah: "This was the time to take important decisions and it appears that either he wanted to evade making decisions or pretended to be innocent about the conspiracy hatched by high-ranking British officers. His leave enabled General Gracey to take over as the acting Chief and he had to take the blame."</ref>
On his return, he stopped in Delhi, where [[Lord Mountbatten]] made him swear that he had not been asked for, nor had he provided, any help to the tribesmen.<ref name=Hajari>{{citation |last=Hajari |first=Nisid |authorlink=Nisid Hajari |title=Midnight's Furies: The Deadly Legacy of India's Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bO5zCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA215 |year=2015 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-547-66924-3 |pages=214–215}}</ref> But within a week he was found providing arms and ammunition to the Pakistani invading forces.<ref name=Hajari/> He complained to Governor [[George Cunningham (civil servant)|George Cunningham]] of the [[NWFP]] that Mountbatten had gone over to the side of the "Hindus".<ref>{{citation |last=Razvi |first=Mujtaba |title=The Frontiers of Pakistan: A Study of Frontier Problems in Pakistan's Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2MyFxoEq8cIC |year=1971 |publisher=National Publishing House}}: [From Cunningham's diary for 7 November 1947] "Messervy came up from Pindi for a talk; just back from England. He was in Delhi two days ago and was surprised to find Mountbatten directing the military operations in Kashmir. M. B. [Mountbatten] is daily becoming more and more an anathema to our Muslims, and it certainly seems as if he could see nothing except through Hindu eyes."</ref>{{efn|Cunningham had been aware, from his Governor's position, of the efforts to mobilise the Pasthun tribes. He had alerted Messervy, who apparently promised to warn Liaquat Ali Khan about the inadvisability of such an operation.<ref>{{citation |last=Hodson |first=H. V. |title=The Great Divide: Britain, India, Pakistan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC2UoAEACAAJ |year=1969 |publisher=Hutchinson |location=London |page=447|isbn=9780090971503 }}</ref>}}

Pakistani officers narrate that both Messervy and Gracey were involved in running the day-to-day operations of Pakistan's [[First Kashmir War|Kashmir War]]. Officers were loaned out for commanding the rebel forces and shown on records as being absent.<ref>{{citation |chapter=Failures and Successes of Kashmir War: Muzaffarabad Seminar – 27 November 1990 |title=Defence and Media 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peHeAAAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=Inter Services Public Relations |page=115}}: "A cell for planning on Kashmir was created in Military Operations Directorate under Brigadier Sher Khan.... Such officers were sent to assist the Mujahideen and were shown as retired or absent without leave. .. General Wajahat further said that "apart from planning military operations, General Messervy had a close liaison with the civil authorities. He used to come to the office at half past seven, Brigadier Sher Khan would present the report on the previous twenty four hours and get instructions for the next day. Then they would visit the operations room where consultations would continue till 10 a.m."</ref> Nevertheless, Messervy issued a statement on 12 November 1947, denying that any "serving Pakistan Army officers are directing operations in Kashmir", which was cited by Pakistan in the UN [[Security Council]] debates as proof of Pakistan's innocence.<ref>{{citation |last=Thorner |first=Alice |title=The Kashmir Conflict, Parts I and II |journal=Middle East Journal |volume=3 |number=1 |date=January 1949 |publisher=Middle East Institute |jstor=4322039}}: 'On November 12, General Sir Frank Messervy, the Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, issued a communique stating that "there is absolutely no truth in the allegations made by the Government of India that serving Pakistan Army officers are directing operations in Kashmir against State forces" (Quoted by Sir Zafrullah Khan to the Security Council on January 17, 1948, Document S/P.V. 220, 63–65).'</ref>

Messervy was relieved of his post on 15 February 1948,<ref>{{citation |last=Millar |first=Thomas Bruce |title=The Commonwealth and the United Nations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ACyPAAAAMAAJ |year=1967 |publisher=Sydney U.P. |page=28}}</ref> leading to his retirement on 22 August that year.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=38400|date=10 September 1948|page=4907}}</ref>{{sfn|Mead|2007|p=301}} He was granted the honorary rank of general.<ref name="LGHonGen"/>
Later, he wrote an influential article on Kashmir in the ''Asiatic Review'', where he alleged that India had planned to militarily intervene in Kashmir several weeks before the event.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Webb |first1=Matthew J. |title=Escaping history or merely rewriting it? The significance of Kashmir's accession to its political future |journal=Contemporary South Asia |volume=20 |issue=4 |year=2012 |pages=471–485 |doi=10.1080/09584935.2012.737311|s2cid=143608576 }}: "While India's intervention was militarily successful, it was also highly controversial. General Sir Frank Messervy, Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, alleged that India had planned to militarily intervene in the state several weeks before the event."</ref><ref>* {{citation |last=Korbel |first=Josef |authorlink=Josef Korbel |title=Danger in Kashmir |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=second |year=1966 |orig-year=first published 1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Q7WCgAAQBAJ|pages=85–86|isbn=9781400875238 }}</ref>
He opined that if the pro-India [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]] party was allowed to hold power in Kashmir, India would likely win a [[plebiscite]], but if Pakistan was allowed to hold on to the areas that it had captured, a Pakistan win was 'even more certain'. He had 'few doubts' as to which dominion most people of Kashmir would choose.<ref>{{citation |first=Christopher |last=Snedden |year=2005 |title=Would a plebiscite have resolved the Kashmir dispute? |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=28 |number=1 |pages=64–86 |doi=10.1080/00856400500056145 |s2cid=145020726 }}</ref> Historian [[Gowher Rizvi]] states that influences of this kind persuaded the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs [[Philip Noel-Baker]] to ensure that Pakistan's viewpoint was "not ignored" in the UN Security Council.<ref>{{citation |last=Rizvi |first=Gowher |authorlink=Gowher Rizvi |chapter=India, Pakistan and the Kashmir Problem |editor=Raju G. C. Thomas |title=Perspectives on Kashmir: the roots of conflict in South Asia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xrPtAAAAMAAJ |year=1992 |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=978-0-8133-8343-9 |page=73}}</ref>

Messervy died at home in the small village of [[Heyshott]],<ref name="ODNB 1871-1980: Messervy">ODNB 1871-1980: Messervy</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=October 2025}} in the south of England, on 2 February 1974.<ref>England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858–1995.</ref>

==Family==
In 1927 Messervy married Patricia Waldegrave Courtney daughter of Lt Col Edward Arthur Waldegrave Courtney. They had a daughter and two sons.<ref name="ODNB 1871-1980: Messervy"/>

==Career==
* Commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] (1913)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28683 |date=21 January 1913 |page=499}}</ref>
* Commissioned into the [[9th Hodson's Horse]] (1914)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28849|date=14 July 1914|page=5455}}</ref>
* Brigade Major – (1928–1932)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33829|date=27 May 1932 |page=3419}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33829|date=27 May 1932|page=3418}}</ref>
* Instructor (GSO2) at [[Pakistan Command and Staff College|Command and Staff College]], [[Quetta]] (1932–1936)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=33884|date=18 November 1932|page=7344}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34264|date=13 March 1936|page=1660}}</ref>
* Commanding Officer, [[13th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers]] (1938–1939)
* General Staff Officer 1, [[5th Infantry Division (India)|Indian Infantry Division]], East Africa (1939–1941)
* Commanding Officer ''Gazelle Force'', [[Sudan]] and [[Eritrea]] (1940–1941)
* Commanding Officer, 9th Indian Brigade, Ethiopia (1941)
* General Officer Commanding, [[4th Infantry Division (India)|Indian Infantry Division]], North Africa (1941–1942)
* General Officer Commanding, 1st Armoured Division, North Africa (1942)
* General Officer Commanding, 7th Armoured Division, North Africa (1942)
* Deputy Chief of the General Staff, HQ [[Middle East Command]] (1942)
* General Officer Commanding, Indian 43rd Armoured Division (1942–1943)
* Director Armoured Fighting Vehicles, India (1943)
* General Officer Commanding, [[7th Indian Infantry Division]], India (1943–1944)
* General Officer Commanding, [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]], Burma (1944–1945)
* General Officer Commander-In-Chief, [[Malaya Command]] (1945–1946)
* General Officer Commander-In-Chief, [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command, India]] (1946–1947)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37801|date=29 November 1946 |page=5852}}</ref>
* [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]] (1947–1948)<ref name="LGGen">{{London Gazette|issue=38041|date=8 August 1947|page=3739}}</ref>
* Retired (1948)<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38400|date=10 September 1948|page=4907}}</ref>

==Promotions==
* Second Lieutenant-22 January 1913<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=28683|date=21 January 1913|page=499}}</ref>
* Lieutenant – 22 April 1915<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29186|date=8 June 1915|page=5526}}</ref>
* Captain – 22 January 1917<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30236|date=17 August 1917|page=8458}}</ref>
** Acting Major – 23 November to 27 December 1918<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33409|date=3 July 1928|page=5217|supp=y}}</ref>
** Brevet Major – 1 July 1929<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33513|date=2 July 1929|page=4362}}</ref>
* Major – 22 January 1931<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33693|date=27 February 1931|page=1357}}</ref>
** Local Lieutenant-Colonel – 1 September 1932<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33882|date=11 November 1932|page=7180}}</ref>
** Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel – 1 July 1933<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33955|date=30 June 1933|page=4383}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-Colonel – 10 April 1938<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34516|date=3 June 1938|page=3567|supp=y}}</ref>
* Colonel – 19 April 1940<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=34832|date=16 April 1940|page=2301|supp=y}}</ref>
** Acting Major-General<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35163|date=13 May 1941|page=2783|supp=y}}</ref> (Temporary Brigadier) – 14 April 1941
** Temporary Major-General – 14 April 1942<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=35533|date=21 April 1942|page=1799|supp=y}}</ref>
* Major-General – 17 April 1943<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36003|date=4 May 1943|page=2043|supp=y}}</ref>
** Acting Lieutenant-General – 8 December 1944<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37466|date=25 January 1946|page=701|supp=y}}</ref>
* Lieutenant-General – 1 June 1945<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=37294|date=2 October 1945|page=4890|supp=y}}</ref>
** Acting General – 15 August 1947<ref name="LGGen"/>
* Honorary General – 1948<ref name="LGHonGen"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|first=Antony|last=Brett-James|title=Ball of fire – The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War|url=http://ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC|publisher=[[Gale & Polden]]|year=1951|page=481 pages|access-date=31 August 2007|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327021347/http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|first=Raymond|last=Callahan|title=Churchill and His Generals|year=2007|publisher=[[University Press of Kansas]]|isbn=978-070061512-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=felmAAAAMAAJ&q=lumsden}}
* {{cite book|first=James|last=Holland|author-link=James Holland (author)|title=Burma '44|publisher=Bantam Press|year=2016}}
* {{cite book|first=Compton|last=Mackenzie|author-link=Compton Mackenzie|title=Eastern Epic|publisher=Chatto & Windus, London|year=1951|page=623 pages}}
* {{cite book|title=Spearhead General: The Epic Story of General Sir Frank Messervy and His Men in Eritrea, North Africa and Burma|last=Maule|first=Henry|year=1961|publisher=Odhams Press, 1961|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8cuAAAAIAAJ&q=spearhead+general+frank+messervy}}
* {{Cite book|first=Richard|last=Mead|title=Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoiuGAAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Spellmount|location=[[Stroud]]|isbn=978-1-86227-431-0}}
* {{cite book|first=Nick|last=Smart|title=Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War|isbn=1844150496|year=2005|location=[[Barnsley]]|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KoiuGAAACAAJ}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Frank Walter Messervy}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110911064242/http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk/documents.php?aid=120&nid=16&start=10 British Military History Biographies M]
* [https://www.generals.dk/general/Messervy/Frank_Walter/Great_Britain.html Generals of World War II]
* [http://www.unithistories.com/officers/IndianArmy_officers_M01.html#Messervy_FW Indian Army Officers 1939–1945]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Noel Beresford-Peirse]]}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Francis Tuker]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Herbert Lumsden]]}}
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|-
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{{s-aft|after=[[James Renton]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Thomas Corbett (Indian Army officer)|Thomas Corbett]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[7th Indian Infantry Division|GOC 7th Indian Infantry Division]]|years=1943–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Geoffrey Charles Evans|Geoffrey Evans]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Geoffry Scoones|Sir Geoffry Scoones]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|GOC IV Corps]]|years=1944–1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Francis Tuker]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Miles Dempsey]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Malaya Command|GOC Malaya Command]]|years=1945}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Galloway|Sir Alexander Galloway]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sir Richard O'Connor]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Northern Command (India)|GOC-in-C Northern Command, India]]|years=1946–1947}}
{{s-non|reason=Command disbanded}}
|-
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[C-in-C of the Pakistan Army]]|years=1947–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Douglas Gracey]]}}
{{end}}

{{Pakistan Army Staff Chief}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Messervy, Frank}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:Indian Army generals of World War II]]
[[Category:Commanders-in-chief of the Pakistan Army]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Legion of Merit]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:Jersey people]]
[[Category:Academics of the Staff College, Quetta]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Pakistan]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]

Chhuikhadan State

2026-03-16T22:04:06Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started basic entry from scratch.

{{short description|Princely State of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Chhuikhadan State
|common_name = Chhuikhadan
|nation = 1750-1947
|status_text = [[Vassal state|Vassal State]] of [[Maratha Empire]] (1750-1865) [[Princely State]] of [[British India]] (1865-1948)
|era = -
|year_start = 1750
|date_start =
|event_start =
|year_end = 1948
|date_end = 1 January
|event_end = [[Independence of India|Accession to the Indian Union]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 = Maratha Empire
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.png
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Princely State of Chhuikhadan.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map =[[File:Kawarda-Khairagarh-Imperial Gazetteer.jpg|
border|220x720px|]]
|stat_area1 = 451
|stat_year1 = 1881<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fnQIAAAAQAAJ|title = The Geography of British India, Political & Physical|last1 = Smith|first1 = George|year = 1882}}</ref>
|stat_pop1 = 32,979
|footnotes = The [[Rulers]] of this [[Vassal state|State]] belonged to [[Nirmohi Akhara]] and [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]].
|today =[[Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district]], ([[Chhattisgarh]])
|demonym =
|capital = • Kondka (1750-1780) • [[Chhuikhadan]] (1780-1948)
|image_map_caption=Chhuikhadan State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|title_leader=[[Shrimant]]<nowiki> [Mahant]]</nowiki>}}
'''Chhuikhadan State''', also known as '''Kondka''', was a [[princely state]] of [[British India]], during the period of the [[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Chhuikhadan |volume=15 |page=769}}</ref> [[Chhuikhadan]] town in [[Khairagarh-Chhuikhadan-Gandai district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] was the capital of the state and the see of the Mahant's residence.<ref>[https://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html Princely States of India]</ref> which later formed part of [[Chhattisgarh States Agency]]. The state flag was a purple triangle with a coat of arms.

Chhuikhadan covered an area of {{cvt|451|km2}}, of which {{cvt|27,907|acre}} were cultivated, and {{cvt|48,538|acre}} were cultivable. There were 120 villages in 1870 with a population of 13,281. By 1941, the population had increased to 32,731.<ref>Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer (New York: Columbia University Press, 1952) p. 389</ref> The capital of the state was [[Chhuikhadan]].

==History==

The Chiefs of Chhuikhadan were originally under the [[Bhonsle]]s of [[Nagpur]], the first Chief being Mahant Rup Das in 1750. However, after the defeat of [[Marathas]], they were recognized by the British as feudatory chiefs in 1865 conferring the title and [[sanad (deed)|sanad]] to Mahant Laxman Das.<ref>Princely states of India: a guide to chronology and rulers by David P. Henige - 2004 - Page 48</ref> [[Shrimant Mahant Rituparna Kishore Das]], the last ruling chief of Chhuikhadan acceded to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] on 1 February 1948.<ref>The Times of India Directory and Year Book Including Who's who by Bennett Coleman, 1948 pp:459</ref>

The twin princely states of Rajnandgaon and Chhuikhadan were established by two followers of Baba [[Banda Singh Bahadur]]. His two followers Rup Dahiya and Prahlad Dahiya came from [[Khanda, Sonipat]] village. Who belonged to famous Nirmohi akhara of Khanda.In 1922 Chhuikhadan City became a municipality before independence. At India's independence on 1 January 1948, the state was merged into India.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhatt|first=Rajkumar|date=2020-02-07|title=नहीं रहीं छुईखदान रियासत की राजमाता विजय लक्ष्मीदेवी, राजा महंत ऋतुपर्ण किशोर दास की थीं धर्मपत्नी...|url=https://lalluram.com/chuikhadan-kings-mother-vijay-laxmi-devi-no-more/|access-date=2021-08-01|website=लल्लूराम|language=en-US}}</ref> The former royal palace is still in very good condition.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-27|title='राजा भी रहे हैं पंजाब के बैरागी साधु'|url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/history-of-punjabi-kings-1173339|access-date=2021-08-01|website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

==Rulers==

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! colspan="6" style="background: LightSteelBlue;"|Lineage
|-
! Shrimant Mahant
! Reign
|-
|Mahant Rup Das Bairagi
|1750–1780
|-
|Mahant Tulsi Das Bairagi
|1780–1812
|-
|Mahant Balmukund Das Bairagi
|1812-1845
|-
|Mahant Lakshman Das Bairagi
|1845–1887
|-
|Mahant Shyam Kishore Das
|1887-1896
|-
|Mahant Radhaballabh Kishore Das
|1896-1898
|-
|Mahant Digvijay Yugal Kishore Das
|1898-1903
|-
|Mahant Bhudhar Kishore Das
|1903-1940
|-
|[[Shrimant Mahant Rituparna Kishore Das|Mahant Rituparna Kishore Das]]
|1940-1947
|-
|Mahant Ghanshyam Kishore Das
|Titular Ruler
|-
|Mahant Giriraj Kishore Das
|Present Ruler
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Eastern States Agency]]
* [[Chhattisgarh Division]]
*[[Political integration of India]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|21.53|N|80.98|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}

[[Category:Princely states of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:1750 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajnandgaon district]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1750]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]
[[Category:Central Provinces]]

Chalukya dynasty

2026-03-12T19:19:26Z

Johnsmithabmm1: small changes

{{Short description|Classical Indian dynasty (543–753)}}
{{About|the Chalukyas of Vatapi|other dynasties|Chalukya (disambiguation)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Chalukya dynasty
| common_name = Chalukya dynasty
| status_text = Empire (Subordinate to [[Kadamba Dynasty]] until 543)
| government_type = Monarchy
| area_km2 =
| year_start = 543
| year_end = 753
| event_pre = Earliest records
| date_pre = 543
| p1 = Kadamba dynasty
| s1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty
| s2 = Eastern Chalukyas
| image_map = File:Chalukyas at their height.png
| map_width =
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of the Chalukya Empire<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kamath|first1=Suryanath U. |title=A Concise History of Karnataka: (from Pre-historic Times to the Present)
|date=2001 |publisher=Jupiter Books |page=327|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dv-MnQEACAAJ}}</ref>
| capital = [[Badami]]
| common_languages = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]] [[Buddhism]]<ref name="buddha">An inscription dated 1095 AD of Vikramaditya VI mentions grants to a ''Vihara'' of Buddha and Arya-Taradevi (Cousens 1926, p11)</ref> [[Jainism]]
| leader1 = [[Pulakeshin I]]
| leader2 = [[Kirtivarman II]]
| year_leader1 = 543–566
| year_leader2 = 746–753
| title_leader = [[List of Chalukya kings|Maharaja]]
| today = [[India]]
}}
The '''Chalukya dynasty''' ({{IPA|kn|tʃaːlukjɐ|lang}}) was a [[Classical India]]n dynasty that ruled large parts of [[south India|southern]] and [[central India]] between the 6th and the 12th centuries. During this period, they ruled as three related yet individual dynasties. The earliest dynasty, known as the "Badami Chalukyas", ruled from Vatapi (modern [[Badami]]) from the middle of the 6th century. The Badami Chalukyas began to assert their independence at the decline of the [[Kadamba Dynasty|Kadamba]] kingdom of [[Banavasi]] and rapidly rose to prominence during the reign of [[Pulakeshin II]]. After the death of Pulakeshin II, the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] became an independent kingdom in the eastern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. They ruled from [[Vengi]] until about the 11th century. In the western Deccan, the rise of the [[Rashtrakutas]] in the middle of the 8th century eclipsed the Chalukyas of Badami before being revived by their descendants, the [[Western Chalukyas]], in the late 10th century. These Western Chalukyas ruled from Kalyani (modern [[Basavakalyan]]) until the end of the 12th century.

The rule of the Chalukyas marks an important milestone in the history of [[South India]] and a [[Golden Age|golden age]] in the history of [[Karnataka]]. The political atmosphere in South India shifted from smaller kingdoms to large empires with the ascendancy of Badami Chalukyas. A Southern India-based kingdom took control and consolidated the entire region between the [[Kaveri]] and the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] rivers. The rise of this empire saw the birth of efficient administration, overseas trade and commerce and the development of new style of architecture called "Chalukyan architecture". [[Kannada literature]], which had enjoyed royal support in the 9th century Rashtrakuta court found eager patronage from the Western Chalukyas in the [[Jain]] and [[Brahminical]] traditions. The 11th century saw the patronage of [[Telugu literature]] under the [[Eastern Chalukyas]].

== Origins ==

=== Natives of Karnataka ===
[[File:6th century Kannada inscription in cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|thumb|Old Kannada inscription of Chalukya King Mangalesha dated 578 AD at Badami cave temple no.3]]
[[File:634 CE Aihole inscription Meguti Jain temple, 1879 photolithography print.jpg|thumb|[[Aihole inscription|Ravikirti's inscription]], Meguti [[Jain]] Basadi, Aihole which celebrates [[Pulakeshin II]]'s military achievements.]]
[[File:8th century Kannada inscription on victory pillar at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|Old Kannada inscription on victory pillar, Virupaksha Temple, [[Pattadakal]], 733–745 AD]]
While opinions vary regarding the early origins of the Chalukyas, the consensus among noted historians such as [[John Keay]], [[Dineshchandra Sircar|D.C. Sircar]], Hans Raj, S. Sen, [[Suryanath U. Kamath|Kamath]], [[K. V. Ramesh (archaeologist)|K. V. Ramesh]] and Karmarkar is that the founders of the empire at Badami were native to the modern [[Karnataka]] region.<ref name="historians">N. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. S. C. Nandinath have claimed the Chalukyas were ''[[Kannadigas]]'' (Kannada speakers) and very much the natives of Karnataka (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</ref><ref name="sir">The Chalukyas were Kannadigas (D.C. Sircar in Mahajan V.D., 1960, Reprint 2007, Ancient India, Chand and Company, New Delhi, p. 690, {{ISBN|81-219-0887-6}})</ref><ref name="hans">Natives of Karnataka (Hans Raj, 2007, Advanced history of India: From earliest times to present times, Part-1, Surgeet publications, New Delhi, p. 339)</ref><ref name="historians1">The Chalukyas hailed from Karnataka (John Keay, 2000, p. 168)</ref><ref name="karna">Quote:"They belonged to Karnataka country and their mother tongue was Kannada" (Sen 1999, p. 360)</ref><ref name="historians20">The Chalukyas of Badami seem to be of indigenous origin (Kamath 2001, p. 58)</ref><ref name="historians2">Jayasimha and Ranaraga, the first members of the Chalukya family were possibly employees of the Kadambas in the northern part of the Kadamba kingdom (Fleet [in ''Kanarese Dynasties'', p. 343] in [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]], 1931, pp. 51–52)</ref><ref name="bad">Pulakesi I must have been an administrative official of the northern Kadamba territory centered in Badami ([[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] 1931, pp. 51–52)</ref><ref name="historians3">The Chalukya base was Badami and Aihole (Thapar 2003, p. 328)</ref><ref name="field">Inscriptional evidence proves the Chalukyas were native Kannadigas (Karmarkar, 1947, p. 26)</ref><ref name="identity"/>

A theory that they were descendants of a 2nd-century chieftain called Kandachaliki Remmanaka, a feudatory of the [[Andhra Ikshvaku]] (from an Ikshvaku inscription of the 2nd century) was put forward. This according to Kamath has failed to explain the difference in lineage. The Kandachaliki feudatory call themselves ''Vashisthiputras'' of the ''Hiranyakagotra''. The Chalukyas, however, address themselves as ''Harithiputras'' of ''Manavyasagotra'' in their inscriptions, which is the same lineage as their early overlords, the [[Kadamba dynasty|Kadambas]] of Banavasi. This makes them descendants of the Kadambas. The Chalukyas took control of the territory formerly ruled by the Kadambas.<ref name="kadamba">Pulakesi I of Badami who was a feudatory of the Kadamba king Krishna Varman II, overpowered his overlord in c. 540 and took control of the Kadamba kingdom (Kamath 2001, p. 35)</ref>

A later record of Eastern Chalukyas mentions the northern origin theory and claims one ruler of [[Ayodhya]] came south, defeated the Pallavas and married a Pallava princess. She had a child called Vijayaditya who is claimed to be the [[Pulakeshin I]]'s father. However, according to the historians K. V. Ramesh, Chopra and Sastri, there are Badami Chalukya inscriptions that confirm [[Jayasimha (Vatapi Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha]] was Pulakeshin I's grandfather and [[Ranaraga]], his father.<ref name="sapta">Jayasimha (Pulakesi I's grandfather) is known from the Kaira inscription of 472–473 CE. Both Jayasimha and Ranaraga (Pulakesi I's father) are known from Mahakuta inscription of 599 CE and Aihole record of 634 CE (Ramesh 1984, pp. 26–27, p. 30)</ref><ref name="gotra">From the Badami Cliff inscription of Pulakesi I and from the Hyderabad record of Pulakesi II which states their family ancestry (Kamath 2001, pp. 56–58)</ref><ref name="gotra1">Sastri (1955), p. 154</ref><ref name="father">Chopra (2003), p. 73, part 1</ref> Kamath and [[George M. Moraes|Moraes]] claim it was a popular practice in the 11th century to link South Indian royal family lineage to a Northern kingdom. The Badami Chalukya records themselves are silent with regards to the Ayodhya origin.<ref name="legend">Kamath (2001), p. 56</ref><ref name="silent">Moraes (1931). pp. 10–11</ref>

While the northern origin theory has been dismissed by many historians, the epigraphist K. V. Ramesh has suggested that an earlier southern migration is a distinct possibility which needs examination.<ref name="migration">Ramesh (1984), p. 19</ref> According to him, the complete absence of any inscriptional reference of their family connections to Ayodhya, and their subsequent Kannadiga identity may have been due to their earlier migration into present day Karnataka region where they achieved success as chieftains and kings. Hence, the place of origin of their ancestors may have been of no significance to the kings of the empire who may have considered themselves natives of the Kannada speaking region.<ref name="identity">Ramesh (1984), p. 20</ref> The writing of 12th century [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]] poet [[Bilhana]] suggests the Chalukya family belonged to the [[Shudra]] while other sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were [[Kshatriya]] caste.<ref name="Sudra-Kshatriya">Bilhana, in his Sanskrit work ''Vikramanakadevacharitam'' claims the Early Chalukya family were born from the feet of Hindu God [[Brahma]], implying they were Shudras by caste, while other sources claim they were born in the arms of Brahma, and hence were Kshatriyas (Ramesh 1984, p. 15)</ref> According to [[Xuanzang]], the Chalukya king [[Pulakeshin II]] was war-like and loved "military arts", because he was a [[Kshatriya]] by birth.<ref name="Jain 2011 p. 266">{{cite book | last=Jain | first=S. | title=THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-1): THE INDIA THEY SAW (VOL-1) by SANDHYA JAIN: Perspectives on India | publisher=Ocean Books | series=The India They Saw: Foreign Accounts | year=2011 | isbn=978-81-8430-106-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1EkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA266 | access-date=28 September 2023 | page=266}}</ref>

The historians Jan Houben and Kamath, and the epigraphist D.C. Sircar note the Badami Chalukya [[Epigraphy|inscriptions]] are in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="south">Sircar D.C. (1965), p. 48, ''Indian Epigraphy'', Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, {{ISBN|81-208-1166-6}}</ref><ref name="south1">Kamath (2001), p. 57</ref><ref name="south2">Houben (1996), p. 215</ref> According to the historian N. L. Rao, their inscriptions call them ''Karnatas'' and their names use indigenous Kannada titles such as ''Priyagallam'' and ''Noduttagelvom''. The names of some Chalukya princes end with the pure Kannada term ''arasa'' (meaning "king" or "chief").<ref name="arasa">Professor N.L. Rao has pointed out that some of their family records in Sanskrit have also named the princes with "arasa", such as Kattiyarasa ([[Kirtivarman I]]), Bittarasa ([[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]]) and Mangalarasa ([[Mangalesha]], Kamath 2001, pp. 57–60)</ref><ref name="arasa_1">Historians Shafaat Ahmad Khan and S. Krishnasvami Aiyangar clarify that '''Arasa''' is Kannada word, equivalent to Sanskrit word '''Raja''' – ''Journal of Indian History'' p. 102, Published by Department of Modern Indian History, University of Allahabad</ref> The [[Rashtrakuta]] inscriptions call the Chalukyas of Badami ''Karnatakabala'' ("Power of Karnataka").<ref name="Abhinav Publications, New Delhi">{{cite book |last1=Dikshit |first1=Durga Prasad |title=POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI |quote= The Rashtrakuta inscriptions also praise the heroic nature of the Chalukyan army (Karṇāṭakabala, in their records)|date=1968 |publisher=Abhinav Publications, New Delhi |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12709/page/n281/mode/2up}}</ref> It has been proposed by the historian S. C. Nandinath that the word "Chalukya" originated from ''Salki'' or ''Chalki'' which is a Kannada word for an agricultural implement.<ref name="Chalki">Dr. Hoernle suggests a non-Sanskrit origin of the dynastic name. Dr. S.C. Nandinath feels the Chalukyas were of agricultural background and of Kannada origin who later took up a martial career. He feels the word ''Chalki'' found in some of their records must have originated from ''salki'', an agricultural implement (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</ref><ref name="root">The word ''Chalukya'' is derived from a Dravidian root (Kittel in Karmarkar 1947, p. 26)</ref><ref name="Kanisetti"/> According to some historians, the Chalukyas originated from agriculturists.<ref name="Kanisetti">{{cite book |author1=Anirudh Kanisetti|year=2022|title=Lords of the Deccan: Southern India from the Chalukyas to the Cholas |url=|location=India|publisher=Juggernaut |page=35|isbn=978-93-91165-0-55|quote=there seems to have been some connection to the crowbar, chalke, pointing to very humble origins, likely as a leader of an agricultural group in the valley of the Malaprabha river, in the northern part of the modern state of Karnataka.}}</ref><ref name="Chalki"/>

=== Historical sources ===
Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are the main source of information about Badami Chalukya history. Among them, the [[Badami]] cave inscriptions of [[Mangalesha]] (578), [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of c. 700, Peddavaduguru inscription of [[Pulakeshin II]], the [[Kanchi]] Kailasanatha Temple inscription and [[Pattadakal]] Virupaksha Temple inscription of [[Vikramaditya II]] (all in Kannada language) provide more evidence of the Chalukya language.<ref name="chalukyalangauge">Kamath (2001), p. 6, p. 10, p. 57, p. 59, p. 67</ref><ref name="chalukyalanguage1">Ramesh (1984), p. 76, p. 159, pp. 161–162</ref> The Badami cliff inscription of Pulakeshin I (543), the [[Mahakuta Pillar]] inscription of [[Mangalesha]] (595) and the [[Aihole inscriptions|Aihole inscription]] of Pulakeshin II (634) are examples of important Sanskrit inscriptions written in old [[Kannada script]].<ref name="language">Kamath (2001), p. 59</ref><ref name="language1">{{cite web|title=Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210222449/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp|archive-date=10 February 2007 |author= Azmathulla Shariff |work= Deccan Herald, Spectrum, July 26, 2005|access-date=10 November 2006}}</ref><ref name="language2">{{cite journal|jstor=3249519|title=The Mahākuṭa Pillar and Its Temples|first=Carol Radcliffe|last=Bolon|date=1 January 1979|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=41|issue=2/3|pages=253–268|doi=10.2307/3249519}}</ref>
The reign of the Chalukyas saw the arrival of Kannada as the predominant language of inscriptions along with Sanskrit, in areas of the Indian peninsula outside what is known as [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]] (Tamil country).<ref name="Peninsula">Thapar, (2003), p. 326</ref> Several coins of the Badami Chalukyas with Kannada legends have been found. All this indicates that Kannada language flourished during this period.<ref name="coins">Kamath (2001), pp. 12, 57, 67</ref>

[[File:Chalukyas of Badami. Uncertain ruler. Circa 597-757 CE. Boar and Temple type.jpg|thumb|300px|Coinage of the Chalukyas of Badami. Uncertain ruler. {{Circa|597}}–757 AD. Boar and Temple type.]]
Travelogues of contemporary foreign travellers have provided useful information about the Chalukyan empire. The Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] had visited the court of [[Pulakeshin II]]. At the time of this visit, as mentioned in the [[Aihole]] record, Pulakeshin II had divided his empire into three ''Maharashtrakas'' or great provinces comprising 99,000 villages each. This empire possibly covered present day [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Konkan|coastal Konkan]].<ref name="rastra">Pulakesi II's ''Maharashtra'' extended from [[Nerbudda]] ([[Narmada River|Narmada]] river) in the north to [[Tungabhadra]] in the south (Vaidya 1924, p. 171)</ref><ref name="actions">Kamath (2001), p. 60</ref> Xuanzang, impressed with the governance of the empire observed that the benefits of the king's efficient administration was felt far and wide. Later, Persian emperor [[Khosrau II]] exchanged ambassadors with Pulakeshin II.<ref name="Persia">From the notes of Arab traveller Tabari (Kamath 2001, p. 60)</ref><ref name="persia1">Chopra (2003), p. 75, part 1</ref><ref>The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion, Pia Brancaccio, BRILL, 2010 [https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA82 p.82]</ref>

=== Legends ===
Court poets of the Western Chalukya dynasty of Kalyani narrate:
:"Once when Brahma, the creator, was engaged in the performance of the ''sandhya'' (twilight) rituals, Indra approached and beseeched him to create a hero who could put to an end the increasing evil on earth. On being thus requested, Brahma looked steadily into the ''Chuluka-jala'' (the water of oblation in his palm) and out sprang thence a great warrior, the progenitor of the Chalukyas".<ref name="palm">Ramesh (1984), p. 14</ref> The Chalukyas claimed to have been nursed by the ''[[Matrika|Sapta Matrikas]]'' ("seven divine mothers") and were worshippers of many gods including Siva, Vishnu, Chamundi, Surya, Kubera, Parvati, Vinayaka and Kartikeya.

Some scholars connect the Chalukyas with the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas]] (Solankis) of [[Gujarat]].<ref name="sen28">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=28}}</ref> According to a myth mentioned in latter manuscripts of [[Prithviraj Raso]], Chaulukyas were born out of fire-pit (Agnikund) at [[Mount Abu]]. However it has been reported that the story of [[Agnivansha|Agnikula]] is not mentioned at all in the original version of the [[Prithviraj Raso]] preserved in the Fort Library at [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA325 |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last1=S.R. Bakshi |last2=S.G |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |page=325 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |quote=It has been reported that the story of agnikula is mot mentioned at all in the original version of the Raso preserved in the Fort Library at Bikaner.}}</ref>

According to the Nilagunda inscription of King Vikramaditya VI (11th century or later), the Chalukyas originally hailed from [[Ayodhya]] where fifty-nine kings ruled, and later, sixteen more of this family ruled from South India where they had migrated. This is repeated by his court poet Bilhana, who claims that the first member of the family, "Chalukya", was so named as he was born in the "hollow of the hands" of God [[Brahma]].<ref name="ayodhya">Kamath 2001, pp. 56</ref><ref name="ayodhya1">Quote:"Another unhistorical trend met with in the epigraphical records of the 11th and subsequent centuries is the attempt, on the part of the court poets, no doubt, again, with the consent of their masters, to invent mythical genealogies which seek to carry back the antiquity of the royal families not merely to the periods of the epics and the Vedas but to the very moment of their creation in the heavens. As far as the Chalukyas of Vatapi are concerned, the blame of engineering such travesties attaches, once again, to the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani and their Eastern Chalukya contemporaries. The Eastern Chalukyas, for instance, have concocted the following long list of fifty-two names commencing with no less a personage than the divine preserver"(Ramesh 1984, p. 16)</ref> Some genealogical accounts point to an Ayodhya origin and claim that the Chalukyas belonged to the [[Solar dynasty]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Andhras through the ages|author=Kandavalli Balendu Sekaram|publisher=Sri Saraswati Book Depot, 1973|page=188}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Classical Age|author=R.K. Pruthi|publisher=Discovery Publishing House, 2004 – India – 288 pages|page=106}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Soul of India|author=Satyavrata Ramdas Patel|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1974 – India – 220 pages|page=177}}</ref>

According to a theory put forward by Lewis, the Chalukya were descendants of the "[[Seleucid Empire|Seleukia]]" tribe of [[Iraq]] and that their conflict with the [[Pallava]] of Kanchi was, but a continuation of the conflict between ancient Seleukia and "[[Parthian Empire|Parthians]]", the proposed ancestors of [[Pallavas]]. However, this theory has been rejected by Kamath as it seeks to build lineages based simply on similar-sounding clan names.<ref name="Lewis">Dr. Lewis's theory has not found acceptance because the Pallavas were in constant conflict with the Kadambas, prior to the rise of Chalukyas (Kamath 2001, p. 57)</ref>

== Periods in Chalukya history ==
{{Chalukyas|Badami}}
The Chalukyas ruled over the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] plateau in India for over 600 years. During this period, they ruled as three closely related, but individual dynasties. These are the "Chalukyas of Badami" (also called "Early Chalukyas"), who ruled between the 6th and the 8th century, and the two sibling dynasties, the "Chalukyas of Kalyani" (also called [[Western Chalukyas]] or "Later Chalukyas") and the "Chalukyas of Vengi" (also called [[Eastern Chalukyas]]).

=== Chalukyas of Badami ===
[[File:Bhutanatha temple in Badami, Karnataka, India.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Bhutanatha group of temples, Badami|Bhutanatha temple complex]], at [[Badami]]]]
In the 6th century, with the decline of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta dynasty]] and their immediate successors in northern India, major changes began to happen in the area south of the [[Vindhyas]] – the Deccan and [[Ancient Tamil country|Tamilakam]]. The age of small kingdoms had given way to large empires in this region.<ref name="politics">Thapar (2003), p. 326</ref> The Chalukya dynasty was established by [[Pulakeshin I]] in 543.<ref name="puli">Popular theories regarding the name are: ''Puli'' – "tiger" in Kannada and ''Kesin'' – "haried" in Sanskrit; ''Pole'' – "lustrous" in Kannada, from his earliest Badami cliff inscription that literally spells ''Polekesi''; ''Pole'' – from Tamil word ''Punai'' (to tie a knot; Ramesh 1984, pp. 31–32)</ref><ref name="Pulikesi">The name probably meant "the great lion" (Sastri 1955, p. 134)</ref><ref name="strength">The name probably meant "One endowed with the strength of a great lion" (Chopra 2003, p. 73, part 1)</ref> Pulakeshin I took Vatapi (modern [[Badami]] in [[Bagalkot]] district, [[Karnataka]]) under his control and made it his capital. Pulakeshin I and his descendants are referred to as "Chalukyas of Badami". They ruled over an empire that comprised the entire state of [[Karnataka]] and most of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the Deccan.

[[Pulakeshin II]], whose pre-coronation name was Ereya,<ref name="coronate">Kamath (2001), pp. 58–59</ref> commanded control over the entire Deccan and is perhaps the most well-known emperor of the Badami dynasty.<ref name="ereya">Ramesh (1984), p. 76</ref><ref name="greatest">Chopra 2003, p. 74, part 1</ref> He is considered one of the notable kings in Indian history.<ref name="fame">Quote:"His fame spread far and wide even beyond India" (Chopra 2003, p. 75 part 1)</ref><ref name="Immadi">Quote:"One of the great kings of India". He successfully defied the expansion of king Harshavardhana of Northern India into the deccan. The Aihole inscription by Ravikirti describes how King Harsha lost his ''Harsha'' or cheerful disposition after his defeat. The Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsiang also confirms Pulakesi II's victory over King Harsha in his travelogue. Pulakesi II took titles such as ''Prithvivallabha'' and ''Dakshinapatha Prithviswamy'' (Kamath 2001, pp. 58–60)</ref><ref name="Immadi1">Quote:"Thus began one of the most colourful careers in Indian History" (Ramesh 1984, p. 76)</ref> His queens were princess from the [[Alupas|Alupa Dynasty]] of [[South Canara]] and the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] of [[Talakad]], clans with whom the Chalukyas maintained close family and marital relationships.<ref name="son">Vikramaditya I, who later revived the Chalukya fortunes was born to Pulakesi II and the daughter of Western Ganga monarch [[Durvinita]] (Chopra 2003, p. 74, part 1)</ref><ref name="kadam">His other queen, an Alupa princess called Kadamba was the daughter of Aluka Maharaja (G.S. Gai in Kamath 2001, p. 94)</ref> Pulakeshin II extended the Chalukya Empire up to the northern extents of the [[Pallava]] kingdom and halted the southward march of [[Harsha]] by defeating him on the banks of the river [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. He then defeated the [[Vishnukundins]] in the south-eastern Deccan.<ref name="super">Quote:"The Aihole record gives an impressive list of his military conquests and other achievements. According to the record, he conquered the Kadambas, the Western Gangas, the north Konkan by naval victory, Harsha of [[Thanesar]], the Latas, the Malwas, the Gurjaras (thereby obtaining sovereignty over the Maharashtras), Berar, Maharashtra and Kuntala (with their nine and ninety thousand villages), the Kalingas and the Kosalas, Pishtapura (Pishtapuram in eastern Andhra) and Kanchipuram, whose king had opposed the rise of his power" (Chopra 2003, p. 74 part 1)</ref><ref name="harsha">Ramesh (1984), pp. 79–80, pp. 86–87</ref><ref name="submit">According to Dr. [[R. C. Majumdar]], some principalities may have submitted to Pulakesi II out of fear of Harsha of Kanauj (Kamath 2001, p. 59)</ref><ref name="submit1">Sastri (1955), pp. 135–136</ref> Pallava [[Narasimhavarman]] however reversed this victory in 642 by attacking and occupying Badami temporarily. It is presumed Pulakeshin II, "the great hero", died fighting.<ref name="persia1" /><ref name="fell">Sastri (1955), p. 136</ref>

The Badami Chalukya dynasty went into a brief decline following the death of Pulakeshin II due to internal feuds when Badami was occupied by the Pallavas for a period of thirteen years.<ref name="occupy">This is attested to by an inscription behind the Mallikarjuna temple in Badami (Sastri 1955, p. 136)</ref><ref name="decline">Chopra (2003), pp. 75–76, part 1</ref> It recovered during the reign of [[Vikramaditya I]], who succeeded in pushing the Pallavas out of Badami and restoring order to the empire. Vikramaditya I took the title "Rajamalla" (''lit'' "Sovereign of the ''Mallas''" or Pallavas).<ref name="pushout">From the Gadval plates dated c. 674 of Vikramaditya I (Chopra 2003, p. 76, part 1)</ref> The thirty-seven year rule of [[Vijayaditya]] (696–733) was a prosperous one and is known for prolific temple building activity.<ref name="activity">Chopra (2003), p. 76, part 1</ref><ref name="temple">Sastri (1955), p. 138</ref>

The empire was its peak again during the rule of the illustrious [[Vikramaditya II]] (733–744) who is known not only for his repeated invasions of the territory of Tondaimandalam and his subsequent victories over Pallava [[Nandivarman II]], but also for his benevolence towards the people and the monuments of Kanchipuram, the Pallava capital.<ref name="activity" /><ref name="capital1">From the Kannada inscription at the Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram (Sastri 1955, p. 140)</ref><ref name="behave">Kamath (2001), p. 63</ref> He thus avenged the earlier humiliation of the Chalukyas by the Pallavas and engraved a [[Kannada]] inscription on the victory pillar at the Kailasanatha Temple.<ref name="capital1" /><ref name="kanchi">Thapar (2003), p. 331</ref><ref name="kanchi2">Ramesh (1984), pp. 159–160</ref> During his reign Arab intruders of the [[Caliphal province of Sind]] invaded southern Gujarat which was under Chalukya rule, but the Arabs were defeated and driven out by [[Avanijanashraya Pulakeshin]], the governor of the [[Chalukyas of Navasarika|Chalukya branch of Navsari]].<ref>Dikshit, Durga Prasad (1980), p. 166–167, ''Political History of the Chālukyas of Badami'', Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, OCLC 831387906</ref> Vikramaditya II later overran the other traditional kingdoms of Tamil country, the [[Pandya]]s, the [[Chola]]s and the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]] in addition to subduing a [[Kalabhra]] ruler.<ref name="kanchi3">Ramesh (1984), p. 159</ref> The last Chalukya king, [[Kirtivarman II]], was overthrown by the [[Rashtrakuta]] king [[Dantidurga]] in 753.<ref name="overthrow">Ramesh (1984), pp. 173–174</ref> At their peak, the Chalukyas ruled a vast empire stretching from the [[Kaveri]] in the south to the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] in the north.

=== Chalukyas of Kalyani ===
{{Main|Western Chalukya Empire}}
{{Asia 576 CE|right|The Chalukyas and contemporary polities {{c.|576}}}}
The Chalukyas revived their fortunes in 973 after over 200 years of dormancy when much of the Deccan was under the rule of the Rashtrakutas. The genealogy of the kings of this empire is still debated. One theory, based on contemporary literary and inscriptional evidence plus the finding that the Western Chalukyas employed titles and names commonly used by the early Chalukyas, suggests that the Western Chalukya kings belonged to the same family line as the illustrious Badami [[Chalukya]] dynasty of the 6th century<ref name="related">Poet [[Bilhana]]s 12th century Sanskrit work '' Vikramadeva Charitam'' and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]]'s Kannada work ''Gadayuddha'' (982) and inscriptions from Nilagunda, Yevvur, Kauthem and Miraj claim Tailapa II was son of Vikramaditya IV, seventh in descent from Bhima, brother of Badami Chalukya [[Vikramaditya II]] (Kamath 2001, p. 100)</ref><ref name="Malla">Kings of the Chalukya line of [[Vemulwada, Karimnagar District|Vemulavada]], who were certainly from the Badami Chalukya family line used the title "Malla" which is often used by the Western Chalukyas. Names such as "Satyashraya" which were used by the Badami Chalukya are also names of a Western Chalukya king, (Gopal B.R. in Kamath 2001, p. 100)</ref> while other Western Chalukya inscriptional evidence indicates they were a distinct line unrelated to the Early Chalukyas.<ref name="unrelated">Unlike the Badami Chalukyas, the Kalyani Chalukyas did not claim to be ''Harithiputhras'' of ''Manavysya gotra'' in lineage. The use of titles like ''Tribhuvanamalla'' marked them as of a distinct line (Fleet, Bhandarkar and Altekar in Kamath 2001, p. 100)</ref>

[[Tailapa II]], a Rashtrakuta feudatory ruling from Tardavadi – 1000 ([[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur district]]) overthrew [[Karka II]], re-established the Chalukya rule in the western Deccan and recovered most of the Chalukya empire.<ref name="Tailapa">Later legends and tradition hailed Tailapa as an incarnation of the God [[Krishna]] who fought 108 battles against the race of Ratta ([[Rashtrakuta]]) and captured 88 fortresses from them (Sastri 1955, p. 162)</ref><ref name="indi">From his c. 957 and c.965 records (Kamath 2001, p. 101</ref> The Western Chalukyas ruled for over 200 years and were in constant conflict with the [[Cholas]], and with their cousins, the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] of Vengi. [[Vikramaditya VI]] is widely considered the most notable ruler of the dynasty.<ref name="Vijnyan">Vijnyaneshavara, the Sanskrit scholar in his court, eulogised him as "a king like none other" (Kamath 2001, p. 106)</ref><ref name="era2">The writing ''Vikramankadevacharita'' by Bilhana is a eulogy of the achievements of the king in 18 cantos (Sastri, 1955 p. 315)</ref> Starting from the very beginning of his reign, which lasted fifty years, he abolished the original ''Saka'' era and established the ''Vikrama Era''. Most subsequent Chalukya inscriptions are dated in this new era.<ref name="Era">Cousens 1926, p. 11</ref><ref name="era1">Vikrama–Chalukya era of 1075 CE (Thapar 2003, p. 469)</ref> Vikramaditya VI was an ambitious and skilled military leader. Under his leadership the Western Chalukyas were able to end the Chola influence over Vengi (coastal Andhra) and become the dominant power in the Deccan.<ref name="end">Chopra (2003), p. 139, part 1</ref><ref name="dominant">Sastri (1955), p. 175</ref> The Western Chalukya period was an important age in the development of [[Kannada literature]] and [[Sanskrit literature]].<ref name="golden">Kamath (2001), pp. 114–115</ref><ref name="golden1">Narasimhacharya (1988), pp. 18–20</ref> They went into their final dissolution towards the end of the 12th century with the rise of the [[Hoysala Empire]], the [[Pandyas]], the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] and the [[Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri]].<ref name="disappear">Sastri (1955), p. 192</ref>

=== Chalukyas of Vengi ===
{{Main|Eastern Chalukyas}}
Pulakeshin II conquered the eastern Deccan, corresponding to the coastal districts of modern [[Andhra Pradesh]] in 616, defeating the remnants of the [[Vishnukundina]] kingdom. He appointed his brother [[Kubja Vishnuvardhana]] as Viceroy in 621.<ref name="kubja">Pulakesi II made Vishnuvardhana the ''Yuvaraja'' or crown prince. Later Vishnuvardhana become the founder of the Eastern Chalukya empire (Sastri 1955, pp. 134–136, p. 312)</ref><ref name="yuva">Chopra (2003), p. 132, part 1</ref> Thus the Eastern Chalukyas were originally of Kannada stock.<ref name="stock10">Kamath (2001), p. 8</ref> After the death of Pulakeshin II, the Vengi Viceroyalty developed into an independent kingdom and included the region between [[Nellore]] and [[Visakhapatnam]].<ref name="yuva" /><ref name="Vengi">Kamath 2001, p. 60</ref>

After the decline of the Badami Chalukya empire in the mid-8th century, territorial disputes flared up between the Rashtrakutas, the new rulers of the western deccan, and the Eastern Chalukyas. For much of the next two centuries, the Eastern Chalukyas had to accept subordination towards the Rashtrakutas.<ref name="subordinate">Chopra (2003), p. 133</ref> Apart from a rare military success, such as the one by Vijayaditya II(c.808–847), it was only during the rule of Bhima I (c.892–921) that these Chalukyas were able to celebrate a measure of independence. After the death of Bhima I, the Andhra region once again saw succession disputes and interference in Vengi affairs by the Rashtrakutas.<ref name="subordinate" />

The fortunes of the Eastern Chalukyas took a turn around 1000. Danarnava, their king, was killed in battle in 973 by the Telugu Choda King Bhima who then imposed his rule over the region for twenty-seven years. During this time, Danarnava's two sons took refuge in the [[Chola]] kingdom. Choda Bhima's invasion of Tondaimandalam, a Chola territory, and his subsequent death on the battlefield opened up a new era in Chola–Chalukya relations. Saktivarman I, the elder son of Danarnava was crowned as the ruler of Vengi in 1000, though under the control of king [[Rajaraja Chola I]].<ref name="rajaraja">Sastri (1955), pp. 164–165</ref> This new relationship between the Cholas and the coastal Andhra kingdom was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas, who had by then replaced the Rashtrakutas as the main power in the western Deccan. The Western Chalukyas sought to brook the growing Chola influence in the Vengi region but were unsuccessful.<ref name="subordinate" /><ref name="brook">Sastri (1955), p. 165</ref>

Initially, the Eastern Chalukyas had encouraged Kannada language and literature, though, after a period of time, local factors took over and they gave importance to [[Telugu language]].<ref name="stock">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 68</ref><ref name="stock1">The Eastern Chalukya inscriptions show a gradual shift towards Telugu with the appearance of Telugu stanzas from the time of king Gunaga Vijayaditya (Vijayaditya III) in the middle of the 9th century, {{cite web|title=APOnline-History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart|author=Dr. K.S.S. Seshan, University of Hyderabad|publisher=Tata Consultancy Services|work=Revenue Department (Gazetteers), Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081329/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart|archive-date=6 December 2006}}</ref> Telugu literature owes its growth to the Eastern Chalukyas.<ref name="born">The first work of Telugu literature is a translation of ''Mahabharata'' by Nannaya during the rule of Eastern Chalukya king Rajaraja Narendra (1019–1061; Sastri 1955, p. 367)</ref>

== Architecture ==
{{See also|Badami Chalukya Architecture|Western Chalukya architecture|Pattadakal|Badami Cave Temples|Aihole}}
[[File:Virupaksha temple at Pattadakal.jpg|thumb|right|Virupaksha temple in ''Dravidian'' style at [[Pattadakal]], built 740 CE]]
The Badami Chalukya era was an important period in the development of South Indian architecture. The kings of this dynasty were called ''Umapati Varlabdh'' and built many temples for the Hindu god Shiva.<ref name="Tartakov">by Tartakov, Gary Michael (1997), ''The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563372-6}}</ref> Their style of architecture is called "Chalukyan architecture" or "Karnata Dravida architecture".<ref name="dravida">Hardy (1995), p. 5</ref><ref name="monuments1">Quote"The Badami Chalukyas had introduced a glorious chapter, alike in heroism in battle and cultural magnificence in peace, in the western Deccan" (K.V. Sounder Rajan in Kamath 2001, p. 68)</ref> Nearly a hundred monuments built by them, rock cut (cave) and structural, are found in the [[Malaprabha]] river basin in modern [[Bagalkot district]] of northern Karnataka.<ref name="arch">Kamath 2001, p. 68</ref> The building material they used was a reddish-golden [[Sandstone]] found locally. These cave temples are basically excavations, cut out of the living rock sites they occupy. They were not built as their structural counterparts were, rather created by a special technique known as "subtraction" and are basically sculptural.<ref>Tarr, Gary (1970), p.156, ''Chronology and Development of the Chāḷukya Cave Temples'', Ars Orientalis, Vol. 8, pp. 155–184</ref> Though they ruled a vast empire, the Chalukyan workshops concentrated most of their temple building activity in a relatively small area within the Chalukyan heartland – [[Aihole]], [[Badami Cave Temples|Badami]], [[Pattadakal]] and [[Mahakuta group of temples|Mahakuta]] in modern Karnataka state.<ref name="mahakuta">Hardy (1995), p. 65</ref>

Their temple building activity can be categorised into three phases. The early phase began in the last quarter of the 6th century and resulted in many cave temples, prominent among which are three elementary cave temples at Aihole (one [[Veda|Vedic]], one Jain and one Buddhist which is incomplete), followed by four developed cave temples at Badami (of which cave 3, a Vaishnava temple, is dated accurately to 578 CE).<ref name="alam" /> These cave temples at Badami are similar, in that, each has a plain exterior but an exceptionally well finished interior consisting of a pillared [[verandah]], a columned hall (''[[mandapa|mantapa]]'') and a cella (shrine, cut deep into rock) which contains the deity of worship.<ref name="motif">Sastri (1955), p. 406</ref> In Badami, three caves temples are Vedic and one in Jain. The Vedic temples contain large well sculpted images of [[Harihara]], [[Durga|Mahishasuramardhini]], [[Varaha]], [[Narasimha]], Trivikrama, [[Vishnu]] seated on [[Shesha|Anantha]] (the snake) and [[Nataraja]] (dancing [[Shiva]]).<ref name="trivikrama">Quote:"The Chalukyas cut rock like titans but finished like jewellers"(Sheshadri in Kamath 2001, pp. 68–69)</ref>

The second phase of temple building was at Aihole (where some seventy structures exist and has been called "one of the cradles of Indian temple architecture"<ref name="cradle">[[Percy Brown (scholar)|Percy Brown]] in Kamath (2001), p. 68</ref>) and Badami. Though the exact dating of these temples has been debated, there is consensus that the beginnings of these constructions are from c. 600.<ref name="struct">Sastri (1955), p. 407</ref><ref name="victory">Hardy (1995), p. 67</ref><ref name="debate">Foekema (2003), p. 11</ref> These are the [[Lad Khan Temple]] (dated by some to c. 450 but more accurately to 620) with its interesting perforated stone windows and sculptures of river goddesses; the Meguti Jain Temple (634) which shows progress in structural design; the Durga Temple with its northern Indian style tower (8th century) and experiments to adapt a Buddhist ''Chaitya'' design to a brahminical one (its stylistic framework is overall a hybrid of north and south Indian styles.<ref name="Tartakov" />); the Huccimalli Gudi Temple with a new inclusion, a [[Vestibule (architecture)|vestibule]], connecting the sanctum to the hall.<ref name="hucci">Sastri (1955), pp. 407–408</ref> Other ''dravida'' style temples from this period are the Naganatha Temple at Nagaral; the Banantigudi Temple, the Mahakutesvara Temple and the Mallikarjuna Temple at Mahakuta; and the Lower Sivalaya Temple, the Malegitti Sivalaya Temple (upper) and the Jambulingesvara Temple at Badami.<ref name="victory" /> Located outside the Chalukyan architectural heartland, 140 km south-east of Badami, with a structure related to the Early Chalukya style is the unusual Parvati Temple at [[Sanduru]] which dates to the late 7th century. It is medium-sized, 48 ft long and 37 ft wide. It has a ''nagara'' (north Indian) style ''vimana'' (tower) and ''dravida'' (south Indian) style parts, has no [[mantapa]] (hall) and consists of an ''[[antarala]]'' ([[Antechamber|vestibule]]) crowned with a barrel-vaulted tower (''sukhanasi''). The "staggered" base plan of the temple became popular much later, in the 11th century.<ref name="parvati">Carol Radcliffe Bolon, (1980) pp. 303–326, ''The Pārvatī Temple, Sandur and Early Images of Agastya'', Artibus Asiae Vol. 42, No. 4</ref><ref name="sand">Hardy (1995), p.342, p.278</ref>

The structural temples at Pattadakal, built in the 8th century and now a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], marks the culmination and mature phase of Badami Chalukyan architecture. The Bhutanatha group of temples at Badami are also from this period. There are ten temples at Pattadakal, six in southern ''dravida'' style and four in the northern ''nagara'' style. Well known among these are the Sangamesvara Temple (725), the Virupaksha Temple (740–745) and the Mallikarjuna Temple (740–745) in the southern style. The Papanatha temple (680) and Galaganatha Temple (740) are early attempts in the ''nagara'' – ''dravida'' fusion style.<ref name="fuse">Sastri (1955), p. 408</ref> Inscriptional evidence suggests that the Virupaksha and the Mallikarjuna Temples were commissioned by the two queens of King Vikramaditya II after his military success over the Pallavas of Kanchipuram.<ref name="victory" /> Some well known names of Chalukyan architects are Revadi Ovajja, Narasobba and [[Gundan Anivaritachari|Anivarita Gunda]].<ref name="artist">Kamath (2001), p. 69</ref>

The reign of Western Chalukyas was an important period in the development of Deccan architecture. Their architecture served as a conceptual link between the Badami Chalukya architecture of the 8th century and the [[Hoysala architecture]] popularised in the 13th century.<ref name="indianart">Quote:"Their creations have the pride of place in Indian art tradition" (Kamath 2001, p. 115)</ref><ref name="indianart1">Sastri (1955), p. 427</ref> The centre of their cultural and temple-building activity lay in the [[Tungabhadra]] region of modern Karnataka state, encompassing the present-day [[Dharwad district]]; it included areas of present-day [[Haveri district|Haveri]] and [[Gadag district|Gadag]] districts.<ref name="heart">Cousens (1926, p 17</ref><ref name="gad">Foekema (1996), p. 14</ref> Here, large medieval workshops built numerous monuments.<ref name="workshop">Hardy (1995), p. 156</ref> These monuments, regional variants of pre-existing [[Dravidian architecture|dravida]] temples, defined the ''Karnata dravida'' tradition.<ref name="kardra">Hardy (1995), pp. 6–7</ref>

The most notable of the many buildings dating from this period are the [[Mahadeva Temple (Itagi)|Mahadeva Temple]] at Itagi in the [[Koppal district]],<ref name="maha">Cousens (1926), pp. 100–102</ref><ref name="hardy10">Hardy (1995), p. 333</ref> the Kasivisvesvara Temple at [[Lakkundi]] in the [[Gadag district]],<ref name="kasi">Cousens (1926), pp. 79–82</ref><ref name="hardy11">Hardy (1995), p. 336</ref> the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti,<ref name="hardy11" /> and the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali,<ref name="hardy13">Hardy (1995), p. 323</ref> both in the [[Davangere district]].<ref name="kal">The Mahadeva Temple at Itagi has been called the finest in Kannada country after the [[Hoysaleswara temple]] at Halebidu (Cousens in Kamath 2001, p 117)</ref> Other notable constructions are the [[Dodda Basappa Temple]] at [[Dambal]] (Gadag district),<ref name="dam1">Cousens (1926), pp. 114–115</ref><ref name="hardy14">Hardy (1995), p. 326</ref> the [[Siddhesvara Temple]] at [[Haveri]] ([[Haveri district]]),<ref name="sidd">Cousens (1926), pp. 85–87</ref><ref name="hardy15">Hardy (1995), p. 330</ref> and the Amrtesvara Temple at Annigeri ([[Dharwad district]]).<ref name="amrtesh">Foekema (2003), p. 52</ref><ref name="hardy16">Hardy (1995), p. 321</ref> The Eastern Chalukyas built some fine temples at Alampur, in modern eastern Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="alam">Hardy (1995), p. 66</ref><ref name="alampur">The Badami Chalukyas influenced the art of the rulers of Vengi and those of Gujarat (Kamath 2001, pp. 68, 69)</ref>

<gallery>
File:Badami, Höhle 4, Bahubali (1999).jpg|[[Bahubali]] at Jain Cave temple No. 4 at Badami, 6th century
File:Vishnu image inside cave number 3 in Badami.jpg|Vishnu image in Cave temple No. 3
File:Bhutanatha temple complex in Badami.jpg|Bhutanatha group of temples facing the [[Badami]] tank
File:Parvati temple at Krauncha Giri near Sandur, Ballary district.jpg|The Parvati Temple, located about 140 km southeast to the Badami
File:Durga Temple.jpg|[[Aihole]] – Durga Temple Front View
File:Jain basadi.JPG|Aihole – Meguti Jain Temple
File:Mallikarjuna and Kasivisvanatha temples at Pattadakal.jpg|Mallikarjuna temple in ''dravidian'' style and Kashi Vishwanatha temple in ''nagara'' style at [[Pattadakal]], built 740 CE
File:Badami-shiva.JPG|Dancing Shiva in cave no. 1 in Badami
File:Papanatha temple at Pattadakal.jpg|Papanatha temple at Pattadakal – fusion of southern and northern Indian styles, 680 CE
File:Cave temple number 3 at Badami.jpg|Vaishnava Cave temple No. 3 at Badami, 578 AD
</gallery>

== Literature ==
{{See also|Western Chalukya literature}}
[[File:Aihole inscription of Ravi Kirti.jpg|thumb|Poetry on stone at the Meguti Jain Basadi ([[Aihole inscription]]) dated 634 AD, in Sanskrit language and old Kannada script, with a Kannada language endorsement of about the same date at the bottom.<ref name="south" />]]
The [[Aihole inscription]] of Pulakeshin II (634) written by his court poet Ravikirti in Sanskrit language and Kannada script is considered as a classical piece of poetry.<ref name="language" /><ref name="kirti">Quote:"He deemed himself the peer of Bharavi and Kalidasa". An earlier inscription in Mahakuta, in prose is comparable to the works of Bana (Sastri, 1955, p. 312)</ref> A few verses of a poet named Vijayanaka who describes herself as the "dark [[Sarasvati]]" have been preserved. It is possible that she may have been a queen of prince [[Chandraditya (Chalukya dynasty)|Chandraditya]] (a son of Pulakeshin II).<ref name="jayakirti">Sastri, 1955, p. 312</ref> Famous writers in Sanskrit from the Western Chalukya period are [[Vijnaneshwara]] who achieved fame by writing [[Mitakshara]], a book on Hindu law, and King [[Someshvara III]], a noted scholar, who compiled an [[encyclopaedia]] of all arts and sciences called ''Manasollasa''.<ref name="science">The writing is on various topics including traditional medicine, music, precious stones, dance etc. (Kamath 2001, p. 106)</ref>

From the period of the Badami Chalukyas, references are made to the existence of Kannada literature, though not much has survived.<ref name="survive10">Sen (1999), p. 366</ref> Inscriptions however refer to Kannada as the "natural language".<ref name="survive">Thapar (2003), p. 345</ref> The [[Kappe Arabhatta]] record of c. 700 in ''[[tripadi]]'' (three line) metre is the earliest available work in Kannada poetics.<ref name="tri">Sahitya Akademi (1988), p. 1717</ref><ref name="karnateshwara" /> ''Karnateshwara Katha'', which was quoted later by Jayakirti, is believed to be a eulogy of Pulakeshin II and to have belonged to this period.<ref name="karnateshwara">Chidananda Murthy in Kamath (2001), p. 67</ref> Other probable Kannada writers, whose works are not extant now but titles of which are known from independent references<ref name="inde">Such as Indranandi's ''Srutavatara'', Devachandra's ''Rajavalikathe'' (Narasimhacharya, 1934, pp. 4–5); Bhattakalanka's ''Sabdanusasana'' of 1604 (Sastri 1955, p. 355)</ref> are Syamakundacharya (650), who is said to have authored the ''Prabhrita'', and Srivaradhadeva (also called Tumubuluracharya, 650 or earlier), the possible author of the ''Chudamani'' ("Crest Jewel"), a lengthy commentary on [[logic]].<ref name="survive10" /><ref name="tumbu">Sastri (1955), p. 355</ref><ref name="srivarada">Mugali (1975), p. 13</ref><ref name="extinct1">Narasimhacharya (1988), p. 4</ref>

The rule of the Western and Eastern Chalukyas, however, is a major event in the history of Kannada and Telugu literatures respectively. By the 9th–10th centuries, Kannada language had already seen some of its most notable writers. The "three gems" of [[Kannada literature]], [[Adikavi Pampa]], [[Sri Ponna]] and [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] belonged to this period.<ref name="gems">Sastri 1955, p. 356</ref><ref name="gems1">Chopra (2003), p. 196, part 1</ref> In the 11th century, [[Telugu literature]] was born under the patronage of the Eastern Chalukyas with Nannaya Bhatta as its first writer.<ref name="gems1" /><ref name="begin">Sastri (1955), p. 367</ref>

== Badami Chalukya country ==
{{Karnataka History}}

=== Army ===
The army was well organised and this was the reason for Pulakeshin II's success beyond the Vindyas.<ref name="vindya">Chopra (2003), p. 77, part1</ref> It consisted of an infantry, a cavalry, an elephant corps and a powerful navy. The Chinese traveller [[Hiuen-Tsiang]] wrote that the Chalukyan army had hundreds of elephants which were intoxicated with liquor prior to battle.<ref name="persia1" /><ref name="elephant">Kamath (2001), p. 64</ref> It was with their navy that they conquered ''Revatidvipa'' ([[Goa]]), and [[Puri]] on east coast of India. Rashtrakuta inscriptions use the term ''Karnatakabala'' when referring to the powerful Chalukya armies.<ref name="bala">Kamath 2001, pp. 57, 65</ref><ref name="Abhinav Publications, New Delhi"/>

=== Land governance ===
The government, at higher levels, was closely modelled after the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]n and [[Satavahana]] administrative machinery.<ref name="persia1" /> The empire was divided into ''Maharashtrakas'' (provinces), then into smaller ''Rashtrakas'' (''Mandala''), ''[[Vishaya]]'' (district), ''Bhoga'' (group of 10 villages) which is similar to the ''Dasagrama'' unit used by the [[Kadambas]]. At the lower levels of administration, the Kadamba style prevailed fully. The Sanjan plates of Vikramaditya I even mentions a land unit called ''Dasagrama''.<ref name="grama">The breakup of land into ''mandalas'', ''vishaya'' existed in the Kadamba administrative machinery (Kamath 2001, pp. 36, 65, 66)</ref> In addition to imperial provinces, there were autonomous regions ruled by feudatories such as the Alupas, the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Gangas]], the [[Bana kingdom|Banas]] and the Sendrakas.<ref name="bana">Kamath (2001), p. 65</ref> Local assemblies and guilds looked after local issues. Groups of ''[[mahajan]]as'' (learned [[brahmin]]s) looked after ''agraharas'' (called ''ghatika'' or "place of higher learning") such as at Badami which was served by 2000 ''mahajans'' and Aihole which was served by 500 ''mahajanas''. Taxes were levied and were called the ''herjunka'' – tax on loads, the ''kirukula'' – tax on retail goods in transit, the ''bilkode'' – sales tax, the ''pannaya'' – betel tax, ''siddaya'' – land tax and the ''vaddaravula'' – tax levied to support royalty.<ref name="bana" />

=== Coinage ===
The Badami Chalukyas minted coins that were of a different standard compared to the coins of the northern kingdoms.<ref name="Varaha">However, they issued gold coins that weighed 120 grams, in imitation of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta dynasty]] (A.V. Narasimha Murthy in Kamath 2001, p. 65)</ref> The coins had ''[[Devanagari|Nagari]]'' and Kannada legends.<ref name="south1" /> The coins of Mangalesha had the symbol of a temple on the obverse and a 'sceptre between lamps' or a temple on the reverse. Pulakeshin II's coins had a caparisoned lion facing right on the obverse and a temple on the reverse. The coins weighed 4 grams and were called, in old-Kannada, ''hun'' (or ''honnu'') and had fractions such as ''fana'' (or ''fanam'') and the ''quarter fana'' (the modern day Kannada equivalent being ''hana'' – which literally means "money").<ref name="hana">{{cite web|title=The Southern India: Coinage of the Chalukyas|url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/chalukya/south_chalcoin.html |author=Govindaraya Prabhu, S|publisher=Prabhu's Web Page On Indian Coinage|date=1 November 2001|access-date=6 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201142248/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/chalukya/south_chalcoin.html|archive-date=1 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> A gold coin called ''gadyana'' is mentioned in a record at the Vijayeshwara Temple at [[Pattadakal]], which later came to be known as ''[[varaha]]'' (their royal emblem).<ref name="Varaha" />

=== Religion ===
[[File:Jain basadi.JPG|thumb|left|Aihole – Meguti Jain Temple]]
The Chalukyas supported multiple faiths, but unlike the Rashtrakutas and Gangas whose personal religious affiliations are better known, the personal faith of the Chalukyas remains unclear. Scholars have given different views. some suggest Jainism while others suggest Hinduism. However, many scholars such as Hampa N and S. Settar point out that [[Jainism]] was a prominent religion during the early Chalukya period.<ref>Hampa.N (2014), pp. 22–23.</ref><ref>Settar. s (1992), pp. 56–58.</ref>

Hampa and Settar suggest that ''Puligere'' (modern [[Lakshmeshwara]]), the first capital of the Chalukyas, was a major [[Jain]] centre. Historical records and local tradition mention that there were more than ''300 Basadis'' or likely more around Puligere region. The present [[Someshwara Temple, Lakshmeshwara|Someshwara temple]] is believed, based on inscriptions and historical evidence, to have originally been a Jain temple built during the reign of Pulakeshin, along with the Shanka Basadi constructed by [[Pulakeshin II]] and his family.<ref>Hampa.N (2014), pp. 23–25.</ref><ref>Settar. s (1992), pp. 73–74.</ref> An inscription fixed on the left wall of the [[Lakshmeshwara Jain temples|Shanka Basadi]] at Basti-Bana at [[Lakshmeshwara]], records a grant of ''500 nivartanas of land to the north of Puligere-nagara'' for the worship of ''"Shankha-Jinendra (Bhagwan [[Neminatha]])"''. It was made by Durgasakti, son of Kundasakti and grandson of Vijayasakti of the Sendra lineage. The same inscription mentions that Pulakeshin II was also known as "''Ereyamma"''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lakshmeswar – Inscriptions |url=https://puratattva.in/lakshmeswar-inscriptions/ |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Puratattva |publisher=Indian Archaeological Society}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso/page/n501/mode/1up |title=Epigraphia Carnatica, Vol. IX: Inscriptions of the Bangalore District |publisher=Mysore Government Central Press |year=1905 |page=n501 |access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref> The Shanka Basadi was one of the most famous Jain shrines during the Chalukya period.<ref>Hampa.N (2014), pp. 26–28.</ref><ref>Settar. s (1992), pp. 74–77.</ref>

Hampa Nagarajaiah and Settar also noted that the [[Meguti Jain temple|Meguti Jain Basadi inscription]], commissioned during the reign of Pulakeshin II, begins with the line ''“Jayati Bhagwan Jinendra”'' and mentions Pulakeshin’s military achievements. The composer of the inscription, [[Ravikirti]], was a [[Jain monk]] and likely served as the spiritual teacher of [[Pulakeshin II]].<ref>Hampa.N (2014), pp. 12–15.</ref> and Kumkumadevi, the younger sister of [[Vinayaditya of Vatapi|Vijayaditya]] (and queen of [[Alupa dynasty|Alupa King]] Chitravahana) made several grants and had a Jain [[basadi]] called Anesajjebasadi constructed at Puligere,<ref name="grant">From the Shiggaon plates of c. 707 and Gudigeri inscription dated 1076 (Ramesh 1984, pp. 142, 144)</ref>
Hampa Nagarajaiah further states that the Chalukyas had martial connections with several Jain dynasties, including the [[Western Ganga dynasty|Gangas]], [[Alupa dynasty|Alupas]], and [[Kalachuris of Kalyani|Kalachuris]].<ref>Hampa.N (2014), pp. 30–31.</ref>

However, the Chalukyas also known for supporting [[Hinduism]] as well and built several temples dedicated to Shaiva and Vaishnava deities.<ref name="popular">Chopra (2003), p. 191, part 1</ref> Famous temples were built in places such as Pattadakal, Aihole and Mahakuta<ref name="dana">Sastri (1955), p. 391</ref> The Badami kings were also supported [[Śrauta|Vedic]] priests to do their rituals and builted Hindu temples in Aihole. Sculptures of deities testify to the popularity of Hindu Gods such as [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Kartikeya]], [[Ganapathi]], [[Shakti]], [[Surya]] and ''[[Matrikas|Sapta Matrikas]]'' ("seven mothers"). The Badami kings also performed the [[Ashwamedha]].<ref name="deity">Kamath 2001, p. 66</ref> The worship of [[Lajja Gauri]], a [[fertility goddess]] is known. The kings of the dynasty were however secular and actively encouraged all prominent religions. they builted the caves Caves temples to all faiths.<ref name="maguti">Chopra (2003), p. 78, part 1</ref>

The dynasty, therefore, extended patronage to all the major religions of India Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism. Ravikirti, the Jain monk and poet and spirtual advisor of Pulakeshin II. Queen Vinayavati consecrated a temple for the [[Trimurti]] ("Hindu trinity") at Badami. Sculptures of the Trimurti, [[Harihara]] (half Vishnu, half Shiva) and ''Ardhanarishwara'' (half Shiva, half woman) provide ample evidence of their tolerance.<ref name="deity" /> Buddhism was on a decline, having made its ingress into Southeast Asia. This is confirmed by the writings of Hiuen-Tsiang. Badami, Aihole, Kurtukoti and Puligere (modern [[Lakshmeshwar]] in the [[Gadag district]]) were primary places of learning.{{citation needed|date=October 2025}}

=== Society ===
The society under the Chalukyas was marked by religious pluralism and cultural diversity. Some kings had concubines (''ganikas'') who were given much respect, Inscriptions record donations to Jain basadis (temples), and prominent Jain scholars such as Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakeshin II, flourished under their reign.<ref name="ganikas">Vinopoti, a concubine of King Vijayaditya is mentioned with due respect in an inscription (Kamath 2001, p. 67)</ref> [[Devadasi]]s were however present in temples. Sage [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]]'s ''Natyashastra'', the precursor to [[Bharatanatyam]], the classical dance of South India was popular and is seen in many sculptures and is mentioned in inscriptions.<ref name="natyasastra">One record mentions an artist called Achala who was well versed in ''Natyashastra'' (Kamath 2001, p. 67)</ref> Kumkumadevi the younger sister of Vijayaditya (and queen of Alupa King Chitravahana) made several grants and had a Jain [[basadi]] called Anesajjebasadi constructed at Puligere,<ref name="grant" /> [[Sati (practice)|Sati]] was perhaps absent since widows like Vinayavathi and Vijayanka are mentioned in records. Some women from the royal family enjoyed political power in administration. Queen Vijayanka was a noted Sanskrit poet,<ref name="jayakirti" /> and the queens of Vikramaditya II, Lokamahadevi and Trailokyamahadevi made grants and possibly consecrated the Lokesvara Temple (now called Virupaksha temple) but also and the Mallikarjuna temple respectively at Pattadakal.<ref name="sanga">Cousens (1926), p. 59</ref>

== In popular culture ==
The Chalukya era may be seen as the beginning of the fusion of cultures of northern and southern India, making way for the transmission of ideas between the two regions. This is seen clearly in the field of architecture. The Chalukyas spawned the ''Vesara'' style of architecture which includes elements of the northern ''nagara'' and southern ''dravida'' styles. During this period, the expanding Sanskritic culture mingled with local [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] vernaculars which were already popular.<ref name="politics" /> [[Dravidian languages]] maintain these influences even today. This influence helped to enrich literature in these languages.<ref name="enrich">Sastri (1955), p. 309</ref> The Hindu legal system owes much to the Sanskrit work ''Mitakshara'' by Vijnaneshwara in the court of Western Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI. Perhaps the greatest work in legal literature, ''Mitakshara'' is a commentary on ''Yajnavalkya'' and is a treatise on law based on earlier writings and has found acceptance in most parts of India. Englishman [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] later translated into English the section on inheritance, giving it currency in the British Indian court system.<ref name="legal">Sastri (1955), p. 324</ref> It was during the Western Chalukya rule that the [[Bhakti]] movement gained momentum in South India, in the form of [[Ramanujacharya]] and [[Basavanna]], later spreading into northern India.

A celebration called ''Chalukya utsava'', a three-day festival of music and dance, organised by the [[Government of Karnataka]], is held every year at Pattadakal, Badami and Aihole.<ref name="utsav">{{cite web|title=Chalukya Utsava: Depiction of grandeur and glory|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEK20060226013433&Topic=0&Title=Southern%20News%20-%20Karnataka&Page=K|publisher=NewIndia Press|date=26 February 2006|access-date=12 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092610/http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEK20060226013433&Topic=0&Title=Southern%20News%20-%20Karnataka&Page=K|archive-date=29 September 2007}}</ref> The event is a celebration of the achievements of the Chalukyas in the realm of art, craft, music and dance. The program, which starts at Pattadakal and ends in Aihole, is inaugurated by the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]. Singers, dancers, poets and other artists from all over the country take part in this event. In the {{Nowrap|26 February}} 2006 celebration, 400 art troupes took part in the festivities. Colorful cutouts of the ''[[Varaha]]'' the Chalukya emblem, ''Satyashraya'' Pulakeshin (Pulakeshin II), famous sculptural masterpieces such as [[Durga]], [[Durga|Mahishasuramardhini]] (Durga killing demon [[Mahishasura]]) were present everywhere. The program at Pattadakal is named ''Anivaritacharigund vedike'' after the famous architect of the Virupaksha temple, [[Gundan Anivaritachari]]. At Badami it is called ''Chalukya Vijayambika Vedike'' and at Aihole, ''Ravikirti Vedike'' after the famous poet and Jain monk ([[Ravikirti]]) in the court of Pulakeshin II. ''[[Immadi Pulikeshi (film)|Immadi Pulikeshi]]'', a [[Kannada]] movie of the 1960s starring [[Dr. Rajkumar]] celebrates the life and times of the great king.<ref name="utsav" />

== See also ==
* [[Eastern Chalukyas]]
* [[Western Chalukyas]]
* [[Chalukya Cholas]]
* [[Hoysala Empire]]
* [[Chola dynasty]]
* [[Kamboi]]
* [[Kamboja Kingdom|Kamboja]]

{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}

{{Middle kingdoms of India}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
'''Books'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|jstor=3249519|title=The Mahākuṭa Pillar and Its Temples|first=Carol Radcliffe|last=Bolon|date=1 January 1979|journal=Artibus Asiae|volume=41|issue=2/3|pages=253–268|doi=10.2307/3249519}}
* {{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Cousens, Henry|title= The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts|orig-year= 1926|year= 1996|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location= New Delhi|oclc = 37526233}}
* {{cite book|last=Foekema|first=Gerard|title=Complete Guide to Hoysala Temples|publisher=Abhinav|location=New Delhi|isbn=81-7017-345-0|year=1996}}
* {{cite book |last=Foekema|first=Gerard |title= Architecture decorated with architecture: Later medieval temples of Karnataka, 1000–1300 AD|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-215-1089-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Hardy|first=Adam |title=Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries|orig-year=1995|year=1995|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 81-7017-312-4}}
* {{cite book |last= Houben|first= Jan E.M.|title= Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language |orig-year=1996|year= 1996|publisher= Brill|isbn= 90-04-10613-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
* {{cite book |last= Karmarkar|first= A.P.|title= Cultural history of Karnataka: ancient and medieval|orig-year=1947|year=1947|publisher= Karnataka Vidyavardhaka Sangha|location= Dharwad|oclc= 8221605}}
* {{cite book |last= Keay|first= John|title= India: A History|orig-year=2000|year=2000|publisher= Grove Publications|location= New York|isbn= 0-8021-3797-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Michell|first=George|title= Pattadakal – Monumental Legacy|orig-year=2002|year=2002|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 0-19-566057-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Moraes|first=George M. |title= The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka|orig-year=1931|year= 1990|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0595-0}}
* {{cite book |last= Mugali|first= R.S.|title= History of Kannada literature|orig-year=1975|year=1975|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|oclc=2492406}}
* {{cite book |last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.489059|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi, Madras|isbn= 81-206-0303-6}}
* {{cite book |last= Ramesh|first= K.V.|title= Chalukyas of Vatapi|year=1984|publisher= Agam Kala Prakashan|location= Delhi|id= 3987-10333| oclc=567370037}}
* {{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
* {{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}
* {{cite book |last= Thapar|first= Romila|title= The Penguin History of Early India|orig-year=2003|year= 2003|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-14-302989-4}}
* {{cite book |last= Vaidya|first= C.V|title= History of Mediaeval Hindu India (Being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.)|publisher= Oriental Book Supply Agency|location= Poona|oclc= 6814734 }}
* {{cite book |last= Various|title= Encyclopaedia of Indian literature – vol 2|orig-year=1988|year=1988|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|isbn=81-260-1194-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Settar |first=S. |title=The Chalukyan Temples of Karnataka: Architecture and Iconography |year=1992 |publisher=Kala Yatra Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-85189-05-5}}
* ⁠{{cite book |last=Nagarajaiah |first=Hampa |title=Bahubali tatha Badami Chalukya |year=2014 |publisher=Dāryā Prakāśana |location=Bengaluru |isbn=978-93-85127-05-2}}
{{Refend}}
'''Web'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart|title=APOnline – History of Andhra Pradesh-ancient period-Eastern Chalukyas by Tata Consultancy Services|access-date=12 November 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081329/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/history_ancient.html#ChalukyasPart|archive-date=6 December 2006}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D0%2BM%3D0|title=Architecture of Indian Subcontinent, Takeyo Kamiya, 20 September 1996, Published by Gerard da Cunha-Architecture Autonomous, Bardez, Goa, India|access-date=12 November 2006|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092751/http://www.indoarch.org/place.php?placelink=R%3D5%2BS%3D18%2BP%3D0%2BM%3D0|url-status=usurped}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210222449/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jul262005/spectrum1422512005725.asp |archive-date=10 February 2007 |title=Badami Chalukyans' magical transformation, an article by Azmathulla Shariff in Deccan Herald, Spectrum, 26 July 2005 |access-date=12 November 2006 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/chalukya/|title=Chalukyan Art by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, Kamat's Potpourri, 4 November 2006|access-date=10 November 2006 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm|title=History of the Kannada Literature, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat, on Kamat's Potpourri, Timeless Theater-Karnataka-History of Kannada, 4 November 2006|access-date=12 November 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050403213846/http://kamat.com/kalranga/kar/literature/history1.htm|archive-date=3 April 2005|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/aihole/aihplan.html |title=Aihole Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002|access-date=10 November 2006 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/badami/baplan.html |title=Badami Cave Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002|access-date=10 November 2006 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/pattadakal/pat0.html |title=Pattadakal Temples, Photographs by Michael D. Gunther, 2002|access-date=10 November 2006 }}
* [http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/deccan/chalukya/kalyani.htm Chalukyas of Kalyana (973–1198 CE)] by Dr. Jyotsna Kamat
* {{cite web |url=http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/alupa/south_alupacat.html |title=Coins of Alupas|access-date=10 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815095514/http://prabhu.50g.com/southind/alupa/south_alupacat.html  |archive-date=15 August 2006 }}

{{Karnataka topics}}
{{Telangana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Chalukya dynasty| ]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 540s]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]
[[Category:543 establishments]]
[[Category:6th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:753 disestablishments]]
[[Category:8th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of medieval Andhra]]

Ada pradhaman

2026-03-06T16:10:07Z

Johnsmithabmm1: Made Initial Pg V1

{{Short description|Traditional dessert from Kerala, India}}

{{Infobox food
| name = Ada Pradhaman
| image = അടപ്രഥമൻ.JPG
| caption = Ada pradhaman
| alternate_name =
| country = [[India]]
| region = [[Kerala]]
| creator =
| course = [[Dessert]]
| type = [[Pudding]]
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Ada (food)|Rice ada]], [[Coconut milk]], [[jaggery]] or [[sugar]], [[ghee]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Ada pradhaman''' is a traditional [[Keralite]] dessert made by using the [[Ada (food)|rice ada]] (rice pasta or flakes) with a sauce of cooked coconut milk and jaggery.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/food/how-to-prepare-the-mainstay-of-classic-ada-pradhaman-fresh-from-the-kitchen/article32465762.ece | title=How to prepare the mainstay of classic ada pradhaman fresh from the kitchen | newspaper=The Hindu | date=28 August 2020 | last1=S | first1=Harikumar J. }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sudhir |title=Ada Pradhaman Recipe by Sudhir Nair - Courtyard Bengaluru - Outer Ring Road |url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-ada-pradhaman-952489 |access-date=2022-06-17 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapoor |first=Sanjeev Dak |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=06-82npRVR4C&dq=%22ada+pradhaman%22&pg=PA94 |title=Dakshin Delights |date=2009 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-400-7 |language=en}}</ref> Ada pradhaman is specially prepared in homes of the state of [[Kerala]] in [[India]] on the festival day of [[Onam]]. It is a variety of [[payasam]], and is served together with [[sadya]].<ref name=":0" />

==Typical preparation==
Cooked rice [[Ada (food)|ada]] is added to coconut milk, then topped with a jaggery syrup and other ingredients such as nuts, raisins, and cardamom powder.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://rakskitchen.net/ada-pradhaman-recipe-onam-recipes/ | title=Ada pradhaman recipe, Onam recipes | date=30 August 2020 }}</ref>

The dish is usually served hot. It is one of the most common desserts in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Niraalee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YdUEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22ada+pradhaman%22&pg=PT257 |title=Indian Etiquette: A Glimpse Into India's Culture |date=2021-12-13 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63886-554-4 |language=en}}</ref>

==Palada Pradhaman==
'''Palada Pradhaman''' or '''Palada Payasam''' is a type of Payasam made with '''Pal''' ([[milk]]), rice ada, sugar, cardamom powder, nuts and raisins.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://food.ndtv.com/recipe-palada-pradhaman-219751 | title=Palada Pradhaman Recipe }}</ref> Palada Pradhaman or palada payasam is offered specially to devotees as [[Prasadam|Prasada]] in [[Kerala]] [[Temples]].

==See also==
*[[Chakka prathaman]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Coconut desserts]]
[[Category:Puddings]]
[[Category:Kerala cuisine]]

{{india-food-stub}}

Julayi (soundtrack)

2026-03-04T19:42:52Z

Johnsmithabmm1: put up new details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Julayi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover = Julai Soundtrack Album Disc Cover.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Album cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|7|6}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:38
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Gabbar Singh (2012 film)|Gabbar Singh]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Dhamarukam]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

'''''Julayi''''' is the feature film soundtrack of the 2012 action comedy film [[Julayi|of the same name]] starring [[Allu Arjun]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Sonu Sood]] and [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]]. Directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]], the film's music and background score was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] marking his second collaboration after ''[[Jalsa]]'' in 2008. The official soundtrack album consists of six songs composed by Devi Sri Prasad and [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Sri Mani]] and Devi Sri Prasad himself penning the lyrics. The film's soundtrack album was launched on 6 July 2012 in a grand promotional event at Hitex Exhibition Center in Madhapur, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] on [[Aditya Music]] label. The audio received positive response from both critics and audience alike.

==Production==
Trivikram chose [[Devi Sri Prasad]] to compose music for this film post the success of the Soundtrack of ''[[Gabbar Singh (film)|Gabbar Singh]]'' which would mark his next collaboration with him after ''[[Jalsa]]'' in 2008 and Devi Sri Prasad's Fourth collaboration with Arjun after ''[[Arya (2004 film)|Arya]]'', ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]'' and ''[[Arya 2]]'' in the past.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-allu-arjun-and-trivikram-srinivas-team-up-for-julayi/20120808.htm|title=Allu Arjun and Trivikram Srinivas team up for Julayi|work=Rediff.com|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> [[Sri Mani]], who was well known for his lyrics in the films [[100% Love (2011 film)|100% Love]] and [[Love Failure]] wrote 3 songs in the film. Devi Sri Prasad too penned lyrics for a song to which popular singer [[Adnan Sami]] provided the vocals. Its background music was used in the first teaser which received positive response.

== Release ==
The audio teaser was released in 26 June 2012 by the production house which raised expectations on the audio further.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Allu Arjun's "Julayi" audio teaser|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Allu-Arjuns-Julayi-audio-teaser/articleshow/13865279.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504060639/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-06/news-interviews/32077612_1_teaser-romantic-entertainer-stylish-star|archive-date=2013-05-04|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> The soundtrack album was officially launched on 6 July 2012 at Hitex Exhibition Center in Madhapur, Hyderabad. [[Pawan Kalyan]] attended the function as the chief guest while [[Allu Arjun]], [[Tamannaah]], [[Dasari Narayana Rao]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[Srinu Vytla]], Sai Dharam Tej, [[Ali (actor)|Ali]], [[Nagendra Babu]], [[Dil Raju]], [[Harish Shankar]], B.V.S.N. Prasad attended the audio function.

In the UK, the [[BBC Asian Network]] radio station officially play listed the track ''O Madhu'' on 14 July 2012 marking it as the first Telugu song to be play listed there.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/playlist/index.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090709101938/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/playlist/index.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 July 2009 |title=Asian Network – Playlist |publisher=BBC |date= |access-date=2012-08-04}}</ref> In mid-July, the promotional music video of the song ''Pakado Pakado'' was released by Devi Sri Prasad in his Twitter, which was canned in Khurshid Jha Devdi College for Women, near [[Charminar]], Hyderabad. The song featured a dance performance by Allu Arjun and Devi Sri Prasad and the vocals been sung only by Devi Sri Prasad while [[Malgudi Shubha]] too sang the song in the soundtrack album.

== Track listing ==
{{tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline =
| total_length = 24:38
| title1 = Nenu Pakka Julayi
| extra1 = [[Suchith Suresan]], [[Priya Himesh]]
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| length1 = 4:22
| title2 = O Madhu
| extra2 = [[Adnan Sami]]
| lyrics2 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length2 = 4:05
| title3 = O Lava Lava
| extra3 = [[Jassie Gift]]
| lyrics3 = [[Sri Mani]]
| length3 = 4:14
| title4 = Hey Chakkani Bike Undi
| extra4 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]]
| lyrics4 = Sri Mani
| length4 = 4:05
| title5 = Mee Intiki Mundu
| extra5 = Sagar, [[Ranina Reddy]]
| lyrics5 = Sri Mani
| length5 = 3:52
| title6 = Pakdo Pakdo
| extra6 = [[Malgudi Shubha]], Devi Sri Prasad
| lyrics6 = Ramajogayya Sastry
| length6 = 4:00
}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Ceremony
!Category
!Nominee
!Result
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Best Lyricist (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]] - "O Madhu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)]]
|[[Adnan Sami]] - "O Madhu"
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Devi Sri Prasad}}
[[Category:2012 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Devi Sri Prasad soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Aditya Music soundtracks]]

Aapdi Thaapdi

2026-03-04T09:35:44Z

Johnsmithabmm1: Made New Pg Basic Info

{{Short description|2022 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aapdi Thaapdi
| image = Aapdi Thapdi.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Anand Arun Karir
| producer =
| writer = Anand Arun Karir
| story = Sunila Anand Karir Anand Arun Karir
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Shreyas Talpade]] [[Mukta Barve]] [[Sandeep Pathak]] [[Navin Prabhakar]] [[Nandu Madhav]]
| music = Anand Bhaskar Hasn Rohan-Vinayak
| cinematography = Suman Sahu
| editing = Vaibhav Parab
| studio = K Silent Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|10|05|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aapdi Thaapdi''''' is a 2022 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Anand Karir. It stars [[Shreyas Talpade]], [[Mukta Barve]], [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]] and [[Navin Prabhakar]] and was released theatrically on 5 October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2022 |title= Shreyas Talpade, Mukta Barve-starrer Aapdi Thaapdi to be released on 5 October |url= https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/sep/8/35641/shreyas-talpade-mukta-barve-starrer-aapdi-thaapdi-to-be-released-on-5-october |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144351/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/sep/8/35641/shreyas-talpade-mukta-barve-starrer-aapdi-thaapdi-to-be-released-on-5-october |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website= Cinestaan.com |language= English }}</ref>

==Plot==
The story is about friendship between a girl and a goat, revolving around Sakharam Patil ([[Shreyas Talpade]]), a very miserly but intelligent farmer living in a village, his wife Parvati ([[Mukta Barve]]), daughter Tulshi (Khushi Hazare) and his friend [[Sandeep Pathak]] (Damu) who lives in the house.

== Cast ==
*[[Shreyas Talpade]] as Sakharam Patil<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title= 'Aapdi Thapdi': Character poster of Shreyas Talpade as Sakharam Patil unveiled! |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aapdi-thapdi-character-poster-of-shreyas-talpade-as-sakharam-patil-unveiled/articleshow/94309863.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013160441/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aapdi-thapdi-character-poster-of-shreyas-talpade-as-sakharam-patil-unveiled/articleshow/94309863.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website= The Times of India |language= English }}</ref>
*[[Mukta Barve]] as Parvati Patil<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title= 'Aapdi Thapdi': Mukta Barve introduces her character 'Parvati Patil' as she unveils her character poster |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aapdi-thapdi-mukta-barve-introduces-her-character-parvati-patil-as-she-unveils-her-character-poster/articleshow/94335296.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013161205/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aapdi-thapdi-mukta-barve-introduces-her-character-parvati-patil-as-she-unveils-her-character-poster/articleshow/94335296.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website= The Times of India |language= English }}</ref>
*[[Khushi Hajare]] as Tulshi aka Mau
*[[Sandeep Pathak]] as Damu
*[[Navin Prabhakar]] as Yuvraj Bhosale<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title= 'Aapdi Thapdi': Character poster of Navin Prabhakar as Yuvraj Bhosale unveiled! |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aapdi-thapdi-character-poster-of-navin-prabhakar-as-yuvraj-bhosale-unveiled/articleshow/94242941.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013162516/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/aapdi-thapdi-character-poster-of-navin-prabhakar-as-yuvraj-bhosale-unveiled/articleshow/94242941.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website= The Times of India |language= English }}</ref>
*[[Nandu Madhav]]
*Aman Gupta
*Anup Kendre

==Production==
The film was announced and principal photography of the film started in January 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title= Shreyas Talpade returns to Marathi movies in a full-fledged role, after 6 years |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shreyas-talpade-to-play-a-doting-father-in-anand-karirs-next/articleshow/89151880.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013145137/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shreyas-talpade-to-play-a-doting-father-in-anand-karirs-next/articleshow/89151880.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website= The Times of India |language= English }}</ref>
== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aapdi Thaapdi
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Anand Bhaskar
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 10:13
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2021
| year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|g-HX-go0I68| Aapdi Thaapdi – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 10:13
| title1 = Apadi Thapadi title
| extra1 = Anand Bhaskar
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Ayushya Hey
| extra2 = Abhay Jodpurkar
| length2 = 3:50
| title3 = Ludbud Karto
| extra3 = Swara Joshi
| length3 = 2:35
}}

==Reception==
=== Critical response ===

Aapdi Thaapdi received positive reviews from critics. Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film three and a half stars out of five and was appreciative of all major aspects of production, opining that it "'Aapdi Thaapdi' feels like a warm hug. It is a simple story of simple people that ends up teaching the audience several small lessons".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=Aapdi Thaapdi Movie Review : A heartwarming story paired with powerful performances |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/aapdi-thaapdi/movie-review/94708940.cms |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221013171320/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/aapdi-thaapdi/movie-review/94708940.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=English
}}</ref> Jaideep Phatak of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' also gave it three stars out of five and similarly found that "if you look at it through a different lens, savor it, it gives you the satisfaction of seeing something different."<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=सिनेरिव्ह्यू : आपडी थापडी |url= https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/aapdi-thaapdi/moviereview/94706285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221013172909/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/aapdi-thaapdi/moviereview/94706285.cms |archive-date=13 October 2022 |access-date=13 October 2022 |website= Maharashtra Times |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Reshma Raikwar of ''[[Loksatta]]'' felt the film was "A small story, a small incident explains a big story in life. Similarly, the film 'Apadi Thapdi' directed by Anand Karir should be mentioned as a film that gives a somewhat pure experience."<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2022 |title=गोष्ट छोटी, डोंगराएवढी.. |url= https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/directed-movie-entertainment-shreyas-talpade-play-amy-95-3179400/ |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221014062355/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/directed-movie-entertainment-shreyas-talpade-play-amy-95-3179400/ |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=Loksatta|language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2020s Marathi-language comedy drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Shamsuddin Ahmed (Mymensingh politician)

2026-02-24T20:36:30Z

Johnsmithabmm1: made new bio!

{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician (died 2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shamsuddin Ahmed
|image = File:Shamsuddin Ahmed (engineer).jpeg
| office = Member of Bangladesh Parliament
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2008
| predecessor = [[Moslem Uddin]]
| successor = [[Moslem Uddin]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mymensingh]]
| death_date = 8 May 2020<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ফুলবাড়িয়ার সাবেক সংসদ সদস্য ইঞ্জিনিয়ার শামছ উদ্দিন আহমদ আর নেই |url=https://m.dailyinqilab.com/article/290298/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87 |access-date=2021-01-04 |work=The Daily Inqilab |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:বিএনপির সাবেক সাংসদ শামছ উদ্দিন আহমদ আর নেই |url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/online/national/2020/05/08/909088 |access-date=2021-01-04 |work=Kaler Kantho |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সাবেক এমপি শামছ উদ্দিন আহামদ আর নেই |url=https://samakal.com/whole-country/article/200522231/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9B-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87 |access-date=2021-01-04 |work=Samakal |language=bn}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| party = Independent
}}
'''Shamsuddin Ahmed''' was an [[independent politician]] and a member of parliament for [[Mymensingh-6]].

==Career==
Ahmed was elected to parliament from Mymensingh-6 as an independent candidate in 2001.<ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=154 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |date= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=26 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229002919/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=154 |archive-date=29 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, he was nominated by [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] to contest the 11th parliamentary election.<ref>{{cite news |title=Voters to see three-way race in Gaibandha-4, Mymensingh-6 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/news/voters-see-three-way-race-gaibandha-4-mymensingh-6-1678864 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=26 October 2019 |language=en |date=26 December 2018}}</ref>

== Death ==
Ahmed died on 8 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:সাবেক সংসদ সদস্য প্রকৌশলী শামসুদ্দিন আহমেদের ইন্তেকাল |url=https://www.priyo.com/e/2026105-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2 |access-date=2020-07-20 |work=Priyo.com |language=bn}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Shahabuddin Degree College]]
* [[Begum Fazilatunnecha Mujib Government Mohila College]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Shamsuddin}}
[[Category:Independent politicians in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:People from Fulbaria Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mymensingh Division]]
[[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]

{{Mymensingh-politician-stub}}

Garikapati Narahari Sastry

2026-02-19T02:50:21Z

Johnsmithabmm1:

{{Short description|Indian chemist}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Garikapati Narahari Sastry
| image = G. Narahari Sastry.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Sastry in 2019
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| field = [[Chemistry]], [[theoretical chemistry]], [[Computer]] Aided [[Drug]] [[Design]]
| work_institution = [[IIT-Hyderabad]] [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]] [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] [[Pondicherry University]]
| alma_mater = [[Osmania University]], [[University of Hyderabad]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Eluvathingal Devassy Jemmis]],
| academic_advisors = [[Sason Shaik]]
| known_for = Molecular Modeling and Computer-Aided Drug Design
| website = https://iith.ac.in/bt/gnsastry/
| footnotes =
}}
'''Garikapati Narahari Sastry''' is an Indian [[Chemist]] and a [[Professor]] at the [[Academic department|Department]] of [[Biotechnology]] at [[IIT-Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=G. Narahari Sastry |url=https://iith.ac.in/bt/gnsastry/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=IIT Hyderabad |language=en}}</ref> He served as [[Director (education)|Director]] of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research|CSIR]]- [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rrljorhat.res.in/|title=CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat|website=www.rrljorhat.res.in|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref> Jorhat, Assam from 19 February 2019 and served there till 10 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam-csir-north-east-institute-of-science-and-technology-gets-new-director.html|title=Assam: CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology gets new director|date=2019-02-19|website=Northeast Now|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/iict-scientist-to-head-csirs-only-north-east-lab/article26432800.ece|title=IICT scientist to head CSIR's only north east lab|last=Geetanath|first=V.|date=2019-03-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> After taking charge as the Director, he has worked towards converting knowledge in the areas of computational modelling and [[Artificial intelligence]] from basic to translational research, by working closely with society and industry. Ultimately, revitalizing the strength of science and technology is essential in achieving the self-reliant and strong India. In the era of Industry 4.0 and 5.0, combining our traditional wisdom with modern science appear to be indispensable in the sectors such as Education, Health, Agriculture, Industrial and Societal development at large. Prior to joining as the Director, he headed the Molecular Modelling Division at the CSIR [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]] in [[Hyderabad, India]]. Sastry has made pioneering contributions in the areas of [[computational chemistry]] and [[computational biology]].

He was awarded [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] in 2011, the highest science award in India, in the chemical sciences category.<ref>"11 scientists selected for Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award" ibn live, Sep 26,2011 [https://web.archive.org/web/20110929193539/http://ibnlive.in.com/generalnewsfeed/news/11-scientists-selected-for-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award/836081.html]</ref>

==Early life and education==
G. N. Sastry completed his BSc (1985) and MSc (1988) from [[Osmania University]]. He earned his PhD from [[University of Hyderabad]] in Theoretical and Computational Chemistry under the supervision of Prof. [[E. D. Jemmis]] in 1995. Subsequently, he moved to Israel to carry out his first postdoctoral studies (1994 – 1996) with Prof. Sason Shaik in [[Hebrew University]] where he majorly focused on valance bond modelling and electronic transfer reactions. In 1996, he moved to Switzerland and did his second postdoctoral studies with Prof. Thomas Bally in University of Fibourg, Switzerland. In Switzerland he worked in Molecular modelling and theoretical and physical organic chemistry.

==Career==
After two postdoctoral stints, he moved to India and he has served as Assistant Professor in [[Pondicherry University]] for five years (1997 – 2002). There majorly focused on Molecular modelling and theoretical and physical organic chemistry. In 2002 he moved to CSIR – [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], Hyderabad where he served for almost two decades and made fundamental contributions in supramolecular chemistry which itself is a highly interdisciplinary areas. On 19 February 2019, he took charge as a Director in CSIR – [[North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat]], Assam and served their till 10 January 2024. He is currently a [[Professor]] in the [[Department of Biotechnology]] and a core faculty member of the [[Computational Engineering]] program at [[Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad|IIT Hyderabad]]. He also serves as the [[Dean (education)|Dean]] (Sponsored Research and Consultancy).

==Scientific contributions==
Sastry leads a highly interdisciplinary research group with expertise spanning chemistry, biology, materials science, and computer science. He has authored over 300 research papers, which have received approximately 11,000 citations, resulting in an h-index of 52. His work includes significant contributions to the study of noncovalent interactions,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/cr500344e | doi=10.1021/cr500344e | title=Cooperativity in Noncovalent Interactions | year=2016 | last1=Mahadevi | first1=A. Subha | last2=Sastry | first2=G. Narahari | journal=Chemical Reviews | volume=116 | issue=5 | pages=2775–2825 | pmid=26840650 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2021/cp/d0cp05689h | doi=10.1039/D0CP05689H | title=Towards developing a criterion to characterize non-covalent bonds: A quantum mechanical study | year=2021 | last1=Kumar | first1=Nandan | last2=Saha | first2=Soumen | last3=Sastry | first3=G. Narahari | journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics | volume=23 | issue=14 | pages=8478–8488 | pmid=33876011 | bibcode=2021PCCP...23.8478K | s2cid=233308675 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> computer aided drug design,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ci100340w | doi=10.1021/ci100340w | title=Sequence, Structure, and Active Site Analyses of p38 MAP Kinase: Exploiting DFG-out Conformation as a Strategy to Design New Type II Leads | year=2011 | last1=Badrinarayan | first1=Preethi | last2=Sastry | first2=G. Narahari | journal=Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume=51 | issue=1 | pages=115–129 | pmid=21141877 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0113773 | doi-access=free | title=Specificity Rendering "Hot-Spots" for Aurora Kinase Inhibitor Design: The Role of Non-Covalent Interactions and Conformational Transitions | year=2014 | last1=Badrinarayan | first1=Preethi | last2=Sastry | first2=G. Narahari | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=9 | issue=12 | article-number=e113773 | pmid=25485544 | pmc=4259475 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9k3773B }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/ci500737b | doi=10.1021/ci500737b | title=Dynamics Based Pharmacophore Models for Screening Potential Inhibitors of Mycobacterial Cyclopropane Synthase | year=2015 | last1=Choudhury | first1=Chinmayee | last2=Priyakumar | first2=U. Deva | last3=Sastry | first3=G. Narahari | journal=Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling | volume=55 | issue=4 | pages=848–860 | pmid=25751016 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11030-021-10296-2 | doi=10.1007/s11030-021-10296-2 | title=Drug repositioning for anti-tuberculosis drugs: An in silico polypharmacology approach | year=2022 | last1=Madugula | first1=Sita Sirisha | last2=Nagamani | first2=Selvaraman | last3=Jamir | first3=Esther | last4=Priyadarsinee | first4=Lipsa | last5=Sastry | first5=G. Narahari | journal=Molecular Diversity | volume=26 | issue=3 | pages=1675–1695 | pmid=34468898 | s2cid=237372892 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> bucky bowl chemistry,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/cp/c3cp44673e | doi=10.1039/C3CP44673E | title=Conjugate acene fused buckybowls: Evaluating their suitability for p-type, ambipolar and n-type air stable organic semiconductors | year=2013 | last1=Purushotham | first1=Uppula | last2=Sastry | first2=G. Narahari | journal=Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics | volume=15 | issue=14 | pages=5039–5048 | pmid=23450210 | bibcode=2013PCCP...15.5039P | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jcc.24242 | doi=10.1002/jcc.24242 | title=Buckybowls as adsorbents for CO2, CH4, and C2H2: Binding and structural insights from computational study | year=2016 | last1=Hussain | first1=M. Althaf | last2=Vijay | first2=Dolly | last3=Sastry | first3=G. Narahari | journal=Journal of Computational Chemistry | volume=37 | issue=3 | pages=366–377 | pmid=26519620 | s2cid=461837 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> and applications of machine learning in computational drug discovery.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/minf.202100190 | doi=10.1002/minf.202100190 | title=Chemoinformatics and Machine Learning Approaches for Identifying Antiviral Compounds | year=2022 | last1=John | first1=Lijo | last2=Soujanya | first2=Yarasi | last3=Mahanta | first3=Hridoy Jyoti | last4=Narahari Sastry | first4=G. | journal=Molecular Informatics | volume=41 | issue=4 | article-number=e2100190 | pmid=34811938 | s2cid=244490227 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105419 | title=A machine learning-based approach to determine infection status in recipients of BBV152 (Covaxin) whole-virion inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for serological surveys | year=2022 | last1=Singh | first1=Prateek | last2=Ujjainiya | first2=Rajat | last3=Prakash | first3=Satyartha | last4=Naushin | first4=Salwa | last5=Sardana | first5=Viren | last6=Bhatheja | first6=Nitin | last7=Singh | first7=Ajay Pratap | last8=Barman | first8=Joydeb | last9=Kumar | first9=Kartik | last10=Gayali | first10=Saurabh | last11=Khan | first11=Raju | last12=Rawat | first12=Birendra Singh | last13=Tallapaka | first13=Karthik Bharadwaj | last14=Anumalla | first14=Mahesh | last15=Lahiri | first15=Amit | last16=Kar | first16=Susanta | last17=Bhosale | first17=Vivek | last18=Srivastava | first18=Mrigank | last19=Mugale | first19=Madhav Nilakanth | last20=Pandey | first20=C.P. | last21=Khan | first21=Shaziya | last22=Katiyar | first22=Shivani | last23=Raj | first23=Desh | last24=Ishteyaque | first24=Sharmeen | last25=Khanka | first25=Sonu | last26=Rani | first26=Ankita | last27=Promila | last28=Sharma | first28=Jyotsna | last29=Seth | first29=Anuradha | last30=Dutta | first30=Mukul | journal=Computers in Biology and Medicine | volume=146 | article-number=105419 | pmid=35483225 | pmc=9040372 | s2cid=245261536 | display-authors=1 }}</ref> He is also interested to unravel ~5000 years of traditional knowledge with 100 years of modern science. DISHA (Development of Informatics for Societal Health Advancement) has been conceived by Dr. G.N. Sastry with the aim to leverage the activities of data driven approaches in healthcare.

In the last decade, his group is involved in developing an indigenous software, Molecular Property Diagnostic Suite (MPDS),<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s12039-017-1268-4 | title=Assessing therapeutic potential of molecules: Molecular property diagnostic suite for tuberculosis MPDS TB | year=2017 | last1=Gaur | first1=Anamika Singh | last2=Bhardwaj | first2=Anshu | last3=Sharma | first3=Arun | last4=John | first4=Lijo | last5=Vivek | first5=M Ram | last6=Tripathi | first6=Neha | last7=Bharatam | first7=Prasad V. | last8=Kumar | first8=Rakesh | last9=Janardhan | first9=Sridhara | last10=Mori | first10=Abhaysinh | last11=Banerji | first11=Anirban | last12=Lynn | first12=Andrew M. | last13=Hemrom | first13=Anmol J. | last14=Passi | first14=Anurag | last15=Singh | first15=Aparna | last16=Kumar | first16=Asheesh | last17=Muvva | first17=Charuvaka | last18=Madhuri | first18=Chinmai | last19=Choudhury | first19=Chinmayee | last20=Kumar | first20=D Arun | last21=Pandit | first21=Deepak | last22=Bharti | first22=Deepak R. | last23=Kumar | first23=Devesh | last24=Singam | first24=ER Azhagiya | last25=Raghava | first25=Gajendra PS | last26=Sailaja | first26=Hari | last27=Jangra | first27=Harish | last28=Raithatha | first28=Kaamini | last29=Tanneeru | first29=Karunakar | last30=Chaudhary | first30=Kumardeep | journal=Journal of Chemical Sciences | volume=129 | issue=5 | pages=515–531 | s2cid=199377264 | display-authors=1 | doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1062936X.2017.1402819 | doi=10.1080/1062936X.2017.1402819 | title=Molecular property diagnostic suite (MPDS): Development of disease-specific open source web portals for drug discovery | year=2017 | last1=Nagamani | first1=S. | last2=Gaur | first2=A. S. | last3=Tanneeru | first3=K. | last4=Muneeswaran | first4=G. | last5=Madugula | first5=S. S. | last6=Consortium | first6=Mpds | last7=Druzhilovskiy | first7=D. | last8=Poroikov | first8=V. V. | last9=Sastry | first9=G. N. | journal=Sar and Qsar in Environmental Research | volume=28 | issue=11 | pages=913–926 | pmid=29206500 | bibcode=2017SQER...28..913N | s2cid=22904128 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1016/j.jbi.2018.08.003 | title=Molecular property diagnostic suite for diabetes mellitus (MPDSDM): An integrated web portal for drug discovery and drug repurposing | year=2018 | last1=Gaur | first1=Anamika Singh | last2=Nagamani | first2=Selvaraman | last3=Tanneeru | first3=Karunakar | last4=Druzhilovskiy | first4=Dmitry | last5=Rudik | first5=Anastassia | last6=Poroikov | first6=Vladimir | last7=Narahari Sastry | first7=G. | journal=Journal of Biomedical Informatics | volume=85 | pages=114–125 | pmid=30092360 | s2cid=51952429 | doi-access=free }}</ref> which aims to strengthen the computational drug discovery, and thereby working towards Aatmanirbhar Bharat. Dr. Sastry is also involved in a number of outreach programs and widely traveled across the globe and has visited over 25 countries. His stays as a visiting professor (faculty) in Japan, USA, Germany and Switzerland, besides several short visits to attend and organize meetings abroad has established a strong relationship in building international collaborations across the disciplines.

==Fellowships and memberships==
*Fellow of Indian National Science Academy (FNA)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P21-1887|title=FNA|website=www.insaindia.res.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Fellow of Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL2013019|title=FASc|website=www.ias.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Fellow of National Academy of Sciences India (FNASc)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/ZONE%20-%202020.pdf|title=FNASc|website=www.ias.nasi.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Fellow of Royal Society of Chemistry (FRSC)
*Fellow of Biotech Research Society, India (BRSI)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brsi.in/fellows/|title=FBRSI|website=www.brsi.in|date=10 July 2021 |language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Fellow of Telangana Academy of Sciences (Founder Fellow)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasc.org.in/fellows.html|title=FTAS|website=www.tasc.org.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Fellow of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences (FAPAS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aphrdi.ap.gov.in//documents/Profiles/uploads/52578-narahari%20sasthri.pdf|title=FAPAS|website=www.aphrdi.ap.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Life member of World Association of Theoretically Oriented Chemists (WATOC)
*Life member of American Chemical Society (ACS)
*Life member of Asia-Pacific Conference of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry (APCTCC)
*Life member of Chemical Research Society of India (CRSI)
*Life member of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences
*Life member of Indian Biophysical Society
*Life member of Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery Society (BIDDS)

==Prizes and honours==
*Recipient of J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]], New Delhi – 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.serb.gov.in/jcresult.php|title=J C Bose Fellowship|website=www.serb.gov.in|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/jc-bose-fellowship-for-iict-scientists/article7927692.ece|title=JC Bose fellowship for IICT scientists|website=@businessline|date=28 November 2015 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-26}}</ref>
*[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] – 2011.
* B. M. Birla Scientist prize for chemistry – 2001<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/organisms-objects-&-ocean-are-their-work/852772/2 Organisms, objects and ocean are their work] indianexpress.com {{Dead link|date=October 2021}}</ref>
* The [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt Fellowship]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.humboldt-foundation.de/en/apply/sponsorship-programmes/feodor-lynen-research-fellowship/feodor-lynen-search-for-a-host/singleview?tx_rsmavhsolr_solrview%5BpPersonId%5D=1122677&cHash=c8b17a060b9e81a823c742e4bc581cb7 |title=Dr. G. Narahari Sastry |website=humboldt-foundation.de |access-date=2020-07-07}}</ref>
* The [[Swarnajayanti Fellowship]] – 2005 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/sjaward05-06.pdf|title=Swarnajayanti Fellowship|website=www.dst.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
* [[National Bioscience Award for Career Development]] 2009<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dbtindia.nic.in/PreviousYrAwardee.doc |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 October 2011 |archive-date=25 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425091706/http://dbtindia.nic.in/PreviousYrAwardee.doc }}</ref>
* The CRSI Medal – 2010
* B. C. Deb Memorial Award for Soil/ Physical Chemistry, Indian Science Congress, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciencecongress.nic.in/pdf/e-book/Dec08_Jan09.pdf|title=BC Deb Memorial Award|website=www.sciencecongress.nic.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
* Special Award for Promotion of Ethnopharmacology, International Congress for Society for Ethnopharmacology, 2022
* A species of begonia was named 'Begonia Narahari'.<ref>{{cite news |title=New flowering plant discovered in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/arunachal-pradesh/new-flowering-plant-discovered-arunachal-pradesh.html |work=NORTHEAST NOW |date=5 March 2024}}</ref>
*CRSI Silver Medal for the year 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Silver Medal Winners for the Period 2000–2021 |website=Chemical Research Society of India |url=https://crsi-india.org/silver-medal-winners-for-the-period-2000-2021/ |accessdate=21 January 2026}}</ref>
*Lifetime achievement award for excellence in teaching and research from BIOCLUES, 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=GN Sastry {{!}} Life Time Achievement Award {{!}} Medley |author=Bioclues |website=YouTube |access-date=21 January 2026 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8dB2ErL94EY&t=2}}</ref>
*Lifetime Achievement Award in Pharmacy by the Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy (ABAP), 2025.

==Leadership activities==
As the Director, Dr. Sastry led many major programs and creating facilities contributing to the northeast region as well as nation.

*CSIR Summer Research Training Programme 2020, 16 June – 22 Aug 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/isw/CSIR-lab-organize-nationwide-summer-research-training-programme.html|title=SRTP|website=www.vigyanprasar.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/csir-lab-to-organise-nationwide-summer-research-training-programme-71571 | title=CSIR lab to organise nationwide summer research training programme | date=4 June 2020 }}</ref>
*Drug Discovery Hackathon 2020 Training programme, 13 July 2020 - 12 Sept 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.csir.res.in/slider/launch-training-program-drug-discovery-hackathon|title=Drug Discovery Hackathon|website=www.csir.res.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vigyanprasar.gov.in/isw/Drug-Discovery-Hackathon-training-programme-launched.html|title=Drug Discovery Hackathon|website=www.vigyanprasar.gov.in|language=en|access-date=2022-07-02}}</ref>
*Drug Discovery Hackathon 2020 Mentorship and Training programme, 30 September 2021 - 31 March 2022 <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/indore-aastha-soni-selected-for-drug-discovery-mentorship-and-training-program | title=Indore: Aastha soni selected for Drug Discovery Mentorship and Training Program }}</ref>
* Convenor of Hyderabad- Heidelberg Hub for Advanced Chemical Education (HHHACE) -Indo-German winter school on theoretical and computational chemistry-2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=HHHACE |url=https://sites.google.com/view/hhhace/home |website=Google Sites|accessdate=21 January 2026}}</ref>
*Establishment of Covid-19 testing facilities <ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1628560 | title=COVID-19 testing laboratory inaugurated in CSIR-NEIST, Jorhat }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/a-covid-19-testing-laboratory-established-at-jorhat-campus-of-neist-in-assam-1502895429.html | title=A COVID-19 testing laboratory established at Jorhat campus of NEIST in Assam | website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] | date=2 June 2020 }}</ref>
*Dr B. K. Saikia awarded Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-scientist-bags-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-for-work-on-carbon-quantum-dots-101632799375091.html | title=Assam scientist bags Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award for pioneering work | date=28 September 2021 }}</ref>
*CSIR-NEIST awarded State Science Award 2019 for Science Popularisation and Research <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rrljorhat.res.in/infowatch/infomar2019.pdf |title=Infomar 2019 |access-date=2 July 2022 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319195944/http://www.rrljorhat.res.in/infowatch/infomar2019.pdf }}</ref>
*Center for Petroleum Research funded by Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.psuconnect.in/news/CSIR-NEIST-signs-MoU-with-BCPL/25975/ | title=CSIR-NEIST signs MoU with BCPL }}</ref>
*DBT funded of Center of Excellence in Advanced Computation and Data Sciences
*Center for Infectious Diseases<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/genome-surveillance-for-north-east-region-begins/article35430755.ece | title=Genome surveillance for north east region begins | newspaper=The Hindu | date=20 July 2021 | last1=Geetanath | first1=V. }}</ref>
*Regional cum Facilitation Center (RCFC), National Medicinal Plant Board<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-jorhat-based-neist-signs-pact-with-national-medicinal-plants-board-for-setting-up-facilitation-centre.html | title=Assam: Jorhat-based NEIST signs pact with National Medicinal Plants Board for setting up facilitation Centre | date=April 2021 }}</ref>
*BioNEST Bioincubator<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.enerbiocluster.com/csir-neist-bionest-jorhat/ | title=CSIR-NEIST BioNEST, Jorhat – East & Northeast Region BioNEST Cluster }}</ref>
*NABL Accreditation for Testing/Analysis services, 2021
*CSIR-Centre for Post-Harvest Processing and Research at Itanagar<ref>{{cite web | url=https://arunachal24.in/itanagar-csir-and-cmeri-set-up-centre-for-post-harvest-processing-and-research/ | title=Itanagar: CSIR and CMERI set up 'centre for post harvest processing and research {{pipe}} Arunachal24 | date=20 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/itanagar/csir-research-unit-set-up-in-arunachal-pradesh-for-post-harvest-processing/articleshow/70767539.cms | title=CSIR research unit set up in Arunachal Pradesh for post-harvest processing {{pipe}} Itanagar News - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=21 August 2019 }}</ref>
*Multi-locational Trial & Regional Research Experimental Field across the northeast<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/arunachal-news/csir-director-general-visits-northeast-to-trigger-scientific-temper-559749 | title=CSIR Director General visits Northeast to trigger scientific temper - Sentinelassam | date=21 October 2021 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}
{{N-BIOS Laureates 1999–2009}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sastry, Garikapati Narahari}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian computational chemists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:N-BIOS Prize recipients]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]
[[Category:Pondicherry University alumni]]

Kottayam Nazeer

2026-02-15T04:37:51Z

Johnsmithabmm1: added info

{{short description|Indian actor and impressionist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{family name hatnote|Kottayam|Nazeer|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kottayam Nazeer
| image = Kottayam_Nazeer.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Nazeer P. Aziz
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|5|29}}
| birth_place = [[Karukachal]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|[[Mimicry (entertainment)|mimicry artist]]|film producer|screenwriter}}
| years_active = 1995–present
| parents =
| spouse = Hazeena Nazeer
| children = 2
| known_for = {{bulleted_list|[[Malayalam films]]|[[Stage show|Stage shows]]|[[Mimicry|Mimicry performance]]}}
| other_names =
| website =
}}

'''Kottayam Nazeer''' is an Indian actor, [[Impressionist (entertainment)|impressionist]], and an artist from [[Kerala]].<ref>[http://www.asianetcafe.org/index.php/comedy-shows/malayalam-stage-shows-comedy-shows-asianet-amrutha-kairali-surya-tv-programes-online-download-free-/3280--tharolsavam-mimicry-kottayam-nazeer-.html Website Asianet Cafe]</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Sebastian|first=Shevlin|title=Humour in Brushstrokes|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2018/nov/25/humour-in-brushstrokes-1901906.html|access-date=25 November 2018|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=25 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCODrbQGoIe1jInmdU9M3O2Q|title = Kottayam Nazeer Art Studio - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref> Kottayam Nazeer started his career as a stage artist . Recently he also started his career in painting. Nazeer is a recipient of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] (2010) and is the only recipient in the Mimicry category.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/mimicry-a-ksna/476 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Mimicry |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>

==Family==
Nazeer is married to Haseena. They have two sons, Mohammed Nihal and Mohammed Noufal.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mangalam varika 10 Sep 2012|url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/49/21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914032836/http://mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/49/21|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 September 2012|publisher=mangalamvarika.com|access-date=29 October 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
=== 1990s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1995 || ''[[Mimics Action 500]]'' || Krishnankutty ||
|-
| ''Kidilol Kidilam'' || Johnson ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1996 || ''Mr. Clean'' || Velayudhan ||
|-
| ''KL-7-95 Ernakulam North'' || Salim ||
|-
| ''[[Aramana Veedum Anjoorekkarum]]'' || Satheeshan ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1998 || ''[[Mattupetti Machan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aaghosham'' || Sethu ||
|-
| ''[[Meenakshi Kalyanam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Anuragakottaram]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1999 || ''[[Udayapuram Sulthan]]'' || Kasim ||
|-
| ''[[Mazhavillu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[My Dear Karadi]]'' || Philippose ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' || Keshavan ||
|-
| ''[[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]]'' || Sub-Inspector ||
|-
|}

=== 2000s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2000 || ''[[Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum]]'' || Veeramani ||
|-
| ''[[Sahayathrikakku Snehapoorvam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2001 || ''Koodariyathe'' || ||
|-
| ''Korappan the Great'' || Sasi ||
|-
| ''Aparenmar Nagarathil'' || Ramdas ||
|-
| ''[[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' || Mental Patient ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2002 || ''[[Jagathy Jagadeesh in Town]]'' || Govind ||
|-
| ''www.Anukudumbam.com'' || ||
|-
| ''Kayamkulam Kanaran'' || Sunny ||
|-
| ''Ee Bhargavi Nilayam'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kattuchembakam]]'' || Ponnappan ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]]'' || Himself ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2004 || ''Govindankutty Thirakkilanu'' || SI Jackie Chan ||
|-
| ''Youth Festival'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Vamanapuram Bus Route]]'' || Chackochan ||
|-
| ''[[Campus (film)|Campus]]'' || Attender || Tamil film
|-
| 2005 || ''Kalyanakurimanam'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Red Salute (2006 film)|Red Salute]]'' || Ramanan ||
|-
| ''Shyamam'' || Thankappan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2007 || ''[[Katha Parayumpol]]'' || Idikkatta Varkey ||
|-
| ''[[Anchil Oral Arjunan]]'' || Dineshan Mudiyoor ||
|-
| ''[[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2008 || ''[[Cycle (2008 film)|Cycle]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bullet (2008 film)|Bullet]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Parthan Kanda Paralokam]]'' || Sulaiman ||
|-
| ''[[SMS (2008 film)|SMS]]'' || Chacko ||
|-
| ''[[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]'' || Dr. Omanakuttan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Gulumaal: The Escape]]'' || Appy Biju ||
|-
| ''Venalmaram'' || Jaffer Kunnakulam ||
|-
|}

=== 2010s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=7 | 2010 || ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadaksham]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Small Family]]'' || Blade Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Avan (2010 film)|Avan]]'' || Kurian Thomas ||
|-
| ''Aakasha Yathra'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Malarvaadi Arts Club]]'' || Prem ||
|-
| ''[[Canvas (2010 film)|Canvas]]'' || Manmadhan ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2011 || ''[[Kudumbasree Travels]]'' || George Kutty ||
|-
| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Ammini Kumar ||
|-
| ''[[The Filmstaar]]'' || Krishnan Karakulam ||
|-
| ''Kathayile Nayika'' || Goon ||
|-
| ''[[Manikyakkallu]]'' || Pavanan Parimanam ||
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || Police officer ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2012 || ''[[Oru Kudumba Chithram]]'' || Vakkeel ||
|-
| ''Blackberry'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Jawan of Vellimala]]'' || Rafi ||
|-
| ''[[916 (film)|916]]'' || S.I. Babu ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Innocentanu]]'' || Pootturukki Pushpan ||
|-
| ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || Basha ||
|-
| rowspan=12 | 2013 || ''[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]]'' || Sreenivasan ||
|-
| ''[[Vallatha Pahayan]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| ''Vaidooryam'' || ||
|-
| ''Athade'' || || Telugu debut
|-
| ''Actress'' || ||
|-
| ''Kilikal Paadum Gramam'' || ||
|-
| ''Kauthukalokam'' || ||
|-
| ''Ithu Mantramo Thantramo Kuthantramo?'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'' || Kunjumon ||
|-
| ''For Sale'' || Musthafa ||
|-
| ''[[Pottas Bomb]]'' || Mohanan ||
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || Varghese ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''Garbhashreeman'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Asha Black]]'' || Thambi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''[[John Honai]]'' || Gunda ||
|-
| ''Loka Samastha'' || Vignesh ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kattappanayile Rithwik Roshan]]'' || Director Ajayan || Guest Appearance
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sherlock Toms]]'' || S.I Shinto ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]'' || Sreekrishnan ||
|-
| ''[[Chalakkudikkaran Changathi]]'' || Hungry Director ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Brother's Day]]'' || Joy ||
|-
|}

=== 2020s ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2020 || ''B Nilavarayum Sharjah Palliyum'' || Balan ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]]'' || Shashankan ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2023 || ''[[Ayalvaashi]]'' || Baby ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Soubin Shahir's Ayalvaashi gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/feb/21/soubin-shahirs-ayalvaashi-gets-a-release-date-40218.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Janaki Jaane]]'' || P. R. Shaji ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janaki Jaane clears censors with a U certificate |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/05/janaki-jaaneclears-censors-with-a-u-certificate-43064.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Pappachan Olivilanu]]'' || Xavier ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-01 |title=Animated Video Song From Saiju Kurup's Upcoming Pappachan Olivilaanu Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/animated-video-song-from-saiju-kurups-upcoming-pappachan-olivilaanu-out-8478667.html |access-date=2023-10-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Rani Chithira Marthanda'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-22 |title=Josekutty Jacob is lead in comic family drama |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/josekutty-jacob-is-lead-in-comic-family-drama/articleshow/104622487.cms |access-date=2023-10-26 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=6 | 2024 || ''Jerry'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-30 |title='Jerry' teaser: Unleashing chaos created by a mischievous rat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jerry-teaser-unleashing-chaos-created-by-a-mischievous-rat/articleshow/107253457.cms |access-date=2024-02-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Anweshippin Kandethum]]'' || [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DySP]] Alex ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-19 |title=Tovino Thomas Unveils Behind-the-scenes Magic In Anweshippin Kandethum Making Video |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tovino-thomas-unveils-behind-the-scenes-magic-in-anweshippin-kandethum-making-video-8746911.html |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thalavan]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Reghu ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-08 |title=Biju Menon-Asif Ali starrer Thalavan gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/08/biju-menon-asif-ali-starrer-thalavan-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[DNA (2024 film)|DNA]]'' || SI Sreejith ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-11 |title=Raai Laxmi's DNA gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/raai-laxmis-dna-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vaazha - Biopic of a Billion Boys]]'' || Radhakrishnan ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-07-15 |title=Vaazha gets a new release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/vaazha-gets-a-new-release-date |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam]]'' ||Seban/Thankachan ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Oru Anweshanathinte Thudakkam trailer promises a gripping investigative thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Oct/27/oru-anweshanathinte-thudakkam-trailer-promises-a-gripping-investigative-thriller |access-date=2024-11-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Alappuzha Gymkhana]]'' || Salim||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-04-02 |title=Khalid Rahman-Naslen's Alappuzha Gymkhana gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/02/khalid-rahman-naslens-alappuzha-gymkhana-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Detective Ujjwalan]]'' || Narayanakutty ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2025-04-14 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Detective Ujjwalan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Apr/14/dhyan-sreenivasans-detective-ujjwalan-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || ''Shukran'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Cinema Express |date=2026-01-03 |title=Bibin George's Shukran gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Jan/03/bibin-georges-shukran-gets-release-date |access-date=2026-01-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Dubbing artist==
*''[[Enthiran]]''-voice for [[Cochin Haneefa]]
*''[[Madrasapattinam]]'' -voice for [[Cochin Haneefa]]
*''[[Thalamelam]]''-voice for [[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*''[[Mattupetti Machan]]''-voice for [[Kochu Preman]]
*[[The Campus (2005 film)|''The Campus'']]-voice for [[Narendra Prasad]]
*''Valathottu Thirinjal Nalamathe Veedu''-voice for [[Narendra Prasad]]

==Television==
*''Comic Cola'' (Asianet)
*''Comedy Show'' (Asianet)
*''[[Cinemala]]'' (Asianet)
*''Comedy Time'' (Surya TV)
*''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)]]'' (Asianet)
*''Gulumal'' (Surya TV)
*''Chirikum Pattanam'' (Kairali TV)
*''[[Kerala Cafe]]'' (Kairali TV)
*''Cinema Chirima'' (Mazhavil)
*''Evidingananu Bhai'' (Mazhavil)
*''25 Kottayam Nazeer Show'' (Flowers TV)
*''Flowers Comedy Awards'' (Flowers TV)
*''[[Jollywood]]'' (Kairali TV)
*''Comedy Utsavam'' (Flowers TV)
*''[[Comedy Circus]]'' (Mazhavil)
*''Chaya Koppayile Kodumkaatu'' (Mazhavil)
*''Comedy Masters'' (Amrita TV)
*''Comedy Stars Season 2'' (Asianet)
*''[[Oru Chiri Iru Chiri Bumper Chiri]]'' ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/latest/2025/12/15/bumper-chiri-mazhavil-manorama.html|title=ഇനി ചിരിയുടെ പൊടിപൂരം; അടിമുടി പുതുമകളുമായി ‘ബംബർ ചിരി’|publisher=Manorama News}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nazeer, Kottayam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Shyama (Hindi actress)

2026-02-11T15:22:57Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started new stub!

{{short description|Indian film actress (1935–2017)}}
{{other people|Shyama}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shyama
| image = Shyama in Aar-Paar (1954).jpg
| image caption = Shyama in Aar-Paar (1954)
| birth_name = Khurshid Akhtar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1935|6|7|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (now in [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|11|14|1935|6|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| resting_place = [[Badakabarastan]], [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1945 – 1989
| notable_works = ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (1951) ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954) ''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'' (1957) ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960)
| spouse = {{marriage| [[Fali Mistry]]|1953|1979|end= died}}
| awards = [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] (1958)
}}

'''Shyama''' (born '''Khurshid Akhtar'''; 7 June 1935 – 14 November 2017) was an Indian actress who appeared in [[Hindi]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] films. She first appeared as a child artist in the 1945 Hindi film ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' as '''Baby Khurshid'''. She later adopted the screen name '''Shyama''', given to her by film director [[Vijay Bhatt]].<ref name=Scroll/><ref name=Cinestaan/> After years of playing small parts and side roles in films like ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]'' (1949) and ''[[Tarana]]'' (1951), her breakthrough in a starring adult role came with ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954). She also had some success in Punjabi films like ''[[Posti (1950 film)|Posti]]'' (1950) and ''[[Kaude Shah]]'' (1953).

Known for her versatility in various genres, Shyama went on to become a recognized star in both Hindi and Punjabi cinema in the 1950s and early 1960s. Some of her best known roles were in ''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'' (1957), ''[[Bhabhi (1957 film)|Bhabhi]]'' (1957), ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960) and ''[[Zabak]]'' (1961). She later transitioned to taking on character roles in films like ''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'' (1967), ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970) and her last film ''[[Hathyar (1989 film)|Hathyar]]'' (1989), after which she retired from acting.<ref name=Cinestaan/>

== Early life ==

Born as Khurshid Akhtar in [[Lahore, Punjab]] in [[British India]] on 7 June 1935 into a Muslim [[Arain]] family, Shyama moved to Mumbai from [[Lahore]] in the 1940s.<ref name=APNA>{{Cite web|title=Shyama's Arain roots in Lahore|author=Ishtiaq Ahmed|url=https://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-83/article-10/index.html |website=[[Academy of the Punjab in North America]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106130054/https://apnaorg.com/prose-content/english-articles/page-83/article-10/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 January 2025|access-date=18 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Ishtiaq |title=Pre-Partition Punjab's Contribution to Indian Cinema |publisher=Taylor & Francis |pages=Shyama was born as Khurshid Akhtar in Baghbanpura, Lahore on June 7, 1935. She hails from Lahore's most populous biradari of Arains, who before the Partition of India were the main Muslim landowning biradari in Lahore district, besides the Sikh Jatts who were almost entirely in the rural tehsils of Lahore district}}</ref> From her childhood she had an inclination for acting and dancing. Her mother tongue was Punjabi.

== Career ==

Shyama made her film debut at the age of 10, when she [[Shaukat Hussain Rizvi]]'s ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' (1945) as one of the chorus singers in the [[Qawwali]] song "Aahein Na Bhari Shikwe Na Kiye". This was followed by small roles in many films like ''Meerabai'' (1947), ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]'' (1949) and ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949).<ref name=Cinestaan>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/nov/14/9265/shyama-star-of-guru-dutt-s-aar-paar-dies-at-82|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115015046/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2017/nov/14/9265/shyama-star-of-guru-dutt-s-aar-paar-dies-at-82|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 November 2017|title=Shyama, star of Guru Dutt's Aar-Paar, dies at 82|first=Sonal|last=Pandya|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref><ref name=Scroll/> During this period, she also acted in some Punjabi films like ''Chaman'' (1948).

In 1949, she came in contact with film producer Harcharan Singh Kwatra and his younger brother music director [[Sardul Singh Kwatra]], who liked her command over Punjabi language and cast in their film ''[[Posti (1950 film)|Posti]]'', which went on to become a big commercial success in 1950, making her a popular actress in Punjabi cinema. Noted playback singer, [[Asha Bhosle]], made her film playback singing debut with this film.

By this point of her career, Shyama had graduated from doing child roles to adult roles as second leads in Hindi films, like [[Fali Mistry]]'s ''[[Sazaa (1951 film)|Sazaa]]'' opposite [[Dev Anand]], and ''[[Tarana]]'' (1951) opposite [[Dilip Kumar]]. She then played the lead roles against [[Nasir Khan (Indian actor)|Nasir Khan]] in ''Aasmaan'' (1952) and ''Shrimati Ji'' (1952), opposite [[Shammi Kapoor]] in ''Gul Sanobar'' (1953)" and ''Thokar'' (1953), opposite [[Talat Mahmood]] in ''[[Dil-E-Nadaan (1953 film)|Dil-E-Nadaan]]'' (1953), opposite [[Kishore Kumar]] in ''Lahren'' (1953), and opposite [[Balraj Sahni]] in ''Majboori'' (1954).

In 1954, she got her breakthrough in [[Guru Dutt]]'s classic ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954), in which she played the vivacious daughter of a garage owner who falls for an ex-convict (Dutt). She then continued to act in films like ''[[Ladla]]'' (1954), ''Majboori'' (1954), ''Khandaan'' (1955), ''[[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|Bhai-Bhai]]'' (1956), ''[[Chhoo Mantar]]'' (1956) and ''Mai Baap'' (1957).

One of her most memorable performances came in the 1957 film ''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'', where she played the role of Chanchal, who finds that her husband, [[Raj Kapoor]], and his stepmother, played by [[Meena Kumari]], were in a relationship before marrying his father. The same year, she starred in ''[[Bhabhi (1957 film)|Bhabhi]]'' (1957), where she played a scheming sister-in-law who plots to separate brothers. She worked with Shammi Kapoor again in the romantic classic ''Mirza Sahiban'' (1957), made by the Kwatra brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/aar-paar-actor-shyama-is-dead-at-82/story-yrtnVdy5BgKeyi4R74q3oL.html|title=Aar Paar actor Shyama is dead at 82|date=14 November 2017|website=Hindustantimes.com|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>

Some of her other well-known Hindi films of the time include ''Chandan'' (1958), ''Lala Rukh'' (1958), ''Chhoti Bahen'' (1959), and ''Do Behnen'' (1959) in which she played the double role of twin sisters. She also acted in P.L. Santoshi’s ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960).

Her last Punjabi film was ''Vilayat Pass'' in 1961. Her role was critically acclaimed, though the film did not do too well. In later years, her memorable roles came in Hindi films such as ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]'' (1966), ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970), ''[[Ajanabee (1974 film)|Ajanabee]]'' (1974) and ''[[Masterji]]'' (1985).<ref name=Scroll>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/857799/i-believe-that-a-star-is-born-hindi-film-actress-shyama-1935-2017|title='I believe that a star is born': Hindi film actress Shyama (1935-2017)|website=Scroll.in|date=14 November 2017|access-date=18 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428120441/https://scroll.in/reel/857799/i-believe-that-a-star-is-born-hindi-film-actress-shyama-1935-2017|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
She was honored with the BFJA Award for Best Actress for her role in the 1956 film ''[[Chhoo Mantar]]''. For her performance in the 1957 film ''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'', she was awarded the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name=Scroll/><ref name=Cinestaan/>

==Personal life==

She was married to cinematographer [[Fali Mistry]] in 1953. Her husband was a [[Parsi]] ([[Zoroastrian]]) from Bombay, India. They kept the marriage secret for as many as 10 years because of the fear that Shyama's career would suffer if her marriage became known; in those days, it was thought that the fan following of female stars became less as soon as they married. The marriage was revealed to the public shortly before the birth of their first child, their eldest son. The couple had three children, two sons, Faroukh and Rohin, and a daughter Shirrin. Fali Mistry died in 1979, thereafter she continued to stay in Mumbai. Their marriage seemed to have worked out well and they got along well with each other. In a 2013 interview, she reportedly said, "My greatest weakness was always Fali."<ref name=Scroll/><ref name=Cinestaan/>

Shyama's close friends were actress [[Ameeta]] and [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]. Nasir Kazi, Johnny Walker's son, expressed his grief on hearing the news of her death. In an interview with Mid-Day, he said, "It's really disheartening to know about the demise of Shyama aunty. She had done several films with my father and in a lot of them, she paired with him also. In fact, in the film that was made on his name ''Johnny Walker'', she was the heroine with him.<ref name="Desk">{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/barsaat-ki-raat-actress-shyama-passes-away-at-the-age-of-82-due-to-acute-lung-infection-2633730/|title=Veteran Actress Shyama Passes Away At The Age Of 82|date=14 November 2017|website=India.com|access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref>

Her son Faroukh Mistry is a cinematographer.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/actress-shyama-laid-to-rest-at-bada-kabrastan-in-mumbai/articleshow/61657595.cms|title=Actress Shyama laid to rest at Bada Kabrastan in Mumbai|newspaper=Times of India|date=15 November 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230405095117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/actress-shyama-laid-to-rest-at-bada-kabrastan-in-mumbai/articleshow/61657595.cms|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 April 2023|access-date=18 March 2025|author=Bella Jaisinghani}}</ref> Faroukh's previous film to hit the theatres was ''[[Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain]]'' in the year 2018.

==Death==

Shyama died on 14 November 2017 due to a [[lung infection]] at the age of 82.<ref name="Desk"/> She is buried at [[Badakabarastan]], [[Marine Lines]] in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref name=Scroll/>

==Selected filmography==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* ''[[Hathyar (1989 film)|Hathyar]]'' (1989) (her last film<ref name="MIrror">{{cite web |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shyama-the-original-spice-girl/articleshow/61650114.cms |title=Shyama, the original Spice Girl |website=Mumbai Mirror |date=15 November 2017 |access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref>) – Suman's grandmother
* ''[[Insaan (1982 film)|Insaan]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Payal Ki Jhankaar]]'' (1980)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Khel Khilari Ka]]'' (1977) – Mrs. Khairatilal
* ''[[Khel Khel Mein (1975 film)|Khel Khel Mein]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Sewak (film)|Sewak]]'' (1975)
* ''Apne Rang Hazaar'' (1975)
* ''Ajanabee'' (1974)
* ''[[Naya Din Nai Raat]]'' (1974) – Brothel Madame
* ''[[Honeymoon (1973 film)|Honeymoon]]'' (1973) – Laxmi Choudhary
* ''Prabhat'' (1973) – Champabai
* ''Suraj Aur Chanda'' (1973)
* ''[[Gomti Ke Kinare]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Shaadi Ke Baad]]'' (1972) – Basanti's mother
* ''[[Zindagi Zindagi]]'' (1972) – Meeta's aunt
* ''Kangan'' (1971)
* ''[[Sawan Bhadon]]'' (1970)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Mastana (1970 film)|Mastana]]'' (1970) – Mrs. Dhanraj
* ''[[Beti (1969 film)|Beti]]'' (1969) – Kamla Verma
* ''Aag'' (1967)
* ''[[Milan (1967 film)|Milan]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Lal Bangla]]'' (1966) – Bela
* ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]'' (1966) – Mala
* ''[[Janwar (1965 film)|Janwar]]'' (1965) – Seema
* ''Ji Chahta Hai'' (1964)
* ''[[Bahurani (1963 film)|Bahurani]]'' (1963) – Nautch girl<ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Ghar Basake Dekho]]'' (1963)
* ''[[Raaz Ki Baat]]'' (1962) - Ranjana
* ''[[Zabak]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Barsaat Ki Raat]]'' (1960) – Shama<ref name=citwf/>
* ''Apna Ghar'' (1960)
* ''Duniya Jhukti Hai'' (1960)
* ''Bus Conductor'' (1959) – Asha Devi
* ''Do Behnen'' (1959) – (Double role)
* ''[[Chhoti Bahen]]'' (1959) – Shobha
* ''[[Chandan (film)|Chandan]]'' (1958)
* ''[[Lala Rookh|Lala Rukh]]'' (1958)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''Panchayat'' (1958)
* ''Taqdeer'' (1958)
* ''Bandi'' (1957) – Shankar's wife
* ''[[Bhabhi (1957 film)|Bhabhi]]'' (1957) – Tara<ref name=citwf/><ref name=Scroll/><ref name=Cinestaan/>
* ''Hill Station'' (1957)
* ''Johnny Walker'' (1957)
* ''[[Mai Baap]]'' (1957)
* ''Mirza Sahiban'' (1957) – Sahiban<ref name=Cinestaan/>
* ''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'' (1957) – Chanchal. '''Won''': [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actress Award]]<ref name=citwf/><ref name=Scroll/>
* ''[[Suvarna Sundari]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Bhai-Bhai (1956 Hindi film)|Bhai-Bhai]]'' (1956)<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|url=http://www.citwf.com/person386647.htm |date=13 August 2011|archive-date=28 March 2016|access-date=24 January 2022|author=Alan Goble|url-status=dead |title=Shyama: Film/Movie Information |website=Complete Index To World Film (CITWF) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328085906/http://www.citwf.com/person386647.htm}}</ref><ref name=Scroll/>
* ''[[Chhoo Mantar]]'' (1956) – Sanwali
* ''Makkhee Choos'' (1956)
* ''Bhagwat Mahima'' (1955)
* ''Khandaan'' (1955)
* ''Musafirkhana'' (1955)
* ''[[Aar Paar]]'' (1954) – Nikki<ref name=citwf/><ref name=Scroll/><ref name=Cinestaan/>
* ''Darwaza'' (1954)
* ''Dhoop Chhaon'' (1954)
* ''[[Ladla]]'' (1954)
* ''Majboori'' (1954)
* ''[[Pensioner]]'' (1954)
* ''Pilpili Saheb'' (1954)
* ''Savdhan'' (1954)
* ''[[Shart (1954 film)|Shart]]'' (1954)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Kaude Shah]]'' (1953) (Punjabi film)
* ''Lara Lappa'' (1953) (Punjabi film)
* ''Char Chand'' (1953)
* ''[[Dil-E-Nadaan (1953 film)|Dil-E-Nadan]]'' (1953)
* ''Shyama'' (film) (1953)
* ''[[Bahadur (film)|Bahadur]]'' (1953)
* ''Suhag Sindoor'' (1953)
* ''[[Thokar]]'' (1953)
* ''Aasmaan'' (1952)
* ''[[Maa (1952 film)|Maa]]'' (1952)
* ''Badnaam'' (1952)
* ''Jaggu'' (1952)
* ''Baap Bete'' (1952)
* ''Bus Conductor'' (1952)
* ''Nishan Danka'' (1952)
* ''Shrimati Ji'' (1952)
* ''Humlog'' (1951)
* ''[[Sazaa (1951 film)|Sazaa]]'' (1951) – Kamini<ref name=Scroll/>
* ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (1951) – Sheela
* ''Dolti Naiya'' (1950)
* ''[[Posti (1950 film)|Posti]]'' (1950) (Punjabi film)
* ''[[Nili]]'' (1950)
* ''[[Nishana (1950 film)|Nishana]]'' (1950)
* ''Naach'' (1949 film)
* ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949)
* ''[[Dillagi (1949 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1949)<ref name=Cinestaan/>
* ''Roop Lekha'' (1949)
* ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]'' (1949)<ref name=citwf/>
* ''[[Zeenat (1945 film)|Zeenat]]'' (1945)<ref name=citwf/><ref name=Scroll/><ref name=Cinestaan/>
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0796113}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100502111514/https://upperstall.com/node/584 Shyama Filmography] Upperstall

{{FilmfareBestSupportingActressAward}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses from Lahore]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]

Mukka Beach

2026-02-09T03:38:25Z

Johnsmithabmm1: adding new details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mukka beach
| settlement_type = Beach
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| subdivision_type = Location
| subdivision_name = [[Mukka]]
| subdivision_type1 = City
| subdivision_type2 = Country
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_type6 = Activities
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mangaluru]]
| subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon|India}}[[India]]
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_name5 =
| subdivision_name6 =
| governing_body = [[Mangaluru City Corporation]]
| website =
}}
'''Mukka beach''' is a beach in [[Mukka]], [[Mangaluru]] situated in north of [[NITK Beach]]. This beach which is based in the coasts of [[Arabian Sea]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiamapped.com/beaches-in-india/karnataka-mukka/|title=All About Mukka Beach, Karnataka|website=www.indiamapped.com|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref>

One can experience variety of [[Seashell|shells]] on this beach. Mukka beach is covered with the golden sands and tall [[Pine|pine trees]]. An old [[Lighthouse|light house]] is also situated on this beach

== Location ==
Mukka beach is located in the rural side of the city of Mangaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redrockresidency.com/|title=Home|last=Dsouza|first=Glenn|website=www.redrockresidency.com|access-date=2016-11-02}}</ref> It is situated towards the northern side [[National Institute of Technology, Karnataka|National Institute of Technology]] of the [[Surathkal]] Campus connecting the [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway - 66]]. [[Mukka]] village is quiet developed town.

== Connectivity ==
One can take city bus (No. 2A) from [[Statebank, Mangalore|Statebank]] to [[Mukka]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Beaches of Mangalore]]

BEM High School, Parappanangadi

2026-02-08T21:31:47Z

Johnsmithabmm1: minor cleanup

{{moresources|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
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'''BEM Higher Secondary School''' (Basel Evangelical Mission Higher Secondary School (previously High School)), Parappanangadi is located at [[Parappanangadi]] Municipality in [[Malappuram district, Kerala]], India.

The school started as a primary school in 1904, as the area's population was largely without education. The Basel Evangelical Mission started missionary work in South India in 1839.

The school was known as the B.G.M. (Basel German Mission) Elementary School by 1910. Cheramangalam Mana gave approximately four acres for a school playground. In the mid-1940s, the Parappanangadi High School committee gave the school rights allotted to it by the then Madras Government to the Basel Evangelical Mission, which allowed the school to become a high school. The school was renamed B.E.M. High School in 1947.

The school is now supervised by the [[Church of South India]] Corporate Management (Malabar and Wayanad).

In 2007, BEM High School celebrated its centenary anniversary.<Ref name="100yearsones">(19 April 2007). [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/B.E.M.-High-School-centenary-fete-concludes-on-Saturday/article14751572.ece B.E.M. High School centenary fete concludes on Saturday], ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref>

The Kerala State Government has approved a Higher secondary division for BEM High School from year 2010. It is now known as BEM Higher Secondary School, Parappanangadi. The Education Minister of Kerala, [[P. K. Abdu Rabb]] is an alumnus of the school.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Educational Institutes in Malappuram}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bem High School, Parappanangadi}}
[[Category:Church of South India schools]]
[[Category:Primary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Kerala]]
[[Category:Schools in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1904]]
[[Category:1904 establishments in India]]

Ichhawar tehsil

2026-02-06T13:58:38Z

Johnsmithabmm1: put up new stub

{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
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|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
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| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ichhawar tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Sehore district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=509832|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2022-08-17|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=November 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sehore district]]

{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}

Hindu spiritual music

2026-01-23T17:17:26Z

Johnsmithabmm1:

{{Short description|Hindu art form}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Lead rewrite|date=October 2025}}
{{Unfocused|date=October 2025}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2025}}
{{Original research|date=October 2025}}
}}
[[File:V.M. Doroshevich-East and War-Hindu Musician-Vaishnavite enhaced.jpg|thumb|right|A Hindu musician, early 20th century.]]
'''Hindu spiritual music''' is [[music]] created for or influenced by [[Hinduism]]. It includes [[Indian classical music]], [[Kirtan]], [[Bhajan]] and other [[musical genre]]s. [[Raga|Raagas]] are a common form of Hindu music in classical India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tagore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lgsWGbE77MIC&dq=hindu+music&pg=PA4 |title=Hindu Music |date=1874 |language=en}}</ref>

The most common Hindu bhajan in North India is "[[Om Jai Jagdish Hare]]."
The names of [[Hindu gods|Gods]] are religiously chanted, often including [[Vishnu]] and his incarnations, [[Shiva]] and the Goddess ([[Parvati]], [[Shakti]], [[Vaishnodevi]]).

A very common scale in Hindu music is 1 2 3 4 5 6 7, which can be [[harmonization|harmonized]] into a chord progression.

==''Bhajan''==
{{Main|Bhajan}}
A '''bhajan''' is a [[Hindu]] [[devotional song]], often of ancient origin. Bhajans are often simple [[songs]] in lyrical language expressing emotions of love for the [[divinity|Divine]], whether for a single [[God]] and [[Devi|Goddess]], or any number of divinities.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shivakumar |first=K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhajans&pg=PA49 |title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams |date=2021-01-14 |publisher=Sangeet Bharati |language=en}}</ref> Many bhajans feature several names and aspects of the chosen deity, especially in the case of Hindu [[sahasranama]]s, which list a divinity's 1008 names. Great importance is attributed to the singing of bhajans with [[Bhakti]], i.e. loving devotion. "Rasanam Lakshanam Bhajanam" means the act by which we feel more closer to our inner self or God, is a bhajan. Acts which are done for the God is called bhajan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=samaj |first=Gayan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuwHAQAAMAAJ&dq=hindu+music&pg=PA40 |title=Hindu Music and the Gayan Samaj: Published in Aid of the Funds of the Madras Jubilee Gayan Samaj, 1887 |date=1887 |publisher=Bombay gazette steam Press |language=en}}</ref>

Traditionally, the music has been [[Indian classical music]], which is based on [[raga]]s and [[tala (music)|tala]] (rhythmic beat patterns) played on the [[Veena]] (or [[Rudra Veena|Been]]), [[Sarangi]] [[Venu]] (flute), [[Mridanga]](or [[Tabla]]) (traditional Indian instruments). The Sikh Scripture contains 31 [[raga]]s and 17 [[tala (music)|tala]]s which form the basis for kirtan music compositions.

Hindus are even said to have achieved [[Moksha]] through devoting music to God. For example, in the [[Rig Veda]] [[Gargi]], the wife of [[Yajnavalkya]], through her excellence in veena playing, an incident that caused Sage Yagnavalkya to write the famous verse:

::"Veena Vadama Tatvagnaha

::Sruthi Jathi Visharada

::Talagnanacha Aprayasena

::Mokshamargam Gachachathi"

("Yagnavalkya Siksha")

There have also been several music-saints (e.g. [[Tyagaraja|Sant Tyagaraja]]) and poet-saints (e.g. [[Ravidas|Sant Ravidas]]).

==Kirtan==
{{Main|Kirtan}}
This is the communal, call-and-response chanting of [[mantra]]s, often with instruments and dance.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Johnsen |first1=Linda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=foPda1W9Gd0C&q=kirtan+in+vedas |title=Kirtan!: Chanting as a Spiritual Path |last2=Jacobus |first2=Maggie |date=2007 |publisher=Yes International Publishers |isbn=978-0-936663-43-2 |language=en}}</ref> Kirtans are deeply rooted in Vedic tradition.

==Indian classical music==
{{Main|Indian classical music}}
The origins of '''Indian classical music''' can be found from the oldest of scriptures, part of the [[Hindu]] tradition, the [[Vedas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shivakumar |first=K. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BgAUEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhajans&pg=PA49 |title=Shlokas and Bhajans: with general knowledge and subhashitams |date=2021-01-14 |publisher=Sangeet Bharati |language=en}}</ref> [[Samaveda]], one of the four Vedas, describes [[music]] at length.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beck |first=Guy L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC&q=hindu+music+in+vedas |title=Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound |date=1995 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1261-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Music
}}

* [[Hindu art]]
* [[Music of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}{{Hinduism (compact)}}{{religious music}}

[[Category:Hindu music| ]]
[[Category:Religion and the arts]]
[[Category:Religious music]]

{{Hindu-stub}}
{{music-genre-stub}}

Shmashana

2026-01-04T06:42:28Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started new entry!

{{short description|Hindu cremation ground}}
[[file:Shamshan Ghat.jpg|thumb|A shmashana outside an Indian village]]
A '''shmashana''' ({{Langx|sa|श्मशान|translit=śmaśāna}}) is a [[Hindu]] [[crematory]] ground, where dead bodies are brought to be burnt on a [[pyre]]. It is usually located near a river or body of water on the outskirts of a village or town; as they are usually located near river [[ghat]]s, they are also regionally called ''smashan ghat''s.

== Etymology ==
The word has its origin from [[Sanskrit]] language: ''shma'' refers to ''shava'' ("corpse"), while ''shana'' refers to ''shanya'' ("bed").<ref name="Eck1982">{{cite book|author=Diana L. Eck|title=Banaras: City of Light|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cM09AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA33|accessdate=9 September 2012|year=1982|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|isbn=978-0-7102-0236-9|pages=33–}}</ref><ref name="Debroy">{{cite book|author=Bibek Debroy, Dipavali Debroy|title=The Garuda Purana|year=1992 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHm6nKenVK4C&pg=PA174|accessdate=9 September 2012|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-9793051-1-5|pages=174–}}</ref> The other [[Indian religions]] like [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] also use ''shmashana'' for the last rites of the dead.

==Hinduism==
[[File:Manikarnika Ghat close view.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Manikarnika Ghat]], a shmashana [[ghat]] at [[Varanasi]], [[India]]]]
[[File:Tribeni Burning Ghat.jpg|thumb|left|Tribeni Shmashana, Hooghly, West Bengal, India]]

As per [[Hindu rites]] of [[Nepal]] and [[India]], the dead body is brought to shmashana for the ritual of ''[[antyesti]]'' (last rites). At the cremation ground, the chief mourner has to obtain the sacred fire from one who resides by the shmashana and light funeral pyres (''chita'') for a fee.<ref name="VidyarthiJha1979">{{cite book|author1=Lalita Prasad Vidyarthi|author2=Makhan Jha|author3=Baidyanath Saraswati|title=The Sacred Complex of Kashi: A Microcosm of Indian Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOR1hvfH8s8C&pg=PA60|accessdate=9 September 2012|year=1979|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|pages=60–|id=GGKEY:PC0JJ5P0BPA}}</ref>

Various [[Hindu scriptures]] also give details of how to select the site of shmashana: it should be on the northern side of the village with land sloping towards the south, it should be near a river or a source of water and should not be visible from a distance.<ref name="QaisarVerma1996">{{cite book|author1=Ahsan Jan Qaisar|author2=Som Prakash Verma|author3=Mohammad Habib|title=Art and Culture: Endeavours in Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7BaVwfpWZgUC&pg=RA2-PA131|accessdate=9 September 2012|date=1 December 1996|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-315-1|pages=2–}}</ref>

Dead bodies are traditionally cremated on a funeral pyre usually made of wood. However, nowadays in many cities of India electric or gas-based furnaces are used in indoor crematoria.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120926070024/http://www.architexturez.net/doc/c8d701e2-bf6b-a564-61ce-502bb07b82ae A modern indoor Electric crematorium in Surat, India]</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_cemetery-staff-to-go-on-strike-from-may-1_1375112 Cemetery Staff Go On Strike From May 1]. DNA India, 25 May 2010 - ''At every cemetery, there is a death register karkoon (clerk), also known as a DRK, an electrician for electric crematorium, a furnace operator and labourers.''</ref>

==Jainism==
The Jains also cremate the dead as soon as possible to avoid growth of micro-organisms. [[Ghee]], [[camphor]] and sandalwood powder are sprinkled all over the body and the eldest son of the deceased does the last rituals, who lights up the pyre in shmashana, chanting the [[Navkar Mantra|Namokar Mantra]]. After cremation, they sprinkle milk on that place. They collect the ashes but unlike Hindus, who immerse them in the water, the Jains dig the ground and bury the ashes in that pit and sprinkle salt in the pit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Arun Kumar |title=Faith & Philosophy of Jainism |date=2009 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7835-723-2 |pages=240 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y4aVRLGhf-8C&q=LAST+RITES&pg=RA1-PA240-IA10 |access-date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferrari |first1=Fabrizio |title=Health and Religious Rituals in South Asia: Disease, Possession and Healing |date=7 March 2011 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84628-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAusAgAAQBAJ&dq=LAST+RITES+IN+JAINISM&pg=PT103 |access-date=13 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Early Buddhism==
In the [[Pali Canon]] discourses, [[Gautama Buddha]] frequently instructs his disciples to seek out a secluded dwelling (in a forest, under the shade of a tree, mountain, glen, hillside cave, charnel ground, jungle grove, in the open, or on a heap of straw).<ref>In these suttas, the Buddha instructs monks to stay in the forest in order to aid their meditation practice DN 2, DN 11, DN 12, DN 16, MN 4, MN 10, MN 27, MN 39, MN 60, MN 66, MN 101, MN 105, MN 107, MN 125, AN 4.259, AN 5.75, AN 5.76, AN 5.114, AN 10.60, Sn 1.12, Sn 3.11, SN 11.3, SN 22.80, This list is not exhaustive as there are many more related suttas.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Witkowski |first=Nicholas |date=September 2019 |title=Living with the Dead as a Way of Life: A Materialist Historiographical Approach to Cemetery Asceticism in Indian Buddhist Monasticisms |editor-last=Jain |editor-first=Andrea R. |journal=[[Journal of the American Academy of Religion]] |volume=87 |issue=3 |pages=824–859 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lfz040 |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] on behalf of the [[American Academy of Religion]] |eissn=1477-4585 |issn=0002-7189 |lccn=sc76000837 |oclc=1479270|hdl=10356/143740 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
The [[Vinaya]] and [[Sutrayana]] tradition of the "Nine Cemetery Contemplations" (Pali: ''nava sīvathikā-manasikāra'') described in the ''[[Satipatthana Sutta]]'' demonstrate that charnel ground and cemetery meditations were part of the ascetic practices in [[Early Buddhist schools|Early Buddhism]].

'Cemetery contemplations', as described in ''[[Mahasatipatthana Sutta]]'' ([[Digha Nikaya|DN]]: 22) and the ''[[Satipaṭṭhāna Sutta]]'' ([[Majjhima Nikaya|MN]]: 10):

{{Blockquote|...have as their objects a corpse one or two or three days old, swollen up, blue-black in colour, full of corruption; a corpse eaten by crows, etc.; a framework of bones; flesh hanging from it, bespattered with blood, held together by the sinews; without flesh and blood, but still held together by the sinews; bones scattered in all direction; bleached and resembling shells; heaped together after the lapse of years; weathered and crumbled to dust.

At the end of each of these contemplations there follows the conclusion: "This body of mine also has this nature, has this destiny, cannot escape it."

Similar are the [[Kammaṭṭhāna|10 objects of loathsomeness]] (asubha q.v.).|<ref>Nyanatiloka (1980). ''Buddhist Dictionary: Manual of Buddhist Terms and Doctrines.'' Fourth Revised Edition edited by Nyanaponika. Kandy, Sri Lanka: Buddhist Publication Society. Source: [http://www.palikanon.com/english/wtb/s_t/siivathikaa.htm] (accessed: Tuesday December 24, 2009)</ref>}}

==Spiritual role==
A ''shmashana'', also known as a cremation ground or burial ground, holds cultural, religious, and ritualistic significance in various Eastern spiritual traditions, including Hinduism and certain Tibetan Buddhist practices. The ''shmashana'' is said to be abode of ghosts, evil spirits, fierce deities, and [[Tantra|tantriks]]. Therefore, people in general prefer to avoid going near shmashana at night. Women generally do not go to shmashana, only males go to shmashana to perform the last rites.

Followers of the modes of worship called [[Vamamarga]] like [[Aghori]], [[Kapalika|Kāpālika]], [[Kashmiri Shaivism]], [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] of now scarce Indian Tantric traditions perform [[sadhana]] (for example [[Shava sadhana]]) and rituals to worship [[Kali]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Bhairava|Bhairav]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Dakini]], [[Vetal]], etc. invoke occult powers within them at a shamashana. The shmashana is also used for similar purpose by followers of [[Tibetan Buddhist]] traditions of [[Vajrayana]], [[Dzogchen]] for sadhna of [[Chöd]], [[Phowa]], [[Zhitro]], etc. The deity called [[Shmashana Adhipati]] is usually considered to be lord of the shmashana.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Charnel ground]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Death in Hinduism}}

[[Category:Buddhism and death]]
[[Category:Burial monuments and structures]]
[[Category:Cremation]]
[[Category:Death and Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian words and phrases]]
[[Category:Pali words and phrases]]

Assam State Electricity Board

2025-12-03T16:50:32Z

Johnsmithabmm1: refined layout further for consistency

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Assam State Electricity Board
| logo =
| logo_size =
| type = [[Statute|State Statutory Body]]
| foundation = {{start date|1958}}
| owner = [[Government of Assam|Department of Power]], [[Government of Assam]]
| location = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| key_people =
| area_served = [[Assam]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Electricity Generation]], [[Electric power transmission]], [[Electric power distribution]]
| products = [[Electricity]]
| successors =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| divisions =
*[[Government of Assam|Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited]]
*[[Government of Assam|Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited]]
*[[Government of Assam|Assam Power Distribution Company Limited]]
| homepage =
}}
The '''Assam State Electricity Board''' ('''ASEB''') is a [[Statute|statutory body]] of the state of [[Assam]] in [[India]]. Owned by the [[Government of Assam|Department of Power]], [[Government of Assam]], the ASEB manages the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in the state of Assam with its divisions [[Government of Assam|Assam Power Generation Corporation Limited]], [[Government of Assam|Assam Electricity Grid Corporation Limited]] and Assam Power Distribution Company Limited.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-30 |title=Over 3k outsourced power workers protest outside ASEB headquarters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/outsourced-power-workers-protest-at-aseb-headquarters/articleshow/112909349.cms |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== History ==
The ASEB was established in 1958 in the composite state of Assam under the Electricity Act 1948. The existing Board was reconstituted in 1975 after the state was trifurcated into Assam, Meghalaya and Mizoram in 1972. Two central government entities, [[NEEPCO|North Eastern Electric Power Corporation (NEEPCO)]] and the [[PowerGrid Corporation of India|Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL)]] supplement the efforts of the state in power development in generation and transmission respectively.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
# Power Department, Government of Assam - https://web.archive.org/web/20140227114901/http://assamgovt.nic.in/departments/electricity_dept.asp
# http://www.emt-india.net

{{Portal|Energy|Companies}}
{{Power Plants of North-east India}}

[[Category:State agencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Companies based in Assam]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Assam]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1958]]

{{india-company-stub}}
{{energy-company-stub}}

Charles Twigg

2025-11-30T02:39:41Z

Johnsmithabmm1: basic refined structure to improve readability additionally and cleaned formatting for clarity

{{short description|English-born South African cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country = South Africa
| fullname = Charles Hanbury Twigg
| birth_date = 29 January 1893
| birth_place = [[Weeping Cross]], [[Staffordshire]], England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1986|6|18|1893|1|29}}
| death_place = [[Pietermaritzburg]], [[Natal (province)|Natal]], South Africa
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| nickname =
| family =
| batting = Unknown
| bowling = Unknown
| role =
| club1 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]]
| year1 = 1915/16–1916/17
| club2 = [[Eastern Province (cricket team)|Eastern Province]]
| year2 = 1926/27–1930/31
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 6
| runs1 = 67
| bat avg1 = 7.44
| 100s/50s1 = –/–
| top score1 = 25[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 798
| wickets1 = 11
| bowl avg1 = 42.90
| fivefor1 = –
| tenfor1 = –
| best bowling1 = 3/25
| catches/stumpings1 = 1/–
| date = 24 November
| year = 2022
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/charles-twigg-47621 ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Charles Hanbury Twigg''' (29 January 1893 – 18 June 1986) was an [[English people|English]]-born [[Demographics of South Africa|South African]] first-class [[cricket]]er.

The son of H. Twigg, he was born at [[Weeping Cross]] near [[Stafford]] in January 1893, and was educated at [[Repton School]]. After completing his education, he went to [[British India]].<ref name="REP">{{cite book|title=Repton School Register, 1557–1910|year=1910|publisher=A. J. Lawrence|location=Repton|page=473|url=https://archive.org/details/b28994218|language=en}}</ref> While in India, he played [[first-class cricket]] for the [[Europeans cricket team]] on two occasions in the [[Madras Presidency Match]]es of 1915 and 1917.<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14764/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches played by Charles Twigg|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Twigg served in the [[First World War]] in the [[British Indian Army]] Reserve, being commissioned as a [[Second lieutenant#United Kingdom and other Commonwealth countries|second lieutenant]] in May 1917.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=30199|date=24 July 1917|page=7499}}</ref> He had immigrated to South Africa by the 1920s, where he played first-class cricket for [[Eastern Province (cricket team)|Eastern Province]] on four occasions between 1926 and 1931, three of which came in the [[CSA 4-Day Domestic Series|Currie Cup]], with a fourth against the touring [[Marylebone Cricket Club]].<ref name="FCM"/> Across six first-class matches, Twigg scored 67 runs at an [[batting average (cricket)|average]] of 7.44, with a highest score of 25 [[not out]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14764/f_Batting_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Charles Twigg|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> With his [[bowling (cricket)|bowling]], he took 11 wickets at a [[bowling average]] of 42.90, with best figures of 3 for 25.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14764/f_Bowling_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Charles Twigg|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Twigg ran a business in South Africa manufacturing children's carriages.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of the South African Institution of Engineers|year=1947|publisher=South African Institution of Engineers|page=169|volume=46–7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-eYmAQAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> He died at [[Pietermaritzburg]] in June 1986. His brother was the [[field hockey]] international [[Walter Twigg]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=47621}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twigg, Charles}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Staffordshire]]
[[Category:People from the Borough of Stafford]]
[[Category:People educated at Repton School]]
[[Category:South African cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:English emigrants to South Africa]]
[[Category:Eastern Province cricketers]]
[[Category:South African businesspeople]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Staffordshire]]

Music of Gujarat

2025-11-25T22:55:38Z

Johnsmithabmm1: small fixed details per standard format and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|none}}
{{Indian music|expanded=Territory}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
[[Gujarat]], a western state of [[India]], is known for music traditions of both [[folk music|folk]] and [[Indian classical music|classical music]].

==Folk music==
Gujarati folk music consists of a wide variety. Bhajan, a devotional song type, is categorized by theme of poetry/lyrics and by musical compositions such as Prabhatiya, Garba, etc. The [[Barot (caste)|Barot]], [[Charan]] and [[Gadhvi]] communities have preserved and enriched the folk tradition of storytelling with or without music. This includes the forms of [[Doha (poetry)|Doha]], Sorathaa, [[Sanskrit prosody|Chhand]], etc.<ref name="IToday">{{cite web | title=Notes make a culture|last=Patil|first=Vatsala | website=India Today| date=13 February 2015 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20150223-notes-make-a-culture-817538-2015-02-13 | access-date=12 June 2016}}</ref>

The songs and music accompanying traditional dance forms such as [[Garba (dance)|Garba]], [[Dandiya Raas]], Padhar, Dangi and [[Tippani Dance|Tippani]] are unique in nature.<ref name="IToday"/>

''Dayro''<ref>{{Citation|last=BhumiStudio Bhaguda|title=Kirtidan Gadhvi {{!}} Mangaldham Bhaguda 2017 {{!}} Chunariya {{!}} 21 Mo Patotsav_Om Bhumi Studio HD|date=2017-06-28|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JCeVB1yEsKQ|access-date=2019-07-23}}</ref> and ''Lokvarta'' are music performances where people gather to listen performer who delivers religious as well as social message through it. ''Marasiya''s are an elegiac form of music originated from [[Marsiya]]. ''Fattanna'' or ''Lagna-geet''s are a light form of song and music played during marriages.<ref name="IToday"/>

[[Bhavai]] and [[Akhyana]] are folk musical theatre performed in Gujarat.

==Exponents==
Classical musicians and composers include [[Faiyaz Khan]] and Pandit [[Omkarnath Thakur]] along with a tradition of Haveli Sangeet.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://gujarativideos.in/category/Gujarati-Folk-Song-Bhajan/ Gujarati Folk Videos]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20140105095537/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/culture-in-gujarat/music-in-gujarat/ Music in Gujarat on Discover India]}}
{{Gujarat}}

[[Category:Music of India by state or union territory|Gujarat]]
[[Category:Culture of Gujarat]]

{{India-music-stub}}

Kanjira

2025-11-01T03:26:33Z

Johnsmithabmm1: quick added intro after review and added references for consistency

{{Short description|South Indian frame drum}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox instrument
| image = Kanjira.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| background = percussion
| names = ganjira
| classification = [[Frame drum]]
| hornbostel_sachs = 211.311
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = [[Directly struck membranophone]]
}}

The '''kanjira''', '''khanjira''', '''khanjiri''' or '''ganjira''', a [[South India]]n [[frame drum]], is an instrument of the [[tambourine]] family. As a folk and [[bhajan]] instrument, it has been used in the [[Indian subcontinent]] for many centuries.

The '''Kanjira's''' emergence in South Indian Carnatic music, as well as the development of the modern form of the instrument, is credited to Manpoondia Pillai. In the 1880s, Manpoondia Pillai was a temple lantern-bearer who sought to study drumming. He modified the kanjira to a frame drum with a single pair of jingles and brought the instrument to a classical stage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/The-sound-challenge/article13999469.ece|title=The sound challenge|first=B.|last=Kolappan|date=14 January 2016|access-date=19 April 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="KasturiMadhavan2007">{{cite book|author1=Prema Kasturi|author2=Chithra Madhavan|title=South India heritage: an introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_HwMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|publisher=East West Books (Madras)|isbn=978-81-88661-64-0|page=593}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nscottrobinson.com/southindiaperc.php |title=World Music and Percussion, Frame Drums, Riq, Tambourines |website=Nscottrobinson.com |access-date=2015-03-24}}</ref>

It is used primarily in concerts of [[Carnatic music]] (South Indian classical music) as a supporting instrument for the ''[[mridangam]]''.

==Construction==
Similar to the Western tambourine, it consists of a circular frame made of the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, between 7 and 9 inches in width and 2 to 4 inches in depth. It is covered on one side with a [[drumhead]] made of [[monitor lizard]] skin (specifically the [[Bengal monitor]],<ref name="Khati1998">{{cite book|author=Anand S. Khati|title=National parks of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KJUz97Z5LA0C|access-date=30 December 2012|year=1998|publisher=Pelican Creations International|isbn=978-81-86738-00-9|page=323}}</ref> ''Varanus bengalensis'', now an endangered species in India), while the other side is left open. The traditional lizard skin is prohibited worldwide due to protection of species regulations. Even well-known Kanjira players, however, attest to the great advantages of using goat skin as an alternative. After playing for a while, the goat skin gets more and more flexible and offers a wider range of possible modulations.<ref>{{cite web|title=SOUTH INDIAN KANJIRA OR KANJEERA - THE TINY FRAME DRUM|url=http://www.indian-instruments.com/drums_and_percussion/kanjira.htm|website=indian-instruments.com|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316165849/http://www.indian-instruments.com/drums_and_percussion/kanjira.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The frame has a single slit which contain three to four small metal discs (often old coins) that jingle when the kanjira is played.<ref name="NettlArnold1998">{{cite book|author1=Bruno Nettl|author2=Alison Arnold|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia : the Indian subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZOlNv8MAXIEC&pg=PA357|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-4946-1|pages=357–}}</ref>

==Play==
The ''kanjira'' is a relatively difficult Indian drum to play, especially in South Indian Carnatic music, for reasons including the complexity of the percussion patterns used in Indian music. It is normally played with the palm and fingers of the right hand, while the left hand supports the drum. The fingertips of the left hand can be used to bend the pitch by applying pressure near the outer rim. It is not tuned to any particular [[pitch (music)|pitch]], unlike the mridangam or the [[ghatam]].<ref name="Requires">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850790700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212044254/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/02/08/stories/2008020850790700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-02-12 |title=Requires judgment and expertise |date=2008-02-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2015-03-24}}</ref>

Normally, without tuning, it has a very high pitched sound. To get a good bass sound, the performer reduces the tension of the drumhead by sprinkling water on the inside of the instrument.<ref name="Requires"/> This process may have to be repeated during a concert to maintain a good sound. However, if the instrument is too moist, it will have a dead tone, requiring 5–10 minutes to dry. Tone is also affected by external temperature and moisture conditions. Performers typically carry a couple of ''kanjira''s so that they can keep at least one in perfectly tuned condition at any given time.

Depending on dexterity, surprising [[glissando]] effects like on the Tabla are possible.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indian-instruments.com/|title=Indian Musical Instruments|last=Siebenkaes|first=Marie-Luise|website=Indian-instruments.com|language=en|access-date=2019-06-05|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321132948/https://www.indian-instruments.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Nepal==
[[Image: Khaijadi Bhajan.ogv|thumb|200px|right|Nepalese performance using a variety of Khaijadi tambourines.]]
In Nepal the Kanjira is called Khaijadi (खैंजडी). The country has a [[List of Nepali musical instruments#Tambourines and frame drums|variety of tambourines]] besides the Khaijadi, including the Daanf, Damphu (डम्फू) and Hring. The instrument is used in dances and chants at festivals.

One example is the Khanjadi bhajan (खैंजडी भजन), hymns sung in the [[Chhetri]]-[[Brahmin]] society. It is customary to sing this khanjadi bhajan in the Kathmandu Valley as well as in most parts of the eastern hills. Most of the performers are from the regional Brahmin community, but all castes are entertained as spectators and listeners. The event includes dancers dancing in pairs while Chudka hymns are sung by the musicians and audience. The event uses [[Puranic Hinduism|Puranic Hindu]] scriptures. This type of hymn uses a mixture of both verse and prose. At the beginning, part of the story is presented in prose. Then the lyrical hymn begins. To sing a hymn, one has to study the religious texts extensively and be able to give it its original form. The voice of the psalmist should also be such that it can attract everyone. In the same way, there should be singers who can play the khanjadi used in the psalms skillfully and know how to dance.

==Players==
*[[G. Harishankar]]
*[[V. Nagarajan]]
*[[C. P. Vyasa Vittala]]
*[[Bangalore Amrit]]
*[[B. Shree Sundarkumar]]
*[[V. Selvaganesh]]
*[[Swaminathan Selvaganesh]]
*[[A.S.N.Swamy]]
*[[B.S. Purushotham]]
*[[G. Guru Prasanna]]
*[[Kanjira Ganesh Kumar|N. Ganesh Kumar]]
*[[S Sunil Kumar]]
*[[Nerkunam Sankar]]
*[[Anirudh Athreya]]
*[[Hariharasharma]]
*[[KV Gopalakrishnan]]
*[[Sunaad Anoor]]
*[[Kadirvel]]
*[[B.N. Chandramouli]]
*[[Kadanad Ananthakrishnan]]
*[[Ragesh V Ramakrishnan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
*{{cite book|author1=N. Scott Robinson|author2=OhioLINK Electronic Theses and Dissertations Center|title=Tradition and Renewal: The Development of the Kanjira in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTAbngEACAAJ|year=2013}}
*{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/on-the-tambourine-trail/article6413822.ece | title=On the tambourine trail | date=16 September 2014 | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=7 July 2020 }}
*[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/ganesh-kumartalks-aboutperforming-at-the-frame-drum-festival-in-germany-and-the-kanjiras-power-play/article6412863.ece On the tambourine trail]
*https://archive.org/stream/MusicRes-Periodicals/PAC-TalaVadyaSeminar-2_djvu.txt
*{{cite book|title=Sruti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IycqAQAAIAAJ|volume=268-273|year=2007|publisher=P.N. Sundaresan|page=272}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_bEitAgiz2c Hidden Drummers of India: Documentary about the kanjira and Carnatic rhythm by Ruairi Glasheen]
*[http://www.kanjira.org/ Kanjira.org]
* {{Commons category-inline|Kanjira}}

{{Indian musical instruments}}
{{Frame drums}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Carnatic music instruments]]
[[Category:Hand drums]]
[[Category:Medicine drums]]
[[Category:Membranophones]]
[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Drums of Nepal]]

Peranmai

2025-09-22T03:44:26Z

Johnsmithabmm1: refined structure after review per sources

#REDIRECT [[Peraanmai]]

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Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)

2025-09-20T07:16:45Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started a info!

{{Short description|Chandela king from 925 to 950}}
{{for|the 12th century king|Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Yashovarman
| succession = [[Chandela]] king
| reign = c. 925-950 CE
| predecessor = [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]]
| successor = [[Dhanga]]
| father = Harsha
| mother = Kanchuka
| dynasty = [[Chandela]]
| spouse = Puppa-devi
}}
[[File:India-5679 - Flickr - archer10 (Dennis).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at [[Khajuraho]]]]
[[File:Khajuraho ni04-18.jpg|thumb|right|A sculpture at the Lakshmana Temple]]
'''Yashovarman''' ([[IAST]]: Yaśovarman; reigned c. 925–950 CE), also known as Lakshavarman, was a king of the [[Chandela]] dynasty of India. He ruled in the Jejakabhukti region ([[Bundelkhand]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]). He practically established the Chandelas as a sovereign power, although he formally acknowledged suzerainty of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]]. His major military achievement was the conquest of [[Kalanjara]] (modern Kalinjar). He is also notable for having commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at [[Khajuraho]].

== Early life ==

Yashovarman was born to the Chandela ruler [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]], who was a feudatory of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]] of [[Kanyakubja]] (Kannauj). His mother was Kanchuka, who came from a [[Chahamana]] family. By the time Yashovarman's ascension, the Pratiharas depended on their feudatories to a large extent. The [[Rashtrakuta]]s, who were the main rival of the Patiharas, were busy in dynastic feuds. This offered the Chandelas an opportunity to increase their own power. Yashovarman did not formally give up the allegiance to the Pratiharas, but he was practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}}

== Military successes ==

Yashovarman conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]], although the identity of his enemy in this campaign is not certain.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} One theory is that he conquered Kalanjara from his overlords, the Gurjara-Pratiharas. Another theory is that he defeated the Rashtrakutas, who had captured Kalanjara from the Pratiharas. The Karhad copper-plate inscription of the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]] states that "the hope about Kalanjara and Gurjara vanished from the heart of the Gurjara"; that is, the Gurjara-Pratihara king gave up all hopes of retaining control of [[Kalanjara]] and [[Chitrakoot, Madhya Pradesh|Chitrakuta]]. Based on this, H. C. Ray theorized that Krishna managed to capture these two forts from the Pratiharas. Yashovarman may have captured the fort from the Rashtrakutas, which may explain why he continued to recognize the Pratihara sovereignty even after conquering Kalanjara. However, there is no definitive evidence of Yashovarman's victory over the Rashtrakutas.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=38-39}} R. K. Dikshit points out that the Rashtrakuta claim is part of a possibly exaggerated poetic eulogy. It may not imply an actual conquest of these two fortresses, and may only mean that the Pratihara king became apprehensive about losing control over them.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=44}} [[K. A. Nilakanta Sastri]] speculated that Yashovarman captured Kalanjara after allying with the Rashtrakutas and the Chedis ([[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]). However, there is no historical evidence attesting the formation of such an alliance.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=45}} Despite these uncertainties, Yashovarman's conquest of Kalanjara is undisputed: his successors, including his son [[Dhanga]], titled themselves ''Kalanjaradhipati'' ("Lord of Kalanjara").{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=43}}

A Khajuraho inscription dated 1011 [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] (953-954 CE) credits Yashovarman with several other military successes. It declares:<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaVol1/Epigraphia%20Indica_vol%201#page/n160/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=1 |editor=JAS Burgess |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |year=1983 |orig-year=1892 |page=132 }}</ref>{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=50}}

{{quotation|...the illustrious king Yashovarman, who was a sword to (cut down) the Gaudas as if they were pleasure-creepers; equalled (or treated with contempt) the forces of the Khasas; (and) carried off the treasure of the Kosalas; before whom perished the Kashmiri warriors; who weakened the Mithilas; (and) was as it were a god of death to the Malavas; who brought distress on the shameful Chedis; who was to the Kurus what a storm is to trees; (and) a scorching fire to the Gurjaras.}}

These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king Krishna III.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}}

The ruler of the [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]] region (in present-day [[West Bengal]]) is believed to be a [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king, possibly [[Rajyapala]] or his successor [[Gopala III]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=44}} The Palas attempted to resurrect their power through westward expansion, which might have resulted in their conflict with the Chandelas.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=48}} The Chandelas did not occupy Gauda, but their invasion further weakened the Pala power, possibly paving way for the subsequent usurpation of the power by the [[Kamboja Pala dynasty|Kambojas]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=44-45}}

The Chedis in the Khajuraho inscription denote the Kalachuris of Tripuri. Although the Chandela-Kalachuri relations were friendly in the preceding years, it appears that the Kalachuri alliance with the Rashtrakutas led to a rivalry between the two kingdoms. The Chandelas acknowledged the suzerainty of the Pratiharas, who were the rivals of the Rashtrakutas. The Kalachuris, on the other hand, had forged matrimonial alliances with the Rashtrakutas, and probably aided them in their anti-Pratihara campaigns.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=40-41}} The identity of the Kalachuri king defeated by Yashovarman is not certain, because three Kalachuri kings ruled in quick succession as his contemporaries: Bala-Harsha, Yuva-Raja and Lakshmana-Raja. S. K. Mitra theorizes that the defeated king might have been Bala-Harsha, who ruled for a very short period, and whose name has been omitted from some of the records of his successors.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42}}

Yashovarman's achievements in [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] are not certain; he possibly defeated a tributary ruler who occupied a small territory on the Pratihara-Pala border. The Malavas referred to in the inscription might have been the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]], who were the Rashtrakuta feudatories in [[Malwa|Malava]] region at that time.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=47-48}} The Koshalas might have been the rulers of the [[Dakshina Kosala|Dakshin Koshala]] region, possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshi]] allies of the Kalachuris. Yashovarman probably raided their territory. The claim of Yashovarman's successes against the Kashmiris seems to be a poetic exaggeration.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=49}} [[Lorenz Franz Kielhorn|L. F. Kielhorn]] translated the verse about the Khasas (''tulita Khasabalah'') as "equalled the forces of the Khasas". However, according to [[R. C. Majumdar]], in this context, the word ''tulita'' means "treated with contempt", not "equalled". The Khasas were the neighbours of the Kashmiris, and this too, seems to be poetic embellishment.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=50}} The [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]] region was a part of the Pratihara territory, so the claim about the Kurus also seems to be an exaggeration. However, it is possible that the Chandelas clashed with the Gurjara-Pratiharas after their occupation of Kalanjara.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=51}}

The Khajuraho inscription also states that Yashovarman turned the rivers [[Ganges|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]] into his "pleasure-lakes", and that the waters of these rivers became muddy when his might elephants bathed in them. This suggests that Yashovarman controlled the area around present-day [[Allahabad]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=52}}

== Personal life ==

Yashovarman married Puppa, who was the mother of his successor [[Dhanga]]. Krishnapa, his other son, was probably deputed to oversee the territory on the Chandela-Parmara frontier.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=53}}

Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He acquired a prestigious statue of [[Vaikuntha Vishnu]] from his overlord Devapala, and commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at [[Khajuraho]]. This is the earliest example of [[Nagara architecture]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} He is also said to have commissioned a water tank, which can be identified with one of the tanks in Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA32 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA27 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]

Lovedale (film)

2025-05-24T21:47:42Z

Johnsmithabmm1: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of Malayalam films of 2024#January–March]]

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{{R to related topic}}
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Harimukteesvarar Temple, Ariyamangai

2025-05-19T03:54:23Z

Johnsmithabmm1: put up new place!

{{Short description|Shiva temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Harimukteesvarar Temple, Ariyamangai
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Harmukteeswarar Temple, Ariyamangai, [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.890995|N|79.201809|E|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Thanjavur]]-[[Kumbakonam]] main road, Ariyamangai
| elevation_m =
| deity = Harimukteesvarar ([[Shiva]]), Gnanambikai Amman ([[Parvathi]])
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals = [[Maha Shivaratri]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Harimukteesvarar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to [[Lord Siva]] located in Ariyamangai of [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]

== Location ==
This temple is situated at a distance of 10 km from [[Chakkarapalli]] in [[Thanjavur]]-[[Kumbakonam]] main road. From Chakkarappalli one road leads to Agaramangudi, in south direction. On this road another road is found in south. On this road the railway crosses. It is very difficult for the vehicles to cross the unmanned railway line. To reach the temple one has to walk to some distance.<ref name=ns/>

==Saptamagai sthalam==
This temple is one of the seven shrines associated with ''[[Saptamartrikas]]'' (seven female deities in [[Shiva|Siva]] temple).<ref name=dinamani>[https://www.dinamani.com/religion/religion-news/2018/jun/14/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88-%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF---1-2939517.html கடம்பூர் விஜயன், சப்தமங்கைத் தலங்கள், பகுதி 1, அரியமங்கை, தினமணி, 16 சூன் 2018]</ref><ref>[http://kungumam.co.in/APArticalinnerdetail.aspx?id=2673&id1=94&id2=0&issue=20150601 சப்தமாதர்களும் சக்தியின் அம்சங்களே, ஆன்மிகம்]</ref> Matrikas are the different forms [[Adi Parashakti]]. Matrikas are the personified powers of different [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]]. [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]] emerged from [[Brahma]], [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]] from [[Vishnu]], [[Maheshvari]] from [[Shiva]], [[Sachi|Indrani]] from [[Indra]], [[Kaumari]] from [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], [[Varahi]] from [[Varaha]] and [[Chamunda]] from [[Devi]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leeming |first1=David |last2=Fee |first2= Christopher|date=2016 |title=The Goddess: Myths of the Great Mother |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kjO6CwAAQBAJ&q=matrikas&pg=PT33 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=9781780235387 }}</ref> and additionals are [[Narasimhi]], [[Vinayaki]]. This is one of the Saptamangai sthalams, seven sacred places devoted to Devi.<ref name=dinakaran>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=22478 |title=சாதிக்க வைக்கும் சப்த மங்கை தலங்கள்!, தினகரன், 12 அக்டோபர் 2018 |access-date=2 June 2020 |archive-date=3 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603052847/http://www.dinakaran.com/Aanmeegam_Detail.asp?Nid=22478 |url-status=dead }}</ref> They are also called as Saptastanam of Chakkarappalli.<ref name=ns>Ayyampet N.Selvaraj, Study on the Saptastanam (Seven Sacred Places) of Chakkarappalli in Thanjavur District, Nehru Trust for the Indian Collections at the Victoria & Albert Museum, New Delhi, May 2011</ref> They are:
* [[Chakravageswarar Temple|Chakkarappalli]]
* Ariyamangai
* [[Kiruthivakesvarar Temple, Sulamangalam|Sulamangalam]]
* [[Jambukesvarar Temple, Nallichery|Nallichery]]
* [[Pasupatheesvarar Temple, Pasupathikovil|Pasupathikovil]]
* [[Chandramouleesvarar Temple, Thazhamangai|Thazhamangai]]
* [[Tirupullamangai|Pullamangai]]

==Presiding deity==
The presiding deity in the [[garbhagriha]] is represented by the ''[[lingam]]'' known as Harimukteesvarar. The Goddess is known as Gnanambikai Amman. The linga is of one metre high. On the right [[Ganesha|Vinayaka]] and left [[Kartikeya|Subramania]] are found. The garbhagriha has a small [[Vimana (architectural feature)|vimana]]. On either side of the entrance [[dvarapala]]kas made of stucco are found. At the facade stucco figures from the history of the temple are found. The shrine of the Goddess is found in the left, facing east.<ref name=ns/> As Vishnu worshipped the presiding deity, he is known as Harimukteesvarar, Hari means [[Vishnu]].<ref name=dinamani/>

==Temple structure==
The temple has a compound wall. The temple is in a raised position and has cement floor. The temple does not have regular structures. In front of the main shrine, bali pita and [[Nandi (bull)|nandhi]] [[mandapa]] are found. The entrance is facing east. No [[gopura]] is found. In the north of the garbagriha, Saptamatas are found. Very near to them five of saptamatas belonging to 9th century CE are found. Even though no [[Kosta (architectural feature)|kosta]] like structure is found, in the south [[Dakshinamurthy]] of 13th century CE and in the north [[Durga]] are is found. On the right side of the main shrine, shrines of [[Vishnu]] and Ayurdevi are found. It seems that Ayurdevi is of recent addition set up by the locals.<ref name=ns/> Ayurdevi is with twelve hands. [[Maheshvari]], one of the saptamatas, worshipped the deity.<ref name=dinamani/> [[Ganges]] is the temple tirtta of the temple.<ref name=dinakaran/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Saptha Stana Temples}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Thanjavur district]]

Fatanpur, Uttar Pradesh

2025-04-12T17:11:27Z

Johnsmithabmm1: started a post v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}

'''Fatanpur''' is a small village situated in the [[Gaura block]], [[Raniganj tehsil]], [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2025 |title=Fatanpur Population - Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/159647-fatanpur-uttar-pradesh.html |website=census2011.co.in |publisher=Census Organization of India |access-date=April 12, 2025}}</ref>

==Location==
It is 30 km east from Pratapgarh by road and 45 km north-east from Allahabad by air distance.
It is at 25° 44' 02.89" N, 82° 07'27.51"E.
Fatanpur is located on the Lacknow-Varansi 36 nu. Highway.

==Facilities==
Fatanpur has a government primary school and government middle school.

==Economy==
Most people of the village depend on farming.

==Temples==
Budiya Mayi is famous temple of the village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Pratapgarh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh]]

{{Pratapgarh-geo-stub}}

Haldia Energy Power Station

2024-08-18T04:41:56Z

Johnsmithabmm1: put up info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox power station
| name = Haldia Energy Power Station
| image =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|06|19|N|88|10|37|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = Jhikurkhali, [[Haldia]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| status = O
| th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
| ps_units_operational= 2 × 300 MW
| ps_electrical_capacity= 600 MW
| commissioned = 2015
}}
'''Haldia Energy Limited Power Station''' is a coal-based thermal power plant located at Jhikurkhali village near [[Haldia]] town in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The power plant is operated by Haldia Energy Limited, a fully owned subsidiary of [[CESC Limited]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.haldiaenergy.co.in/ |title=Home |website=haldiaenergy.co.in |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423203447/http://www.haldiaenergy.co.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Capacity==
It has a capacity of '''600 MW''' (2x300 MW).

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Unit No. !! Generating Capacity !! Commissioned on !! Status
|-
| 1 || 300 MW || Jan 2015
|| Commissioned <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/cesc-to-commission-its-600-mw-haldia-plant-in-december-114111301264_1.html|title = CESC to commission its 600 MW Haldia plant in December|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 14 November 2014|last1 = Basak|first1 = Probal}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 300 MW || Feb 2015
|| Commissioned
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Energy}}
* [http://www.sourcewatch.org/index.php/Haldia_Energy_power_station Haldia Energy power station] at [[SourceWatch]]

{{Power Plants of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:RPSG Group]]

2012 Sikkim Gold Cup

2024-07-02T22:26:14Z

Johnsmithabmm1: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Sikkim Gold Cup]] {{R from related topic}}

Kunthala Jayaraman

2024-04-23T05:54:50Z

Johnsmithabmm1:

{{Short description|Indian biotechnologist}}
''' Kunthala Jayaraman''', an [[India]]n [[biotechnology|biotechnologist]], is often regarded as the 'Mother of Industrial Biotechnology Education in the world'. Jayaraman, often referred to as '''KJ''', is credited with establishing a harmonious balance among [[science]], [[engineering]], and [[technology]] at [[Anna University]], in the field of industrial [[biotechnology]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bioinformation.net/017/97320630017029.pdf |title=From Anna University to America and to Agriculture|date= |accessdate=2013-05-03}}</ref>

== Education ==
Jayaraman earned a degree in [[biochemistry]] at the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Jayaraman was [[Faculty (academic staff)|faculty]] in the School of Biological Sciences (SBS) of the [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] (MKU).<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://mkuniversity.ac.in/new/school/sbs/docs/sbs.pdf |title=School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai |publisher=School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai |date= |accessdate=2013-05-03}}</ref> She along with her associate were the first discoverers of larvicidal toxin producing gene in ''[[Bacillus sphaericus]]'' in 1984, which was a major breakthrough in conquering [[mosquito]] larvae using new [[biopesticide]]. Four years later, the discovery of another toxic protein producing gene by her team became a milestone in developing Biocide-S, an environmentally safe biotechnological toxin efficient in killing [[mosquito]] larvae, at Centre for Biotechnology (CBT) in [[Anna University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/new-biopesticide-conquers-mosquito-larvae-30559#:~:text=Named%20Biocide%2DS%20because%20it,to%20hit%20the%20market%20soon. |title=New biopesticide conquers mosquito larvae |work=[[Down to Earth (magazine)|Down to Earth]] |date=1993-01-15}}</ref> While at MKU, she was the instrumental to conduct the [[World Health Organization|WHO]] Conference and International Training Programme. In MKU, she was mentored and inspired by [[S. Ramachandran (scientist)|S. Ramachandran]], along with [[Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam]], to write text books in [[biotechnology]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/right-man-right-time-right-place-ramachandran/article8487263.ece |title=Right man, right time, right place - Ramachandran | author=D. BALASUBRAMANIAN |date=18 April 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 April 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2022, in the honour of Kunthala Jayaraman, The Academy of Sciences of [[Chennai]] conducted Kunthala Jayaraman Distinguished Lecture on “Disruptive reform in higher education and translational research” and it was delivered by P. Kaliraj, Professor of Eminence, [[Anna University]] and Former [[Vice-Chancellor]], [[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore]].<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://tnasc.com/ |title=THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, CHENNAI |date=18 April 2016 |work=The Hindu |access-date=18 April 2016 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaraman, Kunthala}}
[[Category:Indian biotechnologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-scientist-stub}}

Love in Singapore (1980 film)

2024-03-20T10:18:30Z

Johnsmithabmm1: minor cleanup

#REDIRECT [[Love in Singapore]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

India cricket team

2023-03-29T08:30:47Z

Johnsmithabmm1: created a info

#REDIRECT [[India national cricket team]]