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India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor

2026-05-03T16:46:33Z

John9200Carter: New

{{Short description|Economic corridor}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor
| image = India-Middle East-Europe Economics Corridor.jpg
| caption = Announcement of India–Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor in New Delhi
| map = India Middle East Europe Economic Corridor Map.png
| map_caption = India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor founder states and location map
| abbreviation = IMEC
| formation = {{start date and age|2023|09|09|df=yes}}
| Projected Completion =
| status =
| purpose = Promote economic development and inter-regional connectivity
| headquarters =
| founder = {{ubl|{{flag|India}}|{{flag|United States}}|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|European Union}}|{{flag|France}}|{{flag|Germany}}|{{flag|Italy}}}}
| location = {{ubl|{{flag|India}}|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}|{{flag|Jordan}}|{{flag|Israel}}|{{flag|Greece}}|{{flag|European Union}}}}
| main_organ =
| affiliations =
| website = {{Official URL}}
}}

The '''India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor''' (commonly abbreviated as '''IMEC'''; sometimes also referred to as '''IMEEC'''){{Efn|Also occasionally abbreviated as '''IMEEC''' in media and policy discussions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-13 |title=What is India-Middle East-Europe Corridor and how will it benefit India? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-is-india-middle-east-europe-corridor-and-how-will-it-benefit-india-2679305-2025-02-13 |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101143502/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/what-is-india-middle-east-europe-corridor-and-how-will-it-benefit-india-2679305-2025-02-13 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaudhury |first=Dipanjan Roy |date=2024-11-25 |title=IMEEC progressing despite conflicts, says EAM Jaishankar |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/imeec-progressing-despite-conflicts-says-eam-jaishankar/articleshow/115669255.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=16 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716064723/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/imeec-progressing-despite-conflicts-says-eam-jaishankar/articleshow/115669255.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>}} is a planned connectivity project that aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and [[economic integration]] between [[Asia]], the [[Persian Gulf]] and [[Europe]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Siddiqui |first=Huma |date=2023-09-10 |title=World leaders launch India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor seen as counter to China's BRI |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-world-leaders-launch-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-seen-as-counter-to-chinas-bri-3238862/ |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |quote=The IMEC aims to bolster economic development by fostering connectivity and economic integration between Asia, the Arabian Gulf, and Europe. |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920150322/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-world-leaders-launch-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-seen-as-counter-to-chinas-bri-3238862/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New economic corridor to connect Asia, Europe & US|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/sep/10/new-economic-corridor-to-connect-asia-europe-us-2613322.html|access-date=2023-09-09|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 September 2023|archive-date=17 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917180456/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2023/sep/10/new-economic-corridor-to-connect-asia-europe-us-2613322.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Part of this project is the building of an economic corridor. This corridor is a proposed infrastructure route from [[India]] to Europe through the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Israel]], and [[Greece]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ram |date=2023-09-11 |title=A corridor of immense promise |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-corridor-of-immense-promise/article67296263.ece |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=BusinessLine |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927124337/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/a-corridor-of-immense-promise/article67296263.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The route draws on what is now described as the ancient [[The Golden Road: How Ancient India Transformed the World|Golden Road]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trieste and the New Golden Road |url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/trieste-and-the-new-golden-road |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The National Interest |language=en-US |archive-date=8 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260208075711/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/trieste-and-the-new-golden-road |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:IMEC_and_its_connections.png|thumb|right|IMEC and its connections]]

=== Diplomatic foundations ===
The diplomatic foundations of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor rest on decades of evolving geopolitical realignments. Early groundwork began with India's 2005 "Look West" policy, which improved bilateral relations between New Delhi and Gulf nations<ref name="EUISS_IMEC_20242">{{cite report |url=https://www.iss.europa.eu/publications/briefs |title=From Hype to Horizon: What the EU needs to know to bring IMEC to life |last1=Ghanem |first1=Dalia |last2=Sánchez-Cacicedo |first2=Amaia |date=June 2024 |publisher=European Union Institute for Security Studies |issue=10 |doi=10.2815/806125 |isbn=978-92-9462-252-3 |issn=2315-1110 |access-date=2026-04-29 |series=Brief}}</ref><ref name="Hameed_IMEC_20242">{{cite journal |last=Hameed |first=Sameena |date=2024 |title=Israel as India's Pivot in the IMEC |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23477989241293556 |journal=Contemporary Review of the Middle East |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=511–525 |doi=10.1177/23477989241293556 |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref>. Policy briefs by prominent think tanks also report that the 2020 Abraham Accords have been influential, as they normalized ties between Israel and several Arab states and therefore paved the way for further integration<ref name="Hameed_IMEC_20242" /><ref name="Shafer_Hussein_IMEC_2025">{{cite report |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/The-India-Middle-East-Europe-Economic-Corridor-Connectivity-in-an-era-of-geopolitical-uncertainty.pdf |title=The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor: Connectivity in an era of geopolitical uncertainty |last1=Shafer |first1=Nicholas |last2=Hussein |first2=Afaq |date=March 2025 |publisher=Atlantic Council |location=Washington, DC |access-date=2026-04-29 |series=N7 Initiative}}</ref>. This shift directly facilitated the 2022 creation of the I2U2 grouping, comprising India, Israel, the United Arab Emirates and the United States<ref name="EUISS_IMEC_20242" /><ref name="Hameed_IMEC_20242" /><ref name="Shafer_Hussein_IMEC_2025" />. The I2U2 grouping serves as IMEC's conceptual precursor as these joint diplomatic engagements set the stage for the corridor's formal 2023 announcement<ref name="EUISS_IMEC_20242" /><ref name="Shafer_Hussein_IMEC_2025" />.

=== The 2023 Memorandum of Understanding ===
The IMEC was officially announced by India during the G20 Summit in [[New Delhi]] in 2023<ref name=":1">Memorandum of Understanding on the principles of an India-Middle East Europe Economic Corridor. https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/CPV/Project-Gateway-Multilateral-MOU.pdf, Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India, 9 September 2023, Accessed 22 April 2026</ref>. During this summit, the representatives of the governments of [[India]], [[United States|the United States]], [[United Arab Emirates|the United Arab Emirates]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Italy]] and [[European Union|the European Union]] signed a Memorandum of Understanding<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title='Game-changer': India-Middle East economic corridor unveiled at G20 |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/9/g20-summit-transport-project-to-link-india-to-middle-east-europe-unveiled |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019034920/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/9/g20-summit-transport-project-to-link-india-to-middle-east-europe-unveiled |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ellis-Petersen |first=Hannah |date=2023-09-09 |title=G20: EU and US back trade corridor linking Europe, Middle East and India |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/09/g20-eu-and-us-back-trade-corridor-linking-europe-middle-east-and-india |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=20 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920231116/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/sep/09/g20-eu-and-us-back-trade-corridor-linking-europe-middle-east-and-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonultas |first=Bahattin |date=10 September 2023 |title=7 countries, EU sign memorandum of understanding for trade corridor linking Europe, Middle East and India |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/7-countries-eu-sign-memorandum-of-understanding-for-trade-corridor-linking-europe-middle-east-and-india/2988027 |access-date=2023-09-10 |website=www.aa.com.tr |archive-date=14 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914111416/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/7-countries-eu-sign-memorandum-of-understanding-for-trade-corridor-linking-europe-middle-east-and-india/2988027 |url-status=live }}</ref>. While not formal signatories, Jordan and Israel are implicitly included as essential transit nodes for the proposed route<ref name="Hameed_IMEC_2024">{{cite journal |last=Hameed |first=Sameena |date=2024 |title=Israel as India's Pivot in the IMEC |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/23477989241293556 |journal=Contemporary Review of the Middle East |publisher=SAGE Publications |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=511–525 |doi=10.1177/23477989241293556 |access-date=2026-04-29}}</ref><ref name="ISPI_IMEC_2026">{{cite report |url=https://www.ispionline.it |title=IMEC: The Backbone of an Indo-Mediterranean Region. Italy and the Future of Transcontinental Connectivity |last1=Fasulo |first1=Filippo |last2=Missaglia |first2=Nicola |last3=Talbot |first3=Valeria |date=March 2026 |publisher=Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI) |location=Milan |isbn=9791282173032 |access-date=2026-04-29 |contribution=RIA}}</ref>. The agreement currently still functions as a broad declaration of intent, since it still lacks a detailed funding plan or concrete implementation mechanism<ref name="Bonifazi_2024">{{cite report |url= |title=Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): a comparative analysis of rising commercial and geopolitical strategies |last1=Bonifazi |first1=Alessandro |last2=Ubiali |first2=Enrico |last3=Vicari |first3=Matteo |last4=Liu |first4=Jie |date=2024 |access-date=2026-04-29 |type=Comparative case study |institution=Niccolò Cusano University; University of Bergamo; London School of Economics; Shandong Technology and Business University}}</ref><ref name="Bonifazi_20242">{{cite report |title=Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): a comparative analysis of rising commercial and geopolitical strategies |last1=Bonifazi |first1=Alessandro |last2=Ubiali |first2=Enrico |last3=Vicari |first3=Matteo |last4=Liu |first4=Jie |date=2024 |access-date=2026-04-29 |type=Comparative case study |institution=Niccolò Cusano University; University of Bergamo; London School of Economics; Shandong Technology and Business University}}</ref>.

=== Progress ===
The project was launched to bolster transportation and communication links between Europe and Asia through rail and shipping networks and is seen as a counter to China's [[Belt and Road Initiative]]. The memorandum of understanding document has only mapped out the potential geography of a corridor and will compete against the current trade route going through the [[Suez Canal]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-02 |title=Can India-Europe corridor rival China's Belt and Road? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66957019 |access-date=2023-10-02 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020061421/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-66957019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The project had been delayed due to the ongoing [[Gaza war]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-11 |title=Will the Israeli war sink India's ambitious counter to China? |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/will-the-israeli-war-sink-indias-ambitious-counter-to-china/articleshow/104346053.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-12 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182326/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/will-the-israeli-war-sink-indias-ambitious-counter-to-china/articleshow/104346053.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-11 |title=India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor may get delayed over Gaza war |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-may-get-delayed-as-israel-gaza-war-escalates-experts-11510361.html |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012182330/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-may-get-delayed-as-israel-gaza-war-escalates-experts-11510361.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The route is currently being used to bypass the [[Red Sea crisis|Houthi blockade]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/houthi-bypass-quietly-goods-forge-overland-path-to-israel-via-saudi-arabia-jordan/|title=Houthi bypass: Quietly, goods forge overland path to Israel via Saudi Arabia, Jordan|first=Sharon Wrobel|last=page|website=[[The Times of Israel]]|issn=0040-7909|archive-date=29 March 2024|access-date=1 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329042056/https://www.timesofisrael.com/houthi-bypass-quietly-goods-forge-overland-path-to-israel-via-saudi-arabia-jordan/|url-status=live}}</ref> and is widely seen as a way to future proof the India-Europe-US supply chain avoiding the Suez canal.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Vas |date=2024-09-20 |title=The confluence of the two seas: India-Italy partnership over IMEEC and Mediterranean |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/the-confluence-of-the-two-seas-india-italy-partnership-over-imeec-and-mediterranean/articleshow/113527179.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-11-14 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=29 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129034314/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/the-confluence-of-the-two-seas-india-italy-partnership-over-imeec-and-mediterranean/articleshow/113527179.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024, the [[Indo-Mediterranean]] Initiative (IMI) was started, aiming to track the progress of IMEC.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-17 |title=India and Italy strengthen ties with Indo-Mediterranean initiative |url=https://www.wionews.com/world/india-and-italy-strengthen-ties-with-indo-mediterranean-initiative-732626 |access-date=2024-09-14 |website=WION |language=en-us |archive-date=5 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251205220015/https://www.wionews.com/world/india-and-italy-strengthen-ties-with-indo-mediterranean-initiative-732626 |url-status=live }}</ref>

IMEC got a new lease and enthusiasm has returned to the project during Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s first visit to the White House after the inauguration of President [[Donald Trump]]. "We agreed to work together to help build one of the greatest trade routes in all of history. It will run from India to Israel to Italy and onward to the US, connecting our partners, roads, railways and undersea cables, many many undersea cables." said the US President.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-14 |title='PM Modi is a much tougher negotiator than me, not even a contest,' says Trump |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modi-is-a-much-tougher-negotiator-than-me-not-even-a-contest-says-trump/articleshow/118230276.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

During European Commission President [[Ursula von der Leyen|Von der Leyen]]'s visit to India on Feb 27–28 2025, both leaders agreed on the importance of IMEC, the excerpt of the joint statement read: "Undertake concrete steps for the realization of the India–Middle East–Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) announced during the G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leaders' Statement following the visit of President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and College of Commissioners to India, 27-28 February 2025 |url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/statement_25_647 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref>

There has been healthy competition between European countries for IMEC's European terminal with France ([[Marseille|Marseilles]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Macron pitches France as India's European trade gateway – DW – 02/14/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/macron-pitches-france-as-indias-european-trade-gateway/a-71605928 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=dw.com |language=en |archive-date=23 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723082507/https://www.dw.com/en/macron-pitches-france-as-indias-european-trade-gateway/a-71605928 |url-status=live }}</ref>), Greece ([[Piraeus]]/[[Thessaloniki]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |first=Guest |date=2025-02-25 |title=Greek Ports And The IMEC Puzzle |url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/02/25/greek-ports-and-the-imec-puzzle/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612154903/https://greekcitytimes.com/2025/02/25/greek-ports-and-the-imec-puzzle/ |url-status=live }}</ref>) and Italy ([[Trieste]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shenoy |first=Giulio Terzi di Sant’Agata and Vas |date=2025-02-10 |title=Trieste as pillar of IMEC for Europe could create a new Golden Road for India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/trieste-as-pillar-of-imec-for-europe-could-create-a-new-golden-road-for-india/articleshow/118117924.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-02 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209162445/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/trieste-as-pillar-of-imec-for-europe-could-create-a-new-golden-road-for-india/articleshow/118117924.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>) being candidates. The 2025 Trieste Summit has been announced to promote Trieste as a "strategic gateway port" for IMEC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trieste Summit - The new Golden Road |url=https://triestesummit.org/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Trieste Summit |language=it-IT |archive-date=2 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102181351/https://triestesummit.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

TRENDS Research notes that the project has been offset by several challenges such as the geopolitics of the Middle East and the [[Tariffs in the second Trump administration|ongoing negotiation between New Delhi and Washington on tariffs]], but has seen progress through local initiatives such as [[Comprehensive economic partnership agreement|Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement]] (CEPA) between India and the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IMEC on Pause: How and When the Corridor Can Regain Momentum Amid India-U.S. Friction|url=https://trendsresearch.org/insight/imec-on-pause-how-and-when-the-corridor-can-regain-momentum-amid-india-u-s-friction/|website=trendsresearch.org|access-date=2026-01-28|language=en}}</ref>

The signing of a long awaited EU-India trade deal in January 2026 is expected to give IMEC extra momentum.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-27 |title=As Trump watches on, India and EU lock in 'mother of all deals' |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-28/what-is-in-the-eu-india-free-trade-deal/106276554 |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=ABC News |language=en-AU |archive-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128183631/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-01-28/what-is-in-the-eu-india-free-trade-deal/106276554 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reactions ==
IMEC is viewed positively by participating countries, with expectations to support economic development, connectivity, and potentially rebalance trade and economic relations between the EU and China.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=The India-Middle East-Europe Corridor in Europe’s Indo-Pacific Strategy |url=https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/the-india-middle-east-europe-corridor-in-europes-indo-pacific-strategy/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=thediplomat.com |language=en-US |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001015350/https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/the-india-middle-east-europe-corridor-in-europes-indo-pacific-strategy/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As per ''Bradley Intelligence Report,'' Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates don't see IMEC as a challenge to China but as a diversification of their economies, strengthening their positions as inter-regional connectivity hubs and maximizing their geopolitical influence across Asia and Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DC (ACW) |first=Arab Center Washington |date=2023-08-16 |title=The Geopolitics of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor |url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-geopolitics-of-the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=Arab Center Washington DC |language=en-US |archive-date=9 February 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260209230801/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/the-geopolitics-of-the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor: Prospects and Challenges for U.S. Businesses |url=https://www.bradley.com/insights/publications/2023/10/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-prospects-and-challenges-for-us-businesses |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=www.bradley.com |archive-date=16 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016225910/https://www.bradley.com/insights/publications/2023/10/the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor-prospects-and-challenges-for-us-businesses |url-status=live }}</ref> However, according to an analysis from the [[Institute for National Security Studies (Israel)|Institute for National Security Studies]], the UAE sees IMEC as a practical concept that can be readily integrated into its existing infrastructure and logistics network, while Saudi Arabia sees it as an strategic asset and future project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The IMEC Initiative: Economic Potential Contingent on Political Considerations |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/imec/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=INSS |language=en-US |archive-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116010212/https://www.inss.org.il/publication/imec/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chinese analysts were critical of the announcement, mentioning its "organizational fragility and lack of developing country focus, alluding to the BRI’s clear first-mover advantage, IMEC’s overreliance on maritime transport and lack of overland connectivity, and its exclusion of Iran and Turkiye."<ref>{{Cite web|title=China’s Take on IMEC|url=https://thediplomat.com/2025/02/chinas-take-on-imec/|website=thediplomat.com|access-date=2026-01-28|language=en-US|archive-date=18 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218135941/https://thediplomat.com/2025/02/chinas-take-on-imec/|url-status=live}}</ref> In September 2023, Turkish president [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan|Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] criticised the project for bypassing [[Turkey]], and vowed for an alternative route, the "[[Iraq–Europe Development Road|Iraq–Europe Development Road Project]]", which is envisaged to connect the [[Persian Gulf]] with Europe through railway and highway via ports in the UAE, [[Qatar]], and [[Iraq]], including the under-construction [[Grand Faw Port]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soylu |first1=Ragip |title=Turkey's Erdogan opposes India-Middle East transport project |url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-erdogan-opposes-india-middle-east-corridor |access-date=17 September 2023 |publisher=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=11 September 2023 |archive-date=12 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230912032315/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/turkey-erdogan-opposes-india-middle-east-corridor |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2024, Israel's [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] called the corridor a "[[blessing]]" for the Middle East, and referred to [[Iran]] along with its allies as a "[[curse]]" in his address to the 79th session of the [[United Nations General Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-27 |title='No place in Iran that long arm of Israel cannot reach': Netanyahu's stern warning to Tehran at UNGA |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-place-in-iran-that-the-long-arm-of-israel-cannot-reach-says-netanyahu-at-unga-13819847.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=29 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240929011955/https://www.firstpost.com/world/no-place-in-iran-that-the-long-arm-of-israel-cannot-reach-says-netanyahu-at-unga-13819847.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Berman |first=Lazar |date=September 28, 2024 |title=Netanyahu holds up maps illustrating the ‘blessing’ and ‘curse’ facing Mideast |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-holds-up-maps-illustrating-the-blessing-and-curse-facing-mideast/ |access-date=September 28, 2024 |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |archive-date=28 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250928053732/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/netanyahu-holds-up-maps-illustrating-the-blessing-and-curse-facing-mideast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2025, Italy appointed Ambassador Francesco Maria Talò as Italy’s Special Envoy for the corridor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2025-04-08 |title=Prospects for peace in the Middle East |url=https://eccoclimate.org/prospects-for-peace-in-the-middle-east-via-the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=ECCO |language=en-US |archive-date=6 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250906141938/https://eccoclimate.org/prospects-for-peace-in-the-middle-east-via-the-india-middle-east-europe-economic-corridor/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Blue Dot Network]]
* [[Build Back Better World]]
* [[Global Gateway]]
* [[Bharatmala#IntEcoCordList|India's International connectivity projects]]
* [[Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}}
[[Category:Indian Ocean trade]]
[[Category:Trade routes]]
[[Category:International road networks]]
[[Category:International rail transport]]
[[Category:Third-country relations of the European Union]]
[[Category:India–European Union relations]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of the Middle East]]
[[Category:2023 G20 New Delhi summit]]
[[Category:Strategic corridors]]

Subash Chandra Bose (film)

2026-05-01T16:28:45Z

John9200Carter: creating new info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Subash Chandra Bose (film).jpg
| director = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| producer = [[Swapna Dutt]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Satyanand
| screenplay = K. Raghavendra Rao
| starring = [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] [[Genelia D'Souza]] [[Shriya Saran]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = K. Bhupati
| editing = [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
| studio = [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|04|22|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Subash Chandra Bose''''' is a 2005 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[historical drama|historical]] [[action drama film]] directed by veteran director, [[K. Raghavendra Rao]], in his 101st directorial.<ref name="movie=101">{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|year=2005|title=Subhash Chandra Bose |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2010-06-13|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13726132&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520231411/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13726132&ctid=5&cid=2430|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-20}}</ref> It was produced by [[Swapna Dutt]], under [[Vyjayanthi Movies]]. It starred [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]], [[Genelia D'Souza]], [[Shriya Saran]], and [[Prakash Raj]]. The music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. It was a disaster at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |last=M. L. |first=Narasimham |date=2005-12-30 |title=Dubbed films rule yet again |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706091816/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/30/stories/2005123002160100.htm |archive-date=2015-07-06 |website=[[The Hindu]] |quote=Venkatesh had a mixed year with one hit Sankranthi and one flop, Subhashchandra Bose.}}</ref>

== Plot ==

The story takes place during the pre-Independence era, just before the British left India. Ashok, who is working on a TV channel with his girlfriend Anita, covers the meeting of a politician Venkat Ratnam. By seeing Venkat Ratnam there, Ashok gets images from the bygone era, including a tattooed image of the national flag on his hand. In a flashback, it is revealed that in the year 1946, a man named Amarchandra / Subash Chandra Bose alias Chandram fights against local colonial officer George. Subash Chandra Bose worships the real freedom fighter Subash Chandra Bose. When the state governor Jackson comes to Chintapalli along with his daughter Diana for a brief vacation, Bose welcomes him by blowing up the water tank in his palace. Enraged, Jackson asks his army to kill Bose. With the help of a local native Bandodu, the George's troops wipes out the entire village population, including Bose's lover Swarajyam. In an act of betrayal by Bandodu, the troops kills Bose too. Ashok realizes that he is the reincarnation of Bose and Venkat Ratnam is Bandodu. He sets out to expose him along with his allies. In the climax, Bose kills Venkat Ratnam.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] in a dual role as
** Amarchandra aka Chandram / Subash Chandra Bose
** Ashok (Second Birth)
* [[Genelia D'Souza]] as Anita
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Swarajyam
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Venkat Rathnam aka Bandodu
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Bapiveedu, Bose's father in the previous birth
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Officer George (voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Raza Murad]] as Ranjit Singh
* [[Tom Alter]] as Governor Jackson
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Balram
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Chandram, (Ashok)'s friend
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Kareem
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as RTO Officer
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Snehalatha, Amarchandra's mother
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Pilli Nirmala Simha, Ashok's mother
* [[Subbaraju]] as Rajaratnam, Venkat Rathnam's younger son (voice dubbed by P. Ravi Shankar)
* [[Naramalli Sivaprasad]] as Washerman
* Maalin Maria Mobargh as Diana
* Malladi Raghava as Anitha's father
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Lakshmi, Bose's Mother in the previous birth
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Tahsildar
* [[Babu Mohan]] as Raju, Assistant to Tahsildar
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu, Chandram's Friend in the previous birth
* [[Paruchuri Brothers|Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Swarajyam's father
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Ashok's father
* [[Krishna Bhagavan]] as Jayarathnam, Venkatarathnam's elder son
* [[Subbaraya Sharma]]
* [[Chitti Babu (Telugu actor)|Chitti Babu]]
* [[Gautam Raju]]
* Hari Kishan
* Manik
* Kalpana
* Swathi
* Apoorva
* Shobha Rani
* Baby [[Kavya Kalyanram]]
* P. Ravi Shankar as a narrator
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Subhash Chandra Bose
| type = film
| longtype= The Official Motion Picture Soundtrack
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2005|3|21}}
| recorded =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 30:35
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Mani Sharma
| prev_title = [[Athanokkade]]
| prev_year = 2005
| year = 2005
| next_title = [[Narasimhudu]]
| next_year = 2005
}}

Music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]]. Music was released on ADITYA Music Company. The song "Mokka Jonna" is partially based on Sharma's own Tamil song "Ug Ug Uganda" which he composed for Tamil film ''Alaudin''. The audio was launched by different personalities at different cities, like for instance, [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] released it in Delhi, [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] in Chennai and Bhumika in Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Audio release of Subash Chandra Bose|website=Screen|access-date=15 August 2025|date=1 April 2005|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=10096|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051119130037/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=10096|archive-date=19 November 2005}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:35
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Jajiri Jajiri
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = Neredu Pallu
| lyrics2 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length2 = 5:06
| title3 = Mokka Jonna Thotalo
| lyrics3 = Chandrabose
| extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| length3 = 6:32
| title4 = Abraka Dabra
| lyrics4 = Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length4 = 4:26
| title5 = Me Intlo Amma Naanna
| lyrics5 = Chandrabose
| extra5 = [[Mallikarjun]], [[Ganga]], [[Premji Amaren]]
| length5 = 4:38
| title6 = Vandemataram (Jai Hind/Subash Chandu)
| lyrics6 = Suddala Ashok Teja
| extra6 = [[SP Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Anuradha Paudwal]]
| length6 = 3:47
}}

== Release ==
=== Critical reception ===
The movie generally received mixed reviews from critics. [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] performance as describe by reviewer, "Venkatesh is impressive as Ashok. The character of Subash Chandra Bose did not suit Venkatesh";<ref name="movie song">{{cite web |author=Allindiansite.com |year=2005|title=Subash Chandra Bose review |publisher=Allindiansite.com|access-date=2010-06-13 |url=http://tollywood.allindiansite.com/subhash_chandra_bose.html}}</ref> "Venkatesh did well in both roles of Chandram and Ashok. However, the characterizations of these two characters are not good enough to exploit the histrionics of Venkatesh. He has shown variation in the get-up of both the characters";<ref name="movie review 2">{{cite web|author=Jeevi|year=2005|title=Movie review-Subash Chandra Bose |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=2010-06-13 |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-subhashchandrabose.html}}</ref>"Venkatesh sleep-walks in his dual role as Ashok and Chandram".<ref name="movie=101">{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|year=2005|title=Subhash Chandra Bose |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2010-06-13|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13726132&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520231411/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13726132&ctid=5&cid=2430|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-20}}</ref> Among the heroines reviewers describe [[Shriya Saran|Shriya]]'s performance as "Shriya, who plays Venkatesh’s lover in the past, looks glamorous, but is there just for the usual song ‘n’ dance routine";<ref name="movie=101">{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz|year=2005|title=Subhash Chandra Bose |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=2010-06-13|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13726132&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520231411/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13726132&ctid=5&cid=2430|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-05-20}}</ref> "Shriya is sexy and her movements are very sensuous.";<ref name="movie song"/> " Shriya is cute in the role of innocent patriotic village belle. Her costumes are very simple as they represent the culture of 1940s. She is sensuous and at the same time voluptuous in the song of 'Neredi Pandu'.".<ref name="movie review 2"/> While [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia]] receive mostly negative review from the critics.<ref name="movie song"/> This is mainly due to Genelia's character was short and weak compare to Shriya and she also fails to perform well.<ref name="movie review 2"/> Technically the film receive mostly negative review because the lack of perfection in the story and the poor handling in the direction.<ref name="Indiaglitz">{{cite web|author=Jeevi|date=2005-04-23|title=Subash Chandrabose-Reviews |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=2010-06-13|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7490.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050424055128/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/review/7490.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2005}}</ref>

=== Box-office ===

The film eventually became a flop at the box office.<ref name="Idlebrain">{{cite web|author=Sundeep Reddy|year=2006|title=Audio review-Sainikudu |publisher=Idlebrain.com|access-date=2010-06-13|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/sainikudu.html}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Jeevi|date=2006-11-11|title=Nandi Awards 2005
|publisher=Idlebrain.com|access-date=2010-12-29|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/nandiawards2005.html}}</ref>
* [[Nandi Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] - [[Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]] - Basha
* [[Nandi Award for Best Makeup Artist|Best Makeup]] - R. V. Raghava

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0459554|title=Subhash Chandra Bose}}
{{K. Raghavendra Rao}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subash Chandra Bose (Film)}}
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Raghavendra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:Films set in 1940]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in the Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Films about Subhas Chandra Bose]]
[[Category:Vyjayanthi Movies films]]

List of departments and agencies of the Government of Kerala

2026-05-01T13:54:48Z

John9200Carter: Done

{{short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}

'''Kerala Government Organizations''' include various departments, agencies, boards, commissions, societies, public sector undertakings, etc. In addition to government departments, the [[Government of Kerala]] carries out its functions through various other institutions such as commissions, autonomous bodies, cultural institutions, public enterprises, welfare fund boards, co-operative organisations, development authorities, and universities.
[[File:Government of Kerala Logo.svg|thumb|center|250px|Official emblem of the Government of Kerala]]

== Departments ==

'''Secretariat department''': Policy making and administrative department of the government. Each department is headed politically by the [[Minister (government)|Minister]] in charge, who is responsible for policy decisions and overall direction. Each secretariat department is headed administratively by an [[Additional Chief Secretary]], [[Principal secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]], or Secretary to Government — typically an officer from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) cadre. Each department includes Special or Additional Secretaries, Deputy Secretaries, Under Secretaries, Section Officers, and other clerical staff. The [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] coordinates the functioning of various departments in the Secretariat.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTYxMjc0ODQ4LjY4/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603080738/https://www.kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTYxMjc0ODQ4LjY4/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2023-06-03}}</ref>

'''Directorate/Commissionerate/Agencies''': Executive or field, operational department of the government. These field departments or line departments are headed by officers designated as ''[[Executive director|Director]], [[Commissioner]], [[Director general|Director General]],'' or similar titles. These posts may be held by generalist [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officers or by domain specialists, depending on the nature of the department. Examples include the ''Transport Commissioner'', ''[[Director general of police|Director General of Police]] & State Police Chief, Director General of Fire and Rescue Services, [[Principal Chief Conservator of Forests]], Director of Health Services, Chief Engineer of PWD, Chief Engineer of Irrigation, Director General of Prosecution,'' and ''Controller of Legal Metrology, Inspector General of Registration''.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTAxOTEzMDk2LjU2/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515200239/https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTAxOTEzMDk2LjU2/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>
=== Secretariat Departments ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! No.
! Department <ref>{{cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/appdepartmentdetail/NTI1MzI1LjI0 }}</ref>
|-
| 1 || [[Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)|Agricultural Development and Farmers Welfare Department]]
|-
| 2 || [[Department of Animal Husbandry (Kerala)|Animal Husbandry Department]]
|-
| 3 || [[Department of Ayush (Kerala)|Ayush Department]]
|-
| 4 || [[Department of Backward Communities Development (Kerala)|Backward Communities Development Department]]
|-
| 5 || [[Department of Co-operation (Kerala)|Co-operation Department]]
|-
| 6 || Coastal Shipping & Inland Navigation Department
|-
| 7 || [[Department of Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs|Consumer Affairs Department]]
|-
| 8 || [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Cultural Affairs Department]]
|-
| 9 || [[Department of Dairy Development (Kerala)|Dairy Development Department]]
|-
|10
|Disaster Management Department<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-28 |title=Introduction - Kerala State Disaster Management Authority |url=https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/introduction/ |access-date=2026-04-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[Department of Electronics and Information Technology (Kerala)|Electronics & Information Technology Department]]
|-
| 12 || [[Department of Environment (Kerala)|Environment Department]]
|-
| 13 || [[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Finance Department]]
|-
| 14 || [[Department of Fisheries (Kerala)|Fisheries Department]]
|-
| 15 || [[Department of Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs|Food and Civil Supplies Department]]
|-
| 16 || [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department|Forests and Wildlife Department]]
|-
| 17 || [[General Administration Department (Kerala)|General Administration Department]]
|-
| 18 || [[Department of General Education|General Education Department]]
|-
| 19 || [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health & Family Welfare Department]]
|-
| 20 || [[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education Department]]
|-
| 21 || [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]]
|-
| 22 || [[Department of Housing (Kerala)|Housing Department]]
|-
| 23 || [[Department of Industries and Commerce (Kerala)|Industries and Commerce Department]]
|-
| 24 || [[Information and Public Relations Department, Kerala|Information and Public Relations Department]]
|-
| 25 || [[Department of Labour and Skills (Kerala)|Labour and Skills Department]]
|-
| 26 || [[Department of Law (Kerala)|Law Department]]
|-
| 27 || [[Local Self Government Department (Kerala)|Local Self Government Department]]
|-
| 28 || [[Department of Minority Welfare (Kerala)|Minority Welfare Department]]
|-
| 29 || [[Department of Non-Resident Keralites Affairs|Non Resident Keralites Affairs (NORKA) Department]]
|-
| 30 || Parliamentary Affairs Department
|-
| 31 || Personnel & Administrative Reforms Department
|-
| 32 || Planning and Economic Affairs Department
|-
| 33 || [[Department of Power (Kerala)|Power Department]]
|-
| 34 || [[Kerala Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
|-
| 35 || [[Department of Revenue and Land Survey|Revenue Department]]
|-
| 36 || Sainik Welfare Department
|-
| 37 || [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Development Department (Kerala)|Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes Development Department]]
|-
| 38 || [[Department of Science and Technology (Kerala)|Science & Technology Department]]
|-
| 39 || [[Department of Social Justice (Kerala)|Social Justice Department]]
|-
| 40 || [[Department of Sports and Youth Affairs (Kerala)|Sports & Youth Affairs Department]]
|-
| 41 || Stores Purchase Department
|-
| 42 || [[Department of Taxes (Kerala)|Taxes Department]]
|-
| 43 || [[Department of Tourism (Kerala)|Tourism Department]]
|-
| 44 || [[Department of Transport (Kerala)|Transport Department]]
|-
| 45 || [[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau|Vigilance Department]]
|-
| 46 || [[Department of Water Resources (Kerala)|Water Resources Department]]
|-
| 47 || [[Department of Women and Child Development (Kerala)|Women & Child Development Department]]
|}

===Line departments / Directorates / Commissionerates / Child Agencies===
{{Incomplete list|reason=This list of departments under the Government of Kerala is incomplete. You can help by adding missing entries with reliable sources.|date=August 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Department / Directorate / Commissionerate<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorates of Government of Kerala |url=https://www.kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTYxMjc0ODQ4LjY4/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTAxOTEzMDk2LjU2/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=kerala.gov.in}}</ref>
! Headquarters
! Head of department (Designation)
! Administrative department
(Secretariat)
! Website
|-
| Archaeology Department
| [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| Director
| [[Department of Cultural Affairs (Kerala)|Cultural Affairs Department]]
| {{official website|archaeology.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Ayurveda Medical Education Directorate
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Ayush (Kerala)|AYUSH Department]]
| {{official website|keralaayush.gov.in}}
|-
| Civil Supplies Commissionerate
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Commissioner of Civil Supplies
| [[Department of Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs|Food & Civil Supplies Department]]
| {{official website|civilsupplieskerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Commissioner for Entrance Examinations
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Commissioner
| [[Department of Higher Education (Kerala)|Higher Education Department]]
| {{official website|cee.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Commissionerate of State Goods and Services Tax
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Commissioner of State Tax
| [[Department of Taxes (Kerala)|Taxes Department]]
| {{official website|keralataxes.gov.in}}
|-
|Commissionerate of Land Revenue
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Land Revenue Commissioner
|[[Department of Revenue and Land Survey|Revenue Department]]
|
|-
| Coastal Shipping & Inland Navigation Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Coastal Shipping & Inland Navigation Department
| {{official website|coastalshipping.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Backward Communities Development
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Backward Communities Development (Kerala)|Backward Communities Development Department]]
| {{official website|bcdd.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Coir Development
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Industries and Commerce (Kerala)|Industries and Commerce Department]] (Coir Division)
| {{official website|coircraft.com}}
|-
| Directorate of Collegiate Education
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Higher Education Department
| {{official website|collegiateedu.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Culture
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Cultural Affairs Department
| {{official website|keralaculture.org}}
|-
| Directorate of Employment & Training
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Labour and Skills (Kerala)|Labour & Skills Department]]
| {{official website|employment.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Environment & Climate Change
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Environment (Kerala)|Environment Department]]
| {{official website|environment.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Factories & Boilers
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Labour & Skills Department
| {{official website|fab.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Department of General Education|Directorate of General Education]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[General Education Department (Kerala)|General Education Department]]
| {{official website|education.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Handlooms & Textiles
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Industries & Commerce Department
| {{official website|handloom.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Health Services
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Kerala)|Health & Family Welfare Department]]
| {{official website|dhs.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Industries & Commerce
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Industries & Commerce Department
| {{official website|industry.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Indian Systems of Medicine
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| AYUSH Department
| {{official website|keralaayush.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Medical Education
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Health & Family Welfare Department
| {{official website|dme.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Minority Welfare
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Minority Welfare Department
| {{official website|minoritywelfare.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Panchayats
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director (Rural)
| Local Self‑Government Department
| {{official website|panchayat.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Directorate of Prosecution (Kerala)|Directorate of Prosecution]]
| [[Ernakulam]]
| Director General of Prosecution
| [[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]]
| {{official website|prosecution.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Public Works (PWD)
(Roads, Administration, Bridges, National Highway)
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Chief Engineer
| [[Kerala Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
| {{official website|pwd.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Commissionerate of Rural Development
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Commissioner
| Local Self‑Government Department
| {{official website|ruraldev.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Social Welfare
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Social Justice Department
| {{official website|sjd.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Sports & Youth Affairs
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Sports & Youth Affairs Department
| {{official website|sportsyouth.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Directorate of Survey & Land Records
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Revenue Department
| {{official website|kerala.gov.in/dept_land-revenue}}
|-
| Drugs Control Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Drugs Controller
| Health & Family Welfare Department
| {{official website|keraladrugscontrol.org}}
|-
| Electrical Inspectorate Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Chief Electrical Inspector
| Power Department
| {{official website|ergy.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Kerala Excise|Excise Commissionerate]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Excise Commissioner
| Taxes (Excise) Department
| {{official website|keralaexcise.gov.in}}
|-
| Fisheries & Ports Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Fisheries & Ports Department
| {{official website|fisheries.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Kerala Forest Department|Forest & Wildlife Department]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Principal Chief Conservator of Forests & Head of Forest Force
| Forest & Wildlife Department
| {{official website|forest.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Housing Commissionerate
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Housing Commissioner
| Housing Department
| {{official website|housing.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
|[[Kerala Police|Kerala Police Department]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|DGP & State Police Chief, Kerala
|[[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]]
|[https://keralapolice.gov.in]
|-
|[[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]]
|Thiruvananthapurqm
|Director General of Fire and Rescue Services, Homeguards and Civil defence
|[[Department of Home (Kerala)|Home Department]]
|
|-
|[[Kerala Prisons and Correctional Services]]
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Director General of Prisons and Correctional Services
|[[Home Department (Kerala)|Home Department]]
|
|-
| Labour Commissionerate
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Labour Commissioner
| Labour & Skills Department
| {{official website|labourcommissionerate.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Legal Metrology Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Controller of Legal Metrology
| Consumer Affairs Department
| {{official website|legalmetrology.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Lotteries Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| [[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Finance Department]]
| {{official website|finance.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Mining & Geology Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Industries & Commerce Department
| {{official website|mining.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Kerala Motor Vehicles Department|Motor Vehicles Department]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Transport Commissioner
| Transport Department
| {{official website|mvd.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Department of Non-Resident Keralites Affairs|NORKA (Non‑Resident Keralites Affairs) Department]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Chief Executive Officer
| Non Resident Keralites Affairs Department
| {{official website|norka.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Kerala Public Works Department|Public Works Department]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Chief Engineer
| Public Works Department
| {{official website|pwd.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Registration Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Inspector General of Registration
| Registration Department
| {{official website|registration.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Sainik Welfare Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Sainik Welfare Department
| {{official website|sainikwelfare.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Scheduled Castes Development Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
|Director
| SC/ST Development Department
| {{official website|scdevelopment.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Scheduled Tribes Development Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| SC/ST Development Department
| {{official website|stdevelopment.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Social Justice Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
|Director
| Social Justice Department
| {{official website|sjd.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Sports & Youth Affairs Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Sports & Youth Affairs Department
| {{official website|sportsyouth.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Stores Purchase Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Stores Purchase Department
| {{official website|storespurchase.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
|[[Kerala State Water Transport Department|State Water Transport Department]]
|Thiruvanathapuram
|Director
|Transport Department
|
|-
|State Insurance Department
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Director
|Finance Department
|
|-
|State Audit Department
|Thiruvananthapuram
|Director
|[[Department of Finance (Kerala)|Finance Department]]
|
|-
| Tourism Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director of Tourism
| Tourism Department
| {{official website|tourism.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
|Treasuries Department
|Thiruvanathapuram
|Director
|Finance Department
|
|-
| Urban Affairs Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director (Urban)
| Local Self Government Department
| {{official website|urban.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| [[Vigilance and Anti-Corruption Bureau|Vigilance & Anti-Corruption Bureau]]
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director of Vigilance
| Vigilance Department (Home Secretariat)
| {{official website|vigilance.kerala.gov.in}}
|-
| Zoological & Museums Department
| Thiruvananthapuram
| Director
| Cultural Affairs Department
| {{official website|museumzoo.kerala.gov.in}}
|}

==Boards==
Reference: <ref>{{cite web | title=List of boards under Government of Kerala | Govt. Of Kerala Official | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/OTE0MDY1OTEuNzY=/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Sl.No !! Board !! Concerned Secretariat Department
|-
| 1 || [http://sjd.kerala.gov.in/orph.php Board of Control for Orphanages and other Charitable Homes] || Social Justice
|-
| 2 || [http://www.cochindevaswomboard.org/ Cochin Devaswom Board, Thrissur] || Devaswom
|-
| 3 || [https://keralacseb.kerala.gov.in/ Co-operative Service Examination Board] || Co-operation
|-
| 4 || [https://guruvayurdevaswom.in/ Guruvayur Devaswom Board] || Devaswom
|-
| 5 || [http://kdrb.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala Devaswom Recruitment Board] || Devaswom
|-
| 6 || [http://www.kkvib.org/ Kerala Khadi and Village Industries Board] || Industries
|-
| 7 || [http://www.livestock.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala Livestock Development Board Ltd] || Animal Husbandry
|-
| 8 || [http://www.krfb.org/ Kerala Road Fund Board] || Public Works
|-
| 9 || [http://www.keralabiodiversity.org/ Kerala State Biodiversity Board] || Environment
|-
| 10 || [http://www.kseb.in/ Kerala State Electricity Board] || Power
|-
| 11 || [http://www.kshb.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala State Housing Board] || Housing
|-
| 12 || [https://kspcb.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala State Pollution Control Board] || Environment
|-
| 13 || [http://www.swb.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala State Social Welfare Board] || Social Justice
|-
| 14 || [http://www.keralastatewakfboard.in/ Kerala State Wakf Board] || Minority Welfare
|-
| 15 || [https://ksywb.kerala.gov.in/ Kerala State Youth Welfare Board] || Youth Affairs
|-
| 16 || [http://www.koodalmanikyam.com/ Koodalmanikyam Devaswom, Irinjalakuda] || Devaswom
|-
| 17 || [https://www.kslub.kerala.gov.in/?page_id=2&lang=en Land Use Board] || Planning & Economic Affairs
|-
| 18 || [http://www.malabardevaswom.kerala.gov.in/ Malabar Devaswom Board, Kozhikode] || Devaswom
|-
| 19 || Minimum Wages Advisory Board || Labour
|-
| 20 || [http://www.riab.kerala.gov.in/ Public Sector Restructuring and Internal Audit Board] || Industries
|-
| 21 || [https://keralaagriculture.gov.in/en/2021/05/07/agriculture-marketing/ State Agricultural Prices Board] || Agriculture
|-
| 22 || [http://www.smpbkerala.org/ State Medicinal Plants Board] || AYUSH
|-
| 23 || [http://www.spb.kerala.gov.in/ State Planning Board] || Planning & Economic Affairs
|-
| 24 || [http://travancoredevaswomboard.org/ Travancore Devaswom Board] || Devaswom
|}
==Commissions==
Reference: <ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTAyNDM4NDIxLjg=/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515200257/https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTAyNDM4NDIxLjg=/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Commissions and Tribunals under the Government of Kerala'''
! Sl. No !! Name !! Type
|-
| 1 || Admission Supervisory Committee For Medical Education in Kerala || Statutory
|-
| 2 || Administrative Reforms Commission || Advisory
|-
| 3 || [[Kerala Public Service Commission]]|| Constitutional
|-
| 4 || State Finance Commission || Constitutional
|-
| 5 || Kerala State Farmer's Debt Relief Commission || Statutory
|-
| 6 || [[Kerala State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission|State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission]]|| Quasi-judicial
|-
| 7 || Kerala State Commission for Backward Classes || Statutory
|-
| 8 || Kerala State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (KeSCPCR) || Statutory
|-
| 9 || Kerala State Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes || Statutory
|-
| 10 || [[Kerala State Human Rights Commission]]|| Statutory
|-
| 11 || [[Kerala State Information Commission|State Information Commission]]|| Statutory
|-
| 12 || [[Kerala Women's Commission]]|| Statutory
|-
| 13 || Official Language (Legislative) Commission || Advisory
|-
| 14 || [[Kerala Lokayukta|Kerala Lok Ayukta]]|| Statutory
|-
| 15 || State Co-operative Election Commission || Statutory
|-
| 16 || State Commissionerate for Persons with Disabilities || Statutory
|-
| 17 || [[Kerala State Election Commission|State Election Commission]]|| Constitutional
|-
| 18 || Kerala State Electricity Regulatory Commission || Statutory
|-
| 19 || Kerala State Fishermen Debt Relief Commission || Statutory
|-
| 20 || Kerala State Law Reforms Commission || Advisory
|-
| 21 || Kerala Real Estate Regulatory Authority (K-RERA) || Statutory
|-
| 22 || Kerala State Youth Commission || Statutory
|-
| 23 || Enquiry Commissioner and Special Judge || Judicial
|-
| 24 || Non-Resident Indians' (Keralites) Commission || Advisory
|-
| 25 || Industrial Tribunal and Judge || Judicial
|-
| 26 || Advisory Board, Kerala Anti Social Activities (Prevention) Act || Statutory
|-
| 27 || Kerala Value Added Tax/Agricultural Income Tax and Sales Tax Appellate Tribunal || Judicial
|-
| 28 || University Appellate Tribunal for Kerala, Calicut and Mahatma Gandhi Universities || Judicial
|-
| 29 || Kerala State Commission for Minorities || Statutory
|-
| 30 || Kerala Administrative Tribunal || Statutory
|-
| 31 || Tribunal for Local Self Government Institutions || Judicial
|-
| 32 || Kerala State Electricity Ombudsman || Quasi-judicial
|-
| 33 || Ombudsman for Local Self Government Institutions || Quasi-judicial
|-
| 34 || Kerala State Commission for Economically Backward Classes among Forward Communities || Advisory
|-
| 35 || Munnar Special Tribunal || Judicial
|-
| 36 || Kerala State Pay Revision Commission || Advisory
|-
| 37 || Art and Heritage Commission, Kerala || Advisory
|-
| 38 || Kerala Co-operative Ombudsman || Quasi-judicial
|-
| 39 || Kerala State Statistical Commission || Advisory
|-
| 40 || Kerala State Food Commission || Statutory
|-
| 41 || State Level Jail Advisory Committee || Advisory
|}
== Developmental authorities ==

* [[Greater Cochin Development Authority]] (GCDA)
* [[Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority]] (TRIDA)
* [[Goshree Islands Development Authority]]

== Autonomous bodies, cultural and other institutions ==
Reference:<ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/OTA4ODEyNjYuNTI=/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515200136/https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/OTA4ODEyNjYuNTI=/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>
* [[Aardram Mission]]
* [[Haritha Keralam|Haritha Keralam Mission]]
* [[Nava Kerala Mission|Life Mission]]
* Vidyakiranam
* Rebuild Kerala Initiative
* Malayalam Mission
* [[Kerala Startup Mission]]
* Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP)
* Agency for Development of Aquaculture, Kerala (ADAK)
* [[Agency for New and Renewable Energy Research and Technology|Agency for Non-Conventional Energy and Rural Technology (ANERT)]]
* Bharat Bhavan
* Board for Public Sector Transformation (BPT)
* Board of Control for Orphanages and Other Charitable Homes, Kerala
* Centre for Continuing Education Kerala
* [[Centre for Development of Imaging Technology]] (C-DIT)
* [[Centre for Development Studies]] (CDS)
* Centre for Heritage Studies
* Centre for Management Development (CMD)
* Centre for Research and Education for Social Transformation (CREST)
* Centre for Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development
* Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM)
* Child Development Centre (CDC)
* Comprehensive Health Insurance Agency, Kerala (CHIAK)
* [[Co‑operative Academy of Professional Education|Co‑Operative Academy of Professional Education (CAPE)]]
* Co‑Operative Service Examination Board
* Council for Food Research and Development
* Cyber Park
* Directorate of Food Craft Institute
* Directorate of Samoohika Sannadhasena
* [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]]
* Energy Management Centre, Kerala
* Farm Information Bureau (FIB)
* Gulati Institute of Finance and Taxation (GIFT)
* Gurugopinath Nadana Gramam
* Indian Institute of Diabetes
* [[Indian Institutes of Handloom Technology|Indian Institute of Handloom Technology]]-Kannur
* [[Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management, Kerala|Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management Kerala]] (IIITM-K)
* Infopark
* [[Information Kerala Mission]]
* [[Institute for Communicative and Cognitive Neurosciences]] (ICCONS)
* [[Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD)
* Institute of Land and Disaster Management
* Institute of Management in Government (IMG)
* Institute of Parliamentary Affairs
* [[ICFOSS|International Centre for Free and Open Source Software]] (ICFOSS)
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute]]
* Kerala Academy for Skills Excellence (KASE)
* Kerala Adventure Tourism Promotion Society (KATPS)
* Kerala Aqua Ventures International Limited (KAVIL)
* Kerala Ayurvedic Studies & Research Society
* [[Kerala Books and Publications Society]] (KBPS)
* Kerala Bureau of Industrial Promotion (K-BIP)
* Kerala Council for Historical Research (KCHR)
* Kerala Dam Safety Authority
* Kerala Dental Council
* Kerala Devaswom Recruitment Board
* Kerala Development and Innovation Strategic Council
* [[Kerala Folklore Akademi|Kerala Folklore Academy]]
* [[Kerala Forest Research Institute|Kerala Forest Research Institute (KFRI)]]
* Kerala Health Research and Welfare Society (KHRWS)
* [[Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation|Kerala Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation (KINFRA)]]
* [[KITE Kerala|Kerala Infrastructure and Technology for Education]] (KITE)
* [[Kerala Infrastructure Investment Fund Board]] (KIIFB)
* Kerala Institute for Entrepreneurship Development (KIED)
* [[Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment|Kerala Institute of Labour and Employment (KILE)]]
* [[Kerala Institute of Local Administration|Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)]]
* [[Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies|Kerala Institute of Tourism and Travel Studies (KITTS)]]
* [[Kerala Lalithakala Akademi]]
* [[Kerala Maritime Board]]
* [[Kerala Media Academy]]
* Kerala Public Enterprises (Selection and Recruitment) Board
* [[Kerala Rail Development Corporation|Kerala Rail Development Corporation Ltd]]
* Kerala Road Safety Authority (KRSA)
* Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency (Jalanidhi)
* [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]]
* [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]
* Kerala Social Security Mission
* Kerala State Agency for Expansion of Cashew Cultivation
* Kerala State AIDS Control Society (KSACS)
* Kerala State Bharat Scouts and Guides
* [[The Kerala State Biodiversity Board|Kerala State Biodiversity Board]]
* Kerala State Book Mark
* Kerala State Centre for Advanced Printing and Training (C-APT)
* [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]
* Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation Ltd (KSCADC)
* Kerala State Council for Clinical Establishments
* [[Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment|Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE)]]
* Kerala State Disaster Management Authority (KSDMA)
* Kerala State Haj Committee
* Kerala State Higher Education Council (KSHEC)
* Kerala State Institute of Children’s Literature (KSICL)
* Kerala State Institute of Design
* [[Kerala State IT Mission]]
* [[Kerala State Legal Services Authority]] (KELSA)
* Kerala State Library Council
* [[Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority]]
* Kerala State Mediation and Conciliation Centre
* Kerala State Medical Councils
* Kerala State Mental Health Authority
* Kerala State Nirmithi Kendra
* Kerala State Pharmacy Council
* [[Kerala State Pollution Control Board]]
* Kerala State Pottery Manufacturing Marketing and Welfare Development Corporation
* Kerala State Remote Sensing and Environment Centre
* Kerala State Science and Technology Museum and Priyadarsini Planetarium
* Kerala State Social Welfare Board
* Kerala State Sports Council
* Kerala State Veterinary Council
* Kerala State Waqf Board
* Kerala State Youth Welfare Board
* [[Kerala Water Authority|Kerala Water Authority (KWA)]]
* Kerala Youth Leadership Academy (KYLA)
* K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science & Arts
* Kudumbashree State Poverty Eradication Mission
* Kumaranasan National Institute of Culture
* L. B. S. Centre for Science and Technology
* Mahakavi Moyinkutty Vaidyar Mappila Kala Academy
* [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Mission]]
* Malabar Botanical Garden
* Multi Purpose Cultural Complex
* National Ayush Mission
* National Coir Research and Management Institute
* National Institute of Speech & Hearing (NISH)
* National Health Mission
* [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS)
* National Transportation Planning and Research Centre (NATPAC)
* NORKA-Roots
* Office of the Administrator General and Official Trustee of Kerala
* Pareeksha Bhavan
* Permanent Lok Adalat
* P. N. Panicker Vigyan Vikas Kendra
* Public Policy Research Institute
* Rajiv Gandhi Academy for Aviation Technology
* Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Bio-Technology
* Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA)
* Regional Institute of Ophthalmology
* Samagra Shiksha Kerala (SSK)
* Sophisticated Test & Instrumentation Centre
* Sree Chithira Thirunal College of Engineering
* Sreenarayana International Study and Pilgrim Centre
* State Academy on Statistical Administration (SASA)
* State Advisory Contract Labour Board
* State Agricultural Management & Extension Training Institute
* State Co‑Operative Union
* State Council for Open and Lifelong Education—Kerala (SCOLE–Kerala)
* State Council of Educational Research and Training, Kerala (SCERT Kerala)
* State Health Agency (SHA)
* State Horticulture Mission
* State Institute of Educational Management and Training–Kerala (SIEMAT–Kerala)
* State Institute of Educational Technology (SIET)
* State Institute of Languages
* State Institute of Medical Education and Technology (SI-MET)
* State Medicinal Plants Board
* State Mission Management Unit, AMRUT
* State Police Complaints Authority
* State Resource Centre–Kerala
* Suchitwa Mission
* The Gender Park
* Thenmala Ecotourism Promotion Society (TEPS)
* The State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publication
* Vasthuvidya Gurukulam

== Welfare fund boards ==
References:<ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTA2MTE1Njk4LjQ4/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515232011/https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTA2MTE1Njk4LjQ4/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''Welfare Fund Boards of Kerala'''
! Sl. No !! Board
|-
| 1 || Kerala Abkari Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 2 || Kerala Agricultural Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 3 || Kerala Bamboo, Kattuvally, Vettuva, Ezhuvela, Mullukallu and Similar Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 4 || Kerala Beedi and Cigar Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 5 || Kerala Coir Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 6 || Kerala Construction Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 7 || Kerala Cultural Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 8 || Kerala Domestic Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 9 || Kerala Drivers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 10 || Kerala Handloom Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 11 || Kerala Lottery Agents and Sellers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 12 || Kerala Maternity Benefit Fund Board
|-
| 13 || Kerala Motor Transport Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 14 || Kerala Shops and Commercial Establishments Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 15 || Kerala Small Plantation Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 16 || Kerala Tailoring Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 17 || Kerala Toddy Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 18 || Kerala Traditional Industries Workers Welfare Fund Board
|-
| 19 || Kerala Unorganised Sector Workers Social Security Board
|-
| 20 || Kerala Welfare Fund Board for Anganwadi Workers and Helpers
|}

== Universities ==
References: <ref>{{Cite web | title=Official Web Portal - Government of Kerala | url=https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTA1NTkwMzczLjI0/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515231955/https://kerala.gov.in/subsubdetail/MTA1NTkwMzczLjI0/NjUxNDAzMjkuNzY= | access-date=2025-11-21 | archive-date=2022-05-15}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ '''Universities in Kerala'''
! Sl. No !! University !! Parent secretariat department
|-
| 1 || [[A P J Abdul Kalam Technological University|APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University (KTU)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 2 || [[Cochin University of Science and Technology|Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 3 || [[Kannur University|Kannur University (KU)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 4 || [[Kerala Agricultural University|Kerala Agricultural University (KAU)]] || [[Department of Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare (Kerala)|Agriculture Development & Farmers' Welfare Department]]
|-
| 5 || [[Kerala University of Health Sciences|Kerala University of Health Sciences (KUHS)]] || Health & Family Welfare Department
|-
| 6 || [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University (MGU)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 7 || [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit (SSUS)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 8 || [[University of Calicut|University of Calicut (UoC)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 9 || [[University of Kerala|University of Kerala (UoK)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 10 || [[Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology|Digital University (DUK)]] || Electronics & IT Department
|-
| 11 || [[Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies|Fisheries University (KUFOS)]] || Fisheries Department
|-
| 12 || [[Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University|Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (KVASU)]] || Animal Husbandry Department
|-
| 13 || [[Kerala Kalamandalam|Kerala Kalamandalam (KK)]] || Culture Department
|-
| 14 || [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University (MU)]] || Higher Education Department
|-
| 15 || [[Sreenarayanaguru Open University|Sree Narayana Guru Open University]]|| Higher Education Department
|-
| 16 || [[Central University of Kerala]]|| [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] ([[Government of India]])
|-
| 17 || [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]]|| Higher Education Department
|-
| 18 || [[Aligarh Muslim University Malappuram Centre|Aligarh Muslim University Centre, Malappuram]]|| [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] ([[Government of India]])
|}

==Public sector undertakings (PSUs)==
{{Main article|Public sector undertakings in Kerala|}}
==Societies==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ '''List of Societies under Government of Kerala'''
! Sl. No !! Name !! Abbreviation
|-
| 1 || Kerala Ayurvedic Studies & Research Society || –
|-
| 2 || Kerala Adventure Tourism Promotion Society || KATPS
|-
| 3 || [[Kerala Books and Publications Society]]|| KBPS
|-
| 4 || Kerala Health Research and Welfare Society || KHRWS
|-
| 5 || Kerala State AIDS Control Society || KSACS
|-
| 6 || Kerala Rural Employment and Welfare Society || –
|-
| 7 || [[Kerala State Cashew Workers Apex Industrial Co-operative Society|Kerala State Cashew Workers’ Apex Industrial Co-operative Society Ltd.]]|| CAPEX
|-
| 8 || Kerala State Handloom Weavers Co-operative Society Ltd. No. H. 232 || HANTEX
|-
| 9 || Thenmala Ecotourism Promotion Society || TEPS
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of government of India establishments in Kerala]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{-}}
{{Kerala topics}}
{{State agencies of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kerala State Government Organizations, List of}}
[[Category:Kerala politics-related lists|State Government Organizations]]
[[Category:State agencies of Kerala| ]]
[[Category:Lists of government agencies in India]]
[[Category:Public sector in Kerala]]
[[Category:Government departments of Kerala]]
[[Category:India government-related lists]]

Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham

2026-04-26T22:41:08Z

John9200Carter: Added

{{Short description|2023 Malayalam films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham
| image = Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Muhashin
| writer = Harshad
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Naisam Salam
| starring = {{Plain list |* [[Basil Joseph]]
* [[Indrans]]
* [[Jaffar Idukki]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Arjun Sethu S. Mundol<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/basil-joseph-pulls-off-a-mature-character-in-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham/articleshow/95374564.cms|title=Basil Joseph pulls off a mature character in Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 November 2022|access-date=25 April 2023|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426101900/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/basil-joseph-pulls-off-a-mature-character-in-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham/articleshow/95374564.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
| editing = Sobin Soman<ref name="auto"/>
| music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| studio = Naisam Salam Productions
| distributor = Rejaputhra
| released = {{film date|2023|4|21|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}'''''Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham''''' ({{langx|ml|കഠിന കഠോരമീ അണ്ഡകടാഹം}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film directed by debutant Muhashin<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-gets-ott-release-date-43279.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527190849/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/may/10/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-gets-ott-release-date-43279.html |archive-date=2023-05-27 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and written by Harshad, known for [[Unda (film)|''Unda'']] and ''[[Puzhu]]''. Starring [[Basil Joseph]], [[Indrans]], [[Jaffar Idukki|Jaffer Idukki]], and Sreeja Ravi in lead roles,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham Movie Review: An emotionally stirring tale from a not-so-distant past |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/22/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-movie-review-an-emotionally-stirring-tale-from-a-not-so-distant-past-42578.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501075511/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/22/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-movie-review-an-emotionally-stirring-tale-from-a-not-so-distant-past-42578.html |archive-date=2023-05-01 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> the film is produced by Naisam Salam under the banner Naisam Salam Productions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-14 |title=Basil Joseph to team up with 'Puzhu' writer for 'Kadina Kadoramee Anthakadaham' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/basil-joseph-to-team-up-with-puzhu-writer-for-kadina-kadoramee-anthakadaham/articleshow/94192511.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527190856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/basil-joseph-to-team-up-with-puzhu-writer-for-kadina-kadoramee-anthakadaham/articleshow/94192511.cms |archive-date=2023-05-27 |access-date=2023-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Set during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the film follows Bachu, a young man determined to build a business at home despite family pressure to work abroad like his father. As the crisis unfolds, his choices bring financial and personal challenges, leading to a journey of loss, resilience, and irony.

''Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham'' received generally positive reviews for its emotional depth and realistic portrayal of life during the pandemic.

== Plot ==
Bashirudeen, known as Bachu, is an ambitious young man living with his mother and two sisters. His father, Kamar, has worked in the [[Middle East]] for 26 years but plans to return due to his declining health. The family pressures Bachu to take up his father's job under Ismail, his employer, but Bachu is determined to build a business at home. He runs a small-scale event company renting wedding equipment but struggles financially, owing investor Rajesh a profit share he couldn't pay due to [[COVID-19 lockdowns|COVID-19 restrictions]]. He keeps promising better returns once business picks up.

Meanwhile, Bachu's married sister Bushara is staying at their house due to marital issues. She secretly gives her necklace to her friend Vijeesh to pawn during an emergency. When the lockdown starts, this incident blows up, leading authorities to track Vijeesh's movements for possible COVID-19 contamination. Bushara's husband, Rashid, feels humiliated as she handed the jewelry to a male friend without his knowledge. Kamar, calling frequently from [[Qatar]], urges Bachu to reconcile them, which irritates him, so he avoids talking to his father.

Bachu's former love, Baanu, now lives in Qatar with her husband, a marriage Bachu couldn't pursue due to his unstable career. Hoping to profit from the pandemic, he buys masks in bulk, funding the purchase by pawning his friend's wife Sumi's jewelry. After small sales, he secures a large order through Vijeesh's boss. With the payment, he repays Rajesh partially, hoping for future investments, and gives money to his mother to prove he doesn't need to go abroad.

Rashid arrives with mosque elders for a reconciliation, but when Bushara demands an apology for being doubted, he storms off. Their mother, increasingly worried, confides in Kamar, who struggles with worsening health and arranges to return on the Vande Bharat flight.

Trouble arises when the masks turn out defective. Vijeesh's boss demands a refund or legal action. Bachu tries to repair them and track his supplier, but the man is quarantined. Meanwhile, Sumi is due for delivery, and her jewelry must be returned. Under pressure, Bachu argues with his father over the situation. Kamar, frustrated, informs Bachu he is returning soon.

Desperate, Bachu agrees to work abroad and borrows money from Ismail, retrieving the pawned jewelry. On his way home, police stop him for not wearing a mask. While arguing, he receives a call—his father has died of a heart attack in the Gulf a day before his scheduled flight. The family is devastated, waiting for his body's return.

With COVID-19 cases surging, body transport halts. Bachu, under pressure to allow the [[cremation|burial]] of the body abroad as per religious customs of burying as early as possible, fights to bring the body back, fulfilling his mother's wish to see Kamar one last time. After days of uncertainty, he secures clearance, but health officials restrict the reception to five people, prohibiting senior citizens. When the ambulance arrives, Bachu stops it outside their house, but medical staff refuse to let his mother see the body. A tense argument ensues until she insists they proceed to avoid further trouble. Eventually, she is permitted at the burial site, wearing [[Personal protective equipment|PPE]], where she and Bachu perform the last rites.

Seven months later, Bachu and Baanu are together, raising her child. As they pass an election rally with a massive crowd, Bachu smirks sarcastically at the irony of the so-called protocol restrictions.

== Cast ==
* [[Basil Joseph]] as Bashiruddeen "Bachu" Puthiyaprambil
* Parvathy R Krishna as Baanu
* [[Indrans]] as Hasaan
* [[Jaffar Idukki]] as Ismail
* [[Sudheesh]] as Rajesh
* [[Sreeja Ravi]] as Umma
* [[Binu Pappu]] as Rashid, Bachu's brother-in-law
* [[Johny Antony]]
* [[Fara Shibla]] as Bushara, Bachu's sister
* Nirmal Palazhi as Vijeesh
* Sneha Vijesh as Sumi

== Production ==
The first look poster of the film was released on 21 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Basil Joseph's Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/21/first-look-of-basil-josephs-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-out-36861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425110349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/21/first-look-of-basil-josephs-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-out-36861.html |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The team announced that the film would be released in April for the [[Eid al-Fitr]] festival.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basil Joseph's Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham confirmed as Eid release |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/18/basil-josephs-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-confirmed-as-eid-release-41218.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425110553/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/mar/18/basil-josephs-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-confirmed-as-eid-release-41218.html |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The trailer was later released.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham trailer is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/19/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-trailer-is-out-42487.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426105422/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/19/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-trailer-is-out-42487.html |archive-date=2023-04-26 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music was composed, produced, and arranged by [[Govind Vasantha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-21 |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham (2023) {{!}} Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham Malayalam Movie {{!}} Movie Reviews, Showtimes |url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/27273/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527190851/https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/27273/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham/ |archive-date=2023-05-27 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=NOWRUNNING |language=en}}</ref> Lyrics were written by [[Muhsin Parari]], [[Suhas-Sharfu|Sharfu]], and Rafeek Thiruvallur a.k.a. Umbachy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=First look of Basil Joseph's Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/21/first-look-of-basil-josephs-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-out-36861.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425110349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2022/nov/21/first-look-of-basil-josephs-kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-out-36861.html |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The soundtrack features five songs and was released on 21 April 2023 by [[Think Music]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=2023-04-21 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/786Sd4Wh5VHEoYtdtEcTAW |access-date=2023-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527190849/https://open.spotify.com/album/786Sd4Wh5VHEoYtdtEcTAW |archive-date=2023-05-27 |url-status=live |language=en}}</ref> The album, particularly the song "Premakkathu Pattu," received positive feedback from listeners and critics, who praised Govind Vasantha for his soulful compositions and Muhsin Parari for the deep lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |last=പടച്ചേരി |first=അഭിലാഷ് |date=2023-05-22 |title=വംശീയതയും വിവേചനവും ഈ അണ്ഡകടാഹത്തിലെ നേര്‍സാക്ഷ്യങ്ങളാണ് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/analysis/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-review-218872 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527190853/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/mediaone-shelf/analysis/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-review-218872 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham on OTT: This track sums up the reason to watch film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-on-ott-premakkathu-pattu-sums-up-the-reason-to-watch-basil-josephs-moving-film/785819dcbb671 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527190851/https://www.ottplay.com/news/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-on-ott-premakkathu-pattu-sums-up-the-reason-to-watch-basil-josephs-moving-film/785819dcbb671 |archive-date=2023-05-27 |access-date=2023-05-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 April 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| venue =
| studio = NHQ Studios, Kochi
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:48
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| prev_title = [[Adi (film)|Adi]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Jackson Bazaar Youth]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 =[https://open.spotify.com/album/786Sd4Wh5VHEoYtdtEcTAW Original Motion Picture Soundtrack], from [https://open.spotify.com/ Spotify]
| audio2 = {{YouTube|DpLwkBiZdB8|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
}}

=== Track listing ===
Source:<ref name=":0" />
{{tracklist
| all_music = [[Govind Vasantha]]
| headline = ''Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham''
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kuthithiruki
| length1 = 02:33
| lyrics1 = [[Suhas-Sharfu|Sharfu]]
| extra1 = Govind Vasantha
| title2 = Insha Allah
| length2 = 04:10
| lyrics2 = Sharfu
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title3 = Swargakkathu Pattu
| length3 = 03:05
| lyrics3 = Rafeek Thiruvallur (Umbachy)
| extra3 = Govind Vasantha
| title4 = Premakkathu Pattu
| length4 = 03:03
| lyrics4 = [[Muhsin Parari]]
| extra4 = Fathima Jahaan
| title5 = Ya Rabbe
| length5 = 02:55
| lyrics5 = Rafeek Thiruvallur (Umbachy)
| extra5 = Mena Melath
| total_length = 15:48
}}

== Reception ==
Anjana George, a critic for [[The Times of India|''The Times of India'']], gave the film 3 stars out of 5, stating that "It is a perfectly crafted family entertainer based on the pandemic."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham Movie Review : A sweet family drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham/movie-review/99695032.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101610/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham/movie-review/99695032.cms |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-04-25 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Vignesh Madhu, a critic for [[Cinema Express|''Cinema Express'']], noted, "No matter how kadina kadoram your heart is," and gave the film 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham Movie Review: An emotionally stirring tale from a not-so-distant past |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/22/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-movie-review-an-emotionally-stirring-tale-from-a-not-so-distant-past-42578.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425103113/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/apr/22/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-movie-review-an-emotionally-stirring-tale-from-a-not-so-distant-past-42578.html |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> A critic from [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] described it as "an ideal festival release that emphasises the harmony of a coastal community that has not been fragmented by politics or religion; the film is a pleasant rewind to the days of the lockdown that we experienced in Kerala."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=2023-04-21 |title='Kadina Kadoramee Andakadaham' movie review: A feel-good film set in a pandemic-hit coastal village |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-movie-review-a-feel-good-film-set-in-a-pandemic-hit-coastal-village/article66763316.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kadina-kadoramee-andakadaham-movie-review-a-feel-good-film-set-in-a-pandemic-hit-coastal-village/article66763316.ece |archive-date=2023-04-25 |access-date=2023-04-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|22078754}}

[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Kailash Chandra Meher

2026-04-26T15:02:41Z

John9200Carter: Done

{{Short description|Indian artist and painter}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kailash Chandra Meher
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Kailash Meher.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|01|22}}
| birth_place = [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| citizenship = Indian
| education = Degree (Art)
| occupation = Artist
| alma_mater = [[Visva-Bharati University]] 
| years_active =
| known_for =
| boards =
| spouse = [[Laxmi Meher]]
| children = [[Prakash Meher]], [[Manisha Meher]] & [[Jayanta Meher]]
| parents =
| relatives = [[Sadhu Meher]] (Uncle)<ref name=brush/>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kailash Chandra Meher''' (born 22 January 1954) is an Indian artist, inventor, and social activist. He is a painter of contemporary [[modern art]] paintings and traditional Tussar Pattachitra paintings of [[Odisha]]. He was a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] by the Government of India in 2013.<ref name=brush>{{cite news|url=http://www.orissapost.com/brush-with-tradition/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411143109/http://www.orissapost.com/brush-with-tradition/ |archive-date=11 April 2013 |title=Brush with Tradition |work=[[Orissa Post]] |date=3 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Personal life and education==
Meher was born in an artist family in [[Sonepur, Odisha|Sonepur]] town of [[Odisha]] state. He studied at [[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Santiniketan]]<ref name=naturemorte>{{cite web|url=http://www.naturemorte.com/exhibitions/2013-10-02_stylistic-choices-works-by/press-release/ |title=Stylistic Choices works by : – Press Release |publisher=Nature Morte |access-date=18 January 2014}}</ref> and received a Diploma in Fine Arts from the [[Visva-Bharati University]], Shantiniketan in West Bengal.<ref name=naturemorte/> He was trained in the art of [[Pattachitra]] painting initially by his father and subsequently under guidance of Bhagwat Maharana.<ref name=naturemorte/>

His wife Smt. Laxmi Meher and daughter Manisha jointly received National award in 2005.<ref>[http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2005.pdf National Awardees of Handicrafts Sector for the Year 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102142525/http://handicrafts.nic.in/awards/na2005.pdf |date=2 November 2013 }}</ref> Smt Meher had also received state award in 1990 while daughter Manisha got two state awards in 2001–2002. Both his sons Prakash and Jayanta got National Award in 2001.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=95 |title=49 MASTER CRAFTSPERSONS AND WEAVERS.. |work=pib.nic.in |year=2003 |quote=Shri Prakash Kumar Meher & Shri Jayanta Kumar Meher |access-date=13 February 2013}}</ref>

==Career==
Meher worked as an art designer in the Weavers Service Centre in [[Bhubaneswar]], Govt. Of India, under Development Commissioner Handloom, New Delhi from 1978 to 1993 creating textile designs for weavers and weaving organisations,<ref name="brush"/> and developed some old Bomkai designs, which were developed into a product called "[[Bomkai Sari]]".

Meher creates new designs, techniques with research and experiments, aiming for better market promotion in India and abroad. His tree paintings were presented as an example for the [[Shilp Guru]] award.<ref name="presidentofindia">{{cite web|url=http://presidentofindia.nic.in/listofawardees.pdf |title=Shilp Guru Awards (Handicrafts) Year 2009 |publisher=[[President of India]] |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref> Because of his excellent work in paintings, many more students and followers got National Award and also thousands of artisan families survive their livelihood by following his innovative creative designs & paintings for their bread & butter.
[[File:Kailash Meher Art.jpg|thumb|Kailash Ch. Meher while on work at his studio in the year 2016.]]
For the poorest girls & women of KBK district, he has started many social organisations with the help and support of The Collector (District Magistrate) for giving them training & employment, so he started some Handloom, Handicraft & Fine Art organisation like :- 1. Indian Art & Craft Academy for Women 2. Indira Gandhi Women Weavers Co-operative Society limited 3. Bharatiya Hastakala Industrial Co-operative Society Limited 4. Handicraft & Handloom Museum and Service Centre for Women.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kailashmeher.com/profile/ |title=Profile « Kailash Meher |access-date=11 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811055633/http://www.kailashmeher.com/profile/ |archive-date=11 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://kcmeher1954.blogspot.in/ Biography of Kailash Chandra Meher, Bolangir Odisha] {{User-generated source|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45941 |title=Padma Shri Kailash Chandra Meher received Odisha Living Legend Award, Odisha Current News, Odisha Latest Headlines |access-date=18 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205523/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45941 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inbministry.blogspot.in/2013/04/padma-awardsphoto-gallery.html|title=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting: Padma Awards:Photo Gallery|date=5 April 2013}}</ref>

==Awards==
* 1979 & 1985 – Orissa Lalit Kala Academy Award<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/109-113.pdf |title=Odisha Lalita Kala Academy Award Winners |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |year=2011 |access-date=19 January 2014}}</ref>
* 1986 – "National Award" by HE the President of India<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cohands.in/awardees.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=19 April 2014 |archive-date=19 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219100416/http://www.cohands.in/awardees.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 1997 – Viswakarma Award{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}<ref>File:Viswakarma Award 1997.jpg</ref>
* 1991 & 2001 – "Kalamani" Award by Chief Minister of Haryana{{citation needed|date=April 2014}}
* 2005 – UNESCO CCI seal of excellence for handicrafts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/geography/en/files/8716/121007257452005_Catalogue.pdf/2005+Catalogue.pdf|title=UNESCO CCI seal of excellence for handicrafts|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|year=2005|access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref>
* 2009 – [[Shilp Guru]] Award by HE the President of India<ref name="presidentofindia" />
* 2013 – [[Padma Shri]] Award by Govt. of India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inbministry.blogspot.in/2013/04/padma-awardsphoto-gallery.html |title=Ministry of Information & Broadcasting: Padma Awards:Photo Gallery |work=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] New Media blog |date=5 April 2013 |publisher=blogspot.com |access-date=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Padma(E)2013.pdf |title=Press Note |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] |access-date=20 January 2014 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=40476 |title=Four eminent personalities from Odisha received Padma honours |work=Odisha Diary |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102203108/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=40476 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2013 – "Odisha Living Legend Award" by Odisha Diary<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45205 |title=OdishaDiary announces prestigious Odisha Living Legend Awards 2013 |work=Odisha Diary |date=27 October 2013 |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116203948/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45205 |archive-date=16 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45941 |title=Padma Shri Kailash Chandra Meher received Odisha Living Legend Award |work=Odisha Diary |date=29 November 2013 |access-date=19 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205523/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=45941 |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Selected paintings==
<gallery mode="packed" widths="250px" heights="250px">

File:Kailash Chandra Meher's Painting- W & W.jpg|Women Exploitation (W & W), 2008
File:K. C. Meher - "The Creation".jpg|The Creation, 1999
File:K.C.Meher's - Indian Woman.jpg|Indian Woman, 2008
File:Omm by Kailash Ch Meher.jpg|Omm, 2011 Size (4x4) feet
File:Sarba Sukham by Kailash Ch Meher.jpg|Sarba Sukham, 2011 Size (4x4) feet
File:Sweet Dream by Kailash Ch Meher.jpg|Sweet Dream, 2016 Size (5x6) feet
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.facebook.com/meher1954/ Facebook]

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Padma Award winners of Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meher, Kailash Chandra}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:People from Balangir]]
[[Category:Indian male painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian painters]]
[[Category:Painters from Odisha]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]

Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-25T13:38:00Z

John9200Carter: added first details v1 - done

{{short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|established = 1951
|reservation = None
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|mp =[[Praveen Patel]]
|name = Phulpur {{Small|UP-51}}
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Phulpur.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Phulpur Lok Sabha constituency
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|assembly_cons =[[Phaphamau Assembly constituency|Phaphamau]] [[Soraon Assembly constituency|Soraon]] [[Phulpur Assembly constituency|Phulpur]] [[Allahabad West Assembly constituency|Allahabad West]] [[Allahabad North Assembly constituency|Allahabad North]]
}}
'''[[Phulpur, Prayagraj|Phulpur]]''' Lok Sabha seat, also spelled 'Phoolpur', is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. It lies in [[Prayagraj district]]. Phulpur is a historic constituency and two Indian Prime Ministers [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[V P Singh]] have been elected from this constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-phulpur-gave-country-2-prime-minsters-got-only-iffco-as-trophy/story-xmAqSSiqlgmbfaA7XhtY5J.html | title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019: Phulpur gave country 2 Prime Ministers, got only IFFCO as trophy | publisher=Hindustan Times | work=Kenneth John | date=12 May 2019 | access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref> The first [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] died in office in 1964 while representing this constituency. Hence it is also called "Nehru's constituency".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/phulpur-bypoll-a-nehru-constituency-once-it-is-patel-versus-patel-today-1188933-2018-03-14 | title=Phulpur bypoll: A Nehru constituency once, it is Patel versus Patel today | publisher=India Today | date=14 March 2008 | access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/uttar-pradesh/modi-vs-rest-in-phulpur-once-nehrus-constituency/articleshow/69249273.cms | title='Modi vs rest' in Phulpur, once Nehru's constituency | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=9 May 2019 | access-date=14 June 2019}}</ref>

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|254
|[[Phaphamau Assembly constituency|Phaphamau]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Allahabad district|Prayagraj]]
|[[Guru Prasad Maurya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|255
|[[Soraon Assembly constituency|Soraon]] (SC)
|[[Geeta Shastri]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|256
|[[Phulpur Assembly constituency|Phulpur]]
|[[Deepak Patel]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|261
|[[Allahabad West Assembly constituency|Allahabad West]]
|[[Sidharth Nath Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|262
|[[Allahabad North Assembly constituency|Allahabad North]]
|[[Harshvardhan Bajpai]]
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Phulpur (Uttar Pradesh) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Phulpur Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/phulpur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru{{Efn|2 member constituency}}]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[Masuriya Din]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru|Jawaharlal Nehru{{Efn|2 member constituency}}]]
|-
|[[Masuriya Din]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=1957 India General (2nd Lok Sabha) Elections Results |url=https://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1957-election-results.html}}</ref>
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
|1964^
| rowspan="2" |[[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|1969^
|[[Janeshwar Mishra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Vishwanath Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Kamala Bahuguna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|B. D. Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel|Jang Bahadur Patel]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Dharmraj Patel]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Atique Ahmed]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Kapil Muni Karwariya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|2018^
|[[Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel|Nagendra Pratap Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Keshari Devi Patel]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Praveen Patel]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Phulpur, Prayagraj|Phulpur]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Phulpur">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Phulpur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2451.htm |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531170915/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2451.htm |archive-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="Phulpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Phulpur Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/phulpur |access-date=31 May 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531170921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/phulpur |archive-date=31 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Praveen Patel]]
|votes =452,600
|percentage = 44.60
|change ={{down}}11.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Samajwadi Party
|candidate =Amarnath Singh Maurya
|votes =448,268
|percentage = 44.17
|change ={{up}}6.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate =Jagannath Pal
|votes =82,586
|percentage = 8.14
|change ={{up}}8.14
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =5,460
|percentage = 0.54
|change ={{up}}0.27
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =4,332
|percentage =0.43
|change ={{down}}17.15
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =10,14,824
|percentage =49.10
|change ={{up}}0.40
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Phulpur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Keshari Devi Patel]]|votes=5,44,701|percentage=55.68|change=+16.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Pandhari Yadav|votes=3,72,733|percentage=38.10|change=-8.85}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[ Pankaj Patel (politician)|Pankaj Patel]]|votes=32,761|percentage=3.35|change=+0.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,882|percentage=0.81|change=+0.44}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,71,968
|percentage = 17.58
|change = +9.44
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,79,077|percentage=48.70|change=+11.55}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = +8.73
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2018 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-election, 2018: Phulpur<ref name="UP Lok Sabha bypolls: SP's Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel wins from Phulpur seat">{{cite news |title=UP Lok Sabha bypolls: SP's Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel wins from Phulpur seat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-lok-sabha-bypolls-sps-nagendra-pratap-singh-patel-wins-from-phulpur-seat/articleshow/63303991.cms |access-date=3 June 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603052618/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/up-lok-sabha-bypolls-sps-nagendra-pratap-singh-patel-wins-from-phulpur-seat/articleshow/63303991.cms |archive-date=3 June 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Nagendra Pratap Singh Patel]]
|votes = 3,42,922
|percentage = 46.95
|change = +26.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kaushalendra Singh Patel]]
|votes = 2,83,462
|percentage = 38.81
|change = -13.63
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = [[Atiq Ahmed]]
|votes = 48,094
|percentage = 6.58
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Manish Mishra
|votes = 19,353
|percentage = 2.65
|change = -3.40
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]
|candidate = Dr. Neeraj
|votes = 4,276
|percentage = 0.59
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,724
|percentage = 0.37
|change = -0.51
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 59,460
|percentage = 8.14
|change = -23.97
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,30,612
|percentage = 37.15
|change = -13.05
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -5.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|votes = 5,03,564
|percentage = 52.44
|change = +44.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dharmraj Patel|Dharam Raj Singh Patel]]
|votes = 1,95,256
|percentage = 20.33
|change = -7.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kapil Muni Karwariya]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,63,710
|percentage = 17.05
|change = -13.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mohammad Kaif]]
|votes = 58,127
|percentage = 6.05
|change = -6.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shimala Shri
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 7,384
|percentage = 0.77
|change = +0.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 8,424
|percentage = 0.88
|change = +0.88
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,08,308
|percentage = 32.11
|change = +29.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,60,419
|percentage = 50.20
|change = +11.51
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing = +22.08
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Kapil Muni Karwariya]]
|votes = 1,67,542
|percentage = 30.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Shyama Charan Gupta]]
|votes = 1,52,964
|percentage = 27.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Sone Lal Patel|Dr. Sone Lal Patel]]
|votes = 76,699
|percentage = 13.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Dharmraj Patel|Dharmaraj Singh Patel]]
|votes = 67,623
|percentage = 12.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Karan Singh Patel]]
|votes = 44,828
|percentage = 8.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,578
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,51,917
|percentage = 38.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Atique Ahamad]]
|votes = 265432
|percentage = 35.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Keshari Devi Patel]]
|votes = 201085
|percentage = 26.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bhartiya Janata Party
|candidate = Beni Madhav Bind
|votes = 151509
|percentage = 20.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = [[Sone Lal Patel]]
|votes = 80388
|percentage = 10.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|votes = 11367
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 64347
|percentage = 8.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 755222
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 1999===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Dharmraj Patel|Dharmaraj Singh Patel]]
|votes = 183282
|percentage = 26.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Beni Madhav Bind
|votes = 163243
|percentage = 24.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Tulasi Ram Yadav
|votes = 150173
|percentage = 22.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = [[Sone Lal Patel]]
|votes = 127780
|percentage = 18.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|votes = 32376
|percentage = 4.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 20030
|percentage = 2.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 680072
|percentage = 58.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 1998===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]]
|votes = 216124
|percentage = 32.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Beni Madhav Bind
|votes = 201604
|percentage = 30.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|votes = 177556
|percentage = 26.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = [[Sone Lal Patel]]
|votes = 42152
|percentage = 6.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Jagdish Narain Mishra
|votes = 19382
|percentage = 2.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14520
|percentage = 2.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 671810
|percentage = 57.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 1996===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Indian general election]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Jang Bahadur Singh Patel]]
|votes = 162844
|percentage = 29.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Kanshi Ram]]
|votes = 146823
|percentage = 26.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = B.D.Singh
|votes = 119318
|percentage = 21.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|votes = 67714
|percentage = 12.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)
|candidate = Shyam Surat Upadhyay
|votes = 15304
|percentage = 2.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16021
|percentage = 2.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 553784
|percentage = 47.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|votes = 150640
|percentage = 34.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Beni Madhav Bind
|votes = 91039
|percentage = 20.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Deoraj Singh
|votes = 84449
|percentage = 19.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Party
|candidate = Nisar Ahmed
|votes = 64484
|percentage = 15.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Roop Nath Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 27097
|percentage = 6.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 59601
|percentage = 13.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 442831
|percentage = 47.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
===General election 1989===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Indian general election]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Ram Pujan Patel]]
|votes = 198266
|percentage = 39.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Chandrajit Yadav]]
|votes = 165765
|percentage = 33.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Beni Madhav Bind
|votes = 115521
|percentage = 23.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tulsi Ram Saroj
|votes = 3756
|percentage = 0.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Doordarshi Party
|candidate = Sriram Jaiswal
|votes = 3066
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32501
|percentage = 6.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 497607
|percentage = 54.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1964 by-election===
* [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]] ([[Indian National Congress]]) : 1,10,549 votes
* S. Jaiswal ([[Samyukta Socialist Party]]) : 52,529 votes

===General elections 1957===
* Two members were elected from this seat in 1957.
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Phulpur]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (Elected)
|votes = 2,27,447
|percentage = 36.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Masuriya Din]] (Elected)
|votes = 1,98,431
|percentage = 32.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 29,018
|percentage = 4.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,16,862
|percentage = 77.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1952===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1952 Indian general election]]: [[Phulpur, Allahabad|Allahabad East-Jaunpur West]] }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] (Elected)
|votes = 2,33,571
|percentage = 38.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Masuriya Din]] (Elected)
|votes = 1,81,700
|percentage = 30.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Banshi Lal
|party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party
|votes = 59,642
|percentage = 9.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Prabhudutt Brahmachari]]
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 56,718
|percentage = 9.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = K. K. Chatterjee
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 27,392
|percentage = 4.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Thate Laxman Ganesh
|party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 25,870
|percentage = 4.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Badri Prasad
|party = Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)
|votes = 18,129
|percentage = 3.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 51,871
|percentage = 8.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,03,022
|percentage = 40.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Allahabad district]]
* [[Allahabad (Mayoral Constituency)]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}
== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/phulpur/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Phulpur lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-lwr}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-new}}
{{s-ttl|title=Constituency represented by the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]|years=1952-1964}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sabarkantha Lok Sabha constituency|Sabarkantha]]}}
{{end}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Prayagraj division topics}}
{{Coord|25.55|82.09|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Prayagraj district]]

Devabhai Malam

2026-04-19T05:27:16Z

John9200Carter: details

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Devabhai Punjabhai Malam
| office = [[State Minister]] for [[Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying|Animal husbandry]]
| native_name =
| image =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Keshod (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Keshod]]
| country = [[India]]
| incumbent = Minister of State
| term_start = 16 September 2021
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| prime_minister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| governor = [[Acharya Devvrat]]
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = Agriculturist
| birth_date = 1 December 1958
| birth_place = Thali, Mangrol, Gujarat
| spouse = Puriben Malam
}}
'''Devabhai Punjabhai Malam''' is an Indian politician, [[Member of legislative assembly]] from the Keshod constituency and [[State Minister]] for Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying in the [[Government of Gujarat|Gujarat government]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 September 2021|title=Bhupendra's balancing act|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/bhupendras-balancing-act/articleshow/86272499.cms|access-date=2021-12-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=16 September 2021|first=Gopi Maniar|last=Ghanghar|title=24 Gujarat ministers take oath; Nimaben Acharya is new Speaker|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/manisha-vakil-nareshbhai-patel-mlas-take-oath-gujarat-ministers-1853364-2021-09-16|access-date=2021-12-07|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=:0>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-15|title=ગુજરાતના નવા મંત્રી મંડળમાં પહેલું નામ આવ્યું સામે, જાણો કોનું નામ થયું નિશ્ચિત?|url=https://gujarati.abplive.com/news/gandhinagar/gujarat-new-cabinet-keshod-mla-devabhai-malam-selected-as-a-new-minister-740065|access-date=2022-01-22|website=gujarati.abplive.com|language=gu}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat: Nine first-time MLAs are new ministers">{{cite news |date=17 September 2021 |title=Gujarat: Nine first-time MLAs are new ministers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nine-first-time-mlas-are-new-ministers/articleshow/86274232.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251020112249/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/nine-first-time-mlas-are-new-ministers/articleshow/86274232.cms |archivedate=20 October 2025 |accessdate=20 October 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

He is a businessman and agriculturist by profession.<ref name=:0/>

== See also ==
* [[Bhupendra Patel]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Naggal Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:48:59Z

John9200Carter: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Naggal Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
|state = [[Haryana]]
|established = 1967
|abolished = 2005
|electors = 1,44,635
|mla = Nirmal Singh Mohra
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Naggal Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Haryana]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || Lakhwati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Abdul Gaffar Khan
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || [[Harmohinder Singh Chatha]]
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Sumer Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || [[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Harmohinder Singh Chatha]]|| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || rowspan=2 | [[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Jasbir Mallour || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)|Nirmal Singh Mohra]]|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal<ref name=results2005>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nirmal Singh (Haryana politician)]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,579 |percentage=46.90% |change={{increase}}9.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Jasbir Singh Mallour|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=47,087|percentage=42.00%|change={{decrease}}15.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pavittar Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=5,080|percentage=4.53%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amrik Singh|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,851|percentage=4.33%|change={{increase}}0.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Surinder Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=663|percentage=0.59%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nirmal Singh Bhurangpur|party=Independent politician|votes=527|percentage=0.47%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,492 |percentage=4.90% |change= {{decrease}}15.10 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,12,115|percentage=77.52%|change={{decrease}}0.04}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,635 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}10.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal<ref name=results2000>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir Mallour |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=53,884 |percentage=57.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh S/O Hazara Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,111 |percentage=37.40% |change={{increase}}26.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,854 |percentage=4.11% |change={{decrease}}9.96 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,773 |percentage=20.00% |change= {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,879 |percentage=78.24% |change= {{increase}}1.67 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,053 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.38 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=34,822 |percentage=38.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbir Singh Mallaur |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=15,162 |percentage=16.73% |change={{increase}}13.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagir Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=14,611 |percentage=16.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajpal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,741 |percentage=14.06% |change={{decrease}}0.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmohinder Singh Chatha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,518 |percentage=10.50% |change={{decrease}}33.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kiran Pal |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=775 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Vir |party=Independent politician |votes=719 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,660 |percentage=21.70% |change= {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,609 |percentage=78.33% |change= {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,409 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,407 |percentage=44.10% |change={{increase}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurbax Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=20,902 |percentage=29.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,383 |percentage=14.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,397 |percentage=4.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=2,627 |percentage=3.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,408 |percentage=1.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,505 |percentage=14.75% |change= {{decrease}}2.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,224 |percentage=75.21% |change= {{decrease}}6.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,590 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.12 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}9.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal<ref>{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmindra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=35,406 |percentage=53.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,171 |percentage=36.26% |change={{decrease}}16.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jageer Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,385 |percentage=6.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasbinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=766 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,235 |percentage=16.85% |change= {{decrease}}9.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=66,666 |percentage=80.79% |change= {{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,040 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.97 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,106 |percentage=53.20% |change={{increase}}8.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurpal Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=14,103 |percentage=26.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dina Nath Tanwar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,587 |percentage=14.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=2,129 |percentage=4.03% |change={{decrease}}48.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=764 |percentage=1.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,003 |percentage=26.51% |change= {{increase}}18.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,830 |percentage=77.48% |change= {{increase}}4.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,474 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.82 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sumer Chand |party=Janata Party |votes=22,522 |percentage=52.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Har Mohinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,253 |percentage=44.79% |change={{decrease}}15.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=822 |percentage=1.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=390 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,269 |percentage=7.60% |change= {{decrease}}18.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=42,987 |percentage=72.78% |change= {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 59,983 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal<ref>{{Cite web|title=🗳️ Haryana Assembly Election 1972: LIVE Election Results, Election Dates, Schedule, Leading Candidates & Parties {{!}} Latest News Updates, Exit Polls, Analysis & Statistics on Assembly Election|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|access-date=2021-07-28|website=LatestLY|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723231520/https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/haryana/1972/|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Harmohinder Singh Chatha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,125 |percentage=59.95% |change={{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,015 |percentage=33.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,858 |percentage=4.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Achchari Lal |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=576 |percentage=1.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,110 |percentage=26.21% |change= {{increase}}15.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=38,574 |percentage=72.11% |change= {{increase}}17.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,297 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1968 |archive-date=20 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420012759/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1968-election-results.html}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gaffar Khan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,654 |percentage=37.83% |change={{decrease}}16.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,283 |percentage=27.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajmer Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=3,102 |percentage=13.56% |change={{increase}}10.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartar Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=2,909 |percentage=12.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faqir Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=2.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Inder Pershad |party=Independent politician |votes=408 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=363 |percentage=1.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Chand |party=Bharatiya Kranti Dal |votes=241 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puran Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|votes=200 |percentage=0.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,371 |percentage=10.36% |change= {{decrease}}5.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,879 |percentage=54.42% |change= {{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,478 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}11.40 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Naggal}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lakhwati |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,494 |percentage=54.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=12,430 |percentage=38.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,196 |percentage=3.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Raj |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,084 |percentage=3.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,064 |percentage=15.72% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=32,204 |percentage=69.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 49,071 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Haryana}}
{{coords|30.322|76.869|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Bharatpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:18:37Z

John9200Carter: pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{for|the constituency in West Bengal|Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bharatpur
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-73-Bharatpur.svg
| mla = [[Subhash Garg]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bharatpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bharatpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:279032}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/all_files/full-statistical-reports/rajasthan/2023/Detailed_Results.pdf |title=State Election,2023 to the legislative assembly of Rajasthan |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2029|1}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 73
}}
'''Bharatpur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 200 [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Rajasthan]] state in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=https://ceorajasthan.nic.in/map/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP/RAJASTHAN_ACS_MAP.pdf |title=New Assembly Constituencies |website=ceorajasthan.nic.in |date=25 January 2006| access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> It is in [[Bharatpur district|Bharatpur]] district and in [[Bharatpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bharatpur Lok Sabha Constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|| 1951 || Hari Dutt<ref name="election1951">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1951 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Krishikar Lok Party}}
|-
|| 1957 || Hoti Lal<ref name="election1957">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1957 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| 1962<ref name="election1962">{{cite report |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1962 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>|| rowspan="2" | [[Natthi Singh]]
|-
|| 1967<ref name="election1967">{{cite report |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1967 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|| 1972 || Brijendra Singh<ref name="election1972">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|| 1977 || Suresh Kumar<ref name="election1977">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1977 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|| 1980 || [[Raj Bahadur]]<ref name="election1980">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1980 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)|dab=yes}}
|-
|| 1985 || Girraj Prasad Tiwari<ref name="election1985">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1985 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|| 1990 || Ram Kishan<ref name="election1990">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1990 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|| 1993<ref name="election1993">{{cite report |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1993 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>|| rowspan="2" |R. P. Sharma
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2| Indian National Congress
|-
|| 1998<ref name="election1998">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1998 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| 2003<ref name="election2003">{{cite report |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2003 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>|| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Bansal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|| 2008<ref name="election2008">{{cite report|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2008 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| 2013<ref name="election2013">{{cite report |title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2013 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF RAJASTHAN |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|-
|| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2|[[Subhash Garg]]<ref name=election2018/>
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|| [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2023]]: Bharatpur<ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Subhash Garg]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:81878}}
|percentage = 43.26
|change = +12.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Bansal]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76491}}
|percentage = 40.41
|change = +19.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Girish Chaudhary
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:25231}}
|percentage = 13.33
|change = +4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1472}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = +0.39
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5387}}
|percentage = 2.85
|change = -6.19
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:189277}}
|percentage = 67.83
|change = -0.15
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Bharatpur<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA (Legislative Assembly Election) 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = [[Subhash Garg]]
|votes = {{formatnum:52869}}
|percentage = 30.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vijay Bansal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:37159}}
|percentage = 21.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharat Vahini Party
|candidate = Girdhari Tiwari
|votes = {{formatnum:35407}}
|percentage = 20.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Dalveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:24258}}
|percentage = 13.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jasveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:15018}}
|percentage = 8.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:2169}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:686}}
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15710}}
|percentage = 9.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:173752}}
|percentage = 67.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Bharatpur district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|27.22|77.49|display=title}}

[[Category:Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sharadrao Kale

2026-04-12T13:00:49Z

John9200Carter: creating a bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sharadrao Kale
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| caption =
| office1 = [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 1985
| term_end1 = 2004
| predecessor1 = Shivchand Gowardhandas Chudiwala
| successor1 = [[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
| constituency1 = [[Arvi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arvi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1990-2004)
| other_party = [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]] (till 1990)
| spouse =
| father =
| children = [[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Sharadrao Kale''', also known as '''Kale Sharad''', is an Indian politician from [[Maharashtra]]. He was a four-time [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]], from 1985 to 2004.

==Political career==
Kale won for the first time in 1985 from the [[Arvi Assembly constituency|Arvi]] seat as an [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]] candidate defeating Shridharrao Shankarrao Thakare of [[Indian National Congress]], succeeding Chudiwala Shivchand Gowardhandas of [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]].<ref name="Arvi_result">{{cite web |title=Arvi Assembly Constituency Election Result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/arvi-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |website=Result University |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

In 1990, Kale joined Indian National Congress, and went on to defeat Khonde Jyoti Vijayrao of [[Janata Dal]] by a margin of 8,606 votes.<ref name="Arvi_result"/><ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Maharashtra 1990 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1990/maharashtra/93/30 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> He continued the feat in 1995<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Maharashtra 1995 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1995/maharashtra/119/30 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> and 1999,<ref>{{cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Maharashtra 1999 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1999/maharashtra/144/30 |website=IndiaVotes |access-date=8 June 2024}}</ref> defeating [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate Kale Dilip Narayanrao and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s Vijayraoji Mude respectively.<ref name="Arvi_result"/>

In 2004, the legacy was carried forward by his son [[Amar Sharadrao Kale]]<ref name="Arvi_result"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Sharadrao}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1985–1990]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:People from Wardha district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nammavar

2026-04-08T16:55:25Z

John9200Carter: Data

{{short description|1994 film by K. S. Sethumadhavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Nammavar poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer = [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]
| screenplay = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| story = Kamal Haasan
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1= Dialogue by | data1 =Kanmani Subbu}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Gautami]]
}}
| music = [[Mahesh Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = [[Madhu Ambat]]
| editing = N. P. Satish
| studio = [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios|Chandamama Vijaya Combines]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|11|2}}
| runtime = 178 minutes<ref name="42ndaward" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹3.7 crore{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=22}}
| gross = ₹9.75 crore{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=22}}
}}
'''''Nammavar''''' ({{Translation|One of us}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and produced by [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Gautami]], while [[Nagesh]], [[Senthil]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Srividya]] and [[Karan (actor)|Karan]] play supporting roles. It follows a history lecturer of a college and how he tries to reform the downtrodden college through his initiatives and their consequences.

The story and screenplay were written by Haasan, and the dialogues by Kanmani Subbu. The music was composed by debutant [[Mahesh Mahadevan]] with cinematography by [[Madhu Ambat]], and editing by N. P. Satish. The film was inspired by various English-language films about universities and professors, including ''[[To Sir, with Love]]'' (1967), ''[[Class of 1984]]'' (1982) and ''[[The Principal]]'' (1987).

''Nammavar'' was released on 2 November 1994, [[Diwali]] day. It won three [[National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]], [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Nagesh), and [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]] (Mahesh); and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]] and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize|Special Prize]] (Nagesh).

== Plot ==
V. C. Selvam, a history professor from [[Madurai]], is appointed as the vice principal of Sakthivel Arts College in [[Chennai]], which is riddled with students' unrest and conflicts. Ramesh, the son of a major donor to the college, is a spoiled brat and [[Workplace bullying in academia|campus bully]] who influences other students with his vulgar display of money and power. Sparks fly between Selvam, who tries to bring in some order in the college, and Ramesh, who tries to spoil it from their first interaction.

Selvam brings in multiple modern changes. Students join to paint the campus and bring in a clean look, introduce discipline in reporting time for professors and students, close the canteen during lectures and open a cultural centre for students. By adopting a different teaching technique, Selvam helps students to gain more focus.

Vasanthi, a professor at the same college, initially disapproves of Selvam's methods, but finally finds them beneficial for the students and falls in love with him despite his initial resistance. Ramesh becomes displeased with the changes and is vexed at losing control over the students who are moving to Selvam's side.

Ramesh tries to provoke Selvam, who does not respond. Ramesh injures himself and frames Selvam, which instigates the students to call for a strike. Despite many students supporting him, Selvam apologises for the sake of peace in the college. When Ramesh tries to derail the students' plan of participating in an inter-college cultural competition by destroying their musical instruments, Selvam uses the students' skills to create [[a cappella]] music and wins the competition.

After a student is hospitalised and needs blood urgently, Selvam chooses not to donate his blood, instead organising a donor. Vasanthi is disappointed at Selvam's decision and learns through his aide Perumal that Selvam has [[Tumors of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues|blood cancer]]; his days are numbered. Shocked, she resolves to marry Selvam soon. Though Selvam does not initially reciprocate, she manages to convince him. She also learns of Selvam's desire to seek answers to fight his inner demons from the past, by doing good for the college.

Ramesh is suspended from college for drug dealing. He kidnaps his former friend Vijay's (who started supporting Selvam) girlfriend Nirmala, daughter of professor Prabhakar Rao, and implicates her in a brothel case, leading to her arrest. Though Selvam bails Nirmala out, she commits suicide out of disgrace. This provokes Vijay into trying to kill Ramesh.

During the fight against Ramesh, Vijay is stabbed and Selvam comes to his rescue. Selvam is also stabbed, and people start throwing stones at Ramesh, but Selvam rescues him. Ramesh soon realises he is alone in the conflict; everyone at the college has deserted him. Selvam asks the students to forgive Ramesh and give him a second chance, which makes Ramesh repentant. Afterwards, Selvam and Vasanthi marry and leave for the United States, seeking a possible cure for the cancer, hopeful that the college will be truly reformed when they return.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kamal Haasan]] as V. C. Selvam<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2021 |title=Karthick Naren wants Lokesh Kanagaraj to write more characters like JD |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthick-naren-wants-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-write-more-characters-like-jd/articleshow/81350836.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410155007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthick-naren-wants-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-write-more-characters-like-jd/articleshow/81350836.cms |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
*[[Gautami]] as Vasanthi{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=522}}
*[[Nagesh]] as Prabhakar Rao<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Senthil]] as Perumal<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Julie<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Srividya]] as Selvam's sister<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Karan (actor)|Karan]] as Ramesh{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=522}}
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Muthukumaraswamy Pillai<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Naidu<ref name="moviefone" />
*K. Vishnu as Muthukumaraswamy Pillai's son<ref name="NST" />
*[[Brinda Master|Brinda]] as Nirmala{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=522}}
}}
The uncredited cast includes:
*[[Ram G|Ramji]] as Vijay{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=334}}
*[[Santhana Bharathi]] as Sakthivel<ref name="moviefone" />
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Veluchamy, Ramesh's father<ref name="moviefone" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Nammavar'' was directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and produced by [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]] under Chandamama Vijaya Combines. While the story and screenplay were written by [[Kamal Haasan]] (who also played the lead role of Selvam), the dialogues were written by Kanmani Subbu.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=334}} The film's title was chosen by [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoba |first=V |date=2 August 2018 |title=Kamal Haasan: A Star in Search of a Bigger Sky |url=https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/kamal-haasan-a-star-in-search-of-a-bigger-sky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122055111/https://openthemagazine.com/cover-stories/kamal-haasan-a-star-in-search-of-a-bigger-sky/ |archive-date=22 November 2020 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open]]}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by [[Madhu Ambat]], editing by N. P. Satish, and art direction by B. Chalam.<ref name="42ndaward" /> The film was inspired by various English-language films about universities and professors including ''[[To Sir, with Love]]'' (1967),<ref name="IE" /> ''[[Class of 1984]]'' (1982),{{sfn|Kumar|1995|p=79}} and ''[[The Principal]]'' (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2016 |title=சுட்ட படம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/117752-sutta-padam-the-principal-‘nammavar |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210426134529/https://www.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/117752-sutta-padam-the-principal-%E2%80%98nammavar |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> It was the final Tamil film directed by Sethumadhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2021 |title=Kamal Haasan: My Sethu sir is someone who taught me good cinema |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/24/kamal-haasan-my-sethu-sir-is-someone-who-taught-me-good-cinema-28612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182758/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/dec/24/kamal-haasan-my-sethu-sir-is-someone-who-taught-me-good-cinema-28612.html |archive-date=18 January 2022 |access-date=18 January 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
[[Gautami]] was Sethumadhavan and Haasan's first choice for playing Vasanthi, and got the role.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=6}} Though [[Nagesh]], primarily a comedian, was initially hesitant to accept the role of Prabhakar Rao, he was nonetheless cast as Haasan was adamant on him acting in the film.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|pp=12–13}} [[Brinda Master|Brinda]] was chosen to portray Rao's daughter Nirmala, and ''Nammavar'' was the only film she ever acted in.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=10}} According to Sethumadhavan, casting Brinda was Haasan's idea.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=11}} [[Abhishek Shankar]], who later gained fame for the TV series ''[[Kolangal (TV series)|Kolangal]]'', was initially approached to play the antagonist Ramesh, but could not accept the offer as he was committed to another film; the role went to [[Karan (actor)|Karan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2018 |title=கமல் படத்தில் நடிக்க முடியாமல் போனதற்கு வருந்திய சின்னத்திரை நடிகர்! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/tv-actor-abhishek-feels-about-missing-the-chance-of-kamal-movie/articleshow/64829965.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428050300/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/tv-actor-abhishek-feels-about-missing-the-chance-of-kamal-movie/articleshow/64829965.cms |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref> upon Haasan's recommendation.<ref name="Break" /> [[Vijay Sethupathi]], then aged 16, had auditioned for the role of a college student, but was rejected because of his then short height, lean physique and inability to grow facial hair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Parameswaran |first=Prathibha |date=8 September 2016 |title=Vijay Sethupathi: The average Joe who made it big in Tamil films |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-the-average-joe-who-made-it-big-in-tamil-films/story-9W3OSQYacqhWGKjz02Gx1H.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017213051/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/vijay-sethupathi-the-average-joe-who-made-it-big-in-tamil-films/story-9W3OSQYacqhWGKjz02Gx1H.html |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=16 May 2022 |title='Vikram' audio launch: Suriya plays a cameo, Kamal Haasan and Pa Ranjith to collaborate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikram-audio-launch/article65419143.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525215620/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vikram-audio-launch/article65419143.ece |archive-date=25 May 2022 |access-date=30 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSrYFGfPoR0 |title=The Vijay Sethupathi interview – 'Directors should not put up with mediocre acting just because I'm a star' |date=11 September 2021 |last=Das |first=Kishen |author-link=Kishen Das |language=ta |publisher=[[Netflix India]] |time=4:59 |access-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030070509/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSrYFGfPoR0 |archive-date=30 October 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 20 May 1994.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=16}} The first day shoot was at held at [[Vijaya Vauhini Studios]], with Karan and Haasan in a classroom scenario.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S.R. |date=3 August 2007 |title=Emotions interest him |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/08/03/stories/2007080350800100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015082239/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/08/03/stories/2007080350800100.htm |archive-date=15 October 2007 |access-date=15 April 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The scene where Rao reacts to his daughter's death was filmed in one take, and Sethumadhavan chose not to say "[[wiktionary:cut#Interjection|cut]]" at the time.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=14}} For a scene, the crew initially planned to shoot in Ooty; however they finally shot that scene by building a set resembling Ooty in Taramani and Vijaya Studios.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=6 November 1994 |title=சினி சிப்ஸ் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-11-06/page/n49/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230304164835/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-11-06/page/n49/mode/2up |archive-date=4 March 2023 |access-date=11 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Mahesh Mahadevan]]. It was released under the label Music Master.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2017 |title=Nammavar |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nammavar/EASh5hs4jL8_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428085224/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/nammavar/EASh5hs4jL8_ |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nammavar Tamil Audio Cassettes By Magesh |url=https://banumass.com/shop/nammavar-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428085840/https://banumass.com/shop/nammavar-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=11 February 2021 |website=Banumass}}</ref> ''Nammavar'' is the feature film debut for Mahesh, who previously composed advertising [[jingle]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Mukund |date=11 September 1994 |title=On a Song |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kmFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GJQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2391%2C1508777 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526045159/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kmFlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GJQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=2391%2C1508777 |archive-date=26 May 2024 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express|Express Magazine]] |pages=10 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> The song "Sorgam Enbathu Namakku" marked the debut of playback singer [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=10 September 2005 |title=Singing, swinging and swaying |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/singing-swinging-and-swaying/article28182136.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207120922/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/singing-swinging-and-swaying/article28182136.ece |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and was inspired by [[Bobby Day]]'s "[[Little Bitty Pretty One]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Tamil [Other Composers] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190522113005/https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-others.html |archive-date=22 May 2019 |access-date=13 June 2024 |website=[[ItwoFS]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sorgam Enbathu Namakku
| extra1 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Swarnalatha
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 4:28
| title2 = Ethilum Valvlan Da
| extra2 = [[Kamal Haasan]], S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Swarnalatha]]
| lyrics2 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| length2 = 8:21
| title3 = Mannil Engum
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Neol James
| lyrics3 = Pulamaipithan
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Poonnkuyil Paadinal
| extra4 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]]
| lyrics4 = Vairamuthu
| length4 = 5:04
| title5 = Udai Oodu Pirakkavillai
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| lyrics5 = Pulamaipithan
| length5 = 4:38
| total_length = 27:22
}}

== Release ==
''Nammavar'' was released on 2 November 1994, [[Diwali]] day despite initial plans to release in January, during [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2019 |title=25 years of Sarathkumar's 'Nattamai' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25-years-of-sarathkumars-nattamai/articleshow/71863682.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424161508/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/25-years-of-sarathkumars-nattamai/articleshow/71863682.cms |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=24 April 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 October 1994 |title=திரை உலகை காட்டும் வான வேடிக்கை! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1994-10-30/kalki1994-10-30.pdf |access-date=14 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=92–95 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Made on a budget of {{INR}}3.7 crore, the film grossed {{INR}}9.75 crore.{{sfn|26 years of Nammavar|2019|p=22}} The UK version was cut by 5 minutes 8 seconds, making it the most censored film classified for cinema release by the [[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-11846906|title=A Serbian Film is 'most cut' movie in 16 years|date=26 November 2010|work=[[BBC]]|first=Fiona|last=Bailey|access-date=10 February 2026}}</ref> It was later dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Professor Viswam''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gudelli |first=Jalapathy |date=13 January 2021 |title=Master Review: A plodding mass movie! |url=https://telugucinema.com/reviews/master-review-a-plodding-mass-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207102844/https://telugucinema.com/reviews/master-review-a-plodding-mass-movie |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=28 January 2021 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref>

=== Reception ===

Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote on 11 November, "The filmmaker tries to be little different, at times moving away from cliches and conclusions. But he couldn't entirely do without them either."<ref name="IE" /> On 14 November, K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "With its realistic dialogue and quiet humour, ''Nammavar'' looks like a winner for Kamalhassan."<ref name="NST" /> Thulasi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' appreciated the film for various aspects, including Sethumadhavan's direction, the cast performances and the music.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=துளசி |date=20 November 1994 |title=நம்மவர் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1994/nov/20-11-1994/p5.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220814071916/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1994/nov/20-11-1994/p5.jpg |archive-date=14 August 2022 |access-date=25 October 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=5 |language=Ta}}</ref> On 27 November, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' wrote, "Overall, with superb dialogues, beautiful camera work, impressive background score and Kamal's interesting acting enable the film to score".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=335}}

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Award
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee(s)
! Outcome
! {{tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3"|[[42nd National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
| [[B. Venkatarama Reddy]] (Producer)
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="42ndaward" />
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| [[Nagesh]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
| [[Mahesh Mahadevan]] (music director)
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|1994
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] (Second prize)
| B. Venkatarama Reddy
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=335}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award Special Prize]]
| Nagesh
| {{won}}
|}

== Legacy ==
Following the film's release, "Nammavar" became a popular nickname for Haasan among his fans.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=22 February 2018 |title=Ulaganayagan Kamal Haasan now becomes Nammavar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-now-becomes-nammavar/articleshow/63014479.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225184350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ulaganayagan-kamal-haasan-now-becomes-nammavar/articleshow/63014479.cms |archive-date=25 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Karan's performance was considered his ''tour-de-force'' by critics,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=19 July 2018 |title=Karuthamma, Nammavar, Kadhalan, Nattamai — Tamil cinema offered its best in the watershed year of 1994 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karuthamma-nammavar-kadhalan-nattamai-tamil-cinema-offered-its-best-in-the-watershed-year-of-1994-4775931.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026080420/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karuthamma-nammavar-kadhalan-nattamai-tamil-cinema-offered-its-best-in-the-watershed-year-of-1994-4775931.html |archive-date=26 October 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> and he regards the film as a breakthrough in his career.<ref name="Break" /> Film historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]] felt that ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' (1980) and ''Nammavar'' were the "two most representative Tamil films about students".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |author-link=Namrata Joshi |date=27 February 2016 |title=Where is the student in Indian cinema? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/where-is-the-student-in-indian-cinema/article8286171.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706192508/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/where-is-the-student-in-indian-cinema/article8286171.ece |archive-date=6 July 2018 |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In the 2021 film ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'', JD ([[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]) is referred to as the student of Professor Selvam, who he considers as his inspiration and becomes alcoholic after his death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=22 January 2021 |title=Deep Focus: Lokesh Kanagaraj On The Choices He Made For Vijay-Starrer Master |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/master-movie-tamil-lokesh-kanagaraj-the-choices-he-made-thalapathy-vijay-vijay-sethupathi-deep-focus-baradwaj-rangan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205123553/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/tamil-interview/master-movie-tamil-lokesh-kanagaraj-the-choices-he-made-thalapathy-vijay-vijay-sethupathi-deep-focus-baradwaj-rangan/ |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="moviefone">{{Cite web |title=Nammavar Cast and Crew |url=https://www.moviefone.com/movie/nammavar/fJjIbsdimcqDIVHKJcWaC/credits/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426154630/https://www.moviefone.com/movie/nammavar/fJjIbsdimcqDIVHKJcWaC/credits/ |archive-date=26 April 2021 |access-date=26 April 2021 |website=[[Moviefone]]}}</ref>
<ref name="IE">{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=11 November 1994 |title=To Sir, with violence |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E5JlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562%2C3762356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230823024325/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=E5JlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1562,3762356 |archive-date=23 August 2023 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="NST">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=14 November 1994 |title=Another winner for Kamalhassan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AW8WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6592%2C1366739 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607015940/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AW8WAAAAIBAJ&sjid=aRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6592%2C1366739 |archive-date=7 June 2024 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=30 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>
<ref name="42ndaward">{{Cite web |date=1995 |title=42nd National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm42thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523171116/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm42thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=23 May 2015 |access-date=5 March 2012 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Break">{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 February 2008 |title=My First Break |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3022506.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210428061413/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/my-first-break/article3022506.ece |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite web |date=21 October 2019 |title=26 years of Nammavar: 26 Lesser Known facts about Kamal Haasan's landmark Film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/oct/21/26-years-of-nammavar-26-lesser-known-facts-about-kamal-haasans-landmark-film-719.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |ref={{harvid|26 years of Nammavar|2019}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=K. Naresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gt1kAAAAMAAJ&q=nammavar%20kamal |title=Indian Cinema: Ebbs and Tides |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=1995 |isbn=9788124103449}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Supporting Actor National Film Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mahesh Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987

2026-04-08T16:26:15Z

John9200Carter: Stub

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{primary sources|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Indian Constitution TOC}}
The '''Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987''' is an [[Act of Parliament|Act]] of the [[Indian Parliament]] to enforce the provisions of Article 39 A of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] guaranteeing the [[Fundamental rights in India|fundamental rights]] to all the citizens of the country. Article 39 A of the constitution relates to promoting justice on the basis of equal opportunity by providing free legal aid to the sections of society like poor and economically weaker sections who cannot otherwise afford it. Among other things the act deals with pay and qualifications of staff.<ref name="Ministry of Law and Justice (India) - LEGAL SERVICE AUTHORITIES ACT, 1987 (39 of 1987)">{{cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/la/subord/nalsa.htm|title=LEGAL SERVICE AUTHORITIES ACT, 1987 (39 of 1987)|publisher=[[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)]]|access-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> The Act resulted in creation of The [[National Legal Services Authority]] (NALSA) across country.

The act was enacted with effect from 9 November 1987. To commemorate the occasion, 9 November every year is celebrated [[National Legal Services Day in India|National Legal Services Day]] in [[India]].

==History==

Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 was enacted by Parliament of India to provide legal support for free to the poor<ref name="lsa 7">{{cite news |title=legal-aid-little-help-as-1-lawyer-for-161-inmates/articleshow/73749128.cms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/legal-aid-little-help-as-1-lawyer-for-161-inmates/articleshow/73749128.cms |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=30 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="lsa ref7">{{cite news |title=Domestic violence victims struggle to get free legal aid |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/domestic-violence-victims-struggle-to-get-free-legal-aid/articleshow/69640118.cms |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=4 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="lsa ref9">{{cite news |title=Justice for weaker sections of the society |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/justice-for-weaker-sections-of-the-society/article4834155.ece |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=21 June 2013}}</ref> and ensuring that it promotes justice based on equal opportunity, thus getting in effect Article 39-A of constitution.<ref name="lsa ref1">{{cite news |title=Bringing legal aid a step closer home |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/bringing-legal-aid-a-step-closer-home/article2609718.ece |access-date=25 October 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=9 November 2011}}</ref> To promote justice through free legal aid to the poorer, backward and weaker citizens of the country and help promoting justice in society, Constitution of India created Article 39-A. The Act became enforceable from 9 November 1995,<ref name="lsa ref3">{{cite news |title=Justice NV Ramana congratulates legal aid authorities on 25th National Legal Services Day |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/special-story/justice-nv-ramana-congratulates-legal-aid-authorities-on-25th-national-legal-services-day/ |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=indialegallive.com |date=9 November 2020}}</ref> facilitating establishment of countrywide network and provision for free and efficient legal services to the poor and weaker members. The [[National Legal Services Authority]] (NALSA) courts were created across country working as per the provisions of this Act.<ref name="lsa ref2">{{cite news |title=Threat to human rights highest in police stations: Chief Justice of India NV Ramana |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/custodial-torture-still-prevalent-says-cji-ramana-asks-nalsa-to-sensitise-police-officers-1838401-2021-08-08 |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=indiatoday.in |date=8 August 2021}}</ref>

Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 states that every judgement of Lok Adalats Every award made by a Lok Adalat shall be final and binding on all the parties to the dispute, and no appeal shall lie to any court against the award".<ref name="lsa ref11">{{cite news |title=lok-adalats-can-pass-decree-in-criminal-cases-sc/articleshow/10911746.cms |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lok-adalats-can-pass-decree-in-criminal-cases-sc/articleshow/10911746.cms |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=29 November 2011}}</ref>

==Persons Entitled for Legal Aid==

As per section 12 of Legal Services Authorities Act 1987,<ref name="lsa ref6">{{cite news |title=scores-of-people-become-entitled-to-legal-aid-in-sc-as-govt-triples-income-criteria-1988207.html |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/scores-of-people-become-entitled-to-legal-aid-in-sc-as-govt-triples-income-criteria-1988207.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=news18.com |date=1 January 2019}}</ref> free legal aid is available to following categories of citizens:<ref name="lsa ref4">{{cite news |title=Free legal aid is crucial right granted by Constitution; SCs, STs, women among categories of people eligible for provision |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/free-legal-aid-is-crucial-right-granted-by-constitution-scs-sts-women-among-categories-of-people-eligible-for-provision-7034801.html |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=firstpost.com |date=22 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="lsa ref5">{{cite news |title=Role of Legal Services Authorities in times of pandemic |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/role-of-legal-services-authorities-in-times-of-pandemic/ |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=dailyexcelsior.com |date=24 August 2020}}</ref>

-"A person from Scheduled Caste or Scheduled Tribe.

-A person under category of beggar as per Article 23 of the Constitution or a victim of human trafficking.

-Child or a woman.

-Woman who is victim of rape.<ref name="lsa ref8">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/10-rights-every-indian-woman-should-know/articleshow/51303660.cms |access-date=25 October 2021 |publisher=Times of India |date=8 March 2016|title=10 Rights every Indian woman should know - Times of India }}</ref>

-Person with any disability or mentally ill.

-Individual being mass disaster victim, ethnic violence, atrocities due to caste, victims of flood, earthquake or industrial disaster or drought victims.

- Workman from industry.

-In custody, including custody in a protective home within the meaning of clause(g) of Section 2 of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956(104 of 1956); or in a juvenile home within the meaning of clause(j) of Section 2 of the Juvenile Justice Act, 1986 (53 of 1986); or in a psychiatric hospital or psychiatric nursing home within the meaning of clause (g) of Section 2 of the Mental Health Act, 1987(14 of 1987);or

-In receipt of annual income less than rupees nine thousand or such other higher amount as may be prescribed by the state government, if the case is before a court other than the Supreme Court, and less than rupees twelve thousand or such other higher amount as may be prescribed by the central government, if the case is before the Supreme Court."

==Legal Service Types==

Legal Services Authorities Act 1987 as per official website of NALSA, provides that the types of legal services which are available for free includes legal support in matters relating to civil and criminal offences for members from poor and marginalised sections who are unable to afford services of a lawyer for any legal proceeding or representation of any case before any court, tribunal or any legal authority.

Following types of services are covered in legal aid:

-Legal proceedings represented by advocate.

-Document preparation of any pleadings, appeal memo, or paper book which includes for translation and printing of documents towards legal proceeding;

- Expenses incurred for drafting special leave petitions or other legal documents.

- Any service given and amount charged relating to any legal case conducted or proceedings before any court or other Authority or tribunal which are of legal nature and;

- Advises of legal nature.

- In addition to above, payment of fees towards any aid or advice given to the beneficiaries for claiming benefits for the schemes and statues framed by any state government or central government, it can be included under free legal services.

==See also==

[[Fundamental rights in India|* Fundamental Rights in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Adalat}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 1987]]
[[Category:Lok Adalat| ]]

Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom

2026-04-06T08:41:34Z

John9200Carter: New

{{short description|2012 film directed by Balaji Tharaneetharan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
| producer = V. S. Rajkumar
| writer = Balaji Tharaneetharan
| starring = [[Vijay Sethupathi]] [[Gayathrie]] [[Bagavathi Perumal]] [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] Vigneshwaran
| music = '''Music:''' [[Ved Shankar]] '''Background score:''' [[Siddharth Vipin]]
| cinematography = [[C. Prem Kumar]]
| editing = R. Govindaraj
| studio = Leo Vision
| distributor = [[JSK Film Corporation]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|11|30}}
| runtime = 161 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}80 lakhs<ref name="Direct hits">{{Cite web |date=12 May 2013 |title=Direct hits |url=http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/Direct-hits/2013/05/12/article1582607.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629185343/http://newindianexpress.com/magazine/Direct-hits/2013/05/12/article1582607.ece |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=24 May 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}1.8 crore<ref name="Direct hits" />
}}

'''''Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom''''' ({{translation|Some Pages are Missing in Between}}), abbreviated as '''''NKPK''''', is a 2012 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[black comedy]] film, written and directed by [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]] in his directorial debut. Produced by V. S. Rajkumar under the studio Leo Vision, the film stars [[Vijay Sethupathi]] and [[Gayathrie]], as well as debutants [[Bagavathi Perumal]], [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] and Vigneshwaran. It revolves a man who experiences [[anterograde amnesia]] after a head injury two days before his wedding. His friends seek to ensure the wedding happens before he recovers, while concealing the incident from others.

The music and background score of the film were composed by [[Ved Shankar]] and [[Siddharth Vipin]], respectively. The cinematography was handled by [[C. Prem Kumar]], on whose life the film was based, and editing was done by R. Govindaraj. The film was released on 30 November 2012 to positive reviews from critics, and became a box office success. It was remade five times – ''[[Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing]]'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]), ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' ([[Kannada]]), ''[[Medulla Oblongata (film)|Medulla Oblangata]]'' ([[Malayalam]]), ''[[Shu Thayu?]]'' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]) and ''[[Dokyala Shot]]'' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]).

== Plot ==
[[C. Prem Kumar]], T. K. Saraskanth "Saras", [[Balaji Tharaneetharan|Balaji "Bhaji" Tharaneetharan]], and [[Bagavathi Perumal|Bagavathi "Bugs" Perumal]] are close friends. Prem is about to marry Dhanalakshmi "Dhana". Two days before his marriage, the friends decide to play [[cricket]]. Prem, attempting to catch a ball hit by Bhaji, falls and hits his head on the ground but gets back up and says he is fine. After the game, the friends realise that Prem has been muttering the events leading to his injury over and over again. Initially, they think Prem is trying to prank them but later at Bugs' house, they realise that Prem has temporary memory loss due to the injury and has forgotten the past year of his life including his upcoming marriage, Dhana, and even his bike that was stolen a few days back. However, he still recognises his friends.

The trio takes Prem to a local hospital where the doctor diagnoses him with [[anterograde amnesia]] or short-term memory loss and checks him into the hospital. They decide to keep his parents and Dhana uninformed. Bugs' boss arrives at the hospital and recounts the story of a man he knew who developed amnesia after an accident and never recovered. Petrified, the trio decides to leave Bhaji in charge of Prem for the night with the hope he will recover by the next day but the following morning he remains in the same condition. With his [[wedding reception]] that evening and the doctor not agreeing to discharge him, Prem is snuck out of the hospital by the trio. They take him to a hair salon to get him ready for the wedding but are shocked to see Prem's father there. However, they manage to conceal Prem's condition from him. They then take him to his home and nobody suspects anything.

At the reception, the trio finds it challenging to keep Dhana and Prem together since he remembers nothing about her. He keeps remarking how awful Dhana looks, much to her dismay; however, the friends are able to control the situation. Much to Bhaji and Bugs' surprise, Prem starts to obey Saras' commands without question. Later that night, Saras reveals that he helped Prem complete his schoolwork during high school and since then Prem has respected Saras more than anyone. The next day at the marriage, the trio finds themselves in a fix when Prem refuses to tie the [[Mangalasutra|wedding knot]], saying he does not know Dhana and that he cannot forget about a girl he once liked in school. After much persuasion by Saras, he ties the knot. However, the trio's relief is temporary as Prem's condition worsens.

The trio takes Prem back to the hospital where they are reprimanded by the doctor for sneaking him out. However, he is surprised to learn that the wedding was a success. He realises that Prem has not slept well the past few days and gives him sleeping pills to help him sleep. The next day Prem's condition seems to be the same but later he recounts everything, revealing that his memory has returned. The friends celebrate, much to Prem's confusion. He is surprised to know that he is now married and laments how much he looked forward to his wedding but now is unable to remember it.

== Cast ==

{{cast listing|
* [[Vijay Sethupathi]] as [[C. Prem Kumar]]
* [[Gayathrie]] as J. Dhanalakshmi alias Dhana
* [[Bagavathi Perumal]] as himself alias Bugs
* [[Rajkumar (Tamil actor)|Rajkumar]] as [[Balaji Tharaneetharan|Balaji "Bhaji" Tharaneetharan]]
* Vigneshwaran as T. K. Saraskanth alias Saras
* Raju Sivasankaran M as the doctor
* Sundara Raman as Prem's father
* Kannayan
* Usha
* Madhumathi
}}

== Production ==

The film was said to be based on a real-life incident that happened to cinematographer [[C. Prem Kumar]] and described as a humorous tale about a young man who forgets a few days of his life even as he is about to get married.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2012 |title=Andrea sings for Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-23/news-interviews/32803644_1_balaji-tharaneetharan-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-viswaroopam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131031085012/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-23/news-interviews/32803644_1_balaji-tharaneetharan-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-viswaroopam |archive-date=31 October 2013 |access-date=7 August 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Prem Kumar lost his memory, when he was working as an assistant cameraman in the film ''[[Vaaranam Aayiram]]''; two days before his marriage he went to play [[cricket]] with three friends, Saras, [[Bagavathi Perumal]] and [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]], while Prem attempting a catch, he fell, losing his memory temporarily.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Venkadesan |date=22 November 2012 |title=Can't recollect my wedding: C Prem Kumar |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1349000.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211125812/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/article1349000.ece |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Balaji, who was present with him, began writing a script based on the incident, besides directing it as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=10 March 2012 |title=ITSY BITSY |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2981535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724122740/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2981535.ece |archive-date=24 July 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> One of the other witnesses, Bagavathi Perumal agreed to play himself in the film, while the victim Prem Kumar handled the cinematography himself.{{Citation needed|date=March 2025}} [[Vijay Sethupathi]], who portrayed Prem in the film, took two months to master a lengthy dialogue that begins with the lines "Ennachu?" (What happened?).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2013 |title=Vijay Sethupathi two months to master 'Enna Achu' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/did-you-know-/Vijay-Sethupathi-two-months-to-master-Enna-Achu/articleshow/21037815.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927172233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/did-you-know-/Vijay-Sethupathi-two-months-to-master-Enna-Achu/articleshow/21037815.cms |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=8 November 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{Efn|The complete dialogue is "Ennachu? Cricket vilaiyadinom. Nee thaane adicha? Ball mela pochu. Catch pidikalaamnu pinnaidiye ponen. Vittena? Kaal slip aagi keezha vizhunthutena? Okay okay okay. Inga adi patturukum. Inga thaan [[medulla oblongata]] irukku. Inga adippatta, shock la temporary memory loss varum. Chi, adhu onnum prachanai illa da! Konja nerathula adhuvey automatica seri aayidum" ({{translation|What happened? We played cricket. You only struck? The ball went up. I went backward to catch it. I missed? I slipped and fell? Okay okay okay. It must have hurt here. Located here is medulla oblongata. If it hurts here, the shock leads to temporary memory loss. Hell, that is no big deal! In a short while, that will heal on its own}}).}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Ved Shankar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2012|10|26}}
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:48
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Think Music India|Think Music]]
| producer = [[Ved Shankar]]
| prev_title = [[Madhubana Kadai]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Ved Shankar]], a former student of [[KM Music Conservatory]], a music school led by [[A. R. Rahman]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3666067.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121129032858/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3666067.ece |archive-date=29 November 2012 |access-date=16 November 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ved Shankar had composed soundtracks of ''[[Paalai]]'' (2011) and ''[[Madhubana Kadai]]'' (2012) before this film. The background score was composed by [[Siddharth Vipin]]. The album features five tracks, including an [[instrumental]], with lyrics penned by [[Karthik Netha]] and the composer himself. The film created a record of sorts by featuring a song, the lines of which were selected from phrases sent in by more than 1,800 people through [[Facebook]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=18 July 2012 |title=Shot Cuts: Creating a record |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3653494.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720025546/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3653494.ece |archive-date=20 July 2012 |access-date=7 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack was released on 26 October 2012 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] in [[Chennai]], in the presence of the film's cast and crew, with [[Kamal Haasan]] being the event's chief guest.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2012 |title=Dr.Kamal Haasan unveils the audio of movie NPNK |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/chennai/audio-launch-naduvula-konjam-pakk--/articleshow/14820913.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205050815/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/chennai/audio-launch-naduvula-konjam-pakk--/articleshow/14820913.cms |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=16 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Singer-actress [[Andrea Jeremiah]] lent her voice for the [[Promotional recording|promo song]] "O Crazy Minnal",<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=23 July 2012 |title=Andrea sings for Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-23/news-interviews/32803644_1_32803644_1_balaji-tharaneetharan-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-viswaroopam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121755/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-23/news-interviews/32803644_1_32803644_1_balaji-tharaneetharan-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-viswaroopam |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=11 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> an alternate version of "Hey Crazy Penne" from the same film.<ref name=":1" /> The songs, except the title track,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Manigandan |first=K. R. |date=1 December 2012 |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom: Turn these pages for entertainment |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-turn-these-pages-for-entertainment/article4153633.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204195932/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-turn-these-pages-for-entertainment/article4153633.ece |archive-date=4 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> were excluded from the film as Balaji felt they were hampering it's pace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=19 December 2013 |title=Small budget, big impact |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/small-budget-big-impact/article5478272.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306153631/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/small-budget-big-impact/article5478272.ece |archive-date=6 March 2025 |access-date=6 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 15:48
| title1 = Excuse Me Sir
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| lyrics1 = [[Karthik Netha]]
| length1 = 3:41
| title2 = Hey Crazy Penne
| extra2 = [[Ved Shankar]]
| lyrics2 = [[Ved Shankar]]
| length2 = 3:57
| title3 = O Crazy Minnal
| extra3 = [[Andrea Jeremiah]]
| lyrics3 = Karthik Netha
| length3 = 4:26
| title4 = Omelette Potta
| extra4 = Ved Shankar
| lyrics4 = Facebook Fans
| length4 = 2:40
| title5 = Medulla Oblongata
| note5 = Instrumental
| length5 = 1:04
| extra5 = –
| lyrics5 = –
}}

== Marketing and release ==
''Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom'' was due for release on 19 September 2012, with [[Test screening|preview screenings]] being held for critics and personalities from the film industry. The film received positive reviews from the media and various directors and technicians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 September 2012 |title=NKPK celebrity show in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nkpk-celebrity-show-in-chennai-news-tamil-mjtl78gbfcc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921065734/http://www.sify.com/movies/NKPK-celebrity-show-in-Chennai-news-tamil-mjtl78gbfcc.html |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Following its positive reception, the team decided to postpone the film's release to achieve a wider release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2012 |title=NKPK release postponed by a month! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nkpk-release-postponed-by-a-month-news-tamil-mjujSCbejcj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921075305/http://www.sify.com/movies/nkpk-release-postponed-by-a-month-news-tamil-mjujSCbejcj.html |archive-date=21 September 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Furthermore, about 25 minutes of the film were removed after the premiere shows to make it more interesting.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2012 |title=Trimmed NKPK to release on 30th December |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Trimmed-NKPK-to-release-on-30th-December/articleshow/17321959.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126054826/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-22/news-interviews/35301930_1_nkpk-balaji-tharaneetharan-u-certificate |archive-date=26 January 2013 |access-date=22 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> To promote the film, the crew created an online game that could be played on the film's website.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=20 March 2012 |title=Online game for NKPK |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/news-interviews/31214446_1_k-town-online-game-website |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921221835/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-20/news-interviews/31214446_1_k-town-online-game-website |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=11 December 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film was released on 30 November 2012 alongside [[Red Giant Movies]]' ''[[Neerparavai]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2012 |title=Friday Fury – November 30 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-30-news-tamil-ml4juxghbeb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201145529/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-november-30-news-tamil-ml4juxghbeb.html |archive-date=1 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
M. Suganth from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 4 out of 5 and called it an "instant cult comedy that delivers the laughs big time" and added that "the film's real success lies in the genuine rush of feel-good emotion it leaves you with as it ends; it is at once a relief and a celebration".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=1 December 2012 |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/movie-review/17439774.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205045032/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tamil/movie-reviews/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/movie-review/17439774.cms |archive-date=5 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> K. R. Manigandan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that the film was "a winner whichever way you choose to look at it. With just a simple story and a small team of talented newcomers, director Balaji Tharaneetharan has, on a shoestring budget, managed to deliver what even major banners with their big budgets and huge star casts often struggle to make — a wholesome entertainer".<ref name=":0" /> ''Sify'' labelled the film as a "rollicking all new comedy entertainer" and lauded the director for having "come out with no big names, no sleaze, no irrelevant comedy track just pure comedy for the intelligent audiences".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-tamil-15014263.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703101201/http://www.sify.com/movies/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-tamil-15014263.html |archive-date=3 July 2013 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] wrote, "Balaji has successfully recreated a true story on screen with perfection. It's a herculean task on his part to even attempt a story as novel as this one so early on in his career, but thankfully it has worked well in his favour".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title='Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom' – fun unlimited (Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/12/01/106--Naduvula-Konjam-Pakkatha-Kaanom-fun-unlimited-Tamil-Movie-Review-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204115502/http://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/2012/12/01/106--Naduvula-Konjam-Pakkatha-Kaanom-fun-unlimited-Tamil-Movie-Review-.html |archive-date=4 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=Newstrackindia.com |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref>

Vivek Ramz from [[in.com]] rated it 3.5 out of 5 and wrote that "NKPK is jolly, good, fun ride for those who love offbeat entertainers. Go and have a blast!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title=Tamil Review: Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom is a fun ride! |url=http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-review-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-is-a-fun-ride-50147966-in-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121205021110/http://www.in.com/news/entertainment/tamil-review-naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-is-a-fun-ride-50147966-in-1.html |archive-date=5 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[In.com]]}}</ref> ''[[IBNLive]]'' described the film as "simple, straightforward and hilarious" and gave "three cheers to the whole team for making a clean and a good entertainer".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title='Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom' Review: This Tamil film is a hilarious watch |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-this-tamil-film-is-a-hilarious-watch/308253-71-178.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203035839/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-this-tamil-film-is-a-hilarious-watch/308253-71-178.html |archive-date=3 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' named it a "thorough entertainer" and a "must- watch".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=1 December 2012 |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom (Tamil) |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1361828.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121211090737/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/article1361828.ece |archive-date=11 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> A review from ''Samay Live'' said it was the "Best comedy film of the year" and added as "movie highlights the importance of situational comedy and uses it to build one of the best entertaining screenplay of recent times".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2012 |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom Review: Best comedy film of the year |url=http://www.saharasamay.com/entertainment-news/676519090/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-best-comedy-film-of-the-year.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035159/http://www.saharasamay.com/entertainment-news/676519090/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom-review-best-comedy-film-of-the-year.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=6 March 2025 |website=Samay Live}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' give 3/5 and cited director Balaji Tharaneetharan as the hero of the film, who "brings us a novel idea in a light-hearted setting, engages our attention with smart dialogues, and pulls off the caper with neat plot twists".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=3 December 2012 |title=Review: Naduvula Konjam... is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nkpk/20121203.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121206045409/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-nkpk/20121203.htm |archive-date=6 December 2012 |access-date=11 December 2012 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Haricharan Pudipeddi from ''Nowrunning.com'' gave 3.1 out of 5 and said it was "undoubtedly one of the best situational comedies of the year".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pudipeddi |first=Haricharan |date=2 December 2012 |title=Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10353/tamil/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/4001/review.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208010029/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/10353/tamil/naduvula-konjam-pakkatha-kaanom/4001/review.htm |archive-date=8 December 2012 |access-date=13 December 2012 |website=Nowrunning.com}}</ref> Devan Nair of ''[[TimesLIVE]]'' wrote, "''Naduvula Konjam Pakkathu Kaanom'' is a fresh alternative to mainstream commercial cinema. It shows how a low-budget project can be sensibly made".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Devan |date=27 January 2013 |title=Nasty fall leads to a bad case of amnesia gone wrong |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2013-01-27-nasty-fall-leads-to-a-bad-case-of-amnesia-gone-wrong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250319204545/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2013-01-27-nasty-fall-leads-to-a-bad-case-of-amnesia-gone-wrong/ |archive-date=19 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |work=[[TimesLIVE]]}}</ref>

=== Accolades ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Vijay Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[7th Vijay Awards|11 May 2013]]
|Best Debut Director
|[[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mY5eoO3MBxo |title=Vijay Awards 05/31/13 |date=1 June 2013 |publisher=[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]] |access-date=8 March 2025 |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/vijay-awards-31-05-13 |archive-date=25 February 2025 |url-status=dead |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naig |first=Udhav |date=14 May 2013 |title=Stars, big and small |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307073045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/stars-big-and-small/article4714588.ece |archive-date=7 March 2014 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2013 |title=Thuppakki sweeps Vijay Awards! |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513173827/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Thuppakki-sweeps-Vijay-Awards/articleshow/20026331.cms |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=13 May 2013 |title=Dhanush, Samantha win top honours at Vijay Awards |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/13/dhanush-samantha-win-top-honours-at-vijay-awards-476730.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906045642/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2013/may/13/Dhanush-Samantha-win-top-honours-at-Vijay-Awards-476730.html |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=8 March 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |pages=2}}</ref>
|-
|Special Jury Award
|[[Vijay Sethupathi]]
|{{won}}
|}

== Remakes ==
''Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom'' was remade in several Indian languages. These include ''[[Pusthakamlo Konni Pageelu Missing]]'' (2013) in [[Telugu language|Telugu]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2013 |title=Remakes don't kill creativity: Srinivas Mangam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/remakes-don-t-kill-creativity-srinivas-mangam/story-UxJ4BL4O6mlEikuhGwAZDN.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031134547/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/remakes-don-t-kill-creativity-srinivas-mangam/story-UxJ4BL4O6mlEikuhGwAZDN.html |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref> ''[[Kwatle Satisha]]'' (2014) in [[Kannada]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=S M |first=Shashiprasad |date=18 April 2014 |title=Movie review 'Kwatle Satisha': Remake of a different Ghajini! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140418/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kwatle-satisha-remake-different-gajini |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133615/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140418/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-kwatle-satisha-remake-different-gajini |archive-date=31 October 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> ''[[Medulla Oblongata (film)|Medulla Oblangata]]'' (2014) in [[Malayalam]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=George |first=Anjana |date=24 May 2014 |title=Movie review 'Medulla Oblam Katta': Is a wholesome entertainer |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140524/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-medulla-oblam-katta-wholesome-entertainer |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831213137/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140524/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-medulla-oblam-katta-wholesome-entertainer |archive-date=31 August 2018 |access-date=31 October 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Shu Thayu?]]'' (2018) in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jambhekar |first=Shruti |date=24 August 2018 |title=Shu Thayu ? Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/shu-thayu-/movie-review/65527475.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203032312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movie-reviews/shu-thayu-/movie-review/65527475.cms |archive-date=3 February 2019 |access-date=4 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] remake ''[[Dokyala Shot]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matkari |first=Ganesh |date=1 March 2019 |title=Dokyala Shot Movie Review |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/dokyala-shot-movie-review/articleshow/68208050.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926160951/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi-reviews/dokyala-shot-movie-review/articleshow/68208050.cms |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=26 September 2020 |website=[[Pune Mirror]]}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2012 black comedy films]]
[[Category:2012 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Comedy films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films about amnesia]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Siddharth Vipin]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ved Shankar]]
[[Category:Indian black comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language black comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Stone Age

2026-04-01T10:01:05Z

John9200Carter: fix formatting to improve readability and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{Short description|Prehistoric period before metal tools}}
{{Other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox historical era
| name = Stone Age
| location = [[10th millennium BC#Holocene epoch|Global]]
| start = 3.4 MYA
| end = 3000 BC
| duration =
| image = Ggantija Temples, Xaghra, Gozo.jpg
| alt =
| caption = [[Ġgantija]] temples in [[Gozo]], Malta, {{Circa|3600}}–2500 BC, some of the world's oldest free-standing structures
| before = [[Pliocene]]
| including =
| after = {{unbulleted list|[[Bronze Age]]|[[Copper Age]]}}
| monarch =
| leaders =
| presidents =
| primeministers =
| key_events =
}}

{{Stone Age|260}}
{{History of technology sidebar}}

The '''Stone Age''' was a broad [[prehistory|prehistoric]] period during which [[Rock (geology)|stone]] was widely used to make [[stone tool]]s with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4 million years<ref name="nhm.ac.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2010|title=Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed | Natural History Museum|date=18 August 2010}}</ref> and ended between 4000 [[Anno Domini|BC]] and 2000 BC, with the advent of [[metalworking]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stone Age|url=https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/stone-age|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}</ref> Because of its enormous timescale, it encompasses 99% of human history.

Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of [[Goldsmith|gold]] and [[Coppersmith|copper]] for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and [[smelting]] of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goody |first=Jack |title=Metals, Culture, and Capitalism |date=2012}}</ref> In [[Western Asia]], this occurred by about 3000 BC, when [[bronze]] became widespread. The term [[Bronze Age]] is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses.

Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the [[genus]] ''[[Homo]]'', and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Paranthropus]]''. [[Bone tool]]s have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the [[archaeological record]]. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of [[stone tool]]s in use.

The Stone Age is the first period in the [[three-age system]] frequently used in [[archaeology]] to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory (especially in Europe and western Asia) into functional periods, with the next two being the [[Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age]], respectively. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: the earliest and most primitive being the [[Paleolithic]] era; a transitional period with finer tools known as the [[Mesolithic]] era; and the final stage known as the [[Neolithic]] era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from [[hunter-gatherer]] societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting [[List of Neolithic settlements|towns and villages]] as [[Neolithic Revolution|agriculture became widespread]]. In the chronology of prehistory, the Neolithic era usually overlaps with the [[Chalcolithic]] ("Copper") era preceding the Bronze Age.

The [[Archaeology of the Americas]] uses different markers to assign five periods which have different dates in different areas; the oldest period is the similarly named [[Lithic stage]].

{{TOC limit|4}}

==Historical significance==
[[File:Awashrivermap.png|thumb|left|Modern [[Awash River]], Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found]]
{{Human timeline}}

The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus ''[[Homo]]'', with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to ''Homo'' may have manufactured tools.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Kwang Hyun|title=Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution|journal=Anthropological Notebooks|date=2016|volume=22|issue=1|pages=5–22|url=http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2016_1/Anthropological_Notebooks_XXII_1_Ko.pdf}}</ref> According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the [[East African Rift]] System, especially toward the north in [[Ethiopia]], where it is bordered by [[grasslands]]. The closest relative among the other living [[primate]]s, the genus ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'', represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into [[southern Africa]] and also north down the [[Nile]] into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the [[Levant]] to the vast grasslands of Asia.

Starting from about 4 million years ago ([[mya (unit)|mya]]) a single [[biome]] established itself from South Africa through the rift, North Africa, and across Asia to modern China. This has been called "transcontinental 'savannahstan{{'"}} recently.<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=106}}</ref> Starting in the grasslands of the rift, ''[[Homo erectus]]'', the predecessor of modern humans, found an [[ecological niche]] as a tool-maker and developed a dependence on it, becoming a "tool-equipped [[savanna]] dweller".<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=147}}</ref>

==Stone Age in archaeology==

===Beginning of the Stone Age===
[[File:Arrowhead.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Obsidian]] [[projectile point]]]]

The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks; these are 3.4 million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia.<ref name="nhm.ac.uk"/> Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015, identifying what may be the oldest evidence of hominin use of tools known to date, have indicated that ''[[Kenyanthropus]] platyops'' (a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old [[Pliocene]] hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya, in 1999) may have been the earliest tool-users known.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32804177|title=Oldest tools pre-date first humans|first=Rebecca|last=Morelle|author-link=Rebecca Morelle|date=20 May 2015|work=BBC News}}</ref>

The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of [[Lomekwi]] 3 in West [[Turkana County|Turkana]], northwestern Kenya, and date to 3.3 million years old.<ref name="Harmand 2015">{{cite journal|last1=Harmand|first1=Sonia|title=3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya|journal=Nature|date=21 May 2015|volume=521|issue=7552|pages=310–315|doi=10.1038/nature14464|display-authors=etal|pmid=25993961|bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H|s2cid=1207285}}</ref> Prior to the discovery of these "Lomekwian" tools, the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at [[Gona, Ethiopia]], on sediments of the paleo-[[Awash River]], which serve to date them. All the tools come from the Busidama Formation, which lies above a [[disconformity]], or missing layer, which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7 [[mya (unit)|mya]]. The oldest sites discovered to contain tools are dated to 2.6–2.55 mya.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|Semaw|2009|pp=162–163}}</ref> One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late [[Pliocene]], where prior to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the [[Pleistocene]]. Excavators at the locality point out that:<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|Semaw|2009|p=155}}</ref>

{{blockquote|... the earliest stone tool makers were skilled [[flintknappers]] ... The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include ... gaps in the geological record.}}

The species that made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. Fragments of ''[[Australopithecus garhi]]'', ''[[Australopithecus aethiopicus]]'',<ref>As to whether ''aethiopicus'' is the genus ''[[Australopithecus]]'' or the genus ''[[Paranthropus]]'', broken out to include the more robust forms, anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources.</ref> and ''Homo'', possibly ''[[Homo habilis]]'', have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools.<ref>{{harvnb|Rogers|Semaw|2009|p=164}}</ref>

In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery in [[China]] of what may possibly be, if confirmed, the oldest known stone tools outside Africa, estimated at 2.12 million years old.<ref name="NYT-20180711cz">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Archaeologists in China Discover the Oldest Stone Tools Outside Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/science/hominins-tools-china.html |date=11 July 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=13 July 2018 }}</ref>

===End of the Stone Age===
Innovation in the technique of [[smelting]] [[ore]] is regarded as the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the [[Bronze Age]]. The first highly significant metal manufactured was [[bronze]], an alloy of copper and [[tin]] or [[arsenic]], each of which was smelted separately. The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper, but did not yet manufacture bronze, a time known as the [[Copper Age]] (or more technically the [[Chalcolithic]] or Eneolithic, both meaning 'copper–stone'). The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the [[Iron Age]].

The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 and 2500 [[Common Era|BC]] for much of humanity living in [[North Africa]] and [[Eurasia]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The first evidence of human [[metallurgy]] dates to between the [[6th millennium BC|6th]] and [[5th millennium BC|5th millennia]] BC in the archaeological sites of the [[Vinča culture]], including [[Majdanpek]], [[Jarmovac]], [[Pločnik (archaeological site)|Pločnik]], [[Rudna Glava]] in modern-day Serbia.<ref>{{cite journal | journal = [[Journal of World Prehistory]] | year = 2021 | issue = 2 | title = Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC | first1 = Miljana | last1 = Radivojević | first2 = Benjamin W. | last2 = Roberts | volume = 34 | pages = 195–278 | doi = 10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 | s2cid = 237005605 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

[[Ötzi the Iceman]], a [[mummy]] from about 3300 BC, carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife.

In some regions, such as [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age.<ref>{{cite book|author1=S.J.S. Cookey|editor1-last=Swartz|editor1-first=B.K.|editor2-last=Dumett|editor2-first=Raymond E.|title=West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives|date=1980|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=978-90-279-7920-9|page=329|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_Z5N0gmNlsC&q=africa+Stone+Age+was+followed+directly+by+the+iron+age&pg=PA329|access-date=3 June 2016|chapter=An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society}}</ref> The Middle East and [[Southeast Asia]]n regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000 BC.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Europe, and the rest of Asia became post-Stone Age societies by about 4000 BC.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The [[Cultural periods of Peru|proto-Inca]] cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000 BC, when gold, copper, and silver made their entrance. The peoples of the Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting bronze or iron after the Stone Age period, although the technology existed.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Easby|first1=Dudley T.|title=Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=April 1965|volume=109|issue=2|pages=89–98}}</ref> Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area. In Europe and North America, [[millstone]]s were in use until well into the 20th century, and still are in many parts of the world.

===Concept of the Stone Age===
The terms "Stone Age", "Bronze Age", and "Iron Age" are not intended to suggest that advancements and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material, rather than, for example, [[social organization]], [[food sources]] exploited, adaptation to climate, adoption of agriculture, cooking, [[Human settlement|settlement]], and religion. Like [[pottery]], the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of humanity and society. They serve as diagnostics of date, rather than characterizing the people or the society.

[[Lithic analysis]] is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation. It involves the measurement of [[stone tool]]s to determine their typology, function and technologies involved. It includes the scientific study of the [[lithic reduction]] of the raw materials and methods used to make the prehistoric artifacts that are discovered. Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists. In [[experimental archaeology]], researchers attempt to create replica tools, to understand how they were made. [[Flintknapper]]s are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce [[flint]]stone to [[Flint (tool)|flint tool]].

[[File:National park stone tools.jpg|thumb|A variety of [[stone tool]]s]]

In addition to lithic analysis, field prehistorians use a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields. The work of archaeologists in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of geologic specialists in identifying layers of rock developed or deposited over geologic time; of paleontological specialists in identifying bones and animals; of palynologists in discovering and identifying pollen, spores and plant species; of physicists and chemists in laboratories determining ages of materials by [[carbon-14]], [[K–Ar dating|potassium-argon]] and other methods. The study of the Stone Age has never been limited to stone tools and archaeology, even though they are important forms of evidence. The chief focus of study has always been on the society and the living people who belonged to it.

Useful as it has been, the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations. The date range of this period is ambiguous, disputed, and variable, depending upon the region in question. While it is possible to speak of a general 'Stone Age' period for the whole of humanity, some groups never developed metal-[[smelting]] technology, and so remained in the so-called 'Stone Age' until they encountered technologically developed cultures. The term was innovated to describe the [[archaeological culture]]s of Europe. It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the [[Indies]] and Oceania, where [[farmers]] or [[hunter-gatherer]]s used stone for tools until European [[colonisation]] began.

[[File:Kiuruveden reikäkirves - Stone axe of Kiuruvesi.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Stone Age [[hand axe]] engraved with human face found from [[Kiuruvesi]], [[Finland]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/musketti.M012:AKD32380:1#image|title=KM 11708 Kiuruveden kirves; Esinekuva|via=finna.fi|language=fi|access-date=2022-08-21}}</ref>]]

Archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the [[three-age system]] to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe could be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a particular Stone-Age technology. As a description of people living today, the term ''Stone Age'' is controversial. The [[Association of Social Anthropologists]] discourages this use, asserting:<ref>{{cite news | title=ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups | newspaper=ASA News | date=27 August 2007 | publisher=Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth | url=http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa | access-date=31 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114155909/http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa | archive-date=14 November 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref><blockquote>To describe any living group as 'primitive' or 'Stone Age' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind.</blockquote>

===Three-stage system===
In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of [[J. Desmond Clark]]:<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1970|p=22}}</ref>

<blockquote>It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley.</blockquote>

Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best.<ref>{{harvnb|Clark|1970|pp=18–19}}</ref> In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time.

The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and [[Clarence van Riet Lowe]], a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled "Stone Age Cultures of South Africa" in the journal ''Annals of the South African Museum''. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or [[Paleolithic]], and Late Stone Age, or [[Neolithic]] (''neo'' = new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean [[Mesolithic]].<ref>{{harvnb|Deacon|Deacon|1999|pp=5–6}}</ref>

The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see ''[[iron metallurgy in Africa]]''). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was [[copper metallurgy in Africa]] as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies.

By voluntary agreement,{{citation needed|reason=what does this even mean? Which archeologists? What did they agree to? Why? This is very dubious sounding without a good source|date=December 2018}} archaeologists respect the decisions of the [[Pan-African Congress on Prehistory]], which meets every four years to resolve the archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Arnott|first=D. W.|date=June 1959|title=J. Desmond Clark and Sonia Cole (ed.): Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, Livingstone, 1955. xxxix, 440 pp., 7 col. plates. London: Chatto & Windus, 1957. 75s.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=400|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00069135|s2cid=162906190|issn=1474-0699}}</ref> [[Louis Leakey]] hosted the first one in [[Nairobi]] in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later.

===Problem of the transitions===
The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are [[wikt:contiguity|contiguous]] in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort. In archaeology, the relationship is one of [[causality]]. If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A, there must be a boundary between A and B, the A–B boundary. The problem is in the nature of this boundary. If there is no distinct boundary, then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B, an unlikely scenario in the process of [[evolution]]. More realistically, a distinct border period, the A/B transition, existed, in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired. If transitions do not exist, then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B.

The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions. The 19th and early 20th-century innovators of the modern [[three-age system]] recognized the problem of the initial transition, the "gap" between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. [[Louis Leakey]] provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa. The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations. The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions. The burden on African archaeologists became all the greater, because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa. The problem is difficult and ongoing.

After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947, the Three-Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle, to encompass the [[Fauresmith (industry)|Fauresmith]] and [[Sangoan]] technologies, and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later, to encompass the [[Magosian]] technology and others. The chronologic basis for the definition was entirely relative. With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology, the two intermediates turned out to be [[will-of-the-wisp]]s. They were in fact [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle]] and [[Lower Paleolithic]]. Fauresmith is now considered to be a [[facies]] of [[Acheulean]], while Sangoan is a facies of [[Lupemban]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | first=Glynn | last=Isaac | author-link=Glynn Isaac | title=The Earliest Archaeological Traces | editor-first=J. Desmond | series=Volume | editor-last=Clark | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Africa | volume=I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC | page=246 | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 }}</ref> Magosian is "an artificial mix of two different periods".<ref>{{cite book | last=Willoughby | first=Pamela R. | year=2007 | title=The evolution of modern humans in Africa: a comprehensive guide | location=Lanham, Maryland | publisher=AltaMira Press | page=54}}</ref>

Once seriously questioned, the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence, but were officially rejected in 1965 (again on an advisory basis) by Burg Wartenstein Conference #29, ''Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary'',<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=477}}</ref> a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, at Burg Wartenstein Castle, which it then owned in Austria, attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress, including Louis Leakey and [[Mary Leakey]], who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools, to be included in her 1971 contribution to ''Olduvai Gorge'', "Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963."<ref>{{cite web | title=History: Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary | url=http://wennergren.org/history/conferences-seminars-symposia/wenner-gren-symposia/cumulative-list-wenner-gren-symposia/we-23 | publisher=The Wenner-Gren Foundation | access-date=3 March 2011 | archive-date=28 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172827/http://wennergren.org/history/conferences-seminars-symposia/wenner-gren-symposia/cumulative-list-wenner-gren-symposia/we-23 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

However, although the intermediate periods were gone, the search for the transitions continued.

==Chronology==
[[File:Five Myr Climate Change.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5 million years]]

In 1859 [[Jens Jacob Worsaae]] first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish [[kitchen midden]]s that began in 1851.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title=Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}</ref> In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two [[epoch (geology)|epoch]] boundaries on the [[geologic time scale]]:
* The geologic [[Pliocene]]–[[Pleistocene]] boundary (highly glaciated climate)
** The [[Paleolithic]] period of archaeology
* The geologic [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene]] boundary (modern climate)
** [[Mesolithic]] or [[Epipaleolithic]] period of archaeology
** [[Neolithic]] period of archaeology
The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region (and [[archaeological culture|culture]]) to another.

===Three-age chronology===
{{Main|Paleolithic|Human evolution|Three-age system}}
The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός, ''palaios'', "old"; and λίθος, ''[[lithos]]'', "stone" lit. "old stone", coined by archaeologist [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]] and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of "human technological history",<ref name=Thoth&Schick>{{Cite book |title=Handbook of Paleoanthropology | first1=Nicholas | last1=Toth |series=Volume | first2=Kathy | last2=Schick | year=2007 | volume=3 | contribution=21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology | editor-first=H.C. Winfried | editor-last=Henke | editor2-first=Thorolf | editor2-last=Hardt | editor3-first=Ian | editor3-last=Tattersall | location=Berlin; Heidelberg; New York | publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-540-32474-4 | page=1944 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 }}</ref> where "human" and "humanity" are interpreted to mean the genus ''[[Homo]]''), extending from 2.5 or 2.6 million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by [[hominin]]s such as ''[[Homo habilis]]'', to the end of the [[Pleistocene]] around 10,000 BC.<ref name="Thoth&Schick"/> The Paleolithic era ended with the [[Mesolithic]], or in areas with an early [[Neolithic Revolution|Neolithisation]], the [[Epipaleolithic]].

====Lower Paleolithic====
{{main|Lower Paleolithic}}
[[File:Shaping marks on the upper surfaces of object 1033 and on the underlying treetrunk.webp|thumb|[[Kalambo structure]]]]
At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors. A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition, known as the [[Chopping tool|Chopper chopping tool]] industry, is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named ''[[Homo erectus]]''. Although no such fossil tools have yet been found, it is believed that ''H. erectus'' probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone.
About 700,000 years ago, a new Lower Paleolithic tool, the hand axe, appeared. The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the [[Abbevillian Industry|Abbevillian industry]], which developed in northern France in the valley of the [[Somme River]]; a later, more refined hand-axe tradition is seen in the [[Acheulean industry|Acheulian industry]], evidence of which has been found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at [[Olduvai Gorge]] (Tanzania) in association with remains of ''H. erectus''. Alongside the hand-axe tradition, there developed a distinct and very different stone-tool industry, based on flakes of stone: special tools were made from worked (carefully shaped) flakes of flint. In Europe, the [[Clactonian Industry|Clactonian industry]] is one example of a flake tradition. The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the [[Middle Paleolithic]] flake tools of the [[Mousterian Industry|Mousterian industry]], which is associated with the remains of [[Neanderthal Man|Neanderthal man]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439507/Paleolithic-Period | title=Paleolithic Period | Definition, Dates, & Facts| date=7 August 2023}}</ref>

=====Oldowan in Africa=====
{{Main|Oldowan}}
[[File:Canto tallado 2-Guelmim-Es Semara.jpg|thumb|A Mode 1, or Oldowan, [[stone tool]] from the western Sahara]]

The earliest documented [[stone tool]]s have been found in eastern Africa, manufacturers unknown, at the 3.3 million-year-old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya.<ref name="Harmand 2015" /> Better known are the later tools belonging to an [[archaeological industry|industry]] known as [[Oldowan]], after the type site of [[Olduvai Gorge]] in Tanzania.

The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble, or stones like it, with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges. Typically, but not necessarily, small pieces are detached from a larger piece, in which case the larger piece may be called the [[lithic core|core]] and the smaller pieces the [[lithic flake|flakes]]. The prevalent usage, however, is to call all the results flakes, which can be confusing. A split in half is called bipolar flaking.

Consequently, the method is often called "core-and-flake". More recently, the tradition has been called "small flake" since the flakes were small compared to subsequent [[Acheulean#Acheulean stone tools|Acheulean tools]].<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=130}}.</ref>

{{quote|The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}

Another naming scheme is "Pebble Core Technology (PBC)":<ref>{{harvnb|Shea|2010|p=49}}</ref>

{{quote|Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard-hammer percussion.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}

Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers, discoids, polyhedrons, subspheroid, etc. To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained:<ref name=Shea50>{{harvnb|Shea|2010|p=50}}</ref>

{{quote|From a functional standpoint, pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}

However, they would not have been manufactured for no purpose:<ref name=Shea50/>

{{quote|Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting, scraping or chopping tasks, but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp-edged rock.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}

The whole point of their utility is that each is a "sharp-edged rock" in locations where nature has not provided any. There is additional evidence that Oldowan, or Mode 1, tools were used in "percussion technology"; that is, they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with the edge, from which use they were given the name of [[Chopper (archaeology)|choppers]]. Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at [[Sterkfontein]], Member 5 East, in South Africa. As the blood must have come from a fresh kill, the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering. Plant residues bonded to the [[silicon]] of some tools confirm the use to chop plants.<ref name="Barham 2008 132">{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=132}}</ref>

Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown, Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by ''[[Homo habilis]]''. They cannot be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology. They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin. As [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild, and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split, creating an Oldowan tool, the tradition may well be far older than its current record.{{citation needed|reason=Original Research?|date=November 2015}}

Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa the new species ''Homo erectus'' appeared over the range of ''Homo habilis''. The earliest "unambiguous" evidence is a whole [[cranium]], KNM-ER 3733 (a find identifier) from [[Koobi Fora]] in Kenya, dated to 1.78 mya.<ref name=B&M126-127>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|pp=126–127}}.</ref> An early skull fragment, KNM-ER 2598, dated to 1.9 mya, is considered a good candidate also.<ref name=B&M128>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=128}}</ref> Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find, if not impossible, but based on the "long-legged" [[Comparative foot morphology|limb morphology]] shared by ''H. habilis'' and ''[[H. rudolfensis|H. rudolfensis]]'' in East Africa, an evolution from one of those two has been suggested.<ref name=B&M145>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=145}}</ref>

The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland [[savanna]], interspersed with trees and groves, in favor of open grassland, dated 1.8–1.7 mya. During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from around 15–25% to 45%, dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably, which ''H. erectus'' obviously had.<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=146}}.</ref> The ultimate proof is the "dispersal" of ''H. erectus'' "across much of Africa and Asia, substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire".<ref name=B&M145/> ''H. erectus'' carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia.

According to the current evidence (which may change at any time) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6 mya to about 1.5 mya in Africa,<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=112}}</ref> and to 0.5 mya outside of it.<ref>{{harvnb|Shea|2010|p=57}}</ref> The genus Homo is known from ''H. habilis'' and ''H. rudolfensis'' from 2.3 to 2.0 mya, with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora, Kenya, from 1.4 mya. ''H. erectus'' is dated 1.8–0.6 mya.<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=73}}</ref> 

According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by ''Homo'' from unknown [[Hominina|Hominans]], probably ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Paranthropus]]'', who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1 mya. Meanwhile, living contemporaneously in the same regions ''H. habilis'' inherited the tools around 2.3 mya. At about 1.9 mya ''H. erectus'' came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others. Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges, presumably subsisting in different niches, but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which.

=====Oldowan out of Africa=====
Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century, the term "Pre-Acheulean" came into use in [[climatology]]. C. E. P. Brooks, a British climatologist working in the United States, used the term to describe a "chalky boulder clay" underlying a layer of gravel at [[Hoxne]], central England, where Acheulean tools had been found.<ref>{{citation | first=Charles E. P. |last=Brooks | contribution=The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with Those of the Continent of Europe | title=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1917 | year=1919 | location=Washington | publisher=Government Pronting Office | page=277}}</ref> Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known. [[Hugo Obermaier]], a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain, stated:

{{quote|Unfortunately, the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits cannot be positively identified. All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean.}}

This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai; nevertheless, the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts, mainly across Eurasia, that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble-tool.<ref>{{cite book | first=Hugo |last=Obermaier | author-link=Hugo Obermaier |author2=Christine Matthew |author3=Henry Osborne | title=Fossil Man in Spain | location=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press for the Hispanic Society of America | year=1924 | page=272}}</ref>

There are ample associations of Mode 2 with ''H. erectus'' in Eurasia. ''H. erectus'' – Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist, especially in the Far East. One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only ''H. erectus'' reached Eurasia: at [[Yiron]], Israel, Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4 mya,<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|pp=106–107}}</ref> about 0.5 my earlier than the known ''H. erectus'' finds. If the date is correct, either another Hominan preceded ''H. erectus'' out of Africa or the earliest ''H. erectus'' has yet to be found.

After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya, pebble tools date from 2.0 mya at [[Sterkfontein]], Member 5, South Africa, and from 1.8 mya at El Kherba, Algeria, North Africa. The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at [[Yiron]], Israel, at 2.4 mya, [[Riwat]], Pakistan, at 2.0 mya, and Renzidong, South China, at over 2 mya.<ref name=Shea55-57>{{harvnb|Shea|2010|pp=55–57}}</ref> The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta, Pernung Peninsula on [[Java]], dated to 1.8 mya, as ''H. erectus'', suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa, or that, in fact, erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia.<ref name=B&M145/> The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence. Erectus was found also at [[Dmanisi]], Georgia, from 1.75 mya in association with pebble tools.

Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern Europe. They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain, the earliest dated to 1.6 mya at Pirro Nord, Italy. The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time; at 1.6 mya they were lower and covered with grassland (as much of the highlands still are). Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest, a formidable terrain for warm-weather savanna dwellers. Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to ''H. erectus'' or earlier hominins. They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts.

In northern Europe, pebble tools are found earliest at [[Happisburgh]], United Kingdom, from 0.8 mya. The last traces are from [[Kent's Cavern]], dated 0.5 mya. By that time ''H. erectus'' is regarded as having been extinct; however, a more modern version apparently had evolved, ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', who must have inherited the tools.<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=24}}</ref> He{{who?|date=October 2024}} also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4 mya.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, archaeologists worked on the assumption that a succession of hominins and cultures prevailed, that one replaced another. Today the presence of multiple hominins living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proven true; moreover, by the time the previously assumed "earliest" culture arrived in northern Europe, the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous. In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt.

=====Acheulean in Africa=====
{{Main|Acheulean}}
[[File:Raedera.png|thumb|upright|An [[Acheulean]] tool, not worked over the entire surface]]

The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of [[Acheulean]], or Mode 2, [[stone tool]]s. The earliest known instances are in the 1.7–1.6 mya layer at [[Kokiselei]], West Turkana, Kenya.<ref name=B&M128/> At [[Sterkfontein]], South Africa, they are in Member 5 West, 1.7–1.4 mya.<ref name="Barham 2008 132"/> The 1.7 is a fairly certain, fairly standard date. Mode 2 is often found in association with ''H. erectus''. It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced hominin; consequently, they are typically given credit for the innovation.

A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around, except in the case of tools intended to feature a point. More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool. The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a blank. Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard-hammer percussion on an anvil stone. Finally the edge is retouched: small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it. The core can be either the blank or another flake. Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone.

Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1, there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean, which can lead to confusion. Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge. One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes. In contrast to the Oldowan "small flake" tradition, Acheulean is "large flake": "The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes (>10 cm) as blanks for making large cutting tools (handaxes and cleavers) in the Acheulean."<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=130}}</ref> "Large Cutting Tool" (LCT) has become part of the standard terminology as well.<ref name="Shea50"/>

In North Africa, the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery, as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in [[Morocco]] at 0.9 mya.<ref name=Shea55-57/> Archaeological attention, however, shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley, an extension of the East African Rift Valley (the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa). Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit, but Hominans could easily have reached the palaeo-[[Jordan River]] from [[Ethiopia]] along the shores of the [[Red Sea]], one side or the other. A crossing would not have been necessary, but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either [[Gibraltar]] or [[Sicily]].

Meanwhile, Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0 mya mark and also past the extinction of ''H. erectus'' there. The last Acheulean in East Africa is at [[Olorgesailie]], Kenya, dated to about 0.9 mya. Its owner was still ''H. erectus'',<ref name=Shea55-57/> but in South Africa, Acheulean at [[Hopefield, South Africa|Elandsfontein]], 1.0–0.6 mya, is associated with [[Saldanha man]], classified as ''H. heidelbergensis'', a more advanced, but not yet modern, descendant most likely of ''H. erectus''. The Thoman Quarry Hominans in [[Morocco]] similarly are most likely [[Homo rhodesiensis]],<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Quaternary International | issue=223–224 | year=2010 | pages=369–382 | title=Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry I (Casablanca, Morocco): Recent findings and their context | author=Jean-Paul Raynal | url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/hublin/pdf/Raynal%20et%20al%202010%20Quat%20Intl.pdf | display-authors=etal | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.011 | volume=223–224 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228231758/http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/hublin/pdf/Raynal%20et%20al%202010%20Quat%20Intl.pdf | archive-date=28 February 2011 | df=dmy-all | bibcode=2010QuInt.223..369R }}</ref> in the same evolutionary status as ''H. heidelbergensis''.


=====Acheulean out of Africa=====
Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at '[[Ubeidiya prehistoric site|Ubeidiya]], Israel, a site now on the [[Jordan River]], then frequented over the long term (hundreds of thousands of years) by [[Homo]] on the shore of a variable-level palaeo-lake, long since vanished. The geology was created by successive "transgression and regression" of the lake<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=9}}</ref> resulting in four cycles of layers. The tools are located in the first two, Cycles Li (Limnic Inferior) and Fi (Fluviatile Inferior), but mostly in Fi. The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna, which makes it possible to date them. They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy, known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta, dated to 1.6–1.2 mya.<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|pp=119–120}}</ref>

At 'Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators, an activity that has been termed "scavenging".<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=149}}</ref> There are no living floors, nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow. These activities cannot be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans. Their interests were selective: they were primarily harvesting the meat of [[Cervid]]s,<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=147}}</ref> which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill.

The majority of the animals at the site were of "Palaearctic biogeographic origin".<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=67}}</ref> However, these overlapped in range on 30–60% of "African biogeographic origin".<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=21}}</ref> The [[biome]] was Mediterranean, not savanna. The animals were not passing through; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges. Of the Hominans, ''H. erectus'' left several cranial fragments. Teeth of undetermined species may have been ''H. ergaster''.<ref>{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=20}}</ref> The tools are classified as "Lower Acheulean" and "Developed Oldowan". The latter is a disputed classification created by [[Mary Leakey]] to describe an Acheulean-like tradition in Bed II at [[Olduvai Gorge|Olduvai]]. It is dated 1.53–1.27 mya. The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5 mya; 1.4 is often given as a date. This chronology, which is definitely later than in Kenya, supports the "out of Africa" hypothesis for Acheulean, if not for the Hominans.

[[File:Biface (trihedral) Amar Merdeg, Mehran, Ilam, Lower Paleolithic, National Museum of Iran.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Biface (trihedral) from [[Amar Merdeg]] at [[Zagros]] foothill, [[Ilam, Iran|Ilam]], National Museum of Iran]]

From Southwest Asia, as the Levant is now called, the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward, arriving at [[Isampur]], India, about 1.2 mya. It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia. There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1 mya, called the [[Movius Line]], after its proposer, [[Hallam L. Movius]]. On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues, but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1, with flaking down the sides. In Athirampakkam at [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] the Acheulean age started at 1.51 mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe.<ref>{{cite web|title=Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/25/stories/2011032564021300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823111619/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/25/stories/2011032564021300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-03-25|archive-date=2011-08-23}}</ref>

The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative, whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology, but after 1 mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean. For example, the Acheulean site at Bose, China, is dated 0.803±3K mya.<ref>{{cite web | title=Bose, China | work=What Does It Mean to be Human? | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History | url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/research/asian-research/bose-china| date=28 January 2010 }}</ref> The authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown, as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in.

There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west; nevertheless, Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East. The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain, dated to greater than 0.9 mya. Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found there also.<ref>{{cite journal | first=Rex | last=Dalton | title=Europe's oldest axes discovered | journal=Nature News | date=2 September 2009 | url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/news.2009.878.html | doi=10.1038/news.2009.878| url-access=subscription }}</ref> The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near [[Anagni]] in Italy dated to 0.45 mya, which is generally linked to ''[[Homo cepranensis]]'', a "late variant of ''H. erectus''", a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby, dated 0.46 mya.<ref>{{cite journal | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=286 | issue=1–2 | year=2009 | pages=255–268 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032 |author=Giovanni Muttoni | title=Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy | url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~dvk/dvk_REPRINTS/Muttoni+2009b.pdf|display-authors=etal | bibcode=2009E&PSL.286..255M}}</ref>

====Middle Paleolithic====
{{main|Middle Paleolithic}}
This period is best known as the era during which the [[Neanderthal]]s lived in Europe and the Near East (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the [[Mousterian]], but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent [[Châtelperronian]] archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the [[Szeletian]] in Eastern Europe/Eurasia. There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa, Australia or the Americas.

Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised [[ritual]] burial indicating an organised society. The earliest evidence ([[Mungo Man]]) of settlement in Australia dates to around [[Prehistory of Australia|40,000 years ago]] when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate. The [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old.

====Upper Paleolithic====
{{main|Upper Paleolithic}}
[[File:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|thumb|[[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]] found in the north-west [[Kimberley region of Western Australia]]]]

From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe, the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era (the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]]). Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic.

The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments. During period between 35 and 10 kya evolved: from 38 to 30 kya [[Châtelperronian]], 40–28 [[Aurignacian]], 28–22 [[Gravettian]], 22–17 [[Solutrean]], and 18–10 [[Magdalenian]]. All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans. Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate.

Most scholars date the arrival of [[Indigenous Australians|humans in Australia]] at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago. The earliest [[modern human|anatomically modern human]] remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of [[Mungo Man]]; they have been dated at 42,000 years old.<ref name = "pmid1259451">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature01383| pmid = 12594511| title = New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia| journal = Nature| volume = 421| issue = 6925| pages = 837–840| year = 2003| last1 = Bowler | first1 = J.M. | last2 = Johnston | first2 = H. | last3 = Olley | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Prescott | first4 = J. R. | last5 = Roberts | first5 = R. G. | last6 = Shawcross | first6 = W. | last7 = Spooner | first7 = N. A. | bibcode = 2003Natur.421..837B| s2cid = 4365526}}</ref><ref name = "doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022">{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022| title = Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia| journal = Quaternary Science Reviews| volume = 25| issue = 19–20| pages = 2469–2474| year = 2006| last1 = Olley | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Roberts | first2 = R. G. | last3 = Yoshida | first3 = H. | last4 = Bowler | first4 = J. M. | bibcode = 2006QSRv...25.2469O}}</ref>

The Americas were colonised via the [[Bering land bridge]] which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels. These people are called the [[Paleo-Indians]], and the earliest accepted dates are those of the [[Clovis culture]] sites, some 13,500 years ago. Globally, societies were [[hunter-gatherer]]s but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments.

====Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic====
{{main|Epipaleolithic|Mesolithic}}
The period starting from the end of the last [[ice age]], 10,000 years ago, to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources. The development of Mode 5 ([[microlith]]) tools began in response to these changes. They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools, hence the term Epipaleolithic, or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, hence the term [[Mesolithic]] (Middle Stone Age), used for parts of Eurasia, but not outside it. The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site. Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools, resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements, such as [[Lepenski Vir]]. Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period.

The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as [[Cemetery 117]].

====Neolithic====
{{Main|Neolithic}}
[[File:Skara Brae house 9.jpg|thumb|[[Skara Brae]], Scotland: Europe's most complete [[Neolithic]] village]]
[[File:Fleche Cartailhac MHNT PRE 2009.0.9232.1.jpg|thumb|Different views of one arrowhead from [[chert]], 3300 to 2400 BC, [[Saint-Léons]], France]]

The [[Neolithic]], or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called [[Neolithic Revolution]]: the development of [[pottery]], polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as [[Göbekli Tepe]] and [[Çatalhöyük]]. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000 BC in the [[Fertile Crescent]] and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of [[Oryza sativa|rice]] in the Far East being others.

Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping. [[Skara Brae]], located in [[Orkney]], [[Scotland]], is one of Europe's best examples of a Neolithic village. The community contains stone beds, shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls, e.g., Jericho ([[Tell es-Sultan]]) and ceremonial sites, e.g. [[Stonehenge]]. The [[Ġgantija]] temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free-standing structures in the world, erected {{Circa|3600}}–2500 BC. The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the [[Neolithic]] with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles.

These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate.<ref>{{Cite book | first=Ian | last=Kuijt | editor-first=Ian |editor-last=Kuijt | year=2000 | title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and differentiation | contribution=Chapter 13: Near Eastern Neolithic Research: Directions and Trends | series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology | page=317 | location=New York | publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers }}</ref> Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the [[Ancient Hawaii]]ans, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and [[egalitarian]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives | editor-first=Leonard D. | editor-last=Katz |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=inmTyPPdR5oC&q=Neolithic+egalitarianism&pg=RA1-PA158 | year=2000 | first=Christopher | last=Boehm | contribution=The Origin of Morality as Social Control | location=Thorverton | page=158 | publisher=Imprint Academic | series=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=7 | isbn=978-0-7190-5612-3 }}</ref> A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the [[Paleolithic]] cultures that preceded them.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&q=paleolithic+history+violence&pg=PA422 | title=The Nature of Paleolithic Art | first=Russell Dale | last=Guthrie | pages=419–420 | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-226-31126-5}}</ref>

===African chronology===
{{main|African archaeology}}

====Early Stone Age (ESA)====
{{main|Paleolithic|Lower Paleolithic}}
[[File:Obsidienne biface ethiopie.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area, Ethiopia]]

The [[Africa#Early Stone Age Africa|Early Stone Age in Africa]] is not to be identified with "Old Stone Age", a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the "Earlier Stone Age" that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in Africa to the [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper]] and [[Middle Paleolithic]]. However, since then [[Radiocarbon dating]] has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | first=J. Desmond | last=Clark | author-link=J. Desmond Clark | title=The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age | editor-first=J. Desmond | series=Volume | editor-last=Clark | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Africa | volume=I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC | page=248 | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 }}</ref> The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the [[Lower Paleolithic]] and happens to include the same main technologies, [[Oldowan]] and [[Acheulean]], which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 [[stone tool]]s respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology.

====Middle Stone Age (MSA)====
{{main|Middle Stone Age}}
The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age. It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago.<ref>McBrearty and Brooks 2000</ref> It is considered as an equivalent of European [[Middle Paleolithic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/bf02e3.html|title=Biological origins of modern humans}}</ref> It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. Early physical evidence comes from Omo<ref>McDougall et al. 2005</ref> and Herto,<ref>White et al. 2003</ref> both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka.

====Later Stone Age (LSA)====
{{main|Later Stone Age}}
The Later Stone Age (LSA, sometimes also called the '''Late Stone Age''') refers to a period in African prehistory. Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic. It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions.

==Material culture==
===Tools===
[[Stone tool]]s were made from a variety of stones. For example, [[flint]] and [[chert]] were shaped (or ''[[chipped stone|chipped]]'') for use as cutting tools and [[weapon]]s, while [[basalt]] and [[sandstone]] were used for [[ground stone]] tools, such as [[quern-stone]]s. Wood, bone, [[Exoskeleton|shell]], [[antler]] (deer) and other materials were widely used, as well. During the most recent part of the period, [[sediment]]s (such as [[clay]]) were used to make [[pottery]]. Agriculture was developed and certain animals were [[Domestication|domesticated]] as well.

Some species of non-[[primate]]s are able to use stone tools, such as the [[sea otter]], which breaks [[abalone]] shells with them. [[Primate]]s can both use and manufacture stone tools. This combination of abilities is more marked in [[ape]]s and humans, but only humans, or more generally [[hominin]]s, depend on tool use for survival.<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=74}}</ref> The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture, which are possessed only by hominins, are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips.<ref>{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=108}}</ref>

===Food and drink===
{{main|Paleolithic diet|Paleolithic#Diet and nutrition|l2=Paleolithic diet and nutrition}}
Food sources of the Palaeolithic [[hunter-gatherer]]s were wild plants and animals harvested from the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. They liked animal [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] meats, including the [[liver]]s, [[kidney]]s and [[brain]]s. Large seeded [[legume]]s were part of the human diet long before the [[Neolithic Revolution|agricultural revolution]], as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the [[Mousterian]] layers of [[Kebara Cave]], in Israel.<ref name="doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006">{{cite journal |first1=Efraim |last1=Lev | first2=Mordechai E. |last2=Kislev|first3= Ofer |last3=Bar-Yosef |title=Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=475–484 |date=March 2005 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006 | bibcode=2005JArSc..32..475L}}</ref> Moreover, recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the [[Upper Paleolithic]].<ref name="pmid15295598">{{cite journal|first1=Dolores R. |last1=Piperno |first2=Ehud |last2=Weiss |first3=Irene |last3=Holst |first4=Dani |last4=Nadel |title=Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7000 |pages=670–673 |date=5 August 2004 |pmid=15295598 |doi=10.1038/nature02734 |url=http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/Ohalo%20II%20Nature.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504082225/http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/Ohalo%20II%20Nature.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2011 |bibcode=2004Natur.430..670P |s2cid=4431395 }}</ref> An example of grain-based Stone Age food is [[flatbread]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colin Barras |title=Stone Age bread predates farming |journal=New Scientist |volume=239 |issue=3187 |pages=6 |date=21 July 2018 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931873-800-stone-age-bakers-made-first-bread-thousands-of-years-before-farming/ |bibcode=2018NewSc.239....6B |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(18)31274-0 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220111654/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931873-800-stone-age-bakers-made-first-bread-thousands-of-years-before-farming/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Near the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, mass extinction of [[Megafauna]] such as the [[woolly mammoth]] occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. This was the first [[Holocene extinction event]]. It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of [[agricultural practices]], plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet. A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction: certainly over-hunting, but also deforestation and climate change.<ref>{{Cite book | editor-first=Samuel T. | editor-last=Turvey | first=Samuel T. |last=Turvey | title=Holocene Extinctions | contribution=Chapter 2: In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene | series=Oxford Biology | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2009 | pages=16–17 }}</ref> The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment.

===Shelter and habitat===
Around 2 million years ago, ''[[Homo habilis]]'' is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]], near [[Nice]], France. (Concerns about the dating have been raised: see [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]].) Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe, including:
* A tent-like structure inside a cave near the [[Grotte du Lazaret]], Nice, France.
* A [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|structure]] with a roof supported with timber, discovered in [[Dolní Věstonice]], the [[Czech Republic]], dates to around 23,000 BC. The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones.
* Many huts made of [[mammoth]] bones have been found in East-Central Europe and [[Siberia]]. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along the [[Dniepr]] river valley of [[Ukraine]], including near [[Chernihiv]], in [[Moravia]], Czech Republic and in southern Poland.
* An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to [[10000 BCE|10000 BC]], in the [[Magdalenian]], was discovered at Plateau Parain, France.

===Art===
[[Prehistoric art]] is visible in the artifacts. [[Prehistoric music]] is inferred from found instruments, while [[parietal art]] can be found on rocks of any kind. The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings. The art may or may not have had a religious function.<ref name="Ranger1976">{{cite book|last1=Ranger|first1=Terence O.|last2=Kimambo|first2=Isaria N.|title=The Historical Study of African Religion|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03179-1|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPcGrcVAlowC&pg=PA30|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>

====Petroglyphs====
{{main|Petroglyph}}
[[File:Aboriginal rock carvings, Terrey Hills, New South Wales, Sydney - Wiki0157.jpg|thumb|Petroglyph in [[Sydney]], Australia]]

[[Petroglyph]]s appeared in the [[Neolithic]]. A Petroglyph is an [[intaglio (sculpture)|intaglio]] abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods, usually by prehistoric peoples. They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols. Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world, including Australia ([[Sydney rock engravings]]), Asia ([[Bhimbetka|Bhimbetka, India]]), North America ([[Death Valley National Park]]), South America ([[Cumbe Mayo]], Peru), and Europe ([[Rock carvings at Alta|Finnmark, Norway]]).

====Rock paintings====
{{main|Cave painting}}
In Paleolithic times, mostly animals were painted, in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength, such as the [[rhinoceros]] or large [[Felidae|cats]] (as in the [[Chauvet Cave]]). Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include handprints and half-human/half-animal figures. The Cave of Chauvet in the [[Ardèche]] department, France, contains the most important cave paintings of the Paleolithic era,<ref>{{cite web|date=12 February 2017|first=Emma|last=Groeneveld |title=Chauvet Cave|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Chauvet_Cave/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=24 July 2019}}</ref> dating from about 36,000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Anita |last1=Quiles |first2=Hélène |last2=Valladas |first3=Hervé |last3=Bocherens |first4=Emmanuelle |last4=Delqué-Kolic |first5=Evelyne |last5=Kaltnecker |first6=Johannes |last6=van der Plicht |first7=Jean-Jacques |last7=Delannoy |first8=Valérie |last8=Feruglio |first9=Carole |last9=Fritz |first10=Julien |last10=Monney |first11=Michel |last11=Philippe |first12=Gilles |last12=Tosello |first13=Jean |last13=Clottes |first14=Jean-Michel |last14=Geneste |display-authors=6 |title=A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France |journal=PNAS |volume=113 |issue=17 |pages=4670–4675 |date=11 April 2016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1523158113 |doi-access=free |pmid=27071106 |pmc=4855545 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.4670Q }}</ref><ref name="Netburn">{{cite news|last1=Netburn|first1=Deborah|title=Chauvet cave: The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-chauvet-caves-timeline-20160412-story.html|access-date=22 December 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 2016}}</ref> The [[Altamira (cave)|Altamira]] cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others, [[bison]]s. The hall of bulls in [[Lascaux]], Dordogne, France, dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC.

[[File:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|thumb|Rock painting at [[Bhimbetka]], India, a [[World Heritage Site]]]]

The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown. They may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as [[calendar]] or [[almanac]] use, but the evidence remains interpretative.<ref>{{cite book | first=Amir D. | last=Aczel | title=The Cave and the Cathedral: How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man | place=Hoboken | publisher=John Wiley & Sons | pages=157–158 | year=2000 }}</ref>

Some scenes of the Mesolithic, however, can be typed and therefore, judging from their various modifications, are fairly clear. One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers. For example, "the marching warriors", a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola, [[Castellón de la Plana|Castellón]] in Spain, dated to about 7,000–4,000 BC, depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other, each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other. A file of five men leads one band, one of whom is a figure with a "high crowned hat".

In other scenes elsewhere, the men wear head-dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude. Some scenes depict the dead and wounded, bristling with arrows.<ref>{{cite book | pages=48–51 | title=Rock art of the Spanish Levant | first=Antonio Beltrán | last=Martínez | series=The Imprint of Man | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 | orig-year=1979}}</ref> One is reminded of [[Ötzi the Iceman]], a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier, who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back.{{opinion|date=October 2024}}

===Stone Age rituals and beliefs===
{{main|Paleolithic religion|Prehistoric religion|Mother goddess}}
[[File:Paulnabrone.jpg|thumb|[[Poulnabrone dolmen]] in [[County Clare]], Ireland]]

Modern studies and the in-depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain [[ritual]]s and [[belief]]s of the people in those prehistoric times. It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food, body coverings, and shelters. Specific [[Ritual|rite]]s relating to death and burial were practiced, though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kilroy |first1=Debbie |title=Death in the Stone Age |url=https://gethistory.co.uk/articles/prehistory/stone-age/death-in-the-stone-age |website=gethistory.co.uk |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> [[Megalithic tomb]]s, multichambered, and [[dolmen]]s, single-chambered, were [[Grave (burial)|graves]] with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the [[Neolithic]] and the [[Bronze Age]].

==Modern popular culture==
[[File:Каменный век (1).jpg|thumb|Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age, by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]]]]

The image of the [[caveman]] is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called ''[[Walking with Cavemen]]'', but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and [[dinosaur]]s coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as ''[[The Flintstones]]'', ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' and ''[[Chuck Rock]]'', the notion of hominids and non-[[bird|avian]] dinosaurs [[Human–dinosaur coexistence|co–existing]] is not supported by any scientific evidence. (See: [[Young Earth creationism]] and [[Discovery of human antiquity|Human antiquitism]])

Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best-selling ''[[Earth's Children]]'' series of books by [[Jean M. Auel]], which are set in the [[Paleolithic]] and are loosely based on archaeological and [[anthropology|anthropological]] findings.

The 1981 film ''[[Quest for Fire (film)|Quest for Fire]]'' by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire. A 21st-century series, ''[[Chronicles of Ancient Darkness]]'' by [[Michelle Paver]] tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan.

==See also==
{{Portal|History}}
* [[List of Stone Age art]]
* [[Prehistoric warfare]]
* [[Timeline of prehistory]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|23em}}

==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | first1=Lawrence | last1=Barham | first2=Peter | last2=Mitchell | title=The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers | year=2008 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Cambridge World Archaeology}}
* {{cite book | first=Miriam | last=Belmaker | title=Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis) | date=March 2006 | publisher=Paleoanthropology Society | url=http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf | access-date=19 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044435/http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf | archive-date=30 April 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book | first=J. Desmond | last=Clark | title=The Prehistory of Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofafri00clar | url-access=registration | series=Ancient People and Places, Volume 72 | location=New York; Washington | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=1970}}
* {{cite book | last1=Deacon | first1=Hilary John | first2=Janette | last2=Deacon | year=1999 | title=Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age | location=Walnut Creek, California [u.a.] | publisher=Altamira Press}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Camps i Calbet |editor-first=Marta | editor2-first=Parth R. | editor2-last=Chauhan |year=2009 | title=Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations | location=New York | publisher=Springer |first1=Michael J. | last1=Rogers | first2=Sileshi | last2=Semaw | contribution=From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record}}
* {{Cite book | first=John J. | last=Shea | contribution=Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal | pages=47–64 | editor-first=John G. | editor-last=Fleagle | editor2-first=John J. | editor2-last=Shea | editor3-first=Frederick E. | editor3-last=Grine | editor4-first=Andrea L. | editor4-last=Boden | editor5-first=Richard E | editor5-last=Leakey | title=Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia | year=2010 | location=Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York | publisher=Springer}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | first=Salvatore | last=Piccolo | title=Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily | location=Thornham/Norfolk (UK)| publisher=Brazen Head Publishing | year=2013}}
* {{Cite book|editor-last=Scarre|editor-first=Christopher |year=1988|title=Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology|publisher=Times Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-7230-0306-9}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Schick|first1=Kathy D.|first2=Nicholas|last2= Toth|title=Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|year=1993|isbn=978-0-671-69371-8}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Americana Poster}}
{{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Stone Age
|viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}
*''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74170 The Stone Age in North America]'' Vol. 1 of 2, [[Warren K. Moorehead]] 1910, Boston: Houghton Mifflin company
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626045040/http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm ''The Stone Age''] Robert A. Giusepi, 2000. History World International
* {{cite web | title=Stone Age Hand-axes | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | access-date=22 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317061830/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | archive-date=17 March 2011 | url-status=usurped }}
* {{cite web | title=Stone Age Habitats | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | access-date=22 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081415/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | archive-date=17 March 2011 | url-status=usurped }}
* {{cite web | title=PanAfrican Archaeological Association | url=http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php/ | access-date=28 February 2011}}
* {{cite web | title=Society of Africanist Archaeologists | url=http://www.safa.rice.edu/ | access-date=3 March 2011 | archive-date=17 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417165203/http://safa.rice.edu/ | url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web | title=The ASA | url=http://www.theasa.org/ | publisher=Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth}}
* [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).
{{Three-age system of Archaeology}}
{{Prehistoric technology| state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Stone Age| ]]
[[Category:Holocene]]
[[Category:Pliocene]]

St. Britto High School, Mapusa

2026-03-29T17:12:24Z

John9200Carter: creating new info

{{more citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Britto High School, Mapusa
| native_name =
| other_name = {{ubl|St. Britto|St. Britto's}}
| former_name = Sacred Heart High School
| logo = BrittoHSIndia.jpg
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| caption =
| motto = {{langx|la|Facta Non Verb}}
| motto_translation = Deed, not words
| location = [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|15|35|34|N|73|48|42|E|display=title,inline|type:edu_region:IN-GA}}
| type = [[Private school|Private]] primary and secondary school
| grades = 1-10
| gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]
| patron = St. [[John de Britto]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1946|06|22|df=y}}
| school_number =
| principal = Fr. Bazil Vago, SJ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gbshse.net/#/recognized-institutes-details|title=GBSHSE - eforms}}</ref>
| staff = 42 teachers
| website = {{URL|http://www.stbritto.com}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic|Catholicism]]
| denomination = [[Jesuits]]
| viceprincipal =
| authority = Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary
}}

'''St. Britto High School, Mapusa'''. commonly known as '''St. Britto''' or '''St. Britto's''', is a [[private school|private]] [[Catholic school|Catholic]] kindergarten, primary and secondary school for boys located in [[Mapusa]], [[Goa]], on the west coast of [[India]]. It was founded in 1946 and is run by the [[Society of Jesus]] (Jesuits). It is all-boys and includes nursery till grade ten.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icbse.com/schools/st-brittos-hs/30010200209|title=St Brittos Hs School, Mapusa, North Goa - Goa|website=iCBSE|language=en|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> In 2017 all 142 graduates passed the secondary exam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/.../SSC-Result-Booklet-March-2017.pdf|title=[PDF]GOA SSC result booklet - Government of Goa|access-date=8 September 2017}}</ref>

==History==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
[[Indo-Portuguese]] historian Dr. [[Teotonio de Souza]], part of the school's staff in the 1970s, says this was the third institution set up by the Jesuits in Goa. Its founding was assisted by Valentino Pinto, a wine-merchant of Mapusa. Initially, the school was called Sacred Heart High School. Its original owner faced difficulties in staffing and running it, and handed it over to the Jesuits on 22 June 1946, in [[Portugal|Portuguese]]-ruled Goa. Dom Caetano Menezes, the owner of St. Mary's school nearby, also handed over his institution to the Jesuits. The school's name was changed to '''St. Britto High School''' on 18 May 1948.

==Early days==
Dr. Teotonio R. de Souza suggests that the reputation of the Jesuits in Goa had been on the rise with their management of Theotonio High School, owned by the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Goa Archdiocese]].

Fr. Sylvester D'Souza was the first principal of the schools taken over, and both were initially co-educational. The Jesuits transferred the girls from the schools to the [[Apostolic Carmel]] (AC) nuns, already active in education in Goa, who went on to form the [[St. Mary's Convent High School, Goa|St. Mary's Convent High School]], also at Mapusa along the Altinho hilltop where St. Britto is itself located.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com/mission|title=Stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com|website=www.stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

Initially, St Britto's functioned from the Bardez Gymkhana site. Priests running the school and boarders rented houses atop the hill, an inconvenient arrangement especially during Goa's torrential monsoons. The new site of the school was purchased from Cipriano da Cunha Gomes. The Goa Archdiocese assisted construction with a loan. Fr. Ubaldo de Sá, of [[Moira, Goa|Moira]], is credited with the construction.

The school's large facade dominates the town of Mapusa from a distance.<ref>{{Citation|last=Sankalpkanyalkar|title=English: View of Mapusa circle|date=2015-05-08|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mapusa_circle.jpg|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

==Coat of arms ==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
The School Coat of Arms is divided thus: At the top, against a field of blue, is the monogram of the [[Society of Jesus]], in a golden sun: IHS (the Greek shortform for the name of [[Jesus]]), surmounted by a cross. Below that, against a field of golden yellow, are the palms of martyrdom, which pay tribute to the Patron of the School, St. [[John de Britto]]. A red chevron separates the lamp of learning (to dispel darkness and ignorance) at the bottom of the coat of arms. At the bottom is the school motto, "''Facta non Verba''" on the scroll below the coat of arms, which means ''Deeds Not Words''.

==Activities and sports==
The school has a Consumer Club and Eco Club, but emphasizes seasonal events and celebrations in which the whole school participates: Swachha Bharat Day, St. Ignatius day, Goa Liberation Day, and Christmas festivities including a carol competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com/extra-curricular-activities|title=Stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com|website=www.stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

Intramural sports include football,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/dempo-sc-renew-partnership-st-brittos-high-school/|title=Dempo SC renew partnership with St Britto's High School|website=www.navhindtimes.in|date=12 September 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref> table tennis, badminton, chess, and basketball. Students are also trained after school hours in cricket, basketball, [[kabaddi]], touch rugby, throw ball, net ball, [[sepak takraw]], and boxing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com/sports|title=Stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com|website=www.stbrittohighschoolmapusa.com|access-date=2017-09-08}}</ref>

==Headmasters==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2025}}
{{col-begin|width=96%}}
{{col-break|width=48%}}
* Fr.Sylvester D'Souza, SJ 1946–1949
* Fr.Irineu Lobo, SJ 1949–1950
* Fr.Edward V D'Souza, SJ 1950–1951
* Fr.Peter Mendonça, SJ 1951–1952
* Fr.Edward V D'Souza 1952–1962
* Fr.Lino D'Souza, SJ 1962–1964
* Fr.Mario C de Meyrelles, SJ 1964–1973 {{pad|5ex}}
{{col-break|width=48%}}
* Fr.Teotonio de Sales, SJ 1973–1976
* Fr.Vincent Gomes Catao, SJ 1976–1982
* Fr.Anil Soares, SJ 1982–1988
* Fr.Joe Palliparambil, SJ 1988–1990
* Fr.Abraham Painumkal, SJ 1990–1999
* Fr.Apollo Cardozo, SJ 1999–2011
* Fr.Cedric Fernandes: 2011–2020
* Fr. Simon L de Melo, SJ 2020–2024
* Fr. Basil Vago, SJ 2024 - Present
{{col-end}}

==Notable alumni==


* [[Francis D'Souza (politician)|Francis D'Souza]]{{spaced endash}} former Deputy Chief Minister of Goa and Member of the Legislative Assembly.
* [[Roy de Souza]]{{spaced endash}}director of Resicom Builders.

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|Catholicism|India}}}}
* [[List of Jesuit educational institutions#Schools|List of Jesuit schools]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.brittos-oba.com/ Britto's Old Boys' Association website]
* [http://brittos.pbwiki.com/ Britto alumni webpage]
* [http://www.goajesuits.in The Goa Jesuit Province of the Society of Jesus] - The Jesuits in Goa
* [http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2006-August/047688.html Memoirs of a Britto boy]
* [http://www.google.co.in/search?q=St+Britto+Mapusa&start=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:unofficial Britto links on Google.com]

{{Jesuit Schools of India|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Britto High School, Mapusa}}
[[Category:1940s establishments in Portuguese India]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1946 establishments in the Portuguese Empire]]
[[Category:Jesuit primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1946]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Goa]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Mapusa]]
[[Category:Education in North Goa district]]
[[Category:Jesuit secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Private schools in Goa]]

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Flag

2026-03-28T17:25:04Z

John9200Carter:

{{Short description|Communist party faction}}
{{Distinguish|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Star}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Indcom}}
'''Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Flag''' (CPI(ML) Red Flag) was a [[political party]] in [[India]] (1988-2005).

The party emerged in 1988, following a split in the [[K. Venu (Kerala)|K. Venu]]-led [[Central Reorganisation Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|Central Reorganisation Committee, CPI(ML)]] in the wake of the 1987 second conference of CRC, CPI(ML) as a large section of the latter organisation in Kerala broke away and formed its own party.<ref name=crya>Chinna Rao Yagati. ''[https://books.google.at/books?id=XefsAAAAMAAJ Perspectives on Economic Development and Social Change: Essays in Honour of Professor K.S. Chalam]''. Rawat Publications, 2009. p. 255</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh]]-based group of Raouf (which had been part of the CRC, CPI(ML) as well) joined the CPI(ML) Red Flag.<ref name=crya/> CPI(ML) Red Flag differed from other ML factions by claiming that India was a 'neo-colony'.<ref name=hth>{{cite news|newspaper=Frontier|author=Harsh Thakor|url=https://frontierweekly.com/archive/vol-number/vol/vol-43-2010-11/vol-43-12-15/polemics-43-12-15.pdf|title=Maoist Polemics–The Mass Line|date=October 2010}}</ref> It upheld Marxism-Leninism Mao Tse-Tung Thought as its ideological line, and rejected the term '[[Marxism-Leninism-Maoism|Maoism]]' whilst they also rejected the [[Three Worlds Theory]].<ref name=hth/> In contrast to K. Venu, CPI(ML) Red Flag upheld the concept of the [[dictatorship of the proletariat]] rather than K. Venu's concept on the national question.<ref name=hth/> The party argued that armed struggle required to be substantiated by mass organizations.<ref name=hth/> In its early phase (1988-1992) the CPI(ML) Red Flag sought to promote unity among communist revolutionary groups, and organized seminars and published open theoretical journals on Leninist polemics.<ref name=hth/> Eventually the party exited its underground existence and began operating openly.<ref name=hth/>

The CPI(ML) Red Flag main base of support was in [[Kerala]], where it emerged as the major ML faction. It also expanded to other states including [[Karnataka]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]. The party head office was located in [[Delhi]].
[[File:CPIML poster in Varkala 2004.jpg|thumb|left|CPI (ML) Red Flag poster in [[Kerala]]]]
The first All India Secretary of the party was [[Arup Majumdar]], followed by [[K.N. Ramachandran]], [[Souren Bose]] was one top leader from the original CPI (ML) to have joined this party. Bose became the West Bengal State Committee of CPI(ML) Red Flag.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Countercurrents|title=Tribute to Souren Bose on 25th death anniversary|url=https://countercurrents.org/2022/08/tribute-to-souren-bose-on-25th-death-anniversary/}}</ref> He died in 1997 while on a party tour in [[Mumbai]].

The main mass organisation of the party was the [[Trade Union Centre of India]] (TUCI). Regional mass organisations of the party included [[Yuvajanavedi]], '''Kerala Vidyarthi Sanghatana''' (Kerala Students Organisation, a student's wing) and '''Janakeeya Kala Sahitya Vedi''' (a cultural front) in Kerala, and [[Adivasi Democratic Front]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. CPI(ML) Red Flag published Red Star ([[English language|English]]), ''Iykya Horatta'' ([[Kannada]]) and ''Saghavu'' ([[Malayalam]]).

==2003 split==
In 2003 a large section of the party in [[Kerala]], including the majority in the Kerala State Committee, broke away, and created a parallel [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Flag (Unnichekkan)|CPI(ML) Red Flag]].<ref name=ama>{{cite news|newspaper=Frontier|url=https://www.frontierweekly.com/articles/vol-51/51-1/51-1-Bhangor.html|title=Bhangor: Continuing Conflict|author=Arup Majumder|date=July 2018}}</ref> The split was led by the Kerala state secretary of the party, [[P.C. Unnichekkan]]. That party continued to use the name CPI(ML) Red Flag and supported [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]] in Kerala.<ref name=ama/>

==Unification with Sanyal group==
Ahead of the [[Lok Sabha]] elections in 2004 the K.N. Ramachandran-led CPI(ML) Red Flag and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Kanu Sanyal)|CPI (ML)]] took the initiative to form a united front of revolutionary communists. In that front they were able to gather, more than CPI (ML) and CPI (ML) Red Flag, [[Centre of Communist Revolutionaries]] ([[West Bengal]]), [[Lal Nishan Party (Leninvadi)]], [[Marxist Communist Party of India]], [[Marxist-Leninist Committee]], [[New Socialist Movement, Gujarat]], [[Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] and [[Bhagat Singh Vichar Manch]].

In [[Kerala]] a Left Front was formed ahead of the elections together with [[BTR-EMS-AKG Janakeeya Samskarika Vedi]] of V.B. Cheriyan.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Times of India|title=New left front formed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/new-left-front-formed/articleshow/545501.cms|date=March 8, 2004}}</ref>

CPI (ML) Red Flag merged with [[Kanu Sanyal]]'s [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Kanu Sanyal)|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)]] at a unity conference in [[Vijayawada]] January 2005

==See also==
*[[:Category:Mass organisations of CPI(ML) Red Flag]]
*[[List of Naxalite and Maoist groups in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Flag}}
[[Category:1988 establishments in India]]
[[Category:2005 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1988]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 2005]]
[[Category:Defunct communist parties in India|Red Flag]]
[[Category:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (International Newsletter)]]
[[Category:Defunct Maoist organisations in India]]
[[Category:Naxalite groups]]

Kemp FC

2026-03-25T09:58:35Z

John9200Carter:

{{Short description|Indian women's association football team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Kemp
| image = Kemp_FC_Logo_2025.png
| upright = 1.2
| fullname = Kemp Football Club
| nickname =
| short name = KFC
| founded = {{start date and age|2022}}
| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owntitle = Owner
| owner = Kemp Excellence Foundation
| chairman = Kathleen De Saran
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Sudhakar D.
| league = [[Indian Women's League 2]] [[Karnataka Women's League]]
| season = 2024–25
| position = Runners-up
| current =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = DC343B
| body1 = DC343B
| rightarm1 = DC343B
| shorts1 = DC343B
| socks1 = DC343B
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = F7D917
| body2 = F7D917
| rightarm2 = F7D917
| shorts2 = F7D917
| socks2 = F7D917
| website = https://www.kempfc.com/
}}

'''Kemp Football Club''' is an Indian women's professional [[football (soccer)|football]] club from [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]. It plays in the Indian second tier [[Indian Women's League 2]] and [[Karnataka Women's League]], the top women’s league in Karnataka.

== History ==
It was established on 6 June 2022, and registered as Kemp FC LLP in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kemp Football Club |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/13887 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=KEMP FOOTBALL CLUB LLP |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/KEMP-FOOTBALL-CLUB-LLP-ACA-2800 |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=ZaubaCorp |language=en}}</ref> The club owned by the Kemp Excellence Foundation provides opportunities and supports young girls to pursue football at a competitive level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Kemp FC |url=https://www.kempfc.com/about-us |access-date=2025-02-15 |website=www.kempfc.com |language=en-IN}}</ref> It is started by six parents of the players. Kathleen De Saren is the president of the club.<ref name=":0" /> It earned promotion to the [[Indian Women's League 2]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kemp Football Club - Bengaluru |url=https://www.kempfc.com/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=www.kempfc.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The club finished second in the 2024 edition of the [[Karnataka Women's League]] after losing on goal difference to defending champions [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart FC]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2024-09-08 |title=Kemp FC make waves in KWL |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/kemp-fc-make-waves-in-kwl/articleshow/113169170.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In June 2023, they won the B Division by defeating OTB football club 4-0 in the final, and were promoted to the A Division.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-11 |title=BFC, Kemp crowned A & B division champions |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bfc-kemp-crowned-a-b-division-champions/articleshow/100908357.cms |access-date=2025-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

On 6 February 2025, Kemp FC entered into an agreement with [[Tamil Nadu]] based [[Sethu FC]] to enhance player development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-09 |title=Women's Football: Kemp FC and Sethu FC announce Player Development Partnership |url=https://theawayend.co/2024/09/09/kemp-fc-sethu-fc-player-development-partnership/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref> Kemp FC also runs an academy with good infrastructure and [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]-licensed coaches.

==Squad==
{{updated|20 March 2026|<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Women's League 2 Squad |url=https://indianfootballleague.in/match-details/?mid=65384 |publisher=AIFF |access-date=20 March 2026 }}</ref>}}

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=1|pos=GK|name=Aruni Singh}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=3|pos=DF|name=Anoushka Johnson}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=4|pos=FW|name=Vyasapuram Nandini}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=5|pos=MF|name=Tara Anand}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=6|pos=DF|name=Niya Reddy}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=7|pos=MF|name=Amisha Baxla}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=8|pos=MF|name=Tanvi Nair}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=9|pos=FW|name=K. Asika}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=10|pos=FW|name=Khusbu Saroj}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=11|pos=MF|name=[[Rivka Ramji]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=12|pos=MF|name=Mithila Ramani}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=14|pos=FW|name=Sabara Khatun}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=15|pos=MF|name=Sunalinda Iawren}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=16|pos=GK|name=Laya Balasubramanian}}
{{fs mid}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=17|pos=MF|name=Neha Mukati}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=18|pos=MF|name=Marakkadharshi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=19|pos=FW|name=Sonali Mondal}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=20|pos=DF|name=Arya Sree S.}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=21|pos=MF|name=Yuvarani R.}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=22|pos=DF|name=Mallikka Mandal}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=23|pos=DF|name=Rebecca Zamthianmawi}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=24|pos=MF|name=Avanthika Swamy}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=25|pos=DF|name=[[Anusha Mandala]]}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=27|pos=FW|name=Chinmayi Tili}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=28|pos=MF|name=Anaya Susan Thomas}}
{{Fs player|nat=IND|no=30|pos=GK|name=Reshma M.}}
{{Fs end}}

== Honours ==
*'''[[Karnataka Women's League]]'''
**Runners-up (1): 2024–25

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Football clubs in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Women's football clubs in India]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 clubs]]
[[Category:Association football clubs established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Karnataka]]

Bhaarat Today

2026-03-23T21:49:15Z

John9200Carter: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Bharat Today
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| area = India United States
| headquarters = [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| owner = Sahasra Television Private Limited
| launch_date = {{start date|2015|08|29|df=yes}}
| key_people = B.Vijay Kumar, Valleeswar, RVV Krishna Rao
| website = {{URL|https://www.youtube.com/@BhaaratToday}}
}}

'''Bhaarat Today''' ({{langx|te|భారత్ టుడే}}) is a 24-hour [[Telugu language|Telugu]] devotional and entertainment channel in [[India]].

== Inauguration ==
''Bhaarat Today'' is a Telugu language T V channel. It was inaugurated on 29 August 2015. The inauguration event was conducted at Shilpa Kalaa Vedika, [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]] and was presided over by Swami Paripoornaananda Saraswati, founder of ''Sripeetham'', a center for vedic learning. The channel logo was released by [[TV5 (India)]] Chairman B. R. Naidu. Nagarjuna Industry's Group Chairman K. V. K. Raju was felicitated in the event. The channel's editorial team consists of experienced media professionals, B. Vijay Kumar, Valleeswar and R. V. Krishna Rao.<ref>[http://www.savetemples.org/2015/09/21/bhaarat-today-a-new-telugu-channel-was-launched-in-india-and-usa/ News report on Inauguration of Bhaarat today channel]</ref>

== Channel ==
''Bhaarat Today'' channel telecasts hourly news bulletins and newstrack shows backed up by news reporters spread out in the twin Telugu states of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], covering events, films and the entertainment world. It also telecasts special documentaries on events, history, culture, films and entertainment.<ref>[http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/regional/bhaarat-today-beams-test-signals-in-india-gets-formal-launch-in-us-150921 Bhaarat Today launched in USA]</ref><ref>[http://www.lyngsat.com/tvchannels/in/Bhaarat-Today.html Satellite link]</ref>

== Online ==

''Bhaarat Today'' Telugu News is streamed live online on [[YuppTV]] in North America.

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bhaarattoday.com Bhaarat Today website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161008063417/http://www.bhaarattoday.com/livetv.aspx Live streaming of Bhaarat today]
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/BhaaratToday Youtube address]
*[http://indiatvhub.in/bhaarat-today-live/ Bhaarat Today Live streaming]

{{Telugu Language Television}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]
[[Category:24-hour television news channels in India]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2016]]
[[Category:Television stations in Hyderabad, India]]

Burmese language

2026-03-19T00:31:07Z

John9200Carter: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|Tibeto-Burman language}}
{{redirect|Myanmar language|an overview of the languages spoken in Myanmar|Languages of Myanmar}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Burmese
| nativename = မြန်မာဘာသာစကား
| pronunciation = /mjàɴmà bàðà zəɡá/
| states = Myanmar
| speakers = [[first language|L1]]: {{sigfig|32.9|2}} million
| date = 2019
| ref = e27
| speakers2 = [[second language|L2]]: {{sigfig|10.001840|2}} million (no date)<ref name=e27/>
| speakers_label = Speakers
| familycolor = Sino-Tibetan
| fam2 = [[Tibeto-Burman]]
| fam3 = [[Lolo-Burmese]]
| ancestor = [[Old Burmese]]
| ancestor2 = [[Middle Burmese]]
| script = {{ubl|[[Mon–Burmese script]] ([[Burmese alphabet]])|[[Burmese Braille]]}}
| nation = Myanmar
| agency = [[Myanmar Language Commission]]
| iso1 = my
| iso2b = bur
| iso2t = mya
| iso3 = mya
| lc1 = mya
| ld1 = [[Myanmar]]
| lc2 = int
| ld2 = [[Intha-Danu language|Intha]]
| lc3 = tco
| ld3 = [[Taungyo]]
| lc4 = rki
| ld4 = [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]]
| lc5 = rmz
| ld5 = Marma
| lingua = 77-AAA-a
| map = Idioma birmano.png
| mapcaption = Areas where Burmese is spoken (dark blue signifies areas where it is more widely spoken). This map does not indicate whether the language is a majority or minority.
| notice = IPA-MY
| glotto = mran1234
| glottorefname = Burmese
| fam4 = [[Burmish]]
| lc6 = tvn
| ld6 = [[Tavoyan dialects]]
| mapalt = Myanmar
| altname = Myanmar
| region = {{ubl|[[Myanmar]]|[[Thailand]]|[[China]] ([[Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture|Dehong]])|[[India]] ([[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]])|[[Bangladesh]] ([[Chittagong Hill Tracts]] and [[Barisal Division]])}}
}}
{{Contains special characters|Burmese}}
'''Burmese'''{{Efn|{{langx|my|မြန်မာဘာသာစကား}} ({{IPA|my|mjàɴmà bàðà zəɡá}});
also called {{langx|my|ဗမာဘာသာစကား|label=none}} ({{IPA|my|bəmà bàðà zəɡá|label=}})
or {{langx|my|မြန်မာစကား|label=none}} ({{IPA|my|mjàɴmà zəɡá|label=}})|group=lower-alpha|name=Name of the Burmese language in Burmese}} is a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman language]] spoken in [[Myanmar]],<ref name=":0" /> where it is the [[official language]], [[lingua franca]], and the native language of the [[Bamar people|Bamar]], the country's largest ethnic group. The [[Constitution of Myanmar]] officially refers to it as the '''Myanmar language''' in English,<ref>Constitution of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar (2008), Chapter XV, Provision 450</ref> though most English speakers continue to refer to the language as ''Burmese'', after ''Burma''—a name with co-official status until 1989 (see [[Names of Myanmar]]). Burmese is the most widely spoken language in the country, where it serves as the lingua franca.{{sfn|Bradley|1996}} In 2019, Burmese was spoken by 42.9 million people globally, including by 32.9 million speakers as a first language and 10 million as a second language.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=Burmese |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mya |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820164330/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/mya |archive-date=2019-08-20 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{e27|mya|Burmese}}</ref> A 2023 [[World Bank]] survey found that 80% of the country's population speaks Burmese.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2023 |title=Myanmar Subnational Phone Surveys (MSPS) of the World Bank: Coverage, Reliability and Representativeness |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099060523053037887/pdf/P179106053122a04508fcd015baf80eadf5.pdf |website=World Bank |quote=The share of population that speaks Burmese as the most common language with other members of households is about 10 percentage points higher than independent estimates of Burmese languages speakers in Myanmar. However, these independent estimates of the share of Burmese speakers are dated as language information was not collected in the last census.}}</ref> Burmese dialects are also spoken by some of the indigenous tribes in Bangladesh's [[Chittagong Hill Tracts]], China's [[Yunnan|Yunnan province]], and India's [[Northeast India|northeastern states]], as well as by [[Burmese diaspora]].

Burmese is a [[Tone (linguistics)#Tonal languages|tonal]], [[Register (phonology)|pitch-register]], and [[Isochrony|syllable-timed language]],{{sfn|Chang|2003}} largely [[Monosyllabic language|monosyllabic]] and [[Agglutinative language|agglutinative]] with a [[subject–object–verb]] word order. Burmese is distinguished from other major Southeast Asian languages by its extensive case marking system and rich morphological inventory.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language Burmese |url=https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_brm |access-date=2024-12-10 |website=WALS Online}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation |last=Jenny |first=Mathias |title=25 The national languages of MSEA: Burmese, Thai, Lao, Khmer, Vietnamese |date=2021-08-23 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide |pages=599–622 |editor-last=Sidwell |editor-first=Paul |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142-025/html |access-date=2024-12-06 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-025 |isbn=978-3-11-055814-2 |editor2-last=Jenny |editor2-first=Mathias|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is a member of the [[Lolo-Burmese languages|Lolo-Burmese grouping]] of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan language family]]. The [[Burmese alphabet]] ultimately descends from a [[Brahmic script]], either the [[Kadamba alphabet|Kadamba]] or [[Pallava alphabet|Pallava]] alphabet.

== Classification ==
Burmese belongs to the [[Burmish languages|Southern Burmish]] branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]].{{sfn|Bradley|1993|p=147}} It is the most widely spoken of the non-[[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]] Sino-Tibetan languages.{{sfn|Bradley|1993|p=147}} Burmese was the fifth Sino-Tibetan language to develop a writing system, after [[Classical Chinese]], [[Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)|Pyu]], [[Old Tibetan]], and [[Tangut language|Tangut]].{{sfn|Bradley|1993|p=147}}

=== Dialects ===
Most Burmese speakers, who live throughout the [[Irrawaddy River]] Valley, use variants of standard Burmese, while a minority speak non-standard dialects found in the peripheral areas of the country. These dialects include:
* [[Tanintharyi Region]]: [[Myeik dialect|Merguese]] (Myeik, Beik), [[Tavoyan dialects|Tavoyan]] (Dawei), and [[Palaw]]
* [[Magway Region]]: [[Yaw dialect|Yaw]]
* [[Shan State]]: [[Intha-Danu language|Intha]], [[Taungyo]], and [[Danu language|Danu]]

[[Arakanese language|Arakanese]] in [[Rakhine State]] and [[Marma people|Marma]] in [[India]] are also sometimes considered dialects of Burmese and sometimes separate languages.

Burmese dialects mostly share a common set of tones, consonant clusters, and written script. Several Burmese dialects differ substantially from standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes. Below is a summary of [[lexical similarity]] between major Burmese dialects:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Myanmar |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010180533/http://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages |archive-date=2016-10-10 |website=Ethnologue: Languages of the World}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text"
! Dialects
! Burmese
! [[Intha-Danu language|Danu]]
! [[Intha-Danu language|Intha]]
! [[Arakanese language|Rakhine]]
![[Tavoyan dialects|Taungyo]]
|-
! Burmese
| 100%
| 93%
| 95%
| 91%
| 89%
|-
! [[Intha-Danu language|Danu]]
| 93%
| 100%
| 93%
| 85–94%
| 91%
|-
! [[Intha-Danu language|Intha]]
| 95%
| 93%
| 100%
| 90%
| 89%
|-
! [[Arakanese language|Rakhine]]
| 91%
| 85–94%
| 90%
| 100%
| 84–92%
|-
! [[Tavoyan dialects|Taungyo]]
| 89%
| N/A
| 89%
| 84–92%
| 100%
|-
! Marma
| N/A
| N/A
| N/A
| 85%
| N/A
|}

==== Irrawaddy River valley ====
Spoken Burmese is remarkably uniform among Burmese speakers,{{sfn|Barron|Okell|Yin|VanBik|2007|pp=16-17}} particularly those living in the Irrawaddy valley, all of whom use variants of Standard Burmese. The [[standard language|standard dialect]] of Burmese (the [[Mandalay]]-[[Yangon]] [[dialect continuum]]) originates from the Irrawaddy River valley. Regional differences between speakers from [[Upper Burma]] (e.g., Mandalay dialect), called ''anya tha'' ({{lang|my|အညာသား}}) and speakers from [[Lower Burma]] (e.g., Yangon dialect), called ''auk tha'' ({{lang|my|အောက်သား}}), largely occur in vocabulary, not pronunciation. Minor lexical and rhyme differences exist throughout the Irrawaddy River valley.{{sfn|Allott|1983}} For instance, for the term {{lang|my|ဆွမ်း}}, "food offering [to a monk]", Lower Burmese speakers use {{IPA|my|sʰʊ́ɰ̃|}} instead of {{IPA|my|sʰwáɰ̃|}}, the pronunciation used in Upper Burma.

The standard dialect is typified by the Yangon dialect because of the modern city's media influence and economic clout. Formerly, the Mandalay dialect represented standard Burmese. The Mandalay dialect's most noticeable feature is its continued use of the first-person pronoun {{lang|my|ကျွန်တော်}}, ''kya.nau'' {{IPA|my|tɕənɔ̀|}} by both men and women. In Yangon, only male speakers use the same pronoun, while female speakers use {{lang|my|ကျွန်မ}}, ''kya.ma.'' {{IPA|my|tɕəma̰|}}. Moreover, with regard to [[kinship terminology]], Upper Burmese speakers differentiate the maternal and paternal sides of a family while Lower Burmese speakers do not.

Mon has also influenced subtle grammatical differences between the varieties of Burmese spoken in Lower and Upper Burma.{{sfn|Jenny|2013}} In Lower Burmese varieties, the verb ပေး ('to give') is colloquially used as a permissive causative marker, as in other Southeast Asian languages, but unlike in most Tibeto-Burman languages.{{sfn|Jenny|2013}} This usage is hardly used in Upper Burmese varieties and is considered sub-standard.

==== Outside the Irrawaddy basin ====
{{Main|Arakanese language|Tavoyan dialects|Intha dialect|Yaw dialect|Myeik dialect}}

More distinctive nonstandard varieties of Burmese emerge as one moves farther away from the Irrawaddy River valley. These varieties include the [[Yaw dialect|Yaw]], Palaw, [[Myeik dialect|Myeik]] (Merguese), [[Tavoyan dialects|Tavoyan]] and [[Intha-Danu language|Intha dialects]]. Despite substantial vocabulary and pronunciation differences, there is mutual intelligibility among most Burmese dialects, especially with [[language convergence]].

{{static row numbers}}Dialects in [[Tanintharyi Region]], including Palaw, Merguese, and Tavoyan, are especially conservative compared to Standard Burmese. The Tavoyan and Intha dialects have preserved the {{IPA|/l/}} medial, which is only found in [[Old Burmese]] inscriptions. These dialects also often reduce the intensity of the [[glottal stop]]. Beik has 250,000 speakers<ref>Bradley, D. 2007a. East and Southeast Asia. In C. Moseley (ed.), Encyclopedia of the world's endangered languages, pp. 349–424. London: Routledge.</ref> and Tavoyan 400,000. The grammatical constructs of Burmese dialects in Southern Myanmar show greater Mon influence than Standard Burmese.{{sfn|Jenny|2013}}

The most pronounced feature of the [[Arakanese language]] of [[Rakhine State]] is its retention of the {{IPAblink|ɹ}} sound, which has become {{IPAblink|j}} in standard Burmese. Moreover, Arakanese features a variety of vowel differences, including the merger of the {{lang|my|ဧ}} {{IPA|[e]}} and {{lang|my|ဣ}} {{IPA|[i]}} vowels. Hence, a word like "blood" {{lang|my|သွေး}} is pronounced {{IPA|my|θw'''é'''|}} in standard Burmese and {{IPA|my|θw'''í'''|}} in Arakanese.

== History ==
The Burmese language's early forms include [[Old Burmese]] and [[Middle Burmese]]. Old Burmese dates from the 11th to the 16th century ([[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]] to [[Ava Kingdom|Ava]] dynasties); Middle Burmese from the 16th to the 18th century ([[Taungoo Dynasty|Toungoo]] to early [[Konbaung Dynasty|Konbaung]] dynasties); modern Burmese from the mid-18th century. Burmese phonology has evolved significantly, but [[word order]], grammatical structure, and vocabulary have remained markedly stable well into Modern Burmese, with the exception of lexical content (e.g., [[function word]]s).{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989|p=5}}{{sfn|Wheatley|2013}}<ref name=":22"/>

=== Old Burmese ===
{{Main|Old Burmese}}

{{further|Nanzhao Kingdom}}
[[File:Myazedi-Inscription-Burmese.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Myazedi inscription]], dated to AD 1113, is the oldest surviving stone inscription of the Burmese language.]]
The earliest attested form of the Burmese language is [[Old Burmese]], dating to the 11th- and 12th-century stone inscriptions of [[Bagan|Pagan]]. The earliest evidence of the [[Burmese alphabet]] dates to 1035, while a casting made in the 18th century of an old stone inscription points to 984.{{sfn|Aung-Thwin|2005|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}

Owing to the linguistic prestige of Old Pyu in the [[Pagan Kingdom]] era, Old Burmese borrowed a substantial corpus of vocabulary from Pali via the [[Pyu language (Burma)|Pyu language]].{{sfn|Jenny|2013}} These indirect borrowings can be traced to orthographic idiosyncrasies in these loanwords, such as the Burmese word "to worship", which is spelt ပူဇော် ({{IAST|pūjo}}) instead of ပူဇာ ({{IAST|pūjā}}), as would be expected by the original Pali orthography.{{sfn|Jenny|2013}}

In the mid-15th century, bilingual Pali-Burmese texts called ''nissaya'' (နိဿယ) emerged.<ref name=":1" /> They played a significant role in shaping the standard language, leading Burmese postpositional markers to be reinterpreted as equivalents of Pali inflections, giving them new grammatical roles that were compatible with their original use but not inherent to them.<ref name=":1" /> Over time, these markers became integral to the morphological structure of Burmese and were seen as more obligatory in literary Burmese than in colloquial Burmese.<ref name=":1" />

=== Middle Burmese ===
{{Main|Middle Burmese}}

The transition to [[Middle Burmese]] occurred in the 16th century.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989|p=5}} The transition included phonological changes (e.g. mergers of [[Minimal pair|sound pairs]] that were distinct in Old Burmese) as well as accompanying changes in the underlying [[orthography]].{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989|p=5}}

From the 1500s onward, Burmese kingdoms saw substantial gains in the populace's [[literacy rate]], which manifested in greater participation of laymen in scribing and composing legal and historical documents, domains that were traditionally the domain of Buddhist monks, and drove the ensuing proliferation of [[Burmese literature]] in both genres and works.{{sfn|Lieberman|2018|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} During this period, the [[Burmese alphabet]] began employing cursive-style circular letters typically used in [[palm-leaf manuscript]]s as opposed to the square block-form letters used in earlier periods.{{sfn|Lieberman|2018|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} The orthographic conventions used in written Burmese today can largely be traced to Middle Burmese.

=== Modern Burmese ===
Modern Burmese emerged in the mid-18th century. By this time, male literacy in Burma stood at nearly 50%, which enabled the wide circulation of legal texts, [[Burmese chronicles|royal chronicles]], and religious texts.{{sfn|Lieberman|2018|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} A major reason for the Burmese language's uniformity was the near-universal presence of Buddhist monasteries (''[[kyaung]]'') in Burmese villages. These served as the foundation of the pre-colonial monastic education system, which fostered uniformity of the language throughout the Upper Irrawaddy valley, the traditional homeland of Burmese speakers. The [[1891 Census of India]], conducted five years after the annexation of the entire [[Konbaung Kingdom]], found that the former kingdom had an "unusually high male literacy" rate of 62.5% for Upper Burmans aged 25 and above. For all of [[British Burma]], the literacy rate was 49% for men and 5.5% for women (by contrast, [[British India]] more broadly had a male literacy rate of 8.44%).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=189}}

The expansion of the Burmese language into [[Lower Myanmar|Lower Burma]] also coincided with the emergence of Modern Burmese. As late as the mid-1700s, [[Mon language|Mon]], an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language, was the principal language of Lower Burma, employed by the Mon people who inhabited the region. Lower Burma's shift from Mon to Burmese was accelerated by the Burmese-speaking [[Konbaung Dynasty]]'s victory over the Mon-speaking [[Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom]] in 1757. By 1830, an estimated 90% of the population in Lower Burma self-identified as Burmese-speaking Bamars; huge swaths of former Mon-speaking territory, from the [[Irrawaddy Delta]] to upriver in the north, spanning Bassein (now Pathein) and Rangoon (now Yangon) to Tharrawaddy, Toungoo, Prome (now Pyay), and Henzada (now Hinthada), were now Burmese-speaking.{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|pp=202-206}}{{sfn|Lieberman|2018|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}} The language shift has been ascribed to a combination of population displacement, intermarriage, and voluntary changes in self-identification among increasingly Mon–Burmese bilingual populations in the region.{{sfn|Lieberman|2018|p={{page needed|date=November 2021}}}}{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|pp=202-206}}

Standardized tone marking in written Burmese was not achieved until the 18th century. From the 19th century onward, orthographers created spellers to reform Burmese spelling because of ambiguities that arose over transcribing sounds that had merged.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}} British rule saw continued efforts to standardize Burmese spelling through dictionaries and spellers.

Britain's gradual annexation of Burma throughout the 19th century, in addition to concomitant economic and political instability in Upper Burma (e.g., increased tax burdens from the Burmese crown, British rice production incentives, etc.) also accelerated the migration of Burmese speakers from Upper Burma into Lower Burma.{{sfn|Adas|2011|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8Czd7xXIf3MC&pg=PA67 67–77]}} [[British rule in Burma]] eroded the strategic and economic importance of the Burmese language; Burmese was effectively subordinated to the [[English language]] in the colonial educational system, especially in higher education.{{sfn|Allott|1983}}

In the 1930s, the Burmese language saw a linguistic revival, precipitated by the establishment of an independent [[University of Yangon|University of Rangoon]] in 1920 and the inception of a Burmese language major at the university by [[Pe Maung Tin]], modeled on [[Anglo Saxon language]] studies at the University of Oxford.{{sfn|Allott|1983}} Student protests in December of that year, triggered by the introduction of English into [[University Entrance Examination|matriculation examinations]], fueled growing demand for Burmese to become the medium of education in British Burma; a short-lived but symbolic parallel system of "national schools" that taught in Burmese subsequently launched.{{sfn|Allott|1983}} The role and prominence of the Burmese language in public life and institutions was championed by Burmese nationalists, intertwined with their demands for greater autonomy and independence from the British in the leadup to Burmese independence in 1948.{{sfn|Allott|1983}}

The 1948 [[Constitution of Myanmar|Constitution of Burma]] prescribed Burmese as the [[official language]] of the newly independent nation. The [[Burma Translation Society]] and Rangoon University's Department of Translation and Publication were established in 1947 and 1948, respectively, with the joint goal to modernize the Burmese language in order to replace English across all disciplines.{{sfn|Allott|1983}} Anti-colonial sentiment throughout the early post-independence era led to a reactionary switch from English to Burmese as the national medium of education, a process accelerated by the [[Burmese Way to Socialism]].{{sfn|Allott|1983}} In August 1963, the socialist [[Union Revolutionary Council|Union Revolutionary Government]] established the Literary and Translation Commission (the immediate precursor to the [[Myanmar Language Commission]]) to standardize Burmese spelling, diction, composition, and terminology. In 1978, the commission compiled the latest spelling authority, the ''Myanma Salonpaung Thatpon Kyan'' ({{lang|my|မြန်မာ စာလုံးပေါင်း သတ်ပုံ ကျမ်း}}).{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}}

== Registers ==
===Diglossia===
Burmese is a diglossic language with two distinguishable [[Register (sociolinguistics)|registers]] (or [[Diglossia|diglossic varieties]]):{{sfn|Bradley|2010|p=99}}
# Literary High (H) form{{sfn|Bradley|1995|p=140}} ({{lang|my|မြန်မာစာ}} ''mranma ca''): the high variety (formal and written), used in literature (formal writing), newspapers, radio broadcasts, and formal speeches
# Spoken Low (L) form{{sfn|Bradley|1995|p=140}} ({{lang|my|မြန်မာစကား}} ''mranma ca.ka:''): the low variety (informal and spoken), used in daily conversation, television, comics and literature (informal writing)

The literary form of Burmese retains archaic and conservative grammatical structures and modifiers (including affixes and pronouns) no longer used in the colloquial form.{{sfn|Bradley|2010|p=99}} Most verbs and some nouns also have longer forms in literary Burmese.<ref name=":22">{{Citation |last=Bradley |first=David |title=17 Typological profile of Burmic languages |date=2021-08-23 |work=The Languages and Linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia: A comprehensive guide |pages=299–336 |editor-last=Sidwell |editor-first=Paul |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110558142-017/html |access-date=2024-12-06 |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |language=en |doi=10.1515/9783110558142-017 |isbn=978-3-11-055814-2 |editor2-last=Jenny |editor2-first=Mathias|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Literary Burmese, which has not changed significantly since the 13th century, is the register of Burmese taught in schools.{{sfn|Allott|1983}}{{sfn|Bradley|2019}} [[Grammatical case|Case marking]] is highly developed and consistently used in literary Burmese, covering markers for subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, the ablative and locative.<ref name=":1" /> Spoken Burmese also uses case markers, but does so less consistently, particularly for subjects and direct object marking.<ref name=":1" /> The equivalent affixes used in Literary and Spoken Burmese are totally unrelated to each other.{{sfn|Bradley|1996|p=746}} Examples of this phenomenon include the following lexical terms:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Gloss
!Literary
{{small|HIGH}}
!Spoken
{{small|LOW}}
|-
|"this" (pronoun)
|{{lang|my|ဤ}} ''i''
|{{lang|my|ဒီ}} ''di''
|-
|"that" (pronoun)
|{{lang|my|ထို}} ''htui''
|{{lang|my|ဟို}} ''hui''
|-
|"at" (case)
|{{lang|my|၌}} ''hnai.'' {{IPA|[n̥aɪʔ]}}
|{{lang|my|မှာ}} ''hma'' {{IPA|[m̥à]}}
|-
|plural (suffix)
|{{lang|my|များ}} ''mya:''
|{{lang|my|တွေ}} ''twe''
|-
|possessive (case)
|{{lang|my|၏}} ''i.''
|{{lang|my|ရဲ့}} ''re.''
|-
|"and" (conjunction)
|{{lang|my|နှင့်}} ''hnang.''
|{{small|LOW}} {{lang|my|နဲ့}} ''ne.''
|-
|"if" (conjunction)
|{{lang|my|လျှင်}} ''hlyang''
|{{lang|my|ရင်}} ''rang''
|}
Historically the literary register was preferred for written Burmese on the grounds that "the spoken style lacks gravity, authority, dignity". In the mid-1960s, some Burmese writers attempted to abandon the literary form in favor of the spoken vernacular form.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989|pp=5–21}}{{sfn|Aung Bala|1981|pp=81–99}} Some Burmese linguists, such as [[Minn Latt]], a Czech academic, proposed moving away from the high form of Burmese altogether.{{sfn|Aung Zaw|2010|p=2}} The literary form is heavily used in written and official contexts (literary and scholarly works, radio news broadcasts, and novels), but the recent trend has been to accommodate the spoken form in informal written contexts.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}} Nowadays, television news broadcasts, comics, and commercial publications use the spoken form or a combination of the spoken and simpler, less ornate formal forms.{{sfn|Bradley|2010|p=99}}

Burmese uses also distinct spoken and written forms for question pronouns.<ref name=":22"/> The following examples demonstrate significant differences in the pronouns, verbs, and other markers used between the literary and spoken forms (contrasts in '''bold'''):

{{fs interlinear|lang=my||italics2=no||abbreviations=PL:plural marker; ADJ:particle denoting an adjective clause; INT: Interrogative particle
|''Literary:'' '''မည်သူ''' က '''မိမိ''' '''၏''' အသက်လမ်းကြောင်း ဆက် ပေး နေ '''သည့်''' ခလုတ် ကို '''ဖြုတ်ချ''' ကြ '''မည်''' '''နည်း'''?
|''Spoken:'' '''ဘယ်သူတွေ''' " '''ကိုယ့်''' '''ရဲ့''' " " " " '''တဲ့''' " " '''ဖြုတ်''' " '''မှာ''' '''လဲ'''?
|''Gloss:'' who.PL TOP I POS lifeline continue give CONT ADJ plug OBJ pull PL FUT INT
|'Who will discontinue my life support?'
}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=my||italics2=no||abbreviations=PL:plural marker
|''Literary:'' ရှစ်လေးလုံးအရေးအခင်း ဖြစ် '''သောအခါက''' လူ '''ဦးရေ''' ၃၀၀၀ '''မျှ''' '''သေဆုံး''' ခဲ့ ကြ '''သည်'''။
|''Spoken:'' " " '''တုန်းက''' " '''အယောက်''' " '''လောက်''' '''သေ''' " " '''တယ်'''။
|''Gloss:'' {8888 Uprising} occur when people MW 3,000 approximately die-V PAST PL FP
|'When the [[8888 Uprising]] took place, approximately 3,000 people died.'
}}

===Honorific terms===

Burmese has politeness levels and [[honorific]]s that take into account the speaker's status and age in relation to the audience. The suffix {{lang|my|ပါ}} (''pa'') is frequently used after a verb to express politeness.{{sfn|San San Hnin Tun|2001|p=39}} Moreover, [[Burmese pronouns]] relay varying degrees of deference or respect.{{sfn|Taw Sein Ko|1924|pp=68-70}} Polite speech (e.g., addressing teachers, officials, or elders) employs feudal-era third-person pronouns or [[Burmese kinship|kinship terms]] in lieu of first- and second-person pronouns.{{sfn|San San Hnin Tun|2001|pp=48-49}}{{sfn|San San Hnin Tun|2001|p=26}}

Honorific vocabulary is used in Burmese to distinguish Buddhist clergy from the laity ([[Householder (Buddhism)|householders]]), especially when speaking to or about [[bhikkhu]]s (monks).{{sfn|Houtman|1990|pp=135-136}} Distinct honorific vocabulary (often euphemistic) also distinguishes commoners from royals. The honorific markers {{lang|my|-တော်}} (''daw'') and -{{lang|my|တော်မူ}} (''dawmu'') are suffixed to nouns and verbs, respectively, in relation to Buddhist clergy and royals. Lexical items from standard Burmese, royal vocabulary, and clerical vocabulary are shown side by side in the table below:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Gloss
!Standard
!Polite
!Religious
!Royal
|-
|'eat' (verb)
|{{lang|my|စား}} ''ca:''
|သုံးဆောင် ''sum: hcaung''
|{{lang|my|ဘုဉ်းပေး}} ''bhuny: pe:''
|{{lang|my|ပွဲတော်တည်}} ''pwai dau te''
|-
|'sleep' (verb)
| colspan="2" | {{lang|my|အိပ်}} ''ip''
| {{lang|my|ကျိန်း}} ''kyin:''
| {{lang|my|စက်တော်ခေါ်}} ''cak tau khau''
|-
|'die' (verb)
|{{lang|my|သေ}} ''se''
|ကွယ်လွန် ''kwe lwan''
|{{lang|my|ပျံတော်မူ}} ''pyam tau mu''
|{{lang|my|နတ်ရွာစံ}} ''nat rwa cam''
|-
|'father'
|{{lang|my|အဖေ}} ''a hpe''
|ဖခင် ''hpa hkang''
| colspan="2" |{{lang|my|ခမည်းတော်}} ''hka many: tau''
|-
|'live, dwell' (verb)
|{{lang|my|နေ}} ''ne''
|နေထိုင် ''ne htuing''
|{{lang|my|သီတင်းသုံး}} ''sa tin som:''
|{{lang|my|စံမြန်း}} ''cam mran:''
|}

== Vocabulary ==
Burmese has primarily inherited its monosyllabic vocabulary from Sino-Tibetan stock. The language has also adopted polysyllabic loanwords from [[Indo-European languages]] like Pali and English, as well as [[minor syllable|sesquisyllabic]] words from Mon, an Austroasiatic language.{{sfn|Wheatley|2013}} Burmese loanwords are overwhelmingly in the form of [[noun]]s.{{sfn|Wheatley|2013}}

Of the Indo-European languages, [[Pali]], the liturgical language of [[Theravada]] [[Buddhism]], had the profoundest influence on enriching the Burmese vocabulary. Burmese has readily adopted words of Pali origin; this may be due to [[phonotactics|phonotactic]] similarities between the languages and the Burmese script's inherent ability to reproduce Pali spellings with complete accuracy.{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=64}} Pali [[loanword]]s are often related to religion, government, arts, and science.{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=64}}{{primary source inline|date=January 2021}} Burmese loanwords from Pali primarily take four forms:
# Direct loan: direct import of Pali words with no alteration in orthography
# Abbreviated loan: import of Pali words with accompanied syllable reduction and alteration in orthography, usually by means of a placing a diacritic, called ''[[virama|athat]]'' {{lang|my|အသတ်}} (l{{Lit|nonexistence}}) atop the last letter in the syllable to suppress the consonant's inherent vowel{{sfn|Unicode Consortium|2012|p=370}}
# Double loan: adoption of two [[Doublet (linguistics)|different terms]] derived from the same Pali word{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=64}}
# Hybrid loan (e.g., [[neologism]]s or [[calque]]s): construction of [[Compound (linguistics)|compounds]] combining native Burmese words with Pali or combine Pali words{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=65}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Category
!Gloss
!Burmese
!Pali
|-
| rowspan="3" |Direct loan
|'life'
|{{lang|my|ဇီဝ}} ''jīva''
|{{lang|my|ဇီဝ}} ''[[jiva|jīva]]''
|-
|'life'
|ဘဝ ''bhava''
|ဘဝ ''bhava''
|-
|'music'
|ဂီတ ''gīta''
|ဂီတ ''gīta''
|-
| rowspan="3" |Abbreviated loan
|'[[karma]]'
|{{lang|my|ကံ}} ''ka'''m'''''
|{{lang|my|က'''မ္မ'''}} ''kam'''ma'''''
|-
|'dawn'
|{{lang|my|အရု'''ဏ်'''}} ''aru'''ṇ'''''
|{{lang|my|အရု'''ဏ'''}} ''aru'''ṇa'''''
|-
|'merit'
|{{lang|my|ကုသို'''လ်'''}} ''kusui'''l'''''
|{{lang|my|ကုသ'''လ'''}} ''kusa'''la'''''
|-
| rowspan="4" |Double loan
|'arrogance'
|{{lang|my|မာန}} ''māna''
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|my|မာန}} ''māna''
|-
|'pride'
|{{lang|my|မာန်}} ''mā'''n'''''
|-
|'strength'
|ဗလ ''bala''
| rowspan="2" |ဗလ ''bala''
|-
|'leader'
|ဗိုလ် ''bui'''l'''''
|-
| rowspan="2" |Hybrid loan
|'airplane'
|{{lang|my|လေယာဉ်ပျံ}} ''le'''yāñ'''pyaṃ''<ref>{{Lit|flying air vehicle}}; the 1st (လေ) and 3rd (ပျံ) elements are native Burmese words.</ref>
|{{lang|my|ယာဉ်}} (from '''''yān'''a'', 'vehicle')
|-
|'name'
|နာမည် '''''nā'''maññ''<ref>A calque of native Burmese and Pali words for 'name,' the 2nd element is from Burmese အမည်.</ref>
|{{lang|my|နာမ}} (from '''''nā'''ma'', 'name')
|}
Burmese has also adapted numerous words from Mon, traditionally spoken by the [[Mon people]] of [[Lower Burma]]. Most Mon loanwords are so well assimilated that they are not distinguished as loanwords, as Burmese and Mon were used interchangeably for several centuries in pre-colonial Burma.{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999}} Mon loans often relate to flora, fauna, administration, textiles, foods, boats, crafts, architecture, and music.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}}

As a natural consequence of [[British rule in Burma]], [[English language|English]] has been another major source of vocabulary, especially with regard to technology, measurements, and modern institutions. English loanwords tend to take one of three forms:
# Direct loan: adoption of an English word, adapted to the Burmese phonology{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=81}}
#* "democracy": English ''democracy'' → Burmese {{lang|my|ဒီမိုကရေစီ}}
# Neologism or calque: translation of an English word using native Burmese constituent words{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=67}}
#* "human rights": English 'human rights' → Burmese {{lang|my|လူ့အခွင့်အရေး}} ({{lang|my|လူ့}} 'human' + {{lang|my|အခွင့်အရေး}} 'rights')
# Hybrid loan: construction of compound words by joining native Burmese words to English words{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=94}}
#* 'to sign': {{lang|my|ဆိုင်းထိုး}} {{IPA|[sʰã́ɪ̃ tʰó]}} ← {{lang|my|ဆိုင်း}} (English, ''sign'') + {{lang|my|ထိုး}} (native Burmese, 'inscribe').

To a lesser extent, Burmese has also imported words from [[Sanskrit]] (religion), [[Hindi]] (food, administration, and shipping), and [[Chinese language|Chinese]] (games and food).{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}} Burmese has also imported a handful of words from other European languages such as [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]].

Here is a sample of loan words found in Burmese:
{| class="wikitable"
!Gloss
!Burmese
!Source
|-
|'suffering'
|{{lang|my|ဒုက္ခ}} {{IPA|[dowʔkʰa̰]}}
|Pali ''[[dukkha]]''
|-
|'radio'
|{{lang|my|ရေဒီယို}} {{IPA|[ɹèdìjò]}}
|[[English language|English]] ''radio''
|-
|'crab'
|{{lang|my|ကဏန်း}} {{IPA|[ɡənáɴ]}}
|Mon {{Lang|mnw|ဂတာံ}}
|-
|'flatter'
|{{lang|my|ဖော်လံဖား}} {{IPA|[pʰɔ̀làɴpʰá]}}
|Hokkien 扶𡳞脬 (''phô͘-lān-pha'')
|-
|'wife'
|{{lang|my|ဇနီး}} {{IPA|[zəní]}}
|Sanskrit जनी (''janī'')
|-
|'noodle'
|{{lang|my|ခေါက်ဆွဲ}} {{IPA|[kʰaʊʔ sʰwɛ́]}}
|[[Shan language|Shan]] {{lang|my|ၶဝ်ႈသွႆး}} {{IPA|[kʰāu sʰɔi]}}
|-
|'foot' (unit)
|{{lang|my|ပေ}} {{IPA|[pè]}}
|Portuguese ''pé''
|-
|'flag'
|{{lang|my|အလံ}} {{IPA|[əlã̀]}}
|{{langx|ar|علم}} ''ʿalam''
|-
|'storeroom'
|{{lang|my|ဂိုဒေါင်}} {{IPA|[ɡòdã̀ʊ̃]}}
|Malay ''gudang''
|}

Since the end of British rule, the Burmese government has attempted to limit usage of Western loans (especially from English) by coining new words ([[neologism]]s). For instance, for the word "television", Burmese publications are mandated to use the term {{lang|my|ရုပ်မြင်သံကြား}} ({{Lit|see picture, hear sound}}) in lieu of {{lang|my|တယ်လီဗီးရှင်း}}, a direct English transliteration.{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=68}} Another example is the word "vehicle", which is officially {{lang|my|ယာဉ်}} {{IPA|[jɪ̃̀]}} (derived from Pali) but {{lang|my|ကား}} {{IPA|[ká]}} (from English ''car'') in spoken Burmese. Some previously common English loanwords have fallen out of use with the adoption of indigenous neologisms. An example is the word "university", formerly {{lang|my|ယူနီဗာစတီ}} {{IPA|[jùnìbàsətì]}}, from English ''university'', now {{lang|my|တက္ကသိုလ်}} {{IPA|[tɛʔkət̪ò]}}, a Pali-derived neologism created by the Burmese government and derived from the Pali spelling of [[Taxila]] ({{lang|my|တက္ကသီလ}} ''Takkasīla''), an ancient university town in modern-day Pakistan.{{sfn|Wheatley|Tun|1999|p=68}}

Some Burmese words have many synonyms, each with specific usages, such as formal, literary, colloquial, and poetic. An example is the word "moon", which can be {{lang|my|လ}} {{IPA|la̰}} (native Tibeto-Burman), {{lang|my|စန္ဒာ/စန်း}} {{IPA|[sàndà]/[sã́]}} (derivatives of Pali ''[[chandra|canda]]'' 'moon'), or {{lang|my|သော်တာ}} {{IPA|[t̪ɔ̀ dà]}} (Sanskrit).{{sfn |MLC|1993}}

== Phonology ==
{{main|Burmese phonology}}

=== Consonants ===
The consonants of Burmese are as follows:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+Consonant phonemes{{sfn|Chang|2003|p=63}}{{Sfn|Watkins|2001}}
|-
!colspan=2|
![[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-al.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Laryngeal consonant|Laryngeal]]
|-
! rowspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
! {{small|[[voicing (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPA link|m}}
|
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|m̥}}
|
| {{IPA link|n̥}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ̊}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ̊}}
|
|-
! rowspan=3|[[Stop consonant|Stop]]/ [[Affricate]]
! {{small|voiced}}
| {{IPA link|b}}
|
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|dʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
| {{IPA link|p}}
|
| {{IPA link|t}}
| {{IPA link|tʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| {{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|[[aspiration (phonetics)|aspirated]]}}
| {{IPA link|pʰ}}
|
| {{IPA link|tʰ}}
| {{IPA link|tʃʰ}}
| {{IPA link|kʰ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=3|[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! {{small|voiced}}
|
| {{IPA link|ð}} ([{{IPA link|d̪ð}}~{{IPA link|d̪}}])
| {{IPA link|z}}
|
|
|
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
| {{IPA link|θ}} ([{{IPA link|t̪θ}}~{{IPA link|t̪}}])
| {{IPA link|s}}
| {{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
! {{small|aspirated}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|sʰ}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
! {{small|voiced}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| {{IPA link|w}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiceless}}
|
|
| {{IPA link|l̥}}
|
| {{IPA link|ʍ}}
|
|}

According to {{Harvcoltxt|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|p=15}}, contrary to their use of symbols θ and ð, consonants of {{Lang|my|သ}} are dental stops ({{IPA|/t̪, d̪/}}), rather than fricatives ({{IPA|/θ, ð/}}) or affricates.{{Sfn|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|p=15}} These phonemes, alongside {{IPA|/sʰ/}}, are prone to merger with {{IPA|/t, d, s/}}.{{Sfn|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|p=30}}

An alveolar {{IPA|/ɹ/}} can occur as an alternate of {{IPA|/j/}} in some loanwords.

The final nasal {{IPA|/ɰ̃/}} is the value of the four native final nasals: {{angbr|မ်}} {{IPA|/m/}}, {{angbr|န်}} {{IPA|/n/}}, {{angbr|ဉ်}} {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, {{angbr|င်}} {{IPA|/ŋ/}}, as well as the retroflex {{angbr|ဏ}} {{IPA|/ɳ/}} (used in Pali loans) and nasalisation mark [[anusvara]] demonstrated here above ka (က → ကံ) which most often stands in for a homorganic nasal word medially as in {{lang|my|တံခါး}} {{transliteration|my|tankhá}} 'door', and {{lang|my|တံတား}} {{transliteration|my|tantá}} 'bridge', or else replaces final ''-m'' {{angbr|မ်}} in both Pali and native vocabulary, especially after the OB vowel *u e.g. {{lang|my|ငံ}} {{transliteration|my|ngam}} 'salty', သုံး ''thóum'' ('three; use'), and ဆုံး {{transliteration|my|sóum}} 'end'. It does not, however, apply to {{angbr|ည်}} which is never realised as a nasal, but rather as an open front vowel {{IPA|[iː]}} {{IPA|[eː]}} or {{IPA|[ɛː]}}.
The final nasal is usually realised as nasalisation of the vowel. It may also allophonically appear as a homorganic nasal before stops. For example, in {{IPA|/mòʊɰ̃dáɪɰ̃/}} ('storm'), which is pronounced {{IPA|[mõ̀ũndã́ĩ]}}.

=== Vowels ===
The [[vowel]]s of Burmese are:

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;"
|+ Vowel phonemes
! rowspan="2" align="center"|
! colspan="3" align="center"| [[Monophthong]]s
! colspan="2" align="center"| [[Diphthong]]s
|-
! align="center"| [[Front vowel|Front]]
! align="center"| [[Central vowel|Central]]
! align="center"| [[Back vowel|Back]]
! align="center"| [[Front vowel|Front]] offglide
! align="center"| [[Back vowel|Back]] offglide
|-
! align="center"| [[close vowel|Close]]
| align="center"| {{IPA link|i}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"| {{IPA link|u}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
|-
! align="center"| [[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]
| align="center"| {{IPA link|e}}
| rowspan="2" align="center"| {{IPA link|ə}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|o}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ei}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|ou}}
|-
! align="center"| [[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɛ}}
| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɔ}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"|
|-
! align="center"| [[Open vowel|Open]]
| align="center"|
| align="center"| {{IPA link|a}}
| align="center"|
| align="center"| {{IPA|ai}}
| align="center"| {{IPA|au}}
|}

The monophthongs {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/o/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} occur only in open syllables (those without a [[syllable coda]]); the diphthongs {{IPA|/ei/}}, {{IPA|/ou/}}, {{IPA|/ai/}} and {{IPA|/au/}} occur only in closed syllables (those with a syllable coda). {{IPA|/ə/}} only occurs in a [[minor syllable]], and is the only vowel that is permitted in a minor syllable (see below).

The close vowels {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} and the close portions of the diphthongs are somewhat mid-centralized ({{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}}) in closed syllables, i.e. before {{IPA|/ɰ̃/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. Thus {{lang|my|နှစ်}} {{IPA|/n̥iʔ/}} ('two') is phonetically {{IPA|[n̥ɪʔ]}} and {{lang|my|ကြောင်}} {{IPA|/tɕàũ/}} ('cat') is phonetically {{IPA|[tɕàʊ̃]}}.

=== Tones ===
Burmese is a [[tonal language]], which means [[phoneme|phonemic]] contrasts can be made on the basis of the [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] of a vowel. In Burmese, these contrasts involve not only [[pitch (music)|pitch]], but also [[phonation]], intensity (loudness), duration, and vowel quality. Some linguists consider Burmese a [[Register (phonology)|pitch-register language]] like [[Shanghainese]].{{sfn|Jones|1986|pp=135-136}} Spoken Burmese exhibits [[tone sandhi]] in the form of a shift from a low to an induced creaky tone, to indicate possession.<ref name=":22"/>

There are four contrastive tones in Burmese. In the following table, the tones are shown marked on the vowel {{IPA|/a/}} as an example.
{|class="wikitable"
! Tone || Burmese || IPA (shown on ''a'') || Symbol (shown on ''a'') || Phonation || Duration || Intensity || Pitch
|-
| Low || {{lang|my|နိမ့်သံ}} || {{IPA|[aː˧˧˦]}} || {{IPA|à}} || modal || medium || low || low, often slightly rising{{sfn|Wheatley|1987}}
|-
| High || {{lang|my|တက်သံ}} || {{IPA|[aː˥˥˦]}} || {{IPA|á}} || sometimes slightly [[breathy voice|breathy]] || long || high || high, often with a fall before a pause{{sfn|Wheatley|1987}}
|-
| Creaky || {{lang|my|သက်သံ}} || {{IPA|[aˀ˥˧]}} || {{IPA|a̰}} || [[tenseness|tense]] or [[creaky voice|creaky]], sometimes with lax [[glottal stop]] || medium || high || high, often slightly falling{{sfn|Wheatley|1987}}
|-
| Checked || {{lang|my|တိုင်သံ}} || {{IPA|[ăʔ˥˧]}} || {{IPA|aʔ}} || centralized vowel quality, final glottal stop || short || high || high (in [[citation form|citation]]; can vary in context){{sfn|Wheatley|1987}}
|}

For example, the following words are distinguished from each other only on the basis of tone:
* Low {{lang|my|ခါ}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''à'''/}} "shake"
* High {{lang|my|ခါး}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''á'''/}} "be bitter"
* Creaky {{lang|my|ခ}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''a̰'''/}} "to wait upon; to attend on"
* Checked {{lang|my|ခတ်}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''aʔ'''/}} "to beat; to strike"

In syllables ending with {{IPA|/ɰ̃/}}, the checked tone is excluded:
* Low {{lang|my|ခံ}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''à'''ɰ̃/}} "undergo"
* High {{lang|my|ခန်း}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''á'''ɰ̃/}} "dry up (usually a river)"
* Creaky {{lang|my|ခန့်}} {{IPA|/kʰ'''a̰'''ɰ̃/}} "appoint"

In spoken Burmese, some linguists classify two real tones (there are four nominal tones transcribed in written Burmese), "high" (applied to words that terminate with a stop or check, high-rising pitch) and "ordinary" (unchecked and non-glottal words, with falling or lower pitch) that encompass a variety of pitches.{{sfn|Taylor|1920|pp=91–106}} The "ordinary" tone consists of a range of pitches. Linguist L. F. Taylor wrote, "conversational rhythm and euphonic intonation possess importance" not found in related tonal languages and "its tonal system is now in an advanced state of decay."{{sfn|Taylor|1920}}{{sfn|Benedict|1948|pp=184–191}}

Spoken Burmese exhibits [[tone sandhi]] in the form of a shift from a low to an induced creaky tone: to indicate possession and to pronounce low-toned numerals in conjunction with other digits.<ref name=":22"/> For the former, this does not occur in literary Burmese, which uses ၏ {{IPA|[ḭ]}} as postpositional marker for possessive case instead of {{lang|my|ရဲ့}} {{IPA|[jɛ̰]}}. Examples include:

{{fs interlinear|lang=my|indent=2
|ငါ > ငါ့
|{{IPA|/ŋà/}} > {{IPA|/ŋa̰/}}
|'me' > 'my'
}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=my|indent=2
|အမေ > အမေ့
|{{IPA|/ʔəmè/}} > {{IPA|/ʔəmḛ/}}
|'mother' > 'mother's'
}}

{{fs interlinear|lang=my|indent=2
|ဆယ် > ဆယ့်တစ်
|{{IPA|/sʰɛ̀/}} > {{IPA|/sʰɛ̰tɪʔ/}}
|'ten' > 'eleven'
}}

=== Syllable structure ===
The [[syllable]] structure of Burmese is C(G)V((V)C), which is to say the [[syllable onset|onset]] consists of a consonant optionally followed by a [[semivowel|glide]], and the [[syllable rime|rime]] consists of a monophthong alone, a monophthong with a consonant, or a diphthong with a consonant. The only consonants that can stand in the [[syllable coda|coda]] are {{IPA|/ʔ/}} and {{IPA|/ɰ̃/}}. Some representative words are:
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Structure
!Example
!IPA
!Meaning
|-
|CV
|{{lang|my|မယ်}}
|{{IPA|/mɛ̀/}}
|title for young women
|-
|CVC
|{{lang|my|မက်}}
|{{IPA|/mɛʔ/}}
|'to crave'
|-
|CGV
|{{lang|my|မြေ}}
|{{IPA|/mjè/}}
|'earth'
|-
|CGVC
|{{lang|my|မျက်}}
|{{IPA|/mjɛʔ/}}
|'eye'
|-
|CVVC
|{{lang|my|မောင်}}
|{{IPA|/màʊɰ̃/}}
|term of address for young men
|-
|CGVVC
|{{lang|my|မြောင်း}}
|{{IPA|/mjáʊɰ̃/}}
|'ditch'
|}
A [[minor syllable]] has some restrictions:
* It contains {{IPA|/ə/}} as its only vowel
* It must be an open syllable (no coda consonant)
* It cannot bear tone
* It has only a simple (C) onset (no glide after the consonant)
* It must not be the final syllable of the word

The [[Mon language]] is attributed with the development of frequent [[Minor syllable|sesquisyllabic]] reduction in Burmese words, a pattern that does not appear in other Burmic languages.<ref name=":22"/> Some examples of words containing minor syllables:
* {{lang|my|ခလုတ်}} {{IPA|/kʰə.loʊʔ/}} 'switch, button'
* {{lang|my|ပလွေ}} {{IPA|/pə.lwè/}} 'flute'
* {{lang|my|သရော်}} {{IPA|/θə.jɔ̀/}} 'mock'
* {{lang|my|ကလက်}} {{IPA|/kə.lɛʔ/}} 'be wanton'
* {{lang|my|ထမင်းရည်}} {{IPA|/tʰə.mə.jè/}} 'rice-water'

== Writing system ==
{{Main|Burmese alphabet}}

[[File:Vendeurs de plantes médicinales vers Kyaiktiyo Paya.jpg|thumb|Sampling of various Burmese script styles]]

The Burmese alphabet consists of 33 letters and 12 vowels and is written from left to right. It requires no spaces between words, although modern writing usually contains spaces after each clause to enhance readability. Characterized by its circular letters and diacritics, the script is an [[abugida]], with all letters having an inherent vowel {{lang|my|အ}} ''a.'' {{IPA|[a̰]}} or {{IPA|[ə]}}. The consonants are arranged into [[Burmese alphabet#Arrangement|six consonant groups]] (called {{lang|my|ဝဂ်}} ''vag'') based on articulation, like other Brahmi scripts. Tone markings and vowel modifications are written as diacritics placed to the left, right, top, and bottom of letters.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}}

Orthographic changes subsequent to shifts in phonology (such as the merging of the {{IPA|[-l-]}} and {{IPA|[-ɹ-]}} medials) rather than transformations in Burmese grammatical structure and phonology, which by contrast has remained stable between Old Burmese and modern Burmese.{{sfn|Herbert|Milner|1989}}{{Clarify|date=November 2022}} For example, during the Pagan era, the medial {{IPA|[-l-]}} {{lang|my|္လ}} was transcribed in writing, which has been replaced by medials {{IPA|[-j-]}} {{lang|my|ျ}} and {{IPA|[-ɹ-]}} {{lang|my|ြ}} in modern Burmese (e.g. "school" in old Burmese {{lang|my|က္လောင်}} {{IPA|[klɔŋ]}} → {{lang|my|ကျောင်း}} {{IPA|[tɕã́ʊ̃]}} in modern Burmese).{{sfn|Khin Min|1987}} Likewise, written Burmese has preserved all nasalized finals {{IPA|[-n, -m, -ŋ]}}, which have merged to {{IPA|[-ɰ̃]}} in spoken Burmese. (The exception is {{IPA|[-ɲ]}}, which, in spoken Burmese, can be one of many open vowels {{IPA|[i, e, ɛ]}}.) Similarly, other consonantal finals {{IPA|[-s, -p, -t, -k]}} have been reduced to {{IPA|[-ʔ]}}. Similar mergers are seen in other Sino-Tibetan languages like [[Shanghainese#Finals|Shanghainese]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Standard Cantonese#Current Shifts|Cantonese]].

Written Burmese dates to the [[Pagan Kingdom#Early Pagan|early Pagan period]]. Burmese orthography originally followed a square block format, but the cursive format took hold from the 17th century when increased literacy and the resulting explosion of Burmese literature led to wider use of palm leaves and folded paper known as ''parabaiks'' ({{lang|my|ပုရပိုက်}}).{{sfn|Lieberman|2003|p=136}}

== Grammar ==
{{main|Burmese grammar}}

The basic [[word order]] of the Burmese language in syntactic construction is [[subject (grammar)|subject]]-[[object (grammar)|object]]-[[verb]]. Pronouns vary according to the gender and status of the audience and are often omitted. Affixes are used to convey information. Verbs are almost always suffixed and nouns declined.

In Burmese, words do not always clearly fall into a part of speech. Generally, words are split into [[Nominal (linguistics)|nominals]], verbs, adverbs and markers.{{sfn|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|p=49}}

===Case affixes===
Burmese is an [[agglutinative language]] with an extensive [[Grammatical case|case system]] in which nouns are suffixed to determine their syntactic function in a sentence or clause. Sometimes the case markers are different between the two registers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenny |first=Mathias |date=26 August 2009 |title=DIFFERENTIAL OBJECT MARKING IN BURMESE|url=https://www.comparativelinguistics.uzh.ch/staff/mathiasjenny/download/Differential_object_marking_in_Burmese.pdf}}</ref>

The case markers are:
{| class="wikitable"
!
!High register
!Low register
|-
!Subject
|thi (သည်), ká (က), hma (မှာ)
|ha (ဟာ), ká (က)
|-
!Object
|ko (ကို)
| rowspan="3" |ko (ကို)
|-
!Recipient
|à (အား)
|-
![[Allative case|Allative]]
|thó (သို့)
|-
![[Ablative case|Ablative]]
|hmá (မှ), ká (က)
|ká (က)
|-
![[Locative case|Locative]]
|hnai (၌), hma (မှာ), twin (တွင်)
|hma (မှာ)
|-
![[Comitative case|Comitative]]
|hnín (နှင့်)
| rowspan="2" |né (နဲ့)
|-
![[Instrumental case|Instrumental]]
|hpyin (ဖြင့်), hnin (နှင့်)
|-
!Possessive
|í (၏)
|yé (ရဲ့)
|}

=== Verbs ===
The roots of Burmese [[verbs]] almost always have affixes that convey information like tense, aspect, intention, politeness, mood, etc. Many affixes also have formal/literary and colloquial equivalents. In fact, the only case in which no suffix is attached to a verb is in imperative commands.

==== Property verbs ====
Burmese does not have [[adjective]]s per se. Rather, it has verbs that carry the meaning "to be X", where X is equivalent to an English adjective.{{sfn|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|pp=9}} These verbs, called property verbs, can modify a noun by means of the suffix {{lang|my|တဲ့}} ''tai.'' {{IPA|[dɛ̰]}} in colloquial Burmese (literary form: {{lang|my|သော}} ''sau:'' {{IPA|[t̪ɔ́]}}), which is suffixed as follows:

{{fs interlinear|lang=my||italics2=no||
|''Literary:'' ချော '''သော''' လူ
|''Spoken:'' ချော '''တဲ့''' လူ
|''Gloss:'' beautiful POS person
|'beautiful person'
|indent=2}}

Property verbs may also form a [[compound (linguistics)|compound]] with the noun (e.g. {{lang|my|လူချော}} ''lu hkyau:'' {{IPA|[lù tɕʰɔ́]}} 'person' + 'be beautiful') and reduplicated with a verb to form an adverb (e.g. {{lang|my|ကောင်ကောင်းသွား}} ''kaun kaun thwa:'' {{IPA|[kàuɰ̃.kàuɰ̃.θwá]}} meaning "to go well".{{sfn|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|pp=55}}

[[Comparative]]s are usually ordered: X + {{lang|my|ထက်ပို}} ''htak pui'' {{IPA|[tʰɛʔ pò]}} + adjective, where X is the object being compared to. [[Superlative]]s are indicated with the prefix {{lang|my|အ}} ''a.'' {{IPA|[ʔə]}} + adjective + {{lang|my|ဆုံး}} ''hcum:'' {{IPA|[zṍʊ̃]}}.

=== Nouns ===
[[Noun]]s in Burmese are pluralized by suffixing {{lang|my|တွေ}} ''twe'' {{IPA|[dwè]}} (or {{IPA|[twè]}} if the word ends in a glottal stop) in colloquial Burmese or {{lang|my|များ}} ''mya:'' {{IPA|[mjà]}} in formal Burmese. The suffix {{lang|my|တို့}} ''tou.'' {{IPA|[to̰]}}, which indicates a group of persons or things, is also suffixed to the modified noun. Unlike in English, mass nouns can be modified with plural markers. An example is below:

{{fs interlinear|lang=my|indent=2|glossing4=yes|italics2=no|italics3=no
|''Literary:'' မြစ် '''များ'''
|''Spoken:'' မြစ် '''တွေ'''
|''Both:'' မြစ် '''တို့'''
|''Gloss:'' river PL
|'rivers'
}}

Plural suffixes are not used when the noun is quantified with a number, instead a measure word or classifier is used.

{{fs interlinear|lang=my|indent=2|glossing4=yes
|ကလေး ၅ ယောက်
|hka.le: nga: yauk
|{{IPA|/kʰəlé}} {{IPA|ŋá}} {{IPA|jaʊʔ/}}
|child five CL
|"five children"}}

==== Numerical classifiers ====
{{Main|Burmese numerical classifiers}}

{{unreferenced section|date=May 2025}}
Burmese uses numerical classifiers (also called measure words) when nouns are counted or quantified. This is similar to neighboring languages like [[Thai language|Thai]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], and [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. Measure words are like English expressions such as "two slices of bread" or "a cup of coffee". Classifiers are required when counting nouns, so {{lang|my|ကလေး ၅}} ''hka.le: nga:'' {{IPA|[kʰəlé ŋà]}} ({{Lit|child five}}) is incorrect, since the measure word for people {{lang|my|ယောက်}} ''yauk'' {{IPA|[jaʊʔ]}} is missing; it must suffix the numeral.

The standard word order of quantified words is: quantified noun + numeral adjective + classifier, except in [[round number]]s (numbers that end in zero), in which the word order is flipped, where the quantified noun precedes the classifier: quantified noun + classifier + numeral adjective. The only exception to this rule is the number 10, which follows the standard word order.

Measurements of time, such as "hour", {{lang|my|နာရီ}} "day", {{lang|my|ရက်}} or "month", {{lang|my|လ}} do not require classifiers.

Below are some of the most commonly used classifiers in Burmese.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Burmese !! [[MLC Transcription System|MLC]] !! [[Help:IPA/Burmese|IPA]] !! Usage !! Remarks
|-
| {{lang|my|ယောက်}} || yauk || {{IPA|[jaʊʔ]}} || for people || Used in informal context
|-
| {{lang|my|ဦး}} || u: || {{IPA|[ʔú]}} || for people || Used in formal context and also used for monks and nuns
|-
| {{lang|my|ပါး}} || pa: || {{IPA|[bá]}} || for people || Used exclusively for monks and nuns of the Buddhist order
|-
| {{lang|my|ကောင်}} || kaung || {{IPA|[kã̀ʊ̃]}} || for animals ||
|-
| {{lang|my|ခု}} || hku. || {{IPA|[kʰṵ]}} || general classifier || Used with almost all nouns except for animate objects
|-
| {{lang|my|လုံး}} || lum: || {{IPA|[lṍʊ̃]}} || for round objects ||
|-
| {{lang|my|ပြား}} || pra: || {{IPA|[pjá]}} || for flat objects ||
|-
| {{lang|my|စု}} || cu. || {{IPA|[sṵ]}} || for groups || Can be {{IPA|[zṵ]}}.
|}

=== Affixes ===
Burmese makes prominent use of [[affix]]es (called {{lang|my|ပစ္စည်း}})—words [[affix]]ed to words to indicate tense, aspect, case, formality etc. Clausal affixes often indicate various notions that do not directly translate to English, like insistence and emphasis. For example, the affix {{lang|my|ဆို}} [sʰò] conveys the speaker's attitude to the situation questioning the speaker and can be translated as "didn't you say that...".{{sfn|Jenny|San San Hnin Tun|2016|pp=59}} Affixes also indicate the mood of the clause. For example, {{lang|my|စမ်း}} {{IPA|[sã́]}} is a suffix used to indicate the imperative mood. While {{lang|my|လုပ်ပါ}} ('work' + suffix indicating politeness) does not indicate the imperative, {{lang|my|လုပ်စမ်းပါ}} ('work' + suffix indicating imperative mood + suffix indicating politeness) does.

Some affixes modify the word's [[part of speech]]. Among the most prominent of these is the prefix {{lang|my|အ}} {{IPA|[ə]}}, which is prefixed to verbs to form nouns or adverbs. For instance, the word {{lang|my|ဝင်}} means "to enter", but combined with {{lang|my|အ}}, it means "entrance" {{lang|my|အဝင်}}. Moreover, in colloquial Burmese, there is a tendency to omit the second {{lang|my|အ}} in words that follow the pattern {{lang|my|အ}} + noun/adverb + {{lang|my|အ}} + noun/adverb, like {{lang|my|အဆောက်အအုံ}}, which is pronounced {{IPA|[əsʰaʊʔ ú]}} and formally pronounced {{IPA|[əsʰaʊʔ əõ̀ʊ̃]}}.

=== Pronouns ===
{{main|Burmese pronouns}}

Burmese exhibits [[pronoun avoidance]]. Pronouns are avoided for politeness, with kinship terms, titles, or other forms of address used instead, This is called "negative politeness": speakers avoid directly addressing people. Pronouns account for social distinctions linguistically, reflecting gender, relative age, kinship, social status, and intimacy.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Müller |first1=André |last2=Weymuth |first2=Rachel |date=2017-03-01 |title=How Society Shapes Language: Personal Pronouns in the Greater Burma Zone |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/asia-2016-0021/html |journal=Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques |language=en |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=409–432 |doi=10.1515/asia-2016-0021 |issn=2235-5871}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{Cite web |title=Chapter Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns |url=https://wals.info/chapter/45 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=WALS Online}}</ref> [[Kinship terminology|Burmese kinship terms]] are commonly substituted for pronouns. For example, an older person may use {{lang|my|ဒေါ်လေး}} ''dau le:'' {{IPA|[dɔ̀ lé]}} ('aunt') or {{lang|my|ဦးလေး}} ''u: lei:'' {{IPA|[ʔú lé]}} ('uncle') to refer to himself, while a younger person may use either {{lang|my|သား}} ''sa:'' {{IPA|[t̪á]}} ('son') or {{lang|my|သမီး}} ''sa.mi:'' {{IPA|[t̪əmí]}} ('daughter').

Burmese has developed an elaborate hierarchical system of pronouns that are grammatically underspecified, but highly marked for the complex relation between speaker and addressee according to their relative social position.<ref name=":14"/> In Burmese, the polite forms of first-person pronouns {{lang|my|ကျွန်တော်}} (''kya. nau'' {{IPA|my|tɕənɔ̀|}}, {{Lit|royal slave}}) for males, and {{lang|my|ကျွန်မ}} (''kya. ma.'' {{IPA|my|tɕəma̰|}}, {{Lit|female slave}}) for females humble the speaker, while the polite forms of second-person pronouns {{lang|my|မင်း}} (''min'' {{IPA|my|mɪ́ɴ|}}; {{Lit|lordship}}), {{lang|my|ခင်ဗျား}} (''khang bya:'' {{IPA|my|kʰəmjá|}}; {{Lit|master lord}})<ref>From Burmese {{lang|my|သခင်ဘုရား}}, lit. "lord master"</ref> or {{lang|my|ရှင်}} (''hrang'' {{IPA|my|ʃɪ̀ɴ|}}; {{Lit|ruler, master}}) elevate the addressee.<ref name=":14"/>{{sfn|Bradley|1993|p=157–160}} The original pronouns {{lang|my|ငါ}} ''nga'' {{IPA|[ŋà]}} ('I/me') and {{lang|my|နင်}} ''nang'' {{IPA|[nɪ̃̀]}} ('you') have been relegated to use with people of higher or equivalent status, although most speakers prefer to use third-person pronouns.{{sfn|Bradley|1993}}

Burmese also uses case markers to mark subject [[pronoun]]s, although these are generally dropped in spoken Burmese.

The basic pronouns are:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:5em;" | Person
! colspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Singular
! colspan="2" style="width:20em;" | Plural*
|-
|'''Informal'''
|'''Formal'''
|'''Informal'''
|'''Formal'''
|-
! First-person
| {{lang|my|ငါ}} ''nga'' {{IPA|[ŋà]}}
| {{lang|my|ကျွန်တော်}}‡ ''kywan to'' {{IPA|[tɕənɔ̀]}} {{lang|my|ကျွန်မ}}† ''kywan ma.'' {{IPA|[tɕəma̰]}}
| {{lang|my|ငါဒို့}} ''nga tui.'' {{IPA|[ŋà do̰]}}
| {{lang|my|ကျွန်တော်တို့}}‡ ''kywan to tui.'' {{IPA|[tɕənɔ̀ do̰]}} {{lang|my|ကျွန်မတို့}}† ''kywan ma. tui.'' {{IPA|[tɕəma̰ do̰]}}
|-
! Second-person
| {{lang|my|နင်}} ''nang'' {{IPA|[nɪ̃̀]}} {{lang|my|မင်း}} ''mang:'' {{IPA|[mɪ̃́]}}
| {{lang|my|ခင်ဗျား}}‡ ''khang bya:'' {{IPA|[kʰəmjá]}} {{lang|my|ရှင်}}† ''hrang'' {{IPA|[ʃɪ̃̀]}}
| {{lang|my|နင်ဒို့}} ''nang tui.'' {{IPA|[nɪ̃̀n do̰]}}
| {{lang|my|ခင်ဗျားတို့}}‡ ''khang bya: tui.'' {{IPA|[kʰəmjá do̰]}} {{lang|my|ရှင်တို့}}† ''hrang tui.'' {{IPA|[ʃɪ̃̀n do̰]}}
|-
! Third-person
| {{lang|my|သူ}} ''su'' {{IPA|[t̪ù]}}
| {{lang|my|(အ)သင်}} ''(a.) sang'' {{IPA|[(ʔə)t̪ɪ̃̀]}}
| {{lang|my|သူဒို့}} ''su tui.'' {{IPA|[t̪ù do̰]}}
| {{lang|my|သင်တို့}} ''sang tui.'' {{IPA|[t̪ɪ̃̀ do̰]}}
|}
:<nowiki>*</nowiki> The basic particle to indicate plurality is {{lang|my|တို့}} ''tui.'', colloquial {{lang|my|ဒို့}} ''dui.''.
:‡ Used by male speakers.
:† Used by female speakers.

Burmese also uses religious personal pronouns, often reserved for speaking with Buddhist [[bhikkhu|monks]] and nuns with its own set of complexity.

=== Kinship terms ===
{{Main|Burmese kinship}}

Kinship terms vary across Burmese dialects. Upper Burmese dialects still differentiate maternal and paternal sides of a family, unlike Lower Burmese dialects:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="250"|Term
! width="250"|Upper Burmese
! width="250"|Lower Burmese
! width="250"|Myeik dialect
|-
|
* Paternal aunt (older)
* Paternal aunt (younger)
|
* {{lang|my|အရီးကြီး}} {{IPA|[ʔəjí dʑí]}} (or {{IPA|[jí dʑí]}})
* {{lang|my|အရီးလေး}} {{IPA|[ʔəjí lé]}} (or {{IPA|[jí lé]}})
| rowspan=2 |
* {{lang|my|ဒေါ်ကြီး}} {{IPA|[dɔ̀ dʑí]}} (or {{IPA|[tɕí tɕí]}})
* {{lang|my|ဒေါ်လေး}} {{IPA|[dɔ̀ lé]}}
| rowspan=2 |
* {{lang|my|မိကြီး}} {{IPA|[mḭ dʑí]}}
* {{lang|my|မိငယ်}} {{IPA|[mḭ ŋɛ̀]}}
|-
|
* Maternal aunt (older)
* Maternal aunt (younger)
|
* {{lang|my|ဒေါ်ကြီး}} {{IPA|[dɔ̀ dʑí]}} (or {{IPA|[tɕí tɕí]}})
* {{lang|my|ဒေါ်လေး}} {{IPA|[dɔ̀ lé]}}
|-
|
* Paternal uncle (older)
* Paternal uncle (younger)
|
* {{lang|my|ဘကြီး}} {{IPA|[ba̰ dʑí]}}
* {{lang|my|ဘလေး}} {{IPA|[ba̰ lé]}}1
| rowspan=2 |
* {{lang|my|ဘကြီး}} {{IPA|[ba̰ dʑí]}}
* {{lang|my|ဦးလေး}} {{IPA|[ʔú lé]}}
| rowspan=2 |
* {{lang|my|ဖကြီး}} {{IPA|[pʰa̰ dʑí]}}
* {{lang|my|ဖငယ်}} {{IPA|[pʰa̰ ŋɛ̀]}}
|-
|
* Maternal uncle (older)
* Maternal uncle (younger)
|
* {{lang|my|ဦးကြီး}} {{IPA|[ʔú dʑí]}}
* {{lang|my|ဦးလေး}} {{IPA|[ʔú lé]}}
|}
1 The youngest (paternal or maternal) aunt may be called {{lang|my|ထွေးလေး}} {{IPA|[dwé lé]}}, and the youngest paternal uncle {{lang|my|ဘထွေး}} {{IPA|[ba̰ dwé]}}.

In a testament to the power of media, the Yangon-based speech is gaining currency even in Upper Burma. Upper Burmese-specific usage, while historically and technically accurate, is increasingly viewed as distinctly rural or regional speech. In fact, some usages are already considered strictly regional Upper Burmese speech and are likely to die out. For example:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="250"|Term
! width="250"|Upper Burmese
! width="250"|Standard Burmese
|-
|
* Elder brother (to a male)
* Elder brother (to a female)
|
* {{lang|my|နောင်}} {{IPA|[nã̀ʊ̃]}}
* {{lang|my|အစ်ကို}} {{IPA|[ʔəkò]}}
|
* {{lang|my|အစ်ကို}} {{IPA|[ʔəkò]}}
|-
|
* Younger brother (to a male)
* Younger brother (to a female)
|colspan="2"|
* {{lang|my|ညီ}} {{IPA|[ɲì]}}
* {{lang|my|မောင်}} {{IPA|[mã̀ʊ̃]}}
|-
|
* Elder sister (to a male)
* Elder sister (to a female)
|colspan="2"|
* {{lang|my|အစ်မ}} {{IPA|[ʔəma̰]}}
|-
|
* Younger sister (to a male)
* Younger sister (to a female)
|
* {{lang|my|နှမ}} {{IPA|[n̥əma̰]}}
* {{lang|my|ညီမ}} {{IPA|[ɲì ma̰]}}
|
* {{lang|my|ညီမ}} {{IPA|[ɲì ma̰]}}
|}
In general, the male-centric names of old Burmese for familial terms have been replaced in standard Burmese with formerly female-centric terms, which are now used by both sexes. One holdover is the use of {{lang|my|ညီ}} ('younger brother to a male') and {{lang|my|မောင်}} ('younger brother to a female'). Terms like {{lang|my|နောင်}} ('elder brother to a male') and {{lang|my|နှမ}} ('younger sister to a male') now are used in standard Burmese only as part of compound words like {{lang|my|ညီနောင်}} ('brothers') or {{lang|my|မောင်နှမ}} ('brother and sister').

=== Reduplication ===
[[Reduplication]] is prevalent in Burmese and is used to intensify or weaken property verbs' meanings. For example, if {{lang|my|ချော}} {{IPA|[tɕʰɔ́]}} "beautiful" is reduplicated, then the intensity of the verb's meaning increases. Many Burmese words, especially verbs with two syllables, such as {{lang|my|လှပ}} {{IPA|[l̥a̰pa̰]}} "beautiful", when reduplicated ({{lang|my|လှပ}} → {{lang|my|လှလှပပ}} {{IPA|[l̥a̰l̥a̰ pa̰pa̰]}}) become [[adverb]]s. This is also true of some Burmese verbs and nouns (e.g. {{lang|my|ခဏ}} 'a moment' → {{lang|my|ခဏခဏ}} 'frequently'), which become adverbs when reduplicated.

Some nouns are also reduplicated to indicate plurality. For instance, {{lang|my|ပြည်}} {{IPA|[pjì]}} ('country'), but when reduplicated to {{lang|my|အပြည်ပြည်}} {{IPA|[əpjì pjì]}}, it means "many countries", as in {{lang|my|အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ}} {{IPA|[əpjì pjì sʰã̀ɪ̃ jà]}} ('international'). Another example is {{lang|my|အမျိုး}}, which means "a kind", but the reduplicated form {{lang|my|အမျိုးမျိုး}} means "multiple kinds".

A few measure words can also be reduplicated to indicate "one or the other":
* {{lang|my|ယောက်}} (measure word for people) → {{lang|my|တစ်ယောက်ယောက်}} ('someone')
* {{lang|my|ခု}} (measure word for things) → {{lang|my|တစ်ခုခု}} ('something')

==Numerals==
{{Main|Burmese numerals}}

[[File:Script styles of Burmese numerals.svg|thumb|Burmese numerals in various fonts]]
Burmese digits are traditionally written using a set of numerals unique to the [[Mon–Burmese script]], although [[Arabic numerals]] are also used in informal contexts. The [[Cardinal numeral|cardinal forms]] of Burmese numerals are primarily inherited from the [[Proto-Sino-Tibetan language]], with some larger numbers like "ten million" borrowed from Sanskrit or [[Pali language|Pali]]. The [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal forms]] of primary Burmese numerals are directly borrowed from Pali.<ref name="bbe">{{cite book |last=Okell |first=John |url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/bbe/file53735.pdf |title=Burmese By Ear |date=2002 |publisher=The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |isbn=186013758X |access-date=2013-10-20 |archive-date=2021-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420002442/https://www.soas.ac.uk/bbe/file53735.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ordinal numbers beyond ten are suffixed {{lang|my|မြောက်}} ({{Lit|to raise}}).

Burmese numerals follow the nouns they modify, with the exception of [[round number]]s, which precede the nouns they modify and are subject to [[tone sandhi]] shifts.

== Romanization and transcription ==
{{Main|Romanization of Burmese}}

Burmese has no official [[romanization]] system.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} There have been attempts to make one, but none has succeeded. Replicating Burmese sounds in Latin script is complicated. The Pali-based transcription system [[MLC Transcription System|MLC]], devised by the [[Myanmar Language Commission]] (MLC), transcribes only sounds in formal Burmese and is based on the [[Burmese alphabet]] rather than the phonology.

Several colloquial transcription systems have been proposed but none is overwhelmingly preferred.

Transcription of Burmese is not standardized, as seen in the varying English transcriptions of Burmese names. For instance, a Burmese personal name like {{lang|my|ဝင်း}} {{IPA|[wɪ̃́]}} may be variously romanized as Win, Winn, Wyn, or Wynn, while {{lang|my|ခိုင်}} {{IPA|[kʰã̀ɪ̃]}} may be romanized as Khaing, Khine, or Khain.

== Computer fonts and standard keyboard layout ==
{{see also|Zawgyi font#Unicode incompatibility}}
[[File:Myanmar-Keyboard-Layout.png|thumb|upright=2|Myanmar3, the ''de jure'' standard Burmese keyboard layout]]
The Burmese alphabet can be entered from a standard [[QWERTY keyboard]] and is supported by the Unicode standard, meaning it can be read and written on most modern computers and smartphones.

Burmese has [[Complex text layout|complex character rendering]] requirements, where tone markings and vowel modifications are noted with diacritics. These can be placed before consonants (as with {{lang|my|ေ}}), above them (as with {{lang|my|ိ}}), or around them (as with {{lang|my|ြ}}). These character clusters are built with multiple keystrokes. In particular, the inconsistent placement of diacritics as a feature of the language presents a conflict between an intuitive [[WYSIWYG]] typing approach and a logical consonant-first storage approach.{{Clarify|date=July 2024}}

Since its introduction in 2007, the most popular Burmese font, [[Zawgyi font|Zawgyi]], has been near-ubiquitous in Myanmar. Linguist Justin Watkins argues that its ubiquitous use harms Myanmar languages, including Burmese, by preventing efficient sorting, searching, processing and analyzing Myanmar text through flexible diacritic ordering.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watkins|first=Justin|title=Why we should stop Zawgyi in its tracks. It harms others and ourselves. Use Unicode! |url=http://www.themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Presentation_Why_Stop_Zawgyi_Use_Unicode_Phandeeyar_Aug2016.pdf}}</ref>

Zawgyi is not [[Unicode]]-compliant, but occupies the [[Myanmar (Unicode block)|same code space]] as Unicode Myanmar font. As it is not defined as a standard character encoding, Zawgyi is not built in to any major operating systems as standard. However, allow for its position as the ''de facto'' (but largely undocumented) standard within the country, telcos and major smartphone distributors (such as Huawei and Samsung) ship phones with Zawgyi font overwriting standard Unicode-compliant fonts, which are installed on most internationally distributed hardware.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://frontiermyanmar.net/en/features/battle-of-the-fonts|title=Battle of the fonts|last=Hotchkiss |first=Griffin|date=23 March 2016|work=Frontier|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408100147/http://frontiermyanmar.net/en/features/battle-of-the-fonts|archive-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> Facebook also supports Zawgyi as an additional language encoding for their app and website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.lwinmoe.org/2015/12/facebook-nods-to-zawgyi-and-unicode.html|title=Facebook nods to Zawgyi and Unicode}}</ref> As a result, almost all SMS alerts (including those from telcos to their customers), social media posts, and other web resources may be incomprehensible on these devices without the custom Zawgyi font installed at the operating system level. These may include devices purchased overseas or distributed by companies that do not customize software for the local market.

Keyboards with a Zawgyi layout are the most commonly available for purchase domestically.

Until recently,{{when|date=January 2025}} Unicode compliant fonts have been more difficult to type than Zawgyi, as they have a stricter, less forgiving and arguably less intuitive method for ordering diacritics. However, intelligent input software such as Keymagic<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keymagic.net/|title=Keymagic Unicode Keyboard Input Customizer}}</ref> and recent{{when|date=January 2025}} versions of smartphone soft-keyboards including [[Gboard]] and ttKeyboard<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.myopenware.ttkeyboard.latin&hl=en|title=TTKeyboard – Myanmar Keyboard}}</ref> allow for more forgiving input sequences and Zawgyi keyboard layouts which produce Unicode-compliant text.

A number of Unicode-compliant Burmese fonts exist. The national standard keyboard layout is known as the Myanmar3 layout, and it was published along with the Myanmar3 Unicode font. The layout, developed by the [[Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center]], has a smart input system to cover the complex structures of Burmese and related scripts.

In addition to the development of computer fonts and standard keyboard layout, much research remains to be done on Burmese, specifically for Natural Language Processing (NLP) areas like WordNet, Search Engine, development of parallel corpus for Burmese, and development of a formally standardized and dense domain-specific corpus of Burmese.{{sfn|Saini|2016|p=8}}

The Myanmar government has designated 1 October 2019 as "U-Day" to officially switch to Unicode.<ref name="japantimes">{{Cite web
| title = Unicode in, Zawgyi out: Modernity finally catches up in Myanmar's digital world
| work = The Japan Times
| date = Sep 27, 2019
| access-date = 24 December 2019
| url = https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/27/business/tech/unicode-in-zawgyi-out-myanmar/
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930200403/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/09/27/business/tech/unicode-in-zawgyi-out-myanmar/#.XZJfwW3P2Uk |archive-date=2019-09-30
| quote = Oct. 1 is "U-Day," when Myanmar officially will adopt the new system. ... Microsoft and Apple helped other countries standardize years ago, but Western sanctions meant Myanmar lost out.
}}</ref> The full transition is estimated to take two years.<ref name="mmti_Myan">{{Cite web
| title = Myanmar switch to Unicode to take two years: app developer
| author = Saw Yi Nanda
| work = The Myanmar Times
| date = 21 Nov 2019
| access-date = 24 December 2019
| url = https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-switch-unicode-take-two-years-app-developer.html
| archive-date = 24 December 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191224084815/https://www.mmtimes.com/news/myanmar-switch-unicode-take-two-years-app-developer.html
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

== Example text ==
Article 1 of the ''[[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]'' in Burmese:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Burmese/Myanmar |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/burmesemyanmar |website=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207211627/https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/burmesemyanmar |archive-date= Dec 7, 2023 }}</ref><blockquote>{{lang|my|လူတိုင်းသည် တူညီ လွတ်လပ်သော ဂုဏ်သိက္ခာဖြင့် လည်းကောင်း၊ တူညီလွတ်လပ်သော အခွင့်အရေးများဖြင့် လည်းကောင်း၊ မွေးဖွားလာသူများ ဖြစ်သည်။ ထိုသူတို့၌ ပိုင်းခြား ဝေဖန်တတ်သော ဉာဏ်နှင့် ကျင့်ဝတ် သိတတ်သော စိတ်တို့ရှိကြ၍ ထိုသူတို့သည် အချင်းချင်း မေတ္တာထား၍ ဆက်ဆံကျင့်သုံးသင့်၏။}}</blockquote>The [[Romanization of Burmese|romanization]] of the text into the [[Latin alphabet]]:<blockquote>{{Transliteration|my|lutuing:sany tu-nyi lwatlapsau: gun.sikhka.hprang. lany:kaung:{{!}} tu-nyi-lwatlapsau: ahkwang.-are:mya:hprang. lany:kaung:{{!}} mwe:hpwa:la.su-mya: hpracsany{{!}}{{!}} htuisutui.hnai puing:hkra: wehpantatsau: nyanhnang. kyang.wat si.tatsau: cittui.hri.kra.rwe htuisutui.sany ahkyang:hkyang: mettahta:rwe hcakhcamkyang.sum:sang.e{{!}}{{!}}}}</blockquote>Article 1 of the ''Universal Declaration of Human Rights'' in English:<ref>{{cite news |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |newspaper=United Nations |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213051510/https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |archive-date= Dec 13, 2023 }}</ref><blockquote>All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.</blockquote>

==See also==
{{Portal|Language}}
* {{portal-inline|Myanmar}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist-la}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{reflist|20em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin|30em}}
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{{refend}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Becker |first=Alton L. |editor=E. M. Bruner |title=Text, play, and story: The construction and reconstruction of self and society |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/textplaystorycon00brunrich |chapter-url-access=registration |year=1984 |publisher=American Ethnological Society |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=[https://archive.org/details/textplaystorycon00brunrich/page/135 135–55] |chapter=Biography of a sentence: A Burmese proverb |isbn=9780942976052}}
* {{cite book |last=Bernot |first=Denise |title=Le prédicat en birman parlé |year=1980 |publisher=SELAF |location=Paris |language=fr |isbn=978-2-85297-072-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Cornyn |first=William Stewart |title=Outline of Burmese grammar |year=1944 |publisher=Linguistic Society of America |location=Baltimore |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Outline_of_Burmese_Grammar}}
* {{cite book |last=Cornyn |first=William Stewart |author2=D. Haigh Roop |title=Beginning Burmese |year=1968 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven}}
* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Lisa |author2=Beau Cooper |author3=Sigrid Lew |chapter=A phonetic description of Burmese obstruents |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/13008225 |title=45th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics |year=2012 |location=Nanyang Technological University, Singapore}}
* {{cite book |last=Green |first=Antony D. |editor=J. Watkins |title=Studies in Burmese linguistics |year=2005 |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |location=Canberra |isbn=978-0-85883-559-7 |pages=1–25 |chapter=Word, foot, and syllable structure in Burmese}}
* {{cite book |last=Okell |first=John |title=A reference grammar of colloquial Burmese |year=1969 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |isbn=978-0-7007-1136-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Roop |first=D. Haigh |title=An introduction to the Burmese writing system |year=1972 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-01528-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Taw Sein Ko |author-link=Taw Sein Ko |title=Elementary handbook of the Burmese language |year=1924 |publisher=American Baptist Mission Press |location=Rangoon |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924022058931 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Waxman |first1=Nathan |last2=Aung |first2=Soe Tun |s2cid=110774660 |title=The Naturalization of Indic Loan-Words into Burmese: Adoption and Lexical Transformation |journal=Journal of Burma Studies |date=2014 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=259–290 |doi=10.1353/jbs.2014.0016}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{InterWiki|code=my}}
{{wiktionary category}}
{{EB1911 poster|Tibeto-Burman Languages}}
{{Wikivoyage|Burmese phrasebook|Burmese|a phrasebook}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/burmese.htm Omniglot: Burmese Language]
* [http://www.burmeselesson.com/ Learn Burmese online]
* [http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Burmese/ Online Burmese lessons]
* [http://www.soas.ac.uk/sea/burmese/ Burmese language resources] ({{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901020843/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sea/burmese/ |date=2009-09-01 }}) – [[School of Oriental and African Studies|SOAS]]
* {{Cite web| title = E-books for children with narration in Burmese
| work = Unite for Literacy library
| access-date = 2014-06-21
| url = http://www.uniteforliteracy.com/
}}
* [http://mcf.org.mm/myanmar-unicode.html Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126204423/http://mcf.org.mm/myanmar-unicode.html |date=2022-01-26 }}
*[http://www.myanmarlanguage.org/article/download-unicode-fonts-and-keyboards Myanmar 3 font and keyboard]
*[http://www.myanmar-dictionary.org/ Burmese online dictionary] ([[Unicode]])
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110810232141/http://ayar.co/ Ayar Myanmar online dictionary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180510185408/http://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/Ethnologue_Map_Main_Spoken_Languages_of_MyanmarNeighbour_MIMU1300v02_27Nov2017_A1.pdf Ethnologue Map Main Spoken Languages of Myanmar Neighbor]
* [https://code.google.com/p/kanaung/downloads/list Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip]
* [https://code.google.com/p/kanaung/downloads/detail?name=KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip&can=2&q= Ka Naung Converter Engine]

{{Burmese language}}
{{Lolo-Burmese languages}}
{{Languages of Myanmar}}
{{Myanmar topics}}
{{Asia topic|Languages of}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Languages of Myanmar| ]]
[[Category:Burmese language| ]]
[[Category:Analytic languages]]
[[Category:Isolating languages]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Subject–object–verb languages]]
[[Category:Tonal languages]]
[[Category:Tibeto-Burman languages]]

Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib

2026-03-16T20:56:02Z

John9200Carter: update references for clarity

{{Short description|Leader of Banu Hashim clan (c. 535 – 619)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib
| native_name = {{lang|ar|أَبُو طَالِب بن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب}}
| birth_name = 'Imran ({{lang|ar|عِمْرَان}}) or 'Abd Manaf ({{lang|ar|عَبْد مَنَاف}})<ref name="Duas2013">{{Cite web |title=Abu-Talib a.s The Greatest Guardian of Islam |url=http://www.duas.org/abutalibas.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217070926/http://www.duas.org/abutalibas.htm |archive-date=17 December 2013 |access-date=27 October 2013 |website=duas.org}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Circa}} 535 [[Common Era|CE]]
| birth_place = [[Mecca]], [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] (present-day [[Saudi Arabia]])
| death_date = {{Circa}} {{Death date and age|619|535|df=yes}}
| death_place = Mecca, Hijaz
| office = [[Tribal chief|Chief]] of [[Banu Hashim]] clan of [[Quraysh]]
| term = {{Circa}} 578 – 619 CE
| predecessor = [[Abd al-Muttalib|Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim]]
| successor = [[Abu Lahab]]
| spouse = [[Fatimah bint Asad|Fatima bint Asad]]
| children = {{plainlist|
*[[Talib ibn Abi Talib|Talib]]
*[[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|Aqil]]
*[[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far]]
*[[Ali]]
*[[Fakhitah bint Abi Talib|Fakhita]]
*[[Jumanah bint Abi Talib|Jumana]]
*[[Rayta bint Abi Talib|Rayta]]
}}
| father = [[Abd al-Muttalib]]
| mother = [[Fatima bint Amr]]
| relations = {{plainlist}}
*[[Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Harith]] (half-brother)
*[[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abdullah]] (full-brother)
*[[Al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Zubayr]] (full-brother)
*[[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Abbas]] (half-brother)
*[[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hamza]] (half-brother)
*[[Hajl ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Hajl]] (half-brother)
*[[Al-Muqawwim ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Al-Muqawwim]] (half-brother)
*[[Abū Lahab]] (half-brother)
*[[Umm Hakim bint Abd al-Muttalib|Umm Hakim]] (full-sister)
*[[Umayma bint Abd al-Muttalib|Umayma]] (full-sister)
*[[Arwa bint Abd al-Muttalib|Arwa]] (full-sister)
*[[Atika bint Abd al-Muttalib|Atika]] (full-sister)
*[[Barrah bint Abd al-Muttalib|Barra]] (full-sister)
*[[Safiyya bint Abd al-Muttalib|Safiyya]] (half-sister)
{{endplainlist}}
| resting_place = [[Jannat al-Mu'alla]] Mecca
| image = New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 57r Abû Tâlib, 'Abbâs ibn al-Muttalib, and other leaders of the Quraysh question Muhammad about Isra' and Mi'raj.jpg
| caption = Islamic miniature of Abu Talib (top-middle, blue robes), [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] (green robes next to him) and other Quraysh leaders questioning Muhammad about [[Isra' and Mi'raj]]
}}
'''Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib''' ({{langx|ar|أَبُو طَالِب بن عَبْد ٱلْمُطَّلِب|ʾAbū Ṭālib bin ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib}}; {{circa|535{{spaced ndash}}619}}) was the leader of [[Banu Hashim]], a clan of the [[Quraysh]]i tribe of [[Mecca]] in the [[Hejaz]]i region of the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. As he was the brother of [[Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Abdullah]], the father of the Islamic [[Prophet]] [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]],<ref>Ibn Sa'd, ''Al-Tabaqat al-Kobra'', Vol. 1, P. 93</ref> he was the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's uncle and father of [[Ali]]. After the death of his father [[Abd al-Muttalib]] [[Patronymic#Arabic|ibn]] [[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf]], he inherited this position as tribal chieftain, and the offices of ''Siqaya'' and ''Rifada''.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam">{{EI3|last=Rubin|first=Uri|year=2013}}</ref> He was well-respected in Mecca.<ref name="Armstrong">{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1992|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=77}}</ref>

According to the majority of Sunni scholars, Abu Talib did not accept Islam before his death.<ref>Al-Tabari, ''Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk'', vol. 2, p. 443.</ref>
However, Shia scholars maintain that Abu Talib was a devout believer who concealed his faith to protect Prophet Muhammad.<ref>Al-Mufid, Kitab al-Irshad, trans. I.K.A. Howard (Tehran: World Organization for Islamic Services, 1981), vol. 1, pp. 28–30.</ref><ref>W. Madelung, "Abu Ṭāleb," ''Encyclopaedia Iranica'', Vol. I, Fasc. 4, 1983, pp. 371–372.</ref>

==Early life==
Abu Talib was born in the city of [[Mecca]] in the [[Hejaz|Hijaz]] region in 535 [[Common Era|CE]]. He was the son of the Hashimite chief, [[Abd al-Muttalib]], and a brother of [[Muhammad]]'s father, [[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Abdullah]], who had died before Muhammad's birth. After the death of Muhammad's mother [[Aminah bint Wahab]], Muhammad, a child still, was taken into the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib. When Muhammad reached eight years of age, Abd al-Muttalib died. One of Muhammad's uncles was to take him in. The oldest, Al-Harith was not wealthy enough to accept guardianship for his nephew. Abu Talib, despite his poverty, took in Muhammad in an act of selfless generosity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=54}}</ref>

Although Abu Talib was responsible for providing ''Siqaya'' and ''Rifada'' (Food and Beverages) for [[Hajj]] pilgrims, he lived in poverty. In order to fulfill his obligations towards the pilgrims, he had to borrow money from his brother Abbas, which he failed to return, thus being forced to let Abbas take over the duty. Nevertheless, his social position did not take any harm from this failure.<ref>{{Citation |title= Abu Talib, the Faithful of Quraysh |author= Abdullah Al Khunayzi |chapter= The Route of Life |date= 4 June 2015 |chapter-url=https://www.al-islam.org/abu-talib-faithful-quraysh-abdullah-al-khunayzi/chapter-1-route-life#personality}}</ref>

Muhammad loved his uncle, and Abu Talib loved him in return.<ref name=Rubin>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=93}}</ref> Abu Talib is remembered as a gifted poet, and many poetic verses in support of Muhammad are attributed to him.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /><ref name=Lings>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=33}}</ref> Once, as Abu Talib was about to leave for a trading expedition, Muhammad wept and could not bear being separated from him. To this Abu Talib responded, "By God I will take him with me, and we shall never part from each other."<ref name=Tabari>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1988|publisher=State University of New York Press|location=Albany|page=44}}</ref>

Later in life, as an adult, Muhammad saw that Abu Talib was struggling financially after a severe drought. Muhammad decided to take charge of one of Abu Talib's children and he convinced [[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Al-'Abbas]] to do the same. They discussed this matter with Abū Ṭālib, who asked that his favorite child 'Aqīl be left with him. Al-'Abbās chose [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far]], and Muhammad chose 'Alī.<ref>Ibn Hisham, al-Sirah, Vol. I, p.162.</ref><ref name="ref3">Tārīkh Al-Tabarī (vol 2 p.63), Tārīkh ibn Al-Athīr (vol 2 p.24), Musnad of Aḥmed ibn Ḥanbal (vol 1 p.159), Al-Sīrat al-Nabawīyah by ibn Kathīr (vol 1 p.457-459).</ref><ref name="firstMuslims">Sunan al-Tirmidhī (vol 2 p.301), Al-Ṭabaqāt Al-Kubrā - ibn Sa'd (vol 3 p.12), Usd Al-Ghābah (vol 4 p.17), Kanz al-'Ummāl (vol 6 p.400), Tārīkh Al-Ṭabarī (vol 2 p.55), Tārīkh Baghdād (vol 2 p.18)</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=81}}</ref>

==Protecting Muhammad==
In tribal society, a tribal affiliation is important, otherwise a man can be killed with impunity.<ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Islam: A Short History|year=2000|publisher=Modern Library|location=New York|page=13}}</ref> As the leader of the Banu Hashim, Abu Talib acted as a protector to Muhammad. After Muhammad began preaching the message of [[Islam]], members of the other [[Quraysh]]ite clans increasingly came to feel threatened by Muḥammad. In attempts to quiet him, they pressured Abū Ṭālib to silence his nephew or control him. Despite these pressures, Abu Talib maintained his support of Muḥammad, defending him from the other leaders of the Quraysh. Leaders of the Quraysh directly confronted Abu Talib several times. Abu Talib brushed them off and continued to support Muhammad even when it put a rift between him and the Quraysh. In one account, the Quraysh even threatened to fight the Banu Hashim over this conflict.<ref name="Rubin 1995 150">{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=150}}</ref> In a particular narration of one such confrontation, Abu Talib summoned Muhammad to speak with the Quraysh. Muhammad asked the Quraysh leaders to say the [[shahada]] and they were astounded.<ref name="The History of al-Tabari">{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=95}}</ref>

The Quraysh even tried to bribe Abu Talib. They told Abu Talib that if he let them get hold of Muhammad, then he could adopt 'Umarah ibn al Walid ibn al Mughirah, the most handsome youth in Quraysh.<ref name="Rubin 1995 150"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=97}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=88}}</ref> When this also failed, the Quraysh elicited the support of other tribes to boycott trading with or marrying members of the Banu Hashim lineage. This boycott started seven years after Muhammad first received revelation and lasted for three years.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /> The goal was to put pressure on the Hashimites and even starve them into submission.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129">{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=129}}</ref> For the sake of security, many members of the Banu Hashim moved near to Abu Talib, and the place became like a [[ghetto]].<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/> This didn't cause undue hardship<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=xliv}}</ref> because many had family members in other tribes that would smuggle goods to them.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/> Abu Talib's brother, [[Abu Lahab]], sided with the Quraysh on this issue; he moved to a house in the district of Abd Shams to demonstrate support for the Quraysh.<ref name="Armstrong 1993 129"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=90}}</ref> He thought Muhammad was either mad or an impostor.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lings|first=Martin|title=Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources|year=2006|publisher=Inner Traditions|location=Rochester, Vermont|page=52}}</ref>

Protecting Muhammad put considerable pressure on Abu Talib and the Banu Hashim. In one instance Abu Talib exclaimed to Muhammad, "Save me and yourself, and do not put a greater burden on me than I cannot bear." Muhammad responded, "Oh uncle! By God Almighty I swear, even if they should put the sun in my right hand and the moon in my left that I abjure this cause, I shall not do so until God has vindicated it or caused me to perish in the process."<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=89}}</ref> Seeing his nephew's emotion, Abu Talib responded, "Go, nephew, and say what you like. By God, I will never hand you over for any reason."<ref>{{cite book|title=The History of al-Tabari|year=1985|publisher=State University Press|location=New York|page=96}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:New York Public Library, Spencer Collection Turk. MS. 3 Siyar-i Nabî fol. 64v Muhammad tries to convert Abu Talib to Islam on his deathbed.jpg|left|thumb|Islamic miniature depicting Muhammad trying to convert the dying Abu Talib on his deathbed, to Muhammad's left sits [[Ali]]]]
Abū Ṭālib died around 619 CE, at more than 80 years of age, about 10 years after the start of Muhammad's mission.<ref name="Encyclopaedia of Islam" /> This year is known as the [[Year of Sorrow]] for Muhammad, because not only did his uncle Abu Talib die, but also his wife [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]], within a month of Abu Talib.

After Abu Talib's death, Muhammad was left unprotected. Abu Talib's brother and successor as the chief of the family, that is [[Abu Lahab]], did not protect him, as he was an enemy of Muhammad, so Muhammad and his followers faced incredible persecution. Muhammad is quoted as exclaiming, "By God, Quraysh never harmed me so much as after the death of Abu Talib."<ref>{{cite book|last=Haykal|first=Muhammad Husayn|title=The Life of Muhammad|year=1976|publisher=North American Trust Publications|page=136}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Armstrong|first=Karen|title=Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet|year=1993|publisher=Harper Collins|location=San Francisco|page=135}}</ref> The early Muslims relocated to Abyssinia and then to Medina in order to escape persecution by the Quraysh.

==Views of different sects==
The memory of Abu Talib is influenced by political aims of the Sunni and Shia Muslims.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rubin|first=Uri|title=The Eye of the Beholder|year=1995|publisher=Darwin Press, Inc.|location=Princeton, New Jersey|page=149}}</ref>

===Sunni===
It is reported in Sunni Islam that the Quranic verse 28:56 ("O Prophet! Verily, you guide not whom you like, but Allah guides whom He will") was revealed concerning Abu Talib's embrace of Islam at the hands of his nephew.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Diane Morgan|title=Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice|url=https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg|url-access=registration|date=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313360251|page=[https://archive.org/details/essentialislamco0000morg/page/114 114]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Muhammad Saed Abdul-Rahman|title=The Meaning and Explanation of the Glorious Qur'an (Vol 7)|date=2009|publisher=MSA Publication Limited|isbn=9781861796615|page=202}}</ref>
During the time of Prophethood, the Prophet Muhammad took all possible measures to protect himself from the tribe. He was called a person of Hell for not accepting Islam in [[Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum]], where it is said that Muhammad said that he would be placed in the depths of Hellfire because of his association with him and his support for him, or he would have been plunged into the abyss of Hell.<ref>[[Agreed upon]] [[Muhammad bin Ismail al-Bukhari|Al-Bukhari]] No. 3883 and [[Muslim]] No. 209 </ref>

==Family==
[[File:Abu Talib ibn Abdul Muttalib.jpg|thumb|Abu Talib & Fatima bint Asad]]
Abu Talib was married to [[Fatimah bint Asad|Fatima bint Asad]]. They had four sons:
* [[Talib ibn Abi Talib|Talib]], He was his father's firstborn child, and Abu Talib received his [[Kunya (Arabic)|kunya]] from him. Little is known about him; he had no children and his body was never discovered after around {{circa}} 624.
* [[Aqil ibn Abi Talib|'Aqīl ibn Abī Ṭālib (Abu Muslim)]], married Fatima bint Uqba and had many children: Abu Sa'id, [[Muslim ibn Aqil|Muslim]], Musa, [[Abd Allah ibn Aqil|Abd Allah]], Ramla, [[Ja'far ibn Aqil|Ja'far]], [[Muhammad ibn Aqil|Muhammad]] and [[Abd al-Rahman ibn Aqil|Abd al-Rahman]].
* [[Ja'far ibn Abi Talib|Ja'far ibn Abī Ṭālib (Abu Awn)]], married [[Asma bint Umais|Asma bint Umays]] and had 3 sons: [[Abd Allah ibn Ja'far|Abd Allah]], [[Muhammad ibn Ja'far|Muhammad]] and [[Awn ibn Ja'far|Awn]] also had a daughter: Na'mi.
* [[Ali|'Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib (Abu Hasan)]], married [[Family tree of Ali|a number of women]], including [[Fatima]] bint Muhammad. He had many children like [[Hasan ibn Ali|Hasan]], [[Husayn ibn Ali|Husayn]], [[Abbas ibn Ali|Abbas]], [[Zaynab bint Ali|Zaynab]], [[Umm Kulthum bint Ali|Umm Kulthum]] and [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya|Muhammad]].

and three daughters:
* [[Fakhitah bint Abi Talib|Fākhita bint Abī Ṭālib (Umm Hani)]], married Hubayra ibn Abi Wahb and had four sons: Umar, Fulan, Yusuf, Amr and two daughters: Hani and Ja'dah
* [[Jumanah bint Abi Talib|Jumāna bint Abī Ṭālib (Umm Sufyan)]], married [[Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith]] and had two sons, Sufyan and Ja'far, Ali
* [[Rayta bint Abi Talib|Rayṭa bint Abī Ṭālib (Umm Talib)]], married [[Awn ibn Umays]] and had a son, Talib<ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir''. Translated by Haq, S. M. (1967). ''Ibn Sa'd's Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Kabir, Vol. I Parts I & II'', pp. 135-136. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan.</ref><ref>Muhammad ibn Saad. ''Kitab al-Tabaqat al-Tabir'', vol. 8. Translated by Bewley, A. (1995). ''The Women of Madina'', p. 35. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.</ref>

===Education of his children===
* Muhammad and his wife, [[Khadija bint Khuwaylid]], educated Ali
* [[Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and his wife, [[Lubaba bint al-Harith]], educated Talib
* [[Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and his wife, [[Salma bint Umays]], educated Ja'far
* [[Al-Zubayr ibn Abd al-Muttalib]] and his wife, Atika bint Abi Wahb, educated Aqil
* Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib and his wife, Fatima bint Asad, educated Fakhita, Jumana and Rayta

===Family tree===
 
{{tree chart/start|style=font-size:95%;line-height:100%;|align=center}}
{{tree chart| KiM |y| FbS | | | | | KiM='''[[Kilab ibn Murrah]]'''|FbS='''[[Fatimah bint Sa'd]]'''}}
{{tree chart| |,|-|^|-|.}}
{{tree chart| ZiK | | QiK |y| HbH | ZiK='''[[Zuhrah ibn Kilab]]''' (progenitor of [[Banu Zuhrah]]) maternal great-great-grandfather|QiK='''[[Qusai ibn Kilab]]''' paternal great-great-great-grandfather|HbH='''[[Hubba bint Hulail]]''' paternal great-great-great-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| AMZ | | | | AMQ |y| AbM | AMZ='''`[[Abd Manaf ibn Zuhrah]]''' maternal great-grandfather|AMQ='''`[[Abd Manaf ibn Qusai]]''' paternal great-great-grandfather|AbM='''[[Atikah bint Murrah]]''' paternal great-great-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| WiA | | | | | | HiA |y| SbA | WiA='''[[Wahb ibn `Abd Manaf]]''' maternal grandfather|HiA='''[[Hashim ibn Abd Manaf|Hashim ibn 'Abd Manaf]]''' (progenitor of [[Banu Hashim]]) paternal great-grandfather|SbA='''[[Salma bint Amr|Salma bint `Amr]]''' paternal great-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| |!| | | FbA |y|~|~| AuM |~|~|~|~|y| HbW | FbA='''[[Fatimah bint Amr|Fatimah bint `Amr]]''' paternal grandmother|AuM='''`[[Abdul-Muttalib]]''' paternal grandfather|HbW=[[Halah bint Wuhayb]] paternal step-grandmother}}
{{tree chart| |!| | | |,|-|+|-|.| |)|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{tree chart| Ami |y| AiA |!| AZi |!| Har | | Ham | | Ami='''[[Aminah]]''' mother|AiA='''[[Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib|`Abdullah]]''' father|AZi=[[Az-Zubayr ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|Az-Zubayr]] paternal uncle|Har=[[Al-Harith ibn Abd al-Muttalib|Harith]] paternal half-uncle|Ham=[[Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib|Hamza]] paternal half-uncle}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | |`|-|.| |`|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart| Thu |!| Hal | | ATi | | AAi | | ALa | | oth | Thu=[[Thuwaybah]] first nurse|Hal=[[Halimah bint Abi Dhuayb|Halimah]] second nurse|ATi=Abu Talib paternal uncle|AAi=[[Al-‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib|`Abbas]] paternal half-uncle|ALa=[[Abū Lahab|Abu Lahab]] paternal half-uncle|oth=''6 other sons and 6 daughters''}}
{{tree chart| | | |!| | | | | |!| | | |!}}
{{tree chart|F|~| Muh |y| KbK |!| | | AAA | Muh='''Muhammad'''|KbK=[[Khadija bint Khuwaylid|Khadija]] first wife|AAA=[[Abd Allah ibn Abbas|`Abd Allah ibn `Abbas]] paternal cousin}}
{{tree chart|:| | | | |)|.| | |!| | | |,|-|-|v|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|:|,|-| Fat |t|~| Ali | | |!| | QiM | | AiM | Fat='''[[Fatimah]]''' daughter|Ali=[[Ali]] paternal cousin and son-in-law [[Family tree of Ali|family tree]], [[Descendants of Ali ibn Abi Talib|descendants]]|QiM='''[[Qasim ibn Muhammad|Qasim]]''' son|AiM='''[[Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad|`Abd-Allah]]''' son}}
{{tree chart|:|!| | | | |)|-|-|-|v|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.}}
{{tree chart|:|!| | | | ZbM | | RbM |y| UbA |~| UKM | | ZiH | ZbM='''[[Zainab bint Muhammad|Zainab]]''' daughter|RbM='''[[Ruqayyah bint Muhammad|Ruqayyah]]''' daughter|UbA=[[Uthman ibn Affan|Uthman]] second cousin and son-in-law [[Family tree of Uthman|family tree]]|UKM='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Muhammad|Umm Kulthum]]''' daughter|ZiH=[[Zayd ibn Harithah|Zayd]] adopted son}}
{{tree chart|:|!| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{tree chart|:|!| | AiZ | | UbZ | | AAU | | | | RbZ |7| UiZ | AiZ='''[[Ali ibn Zainab]]''' grandson|UbZ='''[[Umamah bint Zainab]]''' granddaughter|AAU='''`[[Abd-Allah ibn Uthman]]''' grandson|RbZ=[[Rayhana bint Zayd]] wife|UiZ=[[Usama ibn Zayd]] adoptive grandson}}
{{tree chart|:|`|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| |:| |}}
{{tree chart|:| MiA | | Has | | Hus | | UKA | | ZbA |D| SbH | MiA='''[[Muhsin ibn Ali]]''' grandson|Has='''[[Hasan ibn Ali]]''' grandson|Hus='''[[Husayn ibn Ali]]''' grandson [[Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali|family tree]]|UKA='''[[Umm Kulthum bint Ali]]''' granddaughter|ZbA='''[[Zaynab bint Ali]]''' granddaughter|SbH=[[Safiyya bint Huyayy|Safiyya]] tenth wife}}
{{tree chart|D|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|V|~|~|~|C| |}}
{{tree chart|:| AbB |D| SbZ |:| Uma |D| USa |D| JbH |D| MbH | AbB=[[Abu Bakr]] father-in-law [[Family tree of Abu Bakr|family tree]]|SbZ=[[Sawda bint Zamʿa|Sawda]] second wife| Uma=[[Umar]] father-in-law [[Family tree of Umar|family tree]]|USa=[[Umm Salama]] sixth wife|JbH=[[Juwayriyya bint al-Harith|Juwayriya]] eighth wife|MbH=[[Maymuna bint al-Harith|Maymuna]] eleventh wife}}
{{tree chart|:| |!| |:| | | |:| |!| |:| | | |:| | | |:| |}}
{{tree chart|L| Ais |L| ZbK |L| HbU |L| ZbJ |L| RbA |L| MaQ | Ais=[[Aisha]] third wife [[Family tree of Abu Bakr|Family tree]]|ZbK=[[Zaynab bint Khuzayma|Zaynab]] fifth wife|HbU=[[Hafsa bint Umar|Hafsa]] fourth wife|ZbJ=[[Zaynab bint Jahsh|Zaynab]] seventh wife|RbA=[[Ramla bint Abi Sufyan|Umm Habiba]] ninth wife|MaQ=[[Maria al-Qibtiyya]] wife}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | IiM |IiM='''[[Ibrahim ibn Muhammad|Ibrahim]]''' son}}
{{tree chart/end}}
* * indicates that the marriage order is disputed
* Note that direct lineage is marked in '''bold'''.

==See also==
* [[List of notable Hijazis]]
* [[Family tree of Ali]]
* [[Shi'a view of Ali]]
* [[Banu Hashim]]
* [[Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{s-start}}
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Synthetic-aperture radar

2026-03-16T07:05:51Z

John9200Carter: minor cleanup

{{short description|Form of radar used to create images of landscapes}}
{{broader|Radar imaging}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{overly detailed|date=March 2012}}
{{technical|date=November 2024}}
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[[File:TEIDE.JPG|thumb|This radar image acquired by the SIR-C/X-SAR radar on board the [[Space Shuttle Endeavour]] shows the [[Teide]] volcano. The city of [[Santa Cruz de Tenerife]] is visible as the purple and white area on the lower right edge of the island. Lava flows at the summit crater appear in shades of green and brown, while vegetation zones appear as areas of purple, green and yellow on the volcano's flanks.]]

'''Synthetic-aperture radar''' ('''SAR''') is a form of [[radar]] that is used to create two-dimensional images or [[3D reconstruction|three-dimensional reconstruction]]s of objects, such as landscapes.<ref>Kirscht, Martin, and Carsten Rinke. "3D Reconstruction of Buildings and Vegetation from Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Images." MVA. 1998.</ref> SAR uses the motion of the radar antenna over a target region to provide finer [[spatial resolution]] than conventional stationary beam-scanning radars. SAR is typically mounted on a moving platform, such as an aircraft or spacecraft, and has its origins in an advanced form of [[side looking airborne radar]] (SLAR). The distance the SAR device travels over a target during the period when the target scene is illuminated creates the large ''synthetic'' [[antenna aperture]] (the ''size'' of the antenna). Typically, the larger the aperture, the higher the image resolution will be, regardless of whether the aperture is physical (a large antenna) or synthetic (a moving antenna) – this allows SAR to create high-resolution images with comparatively small physical antennas. For a fixed antenna size and orientation, objects which are further away remain illuminated longer – therefore SAR has the property of creating larger synthetic apertures for more distant objects, which results in a consistent spatial resolution over a range of viewing distances.

To create a SAR image, successive pulses of [[radio wave]]s are transmitted to "illuminate" a target scene, and the [[echo]] of each pulse is received and recorded. The pulses are transmitted and the echoes received using a single [[Beamforming|beam-forming]] antenna, with [[wavelength]]s of a meter down to several millimeters. As the SAR device on board the aircraft or spacecraft moves, the antenna location relative to the target changes with time. [[Signal processing]] of the successive recorded radar echoes allows the combining of the recordings from these multiple antenna positions. This process forms the ''synthetic antenna aperture'' and allows the creation of higher-resolution images than would otherwise be possible with a given physical antenna.<ref>"Introduction to Airborne RADAR", G. W. Stimson, Chapter 1 (13 pp).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=WILLIAMS |first=P.D.L. |date=1992-11-15 |title=A review of “Synthetic Aperture Radar—Systems & Signal Processing”. J. CURLANDER and R. N. McDONOUGH. (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.) [Pp. 647.] Price £46.95. |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169208928371 |journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing |volume=13 |issue=17 |pages=3364–3364 |doi=10.1080/01431169208928371 |issn=0143-1161|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Motivation and applications ==
[[File:Venus globe.jpg|thumb|right|The surface of [[Venus]], as imaged by the [[Magellan probe]] using SAR, colorized with [[false color]].]]
SAR is capable of high-resolution [[Radar remote sensing|remote sensing]], independent of flight altitude, and independent of weather,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mrcy.com/company/blogs/seeing-unseen-synthetic-aperture-radar |title= Seeing the unseen: How synthetic aperture radar is revolutionizing space and military operations |website=www.mrcy.com |access-date=2025-08-28}}</ref> as SAR can select frequencies to avoid weather-caused signal attenuation. SAR has day and night imaging capability as illumination is provided by the SAR.<ref name=":2">Tomographic SAR. Gianfranco Fornaro. National Research Council (CNR). Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment (IREA) Via Diocleziano, 328, I-80124 Napoli, ITALY</ref><ref>Oliver, C. and Quegan, S. Understanding Synthetic Aperture Radar Images. Artech House, Boston, 1998.</ref><ref name=":3">Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Using Spectral Estimation Techniques. Shivakumar Ramakrishnan, Vincent Demarcus, Jerome Le Ny, Neal Patwari, Joel Gussy. University of Michigan.</ref>

SAR images have wide applications in remote sensing and mapping of surfaces of the Earth and other planets. Applications of SAR are numerous. Examples include topography, oceanography, [[glaciology]], geology (for example, terrain discrimination and subsurface imaging). SAR can also be used in forestry to determine forest height, biomass, and deforestation. Volcano and earthquake monitoring use differential [[Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar|interferometry]]. SAR can also be applied for monitoring civil infrastructure stability such as bridges.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://sciengsustainability.blogspot.com/2017/02/bridge-monitoring-with-satellite-data.html |title = Science Engineering & Sustainability: Bridge monitoring with satellite data SAR}}</ref> SAR is useful in environment monitoring such as oil spills, flooding,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wu |first1=Xuan |last2=Zhang |first2=Zhijie |last3=Xiong |first3=Shengqing |last4=Zhang |first4=Wanchang |last5=Tang |first5=Jiakui |last6=Li |first6=Zhenghao |last7=An |first7=Bangsheng |last8=Li |first8=Rui |date=12 April 2023 |title=A Near-Real-Time Flood Detection Method Based on Deep Learning and SAR Images |journal=Remote Sensing |language=en |volume=15 |issue=8 |pages=2046 |doi=10.3390/rs15082046 |bibcode=2023RemS...15.2046W |issn=2072-4292 |doi-access=free |hdl=10150/674478 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Garg |first1=Shubhika |last2=Feinstein |first2=Ben |last3=Timnat |first3=Shahar |last4=Batchu |first4=Vishal |last5=Dror |first5=Gideon |last6=Rosenthal |first6=Adi Gerzi |last7=Gulshan |first7=Varun |date=7 November 2023 |title=Cross-modal distillation for flood extent mapping |journal=Environmental Data Science |language=en |volume=2 |article-number=e37 |doi=10.1017/eds.2023.34 |issn=2634-4602|doi-access=free |arxiv=2302.08180 |bibcode=2023EnvDS...2E..37G }}</ref> urban growth,<ref>{{cite arXiv |author=A. Maity |title=Supervised Classification of RADARSAT-2 Polarimetric Data for Different Land Features|year=2016|eprint=1608.00501|class=cs.CV}}</ref> military surveillance: including strategic policy and tactical assessment.<ref name=":3" /> SAR can be implemented as [[Inverse synthetic-aperture radar|inverse SAR]] by observing a moving target over a substantial time with a stationary antenna.

==Basic principle==
[[File:Synthetic Aperture Radar.svg|thumb|Basic principle]]
A ''synthetic-aperture radar'' is an [[imaging radar]] mounted on a moving platform.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Moreira|first1=Alberto|last2=Prats-Iraola|first2=Pau|last3=Younis|first3=Marwan|last4=Krieger|first4=Gerhard|last5=Hajnsek|first5=Irena|last6=P. Papathanassiou|first6=Konstantinos|title=A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar|journal= IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine|volume=1|year= 2013|issue=1|pages=6–43|doi=10.1109/MGRS.2013.2248301|bibcode=2013IGRSM...1a...6M |s2cid=7487291|url=https://elib.dlr.de/82313/1/SAR-Tutorial-March-2013.pdf}}</ref> SAR is a [[Doppler]] technique. It is based on the fact that "radar reflections from discrete objects in a passing radar beam field each [have] a minute Doppler, or speed, shift relative to the antenna".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lockheed Martin: Synthetic Aperture Radar: "Round the Clock Reconnaissance" |url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/news/features/history/sar.html}}</ref><blockquote>Carl Wiley, working at Goodyear, Arizona, (which later became Goodyear Aerospace, and eventually Lockheed Martin Corporation) in 1951, suggested the principle that — because each object in the radar beam has a slightly different speed relative to the antenna — each object will have its own doppler shift. A precise frequency analysis of the radar reflections will thus allow the construction of a detailed image.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Your Engineering Heritage: Synthetic Aperture Radar | author=Colburn, Robert |website=IEEE USA InSight | date=10 March 2009 |publisher=IEEE | url=https://insight.ieeeusa.org/articles/your-engineering-heritage-synthetic-aperture-radar/}}</ref></blockquote>

In order to realise this concept, electromagnetic waves are transmitted sequentially, the echoes are collected and the system electronics digitizes and stores the data for subsequent processing. As transmission and reception occur at different times, they map to different small positions. The well ordered combination of the received signals builds a virtual aperture that is much longer than the physical antenna width. That is the source of the term "synthetic aperture," giving it the property of an imaging radar.<ref name=":3" /> The range direction is perpendicular to the flight track and perpendicular to the azimuth direction, which is also known as the ''along-track'' direction because it is in line with the position of the object within the antenna's field of view.

The 3D processing is done in two stages. The [[azimuth]] and range direction are focused for the generation of 2D (azimuth-range) high-resolution images, after which a digital elevation model (DEM)<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=R. Bamler|last2=P. Hartl|title=Synthetic aperture radar interferometry|journal=Inverse Problems|volume=14|number=4|pages=R1–R54|date=August 1998|doi=10.1088/0266-5611/14/4/001|bibcode=1998InvPr..14R...1B|s2cid=250827866 }}</ref><ref name=":15" /> is used to measure the phase differences between complex images, which is determined from different look angles to recover the height information. This height information, along with the azimuth-range coordinates provided by 2-D SAR focusing, gives the third dimension, which is the elevation.<ref name=":2" /> The first step requires only standard processing algorithms,<ref name=":15">G. Fornaro, G. Franceschetti, "SAR Interferometry", Chapter IV in G. Franceschetti, R. Lanari, Synthetic Aperture Radar Processing, CRC-PRESS, Boca Raton, Marzo 1999.</ref> for the second step, additional pre-processing such as image co-registration and phase calibration is used.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book |doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-396500-4.00020-X|chapter = SAR Interferometry and Tomography: Theory and Applications|volume = 2|pages = 1043–1117|year = 2014|last1 = Fornaro|first1 = Gianfranco|last2 = Pascazio|first2 = Vito| title=Academic Press Library in Signal Processing: Volume 2 – Communications and Radar Signal Processing |isbn = 9780123965004}}</ref>

In addition, multiple baselines can be used to extend 3D imaging to the ''time dimension''. 4D and multi-D SAR imaging allows imaging of complex scenarios, such as urban areas, and has improved performance with respect to classical interferometric techniques such as persistent scatterer interferometry (PSI).<ref>{{Cite book |doi = 10.1109/IGARSS.2015.7326425|chapter = Three-dimensional and higher-order imaging with tomographic SAR: Techniques, applications, issues|title = 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)|pages = 2915–2918|year = 2015|last1 = Reigber|first1 = Andreas|last2 = Lombardini|first2 = Fabrizio|last3 = Viviani|first3 = Federico|last4 = Nannini|first4 = Matteo|last5 = Martinez Del Hoyo|first5 = Antonio|hdl = 11568/843638|isbn = 978-1-4799-7929-5|s2cid = 9589219}}</ref>

==Algorithm==
SAR algorithms model the scene as a set of point targets that do not interact with each other (the [[Born approximation]]).

While the details of various SAR algorithms differ, SAR processing in each case is the application of a [[matched filter]] to the raw data, for each pixel in the output image, where the matched filter coefficients are the response from a single isolated point target.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Allen |first1=Chris |title=Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR) Implementation |url=https://people.eecs.ku.edu/~callen58/826/826_SAR_Implementation_03.pptx |website=EECS Department, University of Kansas |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref> In the early days of SAR processing, the raw data was recorded on film and the postprocessing by matched filter was [https://space.stackexchange.com/a/60561/49488 implemented optically] using lenses of conical, cylindrical and spherical shape. The Range-Doppler algorithm is an example of a more recent approach.

== Existing spectral estimation approaches ==

Synthetic-aperture radar determines the 3D reflectivity from measured SAR data. It is basically a spectrum estimation, because for a specific cell of an image, the complex-value SAR measurements of the SAR image stack are a sampled version of the Fourier transform of reflectivity in elevation direction, but the Fourier transform is irregular.<ref>Xiaoxiang Zhu, "Spectral Estimation for Synthetic Aperture Radar Tomography", Earth Oriented Space Science and Technology – ESPACE, 19 September 2008.</ref> Thus the spectral estimation techniques are used to improve the resolution and reduce [[Speckle pattern|speckle]] compared to the results of conventional Fourier transform SAR imaging techniques.<ref name=":12" />

=== Non-parametric methods ===

==== FFT ====

FFT ([[Fast Fourier transform|Fast Fourier Transform]] i.e., [[periodogram]] or [[matched filter]]) is one such method, which is used in the majority of the spectral estimation algorithms, and there are many fast algorithms for computing the multidimensional [[discrete Fourier transform]]. Computational ''Kronecker-core array algebra''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=D. Rodriguez|title=A computational Kronecker-core array algebra SAR raw data generation modeling system|journal=Signals, Systems and Computers, 2001. Conference Record of the Thirty-Fifth Asilomar Conference on Year: 2001|volume=1}}</ref> is a popular algorithm used as new variant of FFT algorithms for the processing in multidimensional synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) systems. This algorithm uses a study of theoretical properties of input/output data indexing sets and groups of permutations.

A branch of finite multi-dimensional linear algebra is used to identify similarities and differences among various FFT algorithm variants and to create new variants. Each multidimensional DFT computation is expressed in matrix form. The multidimensional DFT matrix, in turn, is disintegrated into a set of factors, called functional primitives, which are individually identified with an underlying software/hardware computational design.<ref name=":3" />

The FFT implementation is essentially a realization of the mapping of the mathematical framework through generation of the variants and executing matrix operations. The performance of this implementation may vary from machine to machine, and the objective is to identify on which machine it performs best.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last=T. Gough|first=Peter|title=A Fast Spectral Estimation Algorithm Based on the FFT|journal= IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing|volume= 42| issue = 6 |date= June 1994|pages=1317–1322|bibcode=1994ITSP...42.1317G|doi=10.1109/78.286949}}</ref>

===== Advantages =====

* Additive group-theoretic properties of multidimensional input/output indexing sets are used for the mathematical formulations, therefore, it is easier to identify mapping between computing structures and mathematical expressions, thus, better than conventional methods.<ref name=":10" />
* The language of CKA algebra helps the application developer in understanding which are the more computational efficient FFT variants thus reducing the computational effort and improve their implementation time.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Datcu |first1=Mihai |last2=Popescu |first2=Anca |last3=Gavat |first3=Inge |title= Complex SAR image characterization using space variant spectral analysis |journal=2008 IEEE Radar Conference |year=2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=J. Capo4 |title= High resolution frequency wave-number spectrum analysis |journal= Proceedings of the IEEE|volume=57 |issue= 8 |pages= 1408–1418 |date= August 1969 |doi= 10.1109/PROC.1969.7278 }}</ref>

===== Disadvantages =====
* FFT cannot separate sinusoids close in frequency. If the periodicity of the data does not match FFT, edge effects are seen.<ref name=":13" />

==== Capon method ====
The Capon [[spectral method]], also called the minimum-variance method, is a multidimensional array-processing technique.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=A. Jakobsson|last2=S. L. Marple|last3=P. Stoica|title=Computationally efficient two-dimensional Capon spectrum analysis|journal= IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing|volume=48|year=2000|issue=9|pages=2651–2661|doi=10.1109/78.863072|bibcode=2000ITSP...48.2651J|citeseerx=10.1.1.41.7}}</ref> It is a nonparametric covariance-based method, which uses an adaptive matched-filterbank approach and follows two main steps:
# Passing the data through a 2D bandpass filter with varying center frequencies (<math>\omega_1, \omega_2</math>).
# Estimating the power at (<math>\omega_1, \omega_2</math>) for all <math>\omega_1 \in [0, 2\pi), \omega_2 \in [0, 2\pi)</math> of interest from the filtered data.

The adaptive Capon bandpass filter is designed to minimize the power of the filter output, as well as pass the frequencies (<math>\omega_1, \omega_2</math>) without any attenuation, i.e., to satisfy, for each (<math>\omega_1, \omega_2</math>),

: <math>\min_h h^*_{\omega_1,\omega_2} Rh_{\omega_1,\omega_2}</math> subject to <math>h^*_{\omega_1,\omega_2} a_{\omega_1,\omega_2} = 1,</math>

where ''R'' is the [[covariance matrix]], <math>h^*_{\omega_1,\omega_2}</math> is the complex conjugate transpose of the [[impulse response]] of the FIR filter, <math>a_{\omega_1,\omega_2}</math> is the 2D Fourier vector, defined as <math>a_{\omega_1,\omega_2} \triangleq a_{\omega_1} \otimes a_{\omega_2}</math>, <math>\otimes</math> denotes Kronecker product.<ref name=":5" />

Therefore, it passes a 2D sinusoid at a given frequency without distortion while minimizing the variance of the noise of the resulting image. The purpose is to compute the spectral estimate efficiently.<ref name=":5" />

''Spectral estimate'' is given as

: <math>S_{\omega_1,\omega_2} = \frac{1}{a_{\omega_1,\omega_2}^* R^{-1} a_{\omega_1,\omega_2}},</math>

where ''R'' is the covariance matrix, and <math>a^*_{\omega_1,\omega_2}</math> is the 2D complex-conjugate transpose of the Fourier vector. The computation of this equation over all frequencies is time-consuming. It is seen that the forward–backward Capon estimator yields better estimation than the forward-only classical capon approach. The main reason behind this is that while the forward–backward Capon uses both the forward and backward data vectors to obtain the estimate of the covariance matrix, the forward-only Capon uses only the forward data vectors to estimate the covariance matrix.<ref name=":5" />

===== Advantages =====
* Capon can yield more accurate spectral estimates with much lower sidelobes and narrower spectral peaks than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=I. Yildirim|last2=N. S. Tezel|last3=I. Erer|last4=B. Yazgan|title=A comparison of non-parametric spectral estimators for SAR imaging|journal=Recent Advances in Space Technologies, 2003. RAST '03. International Conference on. Proceedings of Year: 2003}}</ref>
* Capon method can provide much better resolution.

===== Disadvantages =====
* Implementation requires computation of two intensive tasks: inversion of the covariance matrix ''R'' and multiplication by the <math>a_{\omega_1,\omega_2}</math> matrix, which has to be done for each point <math>\left(\omega_1, \omega_2\right)</math>.<ref name=":2" />

==== APES method ====
The APES (amplitude and phase estimation) method is also a matched-filter-bank method, which assumes that the phase history data is a sum of 2D sinusoids in noise.

APES spectral estimator has 2-step filtering interpretation:
# Passing data through a bank of FIR bandpass filters with varying center frequency <math>\omega</math>.
# Obtaining the spectrum estimate for <math>\omega \in [0, 2\pi)</math> from the filtered data.<ref>"Iterative realization of the 2-D Capon method applied in SAR image processing", IET International Radar Conference 2015.</ref>

Empirically, the APES method results in wider spectral peaks than the Capon method, but more accurate spectral estimates for amplitude in SAR.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=R. Alty|first1=Stephen|last2=Jakobsson|first2=Andreas|last3=G. Larsson|first3=Erik|title=Efficient implementation of the time-recursive Capon and APES spectral estimators|journal=Signal Processing Conference, 2004 12th European}}</ref> In the Capon method, although the spectral peaks are narrower than the APES, the sidelobes are higher than that for the APES. As a result, the estimate for the amplitude is expected to be less accurate for the Capon method than for the APES method. The APES method requires about 1.5 times more computation than the Capon method.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Jian|last2=P. Stoica|title=An adaptive filtering approach to spectral estimation and SAR imaging|journal= IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing|year=1996|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1469–1484|doi=10.1109/78.506612|bibcode=1996ITSP...44.1469L|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===== Advantages =====
* Filtering reduces the number of available samples, but when it is designed tactically, the increase in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in the filtered data will compensate this reduction, and the amplitude of a sinusoidal component with frequency <math>\omega</math> can be estimated more accurately from the filtered data than from the original signal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Jian|last2=E. G. Larsson|last3=P. Stoica|title=Amplitude spectrum estimation for two-dimensional gapped data|journal= IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing|year=2002|volume=50|issue=6|pages=1343–1354|doi=10.1109/tsp.2002.1003059|bibcode=2002ITSP...50.1343L|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===== Disadvantages =====
* The autocovariance matrix is much larger in 2D than in 1D, therefore it is limited by memory available.<ref name=":3" />

=== SAMV method ===

[[SAMV (algorithm)|SAMV]] method is a parameter-free sparse signal reconstruction based algorithm. It achieves [[Super-resolution imaging|super-resolution]] and is robust to highly correlated signals. The name emphasizes its basis on the asymptotically minimum variance (AMV) criterion. It is a powerful tool for the recovery of both the amplitude and frequency characteristics of multiple highly correlated sources in challenging environment (e.g., limited number of snapshots, low [[signal-to-noise ratio]]). Applications include synthetic-aperture radar imaging and various source localization.

==== Advantages ====

[[SAMV (algorithm)|SAMV]] method is capable of achieving resolution higher than some established parametric methods, e.g., [[MUSIC (algorithm)|MUSIC]], especially with highly correlated signals.

==== Disadvantages ====

[[Computational complexity]] of the [[SAMV (algorithm)|SAMV]] method is higher due to its iterative procedure.

=== Parametric subspace decomposition methods ===

==== Eigenvector method ====
This subspace decomposition method separates the eigenvectors of the autocovariance matrix into those corresponding to signals and to clutter.<ref name=":3" /> The amplitude of the image at a point (<math>\omega_x, \omega_y</math> ) is given by:

: <math>
\hat{\phi}_{EV}\left(\omega_x, \omega_y\right) = \frac{1}
{W^\mathsf{H}\left(\omega_x, \omega_y\right) \left(\sum_\text{clutter} \frac{1}{\lambda_i} \underline{v_i}\,\underline{v_i}^\mathsf{H}\right) W\left(\omega_x, \omega_y\right)}</math>

where <math>\hat{\phi}_{EV}</math> is the amplitude of the image at a point <math>\left(\omega_x, \omega_y\right)</math> , <math>\underline{v_i}</math> is the [[polarization (waves)#Coherency matrix|coherency matrix]] and <math>\underline{v_i}^\mathsf{H}</math> is the [[Hermitian matrix|Hermitian]] of the coherency matrix, <math>\frac{1}{\lambda_i}</math> is the inverse of the eigenvalues of the clutter subspace, <math>W\left(\omega_x, \omega_y\right)</math> are vectors defined as<ref name=":3" />

: <math>
W\left(\omega_x, \omega_y\right) =
\left[1 \exp\left(-j\omega_x\right) \ldots \exp\left(-j(M - 1)\omega_x\right)\right] \otimes \left[1 \exp\left(-j\omega_y\right) \ldots \exp\left(-j(M - 1)\omega_y\right)\right]</math>

where ⊗ denotes the [[Kronecker product]] of the two vectors.

===== Advantages =====
* Shows features of image more accurately.<ref name=":3" />

===== Disadvantages =====
* High computational complexity.<ref name=":9" />

==== MUSIC method ====
[[MUSIC (algorithm)|MUSIC]] detects frequencies in a signal by performing an eigen decomposition on the covariance matrix of a data vector of the samples obtained from the samples of the received signal. When all of the eigenvectors are included in the clutter subspace (model order = 0) the EV method becomes identical to the Capon method. Thus the determination of model order is critical to operation of the EV method. The eigenvalue of the R matrix decides whether its corresponding eigenvector corresponds to the clutter or to the signal subspace.<ref name=":3" />

The MUSIC method is considered to be a poor performer in SAR applications. This method uses a constant instead of the clutter subspace.<ref name=":3" />

In this method, the denominator is equated to zero when a sinusoidal signal corresponding to a point in the SAR image is in alignment to one of the signal subspace eigenvectors which is the peak in image estimate. Thus this method does not accurately represent the scattering intensity at each point, but show the particular points of the image.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" />

===== Advantages =====
* [[MUSIC (algorithm)|MUSIC]] whitens or equalizes, the clutter eigenvalues.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|first=S. R. |last=DeGraaf|title=SAR Imaging via Modern 2-D Spectral Estimation Methods|journal=IEEE Transactions on Image Processing|volume= 7| issue = 5 |pages=729–761|date=May 1998|bibcode=1998ITIP....7..729D|doi=10.1109/83.668029|pmid=18276288}}</ref>

===== Disadvantages =====
* Resolution loss due to the averaging operation.<ref name=":4" />

=== Backprojection algorithm ===
Backprojection Algorithm has two methods: ''Time-domain Backprojection'' and ''Frequency-domain Backprojection''. The time-domain Backprojection has more advantages over frequency-domain and thus, is more preferred. The time-domain Backprojection forms images or spectrums by matching the data acquired from the radar and as per what it expects to receive. It can be considered as an ideal matched-filter for synthetic-aperture radar. There is no need of having a different motion compensation step due to its quality of handling non-ideal motion/sampling. It can also be used for various imaging geometries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Duersch|first=Michael|title=Backprojection for Synthetic Aperture Radar|journal=BYU ScholarsArchive}}</ref>

==== Advantages ====
* ''It is invariant to the imaging mode'': which means, that it uses the same algorithm irrespective of the imaging mode present, whereas, frequency domain methods require changes depending on the mode and geometry.<ref name=":1" />
* Ambiguous azimuth aliasing usually occurs when the Nyquist spatial sampling requirements are exceeded by frequencies. Unambiguous aliasing occurs in [[Squint (antenna)|squinted]] geometries where the signal bandwidth does not exceed the sampling limits, but has undergone "spectral wrapping." Backprojection Algorithm does not get affected by any such kind of aliasing effects.<ref name=":1" />
* ''It matches the space/time filter:'' uses the information about the imaging geometry, to produce a pixel-by-pixel varying matched filter to approximate the expected return signal. This usually yields antenna gain compensation.<ref name=":1" />
* With reference to the previous advantage, the back projection algorithm compensates for the motion. This becomes an advantage at areas having low altitudes.<ref name=":1" />

==== Disadvantages ====
* The computational expense is more for Backprojection algorithm as compared to other frequency domain methods.
* It requires very precise knowledge of imaging geometry.<ref name=":1" />

==== Application: geosynchronous orbit synthetic-aperture radar (GEO-SAR) ====
In GEO-SAR, to focus specially on the relative moving track, the backprojection algorithm works very well. It uses the concept of Azimuth Processing in the time domain. For the satellite-ground geometry, GEO-SAR plays a significant role.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|last1=Zhuo|first1=Li|last2=Chungsheng|first2=Li |chapter=Back projection algorithm for high resolution GEO-SAR image formation |title=2011 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium |publisher=IEEE |pages=336–339|doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2011.6048967|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4577-1003-2|s2cid=37054346}}</ref>

The procedure of this concept is elaborated as follows.<ref name=":8" />
# The raw data acquired is segmented or drawn into sub-apertures for simplification of speedy conduction of procedure.
# The range of the data is then compressed, using the concept of "Matched Filtering" for every segment/sub-aperture created. It is given by-<math display="inline">s(t, \tau) = \exp \left(-j \cdot \frac{4\pi}{\lambda} \cdot R(t)\right) \cdot \operatorname{sinc}\left(\tau - \frac{2}{c} \cdot R(t)\right)</math> where ''τ'' is the range time, ''t'' is the azimuthal time, ''λ'' is the wavelength, ''c'' is the [[speed of light]].
# Accuracy in the "Range Migration Curve" is achieved by range interpolation.
# The pixel locations of the ground in the image is dependent on the satellite–ground geometry model. Grid-division is now done as per the azimuth time.
# Calculations for the "[[slant range]]" (range between the antenna's phase center and the point on the ground) are done for every azimuth time using coordinate transformations.
# Azimuth Compression is done after the previous step.
# Step 5 and 6 are repeated for every pixel, to cover every pixel, and conduct the procedure on every sub-aperture.
# Lastly, all the sub-apertures of the image created throughout, are superimposed onto each other and the ultimate HD image is generated.

=== Comparison between the algorithms ===
Capon and APES can yield more accurate spectral estimates with much lower sidelobes and more narrow spectral peaks than the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, which is also a special case of the FIR filtering approaches. It is seen that although the APES algorithm gives slightly wider spectral peaks than the Capon method, the former yields more accurate overall spectral estimates than the latter and the FFT method.<ref name=":6" />

FFT method is fast and simple but have larger sidelobes. Capon has high resolution but high computational complexity. EV also has high resolution and high computational complexity. APES has higher resolution, faster than capon and EV but high computational complexity.<ref name=":4" />

MUSIC method is not generally suitable for SAR imaging, as whitening the clutter eigenvalues destroys the spatial inhomogeneities associated with terrain clutter or other diffuse scattering in SAR imagery. But it offers higher frequency resolution in the resulting power spectral density (PSD) than the fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based methods.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Xiaoling|first1=Zhang|last2=Chen|first2=Cheng |title=2011 IEEE RadarCon (RADAR) |chapter=A new super-resolution 3D-SAR imaging method based on MUSIC algorithm |date=2011 |pages=525–529 |doi=10.1109/RADAR.2011.5960592 |isbn=978-1-4244-8901-5 }}</ref>

The backprojection algorithm is computationally expensive. It is specifically attractive for sensors that are wideband, wide-angle, and/or have long coherent apertures with substantial off-track motion.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Yegulalp |first1=A.F. |title=Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE Radar Conference. Radar into the Next Millennium (Cat. No.99CH36249) |chapter=Fast backprojection algorithm for synthetic aperture radar |date=1999 |pages=60–65 |doi= 10.1109/NRC.1999.767270 |isbn=0-7803-4977-6 }}</ref>

==Multistatic operation==
{{further|Multistatic radar}}
SAR requires that echo captures be taken at multiple antenna positions. The more captures taken (at different antenna locations) the more reliable the target characterization.

Multiple captures can be obtained by moving a single antenna to different locations, by placing multiple stationary antennas at different locations, or combinations thereof.

The advantage of a single moving antenna is that it can be easily placed in any number of positions to provide any number of monostatic waveforms. For example, an antenna mounted on an airplane takes many captures per second as the plane travels.

The principal advantages of multiple static antennas are that a moving target can be characterized (assuming the capture electronics are fast enough), that no vehicle or motion machinery is necessary, and that antenna positions need not be derived from other, sometimes unreliable, information. (One problem with SAR aboard an airplane is knowing precise antenna positions as the plane travels).

For multiple static antennas, all combinations of monostatic and [[multistatic radar]] waveform captures are possible. Note, however, that it is not advantageous to capture a waveform for each of both transmission directions for a given pair of antennas, because those waveforms will be identical. When multiple static antennas are used, the total number of unique echo waveforms that can be captured is

:<math>\frac{N^2 + N}{2}</math>

where ''N'' is the number of unique antenna positions.

== Scanning modes ==

=== Stripmap mode airborne SAR ===
[[File:Stripmap Mode.jpg|thumb|Illustration of the SAR stripmap operation mode.]]
The antenna stays in a fixed position. It may be orthogonal to the flight path, or it may be squinted slightly forward or backward.<ref name=":3" />

When the antenna aperture travels along the flight path, a signal is transmitted at a rate equal to the [[pulse repetition frequency]] (PRF). The lower boundary of the PRF is determined by the Doppler bandwidth of the radar. The backscatter of each of these signals is commutatively added on a pixel-by-pixel basis to attain the fine azimuth resolution desired in radar imagery.<ref>Mark T. Crockett, "An Introduction to Synthetic Aperture Radar:A High-Resolution Alternative to Optical Imaging"</ref>

=== Spotlight mode SAR ===
[[File:Spotlight Imaging Mode.jpg|thumb|Depiction of the Spotlight Image Mode]]
The spotlight synthetic aperture is given by<ref name="gs">{{cite book |last1=Stimson |first1=George |title=Introduction to Airborne Radar |date=1998 |publisher=SciTech Publishing, Inc. |location=Raleigh |isbn=9781891121012 |pages=13}}</ref>

: <math>Lsa = r_0 \Delta\theta_a</math><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://earth.esa.int/documents/10174/642943/6-LTC2013-SAR-Moreira.pdf|title=Synthetic Aperture Radar: Principles and Applications|last=Moreira|first=Alberto}}</ref>

where <math>\Delta\theta_a</math> is the angle formed between the beginning and end of the imaging, as shown in the diagram of spotlight imaging and <math>r_0</math> is the range distance.

The spotlight mode gives better resolution albeit for a smaller ground patch. In this mode, the illuminating radar beam is steered continually as the aircraft moves, so that it illuminates the same patch over a longer period of time. This mode is not a traditional continuous-strip imaging mode; however, it has high azimuth resolution.<ref name=":0" /> A technical explanation of spotlight SAR from first principles is offered in.<ref>{{Cite report|url=https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/698/1540|title=A Rationale for Backprojection in Spotlight Synthetic Aperture Radar Image Formation|last=Bauck|first=Jerald|date=19 October 2019 |doi=10.31224/osf.io/5wv2d |s2cid=243085005 }}</ref>

=== Scan mode SAR ===
[[File:ScanSAR.jpg|thumb|Depiction of ScanSAR Imaging Mode]]
While operating as a scan mode SAR, the antenna beam sweeps periodically and thus cover much larger area than the spotlight and stripmap modes. However, the azimuth resolution become much lower than the stripmap mode due to the decreased azimuth bandwidth. Clearly there is a balance achieved between the azimuth resolution and the scan area of SAR.<ref>C. Romero, High Resolution Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging. 2010. [Online]. Available: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1364&context=theses. Accessed: 14 November 2016.</ref> Here, the synthetic aperture is shared between the sub swaths, and it is not in direct contact within one subswath. Mosaic operation is required in azimuth and range directions to join the azimuth bursts and the range sub-swaths.<ref name=":0" />

* ScanSAR makes the [[Swathe#Swathe width|swath]] beam huge.
* The azimuth signal has many bursts.
* The azimuth resolution is limited due to the burst duration.
* Each target contains varied frequencies which completely depends on where the azimuth is present.<ref name=":0" />

==Special techniques==

===Polarimetry===
{{main|Polarimetry}}
[[File:Space Radar Image of Lisbon, Portugal.jpg|thumb|Color representation of different polarizations.]]
Radar waves have a [[Polarization (waves)|polarization]]. Different materials reflect radar waves with different intensities, but [[anisotropic]] materials such as grass often reflect different polarizations with different intensities. Some materials will also convert one polarization into another. By emitting a mixture of polarizations and using receiving antennas with a specific polarization, several images can be collected from the same series of pulses. Frequently three such RX-TX polarizations (HH-pol, VV-pol, VH-pol) are used as the three color channels in a synthesized image. This is what has been done in the picture at right. Interpretation of the resulting colors requires significant testing of known materials.

New developments in polarimetry include using the changes in the random polarization returns of some surfaces (such as grass or sand) and between two images of the same location at different times to determine where changes not visible to optical systems occurred. Examples include subterranean tunneling or paths of vehicles driving through the area being imaged. Enhanced SAR sea oil slick observation has been developed by appropriate physical modelling and use of fully polarimetric and dual-polarimetric measurements.

==== SAR polarimetry ====
[[File:Death-valley-sar.jpg|thumb|SAR image of [[Death Valley]] colored using polarimetry]]
SAR polarimetry is a technique used for deriving qualitative and quantitative physical information for land, snow and ice, ocean and urban applications based on the measurement and exploration of the polarimetric properties of man-made and natural scatterers. ''Terrain'' and ''land use'' classification is one of the most important applications of polarimetric synthetic-aperture radar (PolSAR).<ref name=":7" />

SAR polarimetry uses a scattering matrix (S) to identify the scattering behavior of objects after an interaction with electromagnetic wave. The matrix is represented by a combination of horizontal and vertical polarization states of transmitted and received signals.

<math>S = \begin{bmatrix} S_{HH} & S_{HV} \\ S_{VH} & S_{VV} \end{bmatrix}</math>

where, HH is for horizontal transmit and horizontal receive, VV is for vertical transmit and vertical receive, HV is for horizontal transmit and vertical receive, and VH for vertical transmit and horizontal receive.

The first two of these polarization combinations are referred to as like-polarized (or co-polarized), because the transmit and receive polarizations are the same. The last two combinations are referred to as cross-polarized because the transmit and receive polarizations are orthogonal to one another.<ref>Woodhouse, H.I. 2009. Introduction to microwave remote sensing. CRC Press, Taylor & Fancis Group, Special Indian Edition.</ref>

==== Three-component scattering power model ====
The three-component scattering power model by Freeman and Durden<ref name=":14" /> is successfully used for the decomposition of a PolSAR image, applying the reflection symmetry condition using covariance matrix. The method is based on simple physical scattering mechanisms (surface scattering, double-bounce scattering, and volume scattering). The advantage of this scattering model is that it is simple and easy to implement for image processing. There are 2 major approaches for a 3<math>\times</math>3 polarimetric matrix decomposition. One is the lexicographic covariance matrix approach based on physically measurable parameters,<ref name=":14" /> and the other is the Pauli decomposition which is a coherent decomposition matrix. It represents all the polarimetric information in a single SAR image. The polarimetric information of [S] could be represented by the combination of the intensities <math>|S_{HH}|^2 , |S_{VV}|^2 , 2|S_{HV}|^2</math> in a single RGB image where all the previous intensities will be coded as a color channel.<ref>{{cite web|title=PolSARpro v6.0 (Biomass Edition) Toolbox|url=https://earth.esa.int/documents/653194/656796/Polarimetric_Decompositions.pdf|access-date=November 20, 2022|publisher=ESA}}</ref>

==== Four-component scattering power model ====
For PolSAR image analysis, there can be cases where reflection symmetry condition does not hold. In those cases a ''four-component scattering model''<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Gianfranco Fornaro; Diego Reale; Francesco Serafino,"Four-Dimensional SAR Imaging for Height Estimation and Monitoring of Single and Double Scatterers"|journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |year=2009 |volume=47 |issue=1}}</ref> can be used to decompose polarimetric synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. This approach deals with the non-reflection symmetric scattering case. It includes and extends the three-component decomposition method introduced by Freeman and Durden<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal|author1=A. Freeman |author2=S. L. Durden |title=A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data |journal= IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing|volume= 36| issue = 3 |pages=963–973 |date=May 1998|doi=10.1109/36.673687 |bibcode=1998ITGRS..36..963F }}</ref> to a fourth component by adding the helix scattering power. This helix power term generally appears in complex urban area but disappears for a natural distributed scatterer.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author1=Y. Yamaguchi|author2=T. Moriyama|author3=M. Ishido|author4=H. Yamada |title=Four-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR image decomposition|journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |year=2005 |volume=43 |issue=8|pages=1699|doi=10.1109/TGRS.2005.852084|bibcode=2005ITGRS..43.1699Y|s2cid=10094317}}</ref>

There is also an improved method using the four-component decomposition algorithm, which was introduced for the general polSAR data image analyses. The SAR data is first filtered which is known as speckle reduction, then each pixel is decomposed by four-component model to determine the surface scattering power (<math>P_{s}</math>), double-bounce scattering power (<math>P_{d}</math>), volume scattering power (<math>P_{v}</math>), and helix scattering power (<math>P_{c}</math>).<ref name=":7" /> The pixels are then divided into 5 classes (surface, double-bounce, volume, helix, and mixed pixels) classified with respect to maximum powers. A mixed category is added for the pixels having two or three equal dominant scattering powers after computation. The process continues as the pixels in all these categories are divided in 20 small clutter approximately of same number of pixels and merged as desirable, this is called cluster merging. They are iteratively classified and then automatically color is delivered to each class. The summarization of this algorithm leads to an understanding that, brown colors denotes the surface scattering classes, red colors for double-bounce scattering classes, green colors for volume scattering classes, and blue colors for helix scattering classes.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Haijian Zhang; Wen Yang; Jiayu Chen; Hong Sun," Improved Classification of Polarimetric SAR Data Based on Four-component Scattering Model"|journal=2006 CIE International Conference on Radar}}</ref>

Although this method is aimed for non-reflection case, it automatically includes the reflection symmetry condition, therefore in can be used as a general case. It also preserves the scattering characteristics by taking the mixed scattering category into account therefore proving to be a better algorithm.

===Interferometry===
{{Main|Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar}}

Rather than discarding the phase data, information can be extracted from it. If two observations of the same terrain from very similar positions are available, [[aperture synthesis]] can be performed to provide the resolution performance which would be given by a radar system with dimensions equal to the separation of the two measurements. This technique is called [[interferometric SAR]] or InSAR.

If the two samples are obtained simultaneously (perhaps by placing two antennas on the same aircraft, some distance apart), then any phase difference will contain information about the angle from which the radar echo returned. Combining this with the distance information, one can determine the position in three dimensions of the image pixel. In other words, one can extract terrain altitude as well as radar reflectivity, producing a [[digital elevation model]] (DEM) with a single airplane pass. One aircraft application at the [[Canada Centre for Remote Sensing]] produced digital elevation maps with a resolution of 5 m and altitude errors also about 5 m. Interferometry was used to map many regions of the Earth's surface with unprecedented accuracy using data from the [[Shuttle Radar Topography Mission]].

If the two samples are separated in time, perhaps from two flights over the same terrain, then there are two possible sources of phase shift. The first is terrain altitude, as discussed above. The second is terrain motion: if the terrain has shifted between observations, it will return a different phase. The amount of shift required to cause a significant phase difference is on the order of the wavelength used. This means that if the terrain shifts by centimeters, it can be seen in the resulting image (a [[digital elevation map]] must be available to separate the two kinds of phase difference; a third pass may be necessary to produce one).

This second method offers a powerful tool in [[geology]] and [[geography]]. [[Glacier]] flow can be mapped with two passes. Maps showing the land deformation after a minor [[earthquake]] or after a [[volcanic eruption]] (showing the shrinkage of the whole volcano by several centimeters) have been published.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bathke | first1 = H. | last2 = Shirzaei | first2 = M. | last3 = Walter | first3 = T. R. | year = 2011 | title = Inflation and deflation at the steep-sided Llaima stratovolcano (Chile) detected by using InSAR | url = https://gfzpublic.gfz-potsdam.de/pubman/item/escidoc:243727| journal = Geophys. Res. Lett. | volume = 38 | issue = 10| page = L10304 | doi = 10.1029/2011GL047168 | bibcode = 2011GeoRL..3810304B | doi-access = free | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Dawson | first1 = J. | last2 = Cummins | first2 = P. | last3 = Tregoning | first3 = P. | last4 = Leonard | first4 = M. | year = 2008 | title = Shallow intraplate earthquakes in Western Australia observed by Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar | journal = J. Geophys. Res. | volume = 113 | issue = B11 | page = B11408 | doi = 10.1029/2008JB005807 | bibcode = 2008JGRB..11311408D }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/volcano_monitoring_using_insar_to_see_changes_in_volcano_shape|title = Volcano Monitoring: Using InSAR to see changes in volcano shape- Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology}}</ref>

====Differential interferometry====
Differential interferometry (D-InSAR) requires taking at least two images with addition of a DEM. The DEM can be either produced by GPS measurements or could be generated by interferometry as long as the time between acquisition of the image pairs is short, which guarantees minimal distortion of the image of the target surface. In principle, 3 images of the ground area with similar image acquisition geometry is often adequate for D-InSar. The principle for detecting ground movement is quite simple. One interferogram is created from the first two images; this is also called the reference interferogram or topographical interferogram. A second interferogram is created that captures topography + distortion. Subtracting the latter from the reference interferogram can reveal differential fringes, indicating movement. The described 3 image D-InSAR generation technique is called 3-pass or double-difference method.

Differential fringes which remain as fringes in the differential interferogram are a result of SAR range changes of any displaced point on the ground from one interferogram to the next. In the differential interferogram, each fringe is directly proportional to the SAR wavelength, which is about 5.6 cm for ERS and RADARSAT single phase cycle. Surface displacement away from the satellite look direction causes an increase in path (translating to phase) difference. Since the signal travels from the SAR antenna to the target and back again, the measured displacement is twice the unit of wavelength. This means in differential interferometry one fringe cycle −{{pi}} to +{{pi}} or one wavelength corresponds to a displacement relative to SAR antenna of only half wavelength (2.8 cm). There are various publications on measuring subsidence movement, slope stability analysis, landslide, glacier movement, etc. tooling D-InSAR. Further advancement to this technique whereby differential interferometry from satellite SAR ascending pass and descending pass can be used to estimate 3-D ground movement. Research in this area has shown accurate measurements of 3-D ground movement with accuracies comparable to GPS based measurements can be achieved.

==== Tomo-SAR ====
SAR Tomography is a subfield of a concept named as multi-baseline interferometry. It has been developed to give a 3D exposure to the imaging, which uses the beam formation concept. It can be used when the use demands a focused phase concern between the magnitude and the phase components of the SAR data, during information retrieval. One of the major advantages of Tomo-SAR is that it can separate out the parameters which get scattered, irrespective of how different their motions are.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last1=Lombardini|first1=Fabrizio|last2=Viviani|first2=Federico|title=2014 11th European Radar Conference|chapter=Multidimensional SAR Tomography: Advances for Urban and Prospects for Forest/Ice Applications|pages=225–228|doi=10.1109/EuRAD.2014.6991248|isbn=978-2-8748-7037-8|year=2014|s2cid=37114379}}</ref>
On using Tomo-SAR with differential interferometry, a new combination named "differential tomography" (Diff-Tomo) is developed.<ref name=":11" />

Tomo-SAR has an application based on radar imaging, which is the depiction of Ice Volume and Forest Temporal Coherence ('''Temporal coherence''' describes the correlation between waves observed at different moments in time).<ref name=":11" />

===Ultra-wideband SAR===
{{further|Ultra-wideband}}
Conventional radar systems emit bursts of radio energy with a fairly narrow range of frequencies. A narrow-band channel, by definition, does not allow rapid changes in modulation. Since it is the change in a received signal that reveals the time of arrival of the signal (obviously an unchanging signal would reveal nothing about "when" it reflected from the target), a signal with only a slow change in modulation cannot reveal the distance to the target as well as a signal with a quick change in modulation.

[[Ultra-wideband]] (UWB) refers to any radio transmission that uses a very large bandwidth – which is the same as saying it uses very rapid changes in modulation. Although there is no set bandwidth value that qualifies a signal as "UWB", systems using bandwidths greater than a sizable portion of the center frequency (typically about ten percent, or so) are most often called "UWB" systems. A typical UWB system might use a bandwidth of one-third to one-half of its center frequency. For example, some systems use a bandwidth of about 1 GHz centered around 3 GHz.

The two most common methods to increase signal bandwidth used in UWB radar, including SAR, are very short pulses and high-bandwidth chirping. A general description of chirping appears elsewhere in this article. The bandwidth of a chirped system can be as narrow or as wide as the designers desire. Pulse-based UWB systems, being the more common method associated with the term "UWB radar", are described here.

A pulse-based radar system transmits very short pulses of electromagnetic energy, typically only a few waves or less. A very short pulse is, of course, a very rapidly changing signal, and thus occupies a very wide bandwidth. This allows far more accurate measurement of distance, and thus resolution.

The main disadvantage of pulse-based UWB SAR is that the transmitting and receiving front-end electronics are difficult to design for high-power applications. Specifically, the transmit duty cycle is so exceptionally low and pulse time so exceptionally short, that the electronics must be capable of extremely high instantaneous power to rival the average power of conventional radars. (Although it is true that UWB provides a notable gain in [[channel capacity]] over a narrow band signal because of the relationship of bandwidth in the [[Shannon–Hartley theorem]] and because the low receive duty cycle receives less noise, increasing the [[signal-to-noise ratio]], there is still a notable disparity in link budget because conventional radar might be several orders of magnitude more powerful than a typical pulse-based radar.) So pulse-based UWB SAR is typically used in applications requiring average power levels in the microwatt or milliwatt range, and thus is used for scanning smaller, nearer target areas (several tens of meters), or in cases where lengthy integration (over a span of minutes) of the received signal is possible. However, this limitation is solved in chirped UWB radar systems.

The principal advantages of UWB radar are better resolution (a few millimeters using [[commercial off-the-shelf]] electronics) and more spectral information of target reflectivity.

===Doppler-beam sharpening===
Doppler Beam Sharpening commonly refers to the method of processing unfocused real-beam phase history to achieve better resolution than could be achieved by processing the real beam without it. Because the real aperture of the radar antenna is so small (compared to the wavelength in use), the radar energy spreads over a wide area (usually many degrees wide in a direction orthogonal (at right angles) to the direction of the platform (aircraft)). Doppler-beam sharpening takes advantage of the motion of the platform in that targets ahead of the platform return a Doppler upshifted signal (slightly higher in frequency) and targets behind the platform return a Doppler downshifted signal (slightly lower in frequency).

The amount of shift varies with the angle forward or backward from the ortho-normal direction. By knowing the speed of the platform, target signal return is placed in a specific angle "bin" that changes over time. Signals are integrated over time and thus the radar "beam" is synthetically reduced to a much smaller aperture – or more accurately (and based on the ability to distinguish smaller Doppler shifts) the system can have hundreds of very "tight" beams concurrently. This technique dramatically improves angular resolution; however, it is far more difficult to take advantage of this technique for range resolution. (See [[pulse-doppler radar]]).

===Chirped (pulse-compressed) radars===
{{further|Chirp}}
A common technique for many radar systems (usually also found in SAR systems) is to "[[chirp]]" the signal. In a "chirped" radar, the pulse is allowed to be much longer. A longer pulse allows more energy to be emitted, and hence received, but usually hinders range resolution. But in a chirped radar, this longer pulse also has a frequency shift during the pulse (hence the chirp or frequency shift). When the "chirped" signal is returned, it must be correlated with the sent pulse. Classically, in analog systems, it is passed to a dispersive delay line (often a [[surface acoustic wave]] device) that has the property of varying velocity of propagation based on frequency. This technique "compresses" the pulse in time – thus having the effect of a much shorter pulse (improved range resolution) while having the benefit of longer pulse length (much more signal energy returned). Newer systems use digital pulse correlation to find the pulse return in the signal.

==Typical operation==
[[File:AirSAR-instrument-on-aircraft.jpg|thumb|[[NASA]]'s AirSAR instrument is attached to the side of a [[DC-8]]]]

=== Data collection ===
In a typical SAR application, a single radar antenna is attached to an aircraft or spacecraft such that a substantial component of the antenna's radiated beam has a [[Wave propagation|wave-propagation]] direction perpendicular to the flight-path direction. The beam is allowed to be broad in the vertical direction so it will illuminate the terrain from nearly beneath the aircraft out toward the horizon.

==== Image resolution and bandwidth ====
Resolution in the range dimension of the image is accomplished by creating pulses which define very short time intervals, either by emitting short pulses consisting of a carrier frequency and the necessary sidebands, all within a certain bandwidth, or by using longer "[[chirp pulse]]s" in which frequency varies (often linearly) with time within that bandwidth. The differing times at which echoes return allow points at different distances to be distinguished.

Image resolution of SAR in its range coordinate (expressed in image pixels per distance unit) is mainly proportional to the radio bandwidth of whatever type of pulse is used. In the cross-range coordinate, the similar resolution is mainly proportional to the bandwidth of the Doppler shift of the signal returns within the beamwidth. Since Doppler frequency depends on the angle of the scattering point's direction from the broadside direction, the Doppler bandwidth available within the beamwidth is the same at all ranges. Hence the theoretical spatial resolution limits in both image dimensions remain constant with variation of range. However, in practice, both the errors that accumulate with data-collection time and the particular techniques used in post-processing further limit cross-range resolution at long ranges.

==== Image resolution and beamwidth ====
[[File:Antena SAR SAOCOM1A en sala limpia LIE CETT CONAE Nov 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|SAR antenna of the [[SAOCOM]] satellites.]]

The total signal is that from a beamwidth-sized patch of the ground. To produce a beam that is narrow in the cross-range direction{{Clarify|date=October 2012}}, [[diffraction]] effects require that the antenna be wide in that dimension. Therefore, the distinguishing, from each other, of co-range points simply by strengths of returns that persist for as long as they are within the beam width is difficult with aircraft-carryable antennas, because their beams can have linear widths only about two orders of magnitude (hundreds of times) smaller than the range. (Spacecraft-carryable ones can do 10 or more times better.) However, if both the amplitude and the phase of returns are recorded, then the portion of that multi-target return that was scattered radially from any smaller scene element can be extracted by phase-vector correlation of the total return with the form of the return expected from each such element.

The process can be thought of as combining the series of spatially distributed observations as if all had been made simultaneously with an antenna as long as the beamwidth and focused on that particular point. The "synthetic aperture" simulated at maximum system range by this process not only is longer than the real antenna, but, in practical applications, it is much longer than the radar aircraft, and tremendously longer than the radar spacecraft.

Although some references to SARs have characterized them as "radar telescopes", their actual optical analogy is the microscope, the detail in their images being smaller than the length of the synthetic aperture. In radar-engineering terms, while the target area is in the "[[far field]]" of the illuminating antenna, it is in the "near field" of the simulated one. Careful design and operation can accomplish resolution of items smaller than a millionth of the range, for example, {{convert|30|cm|in}} at {{convert|300|km|mi}}.

==== Pulse transmission and reception ====
The conversion of return delay time to geometric range can be very accurate because of the natural constancy of the speed and direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves. However, for an aircraft flying through the never-uniform and never-quiescent atmosphere, the relating of pulse transmission and reception times to successive geometric positions of the antenna must be accompanied by constant adjusting of the return phases to account for sensed irregularities in the flight path. SAR's in spacecraft avoid that atmosphere problem, but still must make corrections for known antenna movements due to rotations of the spacecraft, even those that are reactions to movements of onboard machinery. Locating a SAR in a crewed space vehicle may require that the humans carefully remain motionless relative to the vehicle during data collection periods.

Returns from scatterers within the range extent of any image are spread over a matching time interval. The inter-pulse period must be long enough to allow farthest-range returns from any pulse to finish arriving before the nearest-range ones from the next pulse begin to appear, so that those do not overlap each other in time. On the other hand, the interpulse rate must be fast enough to provide sufficient samples for the desired across-range (or across-beam) resolution. When the radar is to be carried by a high-speed vehicle and is to image a large area at fine resolution, those conditions may clash, leading to what has been called SAR's ambiguity problem. The same considerations apply to "conventional" radars also, but this problem occurs significantly only when resolution is so fine as to be available only through SAR processes. Since the basis of the problem is the information-carrying capacity of the single signal-input channel provided by one antenna, the only solution is to use additional channels fed by additional antennas. The system then becomes a hybrid of a SAR and a phased array, sometimes being called a Vernier array.

=== Data processing ===
Combining the series of observations requires significant computational resources, usually using [[Fourier transform]] techniques. The high digital computing speed now available allows such processing to be done in near-real time on board a SAR aircraft. (There is necessarily a minimum time delay until all parts of the signal have been received.) The result is a map of radar reflectivity, including both amplitude and phase.

==== Amplitude data ====
The amplitude information, when shown in a map-like display, gives information about ground cover in much the same way that a black-and-white photo does. Variations in processing may also be done in either vehicle-borne stations or ground stations for various purposes, so as to accentuate certain image features for detailed target-area analysis.

==== Phase data ====
Although the phase information in an image is generally not made available to a human observer of an image display device, it can be preserved numerically, and sometimes allows certain additional features of targets to be recognized.

==== Coherence speckle ====
Unfortunately, the phase differences between adjacent image picture elements ("pixels") also produce random interference effects called "coherence [[speckle noise|speckle]]", which is a sort of graininess with dimensions on the order of the resolution, causing the concept of resolution to take on a subtly different meaning. This effect is the same as is apparent both visually and photographically in laser-illuminated optical scenes. The scale of that random speckle structure is governed by the size of the synthetic aperture in wavelengths, and cannot be finer than the system's resolution. Speckle structure can be subdued at the expense of resolution.

==== Optical holography ====
Before rapid digital computers were available, the data processing was done using an optical [[holography]] technique. The analog radar data were recorded as a holographic interference pattern on photographic film at a scale permitting the film to preserve the signal bandwidths (for example, 1:1,000,000 for a radar using a 0.6-meter wavelength). Then light using, for example, 0.6-micrometer waves (as from a [[helium–neon laser]]) passing through the hologram could project a terrain image at a scale recordable on another film at reasonable processor focal distances of around a meter. This worked because both SAR and phased arrays are fundamentally similar to optical holography, but using microwaves instead of light waves. The "optical data-processors" developed for this radar purpose<ref>"Synthetic Aperture Radar", L. J. Cutrona, Chapter 23 (25 pp) of the McGraw Hill "Radar Handbook", 1970. (Written while optical data processing was still the only workable method, by the person who first led that development.)</ref><ref name="Leith">"A short history of the Optics Group of the Willow Run Laboratories", Emmett N. Leith, in ''Trends in Optics: Research, Development, and Applications'' (book), Anna Consortini, Academic Press, San Diego: 1996.</ref><ref>"Sighted Automation and Fine Resolution Imaging", W. M. Brown, J. L. Walker, and W. R. Boario, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 40, No. 4, October 2004, pp 1426–1445.</ref> were the first effective analog [[optical computer]] systems, and were, in fact, devised before the holographic technique was fully adapted to optical imaging. Because of the different sources of range and across-range signal structures in the radar signals, optical data-processors for SAR included not only both spherical and cylindrical lenses, but sometimes conical ones.

== Image appearance ==
The following considerations apply also to real-aperture terrain-imaging radars, but are more consequential when resolution in range is matched to a cross-beam resolution that is available only from a SAR.
[[File:25cm resolution SAR image of downtown Cleveland, Ohio.jpg|thumb|25cm resolution SAR image of downtown Cleveland, Ohio by [[Umbra Space|Umbra]]]]

=== Range, cross-range, and angles ===

The two dimensions of a radar image are range and cross-range. Radar images of limited patches of terrain can resemble oblique photographs, but not ones taken from the location of the radar. This is because the range coordinate in a radar image is perpendicular to the vertical-angle coordinate of an oblique photo. The apparent [[entrance pupil|entrance-pupil]] position (or [[camera center]]) for viewing such an image is therefore not as if at the radar, but as if at a point from which the viewer's line of sight is perpendicular to the slant-range direction connecting radar and target, with slant-range increasing from top to bottom of the image.

Because slant ranges to level terrain vary in vertical angle, each elevation of such terrain appears as a curved surface, specifically a [[hyperbolic cosine]] one. Verticals at various ranges are perpendiculars to those curves. The viewer's apparent looking directions are parallel to the curve's "hypcos" axis. Items directly beneath the radar appear as if optically viewed horizontally (i.e., from the side) and those at far ranges as if optically viewed from directly above. These curvatures are not evident unless large extents of near-range terrain, including steep slant ranges, are being viewed.

===Visibility===
When viewed as specified above, fine-resolution radar images of small areas can appear most nearly like familiar optical ones, for two reasons. The first reason is easily understood by imagining a flagpole in the scene. The slant-range to its upper end is less than that to its base. Therefore, the pole can appear correctly top-end up only when viewed in the above orientation. Secondly, the radar illumination then being downward, shadows are seen in their most-familiar "overhead-lighting" direction.

The image of the pole's top will overlay that of some terrain point which is on the same slant range arc but at a shorter horizontal range ("ground-range"). Images of scene surfaces which faced both the illumination and the apparent eyepoint will have geometries that resemble those of an optical scene viewed from that eyepoint. However, slopes facing the radar will be foreshortened and ones facing away from it will be lengthened from their horizontal (map) dimensions. The former will therefore be brightened and the latter dimmed.

Returns from slopes steeper than perpendicular to slant range will be overlaid on those of lower-elevation terrain at a nearer ground-range, both being visible but intermingled. This is especially the case for vertical surfaces like the walls of buildings. Another viewing inconvenience that arises when a surface is steeper than perpendicular to the slant range is that it is then illuminated on one face but "viewed" from the reverse face. Then one "sees", for example, the radar-facing wall of a building as if from the inside, while the building's interior and the rear wall (that nearest to, hence expected to be optically visible to, the viewer) have vanished, since they lack illumination, being in the shadow of the front wall and the roof. Some return from the roof may overlay that from the front wall, and both of those may overlay return from terrain in front of the building. The visible building shadow will include those of all illuminated items. Long shadows may exhibit blurred edges due to the illuminating antenna's movement during the "time exposure" needed to create the image.

=== Mirroring artefacts and shadows ===
Surfaces that we usually consider rough will, if that roughness consists of relief less than the radar wavelength, behave as smooth mirrors, showing, beyond such a surface, additional images of items in front of it. Those mirror images will appear within the shadow of the mirroring surface, sometimes filling the entire shadow, thus preventing recognition of the shadow.

The direction of overlay of any scene point is not directly toward the radar, but toward that point of the SAR's current path direction that is nearest to the target point. If the SAR is "squinting" forward or aft away from the exactly broadside direction, then the illumination direction, and hence the shadow direction, will not be opposite to the overlay direction, but slanted to right or left from it. An image will appear with the correct projection geometry when viewed so that the overlay direction is vertical, the SAR's flight-path is above the image, and range increases somewhat downward.

=== Objects in motion ===
Objects in motion within a SAR scene alter the Doppler frequencies of the returns. Such objects therefore appear in the image at locations offset in the across-range direction by amounts proportional to the range-direction component of their velocity. Road vehicles may be depicted off the roadway and therefore not recognized as road traffic items. Trains appearing away from their tracks are more easily properly recognized by their length parallel to known trackage as well as by the absence of an equal length of railbed signature and of some adjacent terrain, both having been shadowed by the train. While images of moving vessels can be offset from the line of the earlier parts of their wakes, the more recent parts of the wake, which still partake of some of the vessel's motion, appear as curves connecting the vessel image to the relatively quiescent far-aft wake. In such identifiable cases, speed and direction of the moving items can be determined from the amounts of their offsets. The along-track component of a target's motion causes some defocus. Random motions such as that of wind-driven tree foliage, vehicles driven over rough terrain, or humans or other animals walking or running generally render those items not focusable, resulting in blurring or even effective invisibility.

These considerations, along with the speckle structure due to coherence, take some getting used to in order to correctly interpret SAR images. To assist in that, large collections of significant target signatures have been accumulated by performing many test flights over known terrains and cultural objects.

== Commercial industry ==
In recent years, the commercialization of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology has expanded, with private companies launching SAR satellites to provide high-resolution imaging capabilities for various applications. These include environmental monitoring, disaster response, defense and intelligence, infrastructure monitoring, and maritime surveillance.

[[Capella Space]], an American Earth observation company, operates a constellation of SAR satellites designed to provide all-weather, high-resolution imagery. Capella was the first U.S. company to deploy a commercial SAR satellite and continues to expand its fleet with advanced SAR capabilities, including higher resolution, faster revisit times, and automated tasking. SAR data is often used by government agencies, defense organizations, and commercial customers to monitor changes on Earth in near real-time.

Other commercial SAR providers include [[ICEYE]], a Finnish company specializing in small SAR satellites, and [[Airbus]], which operates the TerraSAR-X and PAZ missions. The commercial SAR industry has grown significantly as advancements in satellite miniaturization, cloud-based data processing, and artificial intelligence enhance accessibility and utility for a broad range of users.

== History ==
{{excerpt|History of synthetic-aperture radar}}

==Relationship to phased arrays==

{{further|Phased array}}

A technique closely related to SAR uses an array (referred to as a "[[phased array]]") of real antenna elements spatially distributed over either one or two dimensions perpendicular to the radar-range dimension. These physical arrays are truly synthetic ones, indeed being created by synthesis of a collection of subsidiary physical antennas. Their operation need not involve motion relative to targets. All elements of these arrays receive simultaneously in real time, and the signals passing through them can be individually subjected to controlled shifts of the phases of those signals. One result can be to respond most strongly to radiation received from a specific small scene area, focusing on that area to determine its contribution to the total signal received. The coherently detected set of signals received over the entire array aperture can be replicated in several data-processing channels and processed differently in each. The set of responses thus traced to different small scene areas can be displayed together as an image of the scene.

In comparison, a SAR's (commonly) single physical antenna element gathers signals at different positions at different times. When the radar is carried by an aircraft or an orbiting vehicle, those positions are functions of a single variable, distance along the vehicle's path, which is a single mathematical dimension (not necessarily the same as a linear geometric dimension). The signals are stored, thus becoming functions, no longer of time, but of recording locations along that dimension. When the stored signals are read out later and combined with specific phase shifts, the result is the same as if the recorded data had been gathered by an equally long and shaped phased array. What is thus synthesized is a set of signals equivalent to what could have been received simultaneously by such an actual large-aperture (in one dimension) phased array. The SAR simulates (rather than synthesizes) that long one-dimensional phased array. Although the term in the title of this article has thus been incorrectly derived, it is now firmly established by half a century of usage.

While operation of a phased array is readily understood as a completely geometric technique, the fact that a synthetic aperture system gathers its data as it (or its target) moves at some speed means that phases which varied with the distance traveled originally varied with time, hence constituted temporal frequencies. Temporal frequencies being the variables commonly used by radar engineers, their analyses of SAR systems are usually (and very productively) couched in such terms. In particular, the variation of phase during flight over the length of the synthetic aperture is seen as a sequence of [[Doppler effect|Doppler]] shifts of the received frequency from that of the transmitted frequency. Once the received data have been recorded and thus have become timeless, the SAR data-processing situation is also understandable as a special type of phased array, treatable as a completely geometric process.

The core of both the SAR and the phased array techniques is that the distances that radar waves travel to and back from each scene element consist of some integer number of wavelengths plus some fraction of a "final" wavelength. Those fractions cause differences between the phases of the re-radiation received at various SAR or array positions. Coherent detection is needed to capture the signal phase information in addition to the signal amplitude information. That type of detection requires finding the differences between the phases of the received signals and the simultaneous phase of a well-preserved sample of the transmitted illumination.

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
* [[Alaska Satellite Facility]]
* [[Aperture synthesis]]
* [[Beamforming]]
* [[Earth observation satellite]]
* [[High Resolution Wide Swath SAR imaging]]
* [[Interferometric synthetic aperture radar]] (InSAR)
* [[Inverse synthetic aperture radar]] (ISAR)
* [[Magellan probe|Magellan]] space probe
* [[Pulse-Doppler radar]]
* [[Radar MASINT]]
* [[Remote sensing]]
* [[SAR Lupe]]
* [[Seasat]]
* [[Sentinel-1]]
* [[Speckle noise]]
* [[Synthetic aperture sonar]]
* [[Synthetic Aperture Ultrasound]]
* [[Synthetic array heterodyne detection]] (SAHD)
* [[Synthetically thinned aperture radar]]
* [[TecSAR-1]] TechSar
* [[TerraSAR-X]]
* [[Terrestrial SAR Interferometry]] (TInSAR)
* [[Very long baseline interferometry]] (VLBI)
* [[Wave radar]]
*[[NISAR (satellite)|NISAR]] – biggest SAR in space
}}
{{Portal bar|Aviation|Spaceflight|Physics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Curlander |first1=John C. |last2=McDonough |first2=Robert N. |title=Synthetic Aperture Radar: Systems and Signal Processing |publisher=Wiley |series=Remote Sensing and Image Processing|isbn=978-0-471-85770-9|year=1992}}
* {{cite thesis |last1=Gart |first1=Jason H |title=Electronics and Aerospace Industry in Cold War Arizona, 1945–1968: Motorola, Hughes Aircraft, Goodyear Aircraft |publisher=Arizona State University |year=2006}}
* {{Cite journal | last1 = Moreira | first1 = A. | last2 = Prats-Iraola | first2 = P. | last3 = Younis | first3 = M. | last4 = Krieger | first4 = G. | last5 = Hajnsek | first5 = I. | last6 = Papathanassiou | first6 = K. P. | doi = 10.1109/MGRS.2013.2248301 | title = A tutorial on synthetic aperture radar | journal = IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine | volume = 1 | pages = 6–43 | year = 2013 | issue = 1 | bibcode = 2013IGRSM...1a...6M | s2cid = 7487291 | url = https://elib.dlr.de/82313/1/SAR-Tutorial-March-2013.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=Woodhouse |first1=Iain H |title=Introduction to Microwave Remote Sensing |publisher=CRC Press |year=2006|isbn=9780415271233}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.fas.org/irp/program/collect/isfar.htm InSAR measurements from the Space Shuttle]
* {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226134057/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/radar/sircxsar/|date=26 February 2013|title=Images from the Space Shuttle SAR instrument}}
* [http://www.asf.alaska.edu/ The Alaska Satellite Facility] has numerous technical documents, including an introductory text on SAR theory and scientific applications
* [https://www.syntheticapertureradar.com/ SAR Journal] SAR Journal tracks the Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) industry
* {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224003449/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/releases/98/angkor98.html |date=24 December 2014 |title=NASA radar reveals hidden remains at ancient Angkor}} – [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Synthetic aperture radar}}
[[Category:Synthetic aperture radar| ]]

ELCOT IT Park, Salem

2026-03-16T03:04:30Z

John9200Carter: new

{{short description|IT Park in Salem, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''ELCOT IT Park Salem''' is an [[information technology]] (IT) park in the city of [[Salem, Tamilnadu|Salem]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=விஜயக்குமார் |date=2016-11-04 |title=சேலத்தில் புதுப்பொலிவு பெறும் தகவல் தொழில்நுட்பப் பூங்கா: கால் பதிக்கத் தயாராகும் ஐ.டி. நிறுவனங்கள் |url=https://www.dinamani.com/all-editions/edition-dharmapuri/salem/2016/Nov/04/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-2592386.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kandavel |first=Sangeetha |date=2023-05-13 |title=ELCOT calls for consultant to promote spaces in IT parks across Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/elcot-calls-for-consultant-to-promote-spaces-in-it-parks-across-tamil-nadu/article66847403.ece |access-date=2024-10-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was set up in 2010 as part of an effort to foster the growth of information technology in various cities of [[Tamil Nadu]] by [[Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu]] (ELCOT).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-16 |title=அதிகளவில் சாப்ட்வேர் ஏற்றுமதி செய்யும் முதல் 3 மாநிலங்களில் தமிழகமும் ஒன்று: அமைச்சர் தங்கமணி பெருமிதம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/27110-3.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref>
{{Infobox building
| name = ELCOT IT Park, Salem
| native_name =
| alternate_names =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = ELCOT SEZ, Jagirammapalayam, [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]-636012, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|11.700595|78.105595}}
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| inauguration_date = 2007
| building_type = Information Technology Park
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count = G+2
| elevator_count = 5 (1 service Lift)
| architectural_style =
| cost = {{INR convert|40.53|c}}
| floor_area = {{convert|62,174|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| grounds_area = {{convert|53.33|acre|m2|abbr=on}}
| main_contractor =
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| developer =
| owner = [[ELCOT]]
| operator =
| references =
}}
{{coord|11.700595|78.105595|display=title}}

== Location ==
Salem ELCOT IT park is located in Jagirammapalayam, in [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] - [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]] [[National Highway 44 (India)|NH-44]]. IT park is spreads over in 53.33 acres, where administrative building is constructed in 62,174 sqft area. ELCOT SEZ is located 4.9 km away from [[Salem Junction railway station|Salem Junction]], 14 km away from [[Salem Airport (India)|Salem Airport]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2009 |title=சென்னை-கோவையில் எல்காட் சாப்ட்வேர் பார்க்! |url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/2009/06/01/tn-chennai-coimbatore-elcot-it-parks-to-be-ready.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |work=[[One India|One India Tamil]]}}</ref>

== Land Allotment ==
The IT Park comprises total land of 53.33 acres (215,800 m2). Approval for [[Special economic zone|SEZ]] is effective from 26 July 2007. The TNEB has been provided with 7.88 acres of land to set up a 110 kV substation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TamilNadu E government ELCOT |url=https://elcot.in/sites/default/files/ELCOSEZ.pdf |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=elcot.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ELCOT SEZ - Salem Land allotment gis map |url=https://gis.elcot.in/mainpage.aspx?nav@id=elcot |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=gis.elcot.in/}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ ELCOT Land allotment
|-
! Name of Company !! Land Allotted (acres)
|-
| M/s. Vee Technologies || 9.49
|-
| M/s. Mahima Technologies Pvt Ltd || 5.5
|-
| M/s. GTP Infotech Solutions Ltd || 2.5
|-
| M/s. Senovate Infotech Pvt Ltd || 1.25
|-
| M/s. TNEB || 7.88
|-
| M/s. e-Mudhra ltd || 2.5
|-
| M/s. Anmol Technologies Pvt Ltd || 1
|-
| M/s. Vdart Technologies. || 2
|-
|M/s. Nuratech Consultancy Pvt Ltd
|6.87
|-
|M/s. NoblQ Pvt Ltd
|2.5
|-
| M/s. FocusR Consultancy and Technologies Pvt Ltd || 1
|-
|M/s. Sundarsons (India) exports
|2.64
|}

== Phase II==
TamilNadu government initially allotted 164.26 acres of land in Salem - Bengaluru NH in Jagirammapalayam for ELCOT SEZ IT park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ELCOT SEZ PDF |url=https://elcot.in/sites/default/files/ELCOSEZ.pdf |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=elcot.in/}}</ref> But ELCOT tooks only 53.33 acres of land for first phase of Salem ELCOT IT Park, ELCOT handed over remaining lands to government. In Phase - II, ELCOT planned to develop IT infrastructure in remaining area of 164.26 acres just next to the phase - 1 project area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Information Technology Policy Note 2018-19, Government of TamilNadu |url=https://tactv.in/pdf/Policy-Note-2018-19.pdf |website=tactv.in/}}</ref>

== See also==
* [[Economy of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
* [[ELCOT IT Park Trichy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Salem, Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Science parks in India]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Tamil Nadu]]

Sky (2026 film)

2026-03-16T00:04:06Z

John9200Carter: creating new stub

{{Short description|2026 Telugu-language drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sky
| image = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Pridhvi Pericharla
| producer = Nagi Reddy Guntaka Sree Lakshmi Guntaka Murali Krishnam Raju Pridhvi Pericharla
| writer = Pridhvi Pericharla (story & dialogues) Murali Krishnam Raju
| starring = Murali Krishnam Raju Shruti Shetty Anand Bharath Rakesh Master
| music = Shiva Prasad
| cinematography = Rasool Ellore
| editing = Suresh Urs
| studio = Valour Entertainment Studios
| released = {{Film date|2026|2|13|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Sky''''' is a 2026 Indian Telugu-language drama film written and directed by Pridhvi Pericharla. The film stars Murali Krishnam Raju and Shruti Shetty in the lead roles.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=February 2026}}

== Production ==
The film was produced under the banner of Valour Entertainment Studios. In September 2022, ''The Times of India'' reported that the film had entered its final leg of shooting.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Sky enters the last leg of shooting
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/sky-enters-the-last-leg-of-shooting/articleshow/94476702.cms
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=23 February 2026
}}</ref>

The official trailer of the film was released prior to its theatrical debut.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Sky Official Trailer
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/telugu/sky-official-trailer/videoshow/128349230.cms
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=23 February 2026
}}</ref>

== Release ==
The film was released theatrically on 13 February 2026.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Sky (2026) Movie Details
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sky/movieshow/128349571.cms
|website=The Times of India
|access-date=23 February 2026
}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film received mixed reviews from critics.

NTV Telugu gave a detailed review discussing the performances and emotional narrative.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Sky Movie Review
|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/reviews/sky-movie-review-935180.html
|website=NTV Telugu
|language=te
|access-date=23 February 2026
}}</ref>

News18 Telugu also reviewed the film and published its rating.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Murali Krishnam Raju Movie Sky Review and Rating
|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/murali-krishnam-raju-movie-sky-review-and-rating-slb-3042042.html
|website=News18 Telugu
|language=te
|access-date=23 February 2026
}}</ref>

Zee News Telugu reported audience reactions and public talk about the film.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Sky Telugu Movie Review and Rating – Public Talk
|url=https://zeenews.india.com/telugu/no-rev/sky-telugu-movie-review-rating-public-talk-full-details-here-ta-287059
|website=Zee News Telugu
|language=te
|access-date=23 February 2026
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]

John Sankaramangalam

2026-03-13T14:50:29Z

John9200Carter: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Sankaramangalam
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = T. C. John<ref name="hindu2">{{cite news |title=John Sankaramangalam dead |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/john-sankaramangalam-dead/article24554534.ece |access-date=13 August 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 July 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|7|16}}<ref name="birth">{{Cite news |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/kerala/2018/07/30/01-pta-film-maker-john-sankaramangalam-passes-away..html |title=ജോൺ ശങ്കരമംഗലം അന്തരിച്ചു |date=31 July 2018 |work=[[Malayala Manorama]] |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Eraviperoor]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|7|30|1934|7|16}}
| death_place = [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]]
| occupation = Film director, producer, screenwriter, writer, professor
| years_active = 1962–2018
| height =
| spouse = Mariyamma John
| children = 2
| parents =
| relatives =
| website =
| signature =
}}
'''John Sankaramangalam''' (16 July 1934 – 30 July 2018) was an Indian filmmaker and former director of the [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII, Pune]]. He has also served the positions of vice-chairman of [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]], principal of St. Joseph College of Communication and as a jury member of the [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref name="TNE">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jul/31/filmmaker-john-sankaramangalam-no-more-1850931.html |title=Filmmaker John Sankaramangalam no more |date=31 July 2018 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> He was an executive member of [[CILECT]].<ref name="mathru">{{Cite news |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/veteran-film-personality-john-sankaramangalam-passes-away-1.3016927 |title=Veteran film personality John Sankaramangalam passes away |date=30 July 2018 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210722/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/veteran-film-personality-john-sankaramangalam-passes-away-1.3016927 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="toi">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/veteran-director-adoor-gopalakrishnan-recalls-late-film-maker-john-sankaramangalam/articleshow/67959052.cms |title=Veteran director Adoor Gopalakrishnan recalls late film-maker John Sankaramangalam |date=12 February 2019 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 February 2019}}</ref>

He was a renowned teacher in filmmaking and recipient of numerous awards including [[National Film Award]], [[Kerala State Film Award]] and [[Nargis Dutt Award]].

== Biography ==
=== Early life ===
Sankaramangalam was born on 16 July 1934, in [[Eraviperoor]] of [[Pathanamthitta]] district. He was the son of Thaiparambil Sankaramangalam T.O. Chacko and Annamma. After completing his schooling from St. John's School, Eraviperoor, he joined [[St. Berchmans College|St. Berchmans College, Changanassery]] and later [[Madras Christian College|MCC]] for higher studies.<ref name="birth"/>

=== Film career ===
Sankaramangalam became a teacher at the age of 19 at MCC.<ref name="hindu2"/> Later he quit the job and joined FTII in 1962. He obtained a diploma in film direction and script writing from FTII.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newstodaynet.com/nation/veteran-film-maker-sankaramangalam-passes-away-114209.html |title=Veteran filmmaker Sankaramangalam passes away |date=31 July 2018 |work=[[News Today]] |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823210554/https://www.newstodaynet.com/nation/veteran-film-maker-sankaramangalam-passes-away-114209.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Veteran filmmaker [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] was his classmate.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/award-winning-director-and-able-tutor/article24554918.ece |title=Award-winning director and able tutor |date=30 July 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

He entered the film industry by writing the screenplay for the Tamil film ''Jayasree''.<ref name="mathru"/> His first directorial venture was ''[[Janmabhoomi (1969 film)|Janmabhoomi]]'' which was released in 1969. The film won the Nargis Dutt Award and Kerala State Film Award. In 1977, he directed ''Samadhi'', a documentary film about [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] to help a cinematography student. The film won him Rajat Kamal for Best Experimental Film at [[25th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/37-years-ago-film-on-Iyengar-won-award/articleshow/40539741.cms |title=37 years ago, film on Iyengar won award |date=21 August 2014 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

In 2003, he won the ''Chalachitra Prathibha'' award from [[Kerala Film Critics Association]] for his contribution to Malayalam cinema as a director.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nandanam-wins-best-film-dileep-best-actor-in-kerala/articleshow/35661402.cms?from=mdr |title=Nandanam wins best film, Dileep best actor in Kerala |date=7 January 2003 |work=[[India Times]] |access-date=16 June 2019}}</ref>

=== Death ===
Sankaramangalam died on July 30, 2018, due to age-related illness.<ref name="onmano">{{cite news |title=Veteran director John Sankaramangalam dead |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2018/07/30/john-sankaramangalam-former-ftii-director-dead.html |access-date=13 August 2020 |work=OnManorama |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=30 July 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== Selected filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Duration !! Category !! Cast !! Awards !! Notes
|-
| || ''Jayasree'' || || Tamil Feature Film || || || Screenwriter
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Janmabhoomi (1969 film)|Janmabhoomi]]'' || || Feature Film || [[Madhu (actor)]], [[Kottarakkara Sreedharan Nair]], [[S. P. Pillai]] and [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala|Ushakumari]] || [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]], [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Cinematography]] ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Avalalppam Vaikippoyi]]'' || || Feature Film || [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]], [[Jayabharathi]] and [[Adoor Bhasi]] || ||
|-
| 1976 || ''This is HMT Time''<ref name="hmt">{{cite web |title=This Is HMT Time |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6g0yOgnhtEY |website=[[YouTube]] | date=9 September 2013 |publisher=Films Division |access-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> || 5 minutes || Short Documentary || || || Credited as John T. C. Shankaramangalam
|-
| 1977 || ''Samadhi'' || || Documentary Film || [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] || [[25th National Film Awards|Rajat Kamal for Best Experimental Film]] ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Samantharam]]'' || 110 minutes || Feature Film || Soorya, [[Babu Namboothiri]], Sai Das and Balan || ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Saramsham'' || || Feature Film || [[Sreenivasan]], [[Srividya]], [[Nedumudi Venu]], [[Anusha (actress)|Anusha]], [[Kakka Ravi]] || ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0762848}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVJIr-xWFi8 Manorama News about John Sankaramangalam]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xBc0LkdGsHg Memoir about John Sankaramangalam by MVTV]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sankaramangalam, John}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]

Green Valley Educational Institute

2026-03-12T14:05:57Z

John9200Carter:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Green Valley Educational Institute
| logo = Logo of Green Valley Educational Institute, Srinagar.png
| logo_size = 160
| logo_alt = Logo of Green Valley Educational Institute. The design features a green circular emblem with the name "Green Valley Educational Institute" written around the outer edge. In the center, there are symbols representing knowledge and growth, such as an open book and a rising sun. Below the emblem is the school’s motto: "Virtue & Conoscenza", which signifies the pursuit of moral excellence and conscious wisdom.
| image = GreenValleySchoolMainBuilding.jpg
| image_size =
| alt = View of the main building of Green Valley Educational Institute in Srinagar, taken from the south side, showing its green and cream-colored façade, large windows, central entrance, and surrounding landscaped grounds.
| caption = Main academic building of Green Valley Educational Institute
| motto = Virtue & Conoscenza
| motto_translation = Virtue & Knowledge
| location = Ellahi Bagh, [[Buchpora]]
| city = [[Srinagar]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
| postal_code = 190020
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|34.1566|N|74.8161|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| type = School
| established = 1990
| founder = Mohammad Yousuf Wani
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| chairperson = Mohammad Yousuf Wani
| principal = Riyaz Ahmad Kajoo <ref name="gveisgr">{{Cite web |title=Green Valley Educational Institute |url=https://gveisrinagar.com/mandatory-public-disclosures/}}</ref>
| teaching_staff = 200
| grades = 1st to 12th
| classes = 120
| avg_class_size = {{cvt|55|m2|ft2}}
| ratio = 1:36
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]]
| classrooms = 120
| sports =
| nickname = GVEI ''(gveians)''
| publication = Evergreen magazine
| affiliation = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| campus_size = {{cvt|10398|m2|ft2}}
| campus_type = urban
| colors = Green {{color box| Dark blue}}
| website = https://gveisrinagar.com
}}
'''Green Valley Educational Institute (GVEI)'''{{Efn|[[Urdu]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: گرین ویلی ایجوکیشنل انسٹی ٹیوٹ}} is a private, [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] school located in the Ellahi Bagh, [[Buchpora]], [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. Established in 1990, the institution provides education from kindergarten level to class 12 and is affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE).<ref name="gveisgr" />

== History ==
The school was founded in 1990 by Mohammad Yousuf Wani during a period marked by educational and infrastructural challenges in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.gveisrinagar.com/about-us/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Green Valley Educational Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>

Initially, GVEI was affiliated with the [[Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education|Jammu and Kashmir Board of School Education (JKBOSE)]] and followed its curriculum for secondary and senior secondary education. In 2024, the school shifted its affiliation to the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)]], gradually aligning its curriculum for Classes 10, 11, and 12 to CBSE standards. Today, GVEI offers education from Nursery through Class 12 under the CBSE framework.<ref name="gveisgr" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 July 2025 |title=GVEI hosts 1st CBSE affiliated STEM DLD workshop on AI |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/city/gvei-hosts-1st-cbse-affiliated-stem-dld-workshop-on-ai/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |location=Srinagar}}</ref>

== Academic Structure ==
GVEI follows a K-12 curriculum with instruction offered in [[English language|English]] and [[Urdu]]. It operates as a [[Mixed-sex education|co-educational]] institution, maintaining separate classrooms for boys and girls up to Class 10.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}} At the senior secondary level, students may opt for one of four academic streams including Medical, Non-Medical, Commerce, and [[Humanities]]. The curriculum includes subjects such as [[English language|English]], [[Mathematics]], [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Biotechnology]], [[Computer science|Computer Science]], and [[Information technology|Information Technology]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Valley Educational Institute |url=https://www.gveisrinagar.com/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Green Valley Educational Institute |language=en-US}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Facilities ==
According to the official website of Green Valley Educational Institute, the total campus area of the school is {{cvt|10398|m2|ft2}} and includes facilities for academic and extracurricular activities.<ref name="gveisgr" /> The school maintains a well-stocked library. It also houses an [[Atal Tinkering Lab]], which provides hands-on learning in opportunities in [[robotics]], engineering, and other [[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]] fields.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-20 |title=GVEI Srinagar celebrates ATL Community Day |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/education/gvei-srinagar-celebrates-atl-community-day/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2025 |title=Atal Tinkering Lab (ATL) – Green Valley Educational Institute |url=https://www.gveisrinagar.com/atal-tinkering-lab-atl/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Additional facilities include a swimming pool and sports infrastructure.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

In August 2025, the school inaugurated a new ''state-of-the-art auditorium'', to host cultural programs, seminars, and academic events.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KNS |date=2025-08-22 |title=Omar Abdullah Govt committed to transforming education in J&K: Tanvir Sadiq |url=https://www.knskashmir.com/omar-abdullah-govt-committed-to-transforming-education-in-jandk--tanvir-sadiq-197512 |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=KNS |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-08-22 |title=Govt committed to transforming education in J&K: Tanvir Sadiq |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/govt-committed-to-transforming-education-in-jk-tanvir-sadiq/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Publications==
GVEI publishes a school magazine titled ''The Evergreen'', which includes articles, news, and information related to the school community. The magazine features contributions from both students and staff and is produced in [[English language|English]], [[Urdu]], and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. The second edition of ''The Evergreen'' was released in August 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2018-08-25 |title=GVEI releases school magazine |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/gvei-releases-school-magazine/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GVEI releases school magazine |url=https://theins.in/2018/08/25/gvei-releases-school-magazine/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=The INS News |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Sports and Extracurricular Activities ==
The school supports a range of extracurricular activities. Its [[association football|football]] club, Green Valley FC, competes in the B Division of the Jammu and Kashmir Football League. Students also participate in other sports and cultural programmes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=migrator |date=2020-12-03 |title=Football tournament kick starts at GVEI |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/football-tournament-kick-starts-at-gvei/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref>

In October 2025, GVEI served as one of the venues for the 69th National School Games U-19 Boys Football Tournament, organized by the Youth Services and Sports Department, with teams from across India competing at the school’s facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-06 |title=69th National School Games: U-19 football kicks off at GVEI, Manipur, CISCE register big wins |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/sports/69th-national-school-games-u-19-football-kicks-off-at-gvei-manipur-cisce-register-big-wins/ |access-date=2025-10-07 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2025 |title=U-19 football kicks off at GVEI, Manipur, CISCE register big wins |url=https://epaper.greaterkashmir.com/4065158/Greater-Kashmir/07-10-2025#page/12/2 |work=[[Greater Kashmir]] |page=12 |publication-date=7 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-07 |title=69th National School Games Kick Off In Srinagar |url=https://epaper.kashmirobserver.net/uploads/epaper/2025-10/68e478262e6c9.pdf |access-date=2025-10-07 |work=[[Kashmir Observer]] |page=3 |df=dmy}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of schools in India#Jammu and Kashmir|List of schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Education in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Schools in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Srinagar district]]
[[Category:Schools in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Chhote Sarkar (1974 film)

2026-03-03T23:30:47Z

John9200Carter: further adjust structure based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chhote Sarkaar
| image =

| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[K. Shankar]]
| producer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[Gulshan Nanda]]
| based_on = 
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] [[Shashikala]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
| music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1974|09|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chhote Sarkaar''''' is a 1974 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[K. Shankar]]. It stars [[Shammi Kapoor]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]], [[Shashikala]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] in pivotal roles.

==Plot==
Raja and Moti are twins. While Moti is loved by everyone, Raja, who paints women, is considered a fool. When Moti's wife Seema falsely accuses Raja of rape, the family throws him out of the house.

==Cast==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Raja / Moti (Double Role)
* [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]] as Radhika
* [[Shashikala]] as Seema
* [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Kasturi
* [[Sulochana Latkar]] as Raja & Moti's Mother
* [[Jagdish Raj]] as Jaggu
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Talwar
* [[Shammi (actress)|Shammi]] as Gulabi
* [[Sunder (actor)|Sunder]] as Radhika's Uncle

==Soundtrack==
Lyrics: Rajendra Krishan

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "Main Kesar Kasturi"
| [[Krishna Kalle]]
|-
| "Tere Chehre Mein Hai"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "O Jhuke Jhuke Nainonwali, Aaja Mere Paas"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Kya Roz Roz Peena"
| Asha Bhosle
|-
|}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0315389}}

{{K. Shankar}}

[[Category:1974 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1974 Indian films]]
[[Category:1974 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Shankar]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Ravichandra

2026-03-03T22:17:29Z

John9200Carter: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ravi Chandra
| image = Ravichandra-1980-film.jpg
| caption =
| director = A. V. Sheshagiri Rao
| writer = Shankar - Sundar
| based_on =
| screenplay = Shankar - Sundar
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[Sumalatha]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| music = [[Upendra Kumar]]
| cinematography = Annayya Mallik
| editing = P. Bhaktavatsalam
| studio = Poornima Enterprises
| released = {{Film date|1980}}
| runtime = 164 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget =
}}

'''''Ravi Chandra''''' is a 1980 [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by A. V. Sheshagiri Rao, written by Shankar-Sundar and produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]. The film starred [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in dual roles <ref>[http://www.chitraloka.com/profiles/1125-rajkumar-film-list-and-awards.html Rajkumar Film List And Awards ]</ref> along with [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and [[Sumalatha]] in her Kannada debut.<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1370410/fullcredits/ Cast & Crew]</ref> Veteran actress [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] featured in a prominent role in this film. This was Sumalatha's debut film in Kannada. The screenplay, dialogues and lyrics are written by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].

This was Rajkumar's immediate release after ''[[Nanobba Kalla]]'' which also had him in dual roles - making it the only instance in his career where he appeared in dual roles in successive movies.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Dr. Rajkumar]] in a [[dual role]] as Ravi and Chandra
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as Shanti
* [[Sumalatha]] as Sheela (voice dubbed by [[B. Jayashree]])
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Ravi's mother
* [[Vajramuni]] as Banjo
* [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Shatranj, Banjo's henchman
* Shivaprakash
* Venkatappa
* Ellappa
* Suryakumar
* Babu
* Thimma Reddy
* [[Sampath (actor)|Sampath]] in a cameo
* Papamma as Ratnabai
* Baby Sushma
* Chandru
* Madan
* Peter (dog)
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Upendra Kumar]] with lyrics by [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]].<ref>[http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/ravi-chandra-k0000597 Songs list]</ref> All the songs composed for the film were received extremely well.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sathyabhame
| extra1 = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| length1 = 05:11
| title2 = Naa Ninna Aase Kande
| extra2 = Rajkumar, [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length2 = 04:36
| title3 = Idhu Rama Mandira
| extra3 = Rajkumar, Sulochana
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length3 = 04:16
| title4 = Oh Entha Soundarya Kande
| extra4 = Rajkumar
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length4 = 03:35
| title5 = Nasu Nagutha
| extra5 = Rajkumar
| lyrics5 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| length5 = 04:29
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1370410}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravichandra}}
[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Chi. Udayashankar]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. V. Seshagiri Rao]]
[[Category:1980 romantic drama films]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

St Joseph's Convent School, Rourkela

2026-02-21T09:21:50Z

John9200Carter: small changes

{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{infobox school
| name = St. Joseph Convent School
| image = St.Joseph Convent School Campus (2).jpg
| image_size = 220px
| motto =
| established = {{start date and age|1966|paren=yes}}
| type = Private, girls, Catholic
| city = [[Rourkela]]
| campus = Hamirpur, [[Rourkela]]
| district = [[Sundergarh]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.26932|84.861724|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| affiliation = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] and [[Indian School Certificate]]
| language = [[English-medium education|English]]
| classes = KG I to class XII
| founder = Roman Catholic Church
| principal = Sr. Punam F.C<ref>{{cite web|url=http://schandgroup.com/eventt.asp|title=Principal of School|publisher=St. Joseph Convent School Rourkela |accessdate=2011-04-07}}</ref>
| staff =
| enrollment =
| website =
}}
[[Image:St.Joseph Convent School Campus (1).jpg|thumb|220px|St. Joseph Convent School campus]]
'''St. Joseph's Convent School''' is an Indian girls' convent pre-primary to higher-secondary [[English-medium school]], located in Hamirpur, [[Rourkela]], [[Sundergarh district]], [[Odisha]]. The school is affiliated under the [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education]] (ICSE) and the [[Indian School Certificate]] (ISC).

==Courses offered==
The school offers kindergarten, primary, middle and secondary education. With classes I to XII, it offers the science and commerce streams at the senior secondary level. The school prepares the students for the ICSE and ISC examinations.

==Facilities==
The school has a science and computer lab, audio-visual room and an auditorium.

==Co-curricular activities==
* Value education: is given to students with orientation sessions
* Extra-curricular activities: includes music, painting/drawing, debates, elocution, quizzes, and classical dance for overall development of the student's learning process

==Campus==
The school is situated in Hamirpur, behind [[Ispat General Hospital]], in Rourkela.
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Catholicism|India|Schools}}
* [[Christianity in Odisha]]
* [[Education in Odisha]]
* [[List of schools in India#Odisha|List of schools in Odisha]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|St Joseph's Convent School, Rourkela}}

{{Education in Rourkela}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Joseph's Convent School, Rourkela}}
[[Category:Primary schools in India]]
[[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:Schools in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Orissa]]

{{Odisha-school-stub}}

Mansinhji Rana

2026-02-07T17:30:44Z

John9200Carter: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Mansinhji Bhasaheb Rana Lok Sabha photo.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| birth_place = Kervada, [[Broach district]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date|1904|03|10|df=yes}}
| alma_mater = [[College of Estate Management]]
| office = Member of the [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency = [[Bharuch Lok Sabha constituency|Broach]]
| term_start = 1967
| term_end = 1977
| successor = [[Ahmed Patel]]
}}

'''Mansinhji Bhasaheb Rana''' (born 10 March 1904) was an Indian politician, landlord, agriculturist, and advocate who served as a [[Member of parliament|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Lok Sabha]], representing the [[Broach (Lok Sabha constituency)|Broach]] (now Bharuch) constituency of Gujarat in 1967. He also served as a cabinet minister in at least two different ministries. He was affiliated with the [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Kerwada]], [[Broach district|Broach District]] (now Bharuch), Gujarat, Mansinhji was the son of Sardar Bhasaheb Raisinhji. He pursued higher education at [[Bombay University]] Law College and the [[Agriculture College metro station|Agriculture College]] in Poona. He further studied at the [[Middle Temple]], London, earning a Bar-at-Law degree, and attended the [[College of Estate Management]], London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Loksabha members : Rana , Shri Mansinhji Bhasaheb - Data is Info: Data is more useful if it is made available in a better format. |url=https://datais.info/loksabha/members/Rana+,+Shri+Mansinhji+Bhasaheb/1c3bb6d0bef2ba1ea9f82a72f6cecb5a/ |access-date=2025-08-20 |website=Data is Info |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mansinhji had a diverse career as a landlord, agriculturist, and advocate. Before his parliamentary tenure, he held several significant positions, including President of the [[Taluka Panchayat]] [[Vagra]] (1935–38), Honorary Magistrate (First Class) in Broach and Vagra (1938–39), and Commandant of the Bombay Civil Pioneer Force (1942–45). He was also a trustee of the Vagra Education Trust and the Sir David Sassoon Trust, Bombay (1940–44).<ref>{{Citation |title=Rana, Baron, (Diljit Singh Rana) (born 20 Sept. 1938) |date=2007-12-01 |work=Who's Who |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.44488 |access-date=2025-08-21 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>

His political career included serving as a Member of the [[Bombay Legislative Assembly]] (1946–52 and 1956–60) and the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] (1962–67), where he was Speaker from 1960 to 1962.<ref>https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/4108-bombay-1957/?do=download&r=9728&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=efc2310d9b61780f85f4ef912bcd4f28{{Dead link | date=August 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

In 1967, he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from the Broach constituency, representing the Indian National Congress. He also attended the [[Commonwealth Parliamentary Conference]] in [[London]] in 1961, representing all state branches of India on its Executive Council.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eparlib.sansad.in/handle/123456789/10/browse?type=members&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Mansinhji+Bhasaheb+Rana|title=Parliament Digital Library: Exploring PDL}}</ref>

He also served as a [[cabinet minister]] in at least two different ministries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2744.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708112701/https://cabsec.gov.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_2744.pdf |archive-date=2022-07-08 |access-date=2025-08-21 |website=cabsec.gov.in}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Mansinhji married Rani Saheb Rajrani on 12 May 1926. The couple had two sons and three daughters.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Mansinhji}}
[[Category:1904 births]]
[[Category:People from Bharuch]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College of Estate Management]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Gujarat]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Shahjahanpur Rang Mahotsav

2026-02-05T04:48:04Z

John9200Carter: creating info

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=April 2022}}
{{lead too short|date=November 2016}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name= Shahajahanpur Rang Mahotsav
शाहजहांपुर रंग महोत्सव
| logo=
| image=
| caption=
| location= [[Shahjahanpur]]
| years_active=2014 – present
| founded= 2012
| dates= Third week of December (16–19 December 2014)
| genre= [[Indian Dance]], [[Drama|Theatre]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/rang-mahotsav-hindi-news-1|title= रंग महोत्सव में सर्वश्रेष्ठ नाटक रहा 'तुगलक' |language=hi|website=amarujala.com|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>
| attendance=
| patron= Abhivyakti Natya Manch
| website= http://www.sharangm.org
}}
'''Shahjahanpur Rang Mahotsav''' ('''SRM''') is an Indian [[dance]] and [[theatre]] competition. The first event was held in December 2014 at [[Shahjahanpur]], Uttar Pradesh. The event is organised jointly by [[Abhivyakti Natya Manch]] and a social group called Maas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/color-festival-is-open-hindi-news |title=रंग महोत्सव का हुआ आगाज |website=amarujala.com|language=hi|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur/Shahjahanpur-98823-123|title= शाहजहांपुर महोत्सव में दिखेंगे कला के कई रंग |language=hi|website=amarujala.com|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/shahjahanpur-13312020.html|title= नाट्य प्रस्तुतियों के साथ रंग महोत्सव का आगाज |language=hi|work=[[Dainik Jagran]]|access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

In Shahjahanpur Rang Mahotsav, teams have participated from [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Karnataka]].

In 2014, a total of nineteen teams participated, and in 2015 participation increased to twenty-seven teams.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/theatre-artists-pay-tribute-to-kakori-conspiracy-heroes-pledge-to-renovate-school-where-they-studied/articleshow/88377982.cms

[[Category:Theatre festivals in India]]
[[Category:Dance festivals in India]]
[[Category:December]]
[[Category:Shahjahanpur]]

Rampara Sanctuary

2026-01-23T11:58:00Z

John9200Carter: added new stub basic info

{{Short description|Protected area in the Morbi district of Gujarat, India}}{{Infobox protected area
| name = Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| map = India Gujarat#India
| map_caption = Location in [[Morbi district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = [[Morbi district]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| nearest_city = [[Morbi]]
| area = 15 km²
| established = November 1988
| governing_body = Gujarat Forest Department
}}

The '''Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a protected area located in the [[Morbi district]] of [[Gujarat]], [[India]]. Established in November 1988, the sanctuary spans approximately 15 square kilometres and is managed by the Gujarat Forest Department.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-22 |title=Government proposes 4.45km ESZ around Rampara sanctuary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/govt-proposes-4-45km-esz-around-rampara-sanctuary/articleshow/57278025.cms |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Biodiversity ==
The sanctuary is renowned for its diverse flora and fauna despite the arid landscape of the region. It is home to over 280 plant species, providing habitat for various wildlife.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2012-04-29 |title=A silent project at Rampara bringing more success |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2012/04/29/a-silent-project-at-rampara-bringing-more-success/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trip Planner |url=https://www.gujarattourism.com/tripplanner/details/213 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.gujarattourism.com}}</ref>

=== Flora ===
The sanctuary features a mix of shrubs and grasses, supporting a rich vegetation cover.

=== Fauna ===
The sanctuary harbors more than 20 mammal species, including the [[Indian gazelle]], [[jackal]], [[wolf]], [[fox]], [[Nilgai]], and [[hyena]]. It is also a haven for birdwatchers, with over 130 avian species such as the [[Indian roller]], [[crested serpent eagle]], and [[grey francolin]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary {{!}} Incredible India |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/rajkot/rampara-wildlife-sanctuary.html |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=www.incredibleindia.org}}</ref>

== Landscape ==
The sanctuary's terrain comprises flat plains in the central region and hillocks along the boundary, offering scenic landscapes and vantage points for observation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=rajeshkumar |date=2021-12-29 |title=Wildlife Sancturies in Gujarat-Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.holidaylandmark.com/blog/wildlife-sancturies-in-gujarat-rampara-wildlife-sanctuary/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=Holiday Landmark Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The Gujarat Forest Department oversees the conservation efforts within the sanctuary to protect its rich biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-24 |title=Gujarat soughts Centre's nod for Rs 150-crore lion conservation plan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/gujarat-soughts-centres-nod-for-rs-150-crore-lion-conservation-plan/articleshow/46349558.cms |access-date=2024-04-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://forests.gujarat.gov.in/wildlife-sanctuary.htm Gujarat Forest Department - Rampara Wildlife Sanctuary]

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Gujarat|*]]

{{India-protected-area-stub}}
{{Morbi-geo-stub}}

Arranged marriage in the Indian subcontinent

2026-01-20T13:12:55Z

John9200Carter: added references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
'''Arranged marriage''' is a tradition in the [[Culture of the Indian subcontinent|societies of the Indian subcontinent]], and continues to account for an overwhelming majority of marriages in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref name="gleansddasdasder">{{Cite web |last=Shakespeare |first=Keisha |date=2005-02-15 |title=Love vs arranged marriages |url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20050215/life/life1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050217010833/http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20050215/life/life1.html |archive-date=2005-02-17 |access-date=2020-11-12 |website=[[The Gleaner]]}}</ref> Despite the fact that [[romance (love)|romantic love]] is "wholly celebrated" in both Indian mass media (such as [[Bollywood]]) and folklore, and the [[arranged marriage]] tradition lacks any official legal recognition or support, the institution has proved to be "surprisingly robust" in adapting to changed social circumstances and has defied predictions of decline as India modernized.<ref name="hoiberg2000">{{cite book |last1=Hoiberg|first1=Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC |title=Students' Britannica India |last2=Ramchandani |first2=Indu |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica (India) |year=2000 |isbn=0-85229-760-2 |location=New Delhi |oclc=45086947 |quote="... It was widely expected that the custom of "arranged marriage," so called, would decline as India modernized and as an individualistic ethos took root ... vast majority (over 90%) of marriages in all communities ... surprisingly robust ..."}}</ref>

Arranged marriages are believed to have initially risen to prominence in the Indian subcontinent when the [[historical Vedic religion]] gradually gave way to classical Hinduism (the {{circa|500 BCE}} period), substantially displacing other alternatives that were once more prominent.<ref name="ref57duxap"/><ref name="ref53riror"/> In the urban culture of modern India, the differentiation between arranged and [[love marriage]]s is increasingly seen as a "''[[false dichotomy]]''" with the emergence of phenomena such as "self-arranged marriages" and free-choice on the part of the prospective spouses.<ref name="ref24gogap">{{Cite book |last=Seymour |first=Susan Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClkaIF3KzLIC |title=Women, Family, and Child Care in India: A World in Transition |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-59127-9 |location=Cambridge, UK |oclc=39235763 |quote="... a "love-cum-arranged marriage" ... In trying to better understand why most young, highly educated women I have known in Bhubaneswar continued to prefer arranged marriages over love marriages ..."}}</ref><ref name="ref41heley">{{Citation |last=Pauwels |first=Heidi Rika Maria |title=The Goddess as Role Model: Sītā and Rādhā in Scripture and on Screen |date=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BSRXu4pcyCsC |place=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-970857-4 |oclc=268653474 |quote="... love-cum-arranged marriage, also known as "assisted" marriage, seeking to "combine" the best of both types ... addressing the false dichotomy of love and arranged marriage ..." |access-date=2020-11-11}}</ref>

==History==
The Indian subcontinent has historically been home to a wide variety of wedding systems. Some were unique to the region, such as [[Swayamvara]] (which was rooted in the [[historical Vedic religion]] and had a strong hold in popular culture because it was the procedure used by [[Rama]] and [[Sita]]). In a ''swayamvara'', the girl's parents broadcast the intent of the girl to marry and invited all interested men to be present in a wedding hall on a specific date and time.<ref name="ref57duxap"/><ref name="ref33mepeq"/>

The girl, who was also often given some prior knowledge about the man or was aware of their general reputation, would circulate the hall and indicate her choice by garlanding the man she wanted to marry. Sometimes the father of the bride would arrange for a competition among the suitors, such as a feat of strength, to help in the selection process.<ref name="ref57duxap">{{Citation | title=The Brahmavadin, Volume 5 | year= 1900| publisher=M.C. Alasingaperumal, 1900 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VMgaAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... In ancient times, when the country was governed by Hindu kings, the Swayamvara system of marriage was very common. It is the system of free, choice by the maiden of a husband ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref33mepeq">{{Citation | title=Evolution of Indian culture, from the earliest times to the present day | author=Bhanwarlal Nathuram Luniya | year=1967 | publisher=Lakshini Narain Agarwal, 1967 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7sKAQAAIAAJ | quote=''... The swayamvara system of later times was, thus, foreshadowed in the Vedic times. 'The woman, gentle in nature and graceful in form, selects from among many, her own loved one as her husband.' ...''}}</ref> Another variant was the [[Gandharva marriage]], which involved simple mutual consent between a man and a woman based on mutual attraction and no rituals or witnesses. The marriage of [[Dushyanta]] and [[Shakuntala]] was an example of this marriage.<ref name="ref04yuhop">{{Citation | title=Sexual life in ancient India: a study in the comparative history of Indian culture | author=Johann Jakob Meyer | year=1971 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, 1989 | isbn=978-81-208-0638-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izFNswlJ9LMC | quote=''... Gandharva marriage, which is also part of the orthodox system ... Dushyanta. This king's Gandharva marriage with Cakuntala, which is well-known especially through Kalidasa's drama, is a celebrated example ... only for warrior nobility according likewise to Manu ... Narada states without hesitation that this kind of marriage belongs to all castes alike ... 'survival from the time of promiscuity'; might well be understood from an "inter-ethnic" standpoint ...''}}</ref> In the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent, there is a well arranged system of marriage known as [[Maithil Vivah]] in which bride and groom are married according to the choice of their parents.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chaudhary |first=Radhakrishna |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mithilak_Itihas.html?id=JO4toCiJ2ecC#v=snippet&q=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%20%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9&f=false |title=Mithilak Itihas |publisher=Ram Vilas Sahu |isbn=978-93-80538-28-0 |language=hi}}</ref>

As the Vedic religion evolved into classical orthodox Hinduism (ca. 500 BC), the social ideas advanced by [[Manusmṛti|Manu]] gained prominence, and large sections of Indian society moved towards [[patriarchy]] and [[caste]]-based rules. Manu and others attacked the Gandharva and other similar systems, decrying them as holdouts "''from the time of [[promiscuity]]''" which, at best, were only suitable for small sections of society.<ref name="ref04yuhop"/> Under the system they advocated (sometimes called ''Manuvad''), women were stripped of their traditional independence and placed permanently in male custodianship: first of their fathers in childhood, then of their husbands through married life, and finally of their sons in old age.<ref name="ref20filij">{{Citation | title=Women and the law | author=Anjani Kant | year=2003 | publisher=APH Publishing, 2003 | isbn=978-81-7648-456-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-5nkRZXjPMC | quote=''... The Manusmriti tended to lower women's status and deprived her of her traditional status in a variety of ways ... subjected to the guardianship of the father during her childhood, of her husband during her youth, and of her sons after the death of her husband ...''}}</ref>

It is also speculated that parental control of marriage may have emerged during this period as a mechanism to prevent the intermixing of ethnic groups and castes.<ref name="ref04yuhop"/> Early marriage, in which girls were married before they reached [[puberty]] also became prevalent, though not universal, over time. This emergence of early arranged marriages in the Indian subcontinent was consistent with similar developments elsewhere, such as [[Indonesia]], various Muslim regions and [[Oceania|South Pacific]] societies.<ref name="ref65bigub">{{Citation | title=International encyclopedia of population, Volume 1 | author=John A. Ross, International Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction. Center for Population and Family Health | year=1982 | publisher=Free Press, 1982 | isbn=978-0-02-927430-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4S_SAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... In the Muslim Middle East, bounded by Pakistan on the east, Turkey on the north, the Sudan on the south, and Morocco and Western Sahara on the west, early arranged marriage remains common ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref93jabom">{{Citation | title=The Demographic dimension in Indonesian developmentEast Asian social science monographs | author=Graeme Hugo | year=1987 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 1987 | isbn=978-0-19-582699-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJy3AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... Marriages in more traditional times tended to be arranged by parents, often before the girl reached puberty, and even the male partner did not always have a say in the selection. This pattern of early arranged marriage ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref34fapir">{{Citation | title=Pentecost: an island in Vanuatu | author=Genevieve Mescam | year=1989 | publisher=editorips@usp.ac.fj, 1989 | isbn=978-982-02-0052-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4Qp2gWmbU8C | quote=''... Traditionally marriages are arranged between the families of the future spouses without the latter being consulted or even advised of the plans afoot. Preliminary talks would begin with a visit from the bridegroom's ...''}}</ref> Commentators on both Hindu and European Jewish communities (where early arranged marriages had also gained prevalence) have hypothesized that the system may have emerged because "the answer to the raging hormones associated with teenage sexuality was early, arranged marriage."<ref name="ref53riror">{{Citation | title=Marriage customs of the world: from henna to honeymoons | author=George Monger | year=2004 | publisher=ABC-CLIO, 2004 | isbn=978-1-57607-987-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o8JlWxBYs40C | quote=''... Hindu traditions ... if a girl was not married by puberty, she would soon find a lover, no matter how closely her parents "protected" her ...''}}</ref><ref name="ref29roqil">{{Citation | title=The B'nai B'rith international Jewish monthly, Volume 111 | year= 1996| publisher=B'nai B'rith, 1996 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V--3AAAAIAAJ | quote=''... The answer to the raging hormones associated with teenage sexuality was early, arranged marriage, so that passion could have a socially ...''}}</ref>

With kinship groups being viewed a primary unit to which social loyalty was owed by individuals, marriage became an affair deeply impacting the entire family for Indian Hindus and Muslims alike and key to "the formation or maintenance of family alliances."<ref name="ref34becug">{{Citation | title=Muslim laws, politics and society in modern nation states: dynamic legal pluralisms in England, Turkey, and Pakistan | author=Ihsan Yilmaz | year=2005 | publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005 | isbn=978-0-7546-4389-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4OrGYg31fi0C | quote=''... family and kinship groups are seen as the basic units of social organization. Marriage is therefore a matter which is of concern to the group generally ... involved in the formation or maintenance of family alliances ... 'contract between the two families and not two individuals' ...''}}</ref> Sometimes, these arrangements were made at the birth of the future husband and wife with promises exchanged between the two families. Where specific alliances were socially preferred, often an informal [[right of first refusal]] was presumed to exist. For instance, marriages between cousins is permissible in Islam (though not in most Hindu communities), and the girl's mother's sister (or ''khala'') was considered to have the first right (''pehla haq'') to "claim" the girl as for her son (the ''khalazad bhai'').<ref name="ref76laxiy">{{Citation | title=Bioethics and organ transplantation in a Muslim society: a study in culture, ethnography, and religion | author=Farhat Moazam | date=31 August 2006 | publisher=Indiana University Press, 2006 | isbn=978-0-253-34782-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rYrytSegfXkC | quote=''... Families often affirm and strengthen their bonds through marriage between first cousins, unions that are permissible in Islam and thus legal in the country. Marriages of most children are generally "arranged" by parents and elders ...''}}</ref>

Systems such as ''[[watta satta]]'' (exchange marriages, which occur in rural [[Punjab region|Punjab]]) evolved where two families unite by exchanging women in two brother-sister pairs through marriage.<ref name="ref14burac">{{Citation | title=No shame for the sun: lives of professional Pakistani women | author=Shahla Haeri | date=November 2002 | publisher=Syracuse University Press, 2002 | isbn=978-0-8156-2979-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KsVnV_IUNnAC | quote=''... the watta-satta, exchange marriages we have – 'and in exchange she (his daughter) will have to be married to the brother of my brother's wife' ...''}}</ref> As with other cultures, [[levirate marriage]]s (where the brother of a deceased man is obligated to marry his widow) also became customary in some regions for all religious groups, partially to ensure that clan alliances and clan ownership of land rights remained intact even if the husband died.<ref name="ref57yufil">{{Citation | title=Personal law reforms and gender empowerment: a debate on Uniform Civil Code | author=Nandini Chavan, Qutub Jehan Kidwai | year=2006 | publisher=Hope India Publications, 2006 | isbn=978-81-7871-079-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMp5ctu_ngC | quote=''... maintaining land structures intact for the patrilineal household, levirate marriage among Jats and other ...''}}</ref>

==Developments in the modern period==
With the expanding social reform and female emancipation that accompanied economic and literacy growth after independence, many commentators predicted the gradual demise of arranged marriages in India, and the inexorable rise of so-called "[[love marriage]]s" (i.e. where the initial contact with potential spouses does not involve the parents or family members).<ref name="hoiberg2000"/> That has not yet come to pass and the institution proved to be "''remarkably resilient''" in the Indian social context, though it has undergone radical change.<ref name="ref53yeyob">{{Citation | title=Voices in my blood | author=Gita Aravamudan | year=1990 | publisher=Sterling Publishers, 1990 | isbn=9789991156927 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jf5kAAAAMAAJ | quote=''... The arranged marriage is an institution which, in our society, has proved to be remarkably resilient. It has survived the potentially disruptive impact of various very powerful forces ...''}}</ref>

Commonly in urban areas and increasingly in rural parts, parents now arrange for marriage-ready sons and daughters to meet with multiple potential spouses with an accepted right of refusal.<ref name="ref49fimaq">{{Citation | title=[[Freedom and Destiny|Freedom and destiny: gender, family, and popular culture in India]] | author=Patricia Uberoi | year=2006 | publisher=Oxford University Press, 2006 | isbn=978-0-19-567991-5 | quote=''... Though arranged marriage remains the rule, parents have also shown increasing willingness to adjust to their children's romantic aspirations. Both boys and girls (boys more than girls) may be allowed a right of refusal of the partners ... with the legal age of marriage now 1 8 for girls and 2 1 for boys and the actual age of marriage rising steadily as well, a phase now exists between sexual maturity and marriage ...''}}</ref> These arranged marriages are effectively the result of a wide search by both the girl's family and the boy's family.<ref>The wisdom of arranged marriages, Rabbi Levi Brackman, {http://www.ynet.co.il/english/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3275463,00.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227050248/https://www.ynet.co.il/english/Ext/Comp/ArticleLayout/CdaArticlePrintPreview/1,2506,L-3275463,00.html |date=27 December 2022 }}</ref> [[Child marriage]]s are also in steady decline and deemed unlawful in India (with legal age of marriage at 21 years for men and 18 years for women), so the term "arranged marriage" now increasingly refers to marriages between consenting adults well past the age of sexual maturity.<ref name="ref49fimaq"/> Due to this, a strong distinction is now drawn by sociologists and policymakers between arranged marriages (which involve consenting adults that have choice and unhindered rights of refusal) and [[forced marriage]]s.<ref name="ref86doguv">{{Citation | title=A life like any other? : Seventh report of session 2007–08 House of Lords papers | author=Great Britain: Parliament: Joint Committee on Human Rights | date=6 March 2008 | publisher=The Stationery Office, 2008 | isbn=978-0-10-401240-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tsf585_mjB0C | quote=''... It is important to make a distinction between forced marriages and arranged marriages ... given a choice and freely consenting to the marriage ...''}}</ref>

Another significant trend in arranged marriages is related to the loosening of traditional clan-bonds in India. Where potential spouses for sons and daughters were once identified through family and social relationships, they are increasingly being solicited through advertising because many urban parents no longer have the social reach that was a given before the rise of [[nuclear family|nuclear families]] in India.<ref name="ref78fudiy">{{Citation | title=Indian Renaissance: India's Rise After a Thousand Years of Decline | author=Sanjeev Sanyal | year=2008 | publisher=World Scientific, 2008 | isbn=978-981-281-877-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i0ZYFny5cuoC | quote=''... Take, for example, the arranged marriage system. Once it relied on word-of- mouth. Today it is using matchmaking websites like shaadi.com (which claims to be the world's largest matrimonial service) ...''}}</ref> With the advent of the [[internet]], this has led to the rise of matchmaking websites such as ''shaadi.com'' (''shaadi'' is the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word for wedding), which claims to be the largest matrimonial service in the world.<ref name="ref78fudiy"/>

===Self-arranged marriages===
It is increasingly common in India for a couple that has met by themselves and are involved romantically to go through the process of an arranged marriage with that specific partner in mind. Since arranged marriages result in a deep meshing and unification of extended families and are believed to contribute to marital stability, many couples orchestrate their marriages with each other through the processes of an arranged marriage. These marriages are often referred to as "self-arranged marriages" or "love-arranged marriages" in India.<ref name="ref41heley"/>

The emerging trend of "self-arranged marriages" in South Asia represents a fusion of both arranged and love marriage dynamics, reflecting the enduring societal pressures to formalize family unions through matrimonial processes. In this contemporary approach, couples may independently initiate their connection but opt for an arranged marriage framework to meet societal expectations and uphold family honor. Research conducted by Parul Bhandari on the role of families in modern South Asian marriages reveals that while parents may not necessarily control their children's romantic relationships, they wield a significant influence over the outcomes of these relationships. Bhandari's findings suggest that self-arranged marriages in present-day South Asia involve substantial parental involvement, notably through traditions such as the ritual of "meeting the parents." During this ceremonial practice, individuals seeking to marry seek the approval of their intended spouse from their parents. While not exclusive to South Asian cultures, within the context of South Asian matchmaking, parental opinions carry considerable weight in the decision-making process for the marrying individuals.

==The arranged marriage process==
Arranged marriages vary widely by region and community across the Indian subcontinent. The marriage process usually begins with a realization in the family that a child is old enough to marry. For a girl, it is during her graduation or early twenties; for a boy, it is after he is 'settled', with a decent job and consistent earnings. The initiation can occur when a parent or a relative (such as an aunt or an elder sister or sister-in-law) initiates a conversation on the topic or the son/daughter approaches the parent/relative and expresses the desire to be married.<ref name="ref15zucaj">{{Citation | title=Everyday Life in South Asia | author=Diane P. Mines, Sarah E. Lamb | year=2010 | publisher=Indiana University Press, 2010 | isbn=978-0-253-22194-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=828fOvb61wIC | quote=''... distinction between arranged and love marriages is in fact becoming increasingly blurred, especially among the urban middle classes ... Parents or other kin may introduce the two, who then might spend some time getting to know each other ...''}}</ref> This relative effectively acts as a sponsor, taking responsibility to get the boy/girl married to a good partner.<ref name="ref97yabeq">{{Citation | title=Sociology and social research, Volume 73 | author=Southern California Sociological Society, University of Southern California | year=1988 | publisher=University of Southern California., 1988 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GD61AAAAIAAJ | quote=''It is not uncommon to find family-sponsored marriage advertisements. A parent or sibling acts as a sponsor and introduces''}}</ref>

===Finding a matchmaker===
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2
| total_width = 450
| caption_align = center
| image1 = TeluguMatrimony Office.jpg
| caption1 = An advertisement for an online partner finding company, [[Hyderabad]], India.
| image2 = Finding a Match is easier than finding a Parking Space, Chennai.jpg
| caption2 = "Finding a match is easier than finding a parking space", [[Chennai, India]].
}}
If the son/daughter has an identified love interest, the sponsor often takes it upon themselves to try to orchestrate a match with that individual. If no such person exists, the sponsor begins the process of identifying suitable candidates. This is usually done via an intermediary [[Matchmaking|matchmaker]] who has a social reputation for maintaining discretion and brokering successful weddings.<ref name="ref99doqil">{{Citation | title=Sikhism | author=Sewa Singh Kalsi, Martin E. Marty | year=2009 | publisher=Infobase Publishing, 2005 | isbn=978-0-7910-8356-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YOI1nB_zTyAC | quote=''... In the past, the role of a matchmaker was performed by the family nai (barber). Marriage negotiations are conducted in complete secrecy ...''}}</ref> The sponsor approaches the matchmaker with a photograph and the child's horoscope. The matchmaker is often an elderly socialite who is liked and widely connected to many families.<ref name="dawn2010asw">{{Citation | title=Matchmaking in the modern era | date=21 April 2010 | author=Farah Zahidi Moazzam | work=Dawn|location=Pakistan | url=http://blog.dawn.com/2010/04/21/matchmaking-in-the-modern-era/ | quote=''... how did the bride and groom’s families come to know of each other in the first place? Enter the matchmaker. At any given time, in history, around the world, matchmakers have been social busybodies, making it their business to know who is doing what with whom ... Some people, for example, assigned astrologers the dual role of serving as matchmakers... find themselves competing against websites ... When will gender bias in matchmaking end? When will boys be forced to wheel in the tea trolley when the girl’s family pays a visit? ...''}}</ref>

In some regions, specific professions are associated with matchmaking. For instance, in many parts of North India and Pakistan, the local barber (or ''nai'') was a frequent go-between.<ref name="ref99doqil"/> To avoid social embarrassments, complete secrecy is often maintained for any marriage discussions.<ref name="ref99doqil"/> If no good matchmaker is accessible to the family, the family may resort to matrimonial advertising in newspapers or matrimonial websites.<ref name="ref78fudiy"/><ref name="dawn2010asw"/>

===Match criteria===
The family expresses their criteria for a good match to the matchmaker, which is usually heavily influenced by family considerations but also includes the personal preferences of the son/daughter. These considerations vary but can include

* [[Religion]]: Marriages are usually arranged between individuals belonging to the same religion. Same-religion marriages are the norm in arranged marriages among higher [[caste]] people. {{Citation needed|date=December 2022}}
* [[Caste]] and [[culture]]: Usually, first preference is given to the same caste. The ancestry of the individual and the family's culture and traditions also play an important part. Usually, prospective spouses are looked for from families belonging to the same region and having the same [[language]] and [[food habits]].
* [[Profession]] and [[Social status|status]]: The profession, financial position and the social status of the individual are also taken into account. This has a higher evaluation criteria in case of men. Also, in significantly high number of cases, there is obsession for Government Job in case of men since these are considered to be safer and offer more stability.
*[[Horoscope]] Matching: Although not absolutely necessary, many communities of North and South India have a practice of matching Horoscopes of men and women before the alliance. Match making based on Horoscopes involves [[Astrology]] based predictions and evaluates compatibilities of the two individuals. In north India it is called [[Janam Kundali|Kundali]] while in South it is known as [[Nakshatram]].<ref>{{cite news| url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/astrology/relationships-marriage/what-are-36-gunas-in-hindu-marriage/articleshow/68205861.cms| title= What are 36 Gunas in Hindu Marriage | – Times of India}}</ref>
* Age: Most often, a man older than the woman is sought, ideally with no more than a 5-year difference in age.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Physical appearance]]s of the individual is taken into account in some cases, more so for women.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/classifieds/matrimonial/?list1=bridegrooms | location=Chennai, India |title=Matrimonial News – The Hindu| work=The Hindu}}</ref> Also, the height of the man is sought to be more than that of the woman. Many Indian families are obsessed with fairness of the woman. Matrimonial advertisement often advertise skin pigmentation of the woman such as Fair, Wheatish etc. Fair tones are considered to be advantageous.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-03-20|title=India's unfair obsession with fair skin, its impact on relationships|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sex-and-relationships/india-s-unfair-obsession-with-fair-skin-its-impact-on-relationships/story-cbkOW7ZShgbR10i5yfvIXI.html|access-date=2020-06-28|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Matrimonial websites<ref>An alternative to the traditional marriage broker – [http://www.matrimonialsindia.com/ Matrimonial Service Provider] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027231014/http://www.matrimonialsindia.com/ |date=27 October 2016 }}</ref> frequently use some of these factors to enable prospective matches.<ref>Spying a lucrative business https://www.thestar.com.my/data/archives/2013/06/21/09/20/spying-a-lucrative-business/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414172047/https://www.thestar.com.my/data/archives/2013/06/21/09/20/spying-a-lucrative-business/ |date=14 April 2018 }}</ref><ref>Getting married the snappy, global way {{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid%3D56735 |title=Getting married the snappy, global way – Express India |access-date=2009-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010150706/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=56735 |archive-date=10 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>Examples of Religious Matrimony Service – [https://www.chavaramatrimony.com/ Christian Matrimony Service Provider] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420034453/https://www.chavaramatrimony.com/ |date=20 April 2020 }}</ref>

===Exchange of photographs/information with prospective matches===
The matchmaker identifies a set of potential matches and, based on mutual agreement between families, it is customary for an exchange of photographs and some documentation of the factors being considered (for instance, astrological charts or a [[Résumé|resume]]/[[biodata]]) to follow. These items are usually returnable if the match does not proceed: In those scenarios, families customarily cooperate to eliminate any trace of a matchmaking conversation between them.<ref name="ref01qofiv">{{Citation | title=The South Asian Americans | author=Karen Isaksen Leonard | year=1997 | publisher=Greenwood Press, 1997 | isbn=978-0-313-29788-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qaJ1AAAAMAAJ | quote=''... They were open to arranged marriages because to them it meant not just the exchange of photos and biodata, but initial introductions and then the freedom to get to know the person for some time before making a decision ...''}}</ref> The son/daughter reviews the information and photographs, with input from the family and friends, and shortlists a few for in-person meetings.

===Meeting prospective spouses===
If the prospective partners express a desire to meet or if the families are enthusiastic about a potential match, it is customary for the prospective groom's family to visit the prospective bride's family. It is traditional for the man's family to arrive (with the man) and be seated with the entire woman's family except the woman, who then makes a dramatic entrance dressed in fine clothes, often bringing tea and refreshments. This practice is sometimes called "seeing the girl" and has been attacked by some Indian and Pakistani feminists as a classic instance of gender-bias and the objectification of women.<ref name="dawn2010asw"/> During this visit, the man and woman are often encouraged to meet and talk by themselves in a separate room.

The families usually part after this initial meeting without any commitment made by either side and with the expectation that they will confer separately and send word through the matchmaker should they be interested in pursuing matters. These meetings are understood to be non-exclusive, i.e., both the man and woman are expected to similarly meet with other potential partners at this stage. There is an expectation of total confidentiality. Families do not usually disclose who else is being considered for their son/daughter and expect reciprocal confidentiality from the other party.

If there is interest from both sides, the matchmaker passes the word to them. If the families are unfamiliar with each other or live in areas far apart, they will frequently launch inquiries through their social and kin networks, attempting to gather as much independent information as possible about the prospective partner. Since urban Indian nuclear families often lack these extensive networks, many private detective agencies have begun to offer "matrimonial investigation services" since the 1980s, which investigate the personal and professional histories of a prospective spouse for a fee.<ref name="washpost2008uyd">{{Citation | title= In Thriving India, Wedding Sleuths Find Their Niche| date=23 February 2008 | author=Emily Wax | newspaper=The Washington Post| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/22/AR2008022203178.html | quote=''In India, hiring a wedding detective such as Paliwal has become a common prenuptial ritual, as important as the heavy wedding gold and the multi-cuisine 10-course meal served on plates coated in rosebuds''}}</ref><ref name="independent2008kah">{{Citation | title=India's female detectives track down Internet cheats | date=25 September 2008 | author=Andrew Buncombe | newspaper=The Independent | url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/indias-female-detectives-track-down-internet-cheats-942572.html | quote=''In India's rapidly changing society, Ms Lahiri is one of a growing number of female private detectives who specialise in so-called "matrimonial investigations" ... In the past, families whose sons and daughters were about to have an arranged marriage would often know each other, or at least know something about the family, through a close friend or relative. But with growing numbers of Indians turning to the internet to find a partner, there is a new knowledge shortfall ... Does this young woman have a "good" reputation, does this young man have a drink problem'' | location=London}}</ref>

===Engagement===
Once there is mutual agreement between the prospective bride and groom that they would like to marry, and no red flags have emerged about either party in the inquiries conducted formally or informally, the other prospective spouses are declined and their photographs and other documents returned. Families usually attempt to maintain a high level of cordiality in these interactions, often invoking the idea of ''sanjog'' (predestined relationship, roughly equivalent to the idea that "''marriages are made in heaven''") to defuse any sense of rancor or rejection.<ref name="ref44piyug">{{Citation | title=Rites of passage | author=Jean Holm | date=January 1994 | publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group, 1994 | isbn=978-1-85567-102-7 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QRRfXbORzm8C | quote=''... The concept of sanjog (preordained relationship) plays an important role in the establishment of a marriage alliance ...''}}</ref>

An engagement ceremony or a pre-engagement ceremony (such as ''roka'') follows. In urban areas, the future spouses are often expected to go out on dates and develop a romantic relationship in the period between their engagement and their wedding.<ref name="ref36ruhad">{{Citation | title=India today, Volume 19, Issues 13–18 | year= 1994| publisher=Thomson Living Media India Ltd., 1994 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXBDAAAAYAAJ | quote=''... doubts about her post-engagement late-night dinners. "But my mother told them it's all right." Adds Delhi's Komal Arora: "My parents would be really upset if I did not go out with my fiance for two days at a stretch ...''}}</ref> In more conservative rural areas, a period of greater freedom in interaction, or even romantic courtship, between the man and woman follows. Though dating may not be socially permissible, nonetheless the couple may talk over the phone.<ref name="ref76zigav">{{Citation | title=Indian anthropologist: journal of the Indian Anthropological Association, Volume 4 | author=Indian Anthropological Association | year=1974 | publisher=The Association, 1974 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJgrAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... there was general consensus that after "sagai" (engagement) the boy and girl may be allowed to have pre-marital courtship. The situation is in no way comparable to the western notion of "engaged couple" ...''}}</ref>

==Low incidence of divorce in India==
In India, marriage is thought to be for life,<ref>[https://fashiongoalz.com/divorce-in-india/ India Has Lowest Divorce Rate]</ref> and the divorce rate is extremely low. In 2021, India recorded the lowest divorce rate in the world at just 0.1 divorces per 1000 people. In contrast, the divorce rate in the United States was significantly higher, at 2.5 per 1000. The Indian figure, however, appears to be rising.<ref name="divrate">Divorce Rate in India {{cite web |url=http://www.divorcerate.org/divorce-rate-in-india.html |title=Comparison of Divorce Rate in India |access-date=2008-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412164909/http://www.divorcerate.org/divorce-rate-in-india.html |archive-date=12 April 2014 }} Divorce Rate in India</ref><ref name="teluk">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1499679/Divorce-soars-in-India's-middle-class.html Divorce soars in India's middle class] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204010909/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/1499679/Divorce-soars-in-India%27s-middle-class.html |date=4 February 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divorce Rates in the World [Updated 2024] |url=https://divorce.com/blog/divorce-rates-in-the-world/ |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=divorce.com |language=en}}</ref> Opinion is mixed on the implications of this change: "for traditionalists the rising numbers portend the breakdown of society while, for some modernists, they speak of a healthy new empowerment for women."<ref name="teluk"/>

==See also==
{{col div|colwidth=38em}}
* [[Child marriage in India]]
* [[Dowry system in India]]
* [[Dowry death]]
* [[Hindu joint family]]
* [[Inter-caste marriage]]
'''General:'''
* [[Arranged marriages]]
* [[Love marriage]]
* [[Matchmaking]]
* [[Marriage market]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Uberoi, Patricia (2000). Family, Kinship, and Marriage in India. in: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=-xzljvnQ1vAC Students' Britannica India: Select Essays].'' Encyclopædia Britannica. {{ISBN|0-85229-762-9}}.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Brides of India}}

{{Bengali wedding}}
{{Indian wedding}}
{{Social issues in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arranged Marriage in India}}
[[Category:Arranged marriage|India]]
[[Category:Marriage in India]]
[[Category:Marriage in Pakistan]]

Uttama Villain (soundtrack)

2026-01-16T14:31:21Z

John9200Carter: creating new data

{{Short description|2015 soundtrack album by Ghibran}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Uttama Villain
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran]]
| cover = Uttama Villain soundtrack.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| released = 1 March 2015
| recorded = 2013–2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 1:01:18
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Jil (film)|Jil]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|-5YPmYIJi4w|Official Audio Jukebox (Tamil)}}
}}
}}

'''''Uttama Villain''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Ghibran]], for the 2015 Tamil film [[Uttama Villain|of the same name]] directed by [[Ramesh Aravind]]. The film stars [[Kamal Haasan]] in the leading role, who also wrote the script and co-produced the film under the banner [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], alongside [[Thirrupathi Brothers]] and [[Eros International]]. The film marks Ghibran's first collaboration with [[Kamal Haasan]] for the first time. The soundtrack album featured seventeen tracks in total; having seven songs, karaoke versions for three of the tracks and seven instrumental compositions from the film score.<ref>{{Cite web|title=17 is the number for Uttama Villain...|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/17-is-the-number-for-uttama-villain.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref>

Both [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Ghibran]] worked on the film's soundtrack during late 2013 and took a year-and-a-half on the film's soundtrack and score. The songs were recorded using instruments from [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]], and songs recorded using traditional instruments were mixed with orchestral symphony in the backgrounds and further fused with [[Villu Paatu]] and [[Theyyam]], as both Ghibran and Kamal wanted to have creativity in music. Kamal Haasan penned five out of seven tracks, whilst Subbu Arumugam, a prominent Villu Paattu exponent sung and wrote one track, and [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] penned one song. Haasan recorded vocals for five tracks, with the Sofia Symphony Orchestra performed three tracks in the background.

''Uttama Villain''<nowiki/>'s soundtrack was released on 1 March 2015 at a formal launch event held at the [[Chennai Trade Centre]] with the presence of the cast and crew and prominent celebrities from the industry.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Prakash|date=2015-03-01|title=Kamal Haasan's 'Uthama Villain' (Uttama Villain) Audio, Trailer Released [Video]|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/kamal-haasans-uthama-villain-uttama-villain-audio-release-sunday-624875|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> In an innovative approach, the soundtrack was unveiled through an [[online application]] instead of a conventional [[audio CD]] release.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Uttama Villain innovative audio launch through mobile app|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/7417/uttama-villain-innovative-audio-launch-through-mobile-app|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-02|title=Kamal Haasan launches the much-awaited 'Uthama Villain' album|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150302/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/kamal-haasan-launches-much-awaited-%E2%80%98uthama-villain%E2%80%99-album|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303021153/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/150302/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/kamal-haasan-launches-much-awaited-%E2%80%98uthama-villain%E2%80%99-album|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2015|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The album opened to widespread critical acclaim, and Ghibran received various accolades for his work in the film's soundtrack.

== Development ==
[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] was signed on to compose the film's music during the film's announcement in June 2013 in his maiden collaboration with Kamal Haasan.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 June 2013|title=Yuvan to compose for Kamal Haasan!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-to-compose-for-kamal-haasan-news-tamil-ngylEKgaicg.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625020516/http://www.sify.com/movies/yuvan-to-compose-for-kamal-haasan-news-tamil-ngylEKgaicg.html|archive-date=25 June 2013|access-date=15 March 2014|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> But, he was later replaced by Ghibran in February 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=3 February 2014|title=Ghibran to compose for 'Uttama Villain'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Ghibran-to-compose-for-Uthama-Villain/articleshow/29814748.cms|access-date=15 March 2014}}</ref> During the film's production, Ghibran signed to compose Kamal's ''[[Vishwaroopam II]]'', his second project with the actor, but as the film delayed, he has signed for the actor's other two projects: ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' and ''[[Thoongaa Vanam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|last=S|first=Srivatsan|date=2020-05-02|title=When Kamal Haasan wrote a mind-scrambling swan song in 'Uttama Villain'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-look-back-at-uttama-villain/article31488952.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Kamal bought musical instruments from [[Bali]], [[Indonesia]] for recording a song in a mythical segment in the film because the instruments sounded both Indian and exotic and both Ghibran and Kamal Hassan wanted the music to be creative.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2014-09-11|title=Kamal and the art of screenplay writing|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/kamal-and-the-art-of-screenplay-writing/article6401133.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to Ghibran, traditional tunes were mixed with orchestral symphony backgrounds and were fused with [[Villu Paatu]] and [[Theyyam]].<ref name="TOI">M. Suganth (21 June 2014). {{cite news|title=Kamal Haasan uses Malay musical instruments for 'Uttama Villain'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Kamal-Haasan-uses-Malay-musical-instruments-for-Uttama-Villain/articleshow/36893235.cms|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> Ghibran also said that he and Kamal Haasan decided to not use instruments traditionally used in period films such as [[tabla]], [[ghatam]] and [[dholak]].<ref name="ghibran">{{Cite news|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=2015-03-02|title=Music that takes you far, far away from Tamil cinema|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music-that-takes-you-far-far-away-from-tamil-cinema/article6949887.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The composer further told that Kamal Hassan had sung in three songs and might sing in a few more.<ref name="TOI" /><ref>{{Cite news|last=Srinivasan|first=Sudhir|date=2014-11-15|title=Tune in to Ghibran|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/interview-with-ghibran/article6602906.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In August 2014, Ghibran said that two of the songs would not be featured on the initial release of the album, citing that it would reveal the plot, and that the two songs would be reserved for the film.<ref>S. Rajasekar (31 August 2014). {{cite web|title=MUSICALLY MAJESTIC – GHIBRAN INTERVIEW|url=http://cinemalead.com/news-id-ghibran-interview-m-ghibran-on-uttama-villain-and-vishwaroopam2-31-08-145966.htm|access-date=31 August 2014|publisher=Cinemalead}}</ref> The Villu Paatu ("Uttaman Introduction") was written and performed by Subbu Arumugam, a prominent Villu Paattu exponent, along with Kamal Haasan.<ref name="ghibran" /> The base of "Iraniyan Naadagam", featured in the film's climax, was [[koothu]] "with a dash of [[atonality]]" and is built as an exchange between the characters of [[Hiranyakashipu]] and [[Prahlada]]. As the particular scene had already been shot with actors speaking the lines, Kamal Haasan and Rukmini Ashok Kumar later sang the same lines again on the track.<ref name="ghibran" /> The song "Kadhalaam Kadavul Mun" was based on the Maru Bihag raag.<ref name="ghibran" /> Ghibran had spent a year-and-a-half on the score.<ref name="ghibran" /> The film's score was featured in the web series ''[[Paurashpur]]'', and Ghibran was upset with the creators of the series since they used the track without the consent of the composer.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-08|title=Ghibran shocked to see Uthama villain BGM copied in web series! - Tamil News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/uthama-villain-bgm-copy-web-series-ghibran-shocked-tamil-news-277805|access-date=2021-07-10|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> The sound track "Uttama Villain Theme" consist of two phrases repeating and sometimes overlapping. ''Mrithyun jaya jaya jaya'' and ''Akum baga baga baga''. The phrase ''Mrithyun jaya jaya jaya'' means the triumph over death and ''Akum baga baga baga'' is a gibberish with has the same rhythm with the phrase ''Mrithyun jaya jaya jaya'' which would symbolise death. As the movie's plot revolves around immortality and death, the theme song symbolizes the cat and mouse chase between immortality and death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suvaissance |date=2024-03-02 |title=Decoded: Ghibran's clever gibberish in Uttama Villain Scary Theme Music - Kamal Haasan |website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qBRPTgrx7MA |access-date=2024-11-10}}</ref>

== Release ==
The music rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]] in late-July 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2014|title=Sony acquires 'Uttama Villain'|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Sony-acquires-Uttama-Villain/articleshow/39099400.cms|access-date=27 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sony Music snaps Uttama Villain and Anegan audio rights|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/5064/sony-music-snaps-uttama-villain-and-anegan-audio-rights|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> Initially, the team planned for an audio launch in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uttama Villain audio launch soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Uttama-Villain-audio-launch-soon/articleshow/38971262.cms|access-date=2020-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttama Villain music release on...|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/uttama-villain-music-release-on.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> But due to post-production delays, the event was pushed to January 2015, where the team planned for a simultaneous audio release in [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2014-12-17|title=Audio of Kamal Haasan's 'Uthama Villain' to Release in January 2015?|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/audio-kamal-haasans-uthama-villain-release-january-2015-617497|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lingusamy opens up on 'Uttama Villain' release date|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/lingusamy-opens-up-on-uttama-villain-release-date-news-tamil-omijXJgbedhaf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208152725/http://www.sify.com/movies/lingusamy-opens-up-on-uttama-villain-release-date-news-tamil-omijXJgbedhaf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2014|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The venue was later shifted to United States, but it proved to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uttama Villain audio launch in the US? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Uttama-Villain-audio-launch-in-the-US/articleshow/45603498.cms|access-date=2020-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Soon, after few sources revealed that the audio launch of ''Uttama Villain'' will take place on 1 March, and it was confirmed by actor Kamal Haasan on 1 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kamal confirms Uttama Villain audio launch - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Kamal-confirms-Uttama-Villain-audio-launch/articleshow/46199128.cms|access-date=2020-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> An audio poster was released on mid-February 2015, confirming the film's audio launch date.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uttama Villain audio poster - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Uttama-Villain-audio-poster/articleshow/46093292.cms|access-date=2020-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

The launch for the film's soundtrack was held at [[Chennai Trade Centre]] on 1 March 2015.<ref name=":0" /> Besides the entire cast and crew, several prominent film personalities including [[Rajkiran]], [[Rajkumar Sethupathi]], [[Snehan]], [[Santhana Bharathi]], [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Keyaar]], Dhananjayan, Vijay Shankar, [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[T. S. B. K. Moulee|Moulee]], [[S. A. Chandrasekhar|S. A. Chandrasekar]], [[A. M. Rathnam]], [[Vijay Sethupathi]], [[Sanchita Shetty]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Madhan Karky]], [[Ponram]], [[Rahman (actor)|Rahman]] and Fivestar Kathiresan were present at the event, which was hosted by [[R. Parthiban]].<ref>{{cite web|date=1 March 2015|title=Uthama {{sic|Villian|nolink=y}} Audio Launch Stills|url=http://moviegalleri.net/2015/03/uthama-villian-audio-launch-stills.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150303004142/http://moviegalleri.net/2015/03/uthama-villian-audio-launch-stills.html|archive-date=3 March 2015|access-date=1 March 2015|publisher=Moviegalleri.net}}</ref> Attakalari dance artists from [[Bangalore]], performed at the event.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Attakalari artistes to dance at 'Uttama Villain' audio launch - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Attakalari-artistes-to-dance-at-Uttama-Villain-audio-launch/articleshow/46106789.cms|access-date=2020-03-12|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-03|title=Attakalari artistes to dance at 'Uttama Villain' audio launch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/attakalari-artistes-to-dance-at-uttama-villain-audio-launch/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> A live performance of the film's soundtrack was hosted by Ghibran and his musical team along with Kamal Haasan and [[Andrea Jeremiah]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-02-24|title='Uttama Villain' audio launch: What's in store? - Bollywood News|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/big-b-felicitates-pk-nair-at-viacom18-and-film-heritage-foundation-film-preservation-and-restoration-school-hindi-news-126278|access-date=2021-07-10|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> and dance performance by [[Parvati Nair]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand plans for Uttama Villain's audio launch|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-15/grand-plans-for-uttama-villains-audio-launch.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> The audio launch event was telecasted through [[Jaya TV]] on 15 March 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Uttama Villain audio launch on Jaya TV - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/Uttama-Villain-audio-launch-on-Jaya-TV/articleshow/46606248.cms|access-date=2020-03-12|website=The Times of India|date=18 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
The official track list was released by [[Sony Music]] on 28 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive- 'Uttama Villain' album track list|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive--uttama-villain-album-track-list-news-tamil-pc2n9Ubbiiiag.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150302013153/http://www.sify.com/movies/exclusive--uttama-villain-album-track-list-news-tamil-pc2n9Ubbiiiag.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2015|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> It was revealed that the soundtrack album will be released with 17 tracks including seven themes from the score.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2015-02-28|title=Ghibran Composes 17 Tracks for Kamal Haasan's 'Uthama Villain'|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/ghibran-composes-17-tracks-kamal-haasans-uthama-villain-624840|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> As an innovative approach, the songs were released through [[mobile application]] instead of conventional audio CD,<ref name=":1" /> and the songs were made available on internet for [[Music download|digital download]] on the day of audio launch.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamal App-loads Uthama Villain Audio|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/mar/02/kamal-app-loads-uthama-villain-audio-723705.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The New Indian Express|date=2 March 2015 }}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track list
| length11 = 1:37
| lyrics13 = —
| title13 = Letter From & To Yamini
| length12 = 2:31
| note12 =
| extra12 = Instrumental
| lyrics12 = —
| title12 = Father & Son
| note11 =
| note13 =
| extra11 = Instrumental
| lyrics11 = —
| title11 = Uthaman & Karpagavalli
| length10 = 2:20
| note10 =
| extra10 = Instrumental
| lyrics10 = —
| title10 = Father & Daughter
| extra13 = Instrumental
| length13 = 2:38
| note9 =
| title16 = Saagaavaram
| note17 = Karaoke
| extra17 = Instrumental
| lyrics17 = —
| title17 = Iraniyan Naadagam
| length16 = 2:47
| note16 = Karaoke
| extra16 = Instrumental
| lyrics16 = —
| length15 = 4:04
| title14 = Dr. Arpana
| note15 = Karaoke
| extra15 = Instrumental
| lyrics15 = —
| title15 = Kadhalaam Kadavul Mun
| length14 = 1:25
| note14 =
| extra14 = Instrumental
| lyrics14 = —
| length9 = 1:39
| extra9 = [[Instrumental]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length2 = 4:04
| lyrics4 = Kamal Hassan
| title4 = Saagaavaram
| length3 = 2:49
| extra3 = Subhu Arumugam, Kamal Haasan
| lyrics3 = Subhu Arumugam
| note3 =
| title3 = Uttaman Introduction – Villuppattu
| extra2 = [[Padmalatha]]
| length4 = 2:48
| lyrics2 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| title2 = Kadhalaam Kadavul Mun
| length1 = 4:42
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], Sharanya Gopinath, [[Anitha Karthikeyan]], Nivas
| lyrics1 = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| title1 = Loveaa Loveaa
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| extra4 = Kamal Haasan, [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], T. S. Ayyappan, [[Ghibran]]
| title5 = Iraniyan Naadagam
| lyrics9 = —
| lyrics7 = Kamal Hassan
| title9 = Guru & Sishya
| length8 = 1:15
| extra8 = Kamal Haasan, [[Choir|Chorus]]
| lyrics8 = —
| title8 = Uttama Villain Theme
| length7 = 7:31
| note7 =
| extra7 = [[M. S. Bhaskar]], Yazin Nizar, Ranjith, T. S. Ayyappan, Sofia Symphony Orchestra
| title7 = Uttaman Kadhai
| lyrics5 = Kamal Hassan
| length6 = 8:09
| note6 =
| extra6 = Kamal Haasan, Yazin Nizar, Ranjith, T. S. Ayyappan, Padmalatha, Sofia Symphony Orchestra
| lyrics6 = Kamal Hassan
| title6 = Mutharasan Kadhai
| length5 = 4:50
| note5 =
| extra5 = Kamal Haasan, Rukmini Ashok Kumar, Sofia Symphony Orchestra
| length17 = 4:40
}}


== Critical response ==
The soundtrack received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|last=V.P|first=Nicy|date=2015-03-02|title='Uthama Villain' Music Review Roundup: Kamal Haasan and Ghibran Bring Out Magnificent Album|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/uthama-villain-music-review-roundup-kamal-haasan-ghibran-bring-out-magnificent-album-624940|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref> Siddharth K. of ''[[Sify]]'' rated it 4.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Ghibran has grown leaps and bounds with this album and has indeed delivered his career-best [...] If anyone has any problems in recognizing the effort that has gone into this album, they need to get their musical buds examined", further calling it as "an album to be cherished by film buffs and is not for the typical frontbenchers".<ref name="sify.com">{{Cite web|title='Uttama Villain' audio rocks - Review|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/uttama-villain-audio-rocks---review-news-tamil-pdcjSQhddbccf.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526233937/http://www.sify.com/movies/uttama-villain-audio-rocks---review-news-tamil-pdcjSQhddbccf.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2015|access-date=2021-07-10|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "''Uttama Villain'' is that rare Tamil film album which doesn't merely push the envelope but has managed to create a new, different envelope".<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|title=Music Review: Uttama Villain - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/music-review-uttama-villain/articleshow/47036696.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave it a score of 9 out of 10, calling it "one hell of a soundtrack".<ref name="musicaloud.com">[http://www.musicaloud.com/2015/03/01/uttama-villain-music-review-tamil-soundtrack/ Uttama Villain – Music Review (Tamil Soundtrack)] MusicAloud – 1 March 2015</ref> ''Behindwoods'' gave it 3.75 out of 5 and stated it as "a gem in Tamil cinema music".<ref name="UTTAMA VILLAIN SONGS REVIEW">[http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/uttama-villain/uttama-villain-songs-review.html UTTAMA VILLAIN SONGS REVIEW] Behindwoods – 1 March 2015</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' called it "one of the most daring and inventive musical attempts in recent Tamil cinema history".<ref name="itwofs.com">[http://itwofs.com/milliblog/2015/03/01/uttama-villain-music-review-tamil-ghibran/ Uttama Villain (Music review), Tamil – Ghibran] Milliblog – 1 March 2015</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' rated 4 out of 5 saying it as "a remarkable soundtrack which will stand tall for years to come".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttama Villain (aka) Uthama Villain Music review songs lyrics|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/uttama-villain-aka-uthama-villain-songs-review-tamil-movie-18498|access-date=2021-07-10|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> ''Moviecrow'' gave 7 out of 10 for the soundtrack with a review "The songs are composed with a sense of purpose to aid the story that unfolds on the screen. If the objective of this album is to showcase musical virtuosity of Ghibran and Kamal, the album succeeds big time!"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uttama Villain Songs Review - Kamal & Ghibran Combo|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/7435/uttama-villain-songs-music--review|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote in its review saying "Ghibran infused an element of fantasy in the sound in 67-minute long album, though it has more music in the film. It is one-of-a-kind in bringing innovations to the film's music, that can take you far and away from the cliched elements in Tamil cinema".<ref name="TOI" />

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |Behindwoods Gold Medal Awards
| rowspan="2" |25 July 2016
|Best Music Director
|[[Ghibran]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-26|title=List of winners of Behindwoods Gold Medals 2015|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/list-of-winners-of-behindwoods-gold-medal-2015.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Behindwoods}}</ref>
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil
|[[Padmalatha]] for "Kadhalam Kadavul Mun"
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|30 June{{ndash}}1 July 2016]]
|Best Music Director – Tamil
|Ghibran
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners List — Tamil|url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704085942/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2016|title=SIIMA 2016 nominations creates huge buzz!|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704090224/http://www.sify.com/movies/siima-2016-nominations-creates-huge-buzz-news-tamil-qf5obVhhfggai.html|archive-date=4 July 2017|access-date=4 July 2017|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Los Angeles Independent Film Festival]]
| rowspan="3" |14 November 2015
|Best Original Music/Score
|Ghibran
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=November 16, 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's Uttama Villain bags awards at Los Angeles Independent Film Festival|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/kamal-haasans-uttama-villain-bags-awards-in-los-angeles-international-film-festival-awards-272851-2015-11-15|access-date=2021-07-10|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-25|title=Kamal Haasan's Uttam Villain wins best film at Los Angeles Independent Film Festival|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kamal-hassans-uttam-villain-wins-best-film-at-los-angeles-independent-film-festival-2520944.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Firstpost}}</ref>
|-
|Best Original Song
|''Iraniyan Naadagam''
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|Kunal Rajan
|{{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |Russian International Film Festival
|15 November 2015
|Best Original Music
|Ghibran
|{{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news|title=International film festival awards for Uttama Villain - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/international-film-festival-awards-for-uttama-villain/articleshow/49802267.cms|access-date=2021-07-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |Moviecrow Best of Tamil Music
| rowspan="4" |2015
|Best Music Director
|Ghibran
|{{won}} (5th place)
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Music Directors & Albums of Tamil Cinema in 2015|url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/10716/best-music-directors--albums-of-tamil-cinema-in-2015|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.moviecrow.com}}</ref>
|-
|Best Album
|Ghibran
|{{won}} (1st place)
|-
|Best Background Score
|Ghibran
|{{won}} (1st place)
|-
|Best Lyrics
|Kamal Haasan for "Saagavaram"
|{{won}} (1st place)
|-
|}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
!Chart(s) (2015)
!Song title
!Peak position
!Reference
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Radio Mirchi|Radio Mirchi South]]
|Loveaa Loveaa
|1
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radio Mirchi - India's most authentic Weekly Music Countdown|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323011728/http://www.radiomirchi.com/chennai/countdown/tamil-top-20|url-status=live|archive-date=2015-03-23}}</ref>
|-
|Kadhalam Kadavul Mun
|5
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[ITunes|iTunes Music Charts]]
|Loveaa Loveaa
|2
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sony Music leads Apple Music's Best of 2015 list|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/music/labels/151214-sony-music-leads-apple-music%C3%86s-best-2015-list|access-date=2021-07-06|website=www.radioandmusic.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Kadhalam Kadavul Mun
|7
|-
|Saagaavaram
|18
|-
|Best of Tamil Music 2015 ([[India Today]])
|Saagaavaram
|10
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|date=December 21, 2015 |title=Mental Manadhil to Donu Donu: Top 20 Tamil songs that rocked 2015|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mental-manadhil-to-donu-donu-top-20-tamil-songs-that-rocked-2015-278193-2015-12-21|access-date=2021-07-06|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Top 25 Songs 2015 (Music Aloud)
|Kadhalam Kadavul Mun
|1
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-26|title=Music Aloud Playback — Best of 2015!|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2015/12/25/music-aloud-playback-best-of-2015/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Music Aloud}}</ref>
|-
|Saagaavaram
|7
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q15891351|id=tt3681422|title=Uttama Villain (soundtrack)}}

[[Category:2015 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Tamil film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Soundtracks by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Musical film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]

Birendranagar Assembly constituency

2026-01-06T00:20:26Z

John9200Carter: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Chhattisgarh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Birendranagar
| type= SLA
| state = Chhattisgarh
| established = 2003
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 144,197
| mla = Akabar Bhai
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
Birendranagar Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Akabar Bhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2003===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]] : Birendranagar<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Chhattisgarh |url=https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081955/https://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_CHH_Nov2003.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Akabar Bhai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,828 |percentage=49.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Pandey |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=42,846 |percentage=38.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sumran Singh Dhruwey |party=Gondvana Gantantra Party |votes=5,912 |percentage=5.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santlal Dhurwey |party=Independent politician |votes=3,216 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nathoo Ram Sahu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,191 |percentage=2.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,982 |percentage=10.89% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=109,993 |percentage=76.29% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,197 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord missing|Chhattisgarh}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}
{{India-constituency-stub}}

Abhishek Yadav (footballer)

2025-12-20T01:05:46Z

John9200Carter: basic fix lead for consistency and added references

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{for|the Indian cricketer|Abhishek Yadav (cricketer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abhishek Yadav
| image = Yadavcropped.jpg
| caption = Yadav with [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] in 2009
| order = Deputy General Secretary of the
| office = All India Football Federation
| term_start = 5 January 2021
| term_end = 7 September 2022
| president = [[Praful Patel]]
| 1blankname = General Secretary
| 1namedata = Kushal Das
| predecessor = 
| successor = Sunando Dhar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1980|6|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| height = 1.87 m
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = [[Association football|Footballer]] Football administrator
| module = {{Infobox football biography|embed=yes|header-color=lavender
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = 1998–1999
| youthclubs1 = [[Rashtriya C&F Mumbai FC|Rashtriya C&F Mumbai]]
| years1 = 1999–2002
| clubs1 = [[Mahindra United]]
| caps1 = +49
| goals1 = +14
| years2 = 2002–2007
| clubs2 = → [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]] (loan)
| caps2 = 14
| goals2 = 2
| years3 = 2007–2015
| clubs3 = [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]]
| caps3 = 97
| goals3 = 28
| years4 = 2014
| clubs4 = → [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] (loan)
| caps4 = 4
| goals4 = 1
| totalcaps = +164
| totalgoals = +45
| nationalyears1 = 2002
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-23 football team|India U23]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2002–2011
| nationalteam2 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps2 = 36
| nationalgoals2 = 4
}}}}
'''Abhishek Yadav''' (born 10 June 1980) is an Indian [[association football|football]] [[Administrator (business)|administrator]] and former professional footballer. During his playing career, he played for the clubs [[Rashtriya C&F Mumbai FC|Rashtriya C&F Mumbai]], [[Mahindra United]], [[Churchill Brothers S.C.|Churchill Brothers]], [[Mumbai F.C.|Mumbai]] and [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. After retiring as a player, Yadav became the Deputy General Secretary of the [[All India Football Federation]] (AIFF).

==Club career==
During his youth, Yadav played for local team [[Rashtriya C&F Mumbai FC|Rashtriya C&F Mumbai]] (RCF) in the 1998–99 season. After finding success at RCF, Yadav began his professional career at [[Mahindra United]].

For the 2000–2001 season, Yadav signed with [[Churchill Brothers]], but returned to Mumbai to play for [[Mahindra United]] after just a season. Yadav then spent five seasons with [[Mahindra United]] where he won all of the major Indian trophies - Durand Cup, IFA Shield, National Football League (the I-League replaced the NFL), Federation Cup and Mumbai League. In 2007, Abhishek joined [[Mumbai FC]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/05/06/685145/exclusive-abhishek-yadav-a-shining-indian-star |title=Exclusive: Abhishek Yadav, A Shining Indian Star |access-date=8 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622135732/http://www.goal.com/en-india/news/136/india/2008/05/06/685145/exclusive-abhishek-yadav-a-shining-indian-star |archive-date=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> After joining the newly founded club owned by the [[Essel Group]], Yadav said the move was a "calculated risk" but cited [[David Booth (football manager)|David Booth]] and [[Henry Menezes]] as reasons for joining.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1345151.php/Joining_Mumbai_FC_a_calculated_risk_admits_Abhishek |title=Joining Mumbai FC a calculated risk, admits Abhishek - Monsters and Critics |website=www.monstersandcritics.com |access-date=6 June 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120907195605/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/news/article_1345151.php/Joining_Mumbai_FC_a_calculated_risk_admits_Abhishek |archive-date=7 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The "calculated risk" paid off in 2008, when he helped the team win the [[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]], thereby allowing the team to be promoted to the 1st Division of the [[I-League]]. He now captains the side and leads from the front, scoring 9 goals for the season and is the top scorer for the club.

==International career==

Yadav has played on the [[India national football team|India national squad]] since 2002. At his debut, Yadav came off the substitutes bench and scored the winning goal in the LG Cup final against [[Vietnam national football team|Vietnam]].<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/sports/2002/aug/10foot.htm India win LG Cup football]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments#|title=Indian Football Down the Years: Looking back at the glorious moments|first=AIFF|last=Media Team|website=www.the-aiff.com|publisher=[[All India Football Federation]]|language=en|trans-title=|location=New Delhi|agency=|date=15 August 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=21 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921011335/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/indian-football-down-the-years-looking-back-at-the-glorious-moments}}</ref> This was the first trophy India had won abroad in 28 years.<ref>[http://www.abhishekyadav.com/career.aspx Abhishek Yadav - Career]</ref> He captained team India for the third international football friendly match conducted in the year 2010. He brought significant challenges for the opposition on several occasions and helped India defeat much better ranked Namibia by 2–0.

==Honours==

'''India'''
* [[AFC Challenge Cup]]: [[2008 AFC Challenge Cup|2008]]
* [[SAFF Championship]] runner-up: [[2008 SAFF Championship|2008]]; third place: [[2003 SAFF Gold Cup|2003]]
* [[Nehru Cup]]: [[2007 Nehru Cup|2007]]

'''India U23'''
* [[LG Cup (association football)|LG Cup]]: 2002<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesh/hcmccup.html#02 |title=Ho Chi Minh City Cups |website=RSSSF |access-date=19 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Press Trust of India|last=TOI|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-beat-vietnam-to-win-lg-cup-football/articleshow/18684987.cms|title=India beat Vietnam to win LG Cup football|website=timesofindia. indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2002|access-date=1 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207133818/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india-beat-vietnam-to-win-lg-cup-football/articleshow/18684987.cms|archive-date=7 December 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{NFT player|pid=3091}}
*{{FIFA player|210648|Abhishek Yadav}}

{{India Squad 2011 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Abhishek}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:India men's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kanpur]]
[[Category:Footballers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mumbai FC players]]
[[Category:2011 AFC Asian Cup players]]
[[Category:I-League players]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]
[[Category:Mahindra United FC players]]
[[Category:Mumbai City FC players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Men's association football wingers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Jatindramohan Bhattacharya

2025-12-03T04:52:30Z

John9200Carter: New

{{Short description|Author, researcher and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox academic
| birth_place = Singerkach, [[Bishwanath]], [[Sylhet District]]
| known_for = Literary researcher and educationist
| workplaces = * [[Jadavpur University]]
* [[Calcutta University]]
* [[Cotton University|Cotton College]]
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]]
| awards = [[D.Litt.]] from [[Rabindra Bharati University]]
| notable_works = *Bangla Puthir Talika Shomonnoy
*Gopal Thakurer Podaboli
*Banglar Boishnob Bhabaponno Musolman Kobi
*Bangla Obhidhan Gronther Porichoy
| honorific_suffix = Tattva Ratnakara
| education = [[Murari Chand College]] (BA, 1929) [[University of Calcutta]] (MA, 1931)
| father = Yaminikanta Bhattacharya
| mother = Mokshada Devi
| birth_date = 1908
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1999|1908}}
| name = Jatindramohan Bhattacharya
| native_name = যতীন্দ্রমোহন ভট্টাচার্য
| native_name_lang = bn
}}
'''Jatindramohan Bhattacharya''' ({{Langx|bn|যতীন্দ্রমোহন ভট্টাচার্য}}; 1908–1999) was an author and researcher of [[Bengali literature|Bengali]] and [[Assamese literature]]. He served as the professor of Bengali at the [[University of Calcutta]] for many years.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2011-06-23 |title=বিখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব |url=http://www.dcsylhet.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623052545/http://www.dcsylhet.gov.bd/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=78&Itemid=88 |archive-date=2011-06-23 |access-date=2022-04-24 }}</ref><ref name=sahitya>{{cite news|language=bn|url=https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|work=Thikana|title=বাংলা সাহিত্যে সিলেট|author=Husam, Shamshad|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=26 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026220509/https://thikana.us/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Bhattacharya was born in 1908, to a Bengali Hindu family in the village of Singerkach in [[Bishwanath Upazila|Bishwanath]], [[Sylhet District]], [[Eastern Bengal and Assam]]. His father, Yaminikanta Bhattacharya, was a local ''mirashdar'',{{NoteTag|''Mirashdar'' is a term referring to a landowner who pays taxes directly to the government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laskar|first=Nitish Ranjan|title=Mahishya Das of Cachar and their Social Background|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mirashdar,+he+being+a+land+holder+in+his+own+right+and+paying+revenue+direct+to+the+Govt%22|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association|page=456}}</ref>}} and his mother, Mokshada Devi, died when he was only one years old.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chowdhury|first=Rabbani|title=কালজয়ী গবেষক যতীন্দ্রমোহন ভট্টাচার্য|trans-title=Legendary researcher Jatindramohan Bhattacharya|language=bn|publisher=Utsho Prokashon|year=2008|isbn=9847005900887}}</ref>

== Education ==
After studying in the local village school, Bhattacharya moved to [[Meghalaya]] where he was educated at the Shillong Government High School. He passed his [[matriculation]] in 1925, and proceeded to study at the [[Murari Chand College]] of [[Sylhet]] from where he graduated in 1929. He later completed a [[Master of Arts]] in Bengali at the [[University of Calcutta]], graduating with a first class in 1931.<ref name=encyclo/>

== Career ==
From 1933 to 1941, Bhattacharya was a [[Ramtanu Lahiri]] research assistant. He became an assistant lecture of Bengali at the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1939, and remained in this post until 1941. He then returned to Sylhet, to work at [[Murari Chand College]]. In 1943, Bhattacharya joined the [[Cotton College, Gauhati|Cotton College]] in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]] and was promoted to Head of Bengali in 1952. In 1964, he left that position and spent six years as Reader Head at the PG Bengali Department of [[Gauhati University]]. After the independence of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, Bhattacharya moved to Calcutta and joined the [[Jadavpur University]] as a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC-nominated]] retired teacher in the Bengali Department.<ref name=encyclo/>

Bhattacharya dedicated his life to literary research and amassed a vast collection of rare manuscripts, books and periodicals in Bengali. His collection is now known as the Jatindramohan Collection under the National Education Board of [[Jadavpur University]]. The collection has over 10,000 volumes of books, over 1200 journals, letters and documents, and over 8,000 manuscripts in Bengali (including [[Sylhet Nagri]]), Assamese, [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Arabic]] and [[Meitei language|Meitei]].<ref name=encyclo/>

== Awards and works ==
In 1937, he was awarded the Griffith Memorial Prize by the University of Calcutta for his thesis ''The History of Bengali Lexicon, from 1743 to 1867 A.D''. In 1945, he was awarded the Khujista Akhtar Banu Suhrawardy Gold Award for writing ‘Banglar Baishnab Bhabapanna Musalman Kabi’ (Bengal's Vaishnavite Muslim Poets).<ref>{{Cite book |last= Bhattacharya |first= Jatindramohan |title=বাঙলার বৈষ্ণব ভাবাপন্ন মুসলমান কবি |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]]|year=1945|edition=2}}</ref> The University of Calcutta awarded him with the Sarojini Basu Gold Medal in 1980 for his research and contributions to Bengali literature. In 1985, the [[Rabindra Bharati University]] awarded him with a [[Doctor of Letters]] degree.<ref name=encyclo>{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|editor=Datta, Amaresh|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|year=1987|chapter=Bhattacharya, Jatindramohan|pages=483–484}}</ref>

Among his 26 published works (written and/or edited) are ‘Srihatter Bhattasangit’ (Bhatta Ballads of Sylhet); ‘Bangla Puthir Talika Samannay’ (Collection of Bengali [[Puthi]]s), ‘Gopal Thakurer Padabali’ (Gopal Thakur's Poetry), ‘Bangla Abhidhan Granther Parichay’ (Background of Bengali dictionary books) and many more.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0">{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Abhidhan|author=Sarker, Swarochish}}</ref> In 1978, he published ''Catalogus Catalogrum of Bengali manuscripts, Volume I'' which is a catalogue of 40,000 Bengali manuscripts, and later did the same for Assamese.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== Death ==
Bhattacharya died in [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]] in 1990.<ref name=":1"/>

== See also ==
*[[Padmanath Bhattacharya]], academic from Sylhet who also researched Bhatta ballads

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:People from Bishwanath Upazila]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Murari Chand College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Cotton University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Educators from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]

2024 Jivitputrika tragedy

2025-10-30T09:45:05Z

John9200Carter: details

{{Short description|Drownings in Bihar during Hindu festivities}}
{{Infobox disaster
| date = {{start date|2024|09|26}}
| Location = [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| type = Drownings during ritual ceremonies
| cause = [[2024 India floods]], festivities occurring outside of state-designated [[ghats]]
| reported deaths = 46 (37 children, 7 women)
}}

The '''2024 Jivitputrika tragedy''' refers to the drowning of at least 46 people, most of whom were children, in rivers and bodies of water that had flooded with ongoing torrential rainfall on 26 September 2024. The deaths occurred across 15 districts in [[Bihar]] located in [[East India|eastern India]] during the festivities of [[Jitiya|Jivitputrika]].

== Background ==
{{Main article|Jitiya|2024 India floods}}
Jivitputrika is a three-day-long [[Ancient Hinduism|Ancient Hindu]] festival which is celebrated from the seventh to ninth lunar day of [[Paksha|Krishna-Paksha]] in [[Ashwin|Ashvin]] month primarily in the Indian states of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]] and [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web |date=21 July 2022 |title=Jivitputrika Vrat 2022 – Jitiya 2022 Date In Bihar |url=https://indianastrology.co.in/8767-jitiya-2022-date-in-bihar/}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=15 September 2022 |title=Jitiya Vrat 2022: बिहार-यूपी में कब है जितिया व्रत, जानें काशी और मिथिला पंचांग के अनुसार सही डेट व टाइम |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/patna/jitiya-vrat-2022-when-is-jitiya-vrat-in-bihar-up-know-the-correct-date-and-time-according-to-kashi-and-mithila-panchang-rdy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=17 August 2020 |title=Jitiya – A Festival Of Women |url=https://nepaltraveller.com/sidetrack/jitiya-a-festival-of-women-384#:~:text=Among%20the%20very%20many%20feasts,or%2010%20days%20before%20Ghatasthapana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jivitputrika Vrat 2020: जीवित्पुत्रिका व्रती महिलाएं आज खोलेंगी व्रत, जानें पारण करने के लिए हर एक शुभ समय और विधि |date=11 September 2020 |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/religion/jivitputrika-vrat-2020-jitiya-puja-vidhi-nahay-khay-date-and-timing-shubh-muhurt-jeevaputrika-vow-will-start-from-today-with-hi-khay-know-what-is-important-to-keep-in-mind-during-the-fast-rdy-2}}</ref> The festival involves a tradition of mothers [[fasting]] without water for well-being of their sons, after which they travel to bodies of water where they bathe, immerse the branches of sacred fig tree in a river or stream, and put a flower garland on the neck of their child who often accompanies them to the water.<ref name="Prabhat khabar2022">{{Cite web |date=16 September 2022 |title=My Mati: आसिन कर अठमी के जितिया गड़ाय रे |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/ranchi/jharkhand-jitiya-festival-jivitputrika-vrat-ritual-unk |accessdate=9 October 2022 |publisher=Prabhat khabar |language=Hindi}}</ref>

Concurrently with Jivitputrika festivities in 2024, [[2024 India floods|significant monsoon rainfall]] impacted multiple regions of India, causing widespread flooding and the swelling of rivers and other bodies of water such as the [[Kopili River|Kopili]], [[Barak River|Barak]], and [[Kushiyara River|Kushiyara]]. Hundreds of thousands of civilians were displaced by flooding and hundreds more were killed as a result of flooding.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-22 |title=Assam flood situation improves marginally; toll rises to 39 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/assam-flood-situation-improves-marginally-toll-rises-to-39/article68321122.ece |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-22 |title=Bangladesh: Floods and Landslides - Jun 2024 {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/disaster/fl-2024-000088-bgd |access-date=2024-06-22 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref>

== Tragedy ==
The Bihar Disaster Management Authority reported on 26 September 2024 that at least 46 people had been killed after drowning or being swept away in swollen rivers and bodies of water while engaging in rituals. Of those killed, 37 were children and seven were women.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=26 September 2024 |title=Dozens of children drown during Hindu festival in India |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/dozens-children-drown-during-hindu-festival-india-2024-09-26/ |access-date=26 September 2024 |agency=Reuters}}</ref>

Victims were reported in the districts of [[Arwal district|Arwal]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]], [[Buxar district|Buxar]], [[East Champaran district|East]] and [[West Champaran district|West Champaran]], [[Gopalganj district, India|Gopalganj]], [[Kaimur district|Kaimur]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]], [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], [[Patna district|Patna]], [[Rohtas district|Rohtas]], [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]], [[Saran district|Saran]], [[Siwan district|Siwan]], and [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]]. Aurangabad district reported eight deaths, the highest total as of 26 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=46 Drown, Including 37 Children, During 'Jivitputrika' Festival In Bihar Districts |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/37-children-among-46-drown-during-jivitputrika-festival-in-bihar-districts-6654206 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Seven drowned in Kaimur district, four of whom were teenagers. In Saran, [[Kalyanpur, Saran district|Kalyanpur village]] reported five deaths while [[Chhapra]] reported the drownings of five children. [[Motihari]] in East Champaran reported five drownings in the [[Sarasvati River|Somvati River]] by the Kalyanpur block. Five drowned in Patna, four of whom were women, and four girls were swept away and drowned in the [[Sone River]]. A women and her child drowned together in a pond in [[Vrindavan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Bhelari |first=Amit |date=2024-09-26 |title=46, including 37 children, drown across Bihar during Jitiya festival |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/46-including-37-children-drown-across-bihar-during-jitiya-festival/article68686653.ece |access-date=2024-09-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Responses ==
The [[Government of Bihar|Bihar State Government]] announced that 400,000 rupees (US$4,784) would be given to the families of victims as compensation.<ref name=":1" />

District Magistrate of Aurangabad Srikant Shastri stated that while Bihar state had prepared staff to manage and oversee state-designated [[ghat]]s of bodies of water where Jivitputrika festivities were assigned to, he stated that drownings occurred in non-designated bodies of water by local ghats. District Magistrate of Saran Aman Samir insisted that all celebrators go to designated ghats for festivities to prevent potential drownings.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-26 |title=37 children among 46 drown during 'Jivitputrika' festival across Bihar |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bihar-jivitputrika-festival-people-drown-aurangabad-siwan-saran-chief-minister-nitish-kumar-2607082-2024-09-26 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> An anonymous Bihar Disaster Management Authority official said that many of the participants had ignored the dangerously elevated water levels, resulting in the tragedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2024 |title=46 People Drown During Hindu Festival In India: Govt Official |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/46-people-drown-during-hindu-festival-in-india-govt-official-c2a1f045 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=Barron's |language=en-US}}</ref>

Many families of the deceased blamed disaster management organizations for not deploying crowd management staff by any of the locations where victims drowned.<ref name=":2" /> [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] spokesperson Mrityunjay Tiwary expressed disdain towards the state government for not arranging emergency staff and resources to all ghats where festivities were taking place instead of only deploying to state-designated locations.<ref name=":3" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Portal bar|India|Asia|Weather|Hinduism}}
{{Disasters in India in 2024}}
{{Natural disasters in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jivitputrika tragedy, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by drowning in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Bihar]]
[[Category:September 2024 in India]]
[[Category:2024 in religion]]
[[Category:Floods in Bihar]]
[[Category:2024 floods in Asia]]
[[Category:21st-century Hinduism]]
[[Category:Accidental child deaths]]

Bogdang

2025-10-13T08:44:00Z

John9200Carter:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bogdang
| native_name = Beyoqdan
| native_name_lang = Balti
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Ladakh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|34.803409|N|77.041481|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Leh district|Leh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 1988
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 194401
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Census of India|Census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 915
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Bogdang''' ('''Bukdang''', '''Beyoqdan''',<ref name=PakistanSource>{{cite web |title=Chorbat Valley: The Picturesque Valley of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan |url=http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |website=Pakistan Source |date=8 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023221226/http://www.pakistansource.com/chorbat-valley/ |archive-date=23 October 2016 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> '''Biagdangdo''',{{sfnp|Longstaff, Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram|1910|p=638}} ) is a village in the [[Leh district]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |title=Blockwise Village Amenity Directory |publisher=Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council |accessdate=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909100301/http://leh.nic.in/depts/villageamenitydirectory.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is located in [[Nubra Valley|Nubra]] [[tehsil]]. The village is famous for its apricots and beautiful landscapes. The population is predominantly Balti-speaking and follows the Sofia Noorbakshia sect of Islam.

==Location==
Bogdang is located in the [[Shyok River]] valley after it narrows near Yagulung, the portion sometimes called the [[Chorbat Valley]], distinguishing it from the "Lower Nubra" (the wider Shyok Valley).{{sfnp|Longstaff, Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram|1910|p=648}} During the [[First Kashmir War]] of 1947–48, the [[Gilgit Scouts]] that invaded the region were pushed beyond the village, and the cease-fire line was set at [[Chalunka]], the next village on the Shyok River.<ref>{{citation |last=Rao |first=K. V. Krishna |title=Prepare Or Perish: A Study of National Security |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7xPaJomYsEC&pg=PA43 |year=1991 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-81-7212-001-6 |at=p. 472, item (d)}}</ref> Thus Bogdang was the northernmost village of Ladakh on the Shyok River until 1971.

In the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], the [[Ladakh Scouts]] conquered Chalunka, [[Turtuk]] Thang Tyakshi small villages of the Chorbat Valley, making Bogdang safely in the interior of Indian-administered Kashmir.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 census of India]], Bogdang has 272 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 64.89%.<ref name="census_2011"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite news |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/datagov/CDB_PCA_Census/PCA_CDB_0103_F_Census.xls |title=Leh district census |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-07-23 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 1988 || 1005 || 983
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 450 || 242 || 208
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1975 || 998 || 977
|-
| Literates || 998 || 631 || 367
|-
| Workers (all) || 782 || 366 || 416
|-
| Main workers (total) || 165 || 155 || 10
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 2 || 0
|-
| Main workers: Other || 162 || 152 || 10
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 617 || 211 || 406
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 572 || 173 || 399
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 0 || 3
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 42 || 38 || 4
|-
| Non-workers || 1206 || 639 || 567
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |title=Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram |first=T. G. |last=Longstaff |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=35 |number=6 |date=June 1910 |pages=622–653 |publisher=The Royal Geographical Society |doi=10.2307/1777235 |jstor=1777235 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1759495 |ref={{sfnref|Longstaff, Glacier Exploration in the Eastern Karakoram|1910}}}}

{{Ladakh}}
{{Leh district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nubra tehsil]]

M. C. Veerabahu Pillai

2025-10-06T17:15:55Z

John9200Carter: improved article

{{Short description|Indian politician (1903–1976)}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = M. C. Veerabahu Pillai
| honorific-suffix =
| image =
| imagesize = 100px
| order1 = Member of Constituent Assembly
| term_start1 = 1950
| term_end1 = 1952
| monarch1 =
| primeminister1 = [[Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru]]
| predecessor1 = None
| successor1 = None
| birth_date = 19 May 1903
| birth_place = [[Thoothukudi]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1976|4|15|1903|5|19|df=yes}}}
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras Law College]]
| profession = Politician
| spouse =
}}
'''M. C. Veerabahu Pillai''' (19 May 1903 – 15 April 1976) was an Indian lawyer, businessman, and politician from [[Tamil Nadu]], who served in the first [[Lok Sabha]] of independent India; he was also an independence activist.

==Early life==
M. C. Veerabahu was born to M. Chidambaram Pillai and Gomathi Ammal at [[Thoothukudi]] on 19 May 1903.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=M.C. Veerabahu Pillai |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?14270 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> His family was involved in Export Business to [[Colombo]]. Veerabahu was related to the prominent freedom fighter [[V. O. Chidambaram Pillai]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} At a very early age, Veerabahu was involved in [[Indian independence movement]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Independence activism ==
Prior to Indian independence, Veerabahu sacrificed his law career to participate in [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s struggle.<ref name=":0" /> He was closely associated with stalwarts like [[Kamaraj]] and [[C. Rajagopalachari|Rajaji]]. He actively worked for removal of [[untouchability]], prohibition and championed the cause of [[Scheduled Castes]].{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Political career ==
He was a member of the Constituent Assembly and the Provisional Parliament from 1946 to 1952. Veerabahu signed the original Constitution of India in his mother tongue, Tamil, being the only member of the Constituent Assembly to do so.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-09 |title=VO Chidambaram: The Romance of Resistance |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/history/vo-chidambaram-the-romance-of-resistance/ |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

After independence, he served in the first Lok Sabha of independent India. Despite his contributions, he chose not to take a pension for freedom fighters, managing his family expenses through his ancestral property and income.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

== Legacy ==
He died on 15 April 1976 at age 72.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Veerabahu, Pillai}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1976 deaths]]

Karuna Badwal

2025-09-17T14:24:31Z

John9200Carter: New

{{Short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016 }}

'''Karuna Badwal''' is an Indian [[film producer]]; she has co-produced films including [[Chennai Express]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-s-business-manager-turns-co-producer-for-chennai-express/story-yo9Yv2ZDrGACkhl8J19KwL.html | title=Shah Rukh Khan's business manager turns co-producer for Chennai Express | work=hindustantimes.com | date=4 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shah-rukh-khan-deepika-padukone-win-best-actor-trophies-at-screen-awards-1951473 | title=I am very proud of the marketing that Red Chillies has done for 'Chennai Express', with Karuna (Badwal), Karim (Morani), Venky (Mysore) | work=dnaindia.com}}</ref> and [[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Happy-New-Year-Shahrukh-Khan-and-Deepika-Padukone-Happy-New-Year-poster-out/articleshow/28261417.cms | title=Karuna Badwal, Co-Producer, Red Chillies Entertainments Pvt. Ltd. | work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ | date=14 January 2015 }}</ref>

==Career==
She started her film career as [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]'s business manager.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mid-day.com/photos/photos-celebs-offer-respects-to-srks-business-managers-late-father/8552 | title=Shah Rukh Khan, Danny Denzongpa, Sonu Sood and other celebs offered their condolences on the sad passing of SRK's business manager Karuna Badwal's father Madan Mohan Arora | work=mid-day.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-red-chillies-to-make-four-five-films-without-me/ | title=Karuna Badwal or Kareem Morani (producers at Red Chillies Entertainment), have ideas, which they should actuate. | work=indianexpress.com/ | date=14 October 2014 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Chennai Express]]'' ||Co-producer
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'' || Co-producer
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' || Co-producer
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm5441701}}
* {{Official website|http://www.hny.co.in}} [[Happy New Year (2014 film)]]
* {{Official website|http://www.chennaiexp2013.com}} [[Chennai Express]]
{{Red Chillies Entertainment |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Badwal, Karuna}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

India's Ultimate Warrior

2025-08-19T05:08:24Z

John9200Carter: Done

{{Short description|Indian reality television show}}
{{update|date=March 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = India’s Ultimate Warrior.jpg
| caption =
| genre = Reality TV
| starring = [[Vidyut Jamwal]]
| country = India
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| network = [[Discovery+|Discovery Plus]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|03|04|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|03|14|df=y}}
}}
'''India's Ultimate Warrior''' is a reality television show produced by Base Films. Actor and Martial Artist [[Vidyut Jammwal|Vidyut Jamwal]] is Dojo Master in the show.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vidyut Jamal to host Discovery's reality show on martial arts 'India's Ultimate Warrior' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/vidyut-jamal-to-host-discoverys-reality-show-on-martial-arts-indias-ultimate-warrior/articleshow/89889038.cms | date=28 February 2022 | agency=PTI | access-date=2023-11-28}}</ref> This show is based on a complete Warrior theme, as its setup is an ancient [[Martial arts|Martial Arts]] Dojo, where 16 elite fighters and athletes selected from across India will demonstrate their skills to prove that they are the ultimate warrior.<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Grace Cyril |date=1 March 2022 |title=Vidyut Jammwal debuts as host with India's Ultimate Warrior, to be seen as a Dojo master |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/vidyut-jammwal-debuts-as-host-with-india-s-ultimate-warrior-to-be-seen-as-a-dojo-master-1919157-2022-03-01 |access-date=2022-03-02 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref> All participants will go through a variety of challenges to prove their skills.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=India's Ultimate Warrior: Vidyut Jammwal turns host for action reality series |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/indias-ultimate-warrior-vidyut-jammwal-turns-host-action-reality-series-1034448 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302040012/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/indias-ultimate-warrior-vidyut-jammwal-turns-host-action-reality-series-1034448 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Along with [[Vidyut Jammwal|Dojo Master Vidyut Jamwal]] there are 4 mentors from all across the world, who will be mentoring the selected contestants.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=After Ranveer Singh and Kangana Ranaut, now Vidyut Jammwal to host reality series 'India's Ultimate Warrior' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/after-ranveer-singh-and-kangana-ranaut-now-vidyut-jammwal-to-host-reality-series-indias-ultimate-warrior-373861 |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Sanak Fame Vidyut Jammwal Set To Host Action Reality Series 'India's Ultimate Warrior' |url=https://www.koimoi.com/television/sanak-fame-vidyut-jammwal-set-to-host-action-reality-series-indias-ultimate-warrior/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Vidyut Jammwal to host Discovery's latest original 'India's Ultimate Warrior' |url=https://theprint.in/features/vidyut-jammwal-to-host-discoverys-latest-original-indias-ultimate-warrior/851378/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Vidyut Jammwal Debuts as Host with Martial Arts Reality Show India's Ultimate Warrior |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vidyut-jammwal-debuts-as-host-with-martial-arts-reality-show-indias-ultimate-warrior-4818716.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=Vidyut Jammwal to host reality show 'India's Ultimate Warrior' based on martial arts |url=https://theprint.in/features/vidyut-jammwal-to-host-reality-show-indias-ultimate-warrior-based-on-martial-arts/852163/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=India's Ultimate Warrior: Vidyut Jammwal to Host India's First Martial Arts Based Reality Show |url=https://www.latestly.com/agency-news/entertainment-news-vidyut-jammwal-to-host-reality-show-indias-ultimate-warrior-based-on-martial-arts-3417204.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidyut Jammwal to host Discovery's latest original 'India's Ultimate Warrior' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/02/28/vidyut-jammawal-host-discovery-india-ultimate-warrior.html |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidyut Jammwal to host reality show 'India's Ultimate Warrior' based on martial arts |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/vidyut-jammwal-to-host-reality-show-indias-ultimate-warrior-based-on-martial-arts20220228173851/ |access-date=2022-03-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>{{overcite|date=April 2025}} The show was shot at the Empower Activity Camps in [[Kolad]], near [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Empower Activity Camps, India's Ultimate Warrior shoot destination -An alternative to Bollywood studios |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/empower-activity-camps-indias-ultimate-warrior-shoot-destination-an-alternative-to-bollywood-studios/ |publisher=[[Daily Excelsior]] |date=22 June 2022}}</ref>

== Series overview ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="padding: 0 8px" |Season
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="padding: 0 8px" |No. of episodes
! colspan="1" style="padding: 0 8px"|Broadcaster
! colspan="2" style="padding: 0 8px"|Originally broadcast ([[India]])
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="padding: 0 8px" |References
|-
! style="padding: 0 8px" |Channel
! style="padding: 0 8px" |First aired
! style="padding: 0 8px" |Last aired
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:grey" |
| rowspan="2" align="center" |1
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" align="center" |6
| align="center" |[[Discovery Plus]]
| align="center" |{{Start date|2022|03|04|df=yes}}
| align="center" |{{End date|2022|03|22|df=yes}}
| align="center" | <ref name=":dp">{{Citation |title=discovery+ {{!}} Stream 55,000+ Real-Life TV Episodes |url=https://www.discoveryplus.com/ |language=en |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" |[[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]]
| align="center" |{{Start date|2022|03|14|df=yes}}
| align="center" |{{End date|2022|03|22|df=yes}}
|}

== Plot ==
[[Vidyut Jammwal]] assembles 16 elite athletes and fighters from across India to compete for the title. In the first leg of their journey, they are tested on their Control, Fear, and Skill. 2 eliminated and 1 is crowned.

== Mentors ==

# [[Bi Nguyen]]<ref>"Killer Bee"</ref> - Pro MMA fighter
# [[Mykel Hawke]]<ref>Mykel Hawke</ref> - Special Forces Veteran
# Shaun Kober - Combat Veteran
# Shifu Kanishka Sharma- Shaolin Kungfu Grandmaster

== Contestants ==

# Rohit Choudhary - Pro Boxer
# Deepak Mali - Parkour Athlete
# Haleema Momin - Stunt Rider
# Pooja Yadav - Taekwondo Athlete
# [[Muntazir Ahmad]] - MMA Athlete
# Deepak Rao - Strongman
# Deepak Sharma - Body Builder
# [[Dinesh Shetty (Danshet)]] - (winner)
# Lekha Jambaulikar - Powerlifting Athlete
# Pearl Monteiro - Calisthenics Athlete
# Sandeep Chauhan - Taekwondo Athlete
# Abhishek Mishra - Professional Runner
# Rounak Gulia - Professional Wrestler
# Suchika Tariyal - Judo Athlete
# Prakram Dandona - Pro MMA Fighter
# Yogesh Kshatriya - Shaolin Kungfu Practitioner

== Teams ==

# {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} '''Team Shifu'''
## Deepak Rao
## Deepak Mali
## Sandeep Chauhan
## Rounak Gulia
# {{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} '''Team Killer Bi'''
## Haleema Momin
## Muntazir Ahmad
## Prakram Dandona
## Pearl Montero
# {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} '''Team Shaun'''
## Rohit Choudhary
## Suchika Tariyal
## Pooja Yadav
## Abhishek Mishra
# {{Color box|black|border=darkgray}} '''Team Hawke'''
## Lekha Jambaulikar
## Yogesh Kshatriya
## Deepak Sharma
## Dinesh Shetty (Winner)

== Episodes ==

{{Episode table |background=#000000 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref name=":dp" />|country=In |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Control
|DirectedBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sixteen athletes and fighters participate in an initial fight to test their skills. Later, the recruits are assigned to different mentors.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Determination
|DirectedBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = After a series of brutal fights and challenges, several of the fighters suffer serious injuries but they all refuse to quit.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Focus
|DirectedBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = [[Akshay Kumar]] test [[Vidyut Jammwal]]'s athletes and fighters. Later, they complete with two new contestants while attempting a death-defying stunt.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Survival
|DirectedBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Eleven fighters compete in a series of challenges that push them to the breaking point. Later, one of the students has a massive panic attack.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Balance
|DirectedBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Eight fighters compete for a spot in the finale. Later, they participate in four challenges that test their balance and stability.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Final
|DirectedBy =
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|03|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = The six surviving fighters participate in five gruelling challenges that culminate in a no-holds-barred fight. Later, a fighter injuries himself.
----
|LineColor = 000000
}}

}}

== Guests ==
{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style=";margin: 1em 1em 1em 0;font-size:85%; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
! width="2%" style="background:#B00000;color:white" | Episode(s)
! width="10%" style="background:#B00000;color:white"| Guest(s)
! width="10%" style="background:#B00000;color:white"| Note(s)
! width="10%" style="background:#B00000;color:white"| Reference(s)
|-
|'''Episode 3'''
|'''[[Akshay Kumar]]'''
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/akshay-kumar-makes-special-appearance-indias-ultimate-warrior-announces-rs-10-lakh-prize-money-winner-show-hosted-vidyut-jammwal/|title=Akshay Kumar makes a special appearance on India's Ultimate Warrior; announces Rs. 10 lakh prize money for the winner of the show hosted by Vidyut Jammwal : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=11 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.base-films.com/#base-films|name=Base Films}}
* [https://www.discoveryplus.in/show/indias-ultimate-warrior-in India's Ultimate Warrior] on [[Discovery+|Discovery Plus]]
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Indias-Ultimate-Warrior/0TXJHQ4VWED5R9TUCMWX7H2YAE India's Ultimate Warrior] on [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]]

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]

C. L. Jose

2025-07-17T13:26:18Z

John9200Carter: new

{{short description|Indian playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = C. L. Jose
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 4 April 1932
| birth_place = Puthukad, [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Playwright
| alma mater = {{ublist|||}}
| spouse = Lissy
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents = {{ublist|Lonappan|Mariakutty}}
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Manalkkadu''|''Jwalanam''|''Yugathrishna''|''Agnivalayam''}}
| website = {{url|http://cljos.blogspot.com|website}}
| awards = {{ubl|1978 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]]|2008 [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]|2008 [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See|Chevalier of the Holy See]]|2012 [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]|2016 S. L. Puram Sadanandan Puraskaram|2017 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]]|2023 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]}}
}}
{{Indian name|Jose|Chakkalakal Lonappan}}'''Chakkalakal Lonappan Jose''', is an Indian playwright of [[Malayalam literature]]. One of the pioneers of popular Malayalam theatre{{citation needed|date=March 2022}} and a former chairman of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Jose is the author of 36 plays, 75 [[one-act play]]s, one children's play and ''Ormakalkku Urakkamilla'', his autobiography. He is a recipient of the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions]], [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]], [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] and S. L. Puram Sadanandan Puraskaram of the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]].

== Biography ==
[[File:Kerala sangeetha nataka academy DSC 5488.JPG|thumb|235px|Jose chaired Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi in the 90s]]
C. L. Jose was born in the Chakkalakal house at Puthukad, [[Thrissur district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Lonappan and Manjali Mariakutty as the eldest of their nine children.<ref name="ജീവിതം, അനുഭവം, നാടകം: സി.എല്‍. ജോസിനൊപ്പം">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/tv/Programs/Episode/26060/e-vazhiththarayil-cl-jose-episode-146/E |title=ജീവിതം, അനുഭവം, നാടകം: സി.എല്‍. ജോസിനൊപ്പം |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |language=en |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> His early education was at St. Mary's Lourde's U.P. School - Thrissur after which he started his career at a [[Chit fund]] company in Thrissur as a clerk. He started his literary career as a playwright with ''Manam Thelinju'', which he wrote for a local club in the town when he was 24.<ref name="ജീവിതം, അനുഭവം, നാടകം: സി.എല്‍. ജോസിനൊപ്പം" /> This followed a body of work which comprises 36 plays, 75 one-act plays and one children's play.<ref name="‘Theatre should reflect society’">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/theatre-veteran-c-l-jose-traces-his-journey/article8499188.ece |title='Theatre should reflect society' |last=Paul |first=G. S. |date=2016-04-21 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Besides he has documented the story of his life in an autobiography, ''Ormakalkku Urakkamilla''.<ref name="Ormakalkku Urakkamilla">{{Cite book |title=Ormakalkku Urakkamilla |publisher=Sophia Books |isbn=978-9381796849}}</ref> His plays were popular in the amateur theatre<ref name="Theatre performance of Drama - Malayalam Literature">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-1960-1970/280 |title=Theatre performance of Drama - Malayalam Literature |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> ''Manalkadu'', one of his plays, has been translated into 14 Indian languages and was broadcast through the [[All India Radio]] as a part of their Drama Week.<ref name="ജീവിതം, അനുഭവം, നാടകം: സി.എല്‍. ജോസിനൊപ്പം" /> The work was later adapted into a film ''[[Ariyatha Veethikal]]'' by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]].<ref name="Ariyaatha Veedhikal (1984)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1566 |title=Ariyaatha Veedhikal (1984) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Subsequently, two more of his plays were made into films viz. ''[[Bhoomiyile Malakha]]'' in 1965<ref name="Bhoomiyile Maalakha (1965)">{{Cite web |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=145 |title=Bhoomiyile Maalakha (1965) |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> and ''[[Agninakshathram (1977 film)|Agninakshathram]]'' in 2004.<ref name="കൊടുങ്കാറ്റ് പോലൊരു ജീവിതം">{{Cite web |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/lifestyle/special-ones/memories-playwright-cljose/2016/nov/08/230894 |title=കൊടുങ്കാറ്റ് പോലൊരു ജീവിതം |website=Madhyamam |date=8 November 2016 |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref>

Jose has served as a faculty of fine arts at the [[University of Calicut]], has been a member of the Kerala Sahithya Akademi and the Samastha Kerala Sahithya Parishad, has sat in the advisory board of the [[All India Radio]] and has presided over the Fine Arts Society of Thrissur. He also chaired the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] for a brief period in the 1990s<ref name="‘Theatre should reflect society’" /> and serves as a member of the Pastoral council of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Archdiocese of Thrissur]].<ref name="Pastoral council - Archdiocese of Trichur">{{Cite web |url=http://www.trichurarchdiocese.org/administration/council_body/pastoral_council |title=Pastoral council - Archdiocese of Trichur |website=www.trichurarchdiocese.org |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> Three of his plays have been included in the academic curriculum; ''Manalkkad'' at the [[University of Calicut]], ''Jwalanam'' at the [[University of Kerala]] and ''Yugathrushna'' at [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]].<ref name="കൊടുങ്കാറ്റ് പോലൊരു ജീവിതം" />

Jose is married to Lissy and the couple has a daughter and two sons.<ref name="Safalameejeevitham Epi : 42- C L Jose- Part 5">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWooBEdDeMk |title=Safalameejeevitham Epi : 42- C L Jose- Part 5 |last=ShalomTelevision |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2015-01-20 |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> The family lives in Puthukad, in Thrissur.<ref name="ജീവിതം, അനുഭവം, നാടകം: സി.എല്‍. ജോസിനൊപ്പം" />

== Awards and honours ==
Jose, who received the Madras Film Fans Association Award for the best film story for the film [[Agninakshathram (1977 film)|Agninakshatram]] in 1977,<ref name="കൊടുങ്കാറ്റ് പോലൊരു ജീവിതം" /> received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] in 1978 for his play, ''Jwalanam''<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama |date=2019-04-12 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516212809/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the year 2008 brought him two awards viz,. the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<ref name="Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi - Awards 2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php#menu6 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi - Awards 2 |website=www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in |access-date=2019-04-12 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813144417/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php#menu6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the ''Chevalier'' title of the [[Holy See]].<ref name="Pastoral council - Archdiocese of Trichur" /><ref name="Safalameejeevitham Epi : 42- C L Jose- Part 5" /> The [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]] inducted him as a [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship|fellow]] in 2012,<ref name="Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi - Awards and honours">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php#menu1 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi - Awards and honours |date=2019-04-12 |website=www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in |access-date=2019-04-12 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813144417/http://www.keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/fa.php#menu1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and four years later, he received the 2016 S. L. Puram Sadanandan Puraskaram - the highest award in theatre of the Government of Kerala.<ref name="‘Theatre should reflect society’" /> The [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] honoured him again with their annual award for overall contributions in 2017.<ref name="കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; വി.ജെ.ജയിംസിന്റെ ‘നിരീശ്വരൻ’ മികച്ച നോവൽ">{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/01/23/kerala-sahitya-akademi-award-nireeswaran-best-novel.html |title=കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാർഡുകൾ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു; വി.ജെ.ജയിംസിന്റെ 'നിരീശ്വരൻ' മികച്ച നോവൽ |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml |access-date=2019-04-12}}</ref> In 2020, he received the [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]] for Overall Contribution (T. K. Ramakrishnan Award).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/abu-dhabi-sakthi-award/1006252 |title=എം കെ സാനുവിനും പി രാജീവിനും സി എൽ ജോസിനും അബുദാബി ശക്തി അവാർഡ്‌ |newspaper=[[Deshabhimani]] |date=9 March 2022 |access-date=3 January 2023 }}</ref> In 2023, he received the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships announced |language= |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/26/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-announced |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=26 July 2024 |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
=== Plays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72486&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Pollunna paramarthagal |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1970 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72490&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Manal kaadu |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1971 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Sahakarana Sangam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=72497&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Vishudha papam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1971 |publisher=C. L. Jose}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=74180&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Nashtta swargam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1971 |publisher=S.P.C.S}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=76224&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Agnivalayam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1977 |publisher=National Book Stall}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=78659&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Yugathrushna |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1982 |publisher=Current Books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=79897&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Bali pushpam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1986 |publisher=S.P.C.S |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=81671&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Mizhineer pookkal |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1988 |publisher=S.P.C.S |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=85815&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=C L Josinte theranjetutha aramanikoor naatakangal |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=2007 |publisher=Poorna Publications |isbn=9788130006611 |location=Kozhikode}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21133&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Manassil oru deepam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1982 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21131&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Meghadhwani |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1989}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21130&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Kurisu chumakkunnavar |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1995 |location=Kottayam, DCB}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21129&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Kodunkaatturangunna veedu |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1992 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21128&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Karutha velicham |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1985 |location=Kottayam, SPCS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21127&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Josinte ekaankangal |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1988 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21126&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Jeevitham oru kodunkaattaanu |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1979 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21125&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Jwalanam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1977}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21124&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Bheethi |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1982 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21122&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Bhoomiyile maalaakha |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1980 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21121&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Asanipaatham |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1986 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21119&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Aathmayudham |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1991}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21145&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Vedanayude thaazhvarayil |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1959 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21144&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Thee pidicha aathmaavu |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1963}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21143&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Sokapakshi |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1987 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21142&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Seema |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1980 |location=Kottayam, NBS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21140&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Saaparasmi |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1974 |location=Kottayam, SPCS}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21139&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Sooryaakhaatham |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1976}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21138&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Oliyambukal |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1968}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21135&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Maari veesunna kaattu |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1996 |location=Kottayam, DCB}}
{{div col end}}

=== Non fiction ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=272551&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Chriyude Melam |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=2007 |publisher=Current Books |isbn=9788124017623 |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=105851&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Nataka rachana, enthu, engane? |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=2012 |publisher=Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=83718&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C.%2520L.%2522 |title=Naatakathinte kaanappurangal |last=Jose |first=C. L. |date=1996 |publisher=D C |isbn=9788171305940 |location=Kottayam}}
{{div col end}}

=== Memoirs ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=155563&query_desc=au%253A%2522Jose%252C%2520C%2520L%2522 |title=Ente nadakajeevitham, Anubhavam |last=Jose C L |date=2015 |publisher=Green Books |isbn=9788184234527 |location=Thrissur}}
* {{Cite book |title=Ormakalkku Urakkamilla |last=C. L. Jose |publisher=Sophia Books |year=2014 |isbn=978-9381796849}}

== Filmography ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''[[Ariyatha Veethikal]]''
* ''[[Bhoomiyile Malakha]]''
* ''[[Agninakshathram (1977 film)|Agninakshathram]]''
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
* [[2017 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BZedyq-O8ZM |title=C L Jose, one of the most popular playwrights in Malayalam at Kerala Club, New Delhi |last=Knowing New Delhi |date=2014-05-23 |website=YouTube |access-date=2019-04-12}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/c-l-jose-bags-thikkodiyan-award-malayalam-news-1.1231604/cl-jose-1.1231613 |title=C. L. Jose |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en |access-date=2019-04-12 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412084839/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/c-l-jose-bags-thikkodiyan-award-malayalam-news-1.1231604/cl-jose-1.1231613 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.farookcollege.ac.in/news/theater-club-organizes-interaction-with-cl-jose-senior-drama-actor-on-18-dec-2018/ |title=Theater Club Organizes Interaction with CL Jose |website=www.farookcollege.ac.in |access-date=2019-04-12}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1GJK9MttuR4 |title=SAFALAMEE JEEVITHAM EPI:38 C L Jose |last=ShalomTelevision |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2014-12-05 |access-date=2019-04-12}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vznvt_waPSY |title=CL JOSE and JOHN F CHERIAVELY, An Interview Part Two |last=Divine Shalom |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2014-12-30 |access-date=2019-04-12}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jose, C. L.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]

Karvy Corporate

2025-05-19T09:12:50Z

John9200Carter:

{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=September 2018}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian financial services company}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Karvy Group
| logo = KARVY_Logo.png
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = {{start date and age |1983}}
| location_city = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{UBL | C. Parthasarathy (Chairman and Managing Director) |M. Yugandhar (Managing Director) |M. S. Ramakrishna (Director) }}
| products =
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.karvy.com/}}{{dead url|date=December 2022}} {{url |https://www.karvyinvestmentbanking.com/}}
}}

'''Karvy Group''' is a [[financial services company]] headquartered in [[Hyderabad]], [[India]]. It was involved in financial services like equity, commodities trading, depository and wealth services and distribution of other financial products.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dsij.in/research/stock-tips/broker-detail/brokerid/18.aspx|title=Karvy Stock Broking Ltd Stock Recommendations {{!}} Karvy Stock Broking Ltd Short and Long Term Stock Recommendation|website=www.dsij.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> It also had branch offices outside India in [[Bahrain]], [[Dubai]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]] and the [[United States]].

Scams perpetrated during 2019 involving Karvy Stock Broking Limited (KSBL), a group company led to the filing of criminal cases against the Chairman and others. This led to the banning of KSBL by the regulator.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/karvy-investor-faces-sebi-ban/articleshow/108864939.cms |title=Karvy investor faces Sebi ban |publisher=Economic Times |date=March 29, 2024 }}</ref>

== History ==
Karvy Group was established in the year 1983 <ref name=":0" /> and was headed by C. Parthasarathy, who served as its Chairman.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/02/16/stories/2004021600670500.htm|title=The Hindu Business Line : 'We want to be No. 1 in merchant banking'|last=Mr C. Parthasarathy|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=12824478&privcapId=22895431|title=C. Parthasarathy: Executive Profile & Biography - Bloomberg|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> The group at one time had more than 30,000 employees, spanning 900 offices in about 400 cities and towns. In the mid-1990s, Karvy forayed into stockbroking and advisory businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chittorgarh.com/stockbroker/karvy/36/|title=Karvy Brokerage & Karvy Demat Account Reviews 2017|website=www.chittorgarh.com|language=en|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/members/Memberdata.aspx?MemberNo=917|title=BSE Ltd-Member Database|website=www.bseindia.com|access-date=2017-04-17}}</ref> Later, in the early 2000s, Karvy Corporate ventured into commodity trading. With the introduction of currency trading, Karvy Corporate was also in the business of Forex trading.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

== Business ==
Karvy Group provided financial services like finance, insurance, broking, investment banking, loans for individuals and businesses. Karvy started its ecommerce business on Karvyclick.com<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/karvy-to-help-vendors-get-online-with-just-a-few-clicks/articleshow/57741982.cms|title=Karvy Click|newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Bailay |first1=Rasul }}</ref> to enable small and medium enterprises to go online for selling their products in various eCommerce platforms.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sagar Kumar |first1=Richard moro |title=Arincen network trading |url=https://en.arincen.com/ |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>

Karvy Data Management Services, a subsidiary of Karvy Group, has acquired the call center business of Media Matrix Worldwide<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vccircle.com/mahendra-nahatas-media-matrix-to-sell-call-centre-biz-to-karvy/|title=Media Matrix Worldwide}}</ref> Ltd for Rs 30 crore in 2017.

Karvy Group has following nineteen subsidiary companies under it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Companies |url=https://www.karvy.com/our-companies |website=Karvy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219104012/https://www.karvy.com/our-companies |archive-date=19 December 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

* Karvy Stock Broking Ltd. (KSBL)- Equity Broking, Depository Participant, Distribution of Financial Products (Mutual Funds, FD and Bonds), Wealth Management Services, Currency Derivatives, Portfolio Management Services
* Karvy Comtrade Ltd. - Commodities Broking
* Karvy Capital Ltd. - NBFC & Portfolio Manager
* Karvy Investment Advisory Services Ltd. - Investment Advisory Services
* Karvy Holdings Ltd. - Core Investment Company
* Karvy Middle East LLC - Wealth Management Products for NRI’s
* Karvy Realty (India) Ltd. - Realty Services
* Karvy Financial Services Ltd. - Non Banking Financial Services
* Karvy Insurance Repository Ltd. - Insurance Repository services
* Karvy Forex & Currencies Private Ltd. - Currency and forex services
* Karvy Consultants Ltd. - Consultancy and Advisory Services, Publications
* Karvy Data Management Services Ltd. - Data Management Services
* Karvy Investor Services Ltd. - Merchant Banking and Corporate Finance
* Karvy Insights Ltd. - Market Research
* Karvy Analytics Ltd. - Analytics
* Karvy Solar Power Ltd. - Power Generation
* Karvy Global Services Ltd. - Business Process Outsourcing
* Karvy Global Services Inc, USA - Business Process Outsourcing
* Karvy Inc, USA

===Divested companies===
* Karvy FinTech (name changed to KFinTech after divesting),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/general-atlantic-rechristens-karvy-fintech-to-kfintech/article30141166.ece |title=General Atlantic rechristens Karvy Fintech to KfinTech |date=2019-12-02 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The HIndu Businessline}}</ref> Incorporated in 1978, and started operation in 1984 as a Fintech company for providing digital mutual fund services.
* Karvy Data Management Services Limited and its subsidiaries have officially been taken over by Sangamam Power Projects through the resolution process under the National Company Law Tribunal (NCLT) in December 2024. This acquisition is part of the approved resolution plan aimed at ensuring the revival of the business operations and safeguarding the interests of all stakeholders involved. With this development, the management and ownership of Karvy Data Management Services Limited have transitioned to Sangamam Power Projects, which will oversee the future course of the company’s operations. Stakeholders and the public are advised to take note of this change in ownership

== Criminal cases involving Karvy group companies ==
In November 2019, Securities and Exchange Board of India barred Karvy Stock Broking Limited (KSBL) from purchasing shares in delivery and also accepting new clients pending a forensic audit. SEBI found out that Karvy had defaulted Rs. 2000 crore of investor funds by pledging the securities holdings of its customers. The action was based on a detailed report by National Stock Exchange. The company had sold excess securities (not available in their DP account) worth Rs 485 crore through nine related clients till 31 May 2019. They further transferred excess securities worth Rs 162 crore to six of the nine related clients until 31 May 2019. Later, it tried to repurchase the securities worth 228.07 crores to cover up for the shortfall between June - September 2019. An amount of 1096 crore was transferred to its group concern Karvy Realty Private Limited during the period of April 2016 - October 2019.
<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=2020-04-13|title=Sebi bans Karvy for Rs 2,000 crore client defaults|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/sebi-bans-karvy-for-rs-2000-crore-client-defaults/articleshow/72193703.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=23 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Muth |first1=Sagar Kumar |title=Karvy pledged clients' securities to raise funds: Registrar of Companies {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |language=en |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/karvy-pledged-clients-securities-to-raise-funds-registrar-of-companies/articleshow/77346830.cms}}</ref>

In related investigation, Enforcement Directorate arrested C. Parthasarathy on 27 Jan 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/ed-arrests-c-parthasarathy-in-rs-2000-crore-security-scam-7991161.html |title=ED arrests Karvy Group Chairman C Parthasarathy in Rs 2,000-crore security scam |date=2022-01-27 |website=[[moneycontrol]]}}</ref> They were released on bail subsequently.

On 25 November 2022, a fresh criminal case was registered against C. Parthasarathy, the Chairman of Karvy Reality (India) Private Limited for cheating few investors from Kolkata and Kerala by engaging to sell plots in 2019, in an old real estate venture of 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyderabad-karvy-group-chairman-c-parthasarathy-booked-for-selling-plots-of-2009-sold-out-venture/articleshow/95750452.cms |title=Hyderabad: Karvy Group chairman C Parthasarathy booked for selling plots of 2009 sold-out venture |date=2022-11-25 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Financial services in India}}

[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1983]]

Mumbai Central ST Bus Stand

2025-04-25T12:49:38Z

John9200Carter: New

{{Short description|Bus terminal in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Mumbai Central ST Bus Stand
| type = [[Bus station]]
| address = [[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]], [[Mumbai]]
| coordinates = {{coord|18.969|N|72.821|E|display=inline,title}}
| owned = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| operator = [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]] [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| connections = [[Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport|Mumbai City Bus]]
| structure = At grade station
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| accessible = Yes
| mapframe =
| mapframe-caption =
| mapframe-custom =
}}
'''Mumbai Central ST Bus Stand''' is an [[Inter-State Bus Terminals|inter-state bus terminal]] located in [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Agrawal |first=Somya |date=20 December 2024 |title=Major concretisation work to start at Mumbai Central Bus Stand {{!}} What commuters should know |url=https://www.knocksense.com/mumbai/major-concretisation-work-to-start-at-mumbai-central-bus-stand-what-commuters-should-know |work=Knock Sense}}</ref> It is located near the [[Mumbai Central railway station]] in the [[Kurla]] area of [[South Mumbai]] and it's owned by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2024 |title=Mumbai Central Bus Stand to undergo concretisation from Dec 23 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-central-bus-stand-undergo-concretisation-9736489/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 December 2024 |title=Mumbai Central bus stand set for makeover with Rs 1.64 cr concretisation project |url=https://www.mid-day.com/mumbai/mumbai-news/article/mumbai-central-bus-stand-set-for-makeover-with-rs-164-cr-concretisation-project-23450518 |work=Mid Day News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashraf |first=Zainab |date=20 December 2024 |title=Mumbai Central Bus Stand Concretisation Begins: What Commuters Need To Know |url=https://www.oneindia.com/mumbai/mumbai-central-bus-stand-concretisation-begins-what-commuters-need-to-know-4021459.html |work=One India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Somit |date=18 December 2022 |title=Announcements, music & real-time info: South Mumbai gets new-look bus stop with passenger address system |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/announcements-music-real-time-info-south-mumbai-gets-new-look-bus-stop-with-passenger-address-system/articleshow/96314742.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2017 |title=Maharashtra transport department to redevelop 13 bus depots |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-transport-department-to-redevelop-13-bus-depots/articleshow/56427008.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Destinations ==
The terminal provides buses going to different parts inside and outside [[Maharashtra]] like [[Thane]], [[Satara (city)|Satara]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Pune]], [[Raigad district|Raigad]], [[Goa]], [[Sangli]], [[Nashik]], [[Dhule]], [[Jalgaon]], [[Aurangabad]], [[Amravati]], [[Nagpur]], [[Solapur]], [[Latur]], [[Nanded]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Bhopal]] and [[Indore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2023 |title=MSRTC and MIDC inks MoU to revamp 193 ST bus stations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/msrtc-midc-mou-revamp-193-st-bus-stations-9074365/ |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 December 2024 |title=MSRTC to add 3,500 new buses to its fleet in 2025, reduce wait time |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/msrtc-to-add-3-500-new-buses-to-its-fleet-in-2025-reduce-wait-time-124121900179_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation]]
* [[Mumbai Central railway station]]
* [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mumbai topics}}

[[Category:Bus stations in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Mumbai]]

Bokaro and Kargali Area

2025-02-13T21:20:28Z

John9200Carter: made

{{Infobox mine
| name = Bokaro and Kargali Area
| image =
| width =
| caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label = Bokaro & Kargali Area
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.768878|N|85.971589|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| place = [[East Bokaro Coalfield]], [[Giridih Coalfield]]
| owner = [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]]
| official website ={{URL|centralcoalfields.in/cmpny/hstry.php}}
| acquisition year =
| stock_exchange =
| stock_code =
| products =
| financial year =
| amount =
| closing year =
}}
'''Bokaro and Kargali Area''' is one of the operational areas of the [[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] located mainly in the [[Bokaro district]] and partly in the [[Giridih district]], both in the state of [[Jharkhand]], India.

The projects of Bokaro and Kargali Area are: Bokaro open cast, Kargali open cast, Kargali underground, Karo open cast, Karo underground, Khas Mahal open cast, Khas Mahal underground, Karo Special underground, Giridih open cast, Kabribad open cast, Kargali washery. The area office is at Kargali, PO Bermo 829104.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/areas/bkkrgli.php |title = Central Coalfields Limited | work= Areas – Bokaro & Kargali |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

==Mining activity==
{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=200| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|24|10|0|N|86|17|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Collieries in the Bokaro and Kargali Area of CCL (Giridih Coalfield) ''' U: Underground colliery, O: Open Cast colliery, M: Mixed colliery, W: Washery, S: F: Facility, A: Administrative headquarters Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|9|8|N|86|17|53|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Giridih colliery| numbered1=O| mark-title1= Giridih colliery (O)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C42222 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|8|57|N|86|18|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Kabribad colliery| numbered2=O| mark-title2= Kabribad colliery (O) |shape-color2=#C42222
|mark-coord3={{coord|24|7|5|N|86|13|10|E}} |label3= Barakar River |label-color3 = #77A1CB| label-angle3= 10| label-pos3=top| label-size3=10| mark-size3=0| mark-title3 =none
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|11|0|N|86|20|0|E}} |label4= Usri River |label-color4 = #77A1CB| label-angle4= 40| label-pos4=top| label-size4=10| mark-size4=0| mark-title4 =none}}

{{OSM Location map
| width=400| height=250| zoom=12
| coord={{coord|23|46|30|N|85|58|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Collieries in the CCL Bokaro and Kargali Area and CCL Dhori Area (both in East Bokaro Coalfield)''' U: Underground colliery, O: Open Cast colliery, M: Mixed colliery, W: Washery, S: F: Facility, A: Administrative headquarters Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|47|30|N|85|58|23|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Karo colliery| numbered1=O| mark-title1= Karo colliery (O)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#C42222 |shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|46|27|N|85|58|20|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2= Kargali colliery| numbered2=M| mark-title2= Kargali colliery (M) |shape-color2=#D2691E
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|46|23|N|85|58|41|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Kargali washery| numbered3=W| mark-title3= Kargali washery (W) |shape-color3=#0048BA
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|47|29|N|85|55|14|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Khasmahal colliery| numbered4=M| mark-title4= Khasmahal colliery (M) |shape-color4=#D2691E
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|22|N|85|56|29|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bokaro colliery| numbered5=O| mark-title5= Bokaro colliery (O) |shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|46|49|N|85|55|27|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Konar colliery| numbered6=O| mark-title6= Konar colliery (O) |shape-color6=#C42222 |mark-coord7={{coord|23|46|5|N|85|58|18|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= CCL B&K Area Office| numbered7=A| mark-title7= Bokaro and Kargali Area (A) |shape-color7=black| label-size7=13|label-color7=black
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|46|56|N|85|58|13|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= DVC Bermo colliery| numbered8=O| mark-title8= DVC Bermo colliery (O) |shape-color8=#C42222
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|46|0|N|85|58|38|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9= CCL Dhori Area Office| numbered9=A| mark-title9= [[Dhori Area]] (A) |shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|46|34|N|86|1|28|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Dhori colliery| numbered10=O| mark-title10= Dhori colliery (O) |shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|12|N|85|59|24|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Amlo colliery| numbered11=O| mark-title11= Amlo colliery (O) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|45|5|N|85|59|30|E}} |label12= Damodar River |label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12=-20| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|46|55|N|85|54|15|E}} |label13= Konar|label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13= -30| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|46|50|N|85|54|45|E}} |label14= River|label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= 40| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none}}

{{OSM Location map
| width=610| height=330| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|41|0|N|86|4|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Bokaro district in North Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, F: Factory, A: Coal Mining Area Abbreviation used: TPS – Thermal Power Station Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|41|2|N|86|22|26|E}} | label-pos1=bottom|label1= Amlabad | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Amlabad]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|38|39|N|86|26|46|E}} | label-pos2=bottom|label2= Bhojudih| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bhojudih]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|48|55|N|85|53|3|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Bokaro (Thermal)| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bokaro (Thermal)]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|55|22|E}} | label-pos4=top|label4= Kurpania| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Kurpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|57|0|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Bermo| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bermo]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|45|30|N|85|55|40|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Jaridih Bazar| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Jaridih Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|49|12|N|86|7|31|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Telo| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Telo, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|47|50|N|86|6|35|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Narra| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Narra, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Chandrapura| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Chandrapura]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|46|16|N|86|3|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Termi| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Termi]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|45|52|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos11=top|label11= Bursera| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Bursera, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|46|10|N|86|9|40|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Sijhua| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Sijhua]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|45|30|N|86|9|32|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Dugda| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Dugda]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|40|12|N|86|9|0|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Bokaro Steel City| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Bokaro Steel City]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|37|12|N|86|9|8|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15= Bandhgora| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Bandhgora]] (CT)
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|48|48|N|85|49|23|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Gomia| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Gomia]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|46|53|N|85|48|18|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Hasir| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Hasir]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|44|0|E}} | label-pos18=bottom|label18= Lalpania| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Lalpania]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|49|25|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saram| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Saram, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|44|50|N|85|50|39|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Tenudam-cum-Kathara| numbered20=CT| mark-title20 =[[Tenudam-cum-Kathara]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|39|55|N|86|0|58|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Bandh Dih| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Bandh Dih]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|40|48|N|86|1|12|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Jena| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Jena, Bokaro]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|40|38|N|86|3|23|E}} | label-pos23=top|label23= Tanr Balidih| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Tanr Balidih]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|52|57|N|86|6|29|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Bhandra| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Bhandra]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|50|50|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Tenu| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=[[Tenu]] (CT)
|mark-coord26={{coord|23|38|44|N|86|10|25|E}} | label-pos26=right|label26=Chas| numbered26=M| mark-title26= [[Chas, Bokaro|Chas]] (M) |label-color26=#800000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|46|22|N|86|0|24|E}} | label-pos27=left|label27=Phusro| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Phusro]] (M) |label-size27=12 |label-color27=#800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|47|55|N|85|58|0|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= CCL B&K Area | numbered28=A| mark-title28= Bokaro and Kargali Area (A) |shape-color28=black| label-size28=13|label-color28=black 
|mark-coord29={{coord|23|47|10|N|85|58|18|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= CCL Dhori Area| numbered29=A| mark-title29= [[Dhori Area]] (A) | label-size29=12|label-color29=#AA6666
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|45|50|N|85|53|12|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30= CCL Kathara Area| numbered30=A| mark-title30= [[Kathara Area]] (A) |label-size30=12|label-color30=#AA6666
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|43|50|N|85|45|0|E}} | label-pos31=top|label31= Tenughat TPS| numbered31=F| mark-title31= [[Tenughat Thermal Power Station]] |shape-color31=#967117
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|48|0|N|85|52|48|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32= Bokaro B TPS| numbered32=F| mark-title32= [[Bokaro Thermal Power Station B]] |shape-color32=#967117
|mark-coord33={{coord|23|38|50|N|86|7|40|E}} | label-pos33=left|label33= Bokaro Steel Plant| numbered33=F| mark-title33= [[Bokaro Steel Plant]] |shape-color33=#967117
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|34|41|N|86|21|35|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34= Chandankiyari| numbered34=R|mark-title34=[[Chandankiyari]] (R) |shape-color34= #C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|38|2|N|86|18|16|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35= Siyaljori| numbered35=R|mark-title35=[[Siyaljori]] (R) |shape-color35= #C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|30|56|N|86|12|9|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36= Pindrajora| numbered36=R|mark-title36=[[Pindrajora]] (R) |shape-color36= #C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|23|42|9|N|85|40|6|E}} | label-pos37=right|label37= Mahuatand| numbered37=R|mark-title37=[[Mahuatand]] (R) |shape-color37= #C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|23|36|44|N|85|56|6|E}} | label-pos38=right|label38= Kasmar| numbered38=R|mark-title38=[[Kasmar]] (R) |shape-color38= #C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|23|51|32|N|86|2|31|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Nawadih| numbered39=R|mark-title39=[[Nawadih]] (R) |shape-color39= #C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|23|37|17|N|85|51|4|E}} | label-pos40=top|label40= Petarwar| numbered40=R|mark-title40=[[Petarwar]] (R) |shape-color40= #C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|23|44|0|N|85|49|50|E}}| label41= Tenughat|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=left| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Tenughat Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|42|40|N|86|7|0|E}} |label42= Damodar River |label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=9| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|23|51|30|N|85|49|0|E}} |label43= Konar |labela43= River|label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43= 60| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|23|47|50|N|85|43|0|E}} |label44= Bokaro |labela44= River|label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44= 10| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|30|0|N|86|24|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-75| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.4}}

===Mines and projects===
Bokaro opencast project, designed in 2013-14 for a rated annual capacity of 0.7 million tonnes, is located in the [[East Bokaro Coalfield]], north of the Damodar River.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/bokaro_ocp.pdf |title = Environment Statement of Bokaro Colliery Open Cast Project for 2013-14 | work= Environment Division, CCL, Ranchi |publisher= Central Coalfields | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

Kargali colliery is a very old colliery, started in 1918 as an underground mine by the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Kargali OCP is north of the [[Gomoh-Barkakana branch line]] and is 1.5 km from Bermo railway station. As of 2014, it had a mineable reserve of 33.93 million tonnes and corresponding overburden volume of 0.50 million cubic metres. The project had an estimated life of 49 years. It operates in the Kargali seam.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/kargali_ocp.pdf |title = Environmental Statement of Kargali Open Cast Project for 2013-14 | work= Environmental Division, CCL, Ranchi |publisher= Central Coalfields | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

In Kargali underground colliery, the Bermo seam incline is located on the northern side of the [[Gomoh-Barkakana branch line]] in the [[East Bokaro Coalfield]], west of Dhori colliery, and developmental work was initiated in 1983. In 2013–14, it had a production target of 35,000 tonnes. Total mineable reserve was 7.2 million tonnes. The project had an estimated life of 50 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/kargali_ug.pdf |title = Environmental Statement of Kargali Underground Project for 2013-14| publisher= Central | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

Khasmahal Opencast Project is located at Khasmahal, PO Sunday Bazar, Bokaro district. It is on the north bank of the [[Konar River]] in the [[East Bokaro Coalfield]]. It lies north-west of Bokaro colliery. Khasmahal OCP has a designed rated capacity of 1.5 million tonnes of coal per year, total mineable reserve of 20.40 million tonnes, and an expected life of 35 years, as of 2013–2014.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/kashmahal_ocp.pdf |title = Environmental Statement of Khasmahal Project, 2013-14 | work= Environment Division, CCL, Ranchi |publisher= Central Coalfields | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

Konar Opencast Project is located at Konar, PO Sunday Bazar, Bokaro district. It is on the north bank of the [[Konar River]] in the [[East Bokaro Coalfield]]. [[Coal mining]] is prime activity in the region and both Bokaro colliery and Khasmahal OCP operate nearby. The Gomoh-Barkakana branch line separates the Konar OCP from Boakro and DVC mines. Konar OCP has a designed rated capacity of 3.5 million tonnes per annum, a mineable reserve of 74.53 million tonnes, and an expected life of around 28 years, as of 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/konar_ocp.pdf |title = Environmental Statement of Konar OCP for 2013-14 |publisher= Central Coalfields Ltd. | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/metals-mining/ccl-gets-green-nod-for-rs-1538-crore-konar-mine-expansion/articleshow/59938883.cms?from=mdr |title = CCL gets green nod for Rs. 1,538 crore Konar Mine expansion | publisher=The Economic Times, 6 August 2017 | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/ccl-gets-green-nod-for-rs-1538cr-konar-mine-expansion/1117371 |title = CCL gets green nod for Rs. 1,538 crore Konar mine |publisher= Outlook, 6 August 2017 | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

Kabribad Re-organised Mine is one of the two working mines in [[Giridih Coalfield]]. Mining activities were started at Giridih in 1871 by Bengal Coal Company, taken over by East Indian Railways in 1896, and subsequently the ownership was transferred to NCDC in 1956 and Coal India in 1975. The Kabribad sector has been mined from pre-independence days, initially as an underground mine and more recently as an opencast mine. There is a dyke across the coal seam worked. On one side of the dyke coal is almost exhausted. A small short-term quarry was proposed on the other side of the dyke. The cumulative mining reserve is 3.60 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/kabribad_ocp.pdf |title = Environment Statement for Kabribad Re-organised Mine, 2013-14 | work= Environment Division, CCL, Ranchi |publisher= Central Coalfields | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/13_Apr_2018_220448663CLAEG7ANAnnexure-PrefeasibilityReport.pdf|title =Kabribad OCP | work= Pre-feasiility Report |publisher= CMPDI | accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

The proposed Karo expansion open cast project envisaged an enhanced mine capacity of 6 million tonnes for the Karo block and 5 million tonnes for the Kaveri block. Karo OCP is located in the [[East Bokaro Coalfield]]. The Kaveri block is about 5 km from Bermo railway station on the Gomoh Barkakana branch line. It has a total mineable reserve of 105.17 million tonnes.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/Online/TOR/0_0_07_Aug_2015_1808599971Annexure-Briefsummaryofproject.pdf |title = Pre-feasibility Report of Karo Expansion Project |publisher= CMPDI| accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

Kargali Washery, commissioned in 1958, has a production capacity of 2.72 million tonnes per year of ROM coal. It has undergone technological upgradation to supply medium washed coking coal.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/env_stmnt/kargali_washery.pdf |title = Environmental Statement for Kargali Washery, 2013-14 |publisher= Central Coalfields Ltd| accessdate = 18 December 2020}}</ref>

==Educational facilities for employees’ children==
[[Central Coalfields|Central Coalfields Limited]] provides support for reputed institutions/ trusts for setting up 10+2 pattern CBSE schools for children of CCL employees. It provides 109 buses to employees’ children to schools and back. Among the schools in the East Bokaro Coalfield that receive financial help or structural support are: DAV Dhori, DAV Swang, DAV Kathara.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/education.php |title = Educational facilities |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 12 February 2021}}</ref>

==Medical facilities==
In the East Bokaro Coalfield, CCL has the following facilities:
Central Hospital Dhori at Dhori with 50 beds has 7 general duty medical officers and 3 specialists. Among the facilities it has are audiometer, spirometer, I.C.U. It has 4 ambulances.<ref name="medical">{{cite web| url = https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/12_06_2018_annexure_A_hospital.pdf |title = Status report of existing patient care facility in CCL |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 12 February 2021}}</ref>

Regional Hospital at Kargali with 60 beds has 3 general duty medical officers and 3 specialists. Among the facilities it has are surgical and eye equipment. It has 2 ambulances.<ref name="medical"/>

Bokaro Colliery Hospital at [[Bermo]] with 48 beds has 2 general duty medical officers. It has facilities for routine tests.<ref name="medical"/>

Kathara Hospital at Kathara with 35 beds has 4 general duty medical officers. Among the facilities it has are X-ray, ECG, auto analyser. It has 2 ambulances.<ref name="medical"/>

Swang Hospital at Swang functions with 11 beds.<ref name="medical"/>

Jarangdih Hospital at Jaragdih functions with 11 beds.<ref name="medical"/>

There are central facilities in the Central Hospital, Gandhinagar at Kanke Road, Ranchi with 250 beds and in the Central Hospital, Naisarai at Ramgarh with 150 beds.<ref name="medical"/>

There are dispensaries at Gobindpur in the Kathara Area, Karo I/ Jawahar Nagar, AAK OCP/ KMP in the Bokaro & Kargali Area and Central Colony and Kalyani in the Dhori Area.<ref>{{cite web| url =https://www.centralcoalfields.in/sutbs/pdf/09_08_2019_dispen.pdf |title = Status of Dispensaries |publisher= CCL| accessdate = 12 February 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Operational Areas of CCL}}

[[Category:Coal mining operational areas in Jharkhand]]

Delhi Gate, Ajmer

2024-10-17T11:51:26Z

John9200Carter: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

{{Infobox historic site
| name = Delhi Gate
| location = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| restored_by = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| built = 1571
| built_for = [[Mughal Royal Family]]
| architecture = [[Islamic]]
| governing_body = [[Archeological Survey of India]]
| image = DELHI GATE.jpg
| locmapin = India Rajasthan
| coordinates = {{coord|26.4621|74.6276|display=title,inline}}
}}

'''Delhi Gate''' is a massive arched gateway leading to [[Ajmer Sharif Dargah|Dargah Sharif]], [[Ajmer]], with pillared hall on right side which has to be used by guards. The Gateway was constructed by Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]] in 1571 AD.<ref>{{Cite web|title=DELHI GATE CONSISTING ONE ARCHAWAY {{!}} ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA JAIPUR CIRCLE|url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Delhi%20Gate%20consisting%20one%20archway,%20Ajmer.html|access-date=2021-12-16|website=asijaipurcircle.nic.in}}</ref> The Monument is under [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]].<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/445-yrs-on-mughal-era-gates-still-serving-as-police-chowkis/articleshow/58149120.cms|title=Ajmer mughal gates: 445 years on, Ajmer's Mughal-era gates still used for policing | Jaipur News|website=The Times of India|date=2017-04-13|author=Shoeb Khan|access-date=2021-12-16}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Delhi Gate}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ajmer]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Ajmer]]
[[Category:History of Ajmer]]
[[Category:Gates in India]]
[[Category:Mughal gates]]

Mugalpur

2023-12-11T01:41:23Z

John9200Carter: Details

{{Short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mugalpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|27.07465|N|78.80082|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Karhal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.764
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 953
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011 A"/>
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 205261
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mugalpur''', also spelled '''Mughalpur''', is a village in [[Barnahal]] block of [[Mainpuri district]], Uttar Pradesh, India. As of 2011, it had a population of 953, in 129 households.

== Demographics ==
As of 2011, Mugalpur had a population of 953, in 129 households.<ref name="Census 2011 A"/>{{rp|124}} This population was 54.6% male (520) and 45.4% female (433). The 0-6 age group numbered 144 (83 male and 61 female), or 15.1% of the total population. 479 residents were members of Scheduled Castes, or 50.3% of the total.<ref name="Census 2011 B">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part B (Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1259/download/4050/DH_2011_0917_PART_B_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Mugalpur as having a population of 529 people, in 81 households.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Mainpuri |date=1982 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/29484/download/32665/28516_1981_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 July 2023}}</ref>{{rp|100-1}}

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Mugalpur as comprising 2 hamlets, with a total population of 306 people (178 male and 128 female), in 63 households and 30 physical houses. The area of the village was given as 436 acres.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (24 - Mainpuri District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/28772/download/31954/22833_1961_MAI.pdf |access-date=25 December 2021}}</ref>{{rp|lii}}

== Infrastructure ==
As of 2011, Mugalpur had 1 primary school; it did not have any healthcare facilities. Drinking water was provided by well and hand pump; there were no public toilets. The village had a post office but no public library; there was at least some access to electricity for all purposes. Streets were made of both ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#kachcha|kachcha]]'' and ''[[Indian vernacular architecture#pucca|pakka]]'' materials.<ref name="Census 2011 A">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Mainpuri, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1258/download/4046/DH_2011_0917_PART_A_DCHB_MAINPURI.pdf |website=Census of India |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>{{rp|124-9}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mainpuri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Mainpuri district]]

Bhanwar (2020 TV series)

2023-09-06T12:30:28Z

John9200Carter: put up

{{short description|Indian web series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Bhanwar web series.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| genre =
| developer =
| director = [[Karanvir Bohra]]
| based_on =
| writer = Deepak Pachory
| music = Arijit Datta
| cinematography = Raju Gauli
| editor =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Karanvir Bohra]]
*Teejay Sidhu
*[[Priya Banerjee]]
*[[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]]
*Payal Sodhi
}}
| producer = Teejay Sidhu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| company =
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| channel = [[ZEE5]]
| runtime = 80-100 mins
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
}}

'''Bhanwar''' is a [[sci-fi]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] series starring [[Karanvir Bohra]], [[Priya Banerjee]], Teejay Sidhu, Payal Sodhi and [[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]] in key roles. The web series marks the directional debut of TV actor, Karanvir Bohra.<ref>{{cite web |title=Karanvir Bohra on Bhanwar: The genre of time travel has not been explored on OTT platforms |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/karanvir-bohra-bhanwar-zee5-6559970/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=2020-08-18}}</ref> Its about a couple who moves into a new apartment and discovers that the place is already occupied by their own ghosts, it also focuses on the theme of time travel. The web series was released on 18 August 2020 on [[ZEE5]] [[Over-the-top media service|OTT]] platform.<ref>{{cite web |title=ZEE5's Upcoming Show 'Bhanwar' starring Karanvir Bohra and Priya Banerjee! |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/zee5s-upcoming-show-bhanwar-starring-karanvir-bohra-and-priya-banerjee_167433 |website=India Forums |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bhanwar Review: Karanvir Bohra Directed Sci-fi Thriller Is Every Bit Intriguing; Priya Banerjee Impresses Too |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/bhanwar-review-karanvir-bohra-directed-sci-fi-thriller-is-every-bit-intriguing-priya-banerjee-impresses-too/5f3bac52da0638107cc1c69c |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
The plot revolves around the lives of a husband and wife who move in to a new house where they encounter mysterious incidents. However, they soon learn that their new house is occupied by their own ghosts. Things get complicated when they realize that they have time travelled six months in future and
that they were killed by the estate agent, who is a serial killer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review of ZEE5's Bhanwar: A decent attempt blending lockdown escapade with time travel |url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-zee5s-bhanwar-decent-attempt-blending-lockdown-escapade-time-travel/2020/08/29 |website=IWMBuzz |date=2020-08-29}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Karanvir Bohra]] as Ranvir Makhija
*Teejay Sidhu as Samantha Phoenix
*[[Priya Banerjee]] as Kanika Makhija
*[[Mantra (actor)|Mantra]] as Rodrigues
*Payal Sodhi as Jo

==Release==
The trailer was released on 13 August 2020 while the web series premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 18 August 2020.

==Reception==

Shefali Jha from ''IBTimes'' termed the series as a suspenseful ride and discussed further on the plot.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jha |first1=Shefali |title=Bhanwar Review: Karanvir Bohra's web-series is a suspenseful ride |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/bhanwar-review-karanvir-bohras-web-series-suspenseful-ride-827172 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en |date=2020-08-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian science fiction television series]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]

Merada

2023-01-13T15:26:50Z

John9200Carter: minor cleanup

{{use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=January 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Merada
| other_name = Maide / Mayade
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Khanapur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 514
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Merada''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] of [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 Village Directory] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722033752/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/List_of_Villages/List_of_Villages_Alphabetical.aspx?cki=&ComboState_Code=29 |date=2011-07-22 }}, 2001 Census of India</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Khanapur-geo-stub}}

Chengannur (State Assembly constituency)

2022-04-19T14:48:32Z

John9200Carter: General improvements and edits

#REDIRECT [[Chengannur Assembly constituency]]

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