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Supergood Subramani

2026-05-04T22:47:05Z

JoannePettiford: creating new info

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Supergood Subramani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1967
| birth_place =
| death_date = 10 May 2025 (aged 58)<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-actor-supergood-subramani-passes-away-after-battle-with-cancer/article69563786.ece|title=Tamil actor 'Supergood' Subramani passes away after battle with cancer|date=11 May 2025|work=The Hindu|url-access=subscription|access-date=26 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250512093452/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tamil-actor-supergood-subramani-passes-away-after-battle-with-cancer/article69563786.ece|archive-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1995{{endash}}2025<ref name="Captain">{{cite news |title="கேப்டன் செய்த புண்ணியம் ஆயிரம் தலைமுறைக்கு நிலைத்து நிற்கும்" - நடிகர் சூப்பர்குட் சுப்பிரமணி |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/state/chennai/supergood-subramani-about-vijayakanth/tamil-nadu20231229222536590590841 |work=[[ETV Bharat News]] |date=29 December 2023 |language=ta}}</ref>
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Supergood Subramani''' was an Indian actor who worked in Tamil-language films.

== Career ==
Subramani entered the cinema industry with hopes of becoming a director. He worked as an assistant director to [[Pavithran (Tamil film director)|Pavithran]] for ''[[Thirumoorthy]]'' (1995) and to [[Saravana Subbiah]] for ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001).<ref name="Captain"/> He also contributed to the script development discussions for ''[[Pen Singam]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Supergood Subramani interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d_lOHzi8sW0 |via=[[YouTube]] |publisher=[[Vasanth TV]] |date=22 May 2025}}</ref> His association with [[Super Good Films]] earned him the name Supergood Subramani.<ref name="H"/> Due to his lack of opportunities, he switched to acting. His first significant role was in ''[[Pisaasu]]'' (2014), and he gained further recognition for his roles in ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]'' (2018) and ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]'' (2021).<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veteran-actor-super-good-subramani-battles-cancer-seeks-support-during-hard-times/articleshow/120512816.cms|title=Veteran actor 'Super Good' Subramani battles cancer, seeks support during hard times|work=The Times of India|date=22 April 2025|access-date=26 May 2025}}</ref> He made his lead debut with ''Paraman'' (2024).<ref name="TOI" />

== Personal life ==
Subramani was diagnosed with cancer in April 2025.<ref name="TOI" /> He subsequently died on 10 May 2025 while undergoing treatment at the age of 58.<ref name="H"/>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]''
| Butcher
| Uncredited
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]''
| Priest
|
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]''
| Tea master
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013
| ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]''
| Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''
| Tahsildar
|
|-
| ''[[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]''
| Police Inspector
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014
| ''[[Jilla]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
| Fake [[swami]]
|
|-
| ''[[Uyirukku Uyiraga]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Amara Kaaviyam]]''
| [[Convenience store|Corner shop]] owner
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Pisaasu]]''
| Adaikalam
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2015
| ''[[Killadi]]''
| Chettiar
|
|-
| ''[[Enakkul Oruvan (2015 film)|Enakkul Oruvan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mahabalipuram (film)|Mahabalipuram]]''
| Jailor
|
|-
| ''[[Nannbenda]]''
| Constable Subramani
|
|-
| ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]''
| TV Shop Owner
|
|-
| ''[[Chandi Veeran]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]''
| Museum security guard
|
|-
| ''[[Kirumi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vellaiya Irukiravan Poi Solla Maatan]]''
| Selvarathnam
|
|-
| rowspan="17" | 2016
| ''[[Gethu]]''
| Police Inspector
|
|-
| ''[[Rajinimurugan]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Visaranai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kadhalum Kadandhu Pogum]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mapla Singam]]''
| Marriage Broker
|
|-
| ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]''
| Venkat's father
|
|-
| ''[[Jithan 2]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Katha Solla Porom]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Raja Manthiri]]''
| Alliance broker
|
|-
| ''[[Thirunaal]]''
| Principal's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Pagiri]]''
| Murugan's father
|
|-
| ''[[Thodari]]''
| Cook
|
|-
| ''[[Rekka (film)|Rekka]]''
| David's henchman
|
|-
| ''[[Virumandikkum Sivanandikkum]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mo (2016 film)|Mo]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="16" | 2017
| ''[[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]''
| [[Clothing industry|Garments factory]] owner
| Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]''
| Ramesh's father
|
|-
| ''[[Maanagaram]]''
| [[Physical education|PT]] Master
|
|-
| ''[[Kattappava Kanom]]''
| Water tanker driver
|
|-
| ''[[Pa. Pandi]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''
| Manohar
|
|-
| ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]''
| Manikandan
|
|-
| ''[[Uru (2017 film)|Uru]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]''
| Bhai
|
|-
| ''[[Podhuvaga Emmanasu Thangam]]''
| Cycle-shop owner
|
|-
| ''[[Kathanayagan (2017 film)|Kathanayagan]]''
| Maths Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Hara Hara Mahadevaki]]''
| Priest Sugapoganandha
|
|-
| ''[[Nenjil Thunivirundhal]]''
| Lecturer
|
|-
| ''[[En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom]]''
| Police Writer
|
|-
| ''[[Maayavan]]''
| Constable Muthukumar
|
|-
| ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2018
| ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaathiruppor Pattiyal]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Iravukku Aayiram Kangal]]''
| Police Constable
|
|-
| ''[[Irumbu Thirai (2018 film)|Irumbu Thirai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]''
| Subba Rao
|
|-
| ''[[Seemaraja]]''
| Raja's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Pariyerum Perumal]]''
| R. K. Raja
|
|-
| ''[[Vandi (film)|Vandi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2019
| ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]''
| Short Film Actor
|
|-
| ''[[Pattipulam (film)|Pattipulam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dharmaprabhu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]]''
| Margaret's assistant
|
|-
| ''[[Thozhar Venkatesan]]''
| Fake Magician
|
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2019 film)|Jackpot]]''
| Restaurant owner
|
|-
| ''[[Magamuni]]''
| Therumunai Thirumurthy
|
|-
| ''[[Aruvam]]''
| Parrot Astrologer
|
|-
| ''[[Sangathamizhan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Irandam Ulagaporin Kadaisi Gundu]]''
| Bhai
|
|-
| ''[[Hero (2019 Tamil film)|Hero]]''
| Head master of Shakthi's school
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2020
| ''[[Utraan]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Vaanam Kottattum]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kanni Maadam]]''
| Aspiring actor
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=22 February 2020 |title=Kanni Maadam review: A caste drama cast well by first-time director |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/220220/kanni-maadam-review-a-caste-drama-cast-well-by-first-time-director.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408095808/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/220220/kanni-maadam-review-a-caste-drama-cast-well-by-first-time-director.html |archive-date=8 April 2020 |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ettuthikkum Para]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Cocktail (2020 film)|Cocktail]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
| Marriage broker
|
|-
| ''[[Thatrom Thookrom]]''
| Madhusudhanan
|
|-
| ''[[Kavalthurai Ungal Nanban]]''
| Murugesan
|
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2021
| ''[[Calls (film)|Calls]]''
| Azhagesan
|
|-
| ''[[Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu]]''
| Priest
|
|-
| ''[[Sarpatta Parambarai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Netrikann]]''
| Police officer
|
|-
| ''[[Cinderella (2021 Indian film)|Cinderella]]''
| Security Guard
|
|-
| ''[[Jai Bhim (film)|Jai Bhim]]''
| [[Head Constable]] Veerasamy
|
|-
| ''[[MGR Magan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Anandham Vilayadum Veedu]]''
| Worker
|
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2022
| ''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]''
| Picture Shop Owner
|
|-
| ''[[Veeramae Vaagai Soodum]]''
| Headmaster
|
|-
| ''[[Koorman]]''
| Kusthi Teacher
|
|-
| ''[[Etharkkum Thunindhavan]]''
| Yazhnila's father
|
|-
| ''[[Dejavu (2022 film)|Dejavu]]''
| Constable N. Divakar Bala
|
|-
| ''[[Pistha (2022 film)|Pistha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manja Kuruvi]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Laththi]]''
| Minister
|
|-
| ''[[Oh My Ghost (film)|Oh My Ghost]]''
| Producer's agent
|
|-
| rowspan="13" | 2023
| ''[[Varisu]]''
| Police Officer
|
|-
| ''[[Vallavanukkum Vallavan]]''
| Head Constable
|
|-
| ''[[Meippada Sei]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Om Vellimalai]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ariyavan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kannai Nambathey]]''
| Inspector Paranthaman
|
|-
| ''[[Kudimahaan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kadapuraa Kalaikuzhu]]''
| Pencil Meesai Perumal
|
|-
| ''[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|Let's Get Married]]''
| Astrologer
|
|-
| ''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]''
| Sridhar's father
|
|-
| ''[[The Road (2023 film)|The Road]]''
| Kaaturosa's father
|
|-
| ''[[Margazhi Thingal]]''
| Karuppusamy
|
|-
| ''[[80s Buildup]]''
| [[Constable]] Mani
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2024
| ''[[Arimapatti Sakthivel]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Rathnam (film)|Rathnam]]''
| Surveyor
|
|-
| ''[[Inga Naan Thaan Kingu]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Saamaniyan]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Turbo (2024 film)|Turbo]]''
| [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Maarimuthu
| Malayalam film
|-
| ''[[Dandupalya 4|Dandupalyam]]'' || || Tamil version
|-
| ''[[Maharaja (2024 film)|Maharaja]]''
| Toy shop owner
|
|-
| ''[[Brother (2024 film)|Brother]]''
| Villager
|
|-
| ''[[Emakku Thozhil Romance]]''
| Theatre owner
|
|-
| ''Paraman''
| Paraman
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2025
| ''Athu Vaangina Ethu Elavasam''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Maadan Kodai Vizha]]''
| Thomas
|
|-
| ''[[Vallamai]]''
| Police constable
|
|-
| ''Myyal''
|
| rowspan="4" | Posthumous release
|-
| ''[[Maargan]]''
| Aquarium shop owner
|-
| ''[[House Mates]]''
| Kandhasaamy
|-
| ''Gift''
| Police constable
|-
| rowspan="2"|2026 || ''Nee Forever'' || || Posthumous release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-GvjDHlboE|title=Nee Forever - Official Trailer | Sudharsan Govind, Archenaa Ravi | Ashokkumar Kalaivani | Ashwin|date=18 March 2026|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''Commandovin Love Story'' || || Posthumous release<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/veteran-actor-super-good-subramani-passes-away-final-rites-to-be-held-today-in-chennai/articleshow/121074025.cms</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}}
| ''Train''
|
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2021 || ''[[November Story]]'' || || rowspan="2"|[[Disney+ Hotstar]] ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Parachute (TV series)|Parachute]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Rajan ||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|9103142}}

[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]

Bannur Assembly constituency

2026-05-01T08:19:09Z

JoannePettiford: started data.

{{Short description|Former constituency in Karnataka State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bannur
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Mysore district|Mysore]]
| loksabha_cons= [[Chamarajanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chamarajanagar]]
| established = 1972
| abolished = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors =
}}
'''Bannur Assembly constituency''' was one of the 224 Assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. It used to come under [[Mysore district]] and was abolished after the 2008 delimitation exercise with most of its area being merged into [[T. Narasipur Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || S. Siddiah || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || T. P. Boraiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="2" | K. Made Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || T. P. Boraiah || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || K. J. Ramaswamy || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || K. M. Chikkamadanaik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || S. Krishnappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || K. M. Chikkamadanaik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || [[Sunitha Veerappa Gowda]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Sunitha Veerappa Gowda]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 33,522 |percentage = 34.00% |change = {{increase}}22.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chikkamada Nayaka|party=Indian National Congress|votes=27,859|percentage=28.26%|change={{decrease}}20.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nagaraju. M|party=Janata Dal (Secular)|votes=27,647|percentage=28.04%|change={{increase}}7.61}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna. S|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=5,944|percentage=6.03%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju. D|party=Urs Samyuktha Paksha|votes=1,883|percentage=1.91%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kemparaj Talakad. G|party=Kannada Nadu Party|votes=1,736|percentage=1.76%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,663 |percentage = 5.74% |change = {{decrease}}22.82 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=98,591|percentage=70.19%|change={{decrease}}5.79}}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 98,591}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 140,468 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}14.98 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Chikkamadanaik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,706 |percentage = 48.98% |change = {{increase}}13.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 19,060 |percentage = 20.43% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Made Gowda |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 12,993 |percentage = 13.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shankaregowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 11,035 |percentage = 11.83% |change = {{increase}}9.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Udayakumar |party = Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 2,134 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Govindaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,029 |percentage = 2.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,646 |percentage = 28.56% |change = {{increase}}15.43 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,515 |percentage = 75.98% |change = {{decrease}}2.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,313}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 5,166 |percentage = 5.24% |change = {{increase}}3.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,661 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Krishnappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 46,992 |percentage = 48.97% |change = {{increase}}32.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Chikkamadanaik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,398 |percentage = 35.85% |change = {{decrease}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. S. Kempegowda |party = Karnataka Rajya Raitha Sangha |votes = 5,487 |percentage = 5.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Mahadevaswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,611 |percentage = 2.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Sundar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,065 |percentage = 2.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Shankaregowda |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 1,858 |percentage = 1.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Kempegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 789 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. S. Ganesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 724 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,594 |percentage = 13.13% |change = {{decrease}}5.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,496 |percentage = 78.59% |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,951}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,545 |percentage = 1.58% |change = {{decrease}}4.00 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,064 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.40 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Chikkamadanaik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,204 |percentage = 41.50% |change = {{increase}}1.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Krishnappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,137 |percentage = 23.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Mahadevaswamy |party = Janata Dal |votes = 13,308 |percentage = 16.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,784 |percentage = 13.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Channakeshavamurthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,322 |percentage = 2.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Puttamadegowda |party = Independent politician |votes = 667 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Nanjundaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 529 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,067 |percentage = 18.28% |change = {{increase}}7.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 87,288 |percentage = 78.38% |change = {{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,413}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,875 |percentage = 5.58% |change = {{increase}}3.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,371 |ref = |change = {{increase}}22.53 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. J. Ramaswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 35,656 |percentage = 50.75% |change = {{increase}}41.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Chikkamadanaik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,114 |percentage = 40.01% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Lakshmanaswamy |party = Lokdal |votes = 2,380 |percentage = 3.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Rachaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,276 |percentage = 3.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Siddaraju |party = Independent politician |votes = 499 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatachalaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 455 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,542 |percentage = 10.73% |change = {{increase}}1.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,522 |percentage = 78.69% |change = {{increase}}0.16 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,265}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,257 |percentage = 1.76% |change = {{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,891 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.35 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 30,982 |percentage = 48.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Made Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,957 |percentage = 38.80% |change = {{increase}}33.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sosale Javaraiah |party = Janata Party |votes = 5,731 |percentage = 8.91% |change = {{decrease}}26.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevaswamy. S |party = Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes = 1,605 |percentage = 2.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ahmed Sheref. S. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 589 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nanjuundaswamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 465 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,025 |percentage = 9.37% |change = {{increase}}2.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 65,875 |percentage = 78.53% |change = {{decrease}}4.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,329}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,546 |percentage = 2.35% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,885 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}5.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Made Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,422 |percentage = 42.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. J. Ramaswamy |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,307 |percentage = 35.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. Chikkamadanaik |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,982 |percentage = 15.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Siddiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,211 |percentage = 5.13% |change = {{decrease}}41.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaswamy. M. S |party = Independent politician |votes = 688 |percentage = 1.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,115 |percentage = 6.57% |change = {{increase}}4.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 64,270 |percentage = 83.32% |change = {{increase}}14.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 62,610}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,660 |percentage = 2.58% |change = {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,135 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}7.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. Made Gowda |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 21,880 |percentage = 49.33% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Boraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,809 |percentage = 46.92% |change = {{increase}}16.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Kempaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,663 |percentage = 3.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,071 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{decrease}}8.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 45,697 |percentage = 68.82% |change = {{decrease}}6.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,352}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,404 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.57 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}7.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Boraiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,360 |percentage = 41.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Siddiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,950 |percentage = 30.60% |change = {{decrease}}18.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. M. C. Naika |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 8,573 |percentage = 21.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramalingiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,168 |percentage = 5.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,410 |percentage = 11.29% |change = {{increase}}9.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 41,509 |percentage = 75.37% |change = {{increase}}17.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 39,051}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,076 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.21 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{decrease}}9.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bannur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Siddiah |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,849 |percentage = 51.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. P. Boraiah |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,268 |percentage = 48.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 581 |percentage = 2.14% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 29,169 |percentage = 57.84% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,117}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,431 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Praja Socialist Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|12.33|76.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mysore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Vikram (1986 Tamil film)

2026-04-28T06:45:21Z

JoannePettiford:

{{short description|1986 film directed by Rajasekhar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Vikram 1986 Tamil poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]]
| screenplay = [[Kamal Haasan]]<br/>[[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]
| story = Sujatha
| producer = Kamal Haasan<br/>[[Chandrahasan]]
| starring = Kamal Haasan<br/>[[Sathyaraj]]<br/>[[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]<br/>[[Dimple Kapadia]]<br/>[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]<br/>[[Charuhasan]]<br/>[[Janagaraj]]
| cinematography = V Ranga<br/>S. M Anwar {{small|''(Special Effect Photograph)''}}
| editing = R. Vittal<br/>C. Lancy
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
| released = {{film date|1986|5|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = ₹1.5 crore<ref name="budget" />
| gross = ₹8
crore<ref name="budget" />
}}

'''''Vikram''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action film|action]] [[spy film]] directed by [[Rajasekhar (director)|Rajasekhar]] and written by [[Kamal Haasan]] and [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]. The film stars Haasan, [[Sathyaraj]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Charuhasan]] and [[Janagaraj]]. It is the first Indian film to use computer for recording the songs. The screenplay was first published as a [[Serial (literature)|serial]] in the magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''. Both Lissy and Kapadia made their Tamil debut through this film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2019 |title=திரையுலகில் சுஜாதா: திரையெல்லாம் செண்பகப்பூ |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/155648-.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604034850/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/155648-.html |archive-date=4 June 2021 |access-date=4 June 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

Although the film received mixed reviews, it performed well at the box office and turned out to be a commercially successful venture for [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]. A [[spiritual successor]] with the [[Vikram (2022 film)|same name]] was released in 2022, with Haasan reprising his role of the title character.

== Plot ==
On 15 March, Ashraf Hussain, Francis Adaikalaraj, RD Bohra are convicted and sentenced to 25 years' imprisonment for their involvement in various [[Anti-national (India)|anti-national]] activities. Being unremorseful, the convicts play [[Chinese checkers]] while the judge sentences them. Approaching the escort van, one of the convicts boisterously boasts to the press of becoming free soon. The next day, a nuclear-capable [[Intercontinental ballistic missile|ICBM]], Agni Putra, is being dispatched from an unknown location to [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]], [[Sriharikota]] only to be stolen by Sugirtharaja and his henchmen.

Back in Headquarters, a visibly distraught panel of ministers and military top brass, led by Mr. Rao, chief of the [[Research & Analysis Wing|RAW]] mulls over the dangerous prospects of the missile falling into terrorists' hands and finally picks the now off-duty agent, [[Commander]] Arun Kumar Vikram aka ''Vikram'' to locate the Agni Putra, with some resentment. The Secretary in the office, Thangaraj, [[eavesdrop]]s on the mission briefing and passes the information to Sugirtharaja, who sends a henchman to kill Vikram. The plan fails as Vikram's three-month-pregnant wife, Ambika, accidentally gets shot by the [[sniper]].

Enraged, Vikram returns to duty and rebukes Rao for the costly leak and deftly exposes Thangaraj. After torture, Thangaraj names Sugirtharaja as the mastermind in front of the panel, and jumps to his death without giving further details. Desperate to find the missile, which is designed to [[Internal combustion engine|auto-ignite]] within 10 days, Rao introduces Vikram to a computer expert Preethi, who knows the design of Agni Putra's on-board computer and its functions. Initially annoyed with Vikram's brutal ways, she mellows down eventually. Sugirtharaja's henchman destroys all the evidence at Thangaraj's home, before Vikram and Preethi arrive.

The ensuing chase ends at a cinema theatre, playing a documentary news reel about India-Salamia friendship, where Vikram spots Sugirtharaja. Upon investigation, Vikram realises that the Kingdom of Salamia discourages intel-sharing with India. With the diplomatic route ruled out, Vikram and Preethi, disguising as folk artists, embark along with a troupe to Salamia, ruled by Sultan. After being saved from a [[snakebite]] by Vikram, Salamia's princess and Sultan's sister, Inimaasi falls for him. Though Preethi is constantly put off by Vikram's arrogance, she falls for him too.

Vikram identifies the location of the missile and also discovers that the [[high priest]] is a mere puppet under Sugirtharaja's directions, who secretly reprograms the missile, while Preethi is caught by the guards. Preethi, then siding with Sugirtharaja, pretends to be cheated by Vikram and passes information to him, unbeknownst to Sugirtharaja. While trying to reprogram the on-board computer, he loses the information and inadvertently forays into a spa, where he meets Inimaasi. His attempts to expose the priest's treason are met with sheer dissent. The Sultan catches the couple, suspecting [[fornication]], and sentences Vikram to be decapitated in public.

Escaping execution, Vikram flees towards the desert, where a gun-toting Sugirtharaja and the Royal Sentries chase him until he gives in to dehydration and is left to die, when he is bitten by a [[Walterinnesia aegyptia|black cobra]]. Back at the Royal Palace, the high priest stages a coup and holds the Sultan at gunpoint. Meanwhile, Inimaasi manages to escape and finds the delirious Vikram in the desert, and nurses him back. The couple then return to the palace and fight off the armed sentries, while the Sultan impales the high priest. Sugirtharaja, oblivious to the fact that Agni Putra's on-board computer has been tweaked, launches it, hoping to decimate [[New Delhi]].

At HQ, the Indian officials observe in despair as their computer screen shows a [[2D animation]] of Agni Putra slowly descending upon New Delhi, only for the missile to later drift and plunge into the [[Bay of Bengal]], disarming automatically. Back in Salamia, the royal guards sabotage the siege and restore order. A disillusioned Sugirtharaja forces Preethi into a [[Glider (aircraft)|glider plane]] and takes off. Vikram manages to board the plane using a [[lasso]] through [[Skid (aerodynamics)|skids]].

While scuffling, Sugirtharaja sets-off a bomb and jumps with the only [[parachute]] backpack available, strapped-on. As the plane explodes, Vikram and Preethi jump-off in a [[free fall]] and reach out to Sugirtharaja and grab his parachute, leading to his eventual death, through free fall. Afterwards, Vikram and Preethi get intimate mid-air and as they touch the ground, Inimaasi arrives, calling out to Vikram. Preethi, too, calls him. In a dilemma, Vikram frivolously runs away from both of them.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as [[Commander]] Arun Kumar Vikram aka A. K. Vikram, commander of the 1986 Pilot Black Ops Squad and a RAW agent.
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Sugirtharaj, an international criminal mastermind.
* [[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]] as Preethi, a communications specialist and a computer expert. She is an alumna of [[IIT Madras]] and a graduate in [[Computer engineering]] ([[voiceover]] by [[Radhika Sarathkumar]])
* [[Dimple Kapadia]] as Inimaasi, Princess and sister of Sultan, Kingdom of Salamia.
* [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as the Sultan, Kingdom of Salamia, a fictional kingdom (presumably in Central Asia)
* [[Charuhasan]] as Mr. Rao, chief of [[Research and Analysis Wing]]
* [[Janagaraj]] as Dubash, Tamil translator in Salamia
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Pallathor Ramadevi, Consort of Sultan, Kingdom of Salamia
* [[Vikram Dharma]] as a sniper (Sugirtharaja's henchman)
* [[Sabu Cyril]]
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as a Union Minister
* [[T. S. Raghavendra]] as Thangaraj, a secretary at the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] office. A double agent for Sugirtharaj
* [[Prathapachandran]] as a Police officer
* [[R. S. Shivaji]] as Bohra, one of Sugirtharaja's henchmen
* [[L. Raja]] as Hussain, one of Sugirtharaja's henchmen
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Francis, one of Sugirtharaja's henchmen
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Vikram's wife (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
''Vikram'' was the second production venture of Kamal Haasan's Raaj Kamal Films International, after ''[[Raja Paarvai]]''.<ref name="lookback" /> The screenplay was first published as a [[Serial (literature)|serial]] in the magazine ''[[Kumudam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=RS |first=Anand Kumar |date=15 May 2022 |title=Revisiting Kamal Haasan's 1986 Vikram: A film that was ahead of its time |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-kamal-haasan-s-1986-vikram-film-was-ahead-its-time-163986 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521164305/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/revisiting-kamal-haasan-s-1986-vikram-film-was-ahead-its-time-163986 |archive-date=21 May 2022 |access-date=27 May 2022 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=9 June 2022 |title=Vikram...Vikram...: The Cultural History Of A Cult Classic AKA "India's First Bond Film" |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/vikram-movie-kamal-haasan-the-cultural-history-of-a-cult-classic-aka-indias-first-bond-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207205419/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/vikram-movie-kamal-haasan-the-cultural-history-of-a-cult-classic-aka-indias-first-bond-film |archive-date=7 February 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref> On multiple occasions, Haasan has mentioned that during the story discussion and pre-production of ''Vikram'', [[Mani Ratnam]] was his first choice to direct this film. However, things did not work out due to the fact that Ratnam was an untested director at that point of time, in terms of big budgeted commercial films.<ref name="lookback" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Haasan |first=Kamal |author-link=Kamal Haasan |date=20 October 2012 |title='Of course Velu Nayakan doesn't dance' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130618014621/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-course-velu-nayakan-doesnt-dance/article4008896.ece |archive-date=18 June 2013 |access-date=16 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Vikram'' was the first Tamil film to have a budget of over {{INRConvert|1|c|lk=|year=1986}},<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIfnCwAAQBAJ&q=vikram&pg=PA57 |title=The Liverpool Companion to World Science Fiction Film |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-78138-038-3 |editor-last=Fritzsche |editor-first=Sonja |pages=57 |access-date=5 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604034848/https://books.google.com/books?id=aIfnCwAAQBAJ&q=vikram&pg=PA57 |archive-date=4 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and features a made-up language spoken in the fictional country Salamia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gopalan |first=Krishna |date=27 September 2008 |title=Kamal Hassan, the hero of Indian cinema |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/kamal-hassan-the-hero-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/3532247.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719061109/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/kamal-hassan-the-hero-of-indian-cinema/articleshow/3532247.cms |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> The language was created by Haasan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title=Vikram: All you need to know about the 1986 action thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-1986-action-thriller/articleshow/91965566.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608172043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-1986-action-thriller/articleshow/91965566.cms |archive-date=8 June 2022 |access-date=15 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The scenes set in Salamia were filmed in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? - விக்ரம் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89913 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719093916/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=89913 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 July 2021 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> The makers hired 125 camels and 65 horses for the film. Other filming locations were [[Jaisalmer]] Palace and [[Karni Mata Temple|rat temple]] situated in [[Deshnoke]] near [[Bikaner]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=29 June 1986 |title=நான் கட்ட நினைத்தது தாஜ்மஹால் அல்ல |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki1986-06-29/kalki1986-06-29.pdf |access-date=25 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=10–14 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Charuhasan's character was inspired by [[M (James Bond)|M]] from the ''[[James Bond]]'' series.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=1 March 2019 |title='Dha Dha 87' review: A tone-deaf film with a problematic premise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dha-dha-87-review-a-tone-deaf-film-with-a-problematic-premise/article26405638.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129054338/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dha-dha-87-review-a-tone-deaf-film-with-a-problematic-premise/article26405638.ece |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vikram Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://macsendisk.com/product/vikram-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202145307/https://macsendisk.com/product/vikram-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja-2/ |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=12 May 2024 |website=Macsendisk |language=en}}</ref> The song "Sippikkul Oru Muthu" didn't feature in the film. This is the first Indian soundtrack album recorded through computer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=9 February 2023 |title=Once Upon A Time In Kollywood: Ilaiyaraaja And The Electro-Synth Pop Revolution In Tamil Film Music |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321004032/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/ilaiyaraaja-tamil-songs-once-upon-a-time-in-kollywood-the-electro-synth-pop-revolution-in-tamil-film-music-vikram-agni-natchathiram |archive-date=21 March 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:19
| title1 = Vikram Vikram
| note1 =
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Vanithamani
| note2 =
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. Janaki]], Kamal Haasan
| lyrics2 = Vairamuthu
| length2 = 4:54
| title3 = Sippikkul Oru Muthu
| note3 =
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], S. Janaki
| lyrics3 = Vairamuthu
| length3 = 4:42
| title4 = En Jodi Manja Kuruvi
| note4 =
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Gangai Amaran]]
| lyrics4 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| length4 = 4:48
| title5 = Meendum Meendum Vaa
| note5 =
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, S. Janaki
| lyrics5 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| length5 = 5:06
}}
The movie was dubbed into Telugu as Agent Vikram 007 and lyrics were written by Rajashri
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu (dubbed) track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vikram
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Naa Jodi Palaguvva
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title3 = Vanithamani
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
| title4 = Vayasu Pilichindi
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[S. P. Sailaja]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Vikram'' was released on 29 May 1986.<ref name="lookback" /> The film was dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Agent Vikram'' to avoid confusion with the Telugu ''[[Vikram (1986 Telugu film)|Vikram]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=22 September 2022 |title=Praveen Sattaru: 'The Ghost' and 'Vikram' are significant in Nagarjuna Akkineni's career |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/praveen-sattaru-the-ghost-and-vikram-are-significant-in-nagarjuna-akkinenis-career/article65917802.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808084312/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/praveen-sattaru-the-ghost-and-vikram-are-significant-in-nagarjuna-akkinenis-career/article65917802.ece |archive-date=8 August 2023 |access-date=8 August 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] (a duo) of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote despite the script having glaring loopholes it can be forgiven however felt when the film shifts to Salamia, the second quarter of the film moves at a camel's pace. The duo concluded the review saying fine this film was talked about but the question is whether the film is a talking point is a question.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=22 June 1986 |title=விக்ரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1986-06-22/page/n49/mode/2up |access-date=16 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=49 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 42 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2022 |title='விக்ரம்' படத்திற்கு விகடனின் மார்க் என்ன தெரியுமா? |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vikram-1986-movie-review-by-ananda-vikatan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812203403/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/vikram-1986-movie-review-by-ananda-vikatan |archive-date=12 August 2025 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

According to Haasan, ''Vikram'' was unfavourably reviewed by film critics, but became a "commercial hit".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=27 September 2004 |title=No stopping him |url=http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092703100301.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20120220002728/http://www.thehindujobs.com/thehindu/mp/2004/09/27/stories/2004092703100301.htm |archive-date=20 February 2012 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Haasan donated the proceeds of the film's first show to [[UNICEF]], who were then collecting funds for the welfare of underprivileged children in African continent.<ref>{{Cite news |title="விக்ரம்" படத்தின் ஒரு காட்சி வசூலை கொடுக்கிறார்! |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0320736/mediaviewer/rm2649711360/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216161653/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0320736/mediaviewer/rm2649711360/ |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=13 July 2021 |language=ta |via=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>

== Spiritual successor ==
In 2022, Kamal Haasan reprised his role of Vikram in the spiritual successor with the [[Vikram (2022 film)|same name]] written and directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=31 May 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj on 'Vikram': Kamal Haasan has been running a one-man relay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-vikram/article65479322.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024133955/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-on-vikram/article65479322.ece |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="budget">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2022 |title=How Much The 1986 Kamal Haasan-Starrer Vikram Collected at The Box Office |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/how-much-the-1986-kamal-haasan-starrer-vikram-collected-at-the-box-office-5284645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310182637/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/how-much-the-1986-kamal-haasan-starrer-vikram-collected-at-the-box-office-5284645.html |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
<ref name="lookback">{{Cite web |last=கண்ணன் |first=சுரேஷ் |date=17 May 2022 |title=விக்ரம்: 80களில் கமல் - சுஜாதாவின் ஒரு பேன் இந்தியா முயற்சி; ஒருவேளை மணிரத்னம் இயக்கியிருந்தால்?! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/a-lookback-at-kamal-haasan-and-sujathas-vikram-movie-released-in-1986 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123033808/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/a-lookback-at-kamal-haasan-and-sujathas-vikram-movie-released-in-1986 |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{RaajKamalFilmsInternational}}
{{Rajasekhar (director)}}
{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s science fiction action films]]
[[Category:1980s spy action films]]
[[Category:1986 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:Fictional-language films]]
[[Category:Films about nuclear war and weapons]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajasekhar (director)]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in 1984]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]
[[Category:Indian spy action films]]
[[Category:Intelligence Bureau (India) in fiction]]
[[Category:ISRO in fiction]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]

Shreegauri Sawant

2026-04-26T22:34:12Z

JoannePettiford: creating new page

{{Short description|Indian transgender activist}}
'''Shreegauri''' ('''Gauri''') '''Sawant''' is a [[transgender activist]] from [[Mumbai]], [[India]].<ref name="Mumbai Mirror">{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/gauri-sawant-how-i-became-a-mother/articleshow/57995471.cms|title=Gauri Sawant- How I became a Mother - Mumbai Mirror -|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> She is the director of Sakhi Char Chowghi that helps transgender people and people with [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theindianfeed.in/vicks-ad-gauri-sawant/|title=Here Is The Real Life Story Of Transgender Activist Gauri Sawant Of Groundbreaking Vicks Ad|date=2017-04-01|work=The Indian Feed|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2018-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232302/https://www.theindianfeed.in/vicks-ad-gauri-sawant/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was featured in an ad by [[Vicks]].<ref name="The Wire">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/gender/trans-woman-adoption-vicks-ad|title=How Activism, Adoption and an Ad Changed a Trans Woman's Life - The Wire|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mirror-now/in-focus/article/the-story-of-gauri-sawant-a-transgender-mother/170134|title=The story of Gauri Sawant - A transgender mother|website=www.timesnownews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-if-something-happens-to-me-i-don-t-want-her-to-return-to-the-streets-gauri-sawant-2389451|title = If something happens to me, I don't want her to return to the streets: Gauri Sawant|date = 9 April 2017}}</ref> She was made the goodwill ambassador of [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] in Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gauri-sawant-maharashtra-transgender-activist-becomes-election-commission-goodwill-ambassador-2010600|title=Maharashtra Transgender Activist Becomes Poll Panel's Goodwill Ambassador|date=2019-03-20|website=NDTV.com|access-date=2019-03-21}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sawant was born and raised in [[Pune]]. Her mother died when she was seven years old and she was raised by her grandmother. Her father is a police officer. She left her house at the age of 14 or 15 as she didn't want to be a disappointment for her dad.<ref name="The Logical Indian-2017">{{Cite news|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/my-social-responsibility/gauri-sawant-transgender-activist/|title=Against All Odds: Activist Gauri Sawant Has Been Fighting For Transgender Rights All Her Life|date=2017-05-30|work=The Logical Indian|access-date=2018-04-21}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Activism ==
Sawant founded the Sakhi Char Chowghi Trust in 2000. The NGO promotes safe sex and provides counselling to transgender people.<ref name="The Logical Indian-2017" /> In 2014, she became the first transgender person to file a petition in the Supreme Court of India for adoption rights of transgender people.<ref name="The Indian Express-2017">{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/gauri-sawant-mothers-day-lgbtq-4650587/|title=How two mothers came to embrace and accept LGBTQI|date=2017-05-14|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref> She was a petitioner in the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA) case (''[[National Legal Services Authority v. Union of India]]'') in which the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] recognised transgender as the [[third gender]].<ref name="Mumbai Mirror" /> Sawant adopted a girl named Gayatri in 2008 after Gayatri's mother died of AIDS.<ref name="The Indian Express-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/interview/the-transgender-who-has-won-indias-heart/20170413.htm|title=The mother who has won India's heart|work=Rediff|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref><ref name="The Logical Indian-2017" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/society/transgender-gauri-sawant-starts-ajicha-ghar-for-girl-child-of-sex-workers-in-kamathipura-21411|title=Social activist Gauri Sawant to build a foster home for sex workers' children|work=Mumbai Live|access-date=2018-04-21}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==
Sawant has an adopted daughter, whom she adopted at the age of 4. Sawant said in an interview that she had adopted her after her biological mother, a sex worker who died from [[AIDS]], left her alone to be sold in the sex-trafficking industry.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjxwxZKgW3w YouTube- Gauri Suresh Sawant interview, TedX]</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In 2017, Sawant was featured in an advertisement by [[Vicks]] as part of the company's "Touch of Care" campaign. It showed the story of Sawant and her adopted daughter.<ref name="The Wire" />

A TV series named ''[[Taali (TV series)|Taali]]'' on [[JioCinema]] featuring [[Sushmita Sen]] in the role of Gauri Sawant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Who is Shreegauri Sawant, the transgender activist portrayed by Sushmita Sen in Taali? |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/who-is-shreegauri-sawant-the-transgender-activist-portrayed-by-sushmita-sen-in-taali-14880841.htm |access-date=2022-10-07 |website=cnbctv18.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sawant, Gauri}}
[[Category:Indian transgender women]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women]]

Hannah Lalhlanpuii

2026-04-25T16:54:04Z

JoannePettiford: New - done

{{Short description|Mizo writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hannah Lalhlanpuii
| image = Hannah Lalhlanpuii in the 2022 video 'Connecting with Mainland through Literature'.png
| alt =
| caption = In a 2022 video
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Aizawl]], Mizoram, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Writer, assistant professor
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[When Blackbirds Fly]]''
}}
{{Mizo name|Lalhlanpuii}}

'''Hannah Lalhlanpuii''' is a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] author and academic from [[Aizawl]], Mizoram, India, known for her contributions to literature that highlight Mizo history and culture. Her work encompasses themes such as postcolonial studies, trauma writing, and children's literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Lalhlanpuii |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book_author/hannah-lalhlanpuii/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Lalhlanpuii – Neev Literature Festival |url=https://www.neevliteraturefestival.org/speaker/hannah-lalhlanpuii/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hannah pursued her Bachelor of Arts in English at [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], followed by a Master of Arts in English from [[North-Eastern Hill University]], Meghalaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bahn |first=Divya |date=2020-04-21 |title=Read a book and kill boredom during the COVID-19 pandemic the Mizo way |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/good-news/2020/Apr/21/read-a-book-and-kill-boredom-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-the-mizo-way-2133355.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> She earned her Master of Philosophy from the [[University of Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], and completed her Doctor of Philosophy at [[Mizoram University]]. Her academic focus includes postcolonial studies, trauma writing, and children's literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mizoram Christian College |url=https://www.mizoramchristiancollege.org/faculties/30?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.mizoramchristiancollege.org}}</ref>

== Career ==
In August 2022, Hannah joined the Department of English at Mizoram Christian College as an assistant professor.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-05 |title=Hannah Lalhlanpuii • Brahmaputra Literature Festival |url=https://brahmaputraliteraturefestival.com/2025-2/speakers/hannah-lalhlanpuii/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-US}}</ref> Her academic interests lie in postcolonial studies, trauma writing, and children's literature.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#Review: When Blackbirds Fly by Hannah L. – Lavender Orchids |url=https://www.aliveshadow.com/category-bookreviews-when-blackbirds-fly-by-hannah-l/ |access-date=2025-03-25 |language=en-GB}}</ref> In addition to teaching, she has contributed poems and short stories to local publications in Mizoram and works as a freelance writer for English news outlets in the state.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Girish |first=Rati |date=2022-03-31 |title=Hannah Lalhlanpuii on writing When Blackbirds Fly and the art of combining personal stories with historical fiction for children |url=https://ratigirish.substack.com/p/hannah-lalhlanpuii-on-writing-when-f80 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Mother of Readers}}</ref>

Hannah's debut novel, ''[[When Blackbirds Fly]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=2022-03-16 |title=When Blackbirds Fly by Hannah Lalhlanpuii |url=https://www.robinage.com/when-blackbirds-fly-by-hannah-lalhlanpuii/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=RobinAge |language=en-US}}</ref> was published in February 2022. Set during the 1966 bombing of Aizawl, the novel provides a sensitive portrayal of the impact of conflict on children and civilians.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=A novel recounts the Mizo 'independence' movement, and the life of a young boy caught in its turmoil |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/mizoram/hannah-lalhalanpuii-when-blackbirds-fly-book-mizoram-independence-movement-8089569/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her short story "A Bird Called Freedom" was featured in the anthology ''Big Mistakes: An Anthology of Growing Up and Other Tough Stuffs'' (2021<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-17 |title='When Blackbirds Fly': Why Mizoram author Hannah Lalhlanpuii talks about insurgency from a child's eyes |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/when-blackbirds-fly-why-mizoram-author-hannah-lalhlanpuii-talks-about-insurgency-from-a-childs-eyes-23261095 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>). Additionally, two of her poems were included in ''Lockdown Literature from Mizoram'' (2021). Her work aims to promote Mizo history and culture, offering readers an intimate glimpse into the region's past.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title='I wanted to tell the story of people whose traumatic experiences during the insurgency are silenced by political narratives': Hannah Lalhlanpuii, Author {{!}} Conversations – Kunzum |url=https://kunzum.com/hannah-lalhlanpuii-author/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Iyer |first=Sahana |date=2022-03-12 |title=The price of our past |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/Mar/12/the-price-of-our-past-2429021.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalhlanpuii, Hannah}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Aizawl]]
[[Category:Mizoram academics]]
[[Category:Women from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Writers from Mizoram]]
[[Category:Mizo people]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]
[[Category:University of Hyderabad alumni]]

Mangalore City South Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:46Z

JoannePettiford: made new location

{{Short description|Constituency of the Karnataka legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Mangalore City South
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 203
| map_image = 203-Mangalore City South constituency.svg
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]
| established = 2008
| electors = {{formatnum:213244}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| mla = [[D. Vedavyas Kamath]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[John Richard Lobo]]
}}

'''Mangalore City South Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka Legislative Assemblies]] or [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in [[Karnataka]]. It is one of the three constituencies which represent [[Mangalore]], the others being [[Mangalore Assembly constituency|Mangalore]] and [[Mangalore City North]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref><ref name=14assemblymemberslist>{{cite web |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |title=Fourteenth Karnataka Legislative Assembly |website=kla.kar.nic.in |publisher=[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] |accessdate= 3 February 2021}}</ref> The constituency has around 17.5% Muslims and 14% Christians.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assembly Constituency Details: Mangalore City South |url=https://chanakyya.com/Assembly-Details/Karnataka/Mangalore_City_South |website=chanakyya.com}}</ref>

Mangalore South is part of [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[N. Yogish Bhat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[John Richard Lobo]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[D. Vedavyas Kamath]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City South <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Mangalore City South">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Mangalore City South |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10203.htm?ac=203 |access-date=9 April 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409134942/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10203.htm?ac=203 |archive-date=9 April 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Vedavyas Kamath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 91,437 |percentage = 56.46% |change = {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[John Richard Lobo]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,475 |percentage = 41.67% |change = {{decrease}}1.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,203 |percentage = 0.74% |change = {{increase}}0.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,962 |percentage = 14.80% |change = {{increase}}4.96 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 162,735 |percentage = 66.20% |change = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,943}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,805 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City South <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[D. Vedavyas Kamath]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 86,545 |percentage = 52.97% |change = {{increase}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[John Richard Lobo]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,470 |percentage = 43.13% |change = {{decrease}}11.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Kumar Bajal |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 2,329 |percentage = 1.43% |change = {{decrease}}0.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,063 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,075 |percentage = 9.84% |change = {{increase}}0.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 163,656 |percentage = 68.16% |change = {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 163,387}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 240,092 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.08 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City South <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[John Richard Lobo]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,829 |percentage = 54.29% |change = {{increase}}11.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Yogish Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,554 |percentage = 44.47% |change = {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasanth Achari |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 3,016 |percentage = 2.41% |change = {{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jaleel Krishnapura |party = Social Democratic Party of India |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. P. Changappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,672 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,275 |percentage = 9.83% |change = {{increase}}2.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,318 |percentage = 64.52% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 124,927}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 205,065 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.51 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mangalore City South <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[N. Yogish Bhat]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 60,133 |percentage = 50.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ivan D'souza |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 51,373 |percentage = 43.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashavanth Maroli |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 4,089 |percentage = 3.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Vishvanatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,728 |percentage = 1.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,760 |percentage = 7.36% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 119,073 |percentage = 64.17% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 119,022}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 185,560 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Mangalore Assembly constituency]]
* [[Mangalore City North]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.85|74.86|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Government of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:42Z

JoannePettiford: Stub - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Delhi legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Krishna Nagar
| mla = [[Anil Goyal]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[East Delhi]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 60
}}
'''Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly]] constituencies of [[Delhi]] in northern [[India]]. Krishna Nagar assembly constituency is a part of [[East Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]'s Anil Goyal defeated [[Aam Aadmi Party]]'s candidate Vikas Bagga by 19,494 votes in the 2025 assembly election.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="2" | [[S.K. Bagga]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
|[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|[[Anil Goyal]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=1|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Krishna Nagar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Anil Goyal]]
| votes = 75,922
| percentage = 52.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Vikas Bagga|votes= 56,424|percentage=39.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Gurcharan Singh Raju|votes= 9,393 |percentage=6.54|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=NOTA|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes= 696|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=19,498|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,43,405|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| loser = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Krishna Nagar }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[S. K. Bagga]]
| votes = 72,111
| percentage = 49.10
| change = +1.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Dr. Anil Goyal
| votes = 68,116
| percentage = 46.38
| change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Dr. Ashok Kumar Walia]]
| votes = 5,079
| percentage = 3.46
| change = -1.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Advocate Manjeet Singh
| votes = 362
| percentage = 0.25
| change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 532
| percentage = 0.36
| change = +0.10
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,995
| percentage = 2.72
| change = +1.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,46,981
| percentage = 67.60
| change = -4.67
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +1.06
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2020"/>

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Krishna Nagar <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=60 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191056/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=60 |date=2014-01-02 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[S. K. Bagga]]
| votes = 65,919
| percentage = 47.99
| change = +33.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Kiran Bedi]]
| votes = 63,642
| percentage = 46.33
| change = -12.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Bansi Lal
| votes = 6,189
| percentage = 4.51
| change = -17.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Yogesh Kumar
| votes = 501
| percentage = 0.36
| change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Chandan Lal Premi
| votes = 339
| percentage = 0.25
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 358
| percentage = 0.26
| change = -0.23
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 2,277
| percentage = 1.66
| change = -34.70
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,37,415
| percentage = 72.27
| change = +4.52
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +22.62
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2015"/>

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Krishna Nagar <ref>[http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=60 Assembly Elections December 2013 Results, Election Commission of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191056/http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseU0567.htm?ac=60 |date=2014-01-02 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Dr. Harsh Vardhan]]
| votes = 69,222
| percentage = 58.33
| change = +12.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Dr. Vinod Kumar Monga
| votes = 26,072
| percentage = 21.97
| change = -20.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Ishrat Ali Ansari
| votes = 17,498
| percentage = 14.75
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sahrur
| votes = 2,876
| percentage = 2.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Nayeem Abbas
| votes = 1,820
| percentage = 1.53
| change = -8.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = Salma
| votes = 275
| percentage = 0.23
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Ambedkar National Congress
| candidate = Rajesh
| votes = 165
| percentage = 0.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vijay Kumar Arora
| votes = 86
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ajay Suryavanshi
| votes = 63
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 587
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 43,150
| percentage = 36.36
| change = +33.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,18,714
| percentage = 67.78
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +12.83
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2013"/>

=== 2008 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Krishna Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| votes = 47,852
| percentage = 45.50
| change = -14.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Deepika Khullar
| votes = 44,648
| percentage = 42.45
| change = -6.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kamruddin
| votes = 10,018
| percentage = 9.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Chandan Lal Premi
| votes = 703
| percentage = 0.67
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Jan Shakti
| candidate = Radha Yadav Advocate
| votes = 359
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Monika Mahajan
| votes = 337
| percentage = 0.32
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjay Kumar Gupta
| votes = 294
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suraj Prakash
| votes = 215
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtrawadi Sena
| candidate = Ved Prakash Gupta
| votes = 121
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Balwant Singh Parwana
| votes = 103
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prafulla Chander Mohan
| votes = 101
| percentage = 0.10
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahender Kumar Jain
| votes = 89
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Prithvi Pal Singh
| votes = 81
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Sawarn Shakti Party
| candidate = Shiv Prakash Tiwari
| votes = 80
| percentage = 0.08
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kunjesh Passi
| votes = 52
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Irshad
| votes = 48
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Govind Sahni
| votes = 40
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mohd Islam
| votes = 34
| percentage = 0.03
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3,204
| percentage = 3.05
| change = -20.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 105,175
| percentage = 61.6
| change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = -14.01
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Krishna Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| votes = 35,477
| percentage = 59.51
| change = +4.69
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Narinder Kumar
| votes = 21,404
| percentage = 35.90
| change = -6.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Praveen
| votes = 868
| percentage = 1.46
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Hukam Chand
| votes = 712
| percentage = 1.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Dalit Utthan Party
| candidate = Raj Bala
| votes = 292
| percentage = 0.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ashok Parcha
| votes = 261
| percentage = 0.44
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Saleem Khan
| votes = 208
| percentage = 0.35
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jai Prakash Janata Dal
| candidate = Balwant Singh Parwana
| votes = 183
| percentage = 0.31
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Tilak Raj
| votes = 109
| percentage = 0.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Brij Lal
| votes = 100
| percentage = 0.17
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 14,073
| percentage = 23.61
| change = -11.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 59,614
| percentage = 61.76
| change = +9.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +4.69
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003"/>

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Krishna Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| votes = 30,358
| percentage = 54.82
| change = +0.88
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = S N Misra
| votes = 23,748
| percentage = 42.89
| change = +10.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Virendra Kushwaha
| votes = 567
| percentage = 1.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Pramod Kumar
| votes = 458
| percentage = 0.83
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Krishna
| votes = 140
| percentage = 0.25
| change = -7.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha
| candidate = Mohan Lal
| votes = 103
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 6,610
| percentage = 11.93
| change = -10.01
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 55,374
| percentage = 52.19
| change = -18.68
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing = +0.88
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998"/>

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Krishna Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]]
| votes = 30,537
| percentage = 53.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Balvinder Singh
| votes = 18,118
| percentage = 32.00
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Virender Gaur
| votes = 4,239
| percentage = 7.49
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Congress (Socialist)
| candidate = Jai Prakash Sharma
| votes = 2,133
| percentage = 3.77
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mahinder Bahal
| votes = 383
| percentage = 0.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India
| candidate = Jagdish Chander Mongia
| votes = 356
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jay Prakash Sharma (Bhapa)
| votes = 188
| percentage = 0.33
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Kranti Dal (Jai)
| candidate = Natho Devi
| votes = 106
| percentage = 0.19
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Narinder Tuli
| votes = 75
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Labour Party of India
| candidate = Ram Kishan Goyal
| votes = 75
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Naveen Kumar Goyal
| votes = 73
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Vinay Seth (Binny)
| votes = 69
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Balwant Singh Parwana Kashyap
| votes = 41
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Hindusthani Shoshit Dal
| candidate = Anil Kumar Sharma Gandhi
| votes = 39
| percentage = 0.07
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Vinod Kumar Gupta
| votes = 35
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ved Prakash Gaur
| votes = 33
| percentage = 0.06
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramesh Maini
| votes = 28
| percentage = 0.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Nem Singh Premi
| votes = 24
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Murari Lal Rustagi
| votes = 20
| percentage = 0.04
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramesh Kumar
| votes = 14
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Parveen Gupta
| votes = 11
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Kumar Jain
| votes = 10
| percentage = 0.02
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Pramod Kumar Bhandari
| votes = 4
| percentage = 0.01
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 12,419
| percentage = 21.94
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 56,611
| percentage = 70.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
| winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.653|77.285|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:East Delhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]

Henry Watson Fox

2026-04-17T14:16:48Z

JoannePettiford: Stub - done

{{Short description|Church of England missionary (1817–1848)}}
'''Henry Watson Fox''' (1817–1848) was a [[Church of England]] missionary to the [[Telugu people]] of south India.

{{Infobox person
| image = Henry Watson Fox.jpg
| birth_date = 1817
| death_date = 1848
| alma_mater = [[Wadham College, Oxford]]
}}

==Early life==
The son of George Townshend Fox (died 1848) of Durham and his wife Ann Stote Crofton, he was born at [[Westoe]] in 1817. [[William Fox (New Zealand politician)|William Fox]], Prime Minister of New Zealand, was an elder brother.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=10037|first=Katherine|last=Prior|title=Fox, Henry Watson (1817–1848)}}</ref><ref>{{cite ODNB|id=10046|first=Raewyn|last=Dalziel|title=Fox, Sir William (1812–1893)}}</ref> His father was a rope maker and merchant; his mother, daughter of a shipowner, was heiress to property at [[Harton, South Shields]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodgson |first1=George B. |title=The borough of South Shields : from the earliest period to the close of the nineteenth century |date=1903 |publisher=A. Reid |location=Newcastle-upon-Tyne |page=471 |url=https://archive.org/details/boroughsouthshi00hodggoog/page/471/mode/1up}}</ref>

Fox was sent to [[Durham School|Durham grammar school]], and then to [[Rugby School]], where he was in the house of [[Bonamy Price]].<ref name="DNB">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Fox, Henry Watson|volume=20}}</ref> In 1836 Fox gained one of the university [[exhibition (scholarship)|exhibition]]s, and matriculated at [[Wadham College, Oxford]] in March. He came into residence at Wadham in October of that year. He graduated B.A. in December 1839.<ref name="DNB"/><ref>{{alox2|title=Fox, Rev. Henry Watson}}</ref>

==Vocation==
At school, Fox had been impressed by a lecture delivered by his housemaster Price in 1833; and the religious content of weekly sermons of [[Thomas Arnold]], the headmaster.<ref name="DNB"/> In 1835 he was reading the tract ''[[The Dairyman's Daughter]]'' by [[Legh Richmond]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=George Townshend |title=A Memoir of the Rev. Henry Watson Fox |date=1850 |publisher=Seeleys |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8tNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA29 |language=en}}</ref>

Fox spent the winter of 1839 in [[Brighton]] with [[Henry Venn Elliott]], an [[evangelical]] pastor and supporter of the [[Church Missionary Society]] (CMS).<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=8676|first=Stephen|last=Gregory|title=Elliott, Henry Venn (1792–1865)}}</ref><ref name="CMI">{{cite book |title=1866 The Church Missionary Intelligencer |date=1866 |page=76 |url=https://archive.org/details/1866TheChurchMissionaryIntelligencer/page/76/mode/1up}}</ref> In discussing the possibility of mission work, Elliott mentioned the appeal issued in 1839 by the Rev. John Tucker, a Fellow of [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford]]. Tucker was in [[Madras]], as secretary of the CMS committee there, and asked for Protestant missionaries to the Telugu people. Fox was struck with the idea of this missionary work. He consulted friends, and after prayer and consideration adopted it.<ref name="CMI"/><ref>{{alox2|title=Tucker, John (4)}}</ref>

==Missionary==
Fox was ordained deacon in December 1840. Early in 1841 the CMS appointed him a missionary to the Telugu people, inhabiting the northeastern districts of the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="DNB"/> Administratively the mission was to the [[Northern Circars]] subdivision of the Presidency. It included [[Masulipatam]] (now more correctly known as Machilipatnam), which became British territory through the [[siege of Masulipatam]]. While Tucker had referred to the "Telugu country" having been under British government "for eighty years",<ref name="CMI"/> that applied to Masulipatam, rather than the subdivision as a whole. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] had formal possession of the Northern Circars until 1823.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Swarnalatha |first1=P. |title=The World of the Weaver in Northern Coromandel, c.1750-c.1850 |date=2005 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-2868-0 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t5XlI91kP3YC&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref> Masulipatam, also known as Bunder, was in Kistna district, now the [[Krishna district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].

In July 1841 Fox reached Madras with his wife Elizabeth and a colleague, the Rev. [[Robert Turlington Noble]].<ref name="DNB"/> Noble (1810–1864) was a Cambridge graduate, ordained priest in 1840.<ref>{{acad|id=NBL828RT|name=Noble, Robert Turlington}}</ref> He ran an exclusive school at Masulipatam for Indians, which became Noble College, Machilipatnam. Fox, as soon as he had mastered the language, became a peripatetic preacher to the people in Masulipatam and the adjoining district.<ref name="DNB"/>

Poor health compelled Fox to reside at [[Ootacamund]] in the [[Nilgiri hills]] for much of the period from 1843 to October 1844, with the exception of some time spent on a tour among the mission stations of [[Travancore]] and [[Tinnivelly]].<ref name="ODNB"/> His wife became ill with [[hepatitis]]. She died off Madras in November 1845, shortly before beginning a return journey to the United Kingdom. The practical needs of his young children, one of whom (Johnny), already ill at Masulipatam, died shortly after his mother, required Fox to make the return journey himself.<ref name="DNB"/><ref>{{cite book |title=The Spirit of Missions |date=1851 |publisher=J. L. Powell |page=263|volume=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1do-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA263 |language=en}}</ref>

Fox was in the United Kingdom from March to October 1846. He then returned to Masulipatam and his itinerant preaching, for about a year.<ref name="ODNB"/>

==Last year and death==
In 1848 Fox was obliged by his own health finally to return to England. He was able a few months later to accept the appointment of assistant secretary to the Church Missionary Society. On 14 October 1848, after a severe attack of the [[dysentery]] which afflicted him, he died in his mother's house at Durham.<ref name="DNB"/><ref name="ODNB"/>

A [[funeral sermon]] for Fox was preached by John Tucker on 22 October 1848.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tucket |first1=John |title=Substance of a Sermon [on Luke xii. 35-37] preached at Hampstead Chapel, Oct. 22, 1848, on the death of the Rev. H. W. Fox, with particulars of his last days. With an Appendix |date=1849 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHG9mgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref> A memoir was published in 1850 by his eldest brother George, with a preface by Henry Venn Elliott. George Townshend Fox the younger had matriculated at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1844, as a mature student, and was ordained in the Church of England in 1848.<ref name="ODNB"/><ref>{{acad|id=FS843GT|name=Fox, George Townshend}}</ref>
[[File:Residence of the Rev. H. W. Fox.jpg|thumb|Illustration from ''A Memoir of the Rev. Henry Watson Fox'', residence of Henry Watson Fox in [[Masulipatam]] (engraved after a [[talbotype]])|358x358px]]

==Works==
In 1846, while in England, Fox wrote a short book, ''Chapters on Missions in South India''. It was published a few months before his death, giving a popular account of mission life in India, and of his observations of Hindu religion and manners.<ref name="DNB"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Henry Watson |title=Chapters on Missions in South India |date=1848 |publisher=Seeleys |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCAEAAAAQAAJ |language=en}}</ref> He wrote a hymn "I hear a thousand voices singing" in 1848, for the 50th anniversary the following year of the Church Missionary Society.<ref>{{cite web |title=I hear ten thousand voices singing |url=https://hymnary.org/text/i_hear_ten_thousand_voices_singing |website=Hymnary.org |language=en}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Fox's letters and journals show his commitment to missionary work and the spread of missions.<ref name="DNB"/>

Shortly after Fox's death subscriptions were raised by his friends at Rugby and elsewhere, which resulted in the endowment of a Rugby-Fox mastership in the Church Mission School, now called the Noble College, at Masulipatam. It was at the same time arranged that an annual sermon should be preached in the Rugby School chapel at Rugby, to raise funds for the endowment of the Masulipatam school.<ref name="DNB"/>.The Rugby Fox Memorial Fund was a charity, in existence to 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rugby Fox Memorial Fund - Charity 1131655-204 |url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/en/about-the-register-of-charities/-/charity-details/11640 |website=prd-ds-register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk}}</ref> Its initial committee<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=George Townshend |title=A Memoir of the Rev. Henry Watson Fox |date=1850 |publisher=Seeleys |page=378 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8tNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA378 |language=en}}</ref> included [[Valpy French]], who encountered Fox as a speaker in 1846 at a breakfast meeting in [[Trinity College, Oxford]], and to whom Fox then wrote from India;<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stock |first1=Eugene |title=An heroic bishop; the life story of French of Lahore |date=1914 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |location=London |pages=4–5 |url=https://archive.org/details/heroicbishoplife00stoc/page/4/mode/2up}}</ref> and [[Henry Hayne (diarist)|Henry Hayne]] who in 1846 married at Durham, as his second wife, Isabella Paine Fox (died 1859), Fox's elder sister.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henry and Mary Hayne papers, 1797-1828 |url=https://archives.lib.duke.edu/catalog/haynehenry |website=archives.lib.duke.edu |publisher=Duke University}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Marriages |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000267/18460808/059/0003 |work=Exeter and Plymouth Gazette |date=8 August 1846|page=3}}</ref>

The first "Rugby-Fox sermon" was given on 1 November 1848, by [[Archibald Campbell Tait]]. It was attended by John Sharp, then a pupil at Rugby School. He was later a master at the Masulipatam school, and then from 1865 to 1870, and 1872 to 1878, Noble's successor as its principal.<ref name="CMA">{{cite book |last1=Church Missionary Society |title=The Church Missionary Atlas: Containing an Account of the Various Countries in which the Church Missionary Society Labours, and of the Missionary Operations |date=1896 |publisher=Church Missionary Society |location=London |page=143 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VENAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="alox">{{alox2|title=Alumni Oxonienses: the Members of the University of Oxford, 1715-1886/Sharp, Rev. John}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Noel Hodges]], and went on to be a [[Telugu language]] lecturer at the [[University of Cambridge]].<ref name="CMA"/><ref name="alox"/>

In 1872 the Rugby-Fox preacher was Fox's son, the Rev. [[Henry Elliott Fox]].<ref name="DNB"/>

A pamphlet from 1852, ''Posthumous Fragment'', consisting of an unpublished article by Fox, with a "Notice of the Extent of His Influence", mentions R. Marsh Hughes, a military officer with the East India Company, later manager of the [[Strangers' Home for Asiatics, Africans and South Sea Islanders]] in London, and the convert James White from [[Sierra Leone]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fox |first1=Henry Watson |title=Posthumous Fragment by ... H. W. F. ... With a notice of the extent of his influence [by W. K.] |date=1852 |publisher=Seeleys |location=London |pages=12–13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EvVWd-NbloC&pg=PA12 |language=en}}</ref>

==Family==
In 1840 Fox married Elizabeth James (died 1845), daughter of G. H. James of Wolverhampton.<ref name="ODNB"/> Their son Henry Elliott Fox (1841–1926) was born at [[Masulipatam]].<ref>{{Who's Who|title=Fox, Rev. Henry Elliott|id=U196571}}</ref> Fox returned to England in 1846, to place his surviving son Henry and daughter with his parents.<ref name="ODNB"/> Mary Isabella Fox, the daughter, also born at Masulipatam, married in 1887 as the second wife of Rev. Edward Lombe (died 1909).<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Frederick Arthur |editor-last=Crisp |title=Visitation of England and Wales |volume=19 |url=https://archive.org/details/visitationofengl19howa/page/87/mode/1up|year=1906 |page=87|publisher=Privately printed |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{acad|id=EVNS842E|name=Evans [afterwards Lombe], Edward}}</ref> She died in [[Torquay]] in 1942, at age 99.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Her 100th Year |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000329/19420406/079/0004 |work=Western Morning News |date=6 April 1942|page=4}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
'''Attribution'''

{{DNB|wstitle=Fox, Henry Watson|volume=20}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fox, Henry Watson}}
[[Category:1817 births]]
[[Category:1848 deaths]]
[[Category:English Anglican priests]]
[[Category:English Anglican missionaries]]
[[Category:Anglican missionaries in India]]
[[Category:People educated at Durham School]]
[[Category:People educated at Rugby School]]
[[Category:Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford]]
[[Category:People from County Durham]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Julayi

2026-04-17T10:15:15Z

JoannePettiford:

{{short description|2012 film by Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{unreliable sources|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Julayi
| image = Julai poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Trivikram Srinivas]]
| producer = [[S. Radha Krishna]]<br/>[[D. V. V. Danayya]] (presenter)
| writer = Trivikram Srinivas
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Allu Arjun]] <br />[[Ileana D'Cruz]]<br />[[Sonu Sood]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Chota K. Naidu]]<br>[[Shyam K. Naidu]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Hassine Creations]]
| distributor = Siri Media<br />Ficus Inc
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|8|9}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = ₹100.00 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title='Julayi' Closing Business |url=https://www.cinejosh.com/news/1/23931/julayi-closing-business.html |website=Cinejosh|language=en |date=8 October 2012 |access-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Julayi''''' ({{translation|Vagabond}}) is a 2012 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy film]] written & directed by [[Trivikram Srinivas]] and produced by [[S. Radha Krishna]] under [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Hassine Creations]] banner. The film stars [[Allu Arjun]] and [[Sonu Sood]], alongside [[Ileana D'Cruz]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmaji]], [[Tanikella Bharani]] and [[Sheetal Menon]]. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Chota K. Naidu]]-[[Shyam K. Naidu]] and Prawin Pudi.

''Julayi'' was released worldwide on 8 August 2012 to positive reviews from critics.The film collected a distributor share of over ₹47.9 crore and grossed roughly ₹85 crore in its lifetime making it the third highest grossing Telugu film of 2012. The film has garnered the [[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film]].<ref name="ref1">{{cite web|url=http://bharatone.com/2012/07/16/re-shoots-julaayi/|title=Re – Shoots to Julaayi?|publisher=bharatone.com|access-date=16 July 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084644/http://bharatone.com/2012/07/16/re-shoots-julaayi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was remade into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Saagasam]]''.

==Plot==
Bittu, a master-robber, and [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Varadarajulu plan to rob {{INRConvert|1500|c}} from a bank. Ravindra "Ravi" Narayan believes in earning quick money rather than toiling like his father Narayana Moorthy. During a chance meeting with Bittu, Ravi reveals his intention of making quick money by betting on an [[Indian Premier League|IPL]] match and discloses the location of the betting ring. However, the police raid the location and Ravi is apprehended. During interrogation, Ravi deduces that Bittu has tipped off the cops to commit a crime and convinces [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Raja Manikyam. Bittu successfully robs the bank, where his brother Lala takes the money to the city's dumping yard.

However, the police catch Lala, who resists them and is subdued by Ravi, causing Lala to get killed accidentally, resulting in his death. Meanwhile, Bittu goes to the dumping yard to collect the money, but is shocked as the dumping yard is burnt to ashes. Having Lala dead and the money burnt, Bittu swears to kill Ravi. Manikyam sends Ravi to [[Hyderabad]] from [[Visakhapatnam]] under [[witness protection]] and makes him stay at his friend [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Sitaram's house. One day, Ravi happens to see Madhu, a middle-class girl who works with ''Travel'' Murthy, a travel agent and Bittu's associate. Murthy prepares fake [[Passport|passports]] for Bittu and his gang to help them escape from India. Ravi befriends Madhu, where they both fall in love with each other and also find out about Bittu.

Furious, Bittu kills Raja Manikyam by planting a bomb in his car and also attacks Ravi's family, where Narayana gets hospitalized, which makes Ravi realize his mistakes. Narayana recovers and asks Ravi to retrieve the money for the people, who toiled day and night for their family. Ravi finds that his sister Raji is kidnapped and also framed for Raja Manikyam's murder when he unknowingly picked up a call which is a phone bomb activated in the car, but Ravi is released with the help of DIG Sitaram. Ravi finds that Raja Manikyam had faked his death as Bittu learned about Raja Manikyam and Varadarajulu's plan of exchanged the money in the dumping yard into fake [[currency|currencies]]. They had burnt by currencies to let Bittu assume that Ravi burnt the money.

Bittu kills Raja Manikyam and Varadarajulu and plans to escape from the country by having the money stored in a [[ship container|container]] and transporting it to a good's ship. Ravi, having deduced Bittu's plan, fools the henchman and makes them return the money to the bank. The henchman gets killed by the mob, who were protesting at the bank. A showdown occurs between Ravi and Bittu, where Ravi kills Bittu with Sitaram's help and also saves Raji. In the end, Ravi attends an interview and gets selected for the job, in which he earns {{INRConvert|25000|r}}.

== Cast ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Allu Arjun]] as Ravindra Narayan "Ravi"
* [[Ileana D'Cruz]] as Madhu, Ravi's love interest (voice dubbed by Haritha)
* [[Sonu Sood]] as Bittu (voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar]])
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police|DIG]] Sitaram [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]] Varadarajulu
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ADGP]] Raja Manikyam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Narayana Murthy, Ravi's father
* [[Sheetal Menon]] as Devayani, Bittu's deaf-mute girlfriend
* [[Shafi (actor)|Shafi]] as Lala, Bittu's brother
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Valmiki
* [[Brahmanandam]] as "Pickpocket" Bhramam, Sitaram's servant
* [[Brahmaji]] as "Travel" Murthy, Madhu's boss
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Madhu's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Kameswari, Ravi's mother
* [[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Sujata, Madhu's step-mother
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Lalita, Sitaram's wife
* [[Sreemukhi]] as Raji, Ravi's sister
* [[Ravi Prakash (Telugu actor)|Ravi Prakash]] as Dhanushkoti, Bittu's trusted aid
* [[Pradeep Machiraju]] as Ravi's friend working in FM studio
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Giri, Ravi's friend
* [[Amit Tiwari]] as Bittu's henchman
* [[Vamsi Krishna]] as Bittu's henchman
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as a club owner
* [[Gautam Raju]] as a police constable
* [[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as a tea seller
* [[Kalpika Ganesh]] as Neha, Sitram's elder daughter
* Shravan as Sattar
* Ananth Prabhu as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Prabhu
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as a deaf customer in cafe
* [[Raghu Babu]] as customer in a bar
* [[Ananth Babu]] as a priest
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as a bus passenger
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]] as a patient in a hospital
* [[Rajitha]] as Ravi's neighbor
* Sunny as a thief
* Vajja Venkata Giridhar as a bike guy
* [[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]] in the song "Julayi"
* [[Raju Sundaram]] [[cameo appearance]] in the song "Osey Osey"
* [[Prakash Raj]] (voiceover)
{{Div col end}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In 2010 after his film ''[[Khaleja]]'' was released, many reports suggested that [[Trivikram Srinivas]] would work with [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] for his next film. It was reported that the film would start filming in early 2011, but for unknown reasons, the project was unable to take off.<ref>{{cite web|title=Venki – Trivikram Film To Start From March 15th|url=http://www.cinecorn.com/telugu/news/venki-trivikram-movie-to-start-from-march-15th.html|publisher=cinecorn|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In March 2011, reports suggested that Trivikram Srinivas had approached Allu Arjun for a film and that Allu Arjun has accepted the offer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trivikram's wedding gift to Allu Arjun|url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/11364/trivikrams-wedding-gift-to-allu-arjun.aspx|publisher=ragalahari|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> It was reported that [[DVV Danayya]] would produce the film under Universal Media banner. [[DVV Danayya]] previously made the successful film ''[[Desamuduru]]'' with Allu Arjun.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trivikram to direct Allu Arjun's first film after marriage|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/64740.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311195912/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/64740.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 March 2011|publisher=One India|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> It was also reported that [[Ileana D'Cruz]] was cast as the female lead and the filming would begin in May 2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trivikram's movie with Allu Arjun to hit floors in May|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/65475.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408063725/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/65475.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 April 2011|publisher=One India|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Although there were several reports on when the filming would begin, all proved untrue. In August 2011, it was reported that Allu Arjun has injured his shoulder and went to [[Australia]] for surgery on Trivikram's request. This caused the project to be further delayed. In September 2011, an official statement was released by the producers stating that as Allu Arjun was in Australia for shoulder surgery, the filming would start in late October 2011. It was also announced that the film is being produced by S. Radha Krishna under [[Haarika and Hassine Creations|Haarika & Hassine Creations]] banner and with [[DVV Danayya]] presenting the film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Trivikram – Allu Arjun film in September|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/trivikramalluarjunfilmnews.html|publisher=idlebrain|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> It was also announced that [[Devi Sri Prasad]] who had previously worked with Allu Arjun and Trivikram Srinivas would score the music. It was reported that Allu Arjun, as well as Trivikram, had slashed their remuneration for the film in a bid to bring the production cost down. On 2 November 2011 after months of getting delayed, the film was officially launched. It was announced that Ileana D'Cruz was cast as the female lead and the other cast and crew was also announced. On 14 November 2011, filming began in [[Hyderabad]]. Although there were many reports that the film was titled as ''Honey'', the director dismissed the reports saying that no decision was taken.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun, Trivikram's film Honey!|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu.html?id=139337&cat=4&tit=Allu-Arjun,-Trivikram%92s-film-Honey!|publisher=way2movies|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In March 2012, it was announced that the film was titled as ''Julayi''.

=== Casting ===
It was announced in September 2011 that [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] was cast for a vital role in the film. It was later reported that Rajendra Prasad would be playing the role of a cop in the film. at first [[Trivikram]] wanted to cast [[Sudeep]] as a villain, but due to Sudeep's busy schedule, Trivikram later cast [[Sonu Sood]] as the antagonist in the film. The other cast includes popular Telugu actors like [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], [[Brahmanandam]], [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[M. S. Narayana]], [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]], [[Brahmaji]] and [[Rao Ramesh]]. It was reported that [[Mahesh Babu]] would provide [[voice over]] for the film similar to Trivikram's ''[[Jalsa]]'', but it proved to be untrue. It was reported that [[Udaya Bhanu (actress)|Udaya Bhanu]] would feature in an [[item number]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofap.com/cinema/udayabhanu-to-shake-legs-with-allu-arjun-in-julayi-title-song/|title=Udayabhanu to shake legs with Allu Arjun in Julayi Title Song|website=Timesofap.com|date=19 July 2012|access-date=20 July 2012|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084629/http://www.timesofap.com/404.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
After months of delay, filming began in Hyderabad on 14 November 2011. The scenes between Brahmanandam and Ileana at a hospital in [[Kukatpally]] were canned during the first schedule of filming. The second schedule of filming began on 13 December 2011. Filming took place at Ramoji Film City and Sivarla in Hyderabad. In January 2012, action scenes in shivering cold weather were canned at RFC under the supervision of [[Peter Hein]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun's action scene in shivering cold weather|date=19 January 2012 |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/13354/allu-arjuns-action-scene-in-shivering-cold-weather.aspx|publisher=ragalahari|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In February 2012, bank robbery scenes were shot on Allu Arjun and Sonu Sood in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun in Bank robbery|url=http://www.maastars.com/187463/allu-arjun-in-bank-robbery|publisher=MAA Stars|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> Also in February 2012, more action scenes on Allu Arjun were canned at [[Chennai Port]] under Peter Hein's supervision.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun's action shooting at Chennai port|date=20 February 2012 |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/13535/allu-arjuns-action-shooting-at-chennai-port.aspx|publisher=Ragalahari|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> In March 2012, filming took place in [[Visakhapatnam]], Andhra pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun in Vizag|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allu-Arjun-in-Vizag/articleshow/12442395.cms|work=Times of India|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> On 6 April 2012, it was reported that filming of the entire talkie part has been completed and four songs are yet to be canned. On 20 April 2012 it was reported that the production unit would be travelling to [[Dubai]] on 26 April 2012 to film two songs on the lead pair and the remaining two songs would be shot in India. On 9 June 2012 fire broke out in a special Irani Hotel set, that was erected for the film in [[Ramoji Film City]]. Allu Arjun and Brahmaji suffered minor injuries in this accident.

==Music==
{{Main|Julayi (soundtrack)}}

The [[soundtrack album]] was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]]. The audio of the film was released on 6 July 2012 through [[Aditya Music]] and the lyrics for three songs were written by Srimani, two songs by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] and one song by Devi Sri Prasad. The audio launch event took place at the Hitex Exhibition center in [[Madhapur]] on the same day. The audio was a huge success with receiving a positive reception from critics and audience. ''Musicperk.com'', a famous music site, marked ''Julai'' as one of the top 10 albums in 2012 rating it 9/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicperk.com/best-of-2012-telugu/|title=Best of 2012-Telugu|publisher=Musicperk.com|access-date=25 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128125340/http://www.musicperk.com/best-of-2012-telugu/|archive-date=28 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Release==

===Pre-release business===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;"
|+''Julayi'' Pre-release business<ref name="eenaducinema.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.eenaducinema.com/movie-news/julayi-raked-in-strong-pre-release-revenues/1919.html |title=Julayi Raked in Strong Pre-Release Revenues, Julayi Raked in Strong Pre-Release Revenues |website=www.eenaducinema.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328225337/http://www.eenaducinema.com/movie-news/julayi-raked-in-strong-pre-release-revenues/1919.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="greatandhra.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/julayi-makes-rs-35-crore-pre-release-revenues-39712.html |title=Julayi Makes Rs 35 Crore Pre-Release Revenues | greatandhra.com |website=www.greatandhra.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328223818/http://www.greatandhra.com/movies/movie-news/julayi-makes-rs-35-crore-pre-release-revenues-39712.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
! Territories and ancillary revenues
! Price
|-
| AP Distribution rights (Siri Media)
| {{INRConvert|23|c}}
|-
| Satellite rights with a TV channel
| {{INRConvert|5.7|c}}
|-
| Overseas & home video rights with Ficus & Volga
| {{INRConvert|3.5|c}}
|-
| Music rights (Aditya Music)
|{{INRConvert|0.7|c}}
|-
| Karnataka rights with RNR Films
| {{INRConvert|3|c}}
|-
| Kerala distribution rights
| {{INRConvert|1.2|c}}
|-
|Total
|{{INRConvert|37.1|c}}
|-
|}

In February 2012, it was announced that Telugu film director and producer [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] has bought the [[Andhra Pradesh]] distribution rights of the film for an amount of {{INRConvert|23|c}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dasari creates sensation by buying Allu Arjun's film for Rs 23 crs|date=17 February 2012 |url=http://www.ragalahari.com/news/13518/dasari-creates-sensation-by-buying-allu-arjuns-film-for-rs-23-crs.aspx|publisher=Ragalahari|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> It was also reported that [[Dasari Narayana Rao]] will release the film under Siri Media. It was reported that it was the highest amount ever paid for an Allu Arjun film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dasari buys Allu Arjun – Trivikram film|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/dasari-buys-allu-arjun-trivikram-film-news-telugu-mcroW2eajbg.html?ref=false|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422154821/http://www.sify.com/movies/dasari-buys-allu-arjun-trivikram-film-news-telugu-mcroW2eajbg.html?ref=false|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 April 2014|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> It was reported in April 2012 that Ficus had acquired the overseas theatrical distribution rights of the film excluding [[Singapore]] and [[Malaysia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/news/julayi_apr092012.php |title=News : Ficus bags Allu Arjun – Trivikram's 'Julayi' |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref> In July 2012, it was reported that the satellite rights were sold for {{INRConvert|5.7|c}} to [[Star Maa]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Julayi satellite rights sells for Rs. 5.70 cr|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/julayi-satellite-rights-sells-for-rs-570-cr/272115-71-216.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721085937/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/julayi-satellite-rights-sells-for-rs-570-cr/272115-71-216.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2012|publisher=IBN LIVE|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> [[Kerala]] distribution rights were sold for {{INRConvert|1.2|c}} which is a record in terms of [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=21&sectid=edid=&edlabel=BGMIR&mydateHid=19-08-2012&pubname=Mirror+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02100&publabel=MM |title=Archived copy |website=mobilepaper.timesofindia.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407081950/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=21&sectid=edid=&edlabel=BGMIR&mydateHid=19-08-2012&pubname=Mirror+-+Bangalore&edname=&articleid=Ar02100&publabel=MM |archive-date=7 April 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Theatrical===
The film was released worldwide on over 1600 screens on 8 August 2012. It is the biggest release of Allu Arjun's career<ref name="ref1"/> ''Gajapokkiri'', the [[Malayalam]] dubbed version of the film was released on 17 August 2012.<ref name="GP">{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun to compete with 6 Mallu superstars|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/allarjun-6malusuperstars.html|publisher=idlebrain|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Allu Arjun's Julayi as Gaja pokkiri in Malayalam|url=http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Allu-Arjun%27s-Julayi-as-Gaja-pokkiri-in-Malayalam--4-207584.html|access-date=19 January 2018|website=Telugu.way2movies.com|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225084631/http://telugu.way2movies.com/newssingle_telugu/Allu-Arjun%27s-Julayi-as-Gaja-pokkiri-in-Malayalam--4-207584.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was also dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] as ''Dangerous Khiladi'' in 2013.

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Julayi'' collected {{INRConvert|8.5|c}} nett at [[Andhra Pradesh|AP]] box office on its first day. The film collected {{INRConvert|32|c}} nett at AP box office on its first week.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}} ''Julayi'' collected {{INRConvert|7.54|c}} nett share in rest of India and overseas on its first week and {{INRConvert|3.5|c}} nett at overseas in eight day, extended first week.

''Julayi'' opened very well overseas and collected more than $1 million. In [[United States|USA]], the film collected more than $600,000 including premiere shows in its first weekend.<ref>{{cite news|last=A S|first=Sashidhar|title=Allu Arjun's Julayi USA collections|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Allu-Arjuns-Julayi-USA-collections/articleshow/15489075.cms|access-date=14 August 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 August 2012}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' reported that ''Julayi'' has collected over $569,436 (Rs. 3.15 crore) over the weekend in US with the per screen average for the film being around $12,379.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bollywood Hungama – Julayi|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/id/433|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816211029/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/trade/boxofficeoverseas/id/433|archive-date=16 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

With ''Julayi'', Allu Arjun became the fourth Telugu actor whose film collected a distributor share {{INRConvert|47.9|c}} at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/julayi-400 million.html|title=Julayi to join 100 crore club Allu Arjun is the 2nd best film to join and 2nd Mega hero to do so|publisher=idlebrain.com|access-date=25 August 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film has completed 50 days on 27 September 2012. ''Julayi'' got pre-release revenue's up to {{INRConvert|37.2|c}} making table profits to the producer.

===Critical response===
''Julayi'' received positive reviews from critics.

Riya Chakravarty of ''[[NDTV]]'' wrote, "Overall, the movie caters to all ages. Watch the movie for its witty dialogues and energetic performances."<ref>{{cite web|last=Chakravarty|first=Riya|title=Movie review: Julayi|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120211940&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=253110|publisher=NDTV|access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' described the film as "high on energy and wit" and commented that "''Julayi'' has all the staple ingredients that characterise a Telugu masala entertainer" and concluded that "brain matches brawn in this masala entertainer."<ref>{{cite news|last=Devi Dundoo|first=Sangeetha|title=Julayi – High on energy and wit|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article3746259.ece|work=The Hindu|date=9 August 2012 |access-date=10 August 2012}}</ref>

Karthik Pasupulate of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "The movie has enough in it for Allu Arjun fans to dig into it, the others might not find it as amusing."<ref>{{cite news|last=Pasupulate|first=Karthik|title=Julayi Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/movie-reviews/Julayi/movie-review/15419025.cms|access-date=10 August 2012|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 August 2012}}</ref> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff]]'' criticised the film and felt it to be a "no brainer which loses steam because of the glaring lack of logic" and "gaping plot-holes." She lauded Allu Arjun for "carrying the film on his capable shoulders, hurling punches (both verbal and physical), bashing up goons and going gaga for his girl."<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: Julayi lacks logic|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-julayi-lacks-logic/20120813.htm|publisher=Rediff|date=13 August 2012|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref> ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' declared it as "lackluster" and noted that the film was "more amusing than intelligent". It also felt that the film is "far from being either a romance/laugh riot."<ref>{{cite web|title=Telugu Review: 'Julayi' is lacklustre|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-julayi-is-lacklustre/280937-71-218.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812163058/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-julayi-is-lacklustre/280937-71-218.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2012|publisher=IBNLive|date=10 August 2012|access-date=17 August 2012}}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[Nandi Awards of 2012]]
|[[Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film|Best Popular Feature Film]]
|[[S. Radha Krishna]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Nandi Award for Best Male Dubbing Artist|Best Male Dubbing Artist]]
|[[P. Ravi Shankar]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="11"|[[2nd South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film (Telugu)|Best Film (Telugu)]]
|S. Radha Krishna, D.V.V. Danayya
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director (Telugu)|Best Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Trivikram Srinivas]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor (Telugu)|Best Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Allu Arjun]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)|Best Supporting Actor (Telugu)]]
|[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)|Best Actor in a Negative Role (Telugu)]]
|[[Sonu Sood]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian (Telugu)|Best Comedian (Telugu)]]
|[[Brahmanandam]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Music Director (Telugu)|Best Music Director (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist (Telugu)|Best Lyricist (Telugu)]]
|[[Devi Sri Prasad]] - "O Madhu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)|Best Male Playback Singer (Telugu)]]
|[[Adnan Sami]] - "O Madhu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Fight Choreographer
|[[Peter Hein]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer
| [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] - "Julai"
|{{won}}

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|2330927}}

{{Trivikram Srinivas}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Popular Feature Film}}

[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:2012 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2012 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s chase films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian chase films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films about witness protection]]
[[Category:Films directed by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Trivikram Srinivas]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:2012 masala films]]
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Balapur Assembly constituency

2026-04-17T08:37:13Z

JoannePettiford:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Balapur
| constituency_no = 29
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 29-Balapur.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
| district = [[Akola district|Akola]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Nitin Deshmukh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors =311,167
}}
'''Balapur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 constituencies of Maharashtra State Assembly and one of the five which are located in [[Akola district]].

It is a part of the [[Akola (Lok Sabha constituency)]] along with five other assembly constituencies, viz [[Akot Assembly constituency|Akot]], [[Akola West Assembly constituency|Akola West]] and [[Akola East Assembly constituency|Akola East]], [[Murtizapur Assembly constituency|Murtizapur (SC)]] and [[Risod Assembly constituency|Risod]] from the [[Washim district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=14 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 29 Balapur Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
1. Balapur Tehsil, 2. Patur Tehsil, 3. Akola Tehsil (Part) Revenue Circle - Ugawa of the [[Akola district]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule XVII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule XVII Maharashtra, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2015-03-11 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class = wikitable
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan=2|[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| Dagadu Palaspagar & <br> Kazi Syed Ghiyasuddin Kazi Syed Nasiruddin
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan=2|Ghiyasuddin Kazi
|-
| [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Shriram Mankar
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Madhusudan Vairale]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Govindrao Sarnaik
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Prakashchandra Gujarathi
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=3|dab=yes}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Pralhadrao Khode
|-
| 1981
| Laxmanrao Tayade
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| Govardhan Khotre
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| Kisanrao Raut
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| Narayanrao Gavhankar
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| Laxmanrao Tayade
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Narayanrao Gavhankar
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| rowspan=2|[[Baliram Bhagwan Sirskar|Baliram Sirskar]]
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| Rowspan=2|[[Nitin Deshmukh| Nitin Bhikanrao Deshmukh (Tale)]]
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Balapur">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Balapur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1329.htm |access-date=30 November 2024 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130153601/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S1329.htm |archive-date=30 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nitin Deshmukh| Nitin Bhikanrao Deshmukh (Tale)]] |party = Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 82,088 |percentage = 37.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate =Syed Natiquddin Khatib (S.N. Khatib) |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 70,349 |percentage = 31.83% |change = {{increase}}5.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baliram Bhagwan Sirskar]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 61,192 |percentage = 27.68% |change = {{decrease}}8.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 589 |percentage = 0.27% |change = {{decrease}}0.64 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,739 |percentage = 5.31% |change = {{decrease}}4.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 221,631 |percentage = 71.23% |change = {{increase}}5.11 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 221,042}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 311,167 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nitin Deshmukh| Nitin Bhikanrao Deshmukh (Tale)]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 69,343 |percentage = 35.80% |change = {{increase}}31.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Dhairyavardhan Haribhau Pundkar |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 50,555 |percentage = 26.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Rahman Khan Haji Kale Khan |party = All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 44,507 |percentage = 22.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sangram Gulabrao Gawande |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 16,497 |percentage = 8.52% |change = {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dudhe Tukaram Ukarda |party = Swabhimani Paksha |votes = 6,262 |percentage = 3.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,753 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,788 |percentage = 9.70% |change = {{increase}}5.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,636 |percentage = 66.12% |change = {{increase}}5.84 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 193,690}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 295,885 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |swing = {{increase}}11.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baliram Bhagwan Sirskar]] |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 41,426 |percentage = 24.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Natiquddin Khatib (S.N. Khatib) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,487 |percentage = 20.56% |change = {{decrease}}6.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thorat Tejrao Uttamrao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,741 |percentage = 18.32% |change = {{decrease}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sandip Dadarao Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 18,547 |percentage = 11.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanrao Haribhau Gavhankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,230 |percentage = 9.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hidayat Khan Rum Khan |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 7,919 |percentage = 4.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kalin Wamanrao Lande |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 6,722 |percentage = 4.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukim Ahmad |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,901 |percentage = 1.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 901 |percentage = 0.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,939 |percentage = 4.14% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,841 |percentage = 60.28% |change = {{increase}}2.89 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,765}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 280,085 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.97 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}3.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Baliram Bhagwan Sirskar]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 39,581 |percentage = 27.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaya Begum Natiquoddin Khatib |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,991 |percentage = 26.72% |change = {{increase}}9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhankar Narayanrao Haribhau |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,491 |percentage = 21.45% |change = {{decrease}}19.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Nitin Deshmukh| Nitin Bhikanrao Deshmukh (Tale)]] |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 25,022 |percentage = 17.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prashant Kashiram Lothe |party = Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 1,714 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammedsadiq Mohammed ismaile |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,334 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mohammedibrahim Ab. Subhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,141 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devanand Jyotiram Gawai|party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,136 |percentage = 0.80% |change = {{decrease}}1.04 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,590 |percentage = 1.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.55 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 142,288 |percentage = 57.39% |change = {{decrease}}7.68 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 142,159}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 247,924 |ref = |change = {{increase}}25.88 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhankar Narayanrao Haribhau |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,157 |percentage = 40.71% |change = {{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sy. Mohsin Bhai |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 44,889 |percentage = 35.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Natiquddin Khatib (S.N. Khatib) |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,340 |percentage = 17.44% |change = {{decrease}}22.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Shriram Mankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,907 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Atul Damodar Amankar |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,355 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. D. S. Thorat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,921 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhukar Onkar Tarhale |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,547 |percentage = 1.21% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,268 |percentage = 5.67% |change = {{decrease}}4.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 128,162 |percentage = 65.07% |change = {{increase}}3.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,116}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 196,952 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.45 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Tayade Laxmanrao Babuji |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 40,228 |percentage = 39.49% |change = {{increase}}18.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhankar Narayanrao Haribhau |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,376 |percentage = 28.84% |change = {{decrease}}0.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tathod Sevakram Mahadeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,161 |percentage = 15.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukim Ahmad Abdul Rasheed |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 14,716 |percentage = 14.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nikhade Prakash Rajaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 690 |percentage = 0.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,852 |percentage = 10.65% |change = {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 109,425 |percentage = 61.92% |change = {{decrease}}15.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,873}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,716 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.09 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gavhankar Narayanrao Haribhau |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 36,844 |percentage = 29.40% |change = {{decrease}}11.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhomane Suryabhan Narayan |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 35,582 |percentage = 28.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Syed Natiquddin Khatib (S.N. Khatib)|party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,757 |percentage = 20.55% |change = {{increase}}5.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhankha Haji Kalekha |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,241 |percentage = 8.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tathod Prakashrao Shankarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,445 |percentage = 5.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baldeorao Shridhar Mahaisane |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,385 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Satav Pandurang Sakharam |party = Janata Dal |votes = 2,110 |percentage = 1.68% |change = {{increase}}0.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanta Ramrao Mhaisane |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,080 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,262 |percentage = 1.01% |change = {{decrease}}5.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 127,571 |percentage = 77.42% |change = {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 125,325}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 164,779 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}11.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kisanrao Babanrao Raut |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,183 |percentage = 40.88% |change = {{increase}}14.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gazi Mohammadali Qaz Mohammed Ibrahimali |party = All-India Muslim League |votes = 32,870 |percentage = 34.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tirukh Devidas Namdeo |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 14,471 |percentage = 15.10% |change = {{decrease}}24.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raut Kanardhan Pundlik |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,121 |percentage = 5.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao Amutrrao Mankar |party = Janata Dal |votes = 1,330 |percentage = 1.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,313 |percentage = 6.59% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,108 |percentage = 66.21% |change = {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,858}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,661 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.86 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khotre Gowardhan Janadan |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,207 |percentage = 39.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdullaha Khan Manzer Manwerkhan |party = Independent politician |votes = 24,206 |percentage = 32.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshmukh Vasantrao Bapurao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,395 |percentage = 26.07% |change = {{decrease}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ghatol Shivlal Sukhadeo |party = Independent politician |votes = 697 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,001 |percentage = 6.72% |change = {{decrease}}6.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,090 |percentage = 63.22% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,405}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 120,354 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}10.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1981 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1981 elections in India#Maharashtra|1981 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = L. B. Tayade |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 34,515 |percentage = 49.66% |change = {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. V. Bapurao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 25,165 |percentage = 36.21% |change = {{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Vithalrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,314 |percentage = 10.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. K. Mankkar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,339 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. S. Dharmaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 480 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,350 |percentage = 13.45% |change = {{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,500}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khode Pralhadrao Narayanrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 20,039 |percentage = 35.00% |change = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khandare Shankar Rao Sambhuji |party = Republican Party of India (Khobragade) |votes = 11,739 |percentage = 20.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akbar Vakil Sheikh Abdar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,012 |percentage = 17.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Tirukh Devidas Namdeo |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 9,758 |percentage = 17.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gadgil Chandrashekar Shambhurao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,008 |percentage = 5.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nawakar Namdeorao Ganpat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,135 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gujrathi Prakashchandra Nathulal |party = Independent politician |votes = 911 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kanjarkar Prakash Bhaskarrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 412 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,300 |percentage = 14.50% |change = {{increase}}8.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,082 |percentage = 54.03% |change = {{decrease}}16.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,255}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,349 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.05 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}3.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Gujarathi Prakashchandra Alias Banduseth Nattulal |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,469 |percentage = 31.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Akbar Vakil Sheikh Abdar |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,434 |percentage = 26.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vairale Madhusudan Atmaram |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,523 |percentage = 17.72% |change = {{decrease}}52.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Karale Devidas Marotirao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,311 |percentage = 16.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingale Namdeo Sharwan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,353 |percentage = 1.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ingle Bhagwantrao Ramrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 1.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandrao Awadhut Mankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,107 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Motiram Kisan Gadage |party = Independent politician |votes = 881 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,035 |percentage = 5.71% |change = {{decrease}}45.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,014 |percentage = 70.81% |change = {{increase}}7.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 70,673}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,114 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.95 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}37.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Govindrao S. Sarnayak |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,832 |percentage = 69.75% |change = {{increase}}16.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandrao S. Bhuskute |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,859 |percentage = 18.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Kwankhade |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 6,118 |percentage = 11.59% |change = {{decrease}}16.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,973 |percentage = 51.08% |change = {{increase}}25.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,828 |percentage = 63.79% |change = {{decrease}}5.62 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 52,809}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,782 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.67 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}16.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Madhusudan Vairale]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,690 |percentage = 53.65% |change = {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. H. Mankar |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 14,888 |percentage = 27.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. A. Ingle |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,557 |percentage = 16.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. K. Tayde |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,339 |percentage = 2.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,802 |percentage = 25.81% |change = {{increase}}13.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 58,291 |percentage = 69.41% |change = {{increase}}0.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,474}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,979 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}0.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shriram Haribhau Mankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,173 |percentage = 54.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Syed Gayasuddin Syed Nasiruddin |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 19,561 |percentage = 42.23% |change = {{decrease}}16.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sampat Jamuji Wankhede |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,583 |percentage = 3.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,612 |percentage = 12.12% |change = {{decrease}}11.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,055 |percentage = 69.18% |change = {{increase}}1.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 46,317}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,795 |ref = |change = {{increase}}16.58 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}4.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Syed Ghiyasuddin Kazi Syed Nasiruddin |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,208 |percentage = 59.04% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mankar Anandrao Awadhut |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 15,291 |percentage = 35.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kahate Wasantrao Dajipant |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,196 |percentage = 5.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,917 |percentage = 23.23% |change = {{increase}}22.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,695 |percentage = 67.45% |change = {{decrease}}23.78 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 42,695}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,301 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}33.20 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}29.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Balapur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kazi Syed Ghiyasuddin Kazi Syed Nasiruddin |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,944 |percentage = 30.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dagdu Zangoji Palaspagar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,411 |percentage = 29.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramkrishna Shrawan Rathod |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,449 |percentage = 7.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wamanrao Namdeorao Mankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,823 |percentage = 6.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bajirao Ganpatrao Mahalle |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 5,451 |percentage = 6.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ulkuda Govind Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,840 |percentage = 5.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wasantrao Dajipant Kahate |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,985 |percentage = 4.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shankar Sadu Pan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,249 |percentage = 3.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Tanaji Khandare |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 3,078 |percentage = 3.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kisan Govind Ingale |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,214 |percentage = 2.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 533 |percentage = 0.62% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,444 |percentage = 91.23% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,444}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,758 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Balapur, Akola district|Balapur]] taluqa
*[[Patur]] taluqa

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}
* {{cite web |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3726-maharashtra-2014/ |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/MaharashtraAssemblyElection2014 |archive-date=5 Dec 2023 |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}
* {{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3724-maharashtra-2009/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 25 April 2023}}

{{coord|20|39|58.31|N|76|46|15.71|E|region:IN|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Akola district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:25:44Z

JoannePettiford: made the biography first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South
|type = SLA
|mla = [[Narinder Singh Raina]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|district = [[Jammu district|Jammu]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]
|established = 2022
|electors = 
|reservation =
|constituency_no = 74
}}

'''Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Ranbir Singh Pora]] is also part of [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Notification by Delimitation Commission |url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017204253/https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2022/235556.pdf |archive-date=17 October 2022 |website=egazette.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Final Delimitation Order |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924222358/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/Delimitation/English%20Final%20JK.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2022 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituency map |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524150644/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/J&K%20AC%20map%20new.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2023 |website=Jammu and Kashmir CEO}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Bhagat Chhaju Ram || {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || K. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Rangil Singh
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | [[Janak Raj Gupta]]
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Ranjit Singh
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || Ram Chand || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || [[Suman Lata Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || [[Gharu Ram Bhagat]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Gagan Bhagat]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]] || [[Narinder Singh Raina|Dr. Narinder Singh Raina]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0874.htm|access-date=9 July 2025|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709124713/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0874.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Narinder Singh Raina|Dr. Narinder Singh Raina]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,317 |percentage=49.23 |change={{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raman Bhalla]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,351 |percentage=47.00 |change={{increase}}41.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdev Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=737 |percentage=0.84 |change={{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=432 |percentage=0.49 |change={{decrease}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,966 |percentage=2.23 |change= {{decrease}}19.83 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,990 |percentage=90.92 |change= {{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,779 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.63 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gagan Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=25,696 |percentage=41.65 |change={{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bushan Lal |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=12,086 |percentage=19.59 |change={{increase}}18.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. R. Kundal |party=Independent politician |votes=11,140 |percentage=18.06 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Lal Mottan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,852 |percentage=9.49 |change={{decrease}}12.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suman Lata Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,665 |percentage=5.94 |change={{decrease}}20.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajaib Singh Motan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=966 |percentage=1.57 |change={{decrease}}6.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=594 |percentage=0.96 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=336 |percentage=0.54 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,610 |percentage=22.06 |change= {{increase}}19.09 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,694 |percentage=77.53 |change= {{increase}}0.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,570 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.90 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}12.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Gharu Ram Bhagat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,902 |percentage=28.95 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suman Lata Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,272 |percentage=25.98 |change={{decrease}}15.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Lal Mottan |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,929 |percentage=21.72 |change={{increase}}15.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Kumar Bhagat |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=5,104 |percentage=9.29 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajaib Singh Motan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,585 |percentage=8.35 |change={{increase}}1.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=793 |percentage=1.44 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishamber Dass Gorka |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=650 |percentage=1.18 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,630 |percentage=2.97 |change= {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,932 |percentage=76.56 |change= {{increase}}15.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 71,752 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.45 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Suman Lata Bhagat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,669 |percentage=41.40 |change={{increase}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Lal Mottan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=16,485 |percentage=34.70 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rachh Paul Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,430 |percentage=7.22 |change={{decrease}}30.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Lal Bhagat |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,072 |percentage=6.47 |change={{decrease}}10.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jatinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,145 |percentage=4.52 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajaib Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=738 |percentage=1.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mohinder Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=610 |percentage=1.28 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,184 |percentage=6.70 |change= {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,507 |percentage=61.40 |change= {{decrease}}5.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,388 |ref = |change= {{increase}}46.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bahujan Samaj Party |swing= {{increase}}3.33 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=13,379 |percentage=38.07 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Romesh Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,850 |percentage=33.72 |change={{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=5,843 |percentage=16.63 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,372 |percentage=9.60 |change={{decrease}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Parkash |party=Janata Dal |votes=699 |percentage=1.99 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,529 |percentage=4.35 |change= {{decrease}}7.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,143 |percentage=67.95 |change= {{decrease}}10.04 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,830 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.03 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bahujan Samaj Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}0.56 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=14,043 |percentage=37.51 |change={{decrease}}12.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=9,523 |percentage=25.44 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,904 |percentage=18.44 |change={{increase}}11.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girdhari Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,961 |percentage=7.91 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sain Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,817 |percentage=4.85 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkar Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=880 |percentage=2.35 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=462 |percentage=1.23 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,520 |percentage=12.07 |change= {{decrease}}2.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=37,439 |percentage=77.47 |change= {{increase}}4.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 48,903 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.91 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.22 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janak Raj Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,744 |percentage=49.73 |change={{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Singh Chib]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,221 |percentage=35.44 |change={{increase}}30.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,164 |percentage=6.83 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,117 |percentage=3.53 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj Dogra |party=Independent politician |votes=841 |percentage=2.66 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daljit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=229 |percentage=0.72 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,523 |percentage=14.29 |change= {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,661 |percentage=73.94 |change= {{decrease}}0.95 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 43,697 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Janak Raj Gupta]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,603 |percentage=48.46 |change={{decrease}}12.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangil Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=7,166 |percentage=27.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,298 |percentage=12.68 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Piara Singh |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=1,395 |percentage=5.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=960 |percentage=3.69 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Durga Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=501 |percentage=1.93 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,437 |percentage=20.91 |change= {{decrease}}16.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,007 |percentage=74.38 |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,431 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}12.00 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangil Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,577 |percentage=60.46 |change={{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sain Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=5,206 |percentage=23.18 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Baldev Singh Chib |party=Independent politician |votes=1,772 |percentage=7.89 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,130 |percentage=5.03 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Nath |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=453 |percentage=2.02 |change={{decrease}}4.71 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,371 |percentage=37.28 |change= {{increase}}16.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,456 |percentage=80.84 |change= {{increase}}7.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,535 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,525 |percentage=49.99 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Raj |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,985 |percentage=29.23 |change={{decrease}}26.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,148 |percentage=6.73 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Chand |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=824 |percentage=4.83 |change={{decrease}}29.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=3.50 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=F. Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=568 |percentage=3.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=227 |percentage=1.33 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,540 |percentage=20.76 |change= {{decrease}}0.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,053 |percentage=76.61 |change= {{decrease}}6.31 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,904 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}5.53 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Ranbir Singh Pora–Jammu South<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagat Chhaju Ram |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=8,199 |percentage=55.52 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Ram |party=Democratic National Conference |votes=5,027 |percentage=34.04 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand S/O Gulab Dass |party=Harijan Mandal |votes=1,207 |percentage=8.17 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Chand S/O Pohlu |party=Jammu Praja Parishad |votes=334 |percentage=2.26 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,172 |percentage=21.48 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,767 |percentage=79.40 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,017 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ranbir Singh Pora]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|32.61|74.73|display=title}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Jammu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Mathil

2026-04-05T19:33:19Z

JoannePettiford: made new stub - done

{{Short description|2021 Indian film by Mithran R. Jawahar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mathil
| image = Mathil Poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Mithran R. Jawahar]]
| producer = Singa Sankaran (SS Group)
| writer = Jothi Arunachalam<br/>Ezhichur Aravindan
| starring = [[K. S. Ravikumar]]<br/>[[Mime Gopi]]<br/>[[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumita]]
| music = L. V. Muthu Ganesh
| cinematography = G. Balamurugan
| editing = M. Thiyagarajan
| studio = SS Group
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2021|4|14|}}
| runtime = 104 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Mathil''''' ({{translation|Wall}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Mithran R. Jawahar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=நேரடியாக ஓடிடி தளத்தில் வெளியாகும் கே.எஸ்.ரவிகுமார் திரைப்படம் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/2021/03/27184204/2482318/Tamil-cinema-KS-Ravikumar-movie-release-ott.vpf |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=இயக்குனரும் நடிகருமான கே.எஸ்.ரவிகுமார் நடிக்கும் 'மதில்' - KS Ravikumar stars in new Social Drama 'Mathil' {{!}} பெமினா |url=https://www.femina.in/tamil/celebs/kollywood/ks-ravikumar-stars-in-new-social-drama-mathil-2456.html |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=www.femina.in |language=ta}}</ref> The film stars [[K. S. Ravikumar]], [[Mime Gopi]] and [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumita]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-28 |title=KS Ravikumar to star in OTT film titled Mathil directed by Mithran Jawahar |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/03/28001251/1283593/KS-Ravikumar-to-star-in-OTT-film-titled-Mathil-directed-.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418130609/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/03/28001251/1283593/KS-Ravikumar-to-star-in-OTT-film-titled-Mathil-directed-.vpf |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=dtNext.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=ஓடிடியில் வெளியாகும் கே.எஸ். ரவிக்குமாரின் 'மதில்': மனசாட்சிப்படி எதிரிகளை சந்திக்கும் உரிமைக்குரல்! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/sitara/cinema/ks-ravikumar-to-star-in-ott-film-titled-mathil-directed-by-mithran-jawahar/tamil-nadu20210328133618509 |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> The cinematography and film editing were handled by G. Balamurugan and M. Thiyagarajan, respectively. The film was digitally released on [[ZEE5]] on 14 April 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=KS Ravikumar stars in Zee5's Mathil |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/mar/28/ks-ravikumar-stars-in-mathil-23642.html |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2021-04-01 |title=5 engaging new movies and shows on Zee5 releasing in April 2021 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/engaging-upcoming-new-movies-shows-on-zee5-releasing-april-2021/ |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=GQ India |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Lakshmikanthan ([[K. S. Ravikumar]]), a theater artist who is enjoying his retired life, is a happy man now as his long dream of owning a home comes true. As someone who has seen his father's struggles without having a home, he is so attached with the newly-built home and shares the same with his daughter, son, and daughter-in-law. But little does he know that his happiness will be short-lived. One day, a few goons who work for Senathipathi ([[Mime Gopi]]), a dreaded politician in the locality, paint their party symbol on Lakshmi's house wall. Upon complaining to the nearby sub-inspector Veeramuthu ([[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]]), a miffed Sena uses his influence and ensures that the power supply to Lakshmi's house is cut off. Lakshmi's friends restore power supply in a far-fetched but partly enjoyable scene, and this irks Sena again. He, in return, destroys his house wall, after which both of them declare war against each other. Lakshmi is a middle-class common man who hardly has any influence, while Sena, on the other hand, is close to being chosen by his party as the MLA candidate. Whether Lakshmi and his drama troupe are able to succeed in this battle against Sena forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as Lakshmikanthan
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Senathipathi
* Shanjith as Vinoth
* [[Swaminathan|Lollu Sabha Swaminathan]] as Ganesan
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha|Madhumitha]]
* [[Dhivya Duraisamy]] as Shanmathi
* [[Srinath (Tamil actor)|Srinath]] as Sub-Inspector Veeramuthu
* Aathreyaa as Hacker
* Rajasimman
* [[Kathadi Ramamurthy]]
}}

== Release ==
The film was digitally released on 14 April 2021 on [[ZEE5]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2021 |title=KS Ravikumar: ஓடிடி-யில் வெளியாகும் கே.எஸ்.ரவிக்குமார் படம்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/cinema-ks-ravikumar-mathil-movie-to-be-released-on-ott-scs-437495.html |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=News18 Tamil |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|date=2021-03-28 |title=இதற்கு தான் இவ்வளவும்... {{!}} KS Ravikumar Mathil movie releasing in OTT |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/95530/cinema/Kollywood/KS-Ravikumar-Mathil-movie-releasing-in-OTT.htm |access-date=2021-04-05 |website=Dinamalar|language=ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Thinkal Menon of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a--half out of five stars and wrote, "With a run time of less than two hours, ''Mathil'' is an okayish film with a few interesting scenes which throw light on a social issue".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/mathil/ottmoviereview/82048464.cms|title=Mathil Movie Review: Mathil|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film two out of five stars and wrote, "The biggest strength of the Mithran Jawahar directorial is definitely KS Ravikumar, who makes a solid start in his first-ever film as the lead".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/tamil/2021/Apr/14/mathil-movie-review-ks-ravikumar-just-about-salvages-a-middling-good-intentioneddrama-23954.html|title=Mathil Movie Review: KS Ravikumar just about salvages a middling good-intentioned drama|first=Avinash|last=Ramachandran|date=14 April 2021|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt14368632}}
{{Mithran R. Jawahar}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:2021 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mithran R. Jawahar]]

John Abraham (director)

2026-03-27T10:13:31Z

JoannePettiford: updated page

{{Short description|Indian film director and screenwriter}}
{{for|the Bollywood actor|John Abraham (actor)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = John Abraham
| image =
| caption = Abraham in [[1986]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1937|8|11}}
| birth_place = [[Chennamkary]], [[Kuttanadu]], [[Alappuzha|Alleppey]], [[Travancore]]<ref name="birth1"/><ref name=birth2>{{cite journal|title=none |author=Skaria Mathew |journal=[[Mathrubhumi Weekly]] |date= 16–22 June 2013 |page=22}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1987|5|31|1937|8|11}}
| death_place = [[Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla]]<br>[[Film and Television Institute of India]]
| occupation = Film director, screenwriter
| website =
| footnotes = "A Wonder in World Cinema" – [[Adoor Bhasi]]
}}
'''John Abraham''' (11 August 1937 – 31 May 1987) was an Indian filmmaker, [[short story writer]] and screenwriter who worked mainly in [[Malayalam cinema]]. His film ''[[Amma Ariyan]]'' (1986) was the only South Indian feature film to make the list of "Top 10 Indian Films" of all time by [[British Film Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Indian Films|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|year=2002|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india|access-date=12 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515101729/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/imagineasia/guide/poll/india/|archive-date=15 May 2011}}</ref> ''Agraharathil Kazhuthai'' was listed among the "100 Greatest Indian Films" of all time by [[IBN Live]]'s 2013 poll.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130607012016/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mayabazar-is-indias-greatest-film-ever-ibnlive-poll/391184-8-66.html "'Mayabazar' is India's greatest film ever"] . [[IBNLive]]. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</ref>

==Early life==
John Abraham was born in [[Chennamkary]], [[Kuttanadu]] in 1937. He is from the Vazhakkat branch, [[Chennamkary]] of the Pattamukkil Family.<ref name=birth1>{{cite book|title=John Abraham|editor=K. N. Shaji|year=2011|publisher=Chintha Publishers}}</ref><ref name=birth2/> He completed his intermediate studies in [[CMS College Kottayam]] staying with his grandfather, who nurtured John's talent in his early days. After completing his degree in (history and politics) from [[Mar Thoma College, Tiruvalla]], he worked as a private college teacher and latter he joined as an [[office assistant]] with [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]] in [[Udupi]], Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date= May 2018}} After that he joined the [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]], [[Pune]] and there he met film-makers such as [[Ritwik Ghatak]] and [[Mani Kaul]]. John graduated out of the [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] with gold medals in screenwriting and film direction. He entered the film industry working as an [[assistant director]] to Mani Kaul for the film ''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1969, Hindi).<ref name="gaekwad">{{cite news |last1=Gaekwad |first1=Manish |title=Will the real John Abraham please stand up? |url=https://scroll.in/reel/606/will-the-real-john-abraham-please-stand-up |access-date=8 June 2018 |work=Scroll.in |date=1 October 2015}}</ref> He has worked for some [[Hindi]] projects that was shot in [[Kerala]], but none were released. John's first attempt in direction came in 1967 named ''[[Vidyarthikale Ithile Ithile]]''. It was the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]'' (1977) that gave John recognition.<ref name="Remembering filmmaker John Abraham: When a donkey became the central character of his film - Times of India">{{Cite news |title=Remembering filmmaker John Abraham: When a donkey became the central character of his film - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/remembering-filmmaker-john-abraham-when-a-donkey-became-the-central-character-of-his-film/articleshow/85235242.cms |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career ==
John entered the film industry working as an [[assistant director]] to Mani Kaul for the film ''[[Uski Roti]]'' (1969, Hindi).<ref name="gaekwad" /> He has worked for some [[Hindi]] projects that was shot in [[Kerala]], but none were released. John's first attempt in direction came in 1967 named ''[[Vidyarthikale Ithile Ithile]]''. It was the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]'' (1977) that gave John recognition.<ref name="Remembering filmmaker John Abraham: When a donkey became the central character of his film - Times of India" />

He completed only four films, namely ''[[Vidyarthikale Ithile Ithile]]'' (1972),<ref name="Vidyaarthikale Ithile Ithile (1972)">{{Cite web |title=Vidyaarthikale Ithile Ithile (1972) |url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=408 |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref> ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]'' (1977, Tamil), ''[[Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal|Cheriachante Krurakrithyangal]]'' (1979,<ref name="100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time {{!}} Movies News Photos-IBNLive">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-25 |title=100 Years of Indian Cinema: The 100 greatest Indian films of all time {{!}} Movies News Photos-IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-89.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425235230/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/13200-89.html |archive-date=25 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="John Abraham: Cheriyachente Kroora Krithyangal">{{Cite web |date=2009-01-20 |title=John Abraham: Cheriyachente Kroora Krithyangal |url=http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/cheriyachan.html |access-date=2021-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120124134/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/cheriyachan.html |archive-date=20 January 2009 }}</ref> [[Malayalam]]) and ''[[Amma Ariyan]]'' (1986, [[Malayalam]]).<ref name="John, the iconic filmmaker, comes alive on screen">{{Cite web |last=Sudhish |first=Navamy |date=2018-06-09 |title=John, the iconic filmmaker, comes alive on screen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/john-the-iconic-filmmaker-comes-alive-on-screen/article24125167.ece |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Odessa Collective ===
Under John, the ''Odessa Collective'' came into existence in 1984 with a street drama in [[Fort Kochi]] named ''Nayykali'' (The game of dogs). ''Odessa'' was an attempt by a group of movie enthusiasts to change the history of film production and distribution by making it a collaborative effort with the public and thus act as an empowering and liberating medium.<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/culture-cauldron/John-Abraham-New-Indian-Cinemas-most-creative-representative/articleshow/3091515.cms?curpg=3 ''Economic Times of India'': John Abraham: New Indian Cinema's most creative representative]</ref> For the financing of the first film produced by Odessa, John and his friends travelled through villages and collected money from the general public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/john.html |title=John Abraham |access-date=2008-12-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119082938/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/john.html |archive-date=19 January 2009 }}</ref> Odessa also collected funds for the film by screening [[Charlie Chaplin]]'s ''[[The Kid (1921 film)|The Kid]]''. The film, ''[[Amma Ariyan]]'' (Report to mother) (1986) was exhibited across the state of [[Kerala]] on a non-commercial basis,<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/art_kerala_cinema.php | title=National Portal of India}}</ref> an initiative kept alive, after John's death, by his colleague and co-founder of Odessa Collective, [[Odessa Sathyan]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite web | url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/9203/noted-documentary-filmmaker-odessa-sathyan-dies/E | title=Mathrubhumi | publisher=Mathrubhumi | work=Article and video | date=19 August 2014 | access-date=20 August 2014 | archive-date=20 August 2014 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140820024407/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/9203/noted-documentary-filmmaker-odessa-sathyan-dies/E | url-status=dead }}</ref>

He started shooting a documentary based on the life of [[E.M.S. Namboodiripad]], but never completed it.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/john-abraham-and-the-socio-political-contexts-of-new-cinema-kerala |title=John Abraham and the Socio-Political Contexts of New Cinema in Kerala |date=2018-06-08 |website=[[sahapedia]] |access-date=2018-06-29}}</ref>

The media called him ''Ottayan'' (The Lone [[Elephant|Tusker]]).<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=795869228339318784 |user=AkashvaniAIR |title="Ottayan- The Lone Tusker" The programme will detail the life and legacy of John Abraham, hailed as 'Ottayan' or the 'Lone Tusker.' |date=7 November 2016}}</ref>

He has left behind a number of complete and incomplete scripts. A collection of his stories had been published under the title Nerchakkozhi. Another collection of his stories has been published posthumously under the title ''John Abrahaminte Kathakal'' by Pakshikkottam Books, [[Thiruvananthapuram]] in 1993.<ref name="JOHN ABRAHAMINTE KATHAKAL">{{Cite book |date=2021-10-30 |title=JOHN ABRAHAMINTE KATHAKAL |id={{ASIN|812645220X|country=in}} }}</ref>

==Death==
On 30 May 1987 John was admitted to the [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Kozhikode Medical College]] hospital following his fall from a house top after a party. He was not identified by the hospital authorities, and allegedly not given due attention and medical care, which caused his condition to deteriorate, leading to his death on 31 May.<ref>Abhish K Bose (12 June 2013). Later, neuro-surgeon B.Iqbal lamented and apologized for Abraham's pathetic death. While Abraham was fighting for his life at the casualty room in Calicut Medical College, Iqbal was working there. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130613135229/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130612/news-current-affairs/article/john-was-unknown-medical-staff "John Abraham was unknown to medical staff"]. ''Deccan Chronicle''. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</ref> Following the allegations of medical negligence, a departmental inquiry was conducted into the incident. 26 years after John's death, social activist [[B. Ekbal]] who was a surgeon at the Kozhikode Medical College when John was admitted for treatment, revealed that the director could have been saved if his identity was known to the doctors at the time of admission. He said the doctors at the casualty did not know John and mistook him for a film representative when he said that he was a filmmaker. In a Facebook post, Ekbal said the doctors failed to diagnose internal bleeding suffered by John and to check his blood pressure which could have prevented him from slipping into a shock through a timely surgery.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/26-years-after-john-abrahams-death-an-autopsy-on-facebook/article4807864.ece/ "26 years after John Abraham's death, an autopsy on Facebook"]. ''The Hindu''. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.</ref>

==Filmography==
;Documentaries
* 1967: ''Koyna Nagar'' – Director (in English) – Unreleased
* 1969: ''Priya'' – Director (in Hindi) – (John's Diploma film at [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]], [[Pune]])<ref>{{cite web|title=Will the real John Abraham please stand up?|author=Manish Gaekwad|publisher=Scroll|year=2015|url=https://scroll.in/reel/606/will-the-real-john-abraham-please-stand-up|access-date=25 October 2025}}</ref>

* 1969: ''Hides and Strings'' – Director (in English)
;Feature films
* 1972: ''[[Vidyarthikale Ithile Ithile]]'' (''This Way, Students'') – Director (in [[Malayalam]])
** Screenplay: M Azad — Cast: [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]], [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Jayabharathi]], S. P. Pillai – Cinematography: [[Ramachandra Babu]] – Music: [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
* 1977: ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]'' (''Donkey in the Elite Colony'') – Director and screenwriter (in [[Tamil language|Tamil]])
** Screenplay: [[Venkat Saminathan]] – Cast: [[M. B. Sreenivasan]], |Swathi, Savitri, Raman Veeraraghavan – Cinematography: [[Ramachandra Babu]] – Art Director: Jeevan Thomas — Music: [[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
* 1979: ''[[Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal]]'' (''Cruelties of Cheriyachan'') – Director and screenwriter (in Malayalam)
** Cast: [[Adoor Bhasi]], [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Poornima Jayaram]], Abraham Joseph, [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] – Cinematography: [[Madhu Ambat]] – Music: [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
* 1986: ''[[Amma Ariyan]]'' (''Report to Mother'') – Director and screenwriter (in Malayalam)
** Cast: [[Joy Mathew (director)|Joy Mathew]], Maji Venkitesh, [[Nilambur Balan]], Harinarayanan, Sara Thomas – Cinematography: [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]] – Music: Sunitha

==Books==
* ''Nerchakkozhi'' (1986)
* ''John Abrahaminte Kathakal'' (1993)

==Awards==
'''[[National Film Awards]]:'''
* 1977 – [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]] – ''[[Agraharathil Kazhuthai]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=25th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2023|archive-date=3 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103082138/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 1986 – [[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Amma Ariyan]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/83_34thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=34th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=28 January 2023|archive-date=27 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227063045/https://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/83_34thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''[[Kerala State Film Awards]]:'''
* 1979 – [[Kerala State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] – ''[[Cheriyachante Kroorakrithyangal|Cheriyachente Kroora Krithyangal]]''<ref>{{cite web|title=State Film Awards (1969-80)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303232254/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawares.htm|publisher=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]|access-date=28 January 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
According to one reviewer, John Abraham has influenced an entire generation of filmmakers to think and create content beyond the ordinary. He's one of the founding fathers of Independent Cinema in Malayalam.<ref name="The legend of John - Sreekumar AT - The Sunday Indian">{{Cite web |title=The legend of John - Sreekumar AT - The Sunday Indian |url=http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-legend-of-john/7/36696/ |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=www.thesundayindian.com |archive-date=26 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626023535/http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/the-legend-of-john/7/36696/ |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== John Abraham Award ===
The [[Federation of Film Societies of India]] – Kerala instituted the [[John Abraham Award for Best Malayalam Film]] in 1998. The John Abraham National Awards for Documentary and Short Features are awarded since 2005 for the best documentary and short feature screened in the SIGNS, festival organised by [[Federation of Film Societies of India]] – Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=John Abraham Awards for Best Malayalam Cinema - Looking Back |url=http://ffsikeralam.in/awards.html |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=ffsikeralam.in |publisher=[[Federation of Film Societies of India]] (Kerala)}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=A Tribute to John Abraham, an Avant-Garde Film Director|author=Kandukuri Ramesh Babu}}
* {{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2019-12-06 |title=A tribute to director John Abraham |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/a-tribute-to-filmmaker-john-abraham/article30212989.ece |access-date=2021-10-30 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0008943|John Abraham}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090119082938/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/john.html Profile] at Cinemaofmalayalam
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090822010427/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/2002/05/john.htm Profile] at Weblokam
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090120124139/http://cinemaofmalayalam.net/ghatak_john.html A tribute to Ritwik Ghatak by John]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071121000653/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/ammaariyan.html ''Amma Ariyan'', a study – Manuvilsan, Rajmohan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080108044412/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/2002/05/john1.htm Remembering John – Adoor Bhasi (Malayalam)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112115246/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/2002/05/john2.htm Remembering John – Ramachandra Babu (Malayalam)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080107004503/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/2002/05/john3.htm Remembering John – Venu (Malayalam)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080108025432/http://www.weblokam.com/cinema/profiles/2002/05/john4.htm Remembering John – M.B. Sreenivasan (Malayalam)]
* [https://rajamohan.blogspot.com/2006/04/remembering-john-adoor-gopalakrishnan.html Remembering John – Adoor Gopalakrishnan]
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20040704074813/http://www.chaosmag.net/john.html John Abraham on Indian Film Database by Chaosmag]}}
* [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Features/Culture_Cauldron/John_Abraham_New_Indian_Cinemas_most_creative_representative/rssarticleshow/msid-3091515,curpg-2.cms John Abraham: New Indian Cinema's most creative representative]
* [https://john-odessa.blogspot.com/2007/10/legacy-of-john-abraham-lives-on-anand.html Legacy of John Abraham lives on – (Anand Haridas)]
* [https://john-odessa.blogspot.com/2007/10/john-abraham-biography-source-sakshiin.html John Abraham – A Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121106020503/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2008/08/15/stories/2008081550480100.htm Trailing an icon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100414121934/http://blip.tv/file/2164827 Yours Truly John – Trailer]

{{National Film Award Special Jury Award Feature Film}}
{{John Abraham (director)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abraham}}
[[Category:1937 births|Abraham, John]]
[[Category:1987 deaths|Abraham, John]]
[[Category:Film directors from Alappuzha district|Abraham, John]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Accidental deaths from falls in India]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Special Jury Award (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Filmmaking pioneers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]

2021 Men's T20 World Cup

2026-03-27T00:57:13Z

JoannePettiford: started a stub.

{{Short description|Seventh edition of the ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{for|the women's tournament held in 2020|2020 Women's T20 World Cup}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup
| image = ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 logo.svg
|image_size=250px| fromdate = 17 October
| todate = 14 November 2021
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[Twenty20 International]]
| tournament format = [[Group stage]], [[Tournament#Super 12s|Super 12s]] and [[Tournament#Knockout tournaments|Knockout stages]]
| host = {{ubl|United Arab Emirates|Oman}}
| champions = {{cr|AUS}}
| runner up = {{cr|NZ}}
| count = 1
| participants = 16<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1895073 |title=Ganguly, Sawhney and Shah get countdown to ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 underway |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 November 2020}}</ref>
| matches = 45
| attendance = 378895
| player of the series = {{cricon|AUS}} [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]
| most runs = {{cricon|PAK}} [[Babar Azam]] (303)
| most wickets = {{cricon|SL}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (16)
| previous_year = 2016
| previous_tournament = 2016 World Twenty20
| next_year = 2022
| next_tournament = 2022 Men's T20 World Cup
| website = [https://www.t20worldcup.com/ t20worldcup.com]
}}

The '''2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup''' was the seventh edition of the [[Men's T20 World Cup]], formerly known as the '''ICC World Twenty20''', a [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] tournament that took place from 17 October to 14 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/world-t20-to-be-called-t20-world-cup-from-2020-edition-icc/articleshow/66772304.cms|title=World T20 to be called T20 World Cup from 2020 edition: ICC|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 November 2018 |access-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124064512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/world-t20-to-be-called-t20-world-cup-from-2020-edition-icc/articleshow/66772304.cms|archive-date=24 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The tournament was hosted by [[United Arab Emirates]] and [[Oman]]. It was scheduled to be hosted by Australia in 2020 but later postponed to 2021 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

The tournament was scheduled to be held in Australia from 18 October to 15 November 2020. Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the tournament was postponed to 2021, and relocated to India due to Australian entry restrictions; Australia would be awarded the [[2022 Men's T20 World Cup|2022 tournament]] instead. Due to concerns over the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic situation in India]], the tournament was re-located to stadiums in the United Arab Emirates and Oman, with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) remaining the official hosts.

The [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] were the defending champions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brathwaite sixes take WI to thrilling title win |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-world-twenty20-2016/content/story/994611.html |access-date=3 April 2016 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=World Twenty20: West Indies beat England to claim second title |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/35955518 |access-date=3 April 2016 |work=BBC Sport}}</ref> but were eventually eliminated in the Super 12 stage.<ref>{{Cite news |title=T20 World Cup: Holders West Indies eliminated after Sri Lanka defeat |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59169122 |access-date=4 November 2021 |work=BBC Sport|date=4 November 2021 }}</ref> [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] became the first team to reach the final, after they beat [[England cricket team|England]] by five wickets in the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/126945277/daryl-mitchell-stars-as-black-caps-surge-late-to-stun-england-in-t20-world-cup-semifinal |title=Daryl Mitchell stars as Black Caps surge late to stun England in T20 World Cup semifinal |work=Stuff |date=10 November 2021 |access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> It was the first time that [[New Zealand]] had qualified for a T20 World Cup final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2348289 |title=By the Numbers: New Zealand's incredible chase |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> They were joined in the final by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], who beat [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] by five wickets in the second semi-final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/australia-vs-pakistan-2nd-semi-final-1273755/match-report |title=Wade, Stoinis pull off sensational heist to put Australia in final |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> It was the second time that Australia had qualified for the final of the T20 World Cup, after reaching the final of the [[2010 World Twenty20|2010 tournament]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-pakistan-t20-world-cup-semi-final-dubai-live-scores-video-highlights/2021-11-12 |title=Late fireworks sends Aussies into WC final |work=Cricket Uganda|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> In the final, [[Australia]] beat [[New Zealand]] by eight wickets to win their first T20 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2350367 |title=Marsh and Warner take Australia to T20 World Cup glory |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> [[Mitchell Marsh]] was named the [[Player of the Match awards (cricket)|Player of the Match]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2350721 |title=Magical Marsh innings fires Australia to maiden ICC Men's T20 World Cup crown |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref> with [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] being named the Player of the Tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/australia-new-zealand-t20-world-cup-final-dubai-live-scores-video-highlights/2021-11-15 |title=Champions! Marsh's finest hour leads Aussies to glory |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

== Background ==
Australia were first awarded the tournament in February 2015, with New Zealand expected to co-host. It would have been the first time that Australia would host the men's World Twenty20. The tournament was provisionally scheduled to be held from 18 October to 15 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2015 |title=Australia and New Zealand to host World Twenty20 in 2020 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-10/australia-and-new-zealand-to-host-world-twenty20-in-2020/6083430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025142521/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-02-10/australia-and-new-zealand-to-host-world-twenty20-in-2020/6083430 |archive-date=25 October 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015 |website=abcnet.au}}</ref><ref name="Dates">{{Cite web |date=12 December 2017 |title=IPL now has window in ICC Future Tours Programme |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21746867/ipl-now-window-icc-future-tours-programme |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213041703/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21746867/ipl-now-window-icc-future-tours-programme |archive-date=13 December 2017 |access-date=12 December 2017 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref><ref name="ICC">{{Cite web |title=The road to the men's ICC World T20 Australia 2020 heads to Kuwait as regional qualification groups are confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/669237 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420135629/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/669237 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=20 April 2018 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Prior to the [[2018 Women's World Twenty20 final]], the ICC announced that the men's and women's World Twenty20 would be rebranded as the "T20 World Cup" beginning in 2020, as part of a goal to heighten its profile alongside the ICC's world championships for other formats (the [[Cricket World Cup]] for [[One Day International|ODI]], and [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=World T20 renamed as T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/917529 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200931/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/917529 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=24 November 2018 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-24 |title=ICC renames global T20 tournament |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3295868 |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=Cricket Australia |language=en}}</ref>

In April 2020, the ICC confirmed that despite the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the tournament was still planned to go ahead as scheduled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1659969 |title=ICC update following Chief Executives' meeting |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/52400552 |title=Men's T20 World Cup and Women's 50-over World Cup plans ongoing – ICC |work=BBC Sport |access-date=23 April 2020}}</ref> However, the following month a senior ICC official said that it would be "too big a risk" to host the tournament in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1223856.html |title=T20 World Cup would be 'too big a risk' in 2020 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> The ICC also stated that reports of postponing the tournament were inaccurate, with multiple contingency plans being looked at.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1673609 |title=ICC statement on election of next Chair |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 May 2020}}</ref> A decision on the tournament was originally deferred until the ICC's meeting on 10 June 2020,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29235049/icc-defers-decision-2020-t20-world-cup-june-10 |title=ICC defers decision on 2020 T20 World Cup to June 10 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref> with a further announcement scheduled to be made in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1680065 |title=ICC Board update |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> In June 2020, Earl Eddings, the chairman of [[Cricket Australia]], said that it was "unlikely" and "unrealistic" that the tournament would take place in Australia as scheduled. Eddings also suggested that Australia could host the event in October 2021, and India stage the tournament a year later in 2022. The ICC also considered moving the tournament to be played around the next [[2021 Women's Cricket World Cup|Women's Cricket World Cup]], which was originally scheduled to take place in New Zealand for February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29317301/t20-world-cup-unrealistic-unlikely-year-cricket-australia-chairman |title=T20 World Cup 'unrealistic' and 'unlikely' this year – Cricket Australia chairman |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>

A month before the official postponement, Australian federal tourism minister [[Simon Birmingham]] announced that the Australian government expected that the country's borders would be closed to international travel until 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mobile.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-17/borders-likely-closed-until-next-year-coronavirus-restrictions/12365978|title=Australian borders likely to stay closed until next year, Tourism Minister says|first=Jade|last=Macmillan|work=abc.net.au|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=17 June 2020|access-date=17 June 2020}}</ref> The ICC also confirmed that either Australia or India, the hosts for the tournaments originally scheduled to take place in 2020 and 2021 respectively, would host this tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/1733558 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup in Australia postponed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=20 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/t20-world-cup-postponed-australia-2020-21-summer-of-cricket-schedule-nick-hockley-covid-19/2020-07-21 |title=World Cup call paves the way for summer like no other |work=Cricket Australia |access-date=21 July 2020}}</ref> In August 2020, the ICC confirmed that India are expected to host the 2021 tournament, with Australia expected to the [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1749997 |title= Men's T20WC 2021 in India, 2022 in Australia; Women's CWC postponed |publisher=[[International Cricket Council]] |date=7 August 2020 |access-date=25 September 2020}}</ref> In the same month, the ICC confirmed that Sri Lanka and the United Arab Emirates were being considered as back-up venues for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/29644852/sri-lanka,-uae-back-venues-2021-t20-world-cup |title=Sri Lanka, UAE among back-up venues for 2021 T20 World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=12 August 2020}}</ref>

In April 2021, the ICC's CEO [[Geoff Allardice]] confirmed that back-up plans were still in place if India were unable to host the tournament due to the pandemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-ceo-geoff-allardice-back-up-plans-in-place-if-india-cannot-host-t20-world-cup-1258015 |title=ICC CEO Geoff Allardice: 'Back-up plans' in place if India cannot host T20 World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Later the same month, Dhiraj Malhotra of the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed that the UAE would be used as a contingency,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/56929358 |title=T20 World Cup could be moved to United Arab Emirates, says BCCI |work=BBC Sport |date=29 April 2021 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref> if the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic in India]] continued to get worse.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-mulls-moving-t20-world-cup-to-uae-in-worst-case-scenario-1261868 |title=BCCI mulls moving T20 World Cup to UAE in 'worst case scenario' |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=30 April 2021}}</ref> The BCCI were also in talks with Oman as a potential co-host of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117644/oman-in-the-fray-to-co-host-t20-world-cup |title=Oman in the fray to co-host T20 World Cup |work=CricBuzz |date=5 June 2021 |access-date=5 June 2021}}</ref> On 1 June 2021, the ICC gave the BCCI the deadline of 28 June 2021 to make its decision on where the tournament would be played.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-gives-bcci-june-28-deadline-for-t20-world-cup-decision-1264844 |title=ICC gives BCCI June 28 deadline for T20 World Cup decision |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Regardless of the actual location of the tournament, the ICC also confirmed that the BCCI would remain as the hosts of the competition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2164062 |title=ICC announces expansion of global events |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 June 2021}}</ref> Later, the ICC confirmed that the tournament had been moved to the UAE and Oman.<ref name="ICChost">{{Cite web |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup shifted to UAE, Oman |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2179964 |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=International Cricket Council}}</ref> It was the first time for both the UAE and Oman to be hosting a global ICC event, and also the first occasion that a cricket World Cup was held entirely outside of the [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Test-playing nations]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/t20-world-cup-will-move-to-uae-and-oman-confirms-icc-1.1251079|title=T20 World Cup will move to UAE and Oman, confirms ICC|work=The National|date=29 June 2021|accessdate=3 July 2021|first=Paul|last=Radley|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210703155807/https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/t20-world-cup-will-move-to-uae-and-oman-confirms-icc-1.1251079|archivedate=3 July 2021|url-status=live}}</ref>

Less than two weeks before the start of the tournament, Oman was impacted by [[Cyclone Shaheen]] which passed only a few miles north of the tournament venue in Al-Amerat. Pankaj Khimji, chairman of [[Oman Cricket]], stated that "we were so close to being virtually wiped out [...] had this had happened over here in this area, I'd have said goodbye to the World Cup".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2021/10/6/oman-faced-losing-cricket-world-cup-due-to-deadly-storm|title=Oman faced losing cricket World Cup due to Cyclone Shaheen|publisher=Al-Jazeera|date=6 October 2021|accessdate=9 October 2021}}</ref>

== Teams and qualification ==
{{Main|2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier}}
As of 31 December 2018, the top nine ranked ICC [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Members]], alongside hosts India, qualified directly for the 2021 tournament.<ref name="ICCJan19">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/963607 |title=Direct qualifiers for ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2020 confirmed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101193832/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/963607 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25660713/afghanistan-earn-direct-qualification-2020-t20-world-cup |title=Afghanistan earn direct qualification in 2020 T20 World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=1 January 2019 |date=January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101173606/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/25660713/afghanistan-earn-direct-qualification-2020-t20-world-cup |archive-date=1 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Of those ten teams, the top eight ranked sides qualified for the Super 12s stage of the tournament.<ref name="ICCJan19" /> [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] did not qualify for the Super 12s, instead being placed in the group stage of the competition.<ref name="ICCJan19" /> They were joined by the six teams who had qualified for the tournament via the [[2019 ICC T20 World Cup Qualifier]].<ref name="ICCJan19" /> Of the teams in the [[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings]], the [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|United Arab Emirates]] and [[Nepal national cricket team|Nepal]] could only qualify through regional competitions.<ref name="ICC" /> The top four teams from the group stage advanced to the Super 12s.<ref name="ICCJan19" />

[[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]] were the first team to secure their position via the Qualifier, after they won Group A of the tournament, finishing above the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] on [[net run rate]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8040/report/1199536/kenya-vs-papua-new-guinea-38th-match-group-a-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-qualifier-2019-20 |title=Vanua, Bau dig PNG out of 19 for 6 hole to seal T20 World Cup qualification |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027103351/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8040/report/1199536/kenya-vs-papua-new-guinea-38th-match-group-a-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-qualifier-2019-20 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the first time that Papua New Guinea had qualified for a World Cup in any format.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1470669 |title=PNG make history, secure qualification for Men's T20 World Cup 2020 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027150420/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1470669 |archive-date=27 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] became the second team to qualify via this route after they won Group B, also on net run rate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/cricket/2019/1027/1085956-ireland-on-verge-of-t20-world-cup-place/ |title=Ireland qualify for T20 World Cup after Jersey shock Oman |work=RTE |date=27 October 2019 |access-date=27 October 2019}}</ref>

In the first match in the playoffs, the Netherlands qualified for the T20 World Cup when they beat the United Arab Emirates by eight wickets, after the UAE only scored 80 runs in their innings.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/uae-beaten-by-netherlands-as-t20-world-cup-hopes-hang-in-the-balance-1.930228 |title=UAE beaten by Netherlands as T20 World Cup hopes hang in the balance |work=The National |date=29 October 2019 |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029133655/https://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/uae-beaten-by-netherlands-as-t20-world-cup-hopes-hang-in-the-balance-1.930228 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second qualifier match saw Namibia advance to their first T20 World Cup after beating Oman by 54 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1474294 |title=Smit, spinners carry Namibia to historic first T20 World Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029204619/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1474294 |archive-date=29 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Scotland beat tournament hosts the United Arab Emirates in the third qualifier by 90 runs to secure their place in the T20 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50238063 |title=T20 World Cup Qualifier: Scotland beat UAE to qualify for finals |work=BBC Sport |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030135822/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/50238063 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> Oman became the final team to qualify for the T20 World Cup, when they beat Hong Kong by 12 runs in the last playoff match.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1475721 |title=Oman come from behind against Hong Kong to claim T20 World Cup spot |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030192849/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/1475721 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2021, concerns and doubts were raised over the participation of Afghanistan cricket team in the tournament ever since [[2021 Taliban offensive|Afghanistan was brought under the control of the Taliban]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Afghanistan Will Play in ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021'|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/afghanistan-will-play-in-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2021-4091660.html|access-date=17 August 2021|website=news18.com}}</ref> Afghanistan's team media manager Hikmat Hassan confirmed that Afghanistan would play in the T20 World Cup, despite the political turmoil in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Afghanistan will play T20 World Cup, preparations are on: Media manager|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/afghanistan-will-play-t20-world-cup-preparations-are-on-media-manager/articleshow/85366681.cms|access-date=17 August 2021|website=The Times of India|date=16 August 2021 }}</ref> On 6 October 2021, the Afghanistan team left Kabul, travelling to [[Doha]], Qatar, for a training camp before the start of the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/andy-flower-named-afghanistan-consultant-for-2021-men-s-t20-world-cup-1282214 |title=Andy Flower named Afghanistan consultant for T20 World Cup |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!Means of qualification !!Date !!Venue !!Berths !!Qualified
|-
|Host nation
|{{N/A}}
|
|style="text-align:center"|1
|{{cr|IND}}{{efn|Originally automatically qualified as original host.}}
|-
|[[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings]]<br /><small>(Top 9 teams in rankings who played in the last WT20, excluding the hosts)</small><ref name="ICCJan19" />
|31 December 2018
|Various
|style="text-align:center"|9
|nowrap|{{cr|AFG}}<br />{{cr|AUS}}<br />{{cr|BAN}}<br />{{cr|ENG}}<br />{{cr|NZ}}<br />{{cr|PAK}}<br />{{cr|SA}}<br />{{cr|SL}}<br />{{cr|WIN}}
|-
|[[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier]]
|18 October–3 November 2019
| nowrap|{{UAE}}
|style="text-align:center"|6
|nowrap|{{cr|IRE}}<br />{{cr|NAM}}<br />{{cr|NED}}<br />{{cr|OMA}}{{efn|Replacement co-host with United Arab Emirates.}}<br />{{cr|PNG}}<br />{{cr|SCO}}
|-
!Total
!
!
!16
!
|}{{Notelist}}

== Match officials ==
On 7 October 2021, the ICC named the match referees and the on-field umpires for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2284489 |title=20-strong contingent of match officials announced for ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC T20 World Cup 2021 Match Official Appointments |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/10/08/56d8adad-bb21-4fad-9f9b-259e96392841/ICC-Men-s-T20-World-Cup-Appointments.pdf |publisher=ICC| access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> For the Super 12 match between India and New Zealand, umpire [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] was replaced by [[Marais Erasmus]] after Gough was suspended for six days for breaching the tournament's [[bio-secure bubble]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Umpire Michael Gough serves six-day suspension for bubble breach |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-covid-19-breach-umpire-michael-gough-serves-six-day-suspension-might-return-on-november-4-1286790 |website=ESPNcricinfo |publisher=ESPN Sports Media |date=2 November 2021 |accessdate=3 November 2021 }}</ref> On 3 November 2021, the ICC confirmed that Gough would not officiate in any further matches in the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2328674 |title=Michael Gough not to officiate further in T20 World Cup |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> On 9 November 2021, the match officials were confirmed for the semi-final matches,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2346992 |title=Match officials confirmed for T20 World Cup semi-finals |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> with the officials for the final being confirmed on 12 November 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2349290 |title=Match Officials for Final announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

'''Match referees'''
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[David Boon]]
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Jeff Crowe]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Ranjan Madugalle]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Javagal Srinath]]

'''Umpires'''
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Aleem Dar]]
* {{flagicon|SL}} [[Kumar Dharmasena]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Marais Erasmus]]
* {{flagicon|NZ}} [[Chris Gaffaney]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]]
* {{flagicon|SA}} [[Adrian Holdstock]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Richard Illingworth]]
* {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Richard Kettleborough]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nitin Menon]]
* {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Ahsan Raza]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Reiffel]]
* {{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Langton Rusere]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rod Tucker]]
* {{flagicon|WIN}} [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]]
* {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]]
{{div col end}}

== Squads ==
{{Main|2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup squads}}

Each team selected a squad of 15 players before 10 October 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/58500729 |title=T20 World Cup: Full squad list for tournament in UAE and Oman |work=BBC Sport |access-date=9 September 2021 }}</ref> Each team was also able to select up to seven additional players, if needed, with regards to [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/limit-on-squads-at-icc-events-increased-to-30-in-response-to-covid-19-1257533 |title=Limit on squads at ICC events increased to 30 in response to Covid-19 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref> On 10 August 2021, New Zealand were the first team to announce their squad for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite news |title=New Zealand name T20WC squad within 32-man group for Asian expedition |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2211539 |access-date=19 August 2021 |work=ICC }}</ref> All the teams announced their preliminary squads by 12 September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2021-all-squads-india-pakistan-england-australia-west-indies-nz-sa-afghanistan-1277752 |title=Men's T20 World Cup 2021 – what the squads look like |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>

== Schedule and broadcasting ==
With a total of 45 matches, the T20 World Cup was composed of two rounds. Round 1 had twelve matches played between eight teams ([[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka cricket team|Sri Lanka]], [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]], [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]], [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]], [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]], [[Oman national cricket team|Oman]] and [[Papua New Guinea national cricket team|Papua New Guinea]]), with the top four teams progressing to the Super 12s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2180074|title=T20 World Cup group stages preview: A team-by-team breakdown|work=International Cricket Council|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> The Super 12s consisted of 30 matches between the four teams from Round 1 and the top eight ranked T20I teams. Originally, if Sri Lanka or Bangladesh qualified from their first round groups, they would have retained their respective seedings of A1 or B1 for the Super 12s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2222023 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 schedule announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> However, the ICC later changed this rule, after Scotland topped Group B and progressed as B1.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/t20-world-cup-2021-icc-changes-super-12-group-seedings-in-the-middle-of-the-qualifiers/ |title=T20 World Cup 2021: ICC changes Super 12 Group seedings in the middle of the Qualifiers |work=CricTracker |date=20 October 2021 |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref> Those teams were then split into two groups of six each. This was then followed by the two semi-finals and then the final.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=T20 World Cup set to begin on October 17 in UAE; final on November 14 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-set-to-begin-on-october-17-in-uae-final-on-november-14-1267881 |access-date=25 June 2021 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> On 16 July 2021, the ICC confirmed the groups for the tournament,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2190820 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup groups announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> which were decided on the rankings of the teams as of 20 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-india-and-pakistan-to-face-off-in-super-12s-1269948 |title=T20 World Cup 2021: India and Pakistan to face off in Super 12s |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=16 July 2021 |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref> On 17 August 2021, the ICC confirmed the final fixtures for the tournament including the [[#First round|first round]] and [[#Super 12|super 12]] matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2210270 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 fixtures revealed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 August 2021}}</ref>

The ICC named all of the official broadcasters for the tournament on its website, including details on television coverage, digital content for in-match clips and highlights, and audio listings.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2289640 |title=Fans worldwide invited to 'Live The Game' via unparalleled coverage of ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref> The official anthem of the tournament was released on 14 October 2021, by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2021-official-anthem/1590206987 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 Official Anthem – Single |work=Apple Music |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

== Venues ==
On 17 April 2021, the BCCI proposed the name of the cities which are scheduled to be hosting the matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcci-proposes-nine-venues-for-men-s-t20-world-cup-to-icc-1259973 |title=BCCI proposes nine venues for men's T20 World Cup to ICC |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> [[Bangalore]], [[Chennai]], [[Dharamshala]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Kolkata]], [[Lucknow]], [[Mumbai]], and [[New Delhi]] were the venues along with [[Ahmedabad]], hosting the final of the event.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BCCI picks nine venues for ICC T20 World Cup 2021 to be held in India: Reports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/bcci-picks-nine-venues-for-icc-t20-world-cup-2021-to-be-held-in-india-reports-101618624898972.html |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 April 2021 }}</ref> On 18 April 2021, it was announced that Pakistan would play two of their group matches in [[Delhi]], while [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]] would host the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Delhi to host 2 Pakistan ties, Ahmedabad final of T20 World Cup |url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/delhi-to-host-2-pakistan-ties-ahmedabad-final-of-t20-world-cup-3651371.html |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=News18 |date=18 April 2021 }}</ref> On 28 June 2021, BCCI President [[Sourav Ganguly]] confirmed that due to the COVID-19 situation in the country the board has officially communicated to the ICC about their decision to move the event from India to the UAE.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=28 June 2021 |title=ICC T20 World Cup 2021 to take place in UAE from October 17 |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/icc-t20-world-cup-2021-to-take-place-in-uae-from-october-17/ |access-date=28 June 2021 |work=SportsTiger}}</ref> Some of the preliminary round matches of the event were also set to be held in Oman.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ICC T20 World Cup to be played in UAE and Oman from October 17: report|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/356970-icc-t20-world-cup-to-be-played-in-uae-and-oman-from-october-17-report|access-date=28 June 2021|website=geo.tv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=T20 World Cup to kick off on October 17 in UAE, final on November 14: Report|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/103236-t20-world-cup-will-be-split-across-two-groups-to-be-played-in-uae-and-oman-report|access-date=28 June 2021|work=Times of Oman}}</ref> On 29 June 2021, the ICC confirmed that the T20 World Cup would be played in the UAE and Oman.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/t20-world-cup-to-take-place-in-uae-and-oman-confirms-icc/ |title=T20 World Cup to take place in UAE and Oman, confirms ICC |work=SportsTiger |date=29 June 2021 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> The tournament took place in four venues: the [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], the [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], the [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], and the [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2179964 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup shifted to UAE, Oman |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> During July 2021, the [[Tolerance Oval]] in [[Abu Dhabi]] was awaiting accreditation by the ICC to also be used as one of the venues for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/broadcast-ready-tolerance-oval-part-of-abu-dhabi-cricket-expansion-1268649 |title='Broadcast-ready' Tolerance Oval part of Abu Dhabi Cricket expansion |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3"| United Arab Emirates
! Oman
|-
! [[Dubai]]
! [[Sharjah]]
! [[Abu Dhabi]]
! [[Muscat]]
|-
| [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]]
| [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]]
|-
| '''Capacity:''' 25,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.t20worldcup.com/venues/37/dubai-international-stadium/venue|title=T20 world cup venue guide Dubai International Stadium|work=t20worldcup.com|access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
| '''Capacity:''' 27,000<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sharjah Cricket Stadium |url=https://www.t20worldcup.com/venues/104/sharjah-stadium/venue |access-date=11 September 2021 |work=t20worldcup.com }}</ref>
| '''Capacity:''' 20,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.t20worldcup.com/venues/102/sheikh-zayed-stadium/venue|title=T20 world cup venue guide Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|work=t20worldcup.com|access-date=13 September 2021}}</ref>
| '''Capacity:''' 3,000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oman Cricket Academy Ground |url=https://www.t20worldcup.com/venues/588/oman-cricket-academy-ground/venue |website=t20worldcup.com |access-date=11 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|{{Wide image|Dubai Stadium 2019.jpg|150px}}
|{{Wide image|SharjahCricket.JPG|150px}}
|{{Wide image|Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium-01.jpg|150px}}
|
|}
{| cellpadding="0" style="border:0 solid darkgrey"
|- style="text-align:center"
|style="border:0 solid blue"|
{{Location map+|United Arab Emirates|float=center|width=270|caption=Venues in UAE|places=
{{Location map~|United Arab Emirates|lat_deg=25|lat_min=2|lon_deg=55|lon_min=13|position=left|background=|label=[[Dubai]]}}
{{Location map~|United Arab Emirates|lat_deg=25|lat_min=19|lon_deg=55|lon_min=25|position=left|background=|label=[[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]}}
{{Location map~|United Arab Emirates|lat_deg=24|lat_min=28|lon_deg=54|lon_min=22|position=left|background=|label=[[Abu Dhabi]]}}
}}
|style="border:0 solid #777"|
{{Location map+|Oman|width=196|float=center|caption=Venues in Oman|places=
{{Location map~|Oman|lat_deg=23|lat_min=29|lon_deg=58|lon_min=29|position=Right|background=|label=[[Muscat]]}}
}}
|}

== Prize money ==
On 10 October 2021, the ICC announced the prize money for the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/2286142 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021 Prize Money details announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=10 October 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Stage !! Prize money (US$) !!Teams/matches !! Total
|-
| Winners || $1.6 million || 1 || $1,600,000
|-
| Runner-up || $800,000 || 1 || $800,000
|-
| Losing semi-finalists|| $400,000 each || 2 || $800,000
|-
| Bonus for winning a "Super 12" match|| $40,000 per match || 30 || $1,200,000
|-
| Teams get knocked out in the "Super 12" stage || $70,000 each || 8 || $560,000
|-
| Bonus for winning a "First round" match || $40,000 per match || 12 || $480,000
|-
| Teams get knocked out in the "First round" || $40,000 each || 4 || $160,000
|-
| colspan=3; text align="center" | '''Total''' || '''$5,600,000'''
|}

== Warm-up matches ==
The following '''warm-up matches''' for the 2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup were played between 12 and 20 October between all participants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC T20 World Cup 2021 Match Official Appointments |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2021/10/08/56d8adad-bb21-4fad-9f9b-259e96392841/ICC-Men-s-T20-World-Cup-Appointments.pdf |publisher=ICC | access-date=9 October 2021}}</ref> The first set of matches featured the teams from the groups in the first round of the main tournament, before the teams in the Super 12 phase played their warm-up matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2287322 |title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021: Warm-up fixtures revealed |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=12 October 2021}}</ref> These matches did not have either [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) status or [[Twenty20|T20]] status as teams were allowed to field all 15 members of their squad.

{{hatnote|All times are in local. ([[UTC+04:00]])}}

{{hidden begin
|title = Matches
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;
}}

=== First round warm-ups ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 October
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PNG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 96/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 99/2 (16.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Assad Vala]] 32 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] 3/10 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Curtis Campher]] 42[[Not out|*]] (35)
| wickets2 = [[Simon Atai]] 1/28 (3.4 overs)
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = Papua New Guinea won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282498.html Scorecard]
| result = Ireland won by 8 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 147/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 148/6 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Soumya Sarkar]] 34 (26)
| wickets1 = [[Dushmantha Chameera]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Avishka Fernando]] 62[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Soumya Sarkar]] 2/12 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282499.html Scorecard]
| result = Sri Lanka won by 4 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 152/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 120/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 30 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Jan Nicol Loftie-Eaton]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gerhard Erasmus]] 32 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Kaleemullah (cricketer)|Kaleemullah]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| venue = [[The Sevens Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282500.html Scorecard]
| result = Oman won by 32 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 12 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 122/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 91 (17.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Calum MacLeod (cricketer)|Calum MacLeod]] 32[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets1 = [[Timm van der Gugten]] 2/11 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] 22 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Watt]] 4/10 (3.5 overs)
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282501.html Scorecard]
| result = Scotland won by 31 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 177/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 144 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gareth Delany]] 88[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[Taskin Ahmed]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Nurul Hasan (cricketer)|Nurul Hasan]] 38 (24)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Adair]] 3/33 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium Nursery 2]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282503.html Scorecard]
| result = Ireland won by 33 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}
| score1 = 162/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 123/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 76 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Kabua Morea]] 4/25 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Assad Vala]] 51 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/16 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282502.html Scorecard]
| result = Sri Lanka won by 39 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 203/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 184/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[George Munsey]] 67 (41)
| wickets1 = [[David Wiese]] 2/23 (3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Craig Williams (cricketer)|Craig Williams]] 80 (51)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Watt]] 2/34 (4 overs)
| venue = [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282504.html Scorecard]
| result = Scotland won by 19 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 October
| time = 10:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 165/4 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Stephan Myburgh]] 43 (38)
| wickets1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 1/10 (2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 78 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Vivian Kingma]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| venue = [[ICC Academy Ground]] 2, [[Dubai]]
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282505.html Scorecard]
| result = Netherlands won by 4 runs
| rain =
}}

=== Super 12 warm-ups ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG|2013}}
| score1 = 145/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 104/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 48 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 34[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets2 = [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282508.html Scorecard]
| result = South Africa won by 41 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 130/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 131/3 (15.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] 28 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Hasan Ali (cricketer)|Hasan Ali]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Babar Azam]] 50 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Hayden Walsh Jr.]] 2/41 (3.3 overs)
| venue = [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282510.html Scorecard]
| result = Pakistan won by 7 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 158/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 159/7 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 37 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Kane Richardson]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 35 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Mitchell Santner]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282506.html Scorecard]
| result = Australia won by 3 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 18 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 188/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 192/3 (19 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 49 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/40 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ishan Kishan]] 70[[not out|*]] (46)
| wickets2 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 1/10 (2 overs)
| venue = [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282509.html Scorecard]
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 163/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 150 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 73 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Ish Sodhi]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Martin Guptill]] 41 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Wood (cricketer)|Mark Wood]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282511.html Scorecard]
| result = England won by 13 runs
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October
| time = 14:00
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 152/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 153/2 (17.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 57 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] 2/8 (2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 60 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Ashton Agar]] 1/14 (2 overs)
| venue = [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282513.html Scorecard]
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 186/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 190/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Fakhar Zaman (cricketer)|Fakhar Zaman]] 52 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rassie van der Dussen]] 101[[not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 = [[Imad Wasim]] 2/19 (3 overs)
| venue = [[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282507.html Scorecard]
| result = South Africa won by 6 wickets
| rain =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 20 October
| time = 18:00
| night = yes
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG|2013}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 133/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Hazratullah Zazai]] 56 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Obed McCoy]] 2/43 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Roston Chase]] 54[[not out|*]] (58)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Nabi]] 3/2 (4 overs)
| venue = [[ICC Academy Ground]], [[Dubai]]
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1282512.html Scorecard]
| result = Afghanistan won by 56 runs
| rain =
}}

{{hidden end}}

== First round ==
{{hatnote|All times are in local. ([[UTC+04:00]])}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Qualification
! Teams
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|Rankings]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
|-
! rowspan="6" |Advanced from [[2019 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Qualifier|Qualifier]]
| {{cr|IRE}}
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
|-
| {{cr|NED}}
|-
| {{cr|OMA}}
|-
| {{cr|PNG}}
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
|}

=== Group A ===
{{2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Group A}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2021 {{anchor|match3}}
| time= 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 106 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Max O'Dowd]] 51 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Curtis Campher]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 107/3 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gareth Delany]] 44 (29)
| wickets2 = [[Pieter Seelaar]] 1/14 (2.1 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273714.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Curtis Campher]] (Ire)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Curtis Campher]] became the first bowler for Ireland to take a [[List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/2021/curtis-campher-takes-four-wickets-in-four-balls-vs-netherlands-in-t20-world-cup/article37052399.ece |title=Curtis Campher takes four wickets in four balls vs Netherlands in T20 World Cup |work=SportStar |date=18 October 2021 |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>
* Curtis Campher also became the third bowler to take four wickets in four balls in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/ireland-pacer-curtis-campher-becomes-third-bowler-to-take-four-wickets-in-four-balls-in-t20is20211018164521/ |title=Ireland pacer Curtis Campher becomes third bowler to take four wickets in four balls in T20Is |work=ANI News |access-date=18 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 October 2021 {{anchor|match4}}
| time= 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 96 (19.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Craig Williams (cricketer)|Craig Williams]] 29 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 100/3 (13.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 42[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[JJ Smit]] 1/7 (1 over)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273715.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2021 {{anchor|match7}}
| time= 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 164/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Max O'Dowd]] 70 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Jan Frylinck]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| score2 = 166/4 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Wiese]] 66[[not out|*]] (40)
| wickets2 = [[Pieter Seelaar]] 1/8 (2 overs)
| result = Namibia won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273718.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm = [[David Wiese]] (Nam)
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 October 2021 {{anchor|match8}}
| time= 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 171/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 71 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Little]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 101 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Balbirnie]] 41 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 70 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273719.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Sri Lanka qualified for the Super 12 stage of the tournament as a result of this match,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-vs-ireland-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2021-match-report-scorecard/ |title=Sri Lanka qualify for ICC T20 World Cup Super 12 stage |work=The Papare |date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/ireland-vs-sri-lanka-8th-match-first-round-group-a-1273719/match-report |title=Hasaranga dominates Ireland with bat and ball as Sri Lanka confirm Super 12 spot |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=20 October 2021 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2021 {{anchor|match11}}
| time= 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 125/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Paul Stirling]] 38 (24)
| wickets1 = [[Jan Frylinck]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126/2 (18.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gerhard Erasmus]] 53[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Curtis Campher]] 2/14 (3 overs)
| result = Namibia won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273722.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[David Wiese]] (Nam)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Namibia qualified for the Super 12 stage of the tournament as a result of this match,.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59009153 |title=T20 World Cup: Namibia go through as Ireland knocked out |work=BBC Sport |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/ireland-vs-namibia-11th-match-first-round-group-a-1273722/match-report |title=Wiese, Erasmus the heroes as Namibia qualify for the Super 12s |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 October 2021 {{anchor|match12}}
| time= 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 44 (10 overs)
| runs1 = [[Colin Ackermann]] 11 (9)
| wickets1 = [[Lahiru Kumara]] 3/7 (3 overs)
| score2 = 45/2 (7.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kusal Perera]] 33[[not out|*]] (24)
| wickets2 = [[Brandon Glover]] 1/12 (3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273723.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| motm = [[Lahiru Kumara]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Ireland and Netherlands are both eliminated.
}}

=== Group B ===
{{2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Group B}}

{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 October 2021 {{anchor|match1}}
| time= 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PNG}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 129/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Assad Vala]] 56 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 4/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 131/0 (13.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 73[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 =
| result = Oman won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273712.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]] Turf 1, [[Muscat]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] (Oma)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ayaan Khan]] and [[Kashyap Prajapati]] (Oma) both made their T20I debuts.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 October 2021 {{anchor|match2}}
| time= 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 140/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]] 45 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Mahedi Hasan]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 134/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 38 (36)
| wickets2 = [[Brad Wheal]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 6 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273713.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]] Turf 1, [[Muscat]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]] (Sco)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Ban) became the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most wickets in a career|leading wicket-taker in T20Is]], taking his 108th dismissal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ban-vs-sco-mens-t20-world-cup-2021-shakib-al-hasan-becomes-leading-wicket-taker-in-t20is-1276843 |title=Shakib Al Hasan becomes leading wicket-taker in T20Is |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=17 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 October 2021 {{anchor|match5}}
| time= 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}
| score1 = 165/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Richie Berrington]] 70 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Kabua Morea]] 4/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Norman Vanua]] 47 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Josh Davey]] 4/18 (3.3 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 17 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273716.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]] Turf 1, [[Muscat]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Richie Berrington]] (Sco)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 October 2021 {{anchor|match6}}
| time= 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 153 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Naim]] 64 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] 3/18 (4 overs)
| score2 = 127/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jatinder Singh]] 40 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Mustafizur Rahman]] 4/36 (4 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 26 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273717.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]] Turf 1, [[Muscat]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 October 2021 {{anchor|match9}}
| time= 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|PNG}}
| score1 = 181/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahmudullah]] 50 (28)
| wickets1 = [[Assad Vala]] 2/26 (3 overs)
| score2 = 97 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kiplin Doriga]] 46[[not out|*]] (34)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 4/9 (4 overs)
| result = Bangladesh won by 84 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273720.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]] Turf 1, [[Muscat]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Ban)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = This was the [[List of Bangladesh Twenty20 International cricket records#Greatest win margins (by runs)|biggest winning margin]] for Bangladesh in T20Is, in terms of runs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/shakib-mahmudullah-help-tigers-their-biggest-ever-t20i-win-319084 |title=Shakib, Mahmudullah help Tigers to their biggest-ever T20I win |work=The Business Standard |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
* Bangladesh qualified for the Super 12 stage of the tournament as a result of this match,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bdcrictime.com/bangladesh-storm-into-the-super-12-after-dismantling-png-for-97 |title=Bangladesh storm into the Super 12 after dismantling PNG for 97 |work=BD Crictime |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/bangladesh-vs-papua-new-guinea-9th-match-first-round-group-b-1273720/match-report |title=Shakib, Mahmudullah star as Bangladesh rout PNG to seal spot in Super 12s |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=21 October 2021 |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
* }}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 October 2021 {{anchor|match10}}
| time= 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 122 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 37 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Davey]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 123/2 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kyle Coetzer]] 41 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Fayyaz Butt]] 1/26 (3 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273721.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Oman Cricket Academy Ground]] Turf 1, [[Muscat]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Josh Davey]] (Sco)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Scotland qualified for the Super 12 stage of the tournament as a result of this match,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/58996598 |title=T20 World Cup: Scotland & Bangladesh win to reach Super 12s |work=BBC Sport |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref> while Oman and Papua New Guinea are both eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/oman-vs-scotland-10th-match-first-round-group-b-1273721/match-report |title=Bowling might helps Scotland qualify for Super 12s; Oman knocked out |work=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=21 October 2021}}</ref>
}}

== Super 12 ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Qualification
! Country
|-
!rowspan="8"| [[ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|Rankings]]
| {{cr|AFG}}
|-
| {{cr|AUS}}
|-
| {{cr|ENG}}
|-
| {{cr|IND}}
|-
| {{cr|NZ}}
|-
| {{cr|PAK}}
|-
| {{cr|SA}}
|-
| {{cr|WIN}}
|-
!rowspan="4"| Advanced from [[#First round|first round]]
| {{cr|BAN}}
|-
| {{cr|NAM}}
|-
| {{cr|SCO}}
|-
| {{cr|SL}}
|}

{{hatnote|All times are in local. ([[UTC+04:00]])}}

=== Group 1 ===
{{2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Super 12 Group 1}}
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 October 2021 {{anchor|match13}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 118/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aiden Markram]] 40 (36)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 121/5 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 35 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Anrich Nortje]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273724.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Josh Hazlewood]] (Aus)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 23 October 2021 {{anchor|match14}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 55 (14.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Chris Gayle]] 13 (13)
| wickets1 = [[Adil Rashid]] 4/2 (2.2 overs)
| score2 = 56/4 (8.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 24[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Akeal Hosein]] 2/24 (4 overs)
| result = England won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273725.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Moeen Ali]] (Eng)
| notes = The West Indies' total was the lowest by a [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Member]] team in a men's T20 World Cup match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/disappointed-lara-doesn-t-have-words-after-england-bowl-west-indies-out-for-lowest-total-by-a-full-member-team-in-t20-world-cup-101635002393014.html|title=Lara 'doesn't have words' after England bowl West Indies out for lowest total by a full-member team in T20 World Cup|work=Hindustan Times|date=23 October 2021 |access-date=23 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 October 2021 {{anchor|match15}}
| time = 14:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 171/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Naim]] 62 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Chamika Karunaratne]] 1/12 (3 overs)
| score2 = 172/5 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Charith Asalanka]] 80[[not out|*]] (49)
| wickets2 = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] 2/17 (3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273726.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Charith Asalanka]] (SL)
| notes = [[Shakib Al Hasan]] (Ban) became the [[List of ICC Men's T20 World Cup records#Most career wickets|leading wicket-taker in men's T20 World Cup matches]], with his 40th dismissal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/2021/news/shakib-al-hasan-most-wickets-t20-world-cups-milestone-bangladesh-sri-lanka-super-12s-sharjah/article37148614.ece |title=BAN vs SL: Shakib Al Hasan becomes leading wicket-taker in T20 World Cups |work=SportStar |date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 October 2021 {{anchor|match18}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 143/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Evin Lewis]] 56 (35)
| wickets1 = [[Dwaine Pretorius]] 3/17 (2 overs)
| score2 = 144/2 (18.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 51[[not out|*]] (26)
| wickets2 = [[Akeal Hosein]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273729.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Anrich Nortje]] (SA)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 27 October 2021 {{anchor|match20}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 124/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mushfiqur Rahim]] 29 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Tymal Mills]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126/2 (14.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jason Roy]] 61 (38)
| wickets2 = [[Nasum Ahmed]] 1/26 (3 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273731.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Jason Roy]] (Eng)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 28 October 2021 {{anchor|match22}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 154/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kusal Perera]] 35 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 2/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/3 (17 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 65 (42)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273733.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Adam Zampa]] (Aus)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 October 2021 {{anchor|match23}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|BAN}}
| score1 = 142/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 40 (22)
| wickets1 = [[Shoriful Islam]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 139/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Litton Das]] 44 (43)
| wickets2 = [[Jason Holder]] 1/22 (4 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 3 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273734.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| toss = Bangladesh won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Nicholas Pooran]] (WI)
| notes = [[Roston Chase]] (WI) made his T20I debut.
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 30 October 2021 {{anchor|match25}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 142 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 72 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 146/6 (19.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Temba Bavuma]] 46 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273736.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Tabraiz Shamsi]] (SA)
| notes = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] became the first bowler for Sri Lanka to [[List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks|take a hat-trick]] in a T20 World Cup match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/cricket/t20-world-cup-wanindu-hasaranga-becomes-fourth-sri-lankan-to-pick-up-a-t20i-hat-trick |title=T20 World Cup: Wanindu Hasaranga becomes fourth Sri Lankan to pick up a T20I hat-trick |work=Free Press Journal |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 30 October 2021 {{anchor|match26}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AUS}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 125 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 44 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126/2 (11.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jos Buttler]] 71[[not out|*]] (32)
| wickets2 = [[Ashton Agar]] 1/15 (2.4 overs)
| result = England won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273737.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] (Eng)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 1 November 2021 {{anchor|match29}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 163/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jos Buttler]] 101[[not out|*]] (67)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 137 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 34 (21)
| wickets2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 2/15 (3 overs)
| result = England won by 26 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273740.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Jos Buttler]] (Eng)
| notes = [[Jos Buttler]] (Eng) scored his first century in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59121380 |title=T20 World Cup: Jos Buttler's sensational century sets up England win over Sri Lanka |work=BBC Sport |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL) took his 50th wicket in T20Is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2319644 |title=Buttler's brilliant century inspires England win despite late scare |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Eoin Morgan]] (Eng) won his 43rd match as captain to become the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most matches won as captain|most successful captain in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/cricket/news/12123/12457053/t20-world-cup-jos-buttler-scores-first-t20i-century-as-england-beat-sri-lanka-to-close-in-on-semi-finals |title=T20 World Cup: Jos Buttler scores first T20I century as England beat Sri Lanka to close in on semi-finals |work=Sky Sports |access-date=1 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 November 2021 {{anchor|match30}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SA}}
| score1 = 84 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahedi Hasan]] 27 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Anrich Nortje]] 3/8 (3.2 overs)
| score2 = 86/4 (13.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Temba Bavuma]] 31[[not out|*]] (28)
| wickets2 = [[Taskin Ahmed]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273741.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| toss = South Africa won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (SA)
| notes = Sri Lanka and Bangladesh are both eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepapare.com/sri-lanka-out-of-semi-final-race-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2021/ |title=Sri Lanka officially knocked out of semi-finals race |work=The Papare |date=2 November 2021 |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 4 November 2021 {{anchor|match34}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|BAN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 73 (15 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shamim Hossain]] 19 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Adam Zampa]] 5/19 (4 overs)
| score2 = 78/2 (6.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aaron Finch]] 40 (20)
| wickets2 = [[Shoriful Islam]] 1/9 (1 over)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273745.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Adam Zampa]] (Aus)
| notes = [[Adam Zampa]] (Aus) took his first [[List of five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket|five-wicket haul in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/zampa-takes-five-wickets-australia-113137109.html |title=Zampa takes five wickets as Australia bowl out Bangladesh for 73 |work=Yahoo! News |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104114330/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/zampa-takes-five-wickets-australia-113137109.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 4 November 2021 {{anchor|match35}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 189/3 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Charith Asalanka]] 68 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Andre Russell]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 169/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shimron Hetmyer]] 81[[not out|*]] (54)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273746.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Charith Asalanka]] (SL)
| notes = West Indies are eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/hetmyer-scores-81-not-out-sri-lanka-loss/ |title=Hetmyer scores 81 not out in Sri Lanka loss |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 November 2021 {{anchor|match38}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 157/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kieron Pollard]] 44 (31)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 4/39 (4 overs)
| score2 = 161/2 (16.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 89[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Gayle]] 1/7 (1 over)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273749.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (Aus)
| notes = [[Chris Gayle]] played his final T20 game.
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 6 November 2021 {{anchor|match39}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SA}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score1 = 189/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rassie van der Dussen]] 94[[not out|*]] (60)
| wickets1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 179/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Moeen Ali]] 37 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/48 (4 overs)
| result = South Africa won by 10 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273750.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| toss = England won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Rassie van der Dussen]] (SA)
| notes = [[Kagiso Rabada]] became the first bowler for South Africa to take a [[List of Twenty20 International cricket hat-tricks|hat-trick in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/watch-kagiso-rabada-becomes-first-south-africa-bowler-to-take-hat-trick-leads-proteas-to-10-run-win-over-england/829712 |title=Kagiso Rabada becomes first SA bowler to take hat-trick in T20Is; leads Proteas to win over England |work=Times Now News |date=6 November 2021 |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
* England and Australia both qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59191796 |title=T20 World Cup: England reach semi-finals despite defeat by South Africa |work=BBC Sport |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref> while South Africa are eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecricketer.com/Topics/news/england_v_south_africa_t20_world_cup_score_scorecard_result_report.html |title=England qualify for last four despite defeat, South Africa fall short in Sharjah |work=The Cricketer |access-date=6 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

=== Group 2 ===
{{2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Super 12 Group 2}}
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 24 October 2021 {{anchor|match16}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 151/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 57 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Shaheen Afridi]] 3/31 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/0 (17.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 79[[not out|*]] (55)
| wickets2 =
| result = Pakistan won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273727.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Shaheen Afridi]] (Pak)
| notes = This was the 200th international cricket match between [[India–Pakistan cricket rivalry|India and Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/report-from-virat-kohli-s-unbeaten-run-in-t20is-to-their-200th-international-game-stats-of-ind-vs-pak-t20-world-cup-2916830 |title=From Virat Kohli's unbeaten run in T20Is to their 200th international game – IND vs PAK stats you need to know |work=DNA India |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
* This was the first time in 13 attempts that Pakistan had beaten India in either a [[Cricket World Cup]] or [[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup]] match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897/india-vs-pakistan-16th-match-group-2-1273727/match-report |title=Babar Azam, Mohammad Rizwan break Pakistan's World Cup jinx against India with 10-wicket romp |work=ESPN Cricinfo |date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021}}</ref>
* This was the first time that India had [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Greatest loss margins (by wickets)|lost by 10 wickets in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2021/10/25/pakistan-routs-india-with-10-wicket-win-at-t20-world-cup |title=Pakistan routs India with 10-wicket win at T20 World Cup |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=28 October 2021}}</ref>
|}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 25 October 2021 {{anchor|match17}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 190/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Najibullah Zadran]] 59 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Safyaan Sharif]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 60 (10.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[George Munsey]] 25 (18)
| wickets2 = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] 5/20 (4 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 130 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273728.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] (Afg)
| notes = [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] (Afg) took his first [[List of five-wicket hauls in Twenty20 International cricket|five-wicket haul in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/2021/news/mujeeb-ur-rahman-claims-five-wicket-haul-t20-world-cup-2021-afghanistan-vs-scotland/article37167238.ece |title=Mujeeb ur Rahman records five-wicket haul on World Cup debut |work=SportStar |date=25 October 2021 |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[Mujeeb Ur Rahman]] became the first player to [[List of ICC Men's T20 World Cup five-wicket hauls|take a five-wicket haul]] on T20 World Cup debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mujeeb magic and Scotland's record sequence of ducks |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/20-world-cup-afg-vs-sco-mujeeb-magic-and-scotland-s-record-sequence-of-ducks-1285195 |access-date=2023-04-01 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref>
* In terms of runs, this was Afghanistan's [[List of Afghanistan Twenty20 International cricket records#Greatest win margins (by runs)|biggest winning margin in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2308908 |title=Afghanistan power-hitters and spinners demolish Scotland in record 130-run win |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=25 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 26 October 2021 {{anchor|match19}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 134/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 27 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Haris Rauf]] 4/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 135/5 (18.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 33 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Ish Sodhi]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273730.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Haris Rauf]] (Pak)
| notes = [[Tim Southee]] (NZ) took his [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most wickets in a career|100th wicket in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/pakistan-vs-new-zealand-tim-southee-cleans-up-babar-azam-during-pak-vs-nz-clash-at-wc-enters-elite-list-with-100th-wicket-in-t20is-icc-world-t20/826848 |title=Tim Southee cleans up Babar Azam during Pak vs NZ clash at WC, enters elite list with 100th wicket in T20Is |work=Times Now News |date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021}}</ref>
| }}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 27 October 2021 {{anchor|match21}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 109/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Michael Leask]] 44 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Ruben Trumpelmann]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 115/6 (19.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[JJ Smit]] 32[[not out|*]] (23)
| wickets2 = [[Michael Leask]] 2/12 (2 overs)
| result = Namibia won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273732.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Adrian Holdstock]] (SA) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Ruben Trumpelmann]] (Nam)
| notes =
| }}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 29 October 2021 {{anchor|match24}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|PAK}}
| score1 = 147/6 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gulbadin Naib]] 35[[not out|*]] (25)
| wickets1 = [[Imad Wasim]] 2/25 (4 overs)
| score2 = 148/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Babar Azam]] 51 (47)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273735.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Joel Wilson (umpire)|Joel Wilson]] (WI)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Asif Ali (cricketer, born 1991)|Asif Ali]] (Pak)
| notes = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg) became the fastest bowler, in terms of matches, to take [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most wickets in a career|100 wickets in T20Is]] (53).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/2021/news/afg-vs-pak-rashid-khan-fastest-to-100-t20i-wickets-afghanistan-pakistan-shakib-malinga-southee/article37228710.ece |title=AFG vs PAK: Rashid becomes fastest bowler to pick 100 T20I wickets |work=SportStar |date=29 October 2021 |access-date=29 October 2021}}</ref>
* [[Babar Azam]] (Pak) became the fastest player, in terms of innings, to score 1,000 runs as captain in T20Is (26).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/904219-t20-world-cup-babar-azam-equals-another-virat-kohli-record |title=T20 World Cup: Babar Azam equals another Virat Kohli record |work=TheNews |access-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 October 2021 {{anchor|match27}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 160/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] 45 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Jan Nicol Loftie-Eaton]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| score2 = 98/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Wiese]] 26 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Hamid Hassan]] 3/9 (4 overs)
| result = Afghanistan won by 62 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273738.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Naveen-ul-Haq]] (Afg)
| notes = [[Mohammad Shahzad]] became the first player for Afghanistan to [[List of players who have scored 1,000 or more runs in Twenty20 International cricket|score 2,000 runs in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/mohammad-shahzad-becomes-first-afghan-player-to-reach-2000-t20i-runs/articleshow/87430757.cms |title=Mohammad Shahzad becomes first Afghan player to reach 2000 T20I runs |work=The Times of India |date=31 October 2021 |access-date=31 October 2021}}</ref>
| }}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 31 October 2021 {{anchor|match28}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 110/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 26[[not out|*]] (19)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Boult]] 3/20 (4 overs)
| score2 = 111/2 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 49 (35)
| wickets2 = [[Jasprit Bumrah]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273739.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Ish Sodhi]] (NZ)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 November 2021 {{anchor|match31}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 189/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 79[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[David Wiese]] 1/30 (4 overs)
| score2 = 144/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Wiese]] 43[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Imad Wasim]] 1/13 (3 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 45 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273742.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] (Pak)
| notes = Pakistan qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/379707-pakistan-vs-namibia-pakistan-eyes-semi-final-spot-against-namibia |title=Pakistan vs Namibia: Pakistan through to semi-finals after triumph over Namibia |work=Geo News |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 November 2021 {{anchor|match32}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Martin Guptill]] 93 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Safyaan Sharif]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 156/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Leask]] 42[[not out|*]] (20)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 2/29 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 16 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273743.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Ahsan Raza]] (Pak)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Martin Guptill]] (NZ)
| notes = [[Martin Guptill]] (NZ) became the second batter to [[List of Twenty20 International records#Most career runs|score 3,000 runs in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/nz-vs-sco-martin-guptill-joins-virat-kohli-in-elite-list-becomes-2nd-batter-to-complete-3000-t20i-runs/829071 |title=NZ vs SCO: Martin Guptill joins Virat Kohli in elite list, becomes 2nd batter to complete 3,000 T20I runs |work=Times Now News |date=3 November 2021 |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/59148461 |title=T20 World Cup: Scotland eliminated with a 16-run loss to New Zealand |work=BBC Sport |access-date=3 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 3 November 2021 {{anchor|match33}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|AFG}}
| score1 = 210/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 74 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Karim Janat]] 1/7 (1 over)
| score2 = 144/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Karim Janat]] 42[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/32 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 66 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273744.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng) and [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Rohit Sharma]] (Ind)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 November 2021 {{anchor|match36}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|NAM}}
| score1 = 163/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Glenn Phillips (cricketer)|Glenn Phillips]] 39[[not out|*]] (21)
| wickets1 = [[Bernard Scholtz]] 1/15 (3 overs)
| score2 = 111/7 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael van Lingen]] 25 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Tim Southee]] 2/15 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 52 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273747.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Paul Reiffel]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| toss = Namibia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[James Neesham]] (NZ)
| notes = Scotland and Namibia are both eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/126880270/late-batting-surge-sets-black-caps-up-to-beat-namibia-at-twenty20-world-cup |title=Late batting surge sets Black Caps up to beat Namibia at Twenty20 World Cup |work=Stuff |access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>
| }}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 5 November 2021 {{anchor|match37}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 85 (17.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[George Munsey]] 24 (19)
| wickets1 = [[Mohammed Shami]] 3/15 (3 overs)
| score2 = 89/2 (6.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[KL Rahul]] 50 (19)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Watt]] 1/20 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273748.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| notes = [[KL Rahul]] (Ind) scored the joint-fastest fifty of the tournament (18 balls).
|
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 7 November 2021 {{anchor|match40}}
| time = 14:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|AFG}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 124/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Najibullah Zadran]] 73 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Boult]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| score2 = 125/2 (18.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kane Williamson]] 40[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets2 = [[Rashid Khan]] 1/27 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273751.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| toss = Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Trent Boult]] (NZ)
| notes = [[Rashid Khan]] (Afg) took his 400th wicket in Twenty20 cricket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1797866-rashid-khan-reaches-400-wickets-in-t20-cricket-does-so-in-quickest-time |title=Rashid Khan reaches 400 wickets in T20 cricket, does so in quickest time |work=devdiscourse |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>
* New Zealand qualified for the semi-finals as a result of this match,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/black-caps/126917057/black-caps-into-semifinals-at-twenty20-world-cup-after-win-over-afghanistan |title=Black Caps into semifinals at Twenty20 World Cup after win over Afghanistan |work=Stuff |date=7 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref> while India and Afghanistan are both eliminated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/cricket/2021/11/07/new-zealand-ease-past-afghanistan-and-send-india-out-of-t20-world-cup/ |title=New Zealand ease past Afghanistan and send India out of T20 World Cup |work=The National |date=7 November 2021 |access-date=7 November 2021}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 7 November 2021 {{anchor|match41}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 189/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Babar Azam]] 66 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]] 2/43 (4 overs)
| score2 = 117/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Richie Berrington]] 54[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets2 = [[Shadab Khan]] 2/14 (4 overs)
| result = Pakistan won by 72 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273752.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]], [[Sharjah]]
| umpires = [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus) and [[Paul Wilson (cricketer)|Paul Wilson]] (Aus)
| toss = Pakistan won the toss and elected to bat.
| motm = [[Shoaib Malik]] (Pak)
| notes = [[Shoaib Malik]] (Pak) scored the joint-fastest fifty of the tournament (18 balls).
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 8 November 2021 {{anchor|match42}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NAM}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 132/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Wiese]] 26 (25)
| wickets1 = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 136/1 (15.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohit Sharma]] 56 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Jan Frylinck]] 1/19 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273753.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1973)|Chris Brown]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Ravindra Jadeja]] (Ind)
| notes = [[Virat Kohli]] captained India for the [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Most matches as captain|50th time in T20Is]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/virat-kohli-set-to-play-his-50th-t20i-match-as-captain-against-namibia-and-much-more/ |title=Virat Kohli set to play his 50th T20I match as captain against Namibia and much more |work=Sports Tiger |date=8 November 2021 |access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref>
* This was India's 150th T20I.
}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{4TeamBracket
| score-width=150px
| team-width=150px

| RD1='''Semi-finals'''
| RD1-text1= 10 November 2021 - [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| RD1-seed1=①1
| RD1-team1= {{nowrap|{{cr|ENG}}}}
| RD1-score1= {{nowrap|166/4 (20 overs)}}
| RD1-seed2=②2
| RD1-team2= '''{{cr|NZ}}'''
| RD1-score2= ''' {{nowrap|167/5 (19 overs)}}'''
| RD1-text2= 11 November 2021 - [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| RD1-seed3=②1
| RD1-team3= {{cr|PAK}}
| RD1-score3= 176/4 (20 overs)
| RD1-seed4=①2
| RD1-team4= '''{{cr|AUS}}'''
| RD1-score4= '''177/5 (19 overs)'''

| RD2='''Final'''
| RD2-text1= 14 November 2021 - [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| RD2-seed1=②2
| RD2-team1={{nowrap|{{cr|NZ}}}}
| RD2-score1= {{nowrap|172/4 (20 overs)}}
| RD2-seed2=①2
| RD2-team2=''' {{nowrap|{{cr|AUS}}}}'''
| RD2-score2= '''{{nowrap|173/2 (18.5 overs)}}'''
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 10 November 2021 {{anchor|match43}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|NZ}}
| score1 = 166/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Moeen Ali]] 51[[not out|*]] (37)
| wickets1 = [[James Neesham]] 1/18 (2 overs)
| score2 = 167/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] 72[[not out|*]] (47)
| wickets2 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273754.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Daryl Mitchell (New Zealand cricketer)|Daryl Mitchell]] (NZ)
| notes =
}}
----
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 11 November 2021 {{anchor|match44}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 176/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]] 67 (52)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 2/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 177/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 49 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Shadab Khan]] 4/26 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273755.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Chris Gaffaney]] (NZ) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Matthew Wade]] (Aus)
}}

=== Final ===
{{Main|2021 Men's T20 World Cup final}}
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 14 November 2021 {{anchor|match45}}
| time = 18:00
| night = y
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{cr|AUS}}
| score1 = 172/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kane Williamson]] 85 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Josh Hazlewood]] 3/16 (4 overs)
| score2 = 173/2 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 77[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets2 = [[Trent Boult]] 2/18 (4 overs)
| result = Australia won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1273756.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]], [[Dubai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (Eng)
| toss = Australia won the toss and elected to field.
| motm = [[Mitchell Marsh]] (Aus)
| notes = Australia won their maiden T20 World Cup title.
}}

== Statistics ==
The leading run-scorer in the tournament was [[Babar Azam]], with 303. The leading wicket-taker was [[Wanindu Hasaranga]], who took 16 dismissals, the most by a bowler in a single edition of the T20 World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhyani|first=Kunal|url=https://www.insidesport.in/t20-world-cup-world-no-1-bowler-wanindu-hasaranga-scripts-another-record-becomes-bowler-with-most-wickets-in-a-t20-wc/|title=T20 World Cup: World No 1 bowler Wanindu Hasaranga scripts another record, becomes bowler with most wickets in a T20 WC |work=InsideSport |date=5 November 2021 |access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most runs
!Runs !! Player !! Team
|-
!303
|[[Babar Azam]]||{{cr|PAK}}
|-
!289
|[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || {{cr|AUS}}
|-
!281
|[[Mohammad Rizwan (cricketer)|Mohammad Rizwan]]||{{cr|PAK}}
|-
!269
|[[Jos Buttler]]||{{cr|ENG}}
|-
!231
|[[Charith Asalanka]] ||{{cr|SL}}
|}
*Source: Cricinfo<ref name="mostruns">{{Cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?id=14024;type=tournament| title=Records / ICC World T20, 2021 / Most runs | publisher=ESPNCricinfo |date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Most wickets
! Wickets !! Player !! Team
|-
!16
|[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]||{{cr|SL}}
|-
!13
|[[Adam Zampa]]||{{cr|AUS}}
|-
!13
| [[Trent Boult]]||{{cr|NZ}}
|-
!11
| [[Shakib Al Hasan]]||{{cr|BAN}}
|-
!11
| [[Josh Hazlewood]]||{{cr|AUS}}
|}
*Source: Cricinfo<ref name="mostwickets">{{Cite web| url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=14024;type=tournament| title=Records / ICC World T20, 2021 / Most wickets | publisher=ESPNCricinfo |date=14 November 2021}}</ref>

==Team of the tournament==
On 14 November 2021, the ICC announced its team of the tournament, with David Warner being named as [[Cricket World Cup awards#Player of the tournament|player of the tournament]] and Babar Azam as the captain of the team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2350909 |title=The Upstox Most Valuable Team of the Tournament |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Player
!Team
!Role
|-
| [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || {{cr|AUS}}
| Batter
|-
| [[Jos Buttler]]||{{cr|ENG}}
| Wicket-keeper
|-
| [[Babar Azam]]||{{cr|PAK}}
| Batter
|-
|[[Charith Asalanka]]||{{cr|SL}}
| Batter
|-
|[[Aiden Markram]]||{{cr|SA}}
| Batter
|-
|[[Moeen Ali]]||{{cr|ENG}}
| All-rounder
|-
|[[Wanindu Hasaranga]]||{{cr|SL}}
| All-rounder
|-
|[[Adam Zampa]]||{{cr|AUS}}
| Bowler
|-
|[[Josh Hazlewood]]||{{cr|AUS}}
| Bowler
|-
|[[Trent Boult]]||{{cr|NZ}}
| Bowler
|-
|[[Anrich Nortje]]||{{cr|SA}}
| Bowler
|-
|[[Shaheen Afridi]]||{{cr|PAK}}
|12th
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2021-22-1267897 Series home] at ESPN Cricinfo

{{2021 ICC Men's T20 World Cup}}
{{ICC World Twenty20}}
{{International cricket tours of India}}
{{International cricket in 2021–22}}
{{World championships in 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021}}
[[Category:2021 in cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in Emirati cricket]]
[[Category:2021 in Omani sport]]
[[Category:2021 Men's T20 World Cup|*]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2021–22]]
[[Category:Cricket events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2021]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Oman]]
[[Category:October 2021 sports events in Asia|ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]
[[Category:November 2021 sports events in the United Arab Emirates|ICC Men's T20 World Cup]]

Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita

2026-03-26T22:53:52Z

JoannePettiford:

{{Short description|Criminal Procedure Code of The Republic of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg
| imagesize = 100
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An act to consolidate and amend the law relating to Criminal Procedure.
| autocollapse_long_title = true
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/20099/1/eng.pdf Act No. 46 of 2023]
| territorial_extent = {{flag|India}}
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 20 December 2023
| date_enacted =
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 21 December 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India]]
| date_assented = 25 December 2023
| date_commenced = 1 July 2024
| bill = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023
| bill_citation =
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]]
| date_introduced = 12 December 2023
| committee_responsible = Scrutiny Panel of the Parliament
| passed = 20 December 2023
| passed_for = Majority Voice
| passed_against = Minority Voice
| bill2 = The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023
| bill_date2 = 20 December 2023
| introduced_by2 = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]], [[Amit Shah]]
| second_chamber_action = passed with amendments
| passed2 = 21 December 2023
| passed2_for = Majority Voice
| passed2_against = Minority Voice
| date_final_passage = 21 December 2023
| repeals = [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]]
| related_legislation = [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]] and [[Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam]]
| summary =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023''' (BNSS) ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Bhāratīya Nāgarik Surakśa Saṃhitā;'' {{Literal translation|'''Indian Citizen Safety Code, 2023''' (ICSC) / '''Criminal Procedure Code, 2023''' (CrPC)}}), is the main legislation on [[Procedural law|procedure]] for administration of [[Substantive law|substantive]] [[criminal law]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-introduced-in-lok-sabha/article67183559.ece|title=3 new Bills introduced in Lok Sabha to replace criminal laws; sedition law to be scrapped|date=August 11, 2023|website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/home-minister-amit-shah-introduces-3-bills-to-replace-ipc-crpc-indian-evidence-act-in-lok-sabha/articleshow/102640505.cms?from=mdr|title='Sedition law to be repealed': Amit Shah introduces 3 bills to replace IPC, CrPC, Indian Evidence Act in Lok Sabha|date=11 August 2023|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/amit-shah-indian-penal-code-criminal-laws-revised-justice-not-punishment-centres-3-new-bills-to-overhaul-criminal-laws-4289030|title="Acts of Secession" Replaces Sedition: New Bills To Overhaul Criminal Laws|website=NDTV|date=11 August 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref>https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_Sanhita,_2023.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

== Background and timeline ==

* On 11 August 2023, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 was introduced by [[Amit Shah]], Minister of Home Affairs, in [[Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Centre's 3 bills to revamp criminal laws: 'Aim to provide justice, not punish'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-brings-in-three-bills-to-revamp-indias-crime-laws-crpc-amit-shah-lok-sabha-2419541-2023-08-11|website=India Today|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Parliament session: Will repeal offence of sedition, says Amit Shah as he introduces 3 bills to overhaul justice system|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/parliament-monsoon-session-ends-today-amit-shah-announces-major-overhaul-of-criminal-justice-system-with-new-bill-11691738520380.html|website=LiveMint|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The 3 Bills That Will Soon Replace British-Era Criminal Laws. Their Aim Explained|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-3-bills-that-will-soon-replace-british-era-criminal-laws-their-aim-explained-4289008|website=NDTV|language=en|date=11 August 2023}}</ref>
* On 12 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita Bill, 2023 was withdrawn.
* On 12 December 2023 – 2024, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was introduced in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bhartiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_(second)_Sanhita_Brief.pdf|title=The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023}}</ref>
* On 20 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was passed in Lok Sabha.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Awstika|date=2023-12-20|title=Lok Sabha Passes Criminal Law Bills Seeking To Replace IPC, CrPC And Evidence Act|url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/lok-sabha-criminal-law-bills-ipc-crpc-evidence-act-bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-nagaril-suraksha-sanhita-sakshya-bill-bns-bnss-bss-245023|access-date=2023-12-20|website=Live Law|language=en}}</ref>
* On 21 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 was passed in [[Rajya Sabha]].
* On 25 December 2023, the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023 received the assent of the President of India.<ref>{{Cite web| author= Shemin Joy |title=Bills to replace criminal codes enacted into law as President Murmu gives nod|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/bills-to-replace-criminal-codes-enacted-into-law-as-president-murmu-gives-nod-2824616|access-date=2024-02-13|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>
== Structure ==
The BNSS comprises 39 chapters and 531 sections. In addition, there are two schedules also. The outline of the Sanhita is as follows:<ref>[https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2023/Bharatiya_Nagarik_Suraksha_%28Second%29_Sanhita_2023.pdf Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023] PRS India, 10 November 2023</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/Nagrik174142024124600PM.pdf?source=legislation |title=Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715045455/https://sansad.in/getFile/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/Nagrik174142024124600PM.pdf?source=legislation |archive-date= 15 July 2024 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Digital Sansad}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023
!Chapters
!Clauses
!Classification of Offences
|-
|Chapter 1
|Clauses 1 to 5
|Preliminary
|-
|Chapter 2
|Clauses 6 to 20
|Constitution Of Criminal Courts And Offices
|-
|Chapter 3
|Clauses 21 to 29
|Power Of Courts
|-
|Chapter 4
|Clauses 30 to 34
|Powers Of Superior Officers Of Police And Aid To The Magistrates And The Police
|-
|Chapter 5
|Clauses 35 to 62
|Arrest Of Persons
|-
|Chapter 6
|Clauses 63 to 93
|Processes To Compel Appearance
*''Summons (63 to 71)''
*''Warrant Of Arrest (72 to 83)''
*''Proclamation And Attachment (84 to 89)''
*''Other rules regarding processes (90 to 93)''
|-
|Chapter 7
|Clauses 94 to 110
|Processes To Compel The Production Of Things
*''Summons To Produce (94 to 95)''
*''Search-warrants (96 to 101)''
*''General Provisions Relating To Searches (102 to 104)''
*''Miscellaneous (105 to 110)''
|-
|Chapter 8
|Clauses 111 to 124
|Reciprocal Arrangements For Assistance In Certain Matters And Procedure For Attachment And Forfeiture Of Property
|-
|Chapter 9
|Clauses 125 to 143
|Security For Keeping The Peace And For Good Behaviour
|-
|Chapter 10
|Clauses 144 to 147
|Order For Maintenance Of Wives, Children And Parents
|-
|Chapter 11
|Clauses 148 to 167
|Maintenance Of Public Order And Tranquillity
*''Unlawful Assemblies (148 to 151)''
*''Public Nuisances (152 to 162)''
*''Urgent Cases Of Nuisance Or Apprehended Danger (163)''
*''Disputes As To Immovable Property (164 to 167)''
|-
|Chapter 12
|Clauses 168 to 172
|Preventive Action Of The Police
|-
|Chapter 13
|Clauses 173 to 196
|Information To The Police And Their Powers To Investigate
|-
|Chapter 14
|Clauses 197 to 209
|Jurisdiction Of The Criminal Courts In Inquiries And Trials
|-
|Chapter 15
|Clauses 210 to 222
|Conditions Requisite For Initiation Of Proceedings
|-
|Chapter 16
|Clauses 223 to 226
|Complaints To Magistrates
|-
|Chapter 17
|Clauses 227 to 233
|Commencement Of Proceedings Before Magistrates
|-
|Chapter 18
|Clauses 234 to 247
|The Charge
*''Form Of Charges (234 to 240)''
*''Joinder of charges (241 to 247)''
|-
|Chapter 19
|Clauses 248 to 260
|Trial Before A Court Of Session
|-
|Chapter 20
|Clause 261 to 273
|Trial Of Warrant-cases By Magistrates
*''Cases Instituted On A Police Report (261 to 266)''
*''Cases Instituted Otherwise Than On Police Report (267 to 270)''
*''Conclusion Of Trial (271 to 273)''
|-
|Chapter 21
|Clause 271 to 282
|''Trial Of Summons-cases By Magistrates''
|-
|Chapter 22
|Clause 283 to 288
|''Summary Trials''
|-
|Chapter 23
|Clause 289 to 300
|''Plea Bargaining''
|-
|Chapter 24
|Clause 301 to 306
|''Attendance Of Persons Confined Or Detained In Prisons''
|-
|Chapter 25
|Clause 307 to 336
|''Evidence In Inquiries And Trials''
*''Mode Of Taking And Recording Evidence (307 to 318)''
*''Commissions For The Examination Of Witnesses (319 to 336)''
|-
|Chapter 26
|Clause 337 to 366
|''General Provisions As To Inquiries And Trials''
|-
|Chapter 27
|Clause 367 to 378
|''Provisions As To Accused Persons Of Unsound Mind''
|-
|Chapter 28
|Clause 379 to 391
|''Provisions As To Offences Affecting The Administration Of Justice''
|-
|Chapter 29
|Clause 392 to 406
|''The Judgment''
|-
|Chapter 30
|Clause 407 to 412
|''Submission Of Death Sentences For Confirmation''
|-
|Chapter 31
|Clause 413 to 435
|''Appeals''
|-
|Chapter 32
|Clause 436 to 445
|''Reference And Revision''
|-
|Chapter 33
|Clause 446 to 452
|''Transfer Of Criminal Cases''
|-
|Chapter 34
|Clause 453 to 477
|''Execution, Suspension, Remission And Commutation Of Sentences''
*''Death Sentences (453 to 456)''
*''Imprisonment (457 to 460)''
*''Levy Of Fine (461 to 464)''
*''General provisions regarding execution (465 to 471)''
*''Suspension, Remission And Commutation Of Sentences.e (472 to 477)''
|-
|Chapter 35
|Clause 478 to 496
|''Provisions As To Bail And Bonds''
|-
|Chapter 36
|Clause 497 to 505
|''Disposal Of Property''
|-
|Chapter 37
|Clause 506 to 512
|''Irregular Proceedings''
|-
|Chapter 38
|Clause 513 to 519
|''Limitation For Taking Cognizance Of Certain Offences''
|-
|Chapter 39
|Clause 519 to 531
|''Miscellaneous''
|-
|}

== Changes ==
The BNSS makes a number of changes to the CrPC, some key changes are:<ref>https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-511325.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=July 2025}}</ref>

* '''Consolidating and simplifying the law''': The BNSS consolidates and simplifies the law by repealing and amending a number of provisions of the CrPC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Scan on detention of accused person in police custody for staggering period of up to 90 days|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/scan-on-detention-of-accused-person-in-police-custody-for-staggering-period-of-up-to-90-days/cid/1988289|website=Telegraph India|language=en|date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
* '''Strengthening the rights of the accused''': The BNSS strengthens the rights of the accused by providing for safeguards, such as the right to a lawyer of choice during interrogation, though not throughout the interrogation, and the right to a fair trial. Every police officer or other person arresting any person without warrant shall forthwith communicate to him full particulars of the offence for which he is arrested or other grounds for such arrest. When any person is arrested, he shall be examined by a medical officer in the service of the Central Government or a State Government, and in case the medical officer is not available, by a registered medical practitioner soon after the arrest is made.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PRS INDIA|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|reason=PRS source just mirrors the original billl|date=June 2024}}
* '''Improving the efficiency of the criminal justice system:''' The BNSS seeks to improve the efficiency of the criminal justice system by streamlining procedures and reducing delays.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Revised criminal law bills: Key changes explained|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/revised-criminal-law-bills-the-key-changes-explained/article67637348.ece|website=The Hindu|language=en|date=18 December 2023}}</ref>

The following are some of the key changes made in the BNSS:

* '''Arrest:''' <ref name=":0" />The BNSS gives the police more powers to investigate crimes and requires them to complete investigations within a specified time period.
* '''Trial:''' The BNSS streamlines the trial process and requires courts to dispose of cases within a specified time period.
* '''Community Service'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/12/26/bharatiya-nyaya-sanhita-2023-community-service-punishment-petty-offences-legal-news/|title=SCC Online}}</ref> For the first time in India's penal code history, the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNSS) introduces "Community Service" as a distinct form of punishment, marking a significant shift towards reformative justice. This provision allows courts to sentence offenders to unpaid work for the benefit of the community for specific petty offences, such as defamation, public intoxication, and attempting to commit suicide with the intent to restrain a public servant. By incorporating this alternative to imprisonment, the BNSS aims to reduce the burden on the prison system while offering a constructive avenue for rehabilitation for minor infractions.
* '''Section 173'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/SOP_on_Zero_FIR%20&%20eFIR%20-%20NCL%202023.pdf|website=bprd.nic.in|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241204021832/https://bprd.nic.in/uploads/pdf/SOP_on_Zero_FIR%20&%20eFIR%20-%20NCL%202023.pdf|archive-date=2024-12-04}}</ref> of the BNSS gives statutory recognition to the concept of Zero FIR, which allows a First Information Report (FIR) to be registered at any police station, irrespective of its territorial jurisdiction. The provision mandates that information regarding a cognizable offence can be given orally or electronically to an officer-in-charge, who must register it and transfer it to the relevant jurisdictional police station.

==Criticism==
BNSS makes the ability of the accused to secure bail, more difficult and limits the scope for [[plea bargain]]ing.<ref name="scroll">{{cite web |author1=Vineet Bhalla |title=How Modi government's new criminal laws drastically increase police powers |url=https://scroll.in/article/1061476/how-modi-governments-new-criminal-laws-drastically-increase-police-powers |website=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> It empowers police officers to compel an accused to produce their digital devices to access their contents for investigation purposes. It also gives police the discretion to seize and [[Attachment (law)|attach]] the property of an accused before a trial has taken place.<ref name="scroll"/>

For every cognisable offence punishable for three years or more but less than seven years, BNSS mandates a preliminary inquiry to be conducted by the police before an [[First information report|FIR]] can be lodged.<ref>{{cite news |author1=[[Indira Jaising]] |title=With new criminal laws, rights won in Supreme Court can be overturned by government |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/with-new-criminal-laws-rights-won-hard-in-the-sc-are-at-risk-of-being-overruled-by-the-government-9392038/ |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=17 June 2024}}</ref> This supersedes the Supreme Court's decision in ''Lalita Kumari vs Government of Uttar Pradesh'' in 2013, wherein the court found that investigating officers had undue powers in deciding whether an FIR was warranted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023|url=https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023|website=PRS Legislative Research|access-date=2026-01-29|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251204223715/https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-bharatiya-nagarik-suraksha-sanhita-2023|archive-date=2025-12-04|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita]]
* [[Bharatiya Sakshya Act, 2023]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/250884_2_english_01042024.pdf Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita] from [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]

{{Judiciary of India}}
{{Law enforcement in India}}

[[Category:Indian criminal law]]
[[Category:Codes of criminal procedure]]
[[Category:Evidence law]]
[[Category:2023 in India]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]

Sataon

2026-03-26T15:57:49Z

JoannePettiford: creating new data

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sataon
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = Sataon block map.png
| map_caption = Map of Sataon CD block
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.296698|N|81.046047|E|display=inline,title}}<ref name="GeoNames">{{cite web |title=GeoNames Search |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=geonames.nga.mil |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412035207/https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |archive-date=April 12, 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.793
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 9151
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census 2011" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = UP-35
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sataon''' is a village and corresponding [[community development block]] in [[Rae Bareli district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name="Census 2011">{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook – Rae Bareli, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=202–18 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0927_PART_A_DCHB_RAE%20BARELI.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> It is located a bit to the west of the river [[Sai River (Uttar Pradesh)|Sai]] on the main [[Raebareli]]-[[Unnao]] road.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905">{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Rai Bareli: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XXXIX Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1905 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=72–7, 223–4 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35020 |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> It is 22 km from Raebareli, the district headquarters.<ref name="Census 1981" /> As of 2011, its population is 9,151, in 1,756 households.<ref name="Census 2011" /> It has 4 primary schools and 1 medical clinic.<ref name="Census 2011" />

Sataon hosts two annual festivals dedicated to the worship of [[Parvati]] Devi.<ref name="Census 1961" /> The larger one is on [[Vaisakha]] Badi 3.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Vendors bring metal utensils, [[earthenware]] pottery, [[bangle]]s, and toys to sell at the festival.<ref name="Census 1961" /> The other festival is held on [[Asvina]] Sudi 10 and is much smaller; vendors bring earthenware pottery, bangles, and various everyday items to sell.<ref name="Census 1961" />

== History ==
Along with [[Korihar]], Sataon historically gave its name to a large [[taluqdar]]i estate called Korihar Sataon, which was held by a branch of the [[Bais (Rajput clan)|Bais]] Rajputs.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> This branch was founded by Pahar Singh, one of the eight sons of Rana Doman Deo of [[Khajurgaon]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Along with his brother Mitrajit Singh, ancestor of the taluqdars of [[Pahu]], Pahar Singh accompanied [[Aurangzeb]] on his expedition to [[Kandahar]], and both brothers died in an avalanche in 1647.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Ten generations later, the taluqdar Gur Bakhsh Singh died childless, and his territories were seized by Rana Raghunath Singh of Khajurgaon until 1832.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> At that point, Gur Bakhsh Singh's adopted son Fateh Bahadur was able to recover the taluqa with the aid of Beni Madho Bakhsh of [[Shankarpur]].<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> Beni Madho Bakhsh himself then attempted to take over the taluqa via [[security interest]], but the British agent [[William Henry Sleeman]] interfered and Fateh Bahadur ended up again recovering the taluqa by paying off a debt of [[Rs.]] 40,000.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> His descendants maintained possession of the estate into the 20th century.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

At the turn of the 20th century, Sataon was described as a very large village with extensive orchards; it had a primary school and a ruined fort built by Fateh Bahadur Singh.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The two fairs to Parvati were noted, with attendance listed as about 3,000 people, and with plenty of commerce in various local products, especially carts and metal vessels, taking place at the events.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" /> The population of Sataon in 1901 was 2,964 people, and a large proportion of residents belonged to the [[Lodh]] community.<ref name="Gazetteer 1905" />

The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Sataon as comprising 9 hamlets, with a total population of 3,872 people (1,975 male and 1,897 female), in 777 households and 697 physical houses.<ref name="Census 1961">{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (39 – Raebareli District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=166–7, xxxviii-xxxix of section "Rae Bareli Tahsil", cxxiii, cxxv-cxxvi|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1047/1/22852_1961_RAE.pdf |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> The area of the village was given as 2,809 [[acre]]s and it had a medical practitioner and post office at that point.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Average attendance of the Parvati Devi festival in Vaisakha was then about 15,000 people.<ref name="Census 1961" /> Attendance to the Asvina one was 500.<ref name="Census 1961" /> It had 5 [[grain mill]]s, 5 [[bicycle repair shop]]s, and 1 small manufacturer/repairer not assignable to any group.<ref name="Census 1961" />

The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Sataon as having a population of 5,690 people, in 100 households, and having an area of 1,136.80 [[hectare]]s.<ref name="Census 1981">{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village & Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=100–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1298/1/50861_1981_RAE.pdf |access-date=4 August 2021}}</ref> The main staple foods were given as wheat and rice.<ref name="Census 1981" />

== Archaeology ==
In the late 1990s, archaeologists D. P. Tewari and Anoop Kumar Singh discovered several stone sculptures of [[Parvati]], [[Ganesha]], and [[Vishnu]] at Sataon, which they dated stylistically to approximately the 9th or 10th century.<ref name="Indian Archaeology 1998-99">{{cite book |editor1-last=Misra |editor1-first=R.C. |title=Indian Archaeology 1998-99 — A Review |date=2004 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |url=https://archive.org/details/indianarchaeology199899areview_421_b/mode/2up |access-date=6 March 2026}}</ref>{{rp|203}}

== Villages ==
Sataon CD block has the following 72 villages:<ref name="Census 2011" />

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Village name
! Total land area (hectares)
! Population (in 2011)
|-
| [[Gojhari]] || 1,014.9 || 6,145
|-
| [[Konsa, Raebareli|Konsa]] || 1,032.2 || 6,797
|-
| [[Krishapur Tala]] || 799.8 || 3,835
|-
| [[Bankat, Raebareli|Bankat]] || 113.7 || 606
|-
| [[Bardar, Raebareli|Bardar]] || 1,020.6 || 6,557
|-
| '''Sataon''' (block headquarters) || 1,197.3 || 9,151
|-
| [[Garhi Dularai]] || 204.1 || 1,300
|-
| [[Onai Paharpur]] || 385.2 || 5,054
|-
| [[Khusroopur]] || 106.1 || 1,108
|-
| [[Chak Nasirpur]] || 16 || 20
|-
| [[Gambhipur]] || 81.4 || 867
|-
| [[Huseni, Raebareli|Huseni]] || 131.9 || 722
|-
| [[Hoonsepur]] || 65.3 || 223
|-
| [[Gauri Sataon]] || 76.1 || 868
|-
| [[Dumapur]] || 199.9 || 1,404
|-
| [[Sekhapur]] || 124.6 || 612
|-
| [[Manpur, Sataon|Manpur]] || 118.4 || 1,027
|-
| [[Hardhaurpur]] || 71.7 || 407
|-
| [[Raulla]] || 204.3 || 1,229
|-
| [[Shahjaura]] || 182.2 || 2,929
|-
| [[Jaitpur, Sataon|Jaitpur]] || 110.1 || 340
|-
| [[Lohara, Raebareli|Lohara]] || 361.1 || 3,091
|-
| [[Govindpur Kothaiya]] || 179.7 || 1,424
|-
| [[Hajipur, Sataon|Hajipur]] || 784.8 || 7,514
|-
| [[Korihar]] || 151 || 12,351
|-
| [[Malikmau Chaubara]] || 398.7 || 3,432
|-
| [[Porae, Raebareli|Porae]] || 800.5 || 5,652
|-
| [[Chandwal]] || 222 || 1,112
|-
| [[Jaitipur]] || 116.8 || 1,584
|-
| [[Shahjadpur, Raebareli|Shahjadpur]] || 119.7 || 1,070
|-
| [[Bans, Raebareli|Bans]] || 209 || 1,341
|-
| [[Sultanpur Khera]] || 804.3 || 7,619
|-
| [[Paharpur Khera]] || 126.9 || 632
|-
| [[Ataura Khurd]] || 238.7 || 2,118
|-
| [[Chandai Raghunathpur]] || 322.1 || 2,077
|-
| [[Kailauli]] || 819.1 || 5,188
|-
| [[Ataura Buzurg]] || 1,217.6 || 8,466
|-
| [[Jariya]] || 243.6 || 1,080
|-
| [[Sarai Dugosha]] || 102 || 1,473
|-
| [[Barauwa]] || 311.3 || 2,048
|-
| [[Jetuwa Tappe Bhaon]] || 209.9 || 946
|-
| [[Bathuwa Khas]] || 684.5 || 4,118
|-
| [[Surpur Bathuwa]] || 74.5 || 365
|-
| [[Sonika Mau]] || 266.7 || 1,452
|-
| [[Dedaur]] || 983 || 4,781
|-
| [[Salarpur, Sataon|Salarpur]] || 271.3 || 1,462
|-
| [[Lohara Mau]] || 83.4 || 473
|-
| [[Sakha Naubati]] || 115.1 || 409
|-
| [[Dariwa]] || 443 || 2,537
|-
| [[Sarai Mubarak]] || 237.1 || 1,151
|-
| [[Asha Nandpur]] || 83.8 || 719
|-
| [[Soitha]] || 137.8 || 831
|-
| [[Nakdilpur]] || 188.6 || 786
|-
| [[Rasoolpur Gunda]] || 119.6 || 615
|-
| [[Chandauli, Sataon|Chandauli]] || 140.7 || 743
|-
| [[Reti Khurd Buzurg]] || 363.9 || 1,847
|-
| [[Nak Phulha]] || 378.7 || 2,517
|-
| [[Alipur Aaima]] || 103.3 || 567
|-
| [[Balla Baraula]] || 158.4 || 898
|-
| [[Jagjiwanpur Amariya]] || 15.6 || 834
|-
| [[Tikra, Sataon|Tikra]] || 229 || 1,538
|-
| [[Padri Ganeshpur]] || 288.9 || 1,780
|-
| [[Chak Majhauna]] || 97.7 || 220
|-
| [[Chak Singaria]] || 60.7 || 422
|-
| [[Shahpur, Sataon|Shahpur]] || 149.3 || 410
|-
| [[Kalyanpur Raili]] || 339.6 || 1,852
|-
| [[Chak Godwa]] || 42.8 || 162
|-
| [[Chilaula Bhagariya]] || 266.4 || 1,934
|-
| [[Purwa Pindor]] || 265.9 || 1,740
|-
| [[Dedani]] || 180 || 1,480
|-
| [[Manehroo]] || 706 || 5,334
|-
| [[Narauka]] || 87.5 || 900
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raebareli district}}

[[Category:Villages in Raebareli district]]
[[Category:Community development blocks in India]]
[[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]

Pahar Singh Judeo

2026-03-26T11:58:48Z

JoannePettiford: made initial biography and citations

{{Short description|Raja of Sarila (1788–1898)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| reign = 19 August 1882 – 22 February 1898
| predecessor = Khallak Singh
| successor = [[Mahipal Singh Ju Deo|Mahipal Singh]]
| birth_date = 1875
| death_date = 22 February 1898
| issue = [[Mahipal Singh Ju Deo|Mahipal Singh]]
| house = {{flagicon image|Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Sarila.png}} [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Pahar Singh Ju Deo''' was [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]] from 1882 until his death in 1898.

== Early life ==
He was born in 1875.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |date=1900 |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |pages=279 |language=en}}</ref> He was educated at [[Daly College]], [[Indore]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daly |first=H. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35684/ |title=Report Of The Political Administration Of The Territories Within The Central India Agency 1889-90 |date=1890 |pages=49}}</ref>

== Reign ==
When Khallak Singh, the [[Raja]] of [[Sarila (state)|Sarila]], died childless in 1882, his widows adopted Pahar Singh as his successor, and his adoption was sanctioned by the [[British government of India|Government of India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Manu Nandshankar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.181102/ |title=Hind Rajasthan |date=1896 |pages=291–292}}</ref> He succeeded Khallak to his title, rank, and dignity on 19 August 1882.<ref name=":1" /> As he was a minor at the time, Rao Sambhar Singh was appointed to administer the affairs of the state until he came of age.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=AGENCY |first=THE CENTRAL INDIA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4sIAAAAQAAJ |title=REPORT OF THE POLITICAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE TERRORISTS WITHIN THE CENTRAL INDIA AGENCY FOR 1883-84. |date=1885 |pages=137–138 |language=en}}</ref> He was granted full administrative powers in 1895.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=icwkAQAAIAAJ |title=Central Indian Agency |date=1909 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India |pages=28–29 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He married the daughter of one of the leading [[jagirdar]] of [[Charkhari State|Charkhari]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Daly |first=H. D. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35681/ |title=Report Of The Political Administration Of The Territories Within The Central India Agency 1893-94 |date=1894 |pages=44}}</ref> A son, [[Mahipal Singh Ju Deo]], was born posthumously to him on 11 September 1898.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
He died on 22 February 1898 and was succeeded by Mahipal Singh Ju Deo.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Pahar Singh Ju}}
[[Category:1875 deaths]]
[[Category:1898 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:People from Uttar Pradesh]]

Henry McMahon

2026-03-23T05:20:28Z

JoannePettiford: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|British military officer, colonial official and diplomat (1862–1949)}}
{{other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant Colonel]] Sir
| name = Henry McMahon
| honorific_suffix = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG|GCVO|KCIE|CSI|KStJ}}
| image = Henry McMahon.jpeg
| caption = Painting {{c.|1915}}
| birth_date = 28 November 1862
| birth_place = [[Shimla|Simla]], Punjab Province, British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|29 December 1949|28 November 1862}}
| death_place = [[London]], United Kingdom<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41364037|jstor = 41364037|title = Death of Sir Henry McMahon|author1 = J. A. M|journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|year = 1950|volume = 98|issue = 4812|pages = 147–149}}</ref>
| other_names =
| known_for = [[McMahon-Hussein Correspondence]], the [[McMahon Line]], [[Declaration to the Seven]]
| occupation = [[Diplomacy|Diplomat]], [[commissioner]]
| relatives =
| spouse =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Vincent Arthur Henry McMahon''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCMG|GCVO|KCIE|CSI|KStJ}} (28 November 1862 – 29 December 1949) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer and diplomat who served as Foreign Secretary in the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Government of India]] from 1911 to 1915 and as [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] in [[Egypt]] from 1915 to 1917.<ref>Rulers.org: [http://rulers.org/rule.html#egypt Egypt], Countries E, High commissioners.</ref> As the Foreign Secretary McMahon conducted the tripartite negotiations between Tibet, China and Britain that led to the [[Simla Convention]]. Even though China did not in the end sign the Convention, the agreement governed the British relations with Tibet till 1947. In Egypt, McMahon was best known for the [[McMahon-Hussein Correspondence]] with [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|Hussein bin Ali]], [[Sharif of Mecca]], and the [[Declaration to the Seven]] in response to a memorandum written by seven notable Syrians. After the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]] was published by the [[Bolshevik]] Russian government in November 1917, McMahon resigned.<ref>See CAB 24/271, Cabinet Paper 203(37)</ref> He also features prominently in ''[[Seven Pillars of Wisdom]]'', [[T. E. Lawrence|T.E. Lawrence's]] account of the [[Arab Revolt]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] during [[World War I]].

==Early life==
McMahon was the son of [[Charles Alexander McMahon]], a [[geologist]] and Commissioner of both [[Lahore Division|Lahore]] and [[Hisar district|Hisar]] in [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], India,<ref>[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FGEO%2FGEO5_1_05%2FS0016756800119685a.pdf&code=9eadff6364f30138215d621ee092fd38 Obituary of Lieut. General Charles Alexander McMahon], journals.Cambridge.org. Accessed April 2011.</ref> and who, like his father, [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]] Alexander McMahon, had been an officer with the [[East India Company]].

He was educated in England at [[Haileybury and Imperial Service College|Haileybury College]], the recently founded successor of the [[East India Company College]]. When he joined the school, his father had an address in [[Exeter]]. He then proceeded to the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]].<ref name=Haileybury>"McMahon, Arthur Henry, b. Nov. 28, 1862, son of Lieut.-Col. McMahon, 6, Regent's Park, Heavilree, Exeter" in Lionel Sumner Milford, ''Haileybury Register, 1862–1891'' (Haileybury College, 1891), p. 149</ref>

==Family background==
The Oriel [[McMahon clans|McMahons]] are the [[Gaelic Ireland|Gaelic]] clan of ''Mac Mathghamhna'' who had come originally from the medieval Irish kingdom of [[Airgíalla|Oriel]] in South [[Ulster]], where they reigned from around 1250 until about 1600.

Henry McMahon's own family had settled in the [[Downpatrick]] area of [[County Down]] before his great-grandfather, Arthur McMahon, moved to Kilrea, where he was [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]] of the local [[Presbyterian]] congregation between 1789 and 1794: a prominent [[Irish republicanism|Irish Republican]], Arthur McMahon was a member of the National Directory of the [[Society of United Irishmen]] and one of their [[colonel]]s in [[Ulster]] during the [[Irish Rebellion of 1798]].<ref>Samuel McSkimin, ''The Annals of Ulster from 1790 to 1798'' (1906), p. 87; accessed April 2011 at https://archive.org/stream/annalsulsterfro00mccrgoog/annalsulsterfro00mccrgoog_djvu.txt</ref> He apparently fought at the battles of [[Battle of Saintfield|Saintfield]] and [[Battle of Ballynahinch|Ballynahinch]]. Following the rebels' overall defeat, he was able to flee to [[France]], where he served with [[Napoleon]]'s [[Irish Legion]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Woods |first=C.J. |date=October 2009 |title=McMahon (McMechan), Arthur |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/mcmahon-mcmechan-arthur-a5734 |website=Dictionary of Irish Biography |location= |publisher=Royal Irish Academy |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref> It has been reported that he was captured by the British during the [[Walcheren Campaign]] of 1809 and sent to England, but was later able to return to France where, in June 1815, he eventually died fighting at either [[Battle of Ligny|Ligny]] or [[Battle of Waterloo|Waterloo]].<ref>
J. W. Kernohan, [http://www.torrens.org.uk/Genealogy/BannValley/books/Kilrea/Kilrea03.html The Parishes of Kilrea and Tamlaght O'Crilly (1912), p. 37], torrents.org.UK. Accessed April 2011.</ref>

==Career==
=== British India ===
McMahon was commissioned as a [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] into the [[King's (Liverpool) Regiment]] on 10 March 1883.<ref name=Hart>Hart's Army list, 1903</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=25210|page=1323|date=9 March 1883}}</ref> He transferred to the [[Indian Staff Corps]] in 1885, joining the 1st Sikh Infantry in the [[Punjab Frontier Force]].<ref name=ODNB>{{cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34794 |title=McMahon, Sir (Arthur) Henry}}</ref>

In 1887, McMahon joined the Punjab Commission (civil service). He transferred to the [[Indian Political Department]] in 1890, serving in it till 1915. His various positions included North-West Frontier, Zhob and Thal-Chotiali agencies in [[List of districts in Balochistan|Balochistan]], [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]], [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]–[[Swat (princely state)|Swat]]–[[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and finally as the Agent to the Governor-General for Balochistan (a position that combined the Chief Commissioner for [[British Baluchistan]] and Political Resident for the [[Baluchistan Agency]]).<ref name=ODNB/> During these years he was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 10 March 1894, and [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 10 July 1901.<ref name=Hart /> He received the temporary rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] while employed on special duty on the [[Sistan]] frontier in 1903.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27516 |date=16 January 1903 |page=309 }}</ref>

McMahon spoke [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Pashto]], and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], and his aptitude for languages led him also to learn [[Arabic]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

In 1911, the Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] appointed McMahon as the Foreign Secretary to the Government of India. He held this position till 1915. During 1913–1914, McMahon was responsible for holding the tripartite conference to negotiate the [[Simla Convention]] between Tibet, China and Britain, and acting as Britain's plenipoteniary. Though the conference failed to produce a signed convention between all three parties, Tibet and Britain did agree the draft convention, which governed their mutual relations till the end of British rule in India. Tibet and Britain also agreed their mutual border in the northeast India, which bears the name [[McMahon Line]].<ref name=ODNB/><ref>{{citation |last=Mehra |first=Parshotam |title=The McMahon Line and After: A Study of the Triangular Contest on India's North-eastern Frontier Between Britain, China and Tibet, 1904–47 |year=1974 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0333157374 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.pahar.3459 |via=archive.org}}</ref>

=== Middle East ===
In 1915, McMahon was sent to replace Sir [[Milne Cheetham]], briefly acting for [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]], who had become [[War Secretary]] in London, in the post of [[List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to Egypt|High Commissioner]] in the [[Sultanate of Egypt]]. When he arrived by train, [[Ronald Storrs]], a member of the [[Arab Bureau]], described him as "quiet, friendly, agreeable, considerate and cautious",<ref>J. Schneer, "The Balfour Declaration", p. 56</ref> although later in his career Storrs and others were not so charitable. McMahon was made a [[Knight of Grace of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]] (KStJ). {{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Although a temporary appointment, it became a permanent post, for an experienced political administrator. With the approval of Kitchener and Foreign Secretary [[Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon|Sir Edward Grey]], McMahon began a long correspondence with [[Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz|Husayn bin Ali]], [[Sharif of Mecca]], the Ottoman-appointed ruler of the Hijaz, to use the Bedouin tribes under his control to support the [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] in overthrowing the Ottomans. He promised Husayn an independent area under Arab governance that was to include what was then the [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem]] (later [[Mandatory Palestine]]), in exchange for Arab support in Britain's conflict against the [[Ottoman Turks]] in what came to be known as the [[Great Arab Revolt]] against the Ottomans. Their correspondence is known to historians from the [[McMahon–Hussein Correspondence]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howard |first1=Adam M. |title=Sewing the Fabric of Statehood: Garment Unions, American Labor and the Establishment of the State of Israel |date=2017 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |page=10}}</ref>

[[Gilbert Clayton|Sir Gilbert Clayton]], [[Aubrey Herbert]], Storrs and others of the intelligence community approved of McMahon's pro-Arabist policy from 1916 onwards. McMahon sat on the plan to use the Sharif to support British for six months. But it was [[Reginald Wingate|Sir Reginald Wingate]] who persuaded McMahon that the Arabs were ready, able and willing for Cairo to support Husayn in an effort to overthrow the Ottomans and establish a pan-Arab state made up of Ottoman Arab lands in the Middle East. Storrs thought the diplomacy was "in every way exaggerated."<ref>J. Schneer, pp. 54–60</ref> He was appointed a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (GCMG) in 1916 upon his retirement from the [[British Indian Army]].{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

By May 1916, Turkish troops had arrived in Mecca, and McMahon received a telegram from [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah ibn Husayn]], Sharif Husayn's son, that the Movement was ready. McMahon despatched the oriental secretary, Storrs, to London with a team of intelligence experts. The British decision to land an invasion force in the Dardanelles, instead of Alexandretta, and to promise the French Syria under the [[Sykes-Picot Agreement]], irritated McMahon.

On 23 November 1917, following the [[October Revolution]], the [[Bolsheviks]] released copies the Sykes–Picot Agreement and other secret treaties, publishing full texts in ''[[Izvestia]]'' and ''[[Pravda]]''. ''[[The Manchester Guardian]]'' then printed the texts on 26 November 1917.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf |title=International Boundary Study No. 94 – December 30, 1969 Jordan – Syria Boundary |access-date=2009-05-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327062139/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS094.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-27 }} p. 9.</ref> This caused great embarrassment to the Allies and growing distrust between them and the Arabs, and McMahon resigned his post in protest.

==Honours in retirement==
In 1920, McMahon was awarded the [[Order of El Nahda]], 1st Class, by Husayn, the new [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|King of the Hejaz]]. In 1925, he was promoted to a [[Knight of Justice of the Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]] (KStJ).{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

McMahon was one of the founders of the [[Imperial College, London|Imperial College]] [[Masonic Lodge]] in 1923,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iclodge.org/old/index.php/about-us/list-of-founders|title=Imperial College Lodge No. 4536 - List of Founders|website=www.iclodge.org}}</ref> at which time he was also a member of the governing body of Imperial College.

==Personal life==
On 19 October 1886, in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], McMahon married Mary E. Bland, a daughter of F. C. Bland of Derriquin Castle, [[County Kerry]].<ref name=Haileybury/> Their daughter Jessica was born in 1887. In 1909, at the church of [[St George's, Hanover Square]], London, she married Henry A. Hetherington, of Berechurch Hall, [[Colchester]].<ref>''Marriages solemnized at St George's, Hanover Square'', [https://www.ancestry.co.uk/imageviewer/collections/61867/images/61865_314054001181_18048-00101 No. 178, June 29, 1909] ancestry.co.uk, accessed 3 September 2022 {{subscription required}}</ref>

McMahon and his wife retired to England. McMahon died on 29 December 1949. He left an estate valued at £26,918, probate for which was granted to Jessica Merriell Hetherington and [[Courtauld Courtauld-Thomson, 1st Baron Courtauld-Thomson|Lord Courtauld-Thomson]].<ref>"McMahon sir Arthur Henry" in ''Wills and Administrations 1950 (England and Wales)'' (1951), p. 787</ref> McMahon was buried in the [[Golders Green Cemetery]].

== Arms ==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Sir Vincent Arthur Henry McMahon Escutcheon.png
|notes = Granted 10 April 1924 by [[Sir Nevile Rodwell Wilkinson]], [[Ulster King of Arms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000810941/StaffViewMARC#tabnav |page=117 |title=Grants and Confirmations of Arms Volume M |publisher=National Library of Ireland |accessdate=24 August 2022}}</ref>
|escutcheon = Per pale Or and Gules an ostrich counterchanged holding in the beak a horseshoe Proper on a canton of the second a bear rampant Sable.
|crest = On a wreath of the colours a bear rampant Sable holding an antique crown Or.
|mantling = Gyles doubled Argent.
|motto = Deum Timens Solum}}

== Taxa named in his honour ==
*A [[species]] of Asian viper, ''[[Eristicophis|Eristicophis macmahoni]]'', is named in honour of Henry McMahon.<ref name=EDR/>
*''Eirenis mcmahoni'', also named in his honour, is considered a synonym of ''[[:fr:Eirenis persicus|Eirenis persicus]]''.<ref name=EDR>[[Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[Michael Watkins (zoologist)|Watkins, Michael]]; [[Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (McMahon, p. 173).</ref>
*The Pakistani fish ''[[Labeo macmahoni]]'' is potentially named in his honour.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/cypriniformes7/ | title = Order CYPRINIFORMES: Family CYPRINIDAE: Subfamily LABEONINAE | access-date = 16 March 2022 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara | date = 22 September 2018 | archive-date = 6 May 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210506050604/http://etyfish.org/cypriniformes7/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
====Books====
*{{cite book |first= Samuel |last=McSkimin |title=The Annals of Ulster from 1790 to 1798 |date=1906 }}
*{{cite book |first=W. |last= Kernohan |title= The Parishes of Kilrea and Tamlaght O'Crilly |date=1912 }}
*{{cite book |first=Jonathan |last=Schneer | author-link = Jonathan Schneer |title= The Balfour Declaration | publisher = Bloomsbury |place=London |date=2010 }}

====Articles====
* {{cite book |first=Isaiah |last=Friedman |title=The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence and the Question of Palestine |publisher=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=5 |year=1970 |ref=83-122}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Henry McMahon}}
*[http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=%2FGEO%2FGEO5_1_05%2FS0016756800119685a.pdf&code=9eadff6364f30138215d621ee092fd38 Henry McMahon]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/019091}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box|title=[[History of modern Egypt#British administration|British High Commissioner in Egypt]]|before=[[Milne Cheetham|Sir Milne Cheetham]]|after=[[Reginald Wingate|Sir Reginald Wingate]]|years= 9 January 1915 – 1 January 1917}}

{{succession box |title=[[List of Chief Commissioners of Balochistan|Chief Commissioner of Balochistan]]||
years=2 April 1907 – 3 June 1909|
before= [[Alexander Tucker (commissioner)|Alexander Lauzun Pendock Tucker]]|
after=[[Charles Archer]]}}

{{succession box |title=[[List of Chief Commissioners of Balochistan|Chief Commissioner of Balochistan]]||
years=6 September 1909 – 25 April 1911|
before= [[Charles Archer]]|
after=[[John Ramsay (commissioner)|John Ramsay]]}}

{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McMahon, Henry}}
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Administrators in British India]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:High commissioners of the United Kingdom to Egypt]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights of Justice of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Indian Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:People educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Shimla]]
[[Category:British people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:British military personnel in colonial India]]
[[Category:Chief commissioners of Baluchistan]]
[[Category:British Freemasons]]
[[Category:King's Regiment (Liverpool) officers]]
[[Category:19th-century British Army personnel]]

Tanzania

2026-03-21T11:05:15Z

JoannePettiford:

{{short description|Country in East Africa}}
{{Distinguish|Tasmania}}
{{about|the country in East Africa|other uses|Tanzania (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United Republic of Tanzania
| common_name = Tanzania
| native_name = {{native name|sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}}
| image_flag = Flag of Tanzania.svg
| image_coat = Coat of arms of Tanzania.svg
| national_motto = "Uhuru na Umoja"
| englishmotto = "Freedom and Unity"
| national_anthem = "[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]"<br />"God bless Africa"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/znz.htm |access-date=29 January 2015 |date=2014 |title=Zanzibar |first=David |last=Kendall |work=nationalanthems.info |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004074956/http://www.nationalanthems.info/znz.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:National Anthem of Tanzania by US Navy Band.ogg]]}}
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File: Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Tanzania AU Africa.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Africa|default=1}}
| capital = [[Dodoma]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|6|10|S|35|44|E|type:city|display=inline}}
| largest_city = [[Dar es Salaam]]<br />{{Coord|06|48|S|39|16|E|region:TZ-02_type:city(6,400,000)|display=inline}}
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Swahili language|Swahili]]|[[English language|English]]{{efn|[[Swahili language|Swahili]] and [[English language|English]] serve as de facto official languages.<ref name=Mugoti>{{cite book |title=Africa (a-z) |author=Godfrey Mugoti |page=152 |publisher= Godfrey books |date=12 June 2009 |isbn=9781435728905 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Plvuddy_4NYC&pg=PA512}}</ref><ref name=expogr>{{cite web|url=https://www.expogr.com/tanzania_country_information.php|title=Tanzania Country Information – All about Tanzania|website=expogr.com|access-date=26 April 2020}}</ref>}}}}
| languages_type = [[National language]]
| languages = [[Swahili language|Swahili]]<ref name="tzgov">{{cite web|title=Tanzania Profile|url=https://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/68|website=Tanzania Gov|publisher=Tanzanian Government|access-date=23 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802124344/https://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/68|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| languages2_type = Other languages
| languages2 = [[Languages of Tanzania|Over 100 languages]], including (1m+):
{{hlist |style=line-break:anywhere|[[Shambala language|Shambala]]|[[Sukuma language|Sukuma]]|[[Nyamwezi language|Nyamwezi]]|[[Chaga languages|Chagga]]|[[Ha language|Ha]]|[[Bena language|Bena]]|[[Gogo language|Gogo]]|[[Haya language|Haya]]|[[Dholuo]]|[[Iraqw language|Iraqw]]|[[Makonde language|Makonde]]|[[Nyaturu language|Nyaturu]]|[[Maasai language|Maasai]]|[[Jita language|Jita]]|[[Pare language|Pare]]}}
| religion_year = 2020
| religion_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|title=Religions in Tanzania | PEW-GRF|website=www.globalreligiousfutures.org|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304033104/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2020&region_name=All+Countries&restrictions_year=2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| religion = {{ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap;
|63.1% [[Christianity in Tanzania|Christianity]]
|34.1% [[Islam in Tanzania|Islam]]
|1.5% [[Irreligion|no religion]]
|1.2% [[Traditional African religions|traditional faiths]]
|0.1% others
}}
| demonym = [[Demographics of Tanzania|Tanzanian]]
| government_type = Unitary dominant-party [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
| leader_title1 = [[President of Tanzania|President]]
| leader_name1 = [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vice-President of Tanzania|Vice-President]]
| leader_name2 = [[Emmanuel Nchimbi]]
| leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|Prime Minister]]
| leader_name3 = [[Mwigulu Nchemba]]
| leader_title4 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Tanzania|Speaker]]
| leader_name4 = [[Mussa Zungu]]
| leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Tanzania|Chief Justice]]
| leader_name5 = [[George Mcheche Masaju]]
| legislature = [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]]
| sovereignty_type = Independence {{nobold|from the [[United Kingdom]]}}
| established_event1 = [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]]
| established_date1 = 9 December 1961
| established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[People's Republic of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]]}}
| established_date2 = 10 December 1963
| established_event3 = Unification of Tanganyika and Zanzibar
| established_date3 = 26 April 1964
| established_event4 = Current constitution
| established_date4 = 25 April 1977
| area_km2 = 947,303
| area_rank = 30th
| area_sq_mi = 365,756<ref name="BFF"/> 
| percent_water = 6.4<ref name="BFF"/>
| population_estimate = 67,462,121<ref name=CIA2024>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Tanzania|access-date=3 June 2024|year=2024}}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2024
| population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 61,741,120<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sensa.nbs.go.tz |title=Population Size in Tanzania |publisher=Tanzania Sensa |access-date=14 July 2023}}</ref>
| population_census_year = 2022
| population_estimate_rank = 22nd
| population_density_km2 = 65.2
| population_density_sq_mi = 168.8 
| population_density_rank = 147th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $293.59 billion<ref name=weodb>{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april |language=en}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_rank = 69th
| GDP_PPP_year = 2025
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,370<ref name=weodb/>
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 158th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $88.980 billion<ref name=weodb/>
| GDP_nominal_rank = 80th
| GDP_nominal_year = 2025
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $1,280<ref name=weodb/>
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 162nd
| Gini = 40.5
| Gini_year = 2017
| Gini_change = increase 
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222738/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2021 |title=Gini Index coefficient| publisher=CIA Factbook |access-date=16 July 2021}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.555
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_change = increase 
| HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">[https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights#/ranks Human Development Insights] Human Development Reports</ref>
| HDI_rank = 165th
| currency = [[Tanzanian shilling]]
| currency_code = TZS
| time_zone = [[East Africa Time]]
| utc_offset = +3
| utc_offset_DST =
| time_zone_DST =
| drives_on = left
| calling_code = [[+255]]{{efn|+007 from Kenya and Uganda}}
| cctld = [[.tz]]
}}
'''Tanzania''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˌ|t|æ|n|z|ə|ˈ|n|iː|ə|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Soundguys-Tanzania.wav}} {{respell|TAN|zə|NEE|ə}},<ref>{{cite web |url=https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tanzania |title=Tanzania | Define Tanzania at Dictionary.com |website=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tanzania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028151705/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/tanzania|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2018|title=Tanzania|work=Oxford Dictionaries Online|access-date=28 October 2018}}</ref> rarely {{IPAc-en|t|æ|n|ˈ|z|eɪ|n|i|ə}} {{respell|tan|ZAY|nee|ə}}, {{IPA|sw|tɑⁿzɑˈni.ɑ|lang|small=no}}.}} officially the '''United Republic of Tanzania''',{{efn|{{langx|sw|Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania}}.}} is a country in [[East Africa]] within the [[African Great Lakes]] region. It is bordered by [[Uganda]] to the northwest; [[Kenya]] to the northeast; the [[Indian Ocean]] to the east; [[Mozambique]] and [[Malawi]] to the south; [[Zambia]] to the southwest; and [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], and the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] to the west. According to a 2024 estimate, Tanzania has a population of around 67.5 million,<ref name=CIA2024 /> making it the most populous country located entirely south of the equator.

Many important [[hominid]] fossils have been found in Tanzania. In the Stone and Bronze Age, prehistoric migrations into Tanzania included [[South Cushitic languages|Southern Cushitic]] speakers similar to modern day [[Iraqw people]], who moved south from present-day [[Ethiopia]];<ref name="Genetics"/> Eastern Cushitic people who moved into Tanzania from north of [[Lake Turkana]] about 2,000 and 4,000 years ago;<ref name="Genetics"/> and the [[Southern Nilotic languages|Southern Nilotes]], including the [[Datooga people|Datoog]], who originated from the present-day South Sudan–Ethiopia border region between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 18}} These movements took place at about the same time as the settlement of the [[Bantu languages|Mashariki Bantu]] from West Africa in the [[Lake Victoria]] and [[Lake Tanganyika]] areas.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref name="auto">{{cite book |first=Christopher |last=Ehret |title=An African Classical Age: Eastern and Southern Africa in World History, 1000 B.C. to A.D. 400 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1i-IBmCeNhUC |date=2001 |publisher=University Press of Virginia |isbn=978-0-8139-2057-3}}</ref> In the late 19th century, the mainland came under German rule as [[German East Africa]]. This was followed by British rule after [[World War I]] when it was governed as [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]], with the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] remaining a separate colonial jurisdiction. Following their gaining respective independence in 1961 and 1963, the two entities merged in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web |work=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Tanzania |date=7 July 2025 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109103650/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/tanzania|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 January 2021}}</ref>

Tanganyika joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]], and Tanzania remains a Commonwealth country as a unified republic.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania|title=United Republic of Tanzania | The Commonwealth|website=thecommonwealth.org|date=15 August 2013}}</ref> Today, the country is a [[Presidential system|presidential]] constitutional republic with the [[federal capital]] located in [[Government City (Dodoma)]];<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf|title=The planning of the new capital of Tanzania: Dodoma, an unfulfilled dream|first=Aloysius C.|last=Mosha|access-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712145006/http://www.etsav.upc.es/personals/iphs2004/pdf/148_p.pdf|archive-date=12 July 2013|url-status=dead|publisher=University of Botswana}}</ref> the former capital, [[Dar es Salaam]], retains most government offices and is the country's largest city, principal port, and leading commercial centre.<ref name="factbook" /><ref name="official_website">{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html|title=The Tanzania National Website: Country Profile|website=Tanzania.go.tz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125222553/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/profilef.html|archive-date=25 November 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=1 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=270|title=Dar es Salaam Port|publisher=Tanzaniaports.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222180354/http://www.tanzaniaports.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=100&Itemid=270|archive-date=22 February 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref> For decades, Tanzania has been ruled by the [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) as a ''[[de facto]]'' [[one-party state]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Collord |first1=Michaela |title=Tanzania's 2020 Election: Return of the One-Party State |url=https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/migrated_files/documents/atoms/files/collord_tanzania_2020_election_2021.pdf |website=ifri.org |publisher=[[Institut français des relations internationales]] |access-date=5 November 2025 |format=PDF |date=February 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tools of single party hegemony in Tanzania: evidence from surveys and survey experiments |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kcroke/files/single_party_pre-print.pdf |access-date=1 December 2024}}</ref>

Tanzania's population comprises about 120 [[Ethnic groups|ethnic]],<ref name="East Africa Living Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia |author=African Studies Center University of Pennsylvania |author-link=University of Pennsylvania |encyclopedia=East Africa Living Encyclopedia |title=Tanzania – Ethnic Groups| url=https://www.africa.upenn.edu/NEH/tethnic.htm}}</ref> [[Linguistic groups|linguistic]], and religious groups. [[Christianity]] is the largest [[religion in Tanzania]], with substantial [[Muslim]] and [[Animism|Animist]] minorities.<ref name="Pew Africa">[http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 Religion in Tanzania] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304033104/http://globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/tanzania#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2016 |date=4 March 2021 }}, [[Pew Research Center]]</ref> Over 100 [[Languages of Tanzania|languages are spoken in Tanzania]], making it the most linguistically diverse country in [[East Africa]].<ref name=sim>{{cite book |first1=Ulrich |last1=Ammon |first2=Norbert |last2=Dittmar |first3=Klaus J. |last3=Mattheier |title=Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LMZm0w0k1c4C&pg=PA1967 |year=2006 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-018418-1 |page=1967}}</ref> The country does not have a ''de jure'' official language,<ref name=Mugoti/> although the national language is [[Swahili language|Swahili]].<ref name="tzgov"/> English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education.<ref name=sim/><ref name="afkinsider.com">{{cite news |url=https://afkinsider.com/88774/tanzania-ditches-english-education-overhaul-plan/ |agency=AFK Insider |title=Tanzania Ditches English In Education Overhaul Plan |date=17 February 2015 |access-date=23 February 2015 |archive-date=24 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224091256/http://afkinsider.com/88774/tanzania-ditches-english-education-overhaul-plan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Arabic]] is widely spoken in [[Zanzibar]], reflecting its history as a trading center dominated by Arabs.

Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the north-east, where [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], the highest [[African mountains|mountain in Africa]] and the [[List of highest mountains on Earth|highest single free-standing mountain above sea level]] in the world, is located. Three of the [[African Great Lakes]] are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie Lake Victoria, Africa's largest lake, and Lake Tanganyika, the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the south lies [[Lake Malawi]]. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the Zanzibar Archipelago just offshore. The [[Menai Bay Conservation Area]] is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area. The [[Kalambo Falls]], located on the [[Kalambo River]] at the Zambian border, is the second-highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa.<ref name="Kalambo Falls">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/310022/Kalambo-Falls "Kalambo Falls"]. ''Encyclopædia Britannica''.</ref> Tanzania is one of the most visited tourist destinations for [[safari]]s.<ref>{{cite web | last1=Scholtz | first1=Marco | editor-first1=Ozayr | editor-last1=Patel | url=https://theconversation.com/why-millions-chose-africa-as-their-safari-destination-52503 | title=Why millions chose Africa as their safari destination | date=12 January 2016 | doi=10.64628/AAJ.epmfwva6h }}</ref> The country is an official member of the [[United Nations]], [[Group of 77]], [[African Union]], [[East African Community]], and the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].


==Etymology==
The name Tanzania was created as a [[clipped compound]] of the names of the two states that unified to create the country: [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] and [[People's Republic of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]].<ref>{{OEtymD|tanzania}}</ref> When Zanzibar and Tanganyika were uniting, national newspaper ''The Standard'' ran a contest for a new name, which was won by Mohammed Iqbal Dar. Iqbal claimed he formulated the name by taking "Tan" and "zan" from the uniting states, "i" from his own name, and adding "a" as a reference to [[Ahmadiyya]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mazimu |first=Yusuph |date=4 March 2025 |title=Mohammed Iqbal Dar: Mjue mbunifu wa jina 'Tanzania' aliyeaga dunia |url=https://www.bbc.com/swahili/articles/crrdq0v420ko |access-date=24 March 2025 |work=BBC News Swahili}}</ref>

The name Tanganyika derives from the [[Swahili language|Swahili]] words ''tanga'' "sail" and ''nyika'' "uninhabited plain, wilderness", creating the phrase "sail in the wilderness". It is sometimes understood as a reference to [[Lake Tanganyika]].<ref>[http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html John Knouse: A Political World Gazetteer: Africa] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610213113/http://home.frognet.net/~jaknouse/gaz-af.html |date=10 June 2011}} website accessed 1 May 2007.</ref>

The name [[Zanzibar]] derives from ''[[Zanj]]'', the name of a local people, and Arabic ''barr'' "coast" or "shore."<ref>{{OEtymD|zanzibar}}.</ref> Zanj comes from Al-Zanjia, the Arabic name for the East African coast. This word is related to [[Azania]], the Greek name (possibly from a [[Sabaic]] name) for the same coast, mentioned in ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a book written in the first-century CE. Azania is described as ruled by the Mapharitis - an ethnic group residing (at the time) in what is today southwest Yemen.

==History==
{{main|History of Tanzania|History of Zanzibar}}

[[File:Olduvai stone chopping tool (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|right|A 1.8-million-year-old stone chopping tool discovered at [[Olduvai Gorge]] and on display at the [[British Museum]]]]

===Ancient===
Tanzania is one of the oldest continuously inhabited areas on Earth. The [[Olduvai Gorge]], in the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]], features a collection with remnants of tools that document the development and use of transitional [[technology]].

The indigenous populations of eastern Africa are thought to be the [[Hadza language|linguistically isolated]] [[Hadza people|Hadza]] and [[Sandawe people|Sandawe]] hunter-gatherers of Tanzania.<ref name="Genetics">{{cite journal |doi=10.1126/science.1172257 |title=The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans |journal=Science |volume=324 |issue=5930 |pages=1035–44 |year=2009 |pmid=19407144 |pmc=2947357 |last1=Tishkoff |first1=S. A. |last2=Reed |first2=F. A. |last3=Friedlaender |first3=F. R.| last4=Ehret |first4=C. |last5=Ranciaro |first5=A. |last6=Froment |first6=A. |last7=Hirbo |first7=J. B. |last8=Awomoyi |first8=A. A. |last9=Bodo |first9=J. M. |last10=Doumbo |first10=O. |last11=Ibrahim |first11= M. |last12=Juma |first12=A. T. |last13=Kotze |first13=M. J. |last14=Lema |first14=G. |last15=Moore |first15=J. H. |last16=Mortensen |first16=H. |last17=Nyambo |first17=T. B. |last18=Omar |first18= S. A. |last19=Powell |first19=K. |last20=Pretorius |first20=G. S. |last21=Smith |first21=M. W. |last22=Thera |first22=M. A. |last23=Wambebe |first23=C. |last24=Weber |first24=J. L. |last25=Williams |first25=S. M.| bibcode=2009Sci...324.1035T |issn=0036-8075 }}</ref>{{rp|page 17}}

The first wave of migration was by [[South Cushitic languages|Southern Cushitic]] speakers who moved south from [[Ethiopia]] and [[Somalia]] into Tanzania. They are ancestral to the [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]], [[Gorowa language|Gorowa]], and [[Burunge language|Burunge]].<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 17}} Based on linguistic evidence, there may also have been two movements into Tanzania of Eastern Cushitic people at about 4,000 and 2,000 years ago, originating from north of [[Lake Turkana]].<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|pages 17–18}}

Archaeological evidence supports the conclusion that [[Southern Nilotic languages|Southern Nilotes]], including the [[Datooga people|Datoog]], moved south from the present-day South Sudan / Ethiopia border region into central northern Tanzania between 2,900 and 2,400 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/>{{rp|page 18}}

These movements took place at approximately the same time as the settlement of the iron-making [[Bantu languages|Mashariki (Eastern) Bantu]] from West Africa in the [[Lake Victoria]] and [[Lake Tanganyika]] areas, as part of the centuries-long [[Bantu expansion]]. The Bantu peoples brought with them the west African planting tradition and the primary staple of [[yam (vegetable)|yams]]. They subsequently migrated out of these regions across the rest of Tanzania between 2,300 and 1,700 years ago.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref name="auto"/>

[[Eastern Nilotic languages|Eastern Nilotic]] peoples, including the [[Maasai people|Maasai]], represent a more recent migration from present-day South Sudan within the past 500 to 1,500 years.<ref name="Genetics"/><ref>{{cite book |first1=Phyllis |last1=Martin |first2=Patrick |last2=O'Meara |title=Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/africa00mart |url-access=registration |date=1995 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-20984-9}}</ref>

The people of Tanzania have been associated with the production of iron and steel. The [[Pare people]] were the main producers of sought-after iron for peoples who occupied the mountain regions of north-eastern Tanzania.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shoup |first1=John A. |title=Ethnic groups of Africa and the Middle East : an encyclopedia |date=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, CA |isbn=978-1-59884-362-0 |page=67 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GN5yv3-U6goC&pg=PA67}}</ref> The [[Haya people]] on the western shores of [[Lake Victoria]] invented a type of high-heat [[blast furnace]], which allowed them to forge [[carbon steel]] at temperatures exceeding {{convert|1820|C}} more than 1,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=17830304 |year=1978 |last1=Schmidt |first1=P. |title=Complex iron smelting and prehistoric culture in Tanzania |journal=Science |volume=201 |issue=4361
| pages=1085–89 |last2=Avery |first2=D.H. |doi=10.1126/science.201.4361.1085| bibcode=1978Sci...201.1085S |s2cid=37926350}}</ref>

Travellers and merchants from the [[Persian Gulf]] and India have visited the east African coast since early in the first millennium AD.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kevin |last=Shillington |title=Encyclopedia of African History 3-Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=umyHqvAErOAC&pg=PA1510 |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-45670-2 |page=1510}}</ref> [[Islam]] was practiced by some on the [[Swahili Coast]] as early as the eighth or ninth century AD.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/7chapter5.shtml "The Story of Africa"]. ''BBC World Service''.</ref>

===Medieval===
Bantu-speakers built farming and trade villages along the Tanzanian coast from the outset of the first millennium. Archaeological finds at [[Fukuchani]], on the north-west coast of Zanzibar, indicate a settled agricultural and fishing community from the 6th century CE at the latest. The considerable amount of daub found indicates timber buildings, and shell beads, bead grinders, and iron slag have been found at the site. There is evidence for limited engagement in long-distance trade: a small amount of imported pottery has been found, less than 1% of total pottery finds, mostly from the Gulf and dated to the 5th to 8th century. The similarity to contemporary sites such as [[Mkokotoni]] and [[Dar es Salaam]] indicate a unified group of communities that developed into the first centre of coastal maritime culture. The coastal towns appear to have been engaged in Indian Ocean and inland African trade at this early period. Trade rapidly increased in importance and quantity beginning in the mid-8th century and by the close of the 10th century Zanzibar was one of the central Swahili trading towns.<ref>Horton, Mark and Middleton, Tom. "The Swahili: The Social Landscape of a Mercantile Community." (Oxford: Blackwell, 2010), 46.</ref>

Growth in Egyptian and Persian shipping from the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf revitalised [[Indian Ocean trade]], particularly after the [[Fatimid Caliphate]] relocated to Fustat (Cairo). Swahili agriculturalists built increasingly dense settlements to tap into trade, these forming the earliest Swahili city-states. The Venda-Shona Kingdoms of [[Mapungubwe]] and Zimbabwe in South Africa and [[Zimbabwe]], respectively, became a major producer of gold around this same period. Economic, social, and religious power was increasingly vested in [[Kilwa Sultanate|Kilwa]], Tanzania's major medieval city-state. Kilwa controlled a number of smaller ports stretching down to modern-day Mozambique. [[Sofala]] became the major gold emporium and Kilwa grew rich off the trade, lying at the southern end of the Indian Ocean Monsoons. Kilwa's major rivals lay to the north, in modern-day Kenya, namely [[Mombasa]] and [[Malindi]]. Kilwa remained the major power in East Africa until the arrival of the Portuguese at the end of the 15th century.<ref>Campbell, Gwyn. "Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900." Cambridge University Press. 2019</ref>

===Colonial===
{{Main|German East Africa|Tanganyika Territory}}

[[File:City of Kilwa, 1572.jpg|thumb|A 1572 depiction of the city of [[Kilwa]], a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]]]
Claiming the coastal strip, [[Oman]]i Sultan [[Said bin Sultan]] moved his capital to [[Zanzibar City]] in 1840. During this time, [[Zanzibar]] became the centre for the [[east African slave trade]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |title=Slavery |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006131931/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24157 |archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Between 65 and 90 per cent of the African population of [[Zanzibar]] was enslaved.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/548305/slavery/24157/Slave-societies |title=Slave societies |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>{{Clarify|date=November 2024|reason= By whom}} One of the most infamous slave traders on the East African coast was [[Tippu Tip]]. The [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]] slave traders operated under the leadership of [[Msiri]] and [[Mirambo]].<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/9chapter3.shtml "The Story of Africa |BBC World Service"]. BBC.</ref> According to [[Timothy Insoll]], "Figures record the exporting of 718,000 slaves from the Swahili coast during the 19th century, and the retention of 769,000 on the coast."<ref>{{cite book |first=Junius P. |last=Rodriguez |title=The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl01rodr |url-access=registration |date=1997 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-87436-885-7}}</ref> In the 1890s, slavery was abolished.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.enchantingtravels.com/travel-blog/zanzibar-map-history |title=On The Zanzibar Map: Spices, Slaves And A Bit Of History |date=17 February 2015}}</ref>
[[File:089 Le marché aux esclaves à Zanzibar.jpg|thumb|left|The slave market in [[Zanzibar]], {{circa|1860}}]]
In 1863, the [[Holy Ghost Mission]] established an early reception center and depot at Zanzibar. In 1877, responding to appeals of [[Henry Morton Stanley|Henry Stanley]] following his [[Henry Morton Stanley's first trans-Africa expedition|trans-Africa expedition]], and permission being given to Stanley by [[Muteesa I of Buganda|King Mutessa I of Buganda]], the [[Church Mission Society|Church Missionary Society]] sent missionaries [[Edward John Baxter|Edward Baxter]] and Henry Cole to establish inland missions.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Middleton |first1=Dorothy |title=Henry Morton Stanley |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Morton-Stanley |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=29 December 2022 |date=6 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, Hildergard Binder |title=The Locations of Christian Missions in Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/213158 |journal=Geographical Review |year=1967 |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=168–202 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd |access-date=29 December 2022 |doi=10.2307/213158|jstor=213158 |bibcode=1967GeoRv..57..168J |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Europeans In East Africa - View entry |url=https://www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk/_site/custom/database/?a=viewIndividual&pid=2&person=174 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website=www.europeansineastafrica.co.uk}}</ref> In 1885, Germany conquered the regions that are now Tanzania (minus Zanzibar) and incorporated them into [[German East Africa]] (GEA).<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Early Political Discord in Kenya: European Settlers' Political Struggles in the East Africa Protectorate, 1902–1912|publisher=West Virginia University Libraries|first=Makhete|last=Fall|year=2016 |doi=10.33915/etd.5569|doi-access=free}}</ref>
[[File:Wilhelm Kuhnert Schlacht bei Mahenge 2.jpg|thumb|Battle during the [[Maji Maji Rebellion]] against [[German East Africa|German]] colonial rule in 1905]]
The [[Maji Maji Rebellion]], between 1905 and 1907, was an uprising of several African tribes in German East Africa against the colonial authorities, in particular because of forced labour and deportation of certain tribes. It was the subject of a bloody repression, which combined with famine caused 300,000 deaths among the population, out of a Tanganyikan population of about four million.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Iliffe |first=John |author-link=John Iliffe (historian) |date=1967 |title=The Organization of the Maji Maji Rebellion |journal=The Journal of African History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |volume=8 |pages=495–512 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700007982 |jstor=179833 |doi-access=free |number=3}}</ref>

The Supreme Council of the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]] awarded all of GEA to [[Great Britain|Britain]] on 7 May 1919, over the strenuous objections of Belgium.<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|240}} The British [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|colonial secretary]], [[Alfred Milner, 1st Viscount Milner|Alfred Milner]], and Belgium's minister [[plenipotentiary]] to the conference, {{ill|Pierre Orts|fr}}, then negotiated the Anglo-Belgian agreement of 30 May 1919<ref name="Belgium" />{{rp|618–9}} where Britain ceded the north-western GEA provinces of [[Ruanda-Urundi|Ruanda and Urundi]] to Belgium.<ref name="Ends">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC&pg=PA246 |title=Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez, and Decolonization |author=William Roger Louis |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2006 |access-date=19 September 2017 |isbn=978-1-84511-347-6}}</ref>{{rp|246}} The conference's Commission on Mandates ratified this agreement on 16 July 1919.<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|246–7}} The Supreme Council accepted the agreement on 7 August 1919.<ref name="Belgium">{{cite web |url=https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1919Parisv07/pg_613 |title=PAPERS RELATING TO THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE, 1919 |publisher=United States Department of State |volume=7 |access-date=19 September 2017}}</ref>{{rp|612–3}} On 12 July 1919, the Commission on Mandates agreed that the small [[Kionga Triangle]] south of the [[Rovuma River]] would be given to [[Portuguese Mozambique]],<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|243}} with it eventually becoming part of independent Mozambique. The commission reasoned that [[Germany]] had virtually forced Portugal to cede the triangle in 1894.<ref name="Ends" />{{rp|243}} The [[Treaty of Versailles]] was signed on 28 June 1919, although the treaty did not take effect until 10 January 1920. On that date, the GEA was transferred officially to Britain, Belgium, and Portugal. Also on that date, "Tanganyika" became the name of the British territory. In the mid-1920s, the British implemented a system of [[indirect rule]] in Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liebenow|first=J. Gus|date=1956|title=Responses to Planned Political Change in a Tanganyika Tribal Group|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0003055400067496/type/journal_article|journal=American Political Science Review|language=en|volume=50|issue=2|pages=447–448|doi=10.2307/1951678|jstor=1951678 |s2cid=144390538 |issn=0003-0554|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], about 100,000 people from Tanganyika joined the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]]<ref name="Heale">{{cite book |first1=Jay |last1=Heale |first2=Winnie |last2=Wong |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UhNJxHg14wC |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-3417-7}}</ref> and were among the 375,000 Africans who fought with those forces.<ref name="MGT">[http://www.mgtrust.org/afr2.htm "African participants in the Second World War"]. mgtrust.org.</ref> Tanganyikans fought in units of the [[King's African Rifles]] during the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African Campaign]] in Somalia and [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] against the Italians, in Madagascar against the [[Vichy French]] during the [[Battle of Madagascar|Madagascar Campaign]], and in Burma against the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] during the [[Burma Campaign 1944–45|Burma Campaign]].<ref name="MGT"/> Tanganyika was an important source of food during this war, and its export income increased greatly compared to the pre-war years of the [[Great Depression]].<ref name="Heale"/> Wartime demand, however, caused increased commodity prices and massive inflation within the colony.<ref>[http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 "Tanzania: British rule between the Wars (1916–1945)"]. ''eisa.org.za''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204203753/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-british-rule-between-wars-1916-1945 |date=4 February 2015}}</ref>

In 1954, [[Julius Nyerere]] transformed an organisation into the politically oriented [[Tanganyika African National Union]] (TANU). TANU's main objective was to achieve national [[sovereignty]] for Tanganyika. A campaign to register new members was launched, and within a year, TANU had become the leading political organisation in the country. Nyerere became Minister of British-administered Tanganyika in 1960 and continued as prime minister when Tanganyika became independent in 1961.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mulenga|first=Derek C.|date=November 2001|title=Mwalimu Julius Nyerere: a critical review of his contributions to adult education and postcolonialism|journal=International Journal of Lifelong Education|volume=20|issue=6|pages=446–470|doi=10.1080/02601370110088436|s2cid=143740319|issn=0260-1370}}</ref>

===Modern===
British rule came to an end on 9 December 1961. [[Elizabeth II]], who had acceded to the British throne in 1952, continued to reign through the first year of Tanganyika's independence, but now distinctly as [[Queen of Tanganyika]], represented by the [[governor general]].<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 6}} Tanganyika also joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth]] in 1961.<ref name="auto1"/> On 9 December 1962, Tanganyika became a democratic republic under an executive president.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 6}}

After the [[Zanzibar Revolution]] overthrew the Arab dynasty in neighbouring [[Zanzibar]], accompanied with the slaughter of thousands of Arab Zanzibaris,<ref name="Zanzibar">{{cite news |title=Unveiling Zanzibar's unhealed wounds |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8167390.stm |work=BBC News |date=25 July 2009}}</ref> which had become independent in 1963, the archipelago merged with mainland Tanganyika on 26 April 1964.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |title=Background history of The Union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar |publisher=Vice President's Office, United Republic of Tanzania |access-date=25 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125124815/http://www.vpo.go.tz/document_storage/historical_overview.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The new country was then named the ''United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/dated-event/united-republic-tanganyika-and-zanzibar-renamed-united-republic-tanzania|title=The United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar is renamed United Republic of Tanzania|publisher=South African History Online|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history|title=United Republic of Tanzania : History|publisher=Commonwealth.org|access-date=10 February 2019|archive-date=23 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223235543/http://thecommonwealth.org/our-member-countries/united-republic-tanzania/history|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 29 October of the same year, the country was renamed the United Republic of Tanzania ("Tan" comes from Tanganyika and "Zan" from Zanzibar).<ref name="factbook"/> The union of the two hitherto separate regions was controversial among many Zanzibaris (even those sympathetic to the revolution) but was accepted by both the Nyerere government and the [[Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar]] owing to shared political values and goals.<ref>{{cite web|language=es-ES|title=viajes a Tanzania|url=https://rutastanzania.viajes/|website=rutastanzania.viajes - ES}}</ref>

Following Tanganyika's independence and unification with Zanzibar leading to the state of Tanzania, President Nyerere emphasised a need to construct a national identity for the citizens of the new country. To achieve this, Nyerere provided what is regarded as one of the most successful cases of ethnic repression and identity transformation in Africa.<ref>[[Pierre Englebert]] and Kevin C. Dunn, "Inside African Politics" 2013: 81</ref> With more than 130 languages spoken within its territory, Tanzania is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in Africa. Despite this obstacle, ethnic divisions remained rare in Tanzania when compared to the rest of the continent, notably its immediate neighbour, [[Kenya]]. Furthermore, since its independence, Tanzania has displayed more political stability than most African countries, particularly due to Nyerere's ethnic repression methods.<ref>Henry Bienen and John Waterbury, "World Development Vol 17", 1989: 100</ref>

[[File:Arusha Declaration Monument.jpg|thumb|The [[Arusha Declaration Monument]]]]
In 1967, Nyerere's first presidency took a turn to the [[left politics|left]] after the [[Arusha Declaration]], which codified a commitment to socialism as well as [[Pan-Africanism]]. After the declaration, banks and many large industries were nationalised.

Tanzania was also aligned with China, which from 1970 to 1975 financed and helped build the {{convert|1860|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[TAZARA Railway]] from [[Dar es Salaam]], Tanzania, to [[Kapiri Mposhi]], Zambia.<ref>{{cite book |first=Jamie |last=Monson |title=Africa's Freedom Railway: How a Chinese Development Project Changed Lives and Livelihoods in Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeeDwcT51BcC&pg=PA23 |year=2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35271-2 |page=199}}</ref> Nonetheless, from the late 1970s, Tanzania's economy took a turn for the worse, in the context of an international economic crisis affecting both developed and developing economies.

In 1978, the neighbouring [[Uganda]], under the leadership of Idi Amin, [[Uganda–Tanzania War|invaded Tanzania]]. This disastrous invasion would culminate in Tanzania invading [[Uganda]] with the aid of Ugandan rebels and deposing Idi Amin as a result. However, the war severely damaged Tanzania's economy.<ref>{{cite thesis |last= Francis|first= Joyce L.|date= 1994|title= War as a social trap: The case of Tanzania|publisher=American University |type= PhD thesis|oclc= 33488070|url= https://auislandora.wrlc.org/islandora/object/thesesdissertations:2786}}</ref><ref name= atuhaire>{{cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200704110882.html|title=Uganda: Country Pays Tanzania Shs120 Billion Amin War Debt|last=Atuhaire|first=Alex B.|date=11 April 2007|website=allAfrica.com|access-date=8 December 2013}}{{subscription required}}</ref>

Tanzania won its first Olympic medal at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]] in [[Moscow]]. The nation [[Tanzania at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Medalists|received two silver medals]]; both in running events.

Through the 1980s, conservation-oriented national parks such as [[Serengeti National Park|Serengeti]] and [[Kilimanjaro National Park|Kilimanjaro]], with [[Mount Kilimanjaro]] as the tallest freestanding summit on Earth, were included on the [[UNESCO World Heritage List]].

From the mid-1980s, the regime financed itself by borrowing from the [[International Monetary Fund]] and underwent some reforms. Since then, Tanzania's gross domestic product per capita has grown and poverty has been reduced, according to a report by the World Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/Tanzania_Country_Study_Full_Case.pdf |title=Tanzania's Economic Reforms – and Lessons Learned |first=Anna |last=Muganda |year=2004 |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215310/http://www.tanzaniagateway.org/docs/Tanzania_Country_Study_Full_Case.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:The close view of the Kariakoo market in Dar es Salaam.JPG|thumb|The capital city of Dar es Salaam in 2015]]
In 1992, the [[Constitution of Tanzania]] was amended to allow multiple political parties.<ref>[http://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/tanzania1992.html "Tanzania 1992"]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018235838/http://www.princeton.edu/~pcwcr/reports/tanzania1992.html |date=18 October 2014}}. ''princeton.edu''.</ref> In Tanzania's first multi-party elections, held in 1995, the ruling [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] won 186 of the 232 elected seats in the National Assembly, and [[Benjamin Mkapa]] was elected as president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-1995-national-assembly-election-results|title=Tanzania: 1995 National Assembly election results.|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318222841/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/tanzania-1995-national-assembly-election-results|archive-date=18 March 2015}}</ref>

The presidents of Tanzania since independence have been [[Julius Nyerere]] (1962–1985), [[Ali Hassan Mwinyi]] (1985–1995), [[Benjamin Mkapa]] (1995–2005), [[Jakaya Kikwete]] (2005–2015), [[John Magufuli]] (2015–2021), and [[Samia Hassan Suluhu]] since 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidents Of Tanzania Since Independence|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/presidents-of-tanzania-since-independence.html|access-date=2 June 2021|website=WorldAtlas|date=25 April 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> After the long tenure of President Nyerere, the Constitution has a term limit: a president can serve a maximum of two terms. Each term is five years.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mgoya: Why I want presidential term limit scrapped in Tanzania|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/mgoya-why-i-want-presidential-term-limit-scrapped-in-tanzania-1427938|access-date=2 June 2021|website=The East African|date=6 July 2020|language=en}}</ref> Every president has represented the ruling party [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM).<ref name="cfr.org">{{cite web|title=Magufuli is Transforming Tanzania's Ruling Party From a 'Benign Hegemon' Into a Malevolent One|url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/magufuli-transforming-tanzanias-ruling-party-benign-hegemon-malevolent-one|access-date=2 June 2021|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref> President Magufuli won a landslide victory and re-election in October 2020. According to the opposition, the [[2020 Tanzanian general election|election]] was full of fraud and irregularities.<ref>{{cite web|title=Magufuli wins re-election in Tanzania; opposition cries foul|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/10/30/magufuli-wins-re-election-in-tanzania-says-electoral-commission|access-date=2 June 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 17 March 2021, President [[John Magufuli]] died in office.<ref>{{cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=John Magufuli: Tanzania's president dies aged 61|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56437852|access-date=18 March 2021|website=BBC News}}</ref> Magufuli's vice president, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], became Tanzania's first female president.<ref name=":7">{{cite web|date=18 March 2021|title=Samia Suluhu Hassan becomes President following death of John Magufuli|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-56444575|access-date=18 March 2021|website=BBC News}}</ref> A series of [[2025 Tanzanian election protests|demonstrations]] and civil unrest began in October 2025, coinciding with Tanzania's [[2025 Tanzanian general election|general elections]]. President Suluhu was declared the winner with 98% of the vote.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tanzania president wins 98% in election as opposition says hundreds killed |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251101-tanzania-president-wins-election-landslide-after-deadly-protests |work=France 24 |date=11 November 2025}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Geography of Tanzania|Zanzibar Archipelago}}

{{multiple image
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| caption1 = An elephant passing by the snow-capped [[Mount Kilimanjaro]]
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| caption2 = [[Ngorongoro Crater]], the world's largest inactive and intact volcanic [[caldera]]
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At {{convert|947403|km2|mi2}},<ref name="BFF">{{cite web|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Statistical_Methods_and_Standards/Basic_Facts_and_Figures_on_Human_Settlements_2012_Tanzania_Mainland.zip|title="Basic Facts and Figures on Human Settlements, 2012", National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Finance, 2013, page 1. Retrieved 10 November 2014}}</ref> Tanzania is the 13th largest country in Africa and the 31st largest in the world, ranked between the larger [[Egypt]] and smaller Nigeria.<ref name="Size">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |title=CIA – The World Factbook – Rank Order – Area |publisher=Cia.gov |access-date=16 October 2014 |archive-date=9 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north; Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west; and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. Tanzania is located on the eastern coast of Africa and has an Indian Ocean coastline approximately {{convert|1424|km|mi}} long.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0477e/a0477e13.htm|title=Country review: United Republic of Tanzania|date=December 2003|website=Fisheries and Aquaculture Depart, United Nations. (FAO)}}</ref> It also incorporates several offshore islands, including [[Unguja]] (Zanzibar), [[Pemba Island|Pemba]], and [[Mafia Island|Mafia]].<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1245}} The country is the site of Africa's highest and lowest points: [[Mount Kilimanjaro]], at {{convert|5895|m|ft}} above sea level, and the floor of [[Lake Tanganyika]], at {{convert|1471|m|ft}} below sea level, respectively.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1245}}

[[File:Wildebeest Migration in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|upright=1.05|Wildebeest migration in the [[Serengeti]]]]
Tanzania is mountainous and densely forested in the northeast, where Mount Kilimanjaro is located. Three of [[African Great Lakes|Africa's Great Lakes]] are partly within Tanzania. To the north and west lie [[Lake Victoria]], Africa's largest lake, and [[Lake Tanganyika]], the continent's deepest lake, known for its unique species of fish. To the southwest lies [[Lake Nyasa]]. Central Tanzania is a large plateau, with plains and arable land. The eastern shore is hot and humid, with the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]] just offshore.

[[Kalambo Falls]] in the southwestern region of [[Rukwa]] is the second highest uninterrupted waterfall in Africa, and is located near the southeastern shore of Lake Tanganyika on the border with Zambia.<ref name="Kalambo Falls"/> The [[Menai Bay Conservation Area]] is Zanzibar's largest marine protected area.

===Climate===
[[File:Koppen-Geiger Map TZA present.svg|thumb|upright=1.75|Tanzania map of Köppen climate classification]]
{{Further|Geography of Tanzania#Climate}}
Climate varies greatly within Tanzania. In the highlands, temperatures range between {{convert|10|and|20|C|F}} during cold and hot seasons respectively. The rest of the country has temperatures rarely falling lower than {{convert|20|C}}. The hottest period extends between November and February ({{convert|25|-|31|C|F|1|disp=or}}) while the coldest period occurs between May and August ({{convert|15|-|20|C|F|disp=or}}). Annual temperature is {{convert|20|°C|°F|1}}. The climate is cool in high mountainous regions.

Tanzania has two major rainfall periods: one is [[Unimodality|uni-modal]] (October–April) and the other is bi-modal (October–December and March–May).<ref name=rain/> The former is experienced in southern, central, and western parts of the country, and the latter is found in the north from [[Lake Victoria]] extending east to the coast.<ref name=rain/> The bi-modal rainfall is caused by the seasonal migration of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]].<ref name=rain>{{cite journal |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2002/20/c020p031.pdf |title=Rainfall variability in Northern Tanzania in the March–May season (long rains) and its links to large-scale climate forcing |journal=Climate Research |volume=20 |pages=31–40 |author=Zorita, Eduardo |author2=Tilya, Faustine F.| date=12 February 2002 |access-date=16 October 2014 |doi=10.3354/cr020031| bibcode=2002ClRes..20...31Z |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Tanzania infrequently experiences land-falling tropical cyclones, which can have severe impacts, [[2023–24 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season#Tropical Cyclone Hidaya|Cyclone Hidaya]] for instance.<ref name="HidayaNews">{{cite web |title=Tanzania counts losses after Cyclone Hidaya swept coastline |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/tanzania-counts-losses-after-cyclone-hidaya-4618970 |website=The EastAfrican |language=en |date=10 May 2024}}</ref> There are recorded examples of such cyclones back as far as 1872.<ref name="Msemo2022">{{cite journal |last1=Msemo |first1=Hellen E. |last2=Finney |first2=Declan L. |last3=Mbuya |first3=Samwel I. |title=Forgotten accounts of tropical cyclones making landfall in Tanzania |journal=Weather |date=April 2022 |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=127–131 |doi=10.1002/wea.3921|bibcode=2022Wthr...77..127M |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Climate change in Tanzania]] is resulting in rising temperatures with a higher likelihood of intense rainfall events (resulting in flooding) and of dry spells (resulting in droughts).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania|url=https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Climatelinks|language=en|archive-date=14 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614161023/https://www.climatelinks.org/countries/tanzania|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Future Climate for Africa|year=2017|title=Future Climate Projections for Tanzania|url=https://futureclimateafrica.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/fcfa_tanzania_climatebrief_web.pdf|website=Future Climate for Africa}}</ref> [[Climate change]] is already impacting the sectors in Tanzania of agriculture, water resources, health and energy. Sea level rise and changes in the quality of water are expected to impact fisheries and aquaculture.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania {{!}} UNDP Climate Change Adaptation|url=https://www.adaptation-undp.org/explore/eastern-africa/united-republic-tanzania|access-date=27 November 2020|website=www.adaptation-undp.org|language=en}}</ref>

Tanzania produced a [[National Adaptation Programme of Action|National Adaptation Programmes of Action]] (NAPAs) in 2007 as mandated by the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]. In 2012, Tanzania produced a National Climate Change Strategy in response to the growing concern of the negative impacts of climate change and climate variability on the country's social, economic and physical environment.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tanzania: National climate change strategy - National Policy, Plans & Statements - PreventionWeb.net|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|access-date=27 November 2020|website=preventionweb.net|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417211255/https://www.preventionweb.net/english/policies/v.php?id=59982&cid=0|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Wildlife and conservation===
{{Main|Wildlife of Tanzania}}

{{See also|List of protected areas of Tanzania}}
[[File:Mannetjes masaigiraffe in de Serengeti, Tanzania, -12 januari 2013 a.jpg|thumb|The [[Masai giraffe]] is Tanzania's national animal.]]
Tanzania contains around 20% of the species of Africa's enormous warm-blooded animal populace, found over its 21 National parks, reserves, 1 conservation area, and 3 marine parks. Spread over a zone of in excess of 42,000 square kilometres (16,000 sq. mi) and shaping around 38% of the nation's area.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Ridwan |last1=Laher |first2=Korir |last2=SingíOei |title=Indigenous People in Africa.: Contestations, Empowerment and Group Rights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZiyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 |date=2014 |publisher=Africa Institute of South Africa |isbn=978-0-7983-0464-1 |page=57}}</ref> Tanzania has 21 national parks,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Tanzania National Parks |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006085600/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 }}</ref> plus a variety of game and forest reserves, including the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], however the local human population still has an impact on the environment. In western Tanzania, [[Gombe Stream National Park]] was the site of [[Jane Goodall]]'s study of [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]] behaviour, which started in 1960.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |title=Gombe Stream National Park |publisher=Tanzania National Parks |access-date=16 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004004545/http://www.tanzaniaparks.com/gombe.html |archive-date=4 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=Laura |last1=Riley |first2=William |last2=Riley |title=Nature's Strongholds: The World's Great Wildlife Reserves |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_icMuBQhW4vgC |date= 2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12219-9}}</ref>

Tanzania is highly [[Biodiversity|biodiverse]] and contains a wide variety of animal habitats.<ref>{{cite book |author1=S. N. Stuart |first2=Martin |last2=Jenkins |title=Biodiversity in Sub-Saharan Africa and Its Islands: Conservation, Management, and Sustainable Use |url=https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua |url-access=registration |date=1990 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-8317-0021-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/biodiversityinsu0000stua/page/204 204]}}</ref> On Tanzania's [[Serengeti]] plain, white-bearded [[wildebeest]] (''Connochaetes taurinus mearnsi''), other [[bovid]]s and zebra<ref>{{cite web |title=Serengeti wildebeest migration |url=https://www.expertafrica.com/tanzania/info/serengeti-wildebeest-migration |access-date=20 March 2019}}</ref> participate in a large-scale annual migration. Tanzania is home to about 130 [[amphibian]] and over 275 reptile species, many of them strictly [[Endemism|endemic]] and included in the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]]'s Red Lists of countries.<ref>Edoarado Razzetti and Charles Andekia Msuya (2002) [http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf "Introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716094052/http://www-3.unipv.it/webshi/images/files/tanzie2002.pdf |date=16 July 2020}}, ''Field Guide to Amphibians and Reptiles of Arusha National Park''. Tanzania National Parks. p. 11</ref> Tanzania has the largest lion population in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201908120146.html|title=Africa: Tanzania Has Largest Number of Lions in Africa, New Report Says|first=Edward Qorro in|last=Arusha|date=12 August 2019|website=allAfrica.com}}</ref>

Tanzania had a 2019 [[Forest Landscape Integrity Index]] mean score of 7.13/10, ranking it 54th globally out of 172 countries.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{cite journal|last1=Grantham|first1=H. S.|last2=Duncan|first2=A.|last3=Evans|first3=T. D.|last4=Jones|first4=K. R.|last5=Beyer|first5=H. L.|last6=Schuster|first6=R.|last7=Walston|first7=J.|last8=Ray|first8=J. C.|last9=Robinson|first9=J. G.|last10=Callow|first10=M.|last11=Clements|first11=T.|last12=Costa|first12=H. M.|last13=DeGemmis|first13=A.|last14=Elsen|first14=P. R.|last15=Ervin|first15=J.|last16=Franco|first16=P.|last17=Goldman|first17=E.|last18=Goetz|first18=S.|last19=Hansen|first19=A.|last20=Hofsvang|first20=E.|last21=Jantz|first21=P.|last22=Jupiter|first22=S.|last23=Kang|first23=A.|last24=Langhammer|first24=P.|last25=Laurance|first25=W. F.|last26=Lieberman|first26=S.|last27=Linkie|first27=M.|last28=Malhi|first28=Y.|last29=Maxwell|first29=S.|last30=Mendez|first30=M.|last31=Mittermeier|first31=R.|last32=Murray|first32=N. J.|last33=Possingham|first33=H.|last34=Radachowsky|first34=J.|last35=Saatchi|first35=S.|last36=Samper|first36=C.|last37=Silverman|first37=J.|last38=Shapiro|first38=A.|last39=Strassburg|first39=B.|last40=Stevens|first40=T.|last41=Stokes|first41=E.|last42=Taylor|first42=R.|last43=Tear|first43=T.|last44=Tizard|first44=R.|last45=Venter|first45=O.|last46=Visconti|first46=P.|last47=Wang|first47=S.|last48=Watson|first48=J. E. M.|display-authors=1|title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material|journal=Nature Communications|volume=11|issue=1|year=2020|page=5978|issn=2041-1723|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3|pmid=33293507|pmc=7723057|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.5978G |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Tanzania}}

===Constitution and elections===
{{main|Constitution of Tanzania|Elections in Tanzania}}

Tanzania is a [[one party dominant state|one-party dominant state]] with the [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM) party in power. From its formation until 1992, it was the only legally permitted party in the country. This changed on 1 July 1992, when the constitution was amended.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 3}} It has held power since independence in 1961, and is the longest-serving ruling party in Africa.<ref name="cfr.org"/>

[[John Magufuli]] won the October 2015 presidential election and secured a two-thirds majority in parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanzania's ruling party secures the presidency and a two-thirds majority in parliament |url=https://qz.com/536317/tanzanias-ruling-party-secures-the-presidency-and-a-two-thirds-it.majority-in-parliament/ |work=Quartz |date=29 October 2015 |access-date=30 October 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 October 2015|title=Tanzania poll: John Magufuli of CCM defeats Edward Lowassa|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-34669468|access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref> The main opposition party in Tanzania since multiparty politics in 1992 is called [[Chadema|Chama cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo (Chadema)]] ([[Swahili language|Swahili]] for "Party for Democracy and Progress"). The leader of Chadema party is [[Freeman Mbowe]].<ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Tanzania police arrest main opposition party leader ahead of protests |website=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/11/02/africa/tanzania-opposition-leader-arrest-intl/index.html |access-date=2 June 2021}}</ref>

In [[Zanzibar]], the country's semi-autonomous state, [[Alliance for Change and Transparency|The Alliance for Change and Transparency-Wazalendo]] (ACT-Wazalendo) is considered the main opposition political party. The constitution of Zanzibar requires the party that comes in second in the polls to join a coalition with the winning party. ACT-Wazalendo joined a coalition government with the islands' ruling party Chama Cha Mapinduzi in December 2020 after Zanzibar disputed [[2020 Zanzibari general election|elections]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://apnews.com/article/constitutions-tanzania-elections-africa-dar-es-salaam-316350ec78b5299743309ebca78ba889 |title=Zanzibar's opposition party to join coalition government |last=Sultan |first=Ali |work=Associated Press |date=6 December 2020 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

In November 2020, Magufuli once again was declared the winner for his second term as president. [[Electoral fraud]] was suspected. The national electoral commission announced that Magufuli received 84%, or about 12.5 million votes and the top opposition candidate, [[Tundu Lissu]] received 13%, about 1.9 million votes.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-54759865 |title=Tanzania elections: Main opposition parties demand fresh vote |work=BBC News |date=31 October 2020 |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>

In March 2021, it was announced that Magufuli had died whilst serving in office, meaning that his vice president, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]], became the country's president.<ref name=":7" />

Tanzania was [[Democratic backsliding|autocratising]] in year 2024 according to the [[V-Dem Democracy Indices]].<ref name="j496">{{cite web |title=Democracy Report 2025, 25 Years of Autocratization – Democracy Trumped? |url=https://v-dem.net/documents/54/v-dem_dr_2025_lowres_v1.pdf |access-date=14 March 2025}}</ref>

In the 2025 election, [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] was reelected for another term as president, after she barred the 2 main opposition parties from participating in the election. Protests erupted following the election results, and the protests were handled by the authorities with lethal forces that resulted in hundreds killed and many more maimed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Tanzania: Reports of hundreds killed and detained following deadly election violence {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/11/1166334 |access-date=2025-11-15 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref>

===Executive===
{{multiple image
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Samia Suluhu Hassan in May 2017.jpg
| width1 = 125
| caption1 = [[Samia Suluhu|President Samia Suluhu Hassan]]
| image2 = Emmanuel Nchimbi.jpg
| width2 = 125
| caption2 = [[Emmanuel Nchimbi|Vice-President Emmanuel Nchimbi]]
| image3 = Mwigulu Nchemba.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mwigulu Nchemba|Prime Minister Mwigulu Nchemba]]
| width3 = 125
}}

The [[president of Tanzania]] and the [[List of Tanzania National Assembly members|members of the National Assembly]] are elected concurrently by direct popular vote for five-year terms.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 42(2)}} The [[Vice President of Tanzania|vice-president]] is elected for a five-year term at the same time as the president and on the same ticket.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§§ 47(2), 50(1)}} Neither the president nor the vice-president may be a member of the National Assembly.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 66(2)}} The president appoints a [[Prime Minister of Tanzania|prime minister]] from among the members of the National Assembly, subject to confirmation by the assembly, to serve as the government's leader in the assembly.<ref name="Constitution">{{cite web |url=https://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217023916/http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 December 2010 |title=Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania |publisher=Judiciary of Tanzania |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>{{rp|§§ 51(1)-(2), 52(2)}} The president selects her [[Cabinet of Tanzania|cabinet]] from assembly members.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 55}} [[Law enforcement in Tanzania]] is under the executive branch of government and is administered by the Tanzania Police Force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |title=Tanzania Police Force |publisher=African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum |access-date=5 February 2023 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170416/https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Legislature===
All [[Legislature|legislative]] power relating to mainland Tanzania and union matters is vested in the [[National Assembly of Tanzania|National Assembly]],<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 64(1)}} which is unicameral and has 393 members.<ref name="Edge"/> These include members elected to represent constituencies, the attorney general, five members elected by the [[Zanzibar]] house of representatives from among its own members, the special women's seats that constitute at least 30% of the seats that any party has in the assembly, the speaker of the assembly (if not otherwise a member of the assembly), and the persons (not more than ten) appointed by the president.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 66(1)}} The Tanzania Electoral Commission demarcates the mainland into constituencies in the number determined by the commission with the consent of the president.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 75}}

===Judiciary===
{{See also|Chief Justice of Tanzania}}
Tanzania's legal system is based on English [[common law]].<ref name="TZ court system"/>
[[File:Kigoma High Court, Bangwe Ward, Kigoma.jpg|thumb|High Court Building in [[Kigoma]]]]

Tanzania has a four-level judiciary.<ref name="TZ court system"/> The lowest-level courts on the Tanzanian mainland are the Primary Courts.<ref name="TZ court system"/> In Zanzibar, the lowest-level courts are the Kadhi's Courts for Islamic family matters and the Primary Courts for all other cases.<ref name="TZ court system"/> On the mainland, appeal is to either the District Courts or the Resident Magistrates Courts.<ref name="TZ court system"/> In Zanzibar, appeal is to the Kadhi's Appeal Courts for Islamic family matters and the Magistrates Courts for all other cases.<ref name="TZ court system"/> From there, appeal is to the [[High Court of Tanzania|High Court of Mainland Tanzania or Zanzibar]].<ref name="TZ court system"/> No appeal regarding Islamic family matters can be made from the High Court of Zanzibar.<ref name="TZ court system"/><ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 99(1)}} Otherwise, the final appeal is to the Court of Appeal of Tanzania.<ref name="TZ court system">{{cite web|url=https://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Tanzania1.html#_The_Judiciary |title=UPDATE: Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research |first1=Christabel |last1=Manning |first2=Seka |last2=Kasera |publisher=[[GlobaLex]] |access-date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

The High Court of mainland Tanzania has three divisions – commercial, labour, and land<ref name="TZ court system"/> – and 15 geographic zones.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.comcourt.go.tz/comcourt/|title=Commercial Division — High Court of Tanzania|access-date=17 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223142716/http://www.comcourt.go.tz/comcourt/|archive-date=23 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The High Court of Zanzibar has an industrial division, which hears only labour disputes.<ref>[http://www.judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz/historical_background.php "Welcome to High Court of Zanzibar"]. ''judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz''. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317235728/http://www.judiciaryzanzibar.go.tz/historical_background.php |date=17 March 2015}}</ref>

Mainland and union judges are appointed by the [[Chief Justice of Tanzania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023291.pdf|title=UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA Public Administration Country Profile|date=January 2004|access-date=1 February 2019|archive-date=16 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516194348/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/un/unpan023291.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> except for those of the [[Appellate court|Court of Appeal]] and the High Court, who are appointed by the president of Tanzania.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp| §§ 109(1), 118(2)–(3)}}

Tanzania is a party to the [[Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/african%20states.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011143613/http://www.icc-cpi.int/en_menus/asp/states%20parties/african%20states/Pages/african%20states.aspx|url-status=dead|title=African States, State Parties to the Rome Statute, International Criminal Court. Retrieved 21 October 2014|archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

===Law enforcement===
{{main|Law enforcement in Tanzania}}

Public safety and border control is the responsibility of the Tanzania Police Force. Oversight of the force is shared by the Principal Secretary of the Ministry of Police and the Inspector-General of Police.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202170416/https://apcof.org/country-data-2/tanzania/ |archive-date=2 February 2023 |title=Tanzania – Tanzania Police Force |publisher=African Policing Civilian Oversight Forum |access-date=11 May 2023}}</ref>

===Zanzibar===
[[File:Spice Islands (Zanzibar highlighted) sv.svg|thumb|left|The semi-autonomous [[Zanzibar Archipelago]]]]

The legislative authority in Zanzibar over all non-union matters is vested in the [[House of Representatives (Zanzibar)|House of Representatives]] (per the Tanzania constitution)<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 106(3)}} or the Legislative Council (per the Zanzibar constitution).

The Legislative Council has two parts: the president of [[Zanzibar]] and the House of Representatives.<ref name="Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 107(1)-(2)}}<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 63(1)}} The president is Zanzibar's head of government and the chairman of the Revolutionary Council, in which the executive authority of Zanzibar is invested.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§§ 5A(2), 26(1)}} Zanzibar has two vice-presidents, with the first being from the main opposition party in the house.<ref name="Eisa">{{cite web |url=https://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zanzibar-constitution |title=Zanzibar: Constitution |publisher=Electoral Institute for Sustainable Democracy in Africa |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225003002/http://www.content.eisa.org.za/old-page/zanzibar-constitution |archive-date=25 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="Troubled">{{cite book |first=Markku |last=Suksi |title=Sub-State Governance through Territorial Autonomy: A Comparative Study in Constitutional Law of Powers, Procedures and Institutions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d7UUkiwi_9cC&pg=PA467 |date= 2011 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-642-20048-9 |page=467}}</ref> The second is from the party in power and is the leader of government business in the House.<ref name="Troubled"/>

The president and the members of the House of Representatives have five-year terms and can be elected for a second term.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 28(2)}}

The president selects ministers from members of the House of Representatives,<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 42(2)}} with the ministers allocated according to the number of House seats won by political parties.<ref name="Eisa"/> The Revolutionary Council consists of the president, both vice-presidents, all ministers, the [[attorney general]] of Zanzibar, and other house members deemed fit by the president.<ref name="Eisa"/>

The House of Representatives is composed of elected members, ten members appointed by the president, all the regional commissioners of Zanzibar, the attorney general, and appointed female members whose number must be equal to 30 per cent of the elected members.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§§ 55(3), 64, 67(1)}} The House determines the number of its elected members<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110904235537/http://zltb.go.tz/docs/Zanzibar-Constitution-1984.pdf The Constitution of Zanzibar]. zltb.go.tz. 2006.</ref>{{rp|§ 120(2)}} with the Zanzibar Electoral Commission determining the boundaries of each election constituency.<ref name="Zanzibar Constitution"/>{{rp|§ 120(1)}} In 2013, the House had 81 members: fifty elected members, five regional commissioners, the attorney general, ten members appointed by the president, and fifteen appointed female members.<ref name="Edge">{{cite web |url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/tanzania/government |title=Tanzania: Government |publisher=Broad College of Business, Michigan State University |access-date=19 February 2014}}</ref>

===Administrative subdivisions===
{{Main|Regions of Tanzania|Districts of Tanzania|Subdivisions of Tanzania}}

[[File:Tanzania, administrative divisions - de - colored (+details).svg|thumb|Regions of Tanzania]]
In 1972, local government on the mainland was abolished and replaced with direct rule from the central government. Local government, however, was reintroduced in the beginning of the 1980s, when the rural councils and rural authorities were re-established. Local government elections took place in 1983, and functioning councils started in 1984. In 1999, a Local Government Reform Programme was enacted by the [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]], setting "a comprehensive and ambitious agenda ... [covering] four areas: political decentralization, financial decentralization, administrative decentralization and changed central-local relations, with the mainland government having overriding powers within the framework of the Constitution."<ref name="Kunnat">{{cite web|url=https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5nCY6QHaV/kuntajarjestelma_tansania_.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418081535/https://www.tampere.fi/tiedostot/5nCY6QHaV/kuntajarjestelma_tansania_.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 April 2013|title= Local government system in tanzania|date=31 May 2006}}</ref>

Tanzania is divided into thirty-one [[Regions of Tanzania|regions]] (''mikoa''),<ref>{{cite news |last=Kilyinga |first=Nasongelya |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201507100264.html |title=Enter Songwe Region as Six Districts Created |date=10 July 2015 |newspaper=[[Daily News (Tanzania)|Daily News]] |access-date=21 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mwakyusa |first=Alvar |url=http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |title=Songwe is new region – with four districts |date=4 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205094519/http://dailynews.co.tz/index.php/home-news/46650-songwe-is-new-region-with-four-districts |archive-date=5 February 2016 |newspaper=Daily News |access-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> twenty-six on the mainland and five in [[Zanzibar]] (three on [[Unguja]], two on [[Pemba, Tanzania|Pemba]]).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130527015837/http://www.tanzania.go.tz/regionsf.html Regions]. tanzania.go.tz</ref> The thirty-one regions are divided into 195 [[Districts of Tanzania|districts]] (''wilaya''), also known as local government authorities. Of those districts, 45 are urban units, which are further classified as three city councils ([[Arusha]], [[Mbeya]], and [[Mwanza]]), twenty municipal councils, and twenty-two town councils.<ref name="Census 2012">{{cite web |title=Administrative Units: Population Distribution Report |url=https://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/Census2022/Administrative_units_Population_Distribution_Report_Tanzania_volume1a.pdf |accessdate=2 August 2024 |website=National Bureau of Statistics}}</ref>

The urban units have an autonomous city, municipal, or town council and are subdivided into wards and sub-wards (''mitaa)''. The non-urban units have an autonomous district council but are subdivided into village councils or township authorities (first level) and then into hamlets (''vitongoji)''.<ref name="Kunnat"/>

The city of [[Dar es Salaam]] is unique because it has a city council whose area of jurisdiction overlaps three municipal councils. The mayor of the city council is elected by that council. The twenty-member city council is composed of eleven persons elected by the municipal councils, seven members of the National Assembly, and "Nominated members of parliament under 'Special Seats' for women". Each municipal council also has a mayor. "The City Council performs a coordinating role and attends to issues cutting across the three municipalities", including security and emergency services.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dcc.go.tz/about-us/city-status.html |title=City Status |publisher=Dar Es Salaam City Council |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122230207/http://www.dcc.go.tz/about-us/city-status.html |archive-date=22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/6-1999.pdf |title=Local Government (Urban Authorities) Act, 1982, amended 1999 |at=7A and 69A |publisher=Parliamentary On-line Information System |year=1999 |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022045450/http://polis.parliament.go.tz/PAMS/docs/6-1999.pdf |archive-date=22 October 2013}}</ref> The city of Mwanza has a city council whose areal jurisdiction overlaps two municipal councils.

===Foreign policies and partnerships===
{{Main|Foreign relations of Tanzania}}

[[File:Embassy of Tanzania, Washington, D.C.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Embassy of Tanzania, Washington, D.C.|Tanzanian Embassy]] in [[West End (Washington, D.C.)|West End, Washington, D.C.]]]]

Foreign policies of Tanzania are in process of review to replace the current New Foreign Policy of 2001, which was the first official foreign policy of Tanzania.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP2">{{Cite report |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/resources/view/nje-bulletin-april-2021 |title=Tanzania, kufanya mageuzi ya Kidiplomasia |last1=Buhohela |first1=Emmanuel |last2=Bulu |first2=Sheiba |date=1 April 2021 |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation]] |issue=1 |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]] |language=sw |access-date=21 June 2022 |trans-title=In Tanzania, to carry out Diplomatic reforms}}</ref><ref name="Citizen_22">{{Cite news |last=Kanyabwoya |first=Damas |date=13 January 2022 |title=Tanzania's key focus areas in the new Foreign Policy. |language=English |work=The Citizen |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&u=Bharatpedia&id=GALE |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> Before 2001, Tanzanian foreign policy was dictated by the various presidential declarations of [[Julius Nyerere]], specifically Circular No. 2 of 1964,<ref name="FaMinistry_about">{{Cite web |title=ABOUT THE MINISTRY |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/about/about-the-ministry |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]] |language=en, sw}}</ref> the [[Arusha Declaration]],<ref name="Nyerere_67ad">{{Cite book |last=Nyerere |first=Julius K |url=https://library.fes.de/fulltext/bibliothek/2-tanzania-s0019634.pdf |title=The Arusha Declaration and Tanu's policy on socialism and self-reliance |date=1967 |publisher=[[Tanganyika African National Union|TANU, Publicity Section]] |edition=1 |location=[[Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |language=en |chapter=The Policy of Self-Reliance |author-link=Julius Nyerere |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref> and Policy of Foreign Affairs of 1967.<ref name="Nyerere_67fa">{{Cite speech |last=Nyerere |first=Julius K. |author-link=Julius Nyerere |event=Tanganyika African National Union National Conference |location=Dar es Salaam |date=16 October 1967 |title=Tanzania policy on foreign affairs |type=Presidential Address |publisher=Ministry of Information and Tourism |url=https://www.juliusnyerere.org/uploads/tanzania_policy_on_foreign_affairs_1967.pdf}}</ref> These declarations had focused foreign policy primarily on independence and sovereignty, human rights, and African unity.<ref name="Nzomo_99">{{Cite book |last=Nzomo |first=Maria |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429502521-10/foreign-policy-tanzania-cold-war-post%E2%80%93cold-war-maria-nzomo |title=African Foreign Policies |date=1999 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-50252-1 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Stephen |location=[[New York, NY]] |pages=184–187 |chapter=The Foreign Policy of Tanzania: From Cold War to Post–Cold War|doi=10.4324/9780429502521-10|s2cid=155717453 }}</ref><ref name="Magoma_20">{{Cite thesis |last=MAGOMA |first=Suleiman Masegesa |title=The Significant role of Tanzania's diplomacy towards economic development |date=22 February 2020 |degree=Public Policy |publisher=[[KDI School of Public Policy and Management]] |url=https://archives.kdischool.ac.kr/handle/11125/34174 |place=[[Sejong City|Sejong City, South Korea]] |language=en}}</ref> The current New Foreign Policy of 2001 was established to better address the end of colonialism and the [[Cold War]], globalization, market economics and liberalization, and the multi-party state of Tanzania. Its primary focus is economic diplomacy and development.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania Foreign Policy the Case of Economic Diplomacy |url=https://www.foreign.go.tz/index.php/about/tanzania-foreign-policy-the-case-of-economic-diplomacy |access-date=21 June 2022 |website=The United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |location=[[Dodoma|Dodoma, Tanzania]] |language=en, sw}}</ref>

New Foreign Policy of 2001, which is still used today, has a foundation of seven principles; [[sovereignty]], [[liberalism]], [[good neighborliness]], [[Pan-Africanism|African unity]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|non-alignment]], [[economic diplomacy]], and [[International development|global cooperation]] for economic development and peace.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP">{{Cite act |year=2001 |type=Foreign Policy |legislature=Ministry of Foreign Affairs and East African Cooperation |title=The New Foreign Policy |language=en |url=https://en.unesco.org/creativity/sites/creativity/files/qpr/new_foreign_policy_-_2001.pdf}}</ref> The primary objectives are outlined as the protection and promotion of cultural and economic interests, establishment of relations with other nations driven by economic interest, economic self-sufficiency, internal and global peace, and regional political and economic integration.<ref name="FaMinistry_FP" /><ref name="FaMinistry_NFP" />

A review of current foreign policy is being undertaken by the sixth phase government to replace the current New Foreign Policy of 2001.<ref name="FaMinistry_NFP2" /> Foreign Affairs Minister [[Liberata Mulamula]] has stated the new policies will maintain the priority of and non-alignment of the 2001 policy while making additional top priorities the climate change and refocusing economic diplomacy with a greater focus on value-added exports and the digital economy.<ref name="Citizen_22" />

==== International partnerships ====
[[File:ictr office 3.jpg|thumb|[[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] in [[Arusha]]]]
[[File:East African Legislative Assembly.jpg|thumb|[[East African Legislative Assembly]] in Arusha]]

Tanzania is a member of many international organizations such as the [[United Nations|United Nations (UN)]], [[African Union|African Union (AU)]], [[East African Community|East African Community (EAC)]], and [[Southern African Development Community|Southern African Development Community (SADC)]] among many others.<ref name="Hirschler_19">{{Cite book |last1=Hirschler |first1=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncCnDwAAQBAJ |title=A decade of Tanzania: politics, economy and society 2005-2017 |last2=Hofmeier |first2=Rolf |date=2019 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |isbn=978-90-04-40786-2 |location=[[Leiden|Leiden, Netherlands]], [[Boston]] |language=en}}</ref> Additionally, due to the strength of Tanzania's non-alignment, unity and internal peace since independence, Tanzania frequently acts as a mediator and location of treaties and agreements between other nations, such as the [[Arusha Agreement]] with Europe, as well as the Arusha Accords with [[Arusha Accords (Rwanda)|Rwanda (1993)]] and [[Arusha Accords (Burundi)|Burundi (2000)]].<ref name="Chachage_04">{{Cite journal |last=Chachage |first=Chambi S. |date=2004 |title=Nyerere: Nationalism and Post-Colonial Developmentalism |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24487453 |journal=[[African Sociological Review]] |language=en |location=[[Dakar, Senegal]] |publisher=[[CODESRIA]] |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=158–179 |jstor=24487453 |issn=1027-4332 |access-date=21 June 2022}}</ref><ref name="Waters_06">{{Cite journal |last=Waters |first=Tony |date=2006 |title=Markets and Morality: American Relations with Tanzania |url=https://asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Waters-Vol8Issue3.pdf |journal=[[African Studies Quarterly]] |language=en |location=[[Gainesville, Florida]] |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=46–53 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190804103025/http://asq.africa.ufl.edu/files/Waters-Vol8Issue3.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The United Nations has a large current and historical presence in Tanzania and acts as an important partner in itself, and associated IGOs and NGOs, in many functions in the country, as well as functions based in Tanzania and implemented throughout the Great Lakes and Africa as a whole.<ref name="UN_tz">{{Cite web |title=The United Nations in Tanzania |url=https://tanzania.un.org/en/about/about-the-un |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> Of the many functions, the UN and Tanzania partner or the UN works with outside countries, most notably human rights and justice courts and reporting, education, development, climate change, health, and wildlife conservation.<ref name="UN_tzEntities">{{Cite web |title=UN Entities in Tanzania |url=https://tanzania.un.org/en/about/un-entities-in-country |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref> While the UN primary offices are in [[Oyster Bay, Tanzania|Oysterbay, Dar es Salaam]], many other offices, courts, and NGOs are based in [[Arusha|Arusha, TZ]]. The most well-known example is the [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda]] genocide.<ref name="UN_SRES9771995">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-977(1995) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=1995 |resolution_number=977 |access-date=23 July 2008|date=22 February 1995}}</ref>

The African Union consists of 55 nations in Africa.<ref name="AU_memStates">{{Cite web |title=Member States |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=African Union |language=en |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901043534/https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tanzania is a founding member of the AU in 2001, and its predecessor the [[Organisation of African Unity|Organisation of African Unity (OAU)]] by the predecessors of Tanzania, [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]] and [[Sultanate of Zanzibar|Zanzibar]], in 1963. The Judicial Branch of the AU and its courts are located in Tanzania.<ref name="AU_tzAgreement">{{Cite act |date=31 August 2007 |type=HOST AGREEMENT |legislature=[[African Union]] |title=Host Agreement Between the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania and the African Union on the Seat of the African Court on Human and Peoples' Right |language=en |article-type=Agreement |access-date=22 June 2022 |url=https://www.african-court.org/wpafc/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/3-HOST-AGREEMENT-TANZANIA-AND-AU.pdf}}</ref> Originally the [[Court of Justice of the African Union]], it has been combined with the [[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]] to form the [[African Court of Justice and Human Rights|African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR)]], which is located in Arusha.<ref name="AU_tzAgreement" /> Tanzania ratified and joined the AU-brokered [[African Continental Free Trade Area|African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)]] on 17 January 2022, the largest free trade area in the world.<ref name="Agarwal_22">{{Cite report |url=https://odi.org/en/publications/tanzania-and-the-african-continental-free-trade-area-possible-impacts-policy-priorities-and-scoping-of-future-support/ |title=Tanzania and the African Continental Free Trade Area: possible impacts, policy priorities and scoping of future support |last1=Agarwal |first1=Prachi |last2=Kweka |first2=Josaphat |date=11 March 2022 |publisher=Overseas Development Institute, [[Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office]] |location=[[London, UK]] |publication-date=11 March 2022 |language=en |last3=Willem te Velde |first3=Dirk |access-date=22 June 2022 |type=Briefing, policy papers}}</ref>

The East African Community consisting of Tanzania, Uganda, [[Kenya]], [[Rwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[South Sudan]], and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is headquartered in Arusha.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17">{{Cite book |url=https://brill.com/view/title/33464 |title=East African Community Law: Institutional, Substantive and Comparative EU Aspects |date=2017 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill Nijhoff]] |isbn=978-90-04-32207-3 |editor-last=Ugirashebuja |editor-first=Emmanuel |location=[[Leiden|Leiden, Netherlands]], [[Boston]] |language=en |editor-last2=Ruhangisa |editor-first2=John Eudes |editor-last3=Ottervanger |editor-first3=Tom |editor-last4=Cuyvers |editor-first4=Armin}}</ref><ref name="EAC_overview">{{Cite web |title=Overview of EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/overview-of-eac |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=East African Community |language=en}}</ref> Tanzania, along with Kenya and Uganda, is a founding member of the EAC in 2000.<ref name="EAC_history">{{Cite web |title=History of the EAC |url=https://www.eac.int/eac-history#:~:text=The%20Treaty%20for%20the%20Establishment,all%20the%20three%20Partner%20States. |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=East African Community |language=en}}</ref> Following the German defeat in [[World War I]] Tanzania joined the London-based [[East African Currency Board|East African Currency Board (EACB)]] that was a customs union and provider of currency for Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya from 1919 to 1948, the [[East Africa High Commission|East Africa High Commission (EAHC)]] from 1948 to 1961, and East African Common Services Organization (EACSO) from 1961 to 1966. In 1966 all three countries formed the first East African Community, which lasted until 1976, then the East African Co-operation from 1993 to 2000, before becoming reestablished as the East African Community in 2000.<ref name="EAC_history" /><ref name="Kadaga_22">{{Cite speech |last=Kadaga |first=Rebecca |author-link=Rebecca Kadaga |event=Ministry of East African Community Affairs |location=Makerere University |date=16 June 2022 |access-date=21 June 2022 |title=The Strategic need for EAC Integration |type=Keynote Address |pages=1, 3, 6-9 |language=en |url=https://www.mediacentre.go.ug/media/address-rt-hon-rebecca-kadaga-1st-deputy-prime-ministerminister-makerere-university |archive-date=27 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627105632/https://mediacentre.go.ug/media/address-rt-hon-rebecca-kadaga-1st-deputy-prime-ministerminister-makerere-university |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:Samia Suluhu Hassan, Joe Biden, Jill Biden.jpg|thumb|Tanzanian President [[Samia Suluhu Hassan]] with US President [[Joe Biden]] in Washington, D.C., December 2022]]
The EAC has had a [[customs union]] since 2005, with a free trade zone between member states and unified tariffs and trade agreements with non-member states and multinational organizations.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /> The customs union also established a unified organization and sets of rules, such as [[rules of origin]], for all trade within, into, and passing through member states. In 2010 a common market was established within the EAC for the free movement of labor, goods, people, capital, and services, as well as established rights of establishment.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /> The East African Monetary Union (EAMU) proposed to be established in 2024 that will create a single common currency by the East African Central Bank.<ref name="Adam_17">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MDXDQAAQBAJ |title=Tanzania: the path to prosperity |date=2017 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-870481-2 |editor-last=Adam |editor-first=Christopher |location=[[Oxford, UK]]; [[New York, NY]] |language=en |editor-last2=Collier |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Ndulu |editor-first3=B. J.}}</ref> From the original reestablishment of the EAC, as laid out in Article 5(2) of the Treaty for the Establishment of the East African Community, the final goal for the EAC is always the political federation of all member states. In 2017 all member states adopted the [[confederation]] of EAC as a transitional precursor to the final federation.<ref name="Ugirashebuja_17" /><ref name="Kadaga_22" />

The Southern African Development Community consists of 16 nations, including all countries of southern Africa plus Tanzania and the DRC from the Great Lakes.<ref name="Muntschick_17">{{Cite book |last=Muntschick |first=Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDE5DwAAQBAJ |title=The Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the European Union (EU): Regionalism and External Influence |date=9 October 2017 |publisher=[[Springer Publishing|Springer Nature]] |isbn=978-3-319-45330-9 |location=[[Cham, Switzerland]] |language=en |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> Tanzania is a founding member of SADC in 1994, as well as its predecessor the [[Frontline States|Frontline States (FLS)]], from 1960 to 1994. While FLS aimed to end apartheid, its successor SADC has the aims of furthering peace and security along with the economic and political integration of member states.<ref name="Muntschick_17" />

===Military===
[[File:FIB-training-22 (9311333487).jpg|thumb|FIB Tanzanian special forces during training]]
{{Main|Tanzania People's Defence Force}}

The [[Tanzania People's Defence Force]] (TPDF) (Kiswahili: Jeshi la Wananchi wa Tanzania (JWTZ)) is the armed forces of Tanzania, operating as a people's force under civilian control. It is composed of five branches or commands: Land Force (army), Air Force, Naval Command, National Service, Headquarter (MMJ).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tpdf.mil.tz/ |title=Mwanzo-Jeshi la Ulinzi la Wananchi wa Tanzania |publisher=Tpdf.mil.tz |date= |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref> Tanzanian citizens are able to volunteer for military service from 15 years of age, and 18 years of age for compulsory National military service upon graduation from advanced secondary school. Conscript service obligation was 2 years as of 2004.{{Update inline|date=October 2021}} [https://tanzanialaws.com/n/242-national-service-act National service act of Tanzania]

===Human rights===
{{Main|Human rights in Tanzania|Persecution of people with albinism|LGBT rights in Tanzania}}

[[File:Tundu Lissu.jpg|thumb|Tanzania's main opposition leader [[Tundu Lissu]] was arrested and charged with treason in April 2025]]
Throughout Tanzania, [[LGBT rights by country or territory|same sex acts]] are illegal and carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment, though the law is rarely enforced, and gay people do meet up.<ref>{{cite web |title=State Sponsored Homophobia 2016: A world survey of sexual orientation laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition |url=https://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |work=[[International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association]] |date=17 May 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135034/http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 }}</ref><ref name="GT">{{cite news | url=http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/gt/listings.asp?action=ShowCountry&CID=932 | title=Lesbian and Gay Tanzania | work=gaytimes | access-date=12 February 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929205430/http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/gt/listings.asp?action=ShowCountry&CID=932 | archive-date=29 September 2006 | url-status=dead }}</ref> According to a 2007 [[Pew Research Centre]] survey, 95 percent of Tanzanians believed that homosexuality should not be accepted by society.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|title=Pew Global Attitudes Project|pages=35, 84, and 117|publisher=Pew Research Centre|access-date=15 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214225525/http://pewglobal.org/reports/pdf/258.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

People with [[Albinism in humans|albinism]] living in Tanzania are often attacked, killed or mutilated because of superstitions related to the black-magical practice known as [[muti]] that say body parts of albinos have magical properties.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31849531 Tanzania albino murders: 'More than 200 witchdoctors' arrested]". BBC News. 12 March 2015.</ref> Tanzania has the highest occurrence of this human rights violation among 27 African countries where [[muti]] is known to be practised.<ref>Charlotte Baker (22 September 2017) [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-families/witchcraft-albino-trade-body-part-human-rights-un-sub-saharan-african-a7958946.html "The trade in body parts of people with albinism is driven by myths and international inaction"]. ''The Independent''</ref>

In December 2019, [[Amnesty International]] reported that the Tanzanian government annulled the right of [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]] (voluntary citizens groups) as well as individuals to directly file any case against it at the Arusha-based African Court for Human and Peoples' Rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2019/12/tanzania-withdrawal-of-individual-rights-to-african-court-will-deepen-repression/|title= Tanzania: Withdrawal of individual rights to African Court will deepen repression|date= 2 December 2019|access-date=2 December 2019|publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref>

==Economy and infrastructure==
{{Main|Economy of Tanzania|Poverty in Tanzania}}

[[File:GDP per capita development in Tanzania.svg|thumb|Historical development of real GDP per capita in Tanzania, since 1950]]

{{As of|2021}}, according to the IMF, Tanzania's gross domestic product (GDP) was an estimated $71 billion (nominal), or $218.5 billion on a [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP) basis. GDP per capita (PPP) was $3,574.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2018/April |title=World Economic Outlook Database April 2018 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref>

From 2009 through to 2013, Tanzania's per capita GDP (based on constant local currency) grew an average of 3.5% per year, higher than any other member of the [[East African Community]] (EAC) and exceeded by only nine countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Lesotho, Liberia, Mozambique, Sierra Leone, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG |title=GDP per capita growth (annual %) |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

Tanzania's largest trading partners in 2017 for its US$5.3 billion in exports were [[India]], [[Vietnam]], [[South Africa]], [[Switzerland]], and [[China]].<ref name="UND"/> Its imports totalled US$8.17 billion, with India, Switzerland, Saudi Arabia, China, and the United Arab Emirates being the biggest partners.<ref name="UND"/>

Tanzania weathered the [[Great Recession]], which began in late 2008 or early 2009, relatively well. Strong gold prices, bolstering the country's [[Mining industry of Tanzania|mining industry]], and Tanzania's poor integration into global markets helped to insulate the country from the downturn.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1250}} Since the recession ended, the Tanzanian economy has expanded rapidly thanks to strong tourism, telecommunications, and banking sectors.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1250}}

According to the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), however, recent growth in the national economy has benefited only the "very few", leaving out the majority of the population.<ref>[http://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/countryinfo "About Tanzania |UNDP in Tanzania"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014230730/http://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/countryinfo/ |date=14 October 2014}}. undp.org.</ref> As of the latest survey in 2015/2016, 57.1 percent of the population is considered affected by [[Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Multidimensional Poverty Index 2023: Tanzania (United Republic of) |url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/Country-Profiles/MPI/TZA.pdf |access-date=27 May 2024 |website=United Nations Development Programme: Human Development Reports}}</ref> Tanzania's 2013 [[Global Hunger Index]] was worse than any other country in the EAC except Burundi.<ref name="GHI">[https://web.archive.org/web/20141106133439/http://www.ifpri.org/sites/default/files/publications/ghi13.pdf "2013 Global Hunger Index"]. International Food Policy Research Institute. October 2013</ref>{{rp|page 15}} The proportion of persons who were undernourished in 2010–12 was also worse than any other EAC country except Burundi.<ref name="GHI"/>{{rp|page 51}}

In 2020, the [[World Bank]] declared the rise of the Tanzanian economy from low income to lower [[middle income country]], as its [[GNI per capita]] increased from US$1,020 in 2018 to US$1,080 in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2020-2021|title=New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2020–2021|publisher=World Bank|date=1 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/news/Tanzania-joins-middle-income-status-ahead-of-schedule/1840340-5586580-5p13b7z/index.html|title=Tanzania joins middle income status ahead of schedule|work=The Citizen|date=2 July 2020}}</ref>

Tanzania's economy grew 4.6 percent in 2022, and 5.2 percent in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/overview |title=Tanzania Overview |publisher=World Bank |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>

===Hunger and poverty===
The Global Hunger Index previously ranked the situation as "alarming" with a score of 42 in the year 2000; since then the GHI has declined to 23.2.<ref name="globalhungerindex.org">{{cite web |title=Tanzania |url=https://www.globalhungerindex.org/tanzania.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Global Hunger Index – Official Website of the Peer-Reviewed Publication}}</ref> Children in rural areas suffer substantially higher rates of malnutrition and chronic hunger, although urban-rural disparities have narrowed as regards both stunting and underweight.<ref name="Tanzania UNDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/about-us.html|title=About us |website=UNDP |access-date=25 May 2020|archive-date=11 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811174628/https://www.tz.undp.org/content/tanzania/en/home/about-us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Low rural sector productivity arises mainly from inadequate infrastructure investment; limited access to farm inputs, extension services and credit; limited technology as well as trade and marketing support; and heavy dependence on rain-fed agriculture and natural resources.<ref name="Tanzania UNDP"/>

Approximately 68 percent of Tanzania's 61.1 million citizens live below the poverty line of $1.25 a day. 32 percent of the population are malnourished.<ref name="globalhungerindex.org"/> The most prominent challenges Tanzania faces in poverty reduction are unsustainable harvesting of [[Natural resources use in Tanzania|its natural resources]], unchecked cultivation, climate change and water source encroachment, according to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).<ref name="Tanzania">{{cite web|url=https://www.heifer.org/about-us/where-we-work/tanzania.html|title=Tanzania|website=Heifer International}}</ref>

There are very few resources for Tanzanians in terms of credit services, infrastructure or availability to improved agricultural technologies, which further exacerbates hunger and poverty in the country according to the UNDP.<ref name="Tanzania"/> Tanzania ranks 159 out of 187 countries in poverty according to the United Nation's Human Development Index (2014).<ref name="Tanzania"/>

The 2019 [[World Bank]] report showed that in the last 10 years, poverty has reduced by 8 percentage points, from 34.4% in 2007 to 26.4% in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/tanzania/publication/tanzanias-path-to-poverty-reduction-and-pro-poor-growth|title=Tanzania's Path to Poverty Reduction and Pro-Poor Growth |publisher=World Bank |date=1 December 2019}}</ref> A further report showed a reduction to 25.7% in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/news/tanzania-60-gdp-sharp-rise-poverty-cut|title=Tanzania at 60: GDP in sharp rise, poverty cut |work=IPP Media |date=12 November 2021}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
{{main|Agriculture in Tanzania}}

[[File:Tea fields, Tukuyu, Tanzania.jpg|thumb|Tea fields in Tukuyu]]

The Tanzanian economy is heavily based on agriculture, which in 2013 accounted for 24.5 per cent of gross domestic product,<ref name="Abstract">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz:80/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123044258/http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/Stastical%20Abstract/Statistical%20Abstract%20Report%202013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 November 2016 |title=Statistical Abstract 2013, National Bureau of Statistics |publisher=Tanzania Ministry of Finance |date=July 2014|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref>{{rp|page 37}} provides 85% of exports,<ref name="factbook"/> and accounted for half of the employed workforce.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 56}} The agricultural sector grew 4.3 percent in 2012, less than half of the [[Millennium Development Goal]] target of 10.8%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/news/latest%20news/MAIR%202012_13(upload).pdf|title=MKUKUTA Annual Implementation Report 2012/13|publisher=Tanzania Ministry of Finance|date=November 2013|page=11|access-date=1 November 2014|archive-date=1 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101230130/http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/news/latest%20news/MAIR%202012_13(upload).pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> 16.4 per cent of the land is [[Arable land|arable]],<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.ZS "Arable land (% of land area)"]. World Bank.</ref> with 2.4 percent of the land planted with [[permanent crop]]s.<ref>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS "Permanent cropland (% of land area)"]. World Bank. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107032438/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.CROP.ZS |date=7 January 2015}}</ref> Tanzania's economy relies on farming, but climate change has impacted their farming.

[[Maize production in Tanzania|Maize]] was the largest food crop on the Tanzania mainland in 2013 (5.17 million tonnes), followed by cassava (1.94 million tonnes), sweet potatoes (1.88 million tonnes), beans (1.64 million tonnes), bananas (1.31 million tonnes), rice (1.31 million tonnes), and millet (1.04 million tonnes).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 58}} Sugar was the largest [[cash crop]] on the mainland in 2013 (296,679 tonnes), followed by cotton (241,198 tonnes), cashew nuts (126,000 tonnes), tobacco (86,877 tonnes), coffee (48,000 tonnes), sisal (37,368 tonnes), and tea (32,422 tonnes).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 58}} Beef was the largest meat product on the mainland in 2013 (299,581 tonnes), followed by lamb/mutton (115,652 tonnes), chicken (87,408 tonnes), and pork (50,814 tonnes).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 60}}

According to the 2002 National Irrigation Master Plan, 29.4 million hectares in Tanzania are suitable for irrigation farming; however, only 310,745 hectares were actually being irrigated in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=36093 |title=Irrigation will give us more food by 2015 – govt |date=5 December 2011 |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022040833/http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=36093 |archive-date=22 October 2013 }}</ref>

===Industry, energy and construction===
{{Main|Energy in Tanzania|Water supply and sanitation in Tanzania|Natural resource and waste management in Tanzania}}

{{see also|List of companies of Tanzania}}
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Industry and construction is a major and growing component of the Tanzanian economy, contributing 22.2 per cent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 37}} This component includes mining and quarrying, manufacturing, electricity and natural gas, water supply, and construction.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 37}} Mining contributed 3.3 per cent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 33}} The vast majority of the country's mineral export revenue comes from gold, accounting for 89 per cent of the value of those exports in 2013.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 71}} Tanzania's gold production is 46 metric tonnes in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gold production |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129233804/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gold-production?tab=table |archive-date=29 November 2023 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=Our World in Data |url-status=live }}</ref> It also exports sizeable quantities of gemstones, including [[diamonds]] and [[tanzanite]].<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}} All of Tanzania's coal production, which totalled 106,000 short tons in 2012, is used domestically.<ref name="EIA"/>
{{Further|topic=the mineral exploration company|Rift Valley Resources}}

Only 15 percent of Tanzanians had access to electric power in 2011, rising to 35.2 per cent in 2018.<ref name="data.worldbank.org">[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS "Access to electricity (% of population)"]. World Bank. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412100001/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS |date=12 April 2012}}</ref> The government-owned [[TANESCO|Tanzania Electric Supply Company Limited]] (TANESCO) dominates the electric supply industry in Tanzania.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/electricity |title=Electricity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023170705/http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/electricity |archive-date=23 October 2014 |work=ewura.go.tz |date=9 March 2012}}</ref>{{efn|In 2020 access to electricity reached a high of 84.6 percent, the highest in East Africa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/transmission-and-distribution/tanzania-records-highest-percentage-in-access-to-electricity/ |title=Tanzania records highest percentage in access to electricity |website=ESI Africa |date=11 May 2020 |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717211339/https://www.esi-africa.com/industry-sectors/transmission-and-distribution/tanzania-records-highest-percentage-in-access-to-electricity/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} The country generated 6.013 billion [[kilowatt hours]] (kWh) of electricity in 2013, a 4.2 per cent increase over the 5.771 billion kWh generated in 2012.<ref name="BudEx">{{cite web|url=http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/budget/Budget%20Execution%20Report/BER%20January%20-%20March%202014%20Final.pdf|title="Quarterly Economic Review and Budget Execution Report for Fiscal Year 2013/14: January–March 2014", Tanzania Ministry of Finance, May 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014|access-date=11 November 2014|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111084258/http://www.mof.go.tz/mofdocs/budget/Budget%20Execution%20Report/BER%20January%20-%20March%202014%20Final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|page 4}} Generation increased by 63 percent between 2005 and 2012;<ref name="2012Elec"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=TANZANIA&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=ElecGenByFuel "Tanzania: Electricity and Heat for 2005"]. iea.org.</ref> Almost 18 percent of the electricity generated in 2012 was lost because of theft and transmission and distribution problems.<ref name="2012Elec">[https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=TANZANIA&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=ElecGenByFuel "Tanzania: Electricity and Heat for 2012"]</ref> The electrical supply varies, particularly when droughts disrupt hydropower electric generation; rolling blackouts are implemented as necessary.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}} The unreliability of the electrical supply has hindered the development of Tanzanian industry.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1251}} In 2013, 49.7 percent of Tanzania's electricity generation came from natural gas, 28.9 percent from hydroelectric sources, 20.4 percent from thermal sources, and 1.0 percent from outside the country.<ref name="BudEx"/>{{rp|page 5}} The government has built a {{convert|532|km}} gas pipeline from [[Mnazi Bay-Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park|Mnazi Bay]] to Dar es Salaam.<ref>ashery mkama. [http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/36257-gas-connection-to-dar-houses-faces-hurdles "DailyNews Online Edition"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029034136/http://www.dailynews.co.tz/index.php/biz/36257-gas-connection-to-dar-houses-faces-hurdles |date=29 October 2014}}. ''DailyNews Online Edition''.</ref> This pipeline was expected to allow the country to double its electricity generation capacity to 3,000 megawatts by 2016.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141024091801/http://m.allafrica.com/stories/201409170608.html/ "Tanzania: Govt Signs Gas Supply Deal to Double Power Generation"]. allAfrica.com. 17 September 2014</ref> The government's goal is to increase capacity to at least 10,000 megawatts by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gst.go.tz/images/TANZANIA%20ELECTRICITY%20SUPPLY%20INDUSTRY%20REFORM%20STRATEGY%20&%20ROADMAP.pdf|title=Electricity Supply Industry Reform Strategy and Roadmap 2014–2025, Tanzania Ministry of Energy and Minerals, 30 June 2014, page i. Retrieved 26 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150324111701/http://gst.go.tz/images/TANZANIA%20ELECTRICITY%20SUPPLY%20INDUSTRY%20REFORM%20STRATEGY%20%26%20ROADMAP.pdf|archive-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>

[[File:Nyerere Bridge - Kigamboni .jpg|thumb|[[Nyerere Bridge]] in Kigamboni, Dar es Salaam]]

According to [[PFC Energy]], 25 to 30 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas resources have been discovered in Tanzania since 2010,<ref name="EIA">{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/countries/country-data.cfm?fips=tz |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)}}</ref> bringing the total reserves to over 43 trillion cubic feet by the end of 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tpdc-tz.com/OIL%20and%20GAS%20EXPLORATION.pdf |title=OIL and GAS EXPLORATION.pdf |access-date=9 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227104800/http://www.tpdc-tz.com/OIL%20and%20GAS%20EXPLORATION.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref> The value of natural gas actually produced in 2013 was US$52.2 million, a 42.7 percent increase over 2012.<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 73}}

Commercial production of gas from the Songo Songo Island field in the Indian Ocean commenced in 2004, thirty years after it was discovered there.<ref name="EABrief">{{cite web |url=https://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics2.cfm?fips=EEAE |title=International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510163804/http://www.eia.gov/countries/regions-topics2.cfm?fips=EEAE |archive-date=10 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="EWURA-Ng">[http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/natural-gas "Natural Gas"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023143420/http://www.ewura.go.tz/newsite/index.php/2012-03-09-08-22-52/natural-gas |date=23 October 2014}}. ''ewura.go.tz''. 9 March 2012</ref> Over 35 billion cubic feet of gas was produced from this field in 2013,<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 72}} with proven, probable, and possible reserves totalling 1.1 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="EWURA-Ng"/> The gas is transported by pipeline to Dar es Salaam.<ref name="EABrief"/> As of 27 August 2014, TANESCO owed the operator of this field, Orca Exploration Group Inc.<ref>[http://www.orcaexploration.com/pdfs/2014_Orca_Q2.pdf "2014 Q2 Report for the Quarter Ended June 30 2014 and 2013"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617204030/http://www.orcaexploration.com/pdfs/2014_Orca_Q2.pdf |date=17 June 2019}}, Orca Exploration Group Inc., p. 3</ref>

A newer natural gas field in Mnazi Bay in 2013 produced about one-seventh of the amount produced near Songo Songo Island<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page 73}} but has proven, probable, and possible reserves of 2.2 trillion cubic feet.<ref name="EWURA-Ng"/> Virtually all of that gas is being used for electricity generation in [[Mtwara]].<ref name="EABrief"/>

The Ruvuma and Kiliwani areas of Tanzania have been explored mostly by the discovery company that holds a 75 percent interest, Aminex, and has shown to hold in excess of 3.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A pipeline connecting offshore natural gas fields to Tanzania's commercial capital Dar es Salaam was completed at the end of April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldpipelines.com/project-news/06062016/kiliwani-north-update/ |title=Tanzania gas pipe: finished but not in service |access-date=9 April 2015| date=April 2015}}</ref>

===Tourism===
{{Main|Tourism in Tanzania}}

[[File:Uhuru Peak Mt. Kilimanjaro 1.JPG|thumb|The snowcapped [[Uhuru Peak]]]]

Travel and tourism contributed 17.5 per cent of Tanzania's gross domestic product in 2016<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |url=https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/tourism/tourist-arrivals-reach-2016 |title=Tanzania Tourist Arrivals Increase by 12.9% in 2016 to Reach 1,28 M – TanzaniaInvest |date=26 May 2017 |work=TanzaniaInvest |access-date=12 August 2017 |language=en-US}}</ref> and employed 11.0 per cent of the country's labour force (1,189,300 jobs) in 2013.<ref name="Knoema">[http://knoema.com/WTTC2013/world-travel-and-tourism-council-data-2013 "World Travel and Tourism Council Data, 2013"]. ''Knoema''.</ref> Overall receipts rose from US$1.74 billion in 2004 to US$4.48 billion in 2013,<ref name="Knoema"/> and receipts from international tourists rose from US$1.255 billion in 2010 to US$2 billion in 2016.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights14_en_hr_0.pdf |title=''UNWTO Tourism Highlights: 2014 Edition'', United Nations World Tourism Organization, page 11. Retrieved 17 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208040125/http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/all/files/pdf/unwto_highlights14_en_hr_0.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2015 }}</ref> In 2016, 1,284,279 tourists arrived at Tanzania's borders compared to 590,000 in 2005.<ref name="UND">{{cite web|url=https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tza/|title=Tanzania (TZA) Exports, Imports, and Trade Partners |publisher=The Observatory of Economic Complexity |access-date=9 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424230123/https://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tza/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The vast majority of tourists visit [[Zanzibar]] or a "northern circuit" of [[Serengeti National Park]], the [[Ngorongoro Conservation Area]], [[Tarangire National Park]], [[Lake Manyara National Park]], and [[Mount Kilimanjaro]].<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} In 2013, the most visited national park was Serengeti (452,485 tourists), followed by Manyara (187,773) and Tarangire (165,949).<ref name="Abstract"/>{{rp|page xx}}

===Banking===
The [[Bank of Tanzania]] is the [[central bank]] of Tanzania and is primarily responsible for maintaining price stability, with a subsidiary responsibility for issuing the banknotes and coins of the [[Tanzanian shilling]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTFunction.asp |title=About the Bank — Primary Objective and Function of the Bank |publisher=Bank of Tanzania |access-date=19 February 2014 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327044107/http://www.bot-tz.org/AboutBOT/BOTFunction.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> At the end of 2013, the total assets of the Tanzanian banking industry were [[Tanzanian shilling|TSh ]]19.5 trillion, a 15 per cent increase over 2012.<ref>[https://www.bot-tz.org/BankingSupervision/Reports/DBS%2520ANNUAL%2520REPORT%25202013.pdf Annual Report 2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141005083304/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingSupervision/Reports/DBS%20ANNUAL%20REPORT%202013.pdf |date=5 October 2014}}. Directorate of Banking Supervision, Bank of Tanzania, p. 5</ref>

===Transport===
{{Main|Transport in Tanzania}}

[[File:Trunk road Tanzania.jpg|thumb|One of the main trunk roads]]
[[File:Zanzibar Harbour.jpg|thumb|Zanzibar harbour]]

Most transport in Tanzania is by road, with road transport constituting over 75 per cent of the country's freight traffic and 80 percent of its passenger traffic.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} The [[Cairo-Cape Town Highway]] passes through Tanzania. The {{convert|181191|km}} road system is in generally poor condition.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} Tanzania has two railway companies: [[TAZARA]], which provides service between Dar es Salaam and [[Kapiri Mposhi]] (in a copper-mining district in Zambia), and [[Tanzania Railways Limited]], which connects Dar es Salaam with central and northern Tanzania.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}} Rail travel in Tanzania often entails slow journeys with frequent cancellations or delays, and the railways have a deficient safety record.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1252}}

Dar es Salaam has a huge project of rapid buses, [[Dar Rapid Transit Agency|Dar Rapid Transit (DART)]], that connects suburbs of [[Dar es Salaam]] city. The development of the DART system consists of six phases and is funded by the African Development Bank, the World Bank and the Government of Tanzania. The first phase began in April 2012, and it was completed in December 2015 and launched operations in May 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzaniainvest.com/transport/dart-bus-rapid-transit-launch-dar|title=Dar Es Salaam Officially Launch Bus Rapid Transit System – TanzaniaInvest|date=27 January 2017}}</ref>

Tanzania has four international airports, along with over 120 small airports or landing strips. Airport infrastructure tends to be in poor condition.<ref name="frame" />{{rp|page 1253}} Airlines in Tanzania include [[Air Tanzania]], [[Precision Air]], [[Fastjet]], [[Coastal Aviation]], and [[ZanAir]].<ref name="frame" />{{rp|page 1253}} On February 14, 2026, Tanzania signed a memorandum of understanding with Liberia to increase the maritime industry of Tanzania with a sharing of Liberia's maritime expertise.<ref>Staff reporter. (15 February 2026). "Tanzania, Liberia forge maritime alliance to boost Africa’s blue economy." [https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/news/national/tanzania-liberia-forge-maritime-alliance-to-boost-africa-s-blue-economy-5359864 The Citizen website] Retrieved 15 February 2026.</ref>

===Communications===
{{Main|Telecommunications in Tanzania}}

In 2013, the communications sector was the fastest growing in Tanzania, expanding 22.8 per cent; however, the sector accounted for only 2.4 per cent of gross domestic product that year.<ref name="BudEx"/>{{rp|page 2}}

As of 2011, Tanzania had 56 mobile telephone subscribers per 100 inhabitants, a rate slightly above the sub-Saharan average.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}} Very few Tanzanians have fixed-line telephones.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}} Approximately 12 per cent of Tanzanians used the internet {{As of|2011|lc=y}}, though this number is growing rapidly.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}} The country has a fibre-optic cable network that replaced unreliable satellite service, but internet bandwidth remains very low.<ref name="frame"/>{{rp|page 1253}}

===Economic statistics controversy===

Two articles in the ''Economist'' in July 2020 raised doubts about official claims of economic growth: "If Tanzania's economy grew by almost 7% in the fiscal year to the end of June 2019, why did tax revenue fall by 1%? And why has bank lending to companies slumped? Private data are bad, too. In 2019 sales at the biggest brewer fell by 5%. Sales of cement by the two biggest producers were almost flat. None of these things is likely if growth is storming ahead. The discrepancies are so large that it is hard to avoid the conclusion that the government is lying."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/leaders/2020/07/23/tanzanias-statistics-smell-wrong|title=Tanzania's statistics smell wrong|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=23 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/07/23/why-tanzanias-statistics-look-fishy|title=Why Tanzania's statistics look fishy|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=23 July 2020}}</ref>

Tim Staermose, a proponent of African investment, took issue with these data: "Some of these statements by ''The Economist'', based on the evidence I have gathered from primary sources – namely, the statutory financial reports that listed companies in Tanzania are legally obligated to release – are simply not true. Bank lending to companies as far as I can see has not, 'slumped.' The two biggest banks in Tanzania, which between them account for approximately 40% of the banking sector, both reported strong loan growth in 2019. ... As for cement sales being 'almost flat,' again, this is total nonsense. ... In 2019 Twiga sold 6% more cement by volume than it did in 2018. In the first six months of 2020, Twiga already sold 8% more cement than it had done by the same stage in 2019. Again, these numbers are very consistent with an economy that's reported to be growing at around 7% per annum. ... [On] the 5% fall in beer sales in 2019 ... the published 2019 annual report by Tanzania Breweries Limited (TBL) will tell you there were one-off circumstances that largely drove the decline ... [which] resulted in sales falling. But TBL's profits actually rose in 2019."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalvaluehunter.com/media-reports-tanzanias-economy-is-awful-truth-or-fake-news/|title=Media reports Tanzania's economy is awful – truth, or fake news?|work=[[Global Value Hunter]]|date=31 July 2020}}</ref>

== Food and nutrition ==
{{main|Food security in Tanzania}}

[[File:Pilua for many.jpg|thumb|left|A Tanzanian woman cooks Pilau rice dish wearing traditional [[Kanga (African garment)|Kanga]].]]
Poor nutrition remains a persistent problem within Tanzania and varies hugely throughout the country's regions. [[United States Agency for International Development|USAID]] reports that 16% of children are underweight and 34% experience stunted growth as a result of malnutrition.<ref name=":02">{{cite web|url=https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/tanzania-nutrition-profile|title=Tanzania: Nutrition Profile|website=[[USAID]]|language=en|access-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024113234/https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/global-health/nutrition/countries/tanzania-nutrition-profile|archive-date=24 October 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> 10 regions house 58% of children suffering from stunted growth while 50% of acutely malnourished children can be found in 5 regions.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/nutrition.html|title=UNICEF Tanzania—Nutrition—The situation|website=unicef.org|access-date=28 October 2018|archive-date=2 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102192139/https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/nutrition.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Over a 5-year period, the [[Mara Region|Mara]] district of Tanzania saw a 15% reduction in stunting in children under 5 years old, falling from 46% to 31% in 2005 and 2010 respectively. [[Dodoma]], on the other hand, saw a 7% increase in the prevalence of stunting in this age group, rising from 50% in 2005 to 57% in 2010.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2012 |title=Tanzania Assessment for Scaling Up Nutrition |url=http://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape_analysis/TanzaniaLandscapeAnalysisFinalReport.pdf?ua=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302164752/https://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape_analysis/TanzaniaLandscapeAnalysisFinalReport.pdf?ua=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 March 2021 |via=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Overall availability of food does not necessarily contribute to overall stunting figures. [[Iringa Region|Iringa]], [[Mbeya Region|Mbeya]] and [[Rukwa Region|Rukwa]] regions, where overall availability of food is considered acceptable, still experience stunting incidents in excess of 50%. In some areas where food shortages are common, such as in the [[Tabora Region|Tabora]] and [[Singida Region|Singida]] regions, stunting instances remain comparatively less than those seen in Iringa, Mbeya and Rukwa.<ref name=":6" /> The Tanzania Food and Nutrition Centre attributes these discrepancies to variance in maternal malnutrition, poor infant feeding practices, hygiene practices and poor healthcare services.<ref name=":6" /> Periods of drought can have significant impacts on the production of crops in Tanzania. Drought in East Africa has resulted in massive increases in the prices of food staples such as maize and [[Commercial sorghum|sorghum]], crops crucial to the nutrition of the majority of Tanzania's population. From 2015 to 2017 the price of maize when bought wholesale more than tripled, from [[Tanzanian shilling|TSh]] {{shilingi|400}} per kilogramme to {{shilingi|1,253}} per kilogramme.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/tanzania-hunger-idUSL5N1GJ5CP|title=Survey finds most Tanzanians go hungry, despite government denials |work=Reuters|last=Makoye|first=Kizito|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref>
[[File:Farmers harvesting rice.jpg|thumb|Farmers using a rice harvester in Igunga District, Tanzania]]
Tanzania remains heavily agricultural, with 80% of the total population engaging in subsistence farming.<ref name=":12"/> Rural areas are subjected to increased food shortages in comparison to urbanised areas, with a survey carried out within the country in 2017 finding 84% of people in rural areas suffering food shortages over a 3-month period compared to 64% of residents in cities.<ref name=":12" /> This disparity between rural and city nutrition can be attributed to various factors; increased nutritional needs due to manual labour, more limited access to food as a result of poor infrastructure, high-susceptibility to the damaging effects of nature and the "Agricultural Productivity Gap".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Alphonce|first=Roselyne|year=2017|title=Addressing the mismatch between food and nutrition policies and needs in Tanzania|url=https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/erh-tanzania-policy-brief.pdf |journal=Brookings}}</ref> The Agricultural Productivity Gap postulates that "value added per worker" is often much lower within the agricultural sector than that found within non-agricultural sectors. Furthermore, allocation of labour within the agricultural sector is largely allocated ineffectively.<ref>{{cite web|first1=Douglas |last1=Gollin |first2=David |last2=Lagakos |first3=Michael E. |last3=Waugh |name-list-style=amp|date=November 2013|title=The Agricultural Productivity Gap|url=https://www.nber.org/papers/w19628.pdf|publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research}}</ref>

=== Programmes targeting hunger ===
USAID programmes focusing on nutrition operate within the [[Morogoro]], [[Dodoma]], [[Iringa]], [[Mbeya]], [[Manyara Region|Manyara]], [[Songwe Region|Songwe]] and [[Zanzibar]] regions of Tanzania. These "[[Feed the Future Initiative|Feed the Future]]" programmes heavily invest in nutrition, infrastructure, policy, capacity of institutions and agriculture that is identified by the organisation as a key area of economic growth in the country.<ref name=":02" /> A Tanzanian government led initiative "Kilimo Kwanza" or "Agriculture First" aims to encourage investment into agriculture within the private sector and hopes to improve agricultural processes and development within the country by seeking the knowledge of young people and the innovation that they can potentially provide.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=African Human Development Report 2012 |url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/malawi/docs/general/Africa_HDR_EN_2012.pdf |pages=80, 93 |via=United Nations Development Programme |access-date=5 December 2018 |archive-date=10 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210225555/https://www.undp.org/content/dam/malawi/docs/general/Africa_HDR_EN_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> During the 1990s, around 25% of Tanzania's population were provided access to iodised oil aimed to target iodine deficiency within expecting mothers, as result of studies showing the negative effects of in-utero iodine deficiency on cognitive development in children. Research showed that children of mothers with access to the supplement achieved on average greater than a third of a year more education than those who did not.<ref name=":2" />
[[File:Food Items in World Food Programme Food Parcels.jpg|thumb|left|Example of a World Food Programme parcel]]
Programmes led by the [[World Food Programme]] operate within Tanzania. The Supplementary Feeding Programme (SFP) aims to target acute malnutrition by supplying blended food fortified with vitamins to pregnant women and mothers to children under 5 on a monthly basis.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wfp.org/stories/10-facts-about-hunger-tanzania|title=UN World Food Programme|access-date=8 November 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102326/https://www.wfp.org/stories/10-facts-about-hunger-tanzania|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Pregnant women and mothers to children under 2 have access to the Mother and Child Health and Nutrition Programme's "Super Cereal"—which is supplied with the intent of reducing stunting in children.<ref name=":4" /> World Food Programme supplementation remains the main food source for Tanzania's refugees. Super Cereal, Vegetable Oil, Pulses and Salt are supplied as part of the Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation to meet the average person's minimum daily caloric requirement of 2,100 kcal.<ref name=":4" /> [[UNICEF]] state that continued investment in nutrition within Tanzania is of the utmost importance: Estimates predict that Tanzania stands to lose $20 billion by 2025 if nutrition within the country remains at its current level, however improvements in nutrition could produce a gain of around $4.7 billion<ref name=":3" />

Save the Children, with the help of UNICEF and [[Irish Aid]] funding created the Partnership for Nutrition in Tanzania (PANITA), in 2011. PANITA aims to use civil society organisations to target nutrition within the country. Alongside this, various sectors associated with nutrition are targeted such as agriculture, water, sanitation, education, economic development and social progress. PANITA is responsible for ensuring significant attention is given to nutrition in development plans and budgets created on national and regional levels within Tanzania. Since its conception, PANITA has grown from 94 to 306 participating civil society organisations nationwide.<ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://tanzania.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/nutrition|title=Nutrition {{!}} Tanzania {{!}} Save the Children|website=tanzania.savethechildren.net|language=en|access-date=14 November 2018|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102353/https://tanzania.savethechildren.net/what-we-do/nutrition|url-status=dead}}</ref> Agriculture within Tanzania is targeted by the Irish Aid led initiative Harnessing Agriculture for Nutrition Outcomes (HANO), which aims to merge nutrition initiatives with agriculture in the Lindi District of the country. The project aims to reduce stunting by 10% in children aged 0 to 23 months.<ref name=":5" />

==Science and technology==
[[File:Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year.svg|thumb|Researchers (HC) in Southern Africa per million inhabitants, 2013 or closest year]]

{{Main|Science and technology in Tanzania}}

Tanzania's first "National Science and Technology Policy" was adopted in 1996. The objective of the government's "Vision 2025" (1998) document was to "transform the economy into a strong, resilient and competitive one, buttressed by science and technology".

Under the umbrella of the One UN Initiative, UNESCO and Tanzanian government departments and agencies formulated a series of proposals in 2008 for revising the "National Science and Technology Policy". The total reform budget of US$10 million was financed from the One UN fund and other sources. UNESCO provided support for mainstreaming science, technology, and innovation into the new "National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy" for the mainland and Zanzibar namely, Mkukuta II and Mkuza II, including in the field of tourism.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Tanzania's revised science policy was published in 2010. Entitled "National Research and Development Policy", it recognises the need to improve the process of prioritisation of research capacities, develop international co-operation in strategic areas of research and development, and improve planning for human resources. It also makes provisions for the establishment of a National Research Fund. This policy was, in turn, reviewed in 2012 and 2013.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |title=Southern Africa. In: UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030 |last1=Kraemer-Mbula |first1=Erika |last2=Scerri |first2=Mario |publisher=UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-3-100129-1 |location=Paris |pages=535–565 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010135440/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 }}</ref>

[[File:Seychelles and South Africa have the most publications per million inhabitants.svg|thumb|Scientific publications per million inhabitants in SADC countries in 2014. Source: UNESCO Science Report (2015), data from Thomson Reuters' Web of Science, Science Citation Index Expanded.]]

In 2010, Tanzania devoted 0.38 per cent of GDP to research and development. The global average in 2013 was 1.7 per cent of GDP. Tanzania had 69 researchers (in head counts) per million population in 2010. In 2014, Tanzania counted 15 publications per million inhabitants in internationally catalogued journals, according to Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (Science Citation Index Expanded). The average for sub-Saharan Africa was 20 publications per million inhabitants and the global average 176 publications per million inhabitants. Tanzania was ranked 121st in the [[Global Innovation Index]] in 2025, down from 97th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GII Innovation Ecosystems & Data Explorer 2025 |url=https://www.wipo.int/gii-ranking/en/tanzania |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=WIPO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dutta |first1=Soumitra |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2025/en/index.html |title=Global Innovation Index 2025: Innovation at a Crossroads |last2=Lanvin |first2=Bruno |publisher=[[World Intellectual Property Organization]] |year=2025 |isbn=978-92-805-3797-0 |page=19 |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.58864 |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Global Innovation Index 2019|url=https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2019/index.html|access-date=2 September 2021|website=www.wipo.int|language=en}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Tanzania}}

{|class="wikitable floatleft"
|+ Population in Tanzania{{UN_Population|ref}}
|-
! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Year
! scope="col" style="background:#cfb;"|Millions
|-
|1950 ||style="text-align:right;"|7.9
|-
|2000 ||style="text-align:right;"|35.1
|-
|{{UN_Population|Year}} ||style="text-align:right;"|{{#expr:{{formatnum:{{UN_Population|United Republic of Tanzania}}|R}}/1e6 round 1}}
|-
|2024 ||style="text-align:right;"|67.5<ref name=CIA2024 />
|-
|}

According to a 2024 estimate, Tanzania has a population of around 67.5 million;<ref name=CIA2024 /> according to the 2012 census, the total population of Tanzania was 44,928,923.<ref name="2012 census">{{cite web |title=''Population Distribution by Administrative Areas'', 2012 Population and Housing Census, National Bureau of Statistics, United Republic of Tanzania, 2013 |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/census2012/Census_General_Report.zip}}</ref> The under-15 age group represented 44.1% of the population.<ref name="nbs1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Tanzania_in_figures2012.pdf |title=Tanzania in figures 2012 |page=7 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania |date=June 2013 |access-date=19 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126120431/http://www.nbs.go.tz/takwimu/references/Tanzania_in_figures2012.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2013 }}</ref>

The population distribution in Tanzania is significantly uneven. Most people live on the northern border or the coast, with much of the remainder of the country being sparsely populated.<ref name="frame">Joseph Lake (2013) "Economy" in ''Africa South of the Sahara'', edited by Europa Publications and Iain Frame, Routledge. {{ISBN|1-85743-659-8}}</ref>{{rp|page 1252}} Density varies from {{convert|12|/km2}} in the [[Katavi Region]] to {{convert|3133|/km2}} in the [[Dar es Salaam Region]].<ref name="2012 census"/>{{rp|page 6}}

Approximately 70% of the population is rural, although this percentage has been declining since at least 1967.<ref>Athuman Mtulya (26 September 2013) [http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Report-reveals-rapid-rural--urban-migration-/-/1840392/2006950/-/m6w9qv/-/index.html "Report reveals rapid rural -urban migration"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710194919/http://www.thecitizen.co.tz/News/Report-reveals-rapid-rural--urban-migration-/-/1840392/2006950/-/m6w9qv/-/index.html |date=10 July 2018}}. thecitizen.co.tz.</ref> Dar es Salaam (population 4,364,541)<ref name=census2012>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015224549/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 Census General Report]. nbs.go.tz. March 2013</ref> is the largest city and commercial capital. The capital of the country and economic centre of Tanzania, [[Dodoma]] (population 410,956)<ref name=census2012/> is located in central Tanzania, and hosts the [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]].

At the time of the foundation of the United Republic of Tanzania in 1964, the child mortality rate was 335 deaths per 1,000 live births. Since independence, the rate of child deaths has declined to 62 per 1,000 births.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://childmortality.org/data/Tanzania|title=Child mortality in Tanzania}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
{{Largest cities
| country = Tanzania
| stat_ref = [http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 Census General Report, March 2013 Combined Final for Printing]
| div_name = Region

| city_1= Dar es Salaam
| div_1= Dar es Salaam
| pop_1= 4,364,541

| city_2= Mwanza
| div_2= Mwanza Region{{!}}Mwanza
| pop_2= 706,543

| city_3= Arusha
| div_3= Arusha Region{{!}}Arusha
| pop_3= 416,442

| city_4= Dodoma
| div_4= Dodoma Region{{!}}Dodoma
| pop_4= 410,956

| city_5= Mbeya
| div_5= Mbeya Region{{!}}Mbeya
| pop_5= 385,279

| city_6= Morogoro
| div_6= Morogoro Region{{!}}Morogoro
| pop_6= 315,866

| city_7= Tanga, Tanzania{{!}}Tanga
| div_7= Tanga Region{{!}}Tanga
| pop_7= 273,332

| city_8= Kahama, Tanzania{{!}}Kahama
| div_8= Shinyanga Region{{!}}Shinyanga
| pop_8= 242,208

| city_9= Tabora
| div_9= Tabora Region{{!}}Tabora
| pop_9= 226,999

| city_10= Zanzibar City
| div_10= Zanzibar West Region{{!}}Zanzibar West
| pop_10= 223,033

}}
[[File:Hadzabe Hunters.jpg|thumb|The [[Hadza people|Hadza]] live as [[hunter-gatherers]].]]

The population consists of [[List of ethnic groups in Tanzania|about 125 ethnic groups]].<ref name=lev>{{cite book |first=David| last=Levinson|title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA173 |date=1998 |publisher=Oryx Press |isbn=978-1-57356-019-1 |page=173}}</ref> The [[Sukuma people|Sukuma]], [[Nyamwezi people|Nyamwezi]], [[Chaga people|Chagga]], and [[Haya people|Haya]] peoples each have a population exceeding 1 million.<ref name="Otiso">{{cite book |first=Kefa M. |last=Otiso |title=Culture and Customs of Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90d9pKhSjAIC|date= 2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-08708-0}}</ref>{{rp|page 4}} Most Tanzanians are of native [[Ethnic groups of Africa|African]] descent. Tanzanian citizens of [[Indians in Tanzania|Indian]] descent constitute a significant demographic minority that is particularly prominent in business and entrepreneurship. There are also Tanzanians of [[Chinese people in Tanzania|Chinese]] descent.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12138811 |title=Tanzania orders Chinese out of Dar es Salaam market |date=7 January 2011 |access-date=19 February 2014| newspaper=BBC News}}</ref> Many Tanzanians identify as [[Shirazi (ethnic group)|Shirazis]]. Some Tanzanians are of Arab descent.<ref name=lev/> The majority of Tanzanians, including the Sukuma and the Nyamwezi, are [[Bantu peoples|Bantu]].<ref>{{Cite news| url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tanzania/26492.htm| title=Tanzania (06/02)| newspaper=U.S. Department of State| access-date=17 January 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref>

There is also a small Somali community in Tanzania, particularly in urban centers and coastal regions. Among them are members of the [[Gadabursi]] clan, who are part of the wider Somali ethnic group originating from the Horn of Africa.<ref name="pop">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tanzania/127939.htm |title=Tanzania (08/09) |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref>

Thousands of Arabs and Indians were massacred during the [[Zanzibar Revolution]] of 1964.<ref name="Zanzibar"/> As of 1994, the Asian community numbered 50,000 on the mainland and 4,000 on Zanzibar. An estimated 70,000 Arabs and 10,000 Europeans lived in Tanzania.<ref name="pop">{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/tanzania/127939.htm |title=Tanzania (08/09) |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=19 February 2014 }}</ref> As of 2015, the Indian community numbered 60,000.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/Tanzania-Partner-for-India-in-the-Western-Indian-Ocean-Region-131023 |access-date= 1 August 2024 |date= 13 October 2023 |title= Tanzania: A Key Partner for India in the Western Indian Ocean Region |first= Abhishek |last= Mishra |work= IDSA.in |archive-date= 12 September 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240912141334/https://www.idsa.in/idsacomments/Tanzania-Partner-for-India-in-the-Western-Indian-Ocean-Region-131023 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

Some [[albinos]] in Tanzania have been the victims of violence in recent years.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7518049.stm "Living in fear: Tanzania's albinos"]. ''BBC News''.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-27409965 "Tanzanian witch doctors arrested over albino killing"]. ''BBC News''.</ref><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-21675536 "UN's Navi Pillay condemns Tanzania attacks on albinos"]. ''BBC News''.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091203110635/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/29/tanzania.albinos/ "Report: Scores of albinos in hiding after attacks"]. CNN. 29 November 2009</ref> Attacks are often to hack off the limbs of albinos in the superstitious belief that possessing the bones of albinos will bring wealth. The country has banned witch doctors to try to prevent the practice, but it has continued and albinos remain targets.<ref name="cnn091015">{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/videos/us/2015/10/09/tanzania-albino-teen-los-angeles-bones-sidner-dnt-nr.cnn |title=Albino teen attacked for her body parts – CNN Video|date=9 October 2015 }}</ref>

According to 2010 Tanzanian government statistics, the [[total fertility rate]] in Tanzania was 5.4 children born per woman, with 3.7 in urban mainland areas, 6.1 in rural mainland areas, and 5.1 in Zanzibar.<ref name="DHS"/>{{rp|page 55}} For all women aged 45–49, 37.3 per cent had given birth to eight or more children, and for currently married women in that age group, 45.0 per cent had given birth to that many children.<ref name="DHS"/>{{rp|page 61}}

===Religion===

{{Main|Religion in Tanzania|Christianity in Tanzania|Islam in Zanzibar}}

{{bar box
|title= Religion in Tanzania (2020)<ref name="factbook"/>
|titlebar = #ddd
|left1= Religion
|right1= Percent
|float= right
|width=250px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|DodgerBlue|63.1}}
{{bar percent|Islam|MediumSeaGreen|34.1}}
{{bar percent|[[Traditional African religion|Folk religion]]|red|1.1}}
{{bar percent|Other|yellow|1.6}}
}}
Official statistics on religion are unavailable because religious surveys were eliminated from government census reports after 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Muslims in Tanzania: Quest for Equal Footing |title=Justice, Rights and Worship: Religion and Politics in Tanzania |editor1=Rwekaza S. Mukandala |editor2=S. Yahya-Othman |editor3=S.S. Mushi |editor4=L. Ndumbaro |last1=Liviga |first1=Athumani |first2=Zubeda |last2=Tumbo-Masabo |publisher=E & D Limited |year=2006 |isbn=9987411312 |location=Dar es Salaam |pages=149–150}}</ref> Tanzania's religious field is dominated by Christianity, Islam and African traditional religions connected to ethnic customs. The word for religion in Swahili, ''dini'', is generally applied to the world religions of Christianity and [[Islam]], meaning that followers of traditional African religions are considered of "no religion". Religious belonging is often ambiguous, with some people adhering to multiple religious identities at the same time (for instance being Christian but also following African traditional rituals), which suggests that religious boundaries are flexible and contextual.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Tanzanian Society |title=In Justice Rights and Worship: Religion and Politics in Tanzania |editor-first1=Rwekaza S. |editor-last1=Mukandala |editor-first2=S. |editor-last2=Yahya-Othman |editor-first3=S.S. |editor-last3=Mushi |editor-first4=L. |editor-last4=Ndumbaro |pages=97–114|last1=Masanja |first1=Patrick |first2=Yussuf |last2=Lawi |publisher=E & D Limited|year=2006|isbn=9987411312|location=Dar es Salaam}}</ref>

[[File:Stone Town, St. Joseph Cathedral.jpg|thumb|left|[[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Zanzibar|St. Joseph's Catholic Cathedral, Zanzibar]]]]
According to a 2020 estimate by the ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', 63.1% of the population was [[Christian]], 34.1% was [[Muslim]], 1.1% practised traditional African religions and 1.6% did not specify. However, according to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA), 55.3% of the population is Christian, 31.5% is Muslim, 11.3% practices traditional faiths, while 1.9% of the population is [[Irreligious|non-religious]] or adheres to other faiths as of 2020.<ref name="arda">{{cite web |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=219c#S_2 |title=National/Regional Profiles: Religion Indexes Tanzania |publisher=Association of Religion Data Archives |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> The ARDA estimates that most Tanzanian Muslims are Sunni, with a small Shia minority, as of 2020.<ref name="arda"/> Nearly the entire population of Zanzibar is Muslim.<ref name="factbook"/> Of Muslims, 16% are [[Ahmadiyya]], 20% are [[non-denominational Muslims]], 40% are [[Sunni]], 20% are [[Shia]], and 4% are [[Sufism|Sufi]].<ref>Pew Forum on Religious & Public life. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 29 October 2013.</ref> Most Shias in Tanzania are from Asian/Indian descent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90124.htm |title=Tanzania – International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |date=14 September 2007 |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref> Notable Shias of [[Indian people|Indian]]/[[Khoja]] heritage in Tanzania are [[Mohammed Dewji]] or [[Amir H. Jamal]].

Within the Christian community, the [[Catholic Church]] is the largest group (51% of all Christians).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2010/04/15/executive-summary-islam-and-christianity-in-sub-saharan-africa/|title=Tolerance and Tension: Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa |last=Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life|year=2010 |website=PEW |access-date=21 January 2020}}</ref> Among the Protestants, the large number of [[Lutherans]] and [[Moravian Church|Moravians]] points to the German missionary past of the country, while the number of [[Anglicans]] point to the British missionary history of Tanganyika. A growing number have adopted [[Pentecostalism]], and [[Adventists]] likewise have an increasing presence because of external missionary activities from Scandinavia and the United States, especially during the first part of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=A History of the Church in Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/historychurchafr00sund |url-access=limited |last1=Sundkler |first1=Bengt |first2=Christopher |last2=Steed |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0521583428 |location=Cambridge |page=1013}}</ref> All of them have had some influence in varying degrees from the Walokole movement ([[East African Revival]]), which has also been fertile ground for the spread of [[Charismatic Christianity|charismatic]] and Pentecostal groups.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Moritz |last=Fischer |title="The Spirit helps us in our weakness": Charismatization of Worldwide Christianity and the Quest for an Appropriate Pneumatology with Focus on the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania |journal=[[Journal of Pentecostal Theology]] |year=2011 |volume=20 |pages=96–121|doi=10.1163/174552511X554573}}</ref> The country also has around 20,000 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/2023-Service-Year-Report-of-Jehovahs-Witnesses-Worldwide/2023-Country-and-Territory-Reports/|title=2023 Country and Territory Reports|publisher=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

There are also active communities of other religious groups, primarily on the mainland, such as [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], [[Hinduism in Tanzania|Hindus]], and [[Baháʼí Faith|Bahá'ís]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108395.htm |title=Tanzania – International Religious Freedom Report 2008 |publisher=United States Department of State |date=19 September 2008 |access-date=7 December 2023}}</ref>

===Languages===
{{Main|Languages of Tanzania}}

[[File:Zanzibar door carved.jpg|thumb|upright|right|A carved door with Arabic calligraphy in Zanzibar]]

More than 100 [[Languages of Tanzania|languages are spoken in Tanzania]], making it the most linguistically diverse country in East Africa.<ref name=sim/> Among the languages spoken are four of Africa's language families: [[Bantu languages|Bantu]], [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]], [[Nilotic languages|Nilotic]], and [[Khoisan languages|Khoisan]].<ref name=sim/> There are no ''de jure'' official languages in Tanzania, with [[Kiswahili]] serving as the national language.<ref name="tzgov"/>

Kiswahili, an [[endonym]] meaning Swahili language, is used in parliamentary debate, in the lower courts, and as a medium of instruction in primary school. English is used in foreign trade, in diplomacy, in higher courts, and as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education.<ref name=sim/> The Tanzanian government, however, has plans to discontinue English as a language of instruction.<ref name="afkinsider.com"/> In connection with his [[Ujamaa]] social policies, President Nyerere encouraged the use of Swahili to help unify the country's many ethnic groups.<ref name="Joshua A. Fishman Distinguished University Research Professor of Social Sciences Yeshiva University Emeritus 2001 361">{{cite book|author=Joshua A. Fishman Distinguished University Research Professor of Social Sciences Yeshiva University (Emeritus)|title=Handbook of Language & Ethnic Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ay0FmRjOLWMC&pg=PA361+|date= 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-976139-5|pages=361–}}</ref> Approximately 10 per cent of Tanzanians speak Swahili as a first language, and up to 90 per cent speak it as a second language.<ref name=sim/> Many educated Tanzanians are trilingual, also speaking English.<ref name="Quintin Winks 2011 145">{{cite book|first=Quintin|last=Winks|title=Tanzania – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5bM-AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT145|date=2011|publisher=Kuperard|isbn=978-1-85733-625-2|pages=145–}}</ref><ref name=bj>{{cite book|first1=Colin|last1=Baker|author2=Sylvia Prys Jones|title=Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YgtSqB9oqDIC&pg=PA367|year=1998|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-362-8|pages=367–}}</ref><ref name="François Grosjean 1982 8">{{cite book|first=François|last=Grosjean|title=Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism|url=https://archive.org/details/lifewithtwolangu0000gros|url-access=registration|year=1982|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-53092-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lifewithtwolangu0000gros/page/8 8]–}}</ref> The widespread use and promotion of Swahili is contributing to the decline of smaller languages in the country.<ref name=sim/><ref name="Matthias Brenzinger 1992 86">{{cite book|first=Matthias|last=Brenzinger|title=Language Death: Factual and Theoretical Explorations with Special Reference to East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKHOeLDvUVgC&pg=PA86|year=1992|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-013404-9|pages=86–}}</ref> Young children increasingly speak Swahili as a first language, particularly in urban areas.<ref name="Elsevier">{{cite book|title=Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1026|date=2010|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-087775-4|pages=1026–}}</ref> Ethnic community languages (ECL) other than Kiswahili are not allowed as a language of instruction. Nor are they taught as a subject, though they might be used unofficially in some cases in initial education. Television and radio programmes in an ECL are prohibited, and it is nearly impossible to get permission to publish a newspaper in an ECL. There is no department of local or regional African Languages and Literatures at the University of Dar es Salaam.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Henry R.T. Muzale |first2=Josephat M. |last2=Rugemalira |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/1802/muzalesmall.pdf |title=Researching and Documenting the Languages of Tanzania |journal=Language Documentation and Conservation |volume=2 |issue=1 |date=June 2008 |pages=68–108}}</ref>

The [[Sandawe people]] speak a language that may be related to the [[Khoe languages]] of Botswana and Namibia, while the language of the [[Hadzabe people]], although it has similar [[click consonant]]s, is arguably a [[language isolate]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Roger |last=Blench |title=Archaeology, Language, and the African Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uVc2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |date=2006 |publisher=Rowman Altamira |isbn=978-0-7591-1421-0 |page=163}}</ref> The language of the [[Iraqw people]] is Cushitic.<ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/language/irk "Iraqw"]. ''Ethnologue''.</ref>

===Education and libraries===
{{Main|Education in Tanzania}}

[[File:Nkrumah.JPG|thumb|right|Nkrumah Hall at the [[University of Dar es Salaam]]]]

In 2015, the literacy rate in Tanzania was 77.9% for people aged 15 and over (83.2% males, 73.1% females).<ref name="UNESCO_lit2015">{{cite web|url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/tz|title=Adult literacy rate, population 15+ years (both sexes, female, male)|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|work=[[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|UIS]] Data Centre|date=27 November 2016 |access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref> Education is compulsory until children reach age 15.<ref name="worst">{{cite web |url=https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2013TDA/tanzania.pdf |title=2013 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor |publisher=U.S. Department of Labor |access-date=23 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170627081436/https://www.dol.gov/ilab/reports/child-labor/findings/2013TDA/tanzania.pdf |archive-date=27 June 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, 97% completed primary (98.4% females and 95.5% males), 28.3% completed secondary (30% females and 27% males), and 8% completed tertiary education (7% females and 8.5% males).<ref name="unesco_educatoin">{{cite web |title=UNESCO United Republic of Tanzania |url=http://uis.unesco.org/en/country/tz |website=uis.unesco.org |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=9 June 2022 |language=en |date=2020}}</ref>

The Tanzania Library Services Board operates twenty-one regional, eighteen district, and one divisional library.<ref>Ilomo, C.S. "The history and work of Tanzania Library Service 1963–80. In ''Aspects of African Librarianship: A Collection of Writings''; Wise, M., Ed.; Mansell Publishing Limited: London, U.K., 1985; 98–153.</ref><ref>Mcharazo AA, Olden A.(2016) "Fifty years of Tanzania's national/public library service." ''Alexandria.'' (2):136-144.</ref>

===Healthcare===
{{Main|Healthcare in Tanzania}}

[[File:Life expectancy in Tanzania.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|Development of life expectancy]]
{{As of|2012}}, life expectancy at birth was 61 years.<ref name=who/> The under-five mortality rate in 2012 was 54 per 1,000 live births.<ref name=who>{{cite web |title=United Republic of Tanzania: Health Profile |url=https://www.who.int/entity/gho/countries/tza.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20131026102522/http://www.who.int/entity/gho/countries/tza.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 October 2013 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]] |access-date=15 October 2014 |date=May 2014}}</ref> The [[maternal mortality]] rate in 2013 was estimated at 410 per 100,000 live births.<ref name=who/> [[premature death|Prematurity]] and [[malaria]] were tied in 2010 as the leading cause of death in children under five years old.<ref name="WHO World Health Statistics 2013">{{cite web |url=https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/81965/1/9789241564588_eng.pdf |title=World Health Statistics |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2013 |access-date=15 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023061041/http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/81965/1/9789241564588_eng.pdf |archive-date=23 October 2014 }}</ref> The other leading causes of death for these children were, in decreasing order, [[malaria]], [[diarrhoea]], HIV, and [[measles]].<ref name="WHO World Health Statistics 2013"/>

Malaria in Tanzania causes death and disease and has a "huge economic impact".<ref name="Progress">[http://www.rbm.who.int/ProgressImpactSeries/docs/report10-en.pdf "Focus on Mainland Tanzania", Roll Back Malaria Progress & Impact Series, The Roll Back Malaria Partnership, January 2012, accessed 19 October 2014] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312022725/http://www.rbm.who.int/ProgressImpactSeries/docs/report10-en.pdf |date=12 March 2013}}</ref>{{rp|page 13}} There were approximately 11.5 million cases of clinical malaria in 2008.<ref name="Progress"/>{{rp|page 12}} In 2007–08, malaria prevalence among children aged 6 months to five years was highest in the [[Kagera Region]] (41.1 per cent) on the western shore of Lake Victoria and lowest in the [[Arusha Region]] (0.1 per cent).<ref name="Progress"/>{{rp|page 12}}

According to the 2010 ''Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010'', 15 per cent of Tanzanian women had undergone [[female genital mutilation]] (FGM)<ref name="DHS">[http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbs/takwimu/references/2010TDHS.pdf Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey 2010], National Bureau of Statistics, Tanzania Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, April 2011</ref>{{rp|page 295}} and 72 per cent of Tanzanian men had been circumcised.<ref name="DHS"/>{{rp|page 230}} FGM is most common in the [[Manyara Region|Manyara]], [[Dodoma Region|Dodoma]], [[Arusha Region|Arusha]], and [[Singida Region|Singida]] regions and nonexistent in [[Zanzibar]].<ref name="DHS"/>{{rp|page 296}} The prevalence of male circumcision was above 90 per cent in the eastern<ref name="cnn091015" /> ([[Dar es Salaam Region|Dar es Salaam]], [[Pwani Region|Pwani]], and [[Morogoro Region|Morogoro]] regions), northern ([[Kilimanjaro Region|Kilimanjaro]], [[Tanga Region|Tanga]], Arusha, and Manyara regions), and central areas (Dodoma and [[Singida Region|Singida]] regions) and below 50 per cent only in the southern highlands zone ([[Mbeya Region|Mbeya]], [[Iringa Region|Iringa]], and [[Rukwa Region|Rukwa]] regions).<ref name="DHS"/>{{rp|pages 6, 230}}

2012 data showed that 53 per cent of the population used improved drinking water sources (defined as a source that "by nature of its construction and design, is likely to protect the source from outside contamination, in particular from faecal matter") and 12 per cent used improved sanitation facilities (defined as facilities that "likely hygienically separates human excreta from human contact" but not including facilities shared with other households or open to public use).<ref>[http://apps.who.int/gho/data/view.main.590 "Global Health Observatory Data Repository"]. World Health Organization.</ref> On 21 January 2025, Tanzania's president, Samia Suluhu Hassan, has confirmed an outbreak of the Marburg virus, a highly infectious disease similar to Ebola. She expressed confidence in the country's ability to overcome the outbreak, emphasizing the importance of public awareness and adherence to health guidelines. The government is implementing measures to contain the virus's spread and is collaborating with international health organizations to manage the situation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanzania's President Samia Suhulu Hassan confirms Marburg virus outbreak |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c3e1v1nywy7o |access-date=21 January 2025 |website=www.bbc.com |date=20 January 2025 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Women===
[[File:Tanzanian tea farmers.jpg|thumb|Tanzanian women harvesting tea leaves]]
{{Main|Women in Tanzania}}

Women and men have equality before the law.<ref name="cedaw">{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/country,,CEDAW,,TZA,,56a88e944,0.html|title=Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention, Seventh and eighth periodic reports of States parties due in 2014 : United Republic of Tanzania|author=|date=3 December 2014|publisher=UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW)|access-date=17 October 2017}}</ref>
The government signed the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women]] (CEDAW) in 1985.<ref name="cedaw"/>
Nearly three out of ten women reported having experienced [[sexual violence]] before the age of 18.
<ref name="cedaw"/> The prevalence of [[female genital mutilation]] has decreased.<ref name="cedaw"/>
School girls are reinstated back to school after giving birth.<ref name="cedaw"/>
The Police Force administration strives to separate the Gender Desks from normal police operations to enhance confidentiality of the processing of women victims of abuse.<ref name="cedaw"/>
Most of the abuses and violence against women and children occurs at the family level.<ref name="cedaw"/>
The [[Constitution of Tanzania]] requires that women constitute at least 30% of all elected members of [[National Assembly (Tanzania)|National Assembly]].<ref name="cedaw"/> The gender differences in education and training have implications later in life of these women and girls.<ref name="cedaw"/>
Unemployment is higher for females than for males.<ref name="cedaw"/> The right of a female employee to [[maternity leave]] is guaranteed in labour law.<ref name="cedaw"/>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Tanzania}}

===Media===
{{Main|Mass media in Tanzania}}

* [[Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation]]

=== Music ===
{{Main|Music of Tanzania}}

[[File:Ngoma Tanzania.jpg|thumb|right|Tanzanian Ngoma group]]

As in other countries, the music in Tanzania is constantly undergoing changes, and varies by location, people, settings and occasion. The five music genres in Tanzania, as defined by [[Baraza la Sanaa la Taifa|BASATA]] are, [[Ngoma music|ngoma]], [[Muziki wa dansi|dansi]], [[Choir|kwaya]], and [[taarab]], with [[Bongo Flava|bongo flava]] being added in 2001.<ref name="Askew_02">{{Cite book |last=Askew |first=Kelly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i7riV5SvDe8C |title=Performing the Nation: Swahili Music and Cultural Politics in Tanzania |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-226-02981-8 |location=[[Chicago]] |pages=27–67, 276 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622125241/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Performing_the_Nation/i7riV5SvDe8C?hl=en&gbpv=0 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ivaska_11">{{cite book |last1=Ivaska |first1=Andrew |title=Cultured States: Youth, Gender, and Modern Style in 1960s Dar Es Salaam |date=2011 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |location=[[Durham, North Carolina|Durham, NC]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4770-5 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C |access-date=5 June 2022 |language=en |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605084059/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVxVFJRiRO8C |url-status=live}}</ref> Singeli has since the mid-2000s been an unofficial music of ''uswahilini'', unplanned communities in [[Dar es Salaam]], and is the newest mainstream genre since 2020.<ref name="Hutchinson_18">{{cite news |last1=Hutchinson |first1=Kate |title='This cuts across society': how singeli music went from Tanzania to the world |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/dec/17/this-cuts-across-society-how-singeli-music-went-from-tanzania-to-the-world |access-date=26 June 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=17 December 2018 |location=[[Kampala, Uganda]] |language=en}}</ref>

Ngoma ''(Bantu, meaning dance, drum and event)''<ref name="Stone_08">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEeTAgAAQBAJ |title=The Garland Handbook of African Music |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2008 |isbn=9781135900014 |editor-last=Stone |editor-first=Ruth M. |location=[[New York City|New York]] |pages=14, 46–50, 136–137 |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622125242/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Garland_Handbook_of_African_Music/XEeTAgAAQBAJ?hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Kaduma_78">{{Cite thesis |last=Kaduma |first=Godwin Z. |title=A theatrical description of five Tanzanian dances. |publisher=[[University of Dar es Salaam]] |place=Dar es Salaam |year=1978}}</ref> is a traditional dance music that has been the most widespread music in Tanzania.<ref name="Njogu_07">{{Cite book |last1=Njogu |first1=Kimani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lWEAAAQBAJ |title=Songs and Politics in Eastern Africa |last2=Maupeu |first2=Herv |publisher=[[Mkuki na Nyota|Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-9987-08-108-0 |location=[[Dar es Salaam|Dar es Salaam, Tanzania]] |pages=241–246 |language=en |chapter=Music and Politics in Tanzania: a case study of Nyota-wa-Cigogo |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622125242/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Songs_and_Politics_in_Eastern_Africa/q_lWEAAAQBAJ?hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Edmondson_07">{{Cite book |last=Edmondson |first=Laura |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7EPcIVSHESEC |title=Performance and Politics in Tanzania: The Nation on Stage |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-253-11705-2 |editor-last=McNaughton |editor-first=Patrick |location=[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington, IN]] |language=en |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622125242/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Performance_and_Politics_in_Tanzania/7EPcIVSHESEC?hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref> Dansi is urban jazz or band music.<ref name="Njogu_07" /><ref name="Mahenge_22">{{Cite journal |last=Mahenge |first=Elizabeth |date=16 April 2022 |title=Matumizi ya Mbinu ya Usimulizi katika Kuibua Dhamira ya Ukombozi wa Kisiasa Kusini mwa Afrika: Uchunguzi wa Nyimbo Teule za Muziki wa Dansi nchini Tanzania 1940-1990 |trans-title=Use of Narrative Techniques in Raising the Demand for Political Liberation in Southern Africa: An Examination of Selected Dance Music Songs in Tanzania 1940-1990 |url=http://www.journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/mj/article/view/4823 |journal=[[University of Dar es Salaam|Chuo Kikuu cha Dar es Salaam]] |volume=40 |language=sw |issue=40 |archive-date=17 August 2022 |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817003755/http://www.journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/mj/article/view/4823 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Taarab is sung [[Swahili language|Kiswahili]] poetry accompanied by a band, typically string, in which audience is often, but not always, encouraged to dance and clap.<ref name="Njogu_07" /> Kwaya was choir music originally limited to church during colonization, but is now a secular part of educational, social, and political events.<ref name="Stone_08" /><ref name="Edmondson_07" />

[[Bongo flava]] is Tanzanian pop music originating in the early 2000s from ''muziki wa kizazi kipya'', meaning "Music of the new generation", which originated in the late 1980s. Kizazi kipya's dominant influences were [[reggae]], [[Rhythm and blues|RnB]], and [[Hip hop music|hip hop]], where as the later bongo flava's dominant influences are taarab and dansi.<ref name="Kerr_18">{{cite journal |last1=Kerr |first1=David |title=From the margins to the mainstream: making and remaking an alternative music economy in Dar es Salaam |journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]] |date=2 January 2018 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=65–80 |doi=10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |s2cid=146229942 |language=en |issn=1369-6815 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622130033/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13696815.2015.1125776 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Three recent influence on bongo flava are [[African popular music|Afropop]] in the 2010s, as well as [[amapiano]] from [[South Africa]] and singeli from Tanzania, both since 2020.<ref name="Suriano_11">{{Cite journal |last=Suriano |first=Maria |title=Hip-Hop and Bongo Flavour Music in Contemporary Tanzania: Youths' Experiences, Agency, Aspirations and Contradictions |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118 |journal=[[Africa Development]] |year=2011 |volume=36 |issue=3–4 |pages=113–126 |doi=10.1080/00020184.2011.628800 |s2cid=163049425 |issn=0850-3907 |access-date=2 June 2022 |archive-date=2 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602182528/https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ad/article/view/74118 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Perullo_05">{{Cite journal |last=Perullo |first=Alex |year=2005 |title=Hooligans and heroes: Youth identity and hip-hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688 |journal=[[Africa Today]] |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=75–101 |doi=10.1353/at.2005.0045 |jstor=4187688 |s2cid=144975952 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609092118/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4187688 |url-status=live|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Singeli is a ngoma music that originated in Manzese, an uswahilini in north-west Dar es Salaam. A MC performs over fast tempo taarab music, often at between 200 and 300 [[Tempo|beats per minute (BPM)]] while females dance. Styles between MC gender typically differ significantly. Male MCs usually perform in fast-paced rap, while female MCs usually perform kwaya.<ref name="Hutchinson_18" />

From independence until 1993, all recording and distribution of music was strictly managed by BASATA, primarily through [[Radio Tanzania Dar es Salaam]] (RTD).<ref name="Perullo_07">{{cite book |last1=Perullo |first1=Alex |editor1-last=Brennan |editor1-first=James R |title=Dar es Salaam. Histories from an Emerging African Metropolis |date=2007 |publisher=[[British Institute of Eastern Africa|British Institute]] and [[Mkuki na Nyota|Mkuki na Nyota Publishers Ltd]] |isbn=978-9987-08-107-3 |pages=250–272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ |language=en |chapter=" Here's a Little Something Local": An Early History of Hip Hop in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 1984-1997 |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605084058/https://books.google.com/books?id=8PdWEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Only the four Tanzanian genres were permitted to be recorded or broadcast, which at the time was ngoma, taarab, kwaya and dansi. The Broadcasting Services Act of 1993 allowed private broadcast networks and recording studios.<ref>{{Cite act |date=11 June 1994 |type=Act |legislature=Parliament of the United Republic of Tanzania |title=The Broadcasting Services Act, 1993 |language=en |url=https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf |access-date=9 June 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927135508/https://tadio.co.tz/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/Tanzania-broadcasting-Act-6-of-1993-1.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Perullo |first1=Alex |title=Live from Dar es Salaam: Popular Music and Tanzania's Music Economy |date=2011 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |location=[[United States]]: [[Indiana]] |isbn=978-0-253-00150-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ |access-date=5 June 2022 |archive-date=5 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605084058/https://books.google.com/books?id=VePJDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> In the few years prior to the 1993 Act hip hop had been getting somewhat established in Dar es Salaam, Arusha and Mwanza. It was transitioning from English performances of hip hop originating in uzunguni, rich areas like Oysterbay and Masaki with international schools, to Kiswahili performances of kizazi kipya, originating in uswahilini.<ref name="Saleh_J">{{cite web |last1=Nne |first1=Juma |title=Saleh J – Tanzanian Swahili rap pioneer |url=https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/ |website=Africanhiphop.com |access-date=5 June 2022 |language=en |date=1 October 2001 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421082113/https://www.africanhiphop.com/saleh-j-tanzanian-swahili-rap-pioneer/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Following the opening of the radio waves, bongo flava spreading throughout the country, and the rest of the Great Lakes.<ref name="Kerr_18" />

==== National anthem ====
{{Listen| filename= Tanzanian national anthem, performed by the United States Navy Band.oga| title= National Anthem of Tanzania| description= National Anthem of Tanzania performed by United States Navy Band<ref>{{Cite web |year=1967 |title=United States Navy Ceremonial Music and National Anthems |url=https://www.navyband.navy.mil/media/ceremonial |access-date=3 June 2022 |website=United States Navy Band |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407200810/https://www.navyband.navy.mil/media/ceremonial |url-status=live}}</ref> |header= <big>[[Mungu ibariki Afrika]]</big>| type= music| pos= right}}

The Tanzanian national anthem is "[[Mungu Ibariki Africa]]" (God Bless Africa). It has kiswahili lyrics adapted for "[[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]" composed by South African composer [[Enoch Sontonga]] in 1897.<ref>[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/enoch-mankayi-sontonga Enoch Mankayti Sontonga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104014124/http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/enoch-mankayi-sontonga |date=4 November 2013}}, SAHistory.org.za, access-date 22 January 2020</ref> "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" became a pan-African song adapted into the current national anthems for Tanzania, [[Zambia]], and following the end of apartheid [[South Africa]].<ref name="Millennium">{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_VRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Sajiwandani%22 |title=''Millennium'' |publisher=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Services |date=2000 |page=3}}</ref> It was previously used in the national anthems for [[Zimbabwe]] and [[Namibia]], but has since been replaced by original new anthems. Another patriotic song is [[Tanzania Nakupenda Kwa Moyo Wote|Tanzania, Tanzania]].

=== Literature ===
{{Main|Tanzanian literature}}

Tanzania's literary culture is primarily oral.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|page 68}} Major oral literary forms include folktales, poems, riddles, proverbs, and songs.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|page 69}} The greatest part of Tanzania's recorded oral literature is in Swahili, even though each of the country's languages has its own oral tradition.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|pages 68–69}} The country's oral literature has been declining because of the breakdown of the multigenerational social structure, making transmission of oral literature more difficult, and because increasing modernisation has been accompanied by the devaluation of oral literature.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|page 69}}

Books in Tanzania are often expensive and hard to come by.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|page 75}}<ref name="Doling">Tim Doling (1999) ''Tanzania Arts Directory''. Visiting Arts</ref>{{rp|page 16}} Most Tanzanian literature is in Swahili or English.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|page 75}} Major figures in Tanzanian written literature include [[Shaaban Robert]] (considered the father of Swahili literature), [[Aniceti Kitereza]], Muhammed Saley Farsy, Faraji Katalambulla, Adam Shafi Adam, [[Muhammed Said Abdulla|Muhammed Said Abdalla]], [[Peter K. Palangyo]], Said Ahmed Mohammed Khamis, Mohamed Suleiman Mohamed, [[Euphrase Kezilahabi]], [[Gabriel Ruhumbika]], [[Ebrahim Hussein]], [[May Balisidya|May Materru Balisidya]], [[Fadhy Mtanga]], [[Abdulrazak Gurnah]], and [[Penina Muhando|Penina O. Mlama]].<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|pages 76–8}}
[[File:Amani-TT4798.jpg|A [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] painting|thumb]]

=== Painting and sculpture ===

Two Tanzanian art styles have achieved international recognition.<ref name="Doling"/>{{rp|p. 17}} The [[Tingatinga (painting)|Tingatinga]] school of painting, founded by [[Edward Said Tingatinga]], consists of brightly coloured enamel paintings on canvas, generally depicting people, animals, or daily life.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|p. 113}}<ref name="Doling"/>{{rp|p. 17}} After Tingatinga's death in 1972, other artists adopted and developed his style, with the genre now being the most important tourist-oriented style in East Africa.<ref name="Otiso"/>{{rp|p. 113}}<ref name="Doling"/>{{rp|p. 17}}

Historically, there were limited opportunities for formal European art training in Tanzania and many aspiring Tanzanian artists left the country to pursue their vocation.<ref name="Doling"/>{{rp|p. 17}}

=== Sports ===
[[File:Tanzania National Main Stadium Aerial.jpg|thumb|left|[[National Stadium (Tanzania)|National Stadium]] in [[Dar es Salaam]]]]
{{Main|Sport in Tanzania}}

[[Association football|Football]] is very popular throughout the country.<ref name="Wairagala">{{cite book |first=Wakabi |last=Wairagala |title=Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tViQJkGh06YC&pg=PA36 |year=2004 |publisher=Gareth Stevens Pub. |isbn=978-0-8368-3119-1 |page=36}}</ref> The most popular [[Tanzanian Premier League|professional football clubs]] in Dar es Salaam are the [[Young Africans F.C.]] and [[Simba S.C.]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Annabel |last=Skinner |title=Tanzania & Zanzibar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yF5KZPlooGIC&pg=PA96 |year=2005 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |isbn=978-1-86011-216-4 |page=96 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Tanzania Football Federation]] is the governing body for football in the country.

Other popular sports include [[basketball]], [[netball]], boxing, [[volleyball]], [[athletics (sport)|athletics]], and [[rugby union|rugby]].<ref name="Wairagala"/><ref>{{cite book|first=Bev|last=Pritchett|title=Tanzania in Pictures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoKnbA1c1DsC&pg=PA53|date= 2007|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|isbn=978-0-8225-8571-8|pages=53–}}</ref> The National Sports Council also known as Baraza la Michezo la Taifa is the governing body for sports in the country under the Ministry of Information, Youth, Sports and Culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tanzaniasports.com/sportbodies/nsc/|title=NSC|website=Tanzania Sports|date=October 2011|language=en-US|access-date=5 January 2020}}</ref>

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Tanzania}}

Tanzania has a popular film industry known as "Bongo Movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2021 |title=Investments key to Bongo films growth |url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/magazines/the-beat/investments-key-to-bongo-films-growth-2576026 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> It also hosts an international film festival, the [[Zanzibar International Film Festival]].

==See also==
{{portal|Tanzania|Africa|Countries}}
* [[Outline of Tanzania]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tanzania]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{Free-content attribution
| title= UNESCO Science Report: towards 2030
| publisher= UNESCO
| page numbers =
| source =
| documentURL= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002354/235406e.pdf
| license statement URL =
| license= CC BY-SA IGO. 3.0
}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|Tanzania|voy=Tanzania}}
* {{official website}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Tanzania}}
* {{OSM relation|195270}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190715192340/http://opendata.go.tz/ Basic Statistics of Tanzania] published as [[Open data]] by the National Bureau of Statistics (archived 15 July 2019)

{{Tanzania topics}}
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[[Category:Tanzania| ]]
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Savithri Rajeevan

2026-03-15T09:34:50Z

JoannePettiford: creating new entry

{{short description|Indian writer and artist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Savithri Rajeevan''' is an Indian poet, short story writer and painter. One of the leading female writers in [[Malayalam]], she has published four collections of poetry and a volume of short fiction.<ref>Arundhathi Subramaniam (12 November 2015). [https://www.poetryinternational.org/pi/poet/27268/Savithri-Rajeevan/en/tile "Savithri Rajeevan (India, 1956) "]. ''Poetry International''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref><ref name=TNIE>Steni Simon (10 April 2018). [https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/apr/10/a-poet-with-a-sharp-vision-1799664.html "A poet with a sharp vision"]. ''[[The New Indian Express]]''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref>

She was born in 1956 in [[Malappuram district]], Kerala. After graduating in Malayalam literature from the [[University of Kerala]], she studied at the [[University of Baroda Faculty of Fine Arts]]. She was a jury member of [[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]] in 2009. She has also served as Vice President of the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]] and as an Advisory Board Member of the [[Sahitya Akademi|Kendra Sahitya Akademi]]. Her poetry has been translated into various Indian languages as well as Swedish and English. She has been [[Cohabitation|living together]] with writer [[B. Rajeevan]] from 1975 onwards.<ref>[https://www.deshabhimani.com/women/savithri-rajeevan/716687 "സർഗയൗവനത്തിൽ സാവിത്രി രാജീവൻ"]. ''[[Deshabhimani]]''. 4 April 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref>

Her works include ''Ammaye Kulippikkumpol'' (poetry), ''Savithri Rajeevante Kavithakal'' (poetry) and ''Sanchariyude Thanupoya Veedu'' (stories). Savithri has won many awards such as the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Poetry|Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2016, for ''Ammaye Kulippikkumpol'') and the Kamala Surayya Award (2011, for ''Savithri Rajeevante Kavithakal'').<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=2016 Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/07-01-2018/Award_2016_new.pdf |location=[[Trichur]] |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=21 February 2018 |access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/article2763351.ece|title=Memorial for Kamala|date=31 December 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=6 July 2020}}</ref>

==Works==
Savithri has published four collections of poetry and a volume of short fiction.<ref name=TNIE/>

===Poetry===
* ''Cherivu'' (1993, Pakshikkottam Books, Trivandrum)
* ''Dehantaram'' (1999, Mulberry Books, Calicut)
* ''Savithri Rajeevante Kavithakal'' (2009, Mathrubhumi Books, Calicut)
* ''Ammaye Kulippikkumbol'' (2014, Mathrubhumi Books, Calicut)

===Prose===
* ''Sanchaariyude Thaanu Poya Veedu'' (2009, Mathrubhumi Books, Calicut)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajeevan, Savithri}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam short story writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women poets]]

Cyrtodactylus septentrionalis

2026-03-13T17:03:51Z

JoannePettiford: starting

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus septentrionalis
| authority = Agarwal, Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya, & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2018
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus septentrionalis''''' is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= septentrionalis |accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63951966}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Ritika Verma

2026-03-10T02:50:47Z

JoannePettiford: made some page initial version

{{Short description|Indian social worker and volunteer (born 1998)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Ritika Verma
| image = File:Ritika Verma.jpg
| caption = Ritika Verma with National Service Scheme award 2019-20
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1998|11|04}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]]
| citizenship = Indian
| education = [[MSc]] [[Anthropology]] (honours)
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University]]
| academic_advisors= [[Kewal Krishan (forensic anthropologist)|Kewal Krishan]]

}}
'''Ritika Verma''' (born 4 November 1998) is an Indian [[social worker]] and [[National Service Scheme]] volunteer who has been awarded the prestigious National Service Scheme Award by [[Ram Nath Kovind]], the president of India in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=NSS national award for PU Student | date=27 September 2021 |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/nss-national-award-for-pu-student}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President of India Shri Ram Nath Kovind to virtually confer the National Service Scheme (NSS) Awards for the year 2019-20 tomorrow |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1757293 |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NSS Awardee list 1993-2021 |url=https://nss.gov.in/sites/default/files/NSS%20Awardee%20list%201993-2021.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223065126/https://nss.gov.in/sites/default/files/NSS%20Awardee%20list%201993-2021.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2023 |website=National Service Scheme}}</ref>

Ritika got this award due to her excellent services on various social issues and causes as an NSS volunteer.<ref>{{cite web |title=5th blood donation camp organised in collaboration with GMCH-32| date=2 September 2023 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/5th-blood-donation-camp-organised-in-collaboration-with-gmch32-101693678392644.html |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NSS Panjab University : Intervention in Times of Lockdown| date=1 April 2020 |url=http://tribunenewsline.com/nss-panjab-university-intervention-in-times-of-lockdown/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=Tribune Newsline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=PU NSS Volunteer for "Break the COVID Chain"| date=20 March 2020 |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/pu-nss-volunteer-for-break-the-covid-chain |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=City Air News |language=en}}</ref> She is well known for her services for community sensitization during [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anthropology student's initiative |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/anthropology-students-initiative-59592 |access-date=2022-03-16 |work=The Tribune|location=Chandigarh |language=en}}</ref>

==Education==
Ritika is a [[Phd]] student of [[Panjab University]] [[Chandigarh]] India and has passed M.Sc. [[Anthropology]] with distinction.<ref>{{cite web |title=NSS Open Unit, State NSS Cell, Chandigarh inaugurated its third 7 days-night Special NSS Camp at Adopted village Dhanas| date=5 January 2024 |url=https://www.indianewscalling.com/haryana/news/147556-nss-open-unit-state-nss-cell-chandigarh-inaugurated-its-third-7-days-night-special-nss-camp-at-ado.aspx |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=India News Calling |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NSS Open Unit, Chandigarh successfully concluded seven Day-Night Special NSS Camp at Govt. Model High School(RC-II), Dhanas. Sh. Vineet Joshi, Chairma| date=12 January 2024 |url=https://www.indianewscalling.com/sunday-magazine/news/147799-nss-open-unit-chandigarh-successfully-concluded-seven-day-night-special-nss-camp-at-govt-model-hig.aspx |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=India News Calling |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0P30Tb98CaQ | title=NSS Awardee 2019-20 Volunteer Ritika Verma| via=YouTube| date=24 September 2021| access-date=27 March 2022}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Ritika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:People from Chandigarh district]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

Ram Rath Yatra

2026-03-06T11:51:42Z

JoannePettiford: updated page

{{short description|1990 political–religious rally in India}}
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{{Infobox event
| title = Ram Rath Yatra
| image = Advani Yatra 1990.svg
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| caption = The planned route of [[L. K. Advani]]'s ''Rath Yatra'', beginning in [[Somnath]] on 25 September 1990 and ending in [[Ayodhya]] on 30 October
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The '''''Ram Rath Yatra''''' ({{lit|[[Rama|Ram]] [[Ratha Yatra|chariot journey]]}}) was a political and religious rally that lasted from September to October 1990. It was organised by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and its [[Hindutva|Hindu nationalist]] affiliates, and led by the then-president of the BJP, [[L. K. Advani]]. The purpose of the ''yatra'' was to support the agitation, led by the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) and its affiliates in the [[Sangh Parivar]], to erect [[Ram Mandir|a temple]] to the Hindu deity [[Rama]] on the site of the [[Babri Masjid]].{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}}

The ''masjid'', or mosque, had been built in the city of [[Ayodhya]] following the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] conquest of the region in 1528. According to hearsay, it was built over a temple dedicated to [[Rama]], and stood on the site of his birth. In the 1980s, the VHP and other Sangh Parivar affiliates began an agitation to build a temple to Rama at the site, with the BJP lending political support to the movement. In 1990, the government of India led by [[V. P. Singh]] decided to implement some of the recommendations of the [[Mandal commission]], and announced that twenty-seven percent of government jobs would be [[Reservation in India|reserved for people from Other Backward Class]]. This announcement threatened the electoral constituency of the BJP, which decided to use the [[Ayodhya dispute]] to unite the Hindu vote by mobilising anti-Muslim sentiment.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}}

In order to further this movement, the BJP announced a ''rath yatra'', or "chariot journey" across the country to Ayodhya. The procession was led by L. K. Advani, and involved thousands of ''kar sevaks'', or volunteers, from the Sangh Parivar. The ''yatra'' began in [[Somnath]] on 25 September 1990, and passed through hundreds of villages and cities. It traveled approximately 300 kilometers a day, and Advani often addressed six public rallies in a single day. The ''yatra'' caused an outpouring of both religious and militant sentiments among Hindus, and became one of the biggest and greatest mass movements in Indian history.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}}

The ''yatra'' also triggered religious violence in its wake, with riots in cities across North India. As a result, Advani was arrested by the government of [[Bihar]] as the ''yatra'' passed through that state, and 150,000 of his supporters were also arrested by the government of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Tens of thousands of activists nonetheless reached Ayodhya and attempted to storm the mosque, resulting in a pitched battle with security forces which left 15 dead. These events caused further Hindu-Muslim riots to break out across the country, in which hundreds were killed.{{sfn|Srinivas|1991}} Muslims were often the victims of these riots, particularly in the state of Uttar Pradesh. Following these riots, the BJP withdrew its support to the Union government, leading to early parliamentary elections. The BJP made significant gains in these elections, both at the national and the state level, on the back of religious polarisation caused by the ''yatra''.

== Background and motivation==
In Hindu tradition, the birthplace of the deity [[Rama]], known as "[[Ram Janmabhoomi]]", is considered a holy site. This site is often believed to be located in the city of [[Ayodhya]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]], at the place where the [[Babri Masjid]] stood. Historical evidence to support this belief is scarce, and several historians have stated that Ayodhya became a religious centre with a number of temples only in the 18th century AD.{{sfn|Gopal et al.|1990}}{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}}{{sfn|Sharma|2003|pp=127–137}} Additionally, the location of Ayodhya itself is a matter of dispute, since the city has shifted slightly over the millennia.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}} Following the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] conquest of the region in 1528, a [[mosque]] was built in Ayodhya by the Mughal general [[Mir Baqi]], who named it the ''[[Babri Masjid]]'' after the Mughal emperor [[Babur]]. According to hearsay, Baqi destroyed a pre-existing temple of Rama at the site. Limited historical evidence exists to support this theory, and the existence of the temple itself is a matter of controversy.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}}{{sfn|Sharma|2003|pp=127–137}}{{sfn|Avari|2013|pp=231–247}} Numerous historians have stated that there is limited evidence to support the notion that Rama was born at the precise location of the Babri Masjid, or that a temple to Rama once stood at the site.{{sfn|Gopal et al.|1990}}

For several centuries after the construction of the mosque, the site was used for religious purposes by both Hindus and Muslims.{{sfn|Narain|1993|pp=8–9}} The first recorded claim that the mosque stood on the site of Rama's birth was made in 1822.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}} Citing this claim, the [[Nirmohi Akhara]], a Hindu sect, laid claim to the mosque, resulting in inter-communal violence in the period 1853–55.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}} In 1949, an idol of Rama was surreptitiously placed inside the mosque,{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} and an attempt was made to convince devotees that it had appeared miraculously.{{sfn|Guha|2007|p=583}} An official investigation concluded that the mosque had been desecrated and the idol placed there by three men, together with a large band of supporters.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}} This caused an uproar among Muslim people who used the mosque, and the gates to the mosque were locked on the orders of the state government.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}} In the 1980s a movement led by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) began advocating demolishing the mosque and building a temple there dedicated to Rama,{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} heightening religious tension across the country.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} In 1986, the district magistrate of Ayodhya ordered that the gates be opened once more, and Hindus be allowed access to the shrine.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} Following its poor performance in the 1984 parliamentary election, the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) shifted toward a policy of more hardline Hindu nationalism,{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992|pp=318–336}} and lent its support to the demand that a temple be built at Ayodhya. On the strength of this agitation, the BJP won 86 [[Lok Sabha]] seats in 1989, a tally which made its support crucial to the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] government.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}}

In August 1990, then-Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]], acting on the recommendations of the [[Mandal Commission]], decided to introduce a policy of reserving twenty-seven per cent of state level government posts for people from lower castes. The new policy was partially an attempt to trim the electoral support of the Bharatiya Janata Party. The core constituency of the BJP were people from upper castes,{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992}} who had until then held a monopoly over government jobs.{{sfn|Banerjee|1991}} The new policy thus fed resentment among the upper-castes, and raised inter-caste tensions in some parts of the country. Mobilising Hindus around the Ayodhya dispute was seen by the BJP as a way to unite its electorate, by creating an issue around which all Hindus could be united against Muslims.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} This effort tied in well with the philosophy of the [[Sangh Parivar]], which professed "cultural nationalism", and believed in the unity of the highly fragmented Hindu population. Since its founding in 1925, supported for the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) had been restricted to people of upper castes. The same was true of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]], and its successor, the BJP, which acted as the political wing of the RSS. By supporting the Ram Janmabhoomi agitation, the BJP hoped to spread its influence outside this demographic.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}

== ''Rath Yatra'' ==
[[File:Lkadvani.jpg|thumb|[[L. K. Advani]], then-President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], who led the ''Ram Rath Yatra'']]

===Etymology and philosophy===
As a part of its support for the Ram Janmabhoomi agitation, the BJP organised a ''rath yatra'', or "chariot journey" across the country to Ayodhya in 1990. The ''yatra'' was led by then-BJP President [[L. K. Advani]].{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} The [[Sanskrit]] word ''Yatra'' is variously translated as "journey", "procession", or "pilgrimage": the idea of pilgrimage is a significant one in Hindu traditions. The term ''Rath Yatra'' refers to a procession involving a ''rath'', or chariot, a frequent occurrence at religious sites. In recent decades, displays of strength by Hindu nationalist groups have often been described as ''yatras'', and the idea of the pilgrimage itself has often been harnessed by Hindu nationalists to mobilise support. The city of Ayodhya, in particular, is a place of pilgrimage in the Hindu tradition, because it is seen as a site where a devotee may obtain eternal salvation, a belief used to inspire support for the ''Ram Rath Yatra''. Hindu pilgrimages have traditionally been spaces where caste and gender barriers have been broken to a limited extent. Thus the BJP, seeking to unite its electorate, which was divided by caste-based discrimination, found the imagery of a pilgrimage useful. Furthermore, pilgrimages or processions frequently involve an assertion of dominance over a physical space, which was also relevant to the Ayodhya dispute;{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} the ultimate aim of the ''yatra'' was to support the agitation of the VHP and its [[Sangh Parivar]] affiliates to erect a temple to the Hindu deity Rama on the site of the Babri Masjid.{{sfn|Srinivas|1991}}

===Route and imagery===
Advani, then the president of the BJP, announced the ''yatra'' on 12 September 1990.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} The ''rath yatra'' began on 25 September 1990, seeking to capitalise on the massive protests across north India against the reservation bill. The ''yatra'' was supposed to be 10,000 kilometres long, and was planned with the intention of converging on Ayodhya and forcing the government to hand over the site to the Hindutva forces for the construction of a temple.{{sfn|Udayakumar|1997}} The ''yatra'' began at the Hindu holy city of [[Veraval|Somnath]], and was planned to go through the states of [[Gujarat]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], and [[Bihar]], before reaching the city of Ayodhya in Uttar Pradesh. Both Somnath and Ayodhya had political significance to the Hindu nationalist movement, because of their association with the legacy of Muslim invaders and rulers. Ayodhya, in particular, was seen as the symbol of Hindu humiliation at the hands of Muslim rulers.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} Additionally, the BJP wished to draw a parallel between its effort to build a temple in Ayodhya, and the reconstruction of the [[Somnath temple]], undertaken by the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC)-led government of India in the 1950s.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}

The imagery of the procession was designed to represent religious themes. The "chariot" was escorted by activists dressed as mythological deities, and the people marching with the chariot sang songs and raised slogans that had religious themes. A few people marched with the ''rath'' the entire way, but a much larger number attended rallies at each stop.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} The ''rath'' itself was an air-conditioned converted [[Toyota]] redesigned to be a chariot.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992}} Historian [[Ramachandra Guha]] stated that the imagery of the ''yatra'' was "religious, allusive, militant, masculine, and anti-Muslim".{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} The yatra itself was preceded by an intense propaganda campaign carried out by volunteers of the [[Bajrang Dal]] and the VHP. Along the entire route of the ''yatra'' they distributed pamphlets and posters describing the proposed temple, and vilifying Muslims. VHP leaders made speeches in which they stated that Hindus of past years had shown "impotence" in allowing their holy sites to be taken over by Muslims, and asked them to be more aggressive in the present instance.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}

===Initial stages===
The ''yatra'' was flagged off in Somnath with scenes of "frenzied religious sentiments and militant national fervour". Supporters presented Advani with several gifts, including Saffrom flags, a sword, and a bow-and-arrow. Supporters chanted religious hymns as well as battle-cries.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}

The ''yatra'' began one of the most significant mass movements in Indian history. Advani covered an average of {{convert|300|km|mi}} per day, and he typically addressed six rallies in a day.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} The ''rath'' passed through about 600 villages in Gujarat, and 50 rallies were held. In the village of [[Jetpur, Navagadh|Jetpur]], Hindu nationalist activists donated a jar full of their own blood to Advani as a symbol of their faith. After Gujarat, the caravan went to Maharashtra, where activist fervour was even stronger because of the support of the [[Shiv Sena]], a radical Hindu nationalist party.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} The ''yatra'' then passed through [[Telangana]] (then within Andhra Pradesh), in an attempt to mobilise supporters in an area where the BJP had little electoral strength, followed by Madhya Pradesh and [[Rajasthan]]. The level of popular mobilisation in each state was higher than the press had previously expected, and the ''yatra'' began to receive more national news coverage. Slogans coined by the followers included "''Garv se kaho, ham Hindu hein!''" ("Say with pride that we are Hindus!") An editorial in a national newspaper stated:{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} {{blockquote|At every village all along its route ... crowds ranging from hundreds to thousands turned out to see him. In the towns they clambered on to roofs to catch a glimpse of the bespectacled man on the 'Rath'.}}

Advani's speeches during the ''yatra'' addressed Hindu nationalist themes. He portrayed the Ayodhya dispute as a fight between Rama and the Mughal emperor Babur, and stated that no Hindu could live in peace until a temple had been built on the site of the Babri Masjid. Militant sentiments were visible throughout the rally, as Advani was presented with bows and arrows, tridents, maces, daggers, and swords.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} BJP leader [[Pramod Mahajan]] stated that "If we are to use all the weapons presented to us, we can liberate the Ram Janmabhoomi in a day",{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} while Shiv Sena leader [[Bal Thackeray]] "threatened to wipe out the 'unholy green' (the color associated with Islam), if the temple construction was obstructed".{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}

=== Advani's arrest ===
The ''yatra'' caused growing unrest in its wake, resulting in the government being forced to take action against it.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} Throughout the ''yatra'', the organisers chose multiple times to defy administrative measures to minimise the impact of it. [[Sumanta Banerjee]] stated that the people arrested along the course of the ''rath yatra'' had all committed to violating the law.{{sfn|Banerjee|1991}} Advani paused the ''yatra'' in Delhi for several days, daring the central government to arrest him, which it did not.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} However, on 23 October the Indian Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] authorised [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]], the Chief Minister of Bihar, to arrest Advani as the procession crossed the border with the state of Uttar Pradesh.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} Advani was placed in preventive custody.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} Following his imprisonment, Advani was held in the Masanjore Guest House, a luxury government accommodation. After his release, he stated that through the success of the rally, the power of the people had defeated the power of the state. VHP leader [[Ashok Singhal]] was also arrested, but escaped from police custody within a day. Other activists arrested were often improperly detained, or allowed to escape.{{sfn|Banerjee|1991}}

Despite Advani's arrest, the ''[[kar sevaks]]'' or activists accompanying the ''yatra'' continued on towards Ayodhya. [[Mulayam Singh Yadav]], the Chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, ordered the arrest of all activists bound for Ayodhya, and 150,000 individuals were jailed. However, a large number of activists succeeded in reaching Ayodhya. Guha estimates this number at 75,000,{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} while [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] states that it was 40,000.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2009}} The town also held 20,000 security personnel, brought there by the state government. On 30 October a large number of activists pushed past the cordon of security officers, and moved towards the Babri Masjid. Although they were intercepted by more security forces, they succeeded in avoiding these, and reached the mosque. There, one volunteer placed a saffron flag on top of the mosque, while other activists attempted to tear the building down using tools such as axes and hammers. The security personnel responded by initially using [[tear gas]] to expel the ''kar sevaks'', and later using live ammunition.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} The ''kar sevaks'' were pushed away from the mosque, but a pitched battle with security followed, which lasted three days.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} 15 ''kar sevaks'' were fatally shot by the police, although the VHP claimed that 59 had died, while some Hindi newspapers in Uttar Pradesh sensationally reported that as many as 100 had died.{{Sfn|Jaffrelot|1999|page=421}} Glorified as martyrs, the VHP cremated those killed and carried their ashes across the country. Hindus were urged to avenge their deaths, and the deceased were celebrated as martyrs. Religious riots followed across the country, particularly in Uttar Pradesh, where mobs of Hindus attacked neighbourhoods dominated by Muslims, as well as individuals visibly identifiable as Muslim.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}}

=== Communal riots ===
Through the course of the ''yatra'', the participants were frequently aided by the governments of the states they passed through. The procession was often given a police escort, and [[Uttar Pradesh police]] force members are thought to have helped some activists gain access to the mosque, which the police were supposed to be protecting.{{sfn|Banerjee|1991}}

The ''yatra'' brought out militant sentiments in the cadre of the BJP, VHP, and Bajrang Dal, and there were several violent clashes along its route. These clashes intensified many-fold after Advani's arrest on 23 October.{{sfn|Engineer|1991}} Riots targeting Muslims occurred in [[Jaipur]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Baroda]], [[Hyderabad]], and a few other places. Several hundred people died in these riots, including 130 people in Jaipur between 23 and 31 October.{{sfn|Engineer|1991}} Marxist [[K. N. Panikkar]] estimates that 116 communal riots occurred in total between 1 September and 20 November, in which 564 people were killed. Many of these riots occurred in areas that were not on the route of the ''yatra'', but where religious hatred had nonetheless been triggered by it. The largest number of riots occurred in Uttar Pradesh, where 224 people were killed.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} According to a research study made by the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies under Nagarik Mancha by B. Rajeshwari, which compiles all the communal riots that broke out in India between 1947 and 2003, in the wake of Advani's rath yatra, nearly 1,800 people died in communal riots in different parts of India in 1990, majority of whom were Muslims.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=B |first1=Rajeshwari |title=Communal Riots in India: A Chronology (1947-2003) |journal=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies Research Papers |date=March 2004 |pages=1–33 |url=https://archive.org/details/CommunalRiotsInIndia-AChronology1947-2003}}</ref>

== Aftermath==

===BJP electoral success===
The BJP made the Ayodhya agitation a large part of its campaign in the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 parliamentary elections]], often with the support of the VHP.{{sfn|Engineer|1991}}{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}} Its intense campaign drew it a lot of support, particularly campaign funding. The Ram Janmabhoomi issue allowed the BJP to gain significant support in rural areas, whereas it had previously been restricted to support from the urban middle class.{{sfn|Engineer|1991}}

Following the ''Rath Yatra'' and the associated protests, the BJP withdrew its support to the [[National Front (India)|National Front]] central government led by V. P. Singh, leading to its collapse.{{sfn|Engineer|1991}} It also prompted the Mulayam Singh Yadav-led [[Uttar Pradesh]] state government, in its eagerness to consolidate Muslim votes, to use excessive police force against BJP workers and ''kar-sevaks'', resulting in the alienation of Hindu communities from Singh's [[Samajwadi party]] in India's most populous state.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992}}

This BJP strategy paid rich dividends in the May–June [[1991 Indian general election|1991 parliamentary elections]], even withstanding the sympathy wave caused by the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] that took place after the first phase of polling. Relative to the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general election]], the BJP doubled its percentage of votes nationwide and made gains in states like Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh in the South and Assam in the Northeast. It emerged as the second largest party in the Lok Sabha, after the Indian National Congress. It captured a majority of the Lok Sabha seats in Uttar Pradesh, where it also won a majority in the state legislative assembly and formed the government.{{sfn|Malik|Singh|1992}} Muslim votes were divided between the Indian National Congress and the Janata Dal, further helping the BJP.{{sfn|Engineer|1991}} It also was able to win a majority of seats in the state legislatures of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and [[Himachal Pradesh]], and made gains in several other states.{{sfn|Panikkar|1993}}

=== Demolition of the Babri Masjid ===
{{Main|Demolition of the Babri Masjid}}

Carrying forward their campaign to build a temple at the site, the VHP, the BJP, and their affiliates organised a rally outside the mosque on 6 December 1992, involving 150,000 VHP and BJP volunteers. Several BJP leaders, including Advani, [[Murli Manohar Joshi]] and [[Uma Bharti]], spoke at the rally.{{sfn|Tully|2002}} The crowd gradually grew more restive during the speeches, and began to shout slogans of a militant nature. Although a police cordon had been placed around the mosque in preparation for an attack, a young man slipped past the cordon around noon and climbed the mosque itself, waving a saffron flag. The mob took this as a signal to attack and stormed the mosque, bearing hammers and axes. The policemen were outnumbered and unprepared, and fled the scene. The crowd set upon the mosque unopposed, and leveled it within a few hours.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}} Hindu mobs also demolished a number of other mosques in Ayodhya. The demolition triggered massive Hindu-Muslim violence across the country, in which more than 2000 people, the majority of them Muslim, were killed.{{sfn|Guha|2007|pp=582–598}}{{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}}

The central government ordered an inquiry into the demolition. The report of the inquiry, written by retired judge [[Manmohan Singh Liberhan]], indicted 68 people for the demolition, including a number of BJP leaders. The people named in the report included Advani, Vajpayee, Joshi, and Bharathi, as well as then-Uttar Pradesh-chief minister [[Kalyan Singh]]. The report stated that Singh had appointed officers to the area who were less likely to act to prevent the demolition. It stated that the leaders of the BJP could have prevented the demolition if they had chosen to do so, and quoted a security official as saying that provocative speeches had been made at the rally. {{sfn|Al Jazeera|2009}}{{sfn|Venkatesan|2005}} The report also stated that the demolition was "neither spontaneous nor unplanned".{{sfn|Hindustan Times|2009}} In April 2017, a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] court framed criminal conspiracy charges against Advani, [[Murli Manohar Joshi]], [[Uma Bharti]], [[Vinay Katiyar]], and several others.{{sfn|Rashid|2017}} In 2020 the court acquitted Advani, Singh, and all 30 others accused.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rashid |first=Omar |date=30 September 2020 |title=Babri Masjid demolition case {{!}} Advani, 31 others acquitted |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/babri-masjid-demolition-case-verdict-all-32-accused-acquitted/article32729550.ece |access-date=23 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

===Notes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite news|title=Uproar over India mosque report|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2009/11/2009112454918803725.html|date=24 November 2009|publisher= [[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|ref={{harvid|Al Jazeera|2009}}}}
* {{cite book|first=Burjor|last=Avari|title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415580618}}
* {{cite journal| last = Banerjee| first = Sumanta| date = 19 January 1991| title = 'Hindutva': Ideology and Social Psychology| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 26| issue = 3| pages = 97–101| jstor = 4397215}}
* {{cite journal| last = Engineer| first = Asghar Ali| date = 13 July 1991| title = Lok Sabha Elections and Communalisation of Politics| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 26| issue = 27| pages = 1649–1652| jstor = 4398116}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gopal|first1=Sarvepalli|last2=Thapar|first2=Romila|last3=Chandra|first3=Bipan|last4=Bhattacharya|first4=Sabyasachi|last5=Jaiswal|first5=Suvira|last6=Mukhia|first6=Harbans|last7=Panikkar|first7=K. N.|last8=Champakalakshmi|first8=R.|last9=Saberwal|first9=Satish|last10=Chattopadhyaya|first10=B. D.|last11=Verma|first11=R. N.|last12=Meenakshi|first12=K.|last13=Alam|first13=Muzaffar|last14=Singh|first14=Dilbagh|last15=Mukherjee|first15=Mridula|last16=Palat|first16=Madhavan|last17=Mukherjee|first17=Aditya|last18=Ratnagar|first18=S. F.|last19=Bhattacharya|first19=Neeladri|last20=Trivedi|first20=K. K.|last21=Sharma|first21=Yogesh|last22=Chakravarti|first22=Kunal|last23=Josh|first23=Bhagwan|last24=Gurukkal|first24=Rajan|last25=Ray|first25=Himanshu|title=The Political Abuse of History: Babri Masjid-Rama Janmabhumi Dispute|journal=Social Scientist|date=January 1990|volume=18|issue=1/2|pages=76–81|doi=10.2307/3517330|jstor=3517330|ref={{harvid|Gopal et al.|1990}}}}
* {{cite book|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandra|title=India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy|date=2007|publisher=Picador|location=India|isbn=978-0-330-39610-3|edition=1st}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Babri-Masjid-demolition-neither-spontaneous-nor-unplanned-Liberhan/Article1-479698.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103064212/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Babri-Masjid-demolition-neither-spontaneous-nor-unplanned-Liberhan/Article1-479698.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=India Babri Masjid demolition neither spontaneous nor unplanned: Liberhan|date=24 November 2009|work=Hindustan Times|ref={{harvid|Hindustan Times|2009}}}}
* {{Cite book |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |year=1999 |title=The Hindu Nationalist Movement and Indian Politics: 1925 to the 1990s |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=9780140246025}}
* {{cite journal| last = Jaffrelot| first = Christophe| date = 2009| title = The Hindu nationalist reinterpretation of pilgrimage in India: the limits of Yatra politics| journal = Nations and Nationalism| volume = 15| issue = 1| pages = 1–19| doi = 10.1111/j.1469-8129.2009.00364.x }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Malik|first1=Yogendra K.|last2=Singh|first2=V.B.|title=Bharatiya Janata Party: An Alternative to the Congress (I)?|journal=Asian Survey|date=April 1992|volume=32|issue=4|pages=318–336|jstor=2645149|doi=10.2307/2645149}}
* {{cite book|last=Narain|first=Harsh|title=The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources|date=1993|location=New Delhi|publisher=Penman Publications|isbn=81-85504-16-4}}
* {{cite journal| last = Panikkar| first = K.M.| date = July 1993| title = Religious Symbols and Political Mobilization: The Agitation for a Mandir at Ayodhya| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 21| issue = 7| pages = 63–78| doi = 10.2307/3520346| jstor = 3520346}}
* {{cite news |last1=Rashid |first1=Omar |title=Babri case: Advani, Joshi, Bharti charged with criminal conspiracy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/babri-case-advani-joshi-bharti-charged-with-criminal-conspiracy/article18661463.ece |access-date=26 January 2019 |work=The Hindu |date=30 May 2017}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEOFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127 |encyclopedia=Destruction and Conservation of Cultural Property |editor-first1=Robert|editor-last1=Layton|editor-first2=Julian|editor-last2=Thomas|title=The Ayodhya Issue |first=Ram Sharan|last=Sharma|authorlink=Ram Sharan Sharma|publisher=Routledge |year=2003 |isbn=9781134604982}}
* {{cite journal| last = Srinivas| first = M.N.| date = 30 March 1991| title = On Living in a Revolution| journal = Economic and Political Weekly| volume = 26| issue = 13| pages = 833–835| jstor = 4397472}}
* {{cite news|last=Tully|first=Mark|title=Tearing down the Babri Masjid|date=5 December 2002|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2528025.stm}}
* {{cite journal| last = Udayakumar| first = S.P.| date = August 1997| title = Historicizing Myth and Mythologizing History: The 'Ram Temple' Drama| journal = Social Scientist| volume = 25| issue = 7| pages = 11–26| doi = 10.2307/3517601| jstor = 3517601}}
* {{cite journal|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|date=16 July 2005|title=In the dock, again|url=http://www.frontline.in/static/html/fl2215/stories/20050729006101200.htm|volume=22|issue=15|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}
{{Refend}}

[[Category:1990 in India]]
[[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]
[[Category:Attacks on mosques in India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party controversies]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party campaigns]]
[[Category:History of Uttar Pradesh (1947–present)]]
[[Category:Religious riots in India]]
[[Category:September 1990 in India]]
[[Category:October 1990 in India]]
[[Category:20th-century attacks on mosques]]
[[Category:L. K. Advani]]

Black (2015 Bengali film)

2026-03-04T00:27:22Z

JoannePettiford: cleanup

{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Black
| image = File:Black First Look.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raja Chanda]]
}}
| story = Manjil Banerjee
| producer = Rana Sarkar<br>
Kamal Mohammad Kibria
| writer = Manjil Banerjee
| screenplay = Manjil Banerjee
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Soham Chakraborty]]
* [[Bidya Sinha Mim]]
}}
| music =
| cinematography = [[Gopi Bhagat]]
| editing = Md.Kalam
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Dag Creative Media
*Kibria Films
* [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|11|27|India|ref1=<ref name="toiReview" />|2015|12|04|Bangladesh|ref2=<ref name="sun5Dec2017" />}}
| country = India<br /> Bangladesh
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
}}

'''''Black''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[action film|action crime film]] directed by [[Raja Chanda]], and starring [[Soham Chakraborty]] and [[Bangladeshi]] actress [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]] in lead roles. The film was jointly produced by [[Viacom 18 Motion Pictures]] and Dag Creative Media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Soham is one of the brightest actors and Black will reposition: Raja Chanda |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Soham-is-one-of-the-brightest-actors-and-Black-will-reposition-Raja-chanda/articleshow/49921744.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> It was released in India on 27 November 2015,<ref name="toiReview">{{cite news |title=Black Movie Review {2.5/5} |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/black/movie-review/49992903.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and in Bangladesh on 4 December 2015.<ref name="sun5Dec2017">{{cite news |title=Collaborative film Black finally gets released in Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/96738/Collaborative-film-Black-finally-gets-released-in-Bangladesh |work=Daily Sun |date=5 December 2017}}</ref>

The film revolves around a man named Biltu, who takes vengeance against those who framed his father (a police officer) with false charges and as a result the latter commits suicide to get rid of this humiliation.

==Cast==
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as Bullet / Biltu<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Another-Bangladeshi-actress-to-debut-in-Tollywood-opposite-Soham/articleshow/47513994.cms |title=Another Bangladeshi actress to debut in Tollywood opposite Soham |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=2 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Mim-is-a-fantastic-co-actress-Soham/articleshow/49920821.cms |title=Mim is a fantastic co-actress: Soham |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=25 November 2015}}</ref>
* [[Bidya Sinha Saha Mim]] as Tina<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Bangladeshi-actress-Mim-is-too-gorgeous-complains-director/articleshow/47970418.cms |title=Bangladeshi actress Mim is 'too gorgeous', complains director! |newspaper=The Times of India |accessdate=7 July 2015}}</ref>
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as encounter specialist Biru Panday
* [[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Anwar Bhai
* [[Rudranil Ghosh]] as Roni
* [[Rajatava Dutta]] as Samrat Sarkar, a corrupt businessman, main antagonist
* [[Amit Hasan]] as DGP Dilip Chatterji
* [[Kanchan Mullick]]
* [[Biswanath Basu]]
* [[Barkha Sengupta]] in an [[item number]] song "Moyna Cholat Cholat" (special appearance)
* [[Kushal Chakraborty]] as Biltu's father, ACP Kollol Ghosh
* Manjil Banerjee as Auto, informer and spy of Bullet
* [[Rebeka (actress)|Rebeka Rouf]] as Anwar's wife

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Black
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Dabbu]] and Rajputra Chanda
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|11|21}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=17|s=02}}
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = Rana Sarkar
| chronology = [[Dabbu, Ajoy]]
| prev_title = [[Jamai 420]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Mental (2016 film)|Mental]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{Extra chronology
| artist = Rajputra Chanda
| type = Soundtrack
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| title = Black
| year = 2015
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 16:20
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Raja Chanda]], Prasen
| all_music = [[Dabbu]], Rajputra Chanda
| title1 = Halka Halka
| lyrics1 = Prasen
| music1 = Dabbu
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Anweshaa]]
| length1 = 5:18
| title2 = Dhip Dhip Buker Majhe
| lyrics2 = Raja Chanda
| music2 = Ajoy
| extra2 = [[Nakash Aziz]]
| length2 = 3:05
| title3 = Moyna Cholat Cholat
| lyrics3 = Raja Chanda
| music3 = Dabbu
| extra3 = [[Akriti Kakkar]]
| length3 = 3:52
| title4 = Kono Ek Nilche Pori
| lyrics4 = Raja Chanda
| music4 = Rajputra Chanda
| extra4 = [[Monali Thakur]], [[Hridoy Khan]]
| length4 = 4:45
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raja Chanda}}
{{Viacom18 Studios}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2015 crime action films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dabbu]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Viacom18 Studios films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raja Chanda]]
[[Category:Dag Creative Media films]]

Kakababur Protyaborton

2026-03-04T00:15:22Z

JoannePettiford: Done

{{short description|2022 Indian Bengali-language film by Srijit Mukherji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kakababur Protyaborton
| image = Kakababur Protyaborton (2022) film poster.jpeg
| caption = First look poster
| director = [[Srijit Mukherji]]
| producer = Shrikant Mohta<br>Mahendra Soni
| story = [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
| screenplay = Srijit Mukherji
| based_on = {{based on|''Jongoler Modhya Ek Hotel''|[[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]]|[[Aryann Bhowmik]]|[[Anirban Chakraborty]]}}
| music = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = Soumik Haldar
| editing =
| studio = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| distributor = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| released = {{Film date|2022|02|04|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/release-alert-this-is-when-kakababur-protyaborton-will-hit-the-big-screens/articleshow/88001718.cms|title=Release Alert! This is when 'Kakababur Protyaborton' will hit the big screens|work=Times of India|date=30 November 2021|access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kakababur Protyaborton''''' ({{Translation|'''''The return of Kakababu'''''}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[Action adventure film|action-adventure film]] written and directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]]. Produced by [[Shrikant Mohta]] and Mahendra Soni under the banner of [[Shree Venkatesh Films]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bengali/kakababu-returns-for-another-enthralling-adventure-1968314|title=পরের পুজোয় অ্যাডভেঞ্চার সঙ্গে নিয়ে পর্দায় ফিরছেন কাকাবাবু|website=NDTVMovies.com|language=bn-IN|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> the film is based on [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]]'s [[Kakababu|1986 novel ''Jongoler Modhye Ek Hotel'']] from his [[Kakababu|Kakababu series]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/srijit-mukherji-announces-his-next-titled-kakababur-protyaborton-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee|title=Srijit Mukherji announces his next titled Kakababur Protyaborton starring Prosenjit Chatterjee|date=2018-12-26|website=Box Office India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13|archive-date=13 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813073949/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/srijit-mukherji-announces-his-next-titled-kakababur-protyaborton-starring-prosenjit-chatterjee|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shower-of-stories-and-stars-nbsp/cid/1425304|title=Shower of stories and stars|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> The narrative follows Kakababu and Shontu to [[Kenya]], where they look into the mysterious disappearance of German tourists at a resort in [[Maasai Mara|Masai Mara]].

A sequel to the 2017 film ''[[Yeti Obhijaan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-12-26 |title=আবার কাকাবাবু, এবার আফ্রিকায় (Bengali) |url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-lead-in-srijit-mukherjees-kakababur-protyaborton/articleshow/67252339.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190813092904/https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/prosenjit-chatterjee-to-play-lead-in-srijit-mukherjees-kakababur-protyaborton/articleshow/67252339.cms |archive-date=13 August 2019 |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> the film serves as the third instalment in the [[SVF Kakababu franchise|SVF Kakababu Franchise]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guha |first=Nandini |date=2018-12-27 |title=Prosenjit's next to woo audience this Pujo |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/features/prosenjits-next-to-woo-audience-this-pujo-333683 |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-kakababur-protyabarton/articleshow/67267998.cms|title=Here's everything you need to know about 'Kakababur Protyabarton' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> It stars [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] and [[Aryann Bhowmik]] reprising their roles as Kakababu and Shontu respectively, alongside [[Anirban Chakrabarti]] in the lead roles.

''Kakababur Protyaborton'' was released on 4 February 2022. It opened to mixed reviews from critics and audience, praising the cast performances, music, action sequences and visuals, and criticising for its narrative style, writing, and runtime. A sequel, ''[[Vijaynagar'er Hirey]]'', was released in 2026, serving as the fourth instalment.

==Plot==
Raja Roy Chowdhury alias Kakababu and his nephew, young Santu take a trip to [[Kenya]], [[Africa]]. On reaching their destination for a vacation, they get along with a Bengali man, Amal and learn that the hotel is going through a change of ownership along with a string of problems. Their vacation starts on a disturbing note when Kakababu receives a threat call from a stranger but he ignores it. On speaking to the current owner, Mr. Livingstone, Kakababu finds out that he is eager to sell off the property. It leads him to believe that some people are conspiring to acquire the hotel at a much lower price. The new owner tells them about the mysterious disappearance of two German tourists and how it has drastically affected their hotel business. He also tells them how the [[Maasai people|Masai]] tribe has been poaching wild animals and selling off their skin to protest against the government policy. A Kenya Government official and businessman, Mr. Ninjane invites Kakababu to visit his hotel in [[Maasai Mara|Masai Mara]] forest. After an adventurous journey, they reach the hotel, Little Viceroy. Kakababu comes across some shady people in the hotel, senses foul play and decides to dig deep. As he starts enquiring, they get sucked into yet another dangerous game of life and death.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kakababur Protyaborton (2022) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kolkata - BookMyShow |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kolkata/movies/kakababur-protyaborton/ET00071108 |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=in.bookmyshow.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as [[Kakababu]]
* [[Aryann Bhowmik]] as Santu<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aryann looking forward to 'Kakababur Protyaborton' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/aryann-looking-forward-to-kakababur-protyaborton/articleshow/68407674.cms |access-date=2019-08-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en|last1=Ghosh |first1=Sankha }}</ref>
* [[Anirban Chakraborty|Anirban Chakrabarti]] as Amal De<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-27 |title=Here's everything you need to know about 'Kakababur Protyabarton' |url=https://svf.in/news/heres-everything-you-need-to-know-about-kakababur-protyabarton/ |access-date=2019-12-02 |website=SVF Entertainment |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Soumyabrata Rakshit as Hansmukh Patel
* Jacques Adriaanse as Gunard Olen
* Perebo George as Otambo
* Alonso Grandio as the Spanish man
* Hugh Becker as the German poacher
* Paul Ditchfield as Lafarge
* Tafadzwa Fasenda as Philips
* David Mbenze as Isaac
* Eric Masango as Ninjane

=== Special appearance ===
* [[Srijit Mukherji]] as P. R. Lohia

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kakababur Protyaborton
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 23 January 2022<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kakababur-protyaborton/HX4nlKMogpk_|title=Kakababur Protyaborton – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=23 January 2022 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>
| recorded = 2021
| venue =
| studio = IDP Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:06
| language = Bengali
| label = [[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The background score and the soundtracks are composed by [[Indraadip Dasgupta]] and lyrics are penned by [[Srijato]].<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kakababur-protyaborton/HX4nlKMogpk_|title=Kakababur Protyaborton – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|date=23 January 2022 |publisher=Jiosaavn}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 16:06
| extra_column = Singer
| title1 = Phire Elo Kakababu
| note1 =
| length1 =6:43
| lyrics1 = [[Srijato]]
| extra1 = [[Rupam Islam]]
| music1 = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| title2 = Teen Tirikke Noy
| note2 =
| length2 = 4:45
| lyrics2 = [[Srijato]]
| extra2 = [[Anindya Chatterjee]]<br>[[Upal Sengupta]]<br>[[Chandril Bhattacharya]]
| music2 = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| title3 = Nei Bhoy
| note3 =
| length3 = 5:18
| lyrics3 = [[Srijato]]
| extra3 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| music3 = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|}}

== Release ==
The film was released on 4 February 2022 coinciding with the occasion of [[Vasant Panchami|Saraswati Puja]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Release Alert! This is when 'Kakababur Protyaborton' will hit the big screens - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/release-alert-this-is-when-kakababur-protyaborton-will-hit-the-big-screens/articleshow/88001718.cms |access-date=2022-06-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
{{Empty section|date=June 2022}}

==See also==
* [[Kakababu in other media]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|8919364}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/PurboPoschim/Jungler%20Moddhe%20Ek%20Hotel%20জঙ্গলের%20মধ্যে%20এক%20হোটেল#mode/2up ''Jungler Moddhe Ek Hotel'']

{{Kakababu}}
{{Srijit Mukherji}}

[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Africa]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by Srijit Mukherji]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:Indian adventure films]]
[[Category:2022 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Sunil Gangopadhyay]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action adventure films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language adventure thriller films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Shree Venkatesh Films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]
[[Category:Kakababu (franchise)]]

Locket (film)

2026-03-03T23:58:32Z

JoannePettiford: minor cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{unreferenced section|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Locket
| image = Locket (1986 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Madan Joshi {{small|(dialogues)}} <br /> Gauhar Kanpuri {{small|(lyrics)}}
| story = D.P. Maurya
| screenplay = D.P. Maurya <br />Aruna Jhalani
| producer = [[Tahir Hussain]]
| director = Ramesh Ahuja
| starring = [[Jeetendra]]<br />[[Rekha]]<br />[[Vinod Mehra]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = Anil Mitra
| editing = Ramesh Pai
| studio = T.V. Films<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0363773/ |title=Titles |publisher=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1986|4|11}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Locket''''' is a 1986 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]], produced by Tahir Hussain on T.V. Films banner and directed by Ramesh Ahuja. Starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Rekha]], [[Vinod Mehra]] and music composed by [[Bappi Lahiri]].<ref name="Heading">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/locket-movie/5968 |title=Heading |publisher=gomolo}}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534614 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128085819/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534614 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 January 2013 |title=Heading-2 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/ua522389 |title=Heading-3 |publisher=MuVyz}}</ref><ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Locket |title=Heading-4 |publisher=IBOS}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/loc/locket/mid_23135/
|title=Heading-5 |publisher=apunkachoice}}</ref><ref name="Heading-6">{{cite web |url=http://www.nthwall.com/hi/movie/Locket-1986/9543211757 |title=Heading-6 |publisher=Nth Wall |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208061457/http://www.nthwall.com/hi/movie/Locket-1986/9543211757 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film revolves around a valuable heritage treasure belonging to a royal dynasty. Its heritor Rajasaab is surrounded & slaughtered by his spiteful cousin Tagore Veer Pratap Singh. Before dying, Raja Saab entrusts the route map and his heir Rajkumar Anil Pratap Singh to his stanch Diwan Sardarilal. Diwan makes the map into two pieces and hides it in two identical lockets. The first he places to Rajkumar and the second is given to his son Shankar. In that chaos, Diwan is clutched by Veer Pratap, Rajkumar is rescued by a few villagers, and Diwan’s daughter Sonia is adopted by a wealthy couple whereas Shankar remains with his mother Lakshmi.

Years roll by, and Shankar a valiant village guy, arrives in the city to find out his long-lasting sister Sonia. Rajkumar / Raja is a daredevil ruffian and associates with Veer Pratap as an unbeknownst. Destiny befriends Shankar & Raja, and Veer Pratap gazes at Shankar‘s caliber. So, to snare him, he triggers Shalu that forcibly grabbed into the profession who civilizes him and they crush. Sonia’s beau Inspector Vijay is a diehard to Veer Pratap. Raja endears a girl Sunita and turns as an undercover cop to seize Veer Pratap. Meanwhile, Shankar learns about his father‘s existence through Shalu, so, he becomes a white knight to Veer Pratap, acquires his credence, and works as a squealer to Vijay. Parallelly, Lakshmi in search of Shankar lands at the city when she accidentally meets Sonia and detects her via her mole. After crossing many hurdles Shankar approaches his father and gets knowledge about the treasure map inside his locket. Eventually, he detects Raja as the prince by his locket. Being cognizant of it, Veer Pratap abducts Lakshmi & Sonia too. At last, Shankar & Raja with Vijay cease him and safeguard the treasure. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of love birds.

== Cast ==
*[[Jeetendra]] as Shankar
*[[Rekha]] as Shalu
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Rajkumar Anil Pratap Singh / Raja
*[[Kader Khan]] as Thakur Veer Pratap Singh
*[[Shreeram Lagoo]] as Diwan Sardarilal
*[[Nirupa Roy]] as Laxmi
*[[Iftekhar]]
*[[Vijayendra Ghatge]] as Inspector Vijay
*[[Asha Sachdev]] as Sonia
*[[Murad (actor)|Murad]] as Raja Saab
*[[Jagdeep]]
*[[Jagdish Raj]]
*Rabia Amin
*Sudha Chopra

== Soundtrack ==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Bhole Shankar"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 2
| "Jo Bhi Kehna"
| [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Preeti Sagar]]
|-
| 3
| "Main Gulbadan"
| [[Usha Uthup]]
|-
| 4
| "Sholay Sholay"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| 5
| "Suno Satpalji"
| [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Mahendra Kapoor]], [[Shailendra Singh (singer)|Shailendra Singh]]
|-
|}<ref name="Songs-3">{{cite web|url=http://hindigeetmala.net/movie/locket.htm|title=Songs-3 |publisher=Hindi Geetmala}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0363773}}

[[Category:1986 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1986 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Kalatpadai

2026-03-03T04:40:01Z

JoannePettiford: typo fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalatpadai
| image =

| caption =
| director = J. Ramesh
| producer = Chozha Ponnurangam
| writer = J. Ramesh
| starring = {{ubl|Jai|[[Vidhya Venkatesh]]}}
| music = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cinematography = D. Sheenu
| editing = Rahu Bob
| distributor =
| studio = Chozha Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2003|01|15}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalatpadai''''' ({{translation|Infantry}}) is a 2003 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by J. Ramesh, making his directorial debut. The film stars newcomer Jai and [[Vidhya Venkatesh]], with [[Radha Ravi]], [[J. Livingston]], [[Thalaivasal Vijay]], [[Nithin Sathya]], Rajsekhar, [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]], [[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] and [[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 15 January 2003.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/a-film-for-the-youth/article28571914.ece | title=A film for the youth | newspaper=The Hindu | date=21 November 2002 }}</ref><ref name="location">{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com:80/location/kpadai.asp|title=Kaalaatpadai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021121203110/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kpadai.asp|archive-date=21 November 2002|date=12 November 2002|access-date=15 February 2019|author=Malini Mannath|publisher=chennaionline.com|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Plot==

Ram (Jai) is a carefree and jobless young man who mostly hangs out with his seven friends. They spent much of their time [[smoking]] [[cigarettes]] and teasing everybody, with not much thought about their future. One day, Ram meets his best friend Sridhar ([[Nithin Sathya|Arun]]) in his house and encounters his soft-spoken sister Priya ([[Vidhya Venkatesh]]). Thereafter, Ram comes across Priya on multiple occasions, they eventually fall in love with each other and ends up dating. Thus, he distances himself from his friends' outings. He even reveals his love to three of his friends. When Sridhar and his family find out about their love affair, they ask Priya to forget him straight away. Being from an orthodox [[Brahmin|Hindu Brahmin]] family, they could not accept because Ram was from another [[Caste system in India|caste]]. Sridhar then has a fight with Ram for dating his sister and misusing his friendship. The group of friends split up into two groups: the first group supported Ram and knew about his love before, while the second one supported Sridhar and knows about his love just now. Sridhar even beats up his sister at home for dating his friend, and her family starts to be very strict with her. Later, Priya convinces Ram's friends to support their love. Ram and Priya had no other choice but to get married, in a hurry, at the registrar office with the help of Ram's parents and friends. After the secret marriage, Ram's father Janakiraman ([[Radha Ravi]]) advises him to first find a job and then they will start their married life. The two families then decide to settle the problem once and for all. The film ends with Ram and Priya getting married as per the customs and with the blessings of both families.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*Jai as Ram
*[[Vidhya Venkatesh]] as Priya
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Janakiraman, Ram's father
*[[Nithin Sathya|Arun]] as Sridhar, Ram's friend
*[[J. Livingston]] as "Cut" Raj
*[[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Deenadayalan
*R. Sekar as Priya's father
*[[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]] as Bhama, Priya's mother
*[[Thennavan (actor)|Thennavan]] as Priya's uncle
*[[Kuyili (actress)|Kuyili]] as Priya's aunt
*Anthony as Daniel, Ram's friend
*Vijayganesh as Ram's friend
*Santhosh as Ram's friend
*Amit Gupta as Ram's friend
*Riyaz as Ram's friend
*Sreeni as Ram's friend
*John Paul as John Paul
*[[Sampath Ram]] as Henchman
}}

==Production==
After producing ''[[Thalaivasal (film)|Thalaivasal]]'' (1992), ''[[Amaravathi (1993 film)|Amaravathi]]'' (1993) and ''Sathi Sanam'' (1997), producer Chozha Ponnurangam of Chozha Creations took a long sabbatical from films. Chozha Ponnurangam launched his new film titled "Kalatpadai". A youthful story centring round eight friends, J. Ramesh, who had apprenticed under director [[Selva (director)|Selva]], was chosen to direct the film. Newcomer Jai, who had completed his pilot's training and was all set to work for an airlines, signed to play the hero. [[Vidhya Venkatesh]], an air hostess, who had already played a role in ''[[Panchathantiram]]'' (2002), was selected to play the female lead role. The supporting cast has Arun ([[Nithin Sathya]]), Vijayganesh, Antony (of Naiyandi Durbar fame), Livingston, Radha Ravi, Rajsekhar, Kai Thennavan, Jyoti, Thalaivasal Vijay and Kuyili.<ref name="location"/>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Kalatpadai
| type = [[soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2003
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:41
| label =
| producer = Bharadwaj
| prev_title = [[Neenandre Ishta]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Anbe Anbe]]
| next_year = 2003
}}

The music was composed by [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]], with lyrics written by Kamakodiyan, [[Snehan]], Newton and J. Ramesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mio.to/album/Bharadwaj/Kaalatpadai+(2003)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419224756/https://mio.to/album/Bharadwaj/Kaalatpadai+%282003%29|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2021|title=Kaalatpadai (2003) - Bharadwaj|access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deezer.com/us/album/59946892|title=Bharadwaj: Kaalatpadai (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=31 December 2003 |access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=[[Deezer]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saavn.com/s/album/kashmiri/Kaalatpadai-2003/3ngHMA7Tl-g_|title=Kaalatpadai songs|date=31 December 2003 |access-date=15 February 2019|publisher=saavn.com}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Track !! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
|1 || "Machchaan Machchaan" || [[Mohan Vaidya (singer)|Mohan Vaidya]], Timothy, Reshmi || rowspan=2|J. Ramesh || 4:12
|-
|2 || "Kadhal Indru Theeyai" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:42
|-
|3 || "Varudhu Varudhu" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Timothy, [[Pop Shalini]] || Newton || 5:05
|-
|4 || "Maizhayoo Puyaloo" || [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], Pop Shalini, [[Gopika Poornima]] || [[Snehan]] || 4:58
|-
|5 || "Kagitha Oodam" || Vijay Shankar, Simsomalraj || rowspan=2|J. Ramesh || 2:47
|-
|6 || "Imaigalin Oorum" || Bharadwaj, Reshmi || 5:05
|-
|7 || "Manitha Manitha" || Krishnaraj || Kamakodiyan || 5:08
|-
|8 || "Penngalai Nambhadhae" || Timothy || J. Ramesh || 2:40
|-
|9 || "Rama Rama" || Reshmi || Bharadwaj || 2:04
|}

==Release==
The film was originally planned to release in 29 November 2002 but was postponed to 15 January 2003 which coincided with the [[Thai Pongal]] festival. It opened alongside six other films, including ''[[Dhool]]'', ''[[Chokka Thangam]]'', ''[[Vaseegara]]'', and ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/pongal/20030111.htm|title=Pongal releases 2003 - Rediff.com|date=11 January 2003|access-date=15 February 2019|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/01/22/stories/2003012200790200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328122751/http://www.thehindu.com/lf/2003/01/22/stories/2003012200790200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 March 2016|title=New maths for the box office|date=22 January 2002|access-date=15 February 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=Sudhish Kamath}}</ref>

===Critical reception===
S. R. Ashok Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' gave the film a positive review citing that "credit must be given to director, J. Ramesh, who has written the story, for the screenplay and the artists for their performance. Ramesh's dialogue actually is the strength of the film" and that "both the new find Jai and Vidhu have given good accounts of themselves. They make a charming pair. The other new face Arun (Nithin Sathya) is promising".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701310201.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030302030732/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/17/stories/2003011701310201.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2003|title=Kaalaatpadai|date=17 January 2003|access-date=15 February 2019|work=[[The Hindu]]|author=S. R. Ashok Kumar}}</ref> Malini Mannath said, "The director makes no pretensions of giving a great film, there are a couple of flaws in the narration too, but in totality it's a simple love story well told, that gives a good feeling in the end".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chennaionline.com:80/Moviereviews/tammov240.asp|title=Kaalaatpadai|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023033524/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov240.asp|archive-date=23 October 2004|date=17 January 2003|access-date=15 February 2019|author=Malini Mannath|publisher=chennaionline.com|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote "J.Ramesh, the director has liberally borrowed from many earlier films of the same genre. Jai, the lanky newcomer has a future, but Vidhu has to improve. The music of Bharadwaj is the only saving grace in the other undernourished love story".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=12532377|title=Kaalatpadai|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=1 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031117135609/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=12532377|archive-date=17 November 2003}}</ref>

===Box office===
The film flopped at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/jan/23pongal.htm|title=Dhool Poised To Be Huge Hit - Rediff.com|date=23 January 2003|access-date=15 February 2019|work=Rediff.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bharadwaj (composer)]]
[[Category:2003 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Organised crime in India

2026-02-18T21:48:17Z

JoannePettiford: formatting fix

{{Short description|none}}

{{Infobox Criminal organization
| name = Indian mafia
| founded = 1940s
| founding_location = [[India]]
| years_active = 1940s–present
| territory = India, [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Canada]], [[United Kingdom]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/international/story/19890915-two-gangs-of-indian-youth-linked-with-major-crime-syndicates-in-uk-816530-1989-09-14 |title=Two gangs of Indian youth linked with major crime syndicates in UK |date= 15 September 1989|accessdate=17 March 2024}}</ref> [[Australia]], [[United States]], [[Mauritius]], [[Iran]], [[Malaysia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fountainink.in/essay/malaysia039s-indian-gangsters|title=Malaysia's Indian gangsters |date= |accessdate=17 March 2024}}</ref> [[Singapore]], [[Kuwait]], [[Qatar]], [[UAE]], [[Oman]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Jordan]], [[Indonesia]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-india-indonesia-crime/indonesia-arrests-indias-most-wanted-criminal-after-20-years-on-the-run-idUSKCN0SK1K220151026/|title=Indonesia arrests India's most wanted criminal after 20 years on the run |work=Reuters |date= 26 October 2015|accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> [[Nigeria]], [[South Africa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/items/e22b081a-d434-41d2-97ee-ba2ccb6948f0|title=Professional Gangsters in South African Indian Society |date= |accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> [[Somalia]], [[Fiji]], [[Guyana]]<ref>{{cite web|last1=Owen |first1=Taylor |last2=Grigsby |first2=Alexandre |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep10731.10.pdf|title=The three types of Guyanese gangs |date= 2012|pages=29–34 |publisher=Small Arms Survey |jstor=resrep10731.10 |accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref>
| ethnicity = [[Indian people|Indians]], [[Indian diaspora]]
| criminal_activities = [[Racketeering]], [[smuggling]], [[extortion]], [[loan sharking]], [[raping]], [[human trafficking]], [[money laundering]], [[robbery]], [[arms trafficking]], [[drug trafficking]], [[illegal gambling]], [[illegal mining]], [[bribery]], [[Skimming (fraud)|skimming]], [[murder]], [[contract killing]], [[kidnapping]], [[forgery]], [[assault]]
| allies = [[crime in Afghanistan#opium cultivation|Afghan mafia]]<br />[[gangs in canada|Canadian mafia]]
| rivals = [[Organised crime in Pakistan|Pakistani mafia]]
}}

There is no firm data to indicate the number of [[organised criminal gangs]] operating in [[India]], their membership, their ''[[modus operandi]]'', and the areas of their operations. Their structure and leadership patterns may not strictly fall in line with the classical [[Sicilian Mafia]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Baap of Gandhinagar' arrested |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/baap-of-gandhinagar-arrested/articleshow/12011844.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

Indian organized crime is also prevalent outside of India, mainly in [[Western world|western]] countries such as [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. In Canada Indian organized crime groups have been involved in extortion, targeted violence and terrorism.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Gagandeep |title=Canada murders spark calls to label India's Bishnoi gang a 'terror' group |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2025/8/8/canada-murders-spark-calls-to-label-indias-bishnoi-gang-a-terror-group |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> The ongoing [[Canada–India diplomatic row|diplomatic row]] between Canada and India is in relation to this. Unrelated to the established crime groups in India, are there also crime groups of [[Indian diaspora#Person of Indian Origin (PIO)|Indian-origin]] engaging in criminal activities such as [[Drug trafficking organizations|drugtrafficking]], [[extortion]], [[smuggling]] and [[money laundering]] in [[Indo-Canadian organized crime|Canada]] and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Shantanu Nandan |date=2024-09-14 |title=All the world is a gang: The story of the borderless new-generation Indian-origin gangsters |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/all-the-world-is-a-gang-the-story-of-the-borderless-new-generation-indian-origin-gangsters/articleshow/113354641.cms?from=mdr#google_vignette |access-date=2025-08-26 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-07-17 |title=UK busts gang of British-Indians over drugs, money laundering after 2-year probe |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/indians-abroad/story/indian-origin-crime-gang-uk-busted-police-drugs-money-laundering-assets-seized-nca-gucci-rolex-daytona-watch-2567971-2024-07-17 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Mumbai underworld==
{{redirect|Mumbai mafia|the 2023 Indian documentary film|Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld}}
[[Mumbai]] is the financial capital of India. Over a period of time, the Mumbai underworld has been dominated by several different groups and mobsters.

===1940s–1980s===
The powerful trio of [[Haji Mastan]], [[Varadarajan Mudaliar]], and [[Karim Lala]] enjoyed backing from their communities.

Haji Mastan, originally known as Mastan Haider Mirza, was a Bombay-based [[Tamils|Tamil]] [[mobster]] who became the first celebrity [[gangster]] in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref name="When Tamil dons ruled Bombay">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/When-Tamil-dons-ruled-Bombay/articleshow/49623540.cms|title=When Tamil dons ruled Bombay |work= Times of India |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> Born in 1926 in a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family in Pannaikulam, near Ramanathapuram, [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="When Tamil dons ruled Bombay" /> At age 8, he moved to Bombay with his father. The father–son duo ran a small cycle repair shop in Crawford market. Ten years later, in 1944, Mastan joined the Bombay docks as a porter and from there entered organised crime. He worked in association with Karim Lala and by the 1960s became a rich man. He amassed millions from smuggling gold, silver, and electronic goods and expanded his clout in the film industry by investing his money with directors and studios in [[Bollywood]] film production.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-three-underworld-dons-who-rode-bombay-from-the-60s-to-early-80s-2083454 |title=Three underworld dons who rode Bombay from the 60s to early 80s - Latest News & Updates |website=Daily News & Analysis |date=5 May 2015|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> As Mastan's influence in Bollywood grew, he began to produce films himself and was a well-known producer.<ref name="When Tamil dons ruled Bombay" />

Varadarajan Mudaliar, popularly known as ''Vardha Bhai'', was a Bombay-based ethnic [[Tamils|Tamil]] mobster. He came to be known as Vardhabhai, operated from the early 1960s to 1980, and was accorded equal clout to Haji Mastan and Karim Lala. Starting off as a porter, he had his first brush with the crime world when he began selling illicit liquor.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} He commanded much respect within the Tamil community and ran a parallel justice system where his verdict was the final law of the land and binding in areas such as [[Dharavi]] and [[Matunga]], which are believed to have a large presence of Tamils.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} Mudaliar, in tandem with Haji Mastan, ventured into stealing dock cargo. He later diversified into [[contract killing]]s and the narcotics trade. He enjoyed a successful stint in the 1970s controlling the criminal operations in the east and north-central Bombay. Karim Lala commanded south and central Bombay, and the majority of smuggling and illegal construction financing was Haji Mastan's domain.<ref name="dnaindia.com" />

Karim Lala and his family members' groups operated in the Bombay docks. They were often called "[[Afghans|Afghan]] mafia" or "[[Pashtuns|Pathan]] mafia", terms coined by Bombay law enforcement because the majority of this crime syndicate's members were ethnic [[Pashtuns]] from [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]'s [[Kunar province]]. They were especially involved in [[hashish]] trafficking, [[protection racket]]s, [[extortion]], [[illegal gambling]], gold smuggling, and [[contract killing]]s and held a firm stranglehold over parts of Mumbai's underworld.<ref>{{cite book |last=Zaidi |first=S. Hussain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xc5bBAAAQBAJ&q=pathan+mafia&pg=PT92 |title=Dongri to Dubai |date=10 August 2012 |publisher=Roli Books Private Limited |isbn=9788174368188 |access-date=6 May 2015}}</ref> Lala controlled bootlegging and gambling in the city in 1940, and was the undisputed king of the trade until 1985.

===1980s–present===
[[D-Company]] is the organised crime group controlled by [[Dawood Ibrahim]] which originated in [[Mumbai]]. It has been argued that the D-Company is not a stereotypical organised crime cartel in the strict sense of the word, but rather a collusion of criminal terrorist groups based around Ibrahim's personal control and leadership.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/us-slaps-sanctions-against-chhota-shakeel-tiger-memon/article3423272.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=U.S. slaps sanctions against Chhota Shakeel, Tiger Memon | date=2012-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1544569,00300001.htm|title=Untitled Page|access-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108074338/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1544569,00300001.htm|archive-date=8 November 2014}}</ref> Ibrahim is currently on [[Interpol]]'s wanted list for [[cheating]], [[criminal conspiracy]], and running an [[organised crime syndicate]],<ref name="Interpol">{{cite web |title=Shaikh, Dawood Hasan |website=[[Interpol]] |url=http://www.interpol.int/Wanted-Persons/%28wanted_id%29/1993-14193 |access-date=30 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121212010010/http://www.interpol.int/Wanted-Persons/(wanted_id)/1993-14193 |archive-date=12 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and in 2008 he was number two on Forbes' list of ''The World's 10 Most Wanted''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/2011/06/14/most-wanted-fugitives_slide_4.html |title=Dawood 4th 'most wanted' criminal on Forbes list|work=The Times of India|date=28 April 2008|access-date= 16 April 2012}}</ref> He is accused of heading an illegal empire against India and Indians. After the [[1993 Bombay bombings]], which Ibrahim allegedly organised and financed with [[Tiger Memon]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/The-ones-who-got-away/articleshow/2254905.cms|title=The ones who got away|newspaper=The Times of India|date=4 August 2007 }}</ref> both men became part of India's most wanted.<ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4775531.stm |work=BBC News |title=Profile: India's fugitive gangster |date=12 September 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|website=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/india-today-archives/story/19940831-indian-media-has-already-painted-me-black-dawood-ibrahim-809581-1999-11-29|title=I am happy Yakub Memon has been caught}}</ref> According to the [[United States Department of the Treasury]], Ibrahim may have had ties with [[Osama bin Laden]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Treasury.gov|url=http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/reports/fact_sheet.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=January 19, 2009 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119015042/http://www.treasury.gov/press/releases/reports/fact_sheet.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/isi-shifts-underworld-don-dawood-ibrahim-to-pakistan-afghanistan-border/articleshow/44943006.cms |title=isi-shifts-underworld-don-dawood-ibrahim-to-pakistan-afghanistan-border|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Consequently, the United States declared Ibrahim a "[[Specially Designated Global Terrorist]]" in 2003 and pursued the matter before the [[United Nations]] in an attempt to freeze his assets around the world and crack down on his operations.<ref name="ID">{{cite news |title=Bush administration imposes sanctions on India's most wanted criminals Dawood Ibrahim and sai bansod |work=IndiaDaily |date=2 June 2006 |url=http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9367.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212112236/http://www.indiadaily.com/editorial/9367.asp |archive-date=12 February 2007 }}</ref> Indian and Russian intelligence agencies have pointed out Ibrahim's possible involvement in several other terror attacks, including the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>[http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dawood-behind-mumbai-attacks-ats-sources/79364-3.html "Dawood behind Mumbai attacks: ATS sources"]. ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019170124/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/dawood-behind-mumbai-attacks-ats-sources/79364-3.html |date=October 19, 2013 }}). Ibnlive. Retrieved 16 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-directly-involved-in-Mumbai-attack-Russia-intelligence/articleshow/3856641.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014080338/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-18/india/27945087_1_mumbai-terror-attacks-terror-network-joint-statement | url-status=live | archive-date=14 October 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Dawood directly involved in Mumbai attack: Russia intelligence |date=18 December 2008}}</ref><ref name=Interpol /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/oct/17daw.htm |title=Dawood Ibrahim is a global terrorist: US |work=Rediff.com |date=2003-10-17 |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/intelligence-agencies-track-down-dawood-ibrahims-house-in-pakistan-say-isi-is-hosting-him-994109.html |title=Intelligence agencies |publisher=IBNLive |date=2015-05-19 |access-date=2015-08-10 |archive-date=2015-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709071842/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/intelligence-agencies-track-down-dawood-ibrahims-house-in-pakistan-say-isi-is-hosting-him-994109.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dawood-is-a-terrorist-has-strategic-alliance-with-ISI-says-US/articleshow/5418149.cms |title=Dawood is a terrorist, has 'strategic alliance' with ISI, says US - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2010-01-07 |access-date=2015-08-10}}</ref> Ever since he went into hiding, Ibrahim's location has been [[Search for Dawood Ibrahim|frequently traced]] to [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], a claim which Pakistani authorities have denied.<ref name="BanksNevers2007">{{cite book|author1=William C. Banks|author2=Renée de Nevers|author3=Mitchel B. Wallerstein|title=Combating Terrorism: Strategies and Approaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g2UXBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT113|date=1 October 2007|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4833-7092-7|pages=113}}</ref>

[[Chotta Rajan]] is the boss of a major crime syndicate based in [[Mumbai]]. He was a former key aide and lieutenant of Dawood Ibrahim. Starting as a petty thief and [[Rum-running|bootlegger]] working for [[Bada Rajan|Rajan Nair]], also known as ''Bada Rajan'' (Big Rajan), Chota Rajan took the reins of Bada Rajan's gang after Bada Rajan's murder. Later, he was affiliated with and operated at the behest of Dawood in Mumbai and eventually fled India to Dubai in 1988. He is wanted for many criminal cases that include [[extortion]], murder, [[smuggling]], [[Illegal drug trade|drug trafficking]], and [[film finance]]. His brother is said to produce films financed by Rajan. He is wanted in 17 murder cases and several more attempted murders. Chhota Rajan was arrested in [[Bali]] by Indonesian police on 25 October 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Chhota Rajan arrested in Indonesia after decades on the run|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/ZfmejLWJlCFsvqEfzInBNL/Chhota-Rajan-arrested-in-Indonesia-after-two-decades-on-the.html|access-date=26 October 2015|publisher=DNA|date=26 October 2015}}</ref> He was extradited to India on 6 November after 27 years on the run and is currently awaiting trial in [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] custody.<ref>m.firstpost.com/india/chhota-rajan-finally-brought-to-india-after-27-years-on-the-run-2497094.html</ref>

[[Arun Gawli]]'s gang is based at [[Dagdi Chawl]] in [[Byculla]], Mumbai. Gawli started his criminal activities there and used the rooms there for keeping kidnapped persons, torturing them, extorting money from them, and murdering them. The police raided the premises several times and finally broke his operations. He has been arrested several times for criminal activities and detained for long periods during a trial. However, he could not be convicted in most of the cases as witnesses would not depose against him for fear. He, along with eleven others, were finally convicted for the murder of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] politician Kamalakar Jamsandekar by a court in August 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Arun Gawli convicted in murder case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Arun-Gawli-convicted-in-murder-case/article12706823.ece |access-date=24 August 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]]|date=August 24, 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

== Colonial times ==
=== Dacoity ===
{{Main|Dacoity}}
Dacoity is a term used for "[[banditry]]" in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The spelling is the [[anglicised]] version of the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] word ''daaku'', "dacoit" {{IPAc-en|d|ə|ˈ|k|ɔɪ|t}} is a colloquial [[Indian English]] word with this meaning, it appears in the [[Hobson-Jobson|''Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases'']] (1903).<ref>Here, "Anglo-Indian" refers to the language, or linguistic usage. See Yule, Henry and Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886) ''[[Hobson-Jobson|Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive]]'' J. Murry, London; reprinted 1903; see page [https://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290 page 290] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628030029/http://books.google.com/books?id=6Z5iAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA290 |date=2014-06-28 }} of the 1903 edition for "dacoit".</ref> [[Bandit#Banditry|Banditry]] is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The [[East India Company]] established the [[Thuggee and Dacoity Department]] in 1830, and the [[Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848]] were enacted in [[British India]] under [[Company rule in India|East India Company rule]]. Areas with ravines or forests, such as [[Chambal division|Chambal]] and [[Chilapata Forests]], were once known for dacoits.

=== Thuggee ===
{{Main|Thuggee}}
[[File:Thugs Strangling Traveller.jpg|thumb|Thugs strangling a traveller.]]
[[Thuggee]] were crimes carried out by organized gangs of robbers and murderers which operated in the northern and eastern parts of the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thugs |url=https://www.1902encyclopedia.com/T/THU/thugs.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=www.1902encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Thugs were gangs of highway robbers, who tricked and [[garrote|strangled]] their victims with a handkerchief or noose.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kastan |first=David Scott |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DlMUSz-hiuEC&pg=RA4-PA141 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature: 5-Volume Set |date=2006-03-03 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-516921-8 |language=en}}</ref> They would then rob and bury their victims. Sometimes they mutilated the corpses of their victims to avoid detection.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dash |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XMfasdSA9EC&pg=PA73 |title=Thug: The True Story Of India's Murderous Cult |date=2011-02-03 |publisher=Granta Publications |isbn=978-1-84708-473-6 |language=en}}</ref> The leader of a gang was called a '[[jemadar]]'. The usage of military ranks like 'jemadar', '[[subedar]]' and '[[Private (rank)|private]]' suggests that these gangs had military links.<ref name=":0" /> Although strangulation was their main method of murder, they also used blades and poison.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Wagner |first=K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1CBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA135 |title=Thuggee: Banditry and the British in Early Nineteenth-Century India |date=2007-07-12 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-59020-5 |language=en}}</ref> The thugs comprised some who had inherited thuggee as a family vocation, and others who were forced to turn to it out of necessity.<ref name=":1" /> The leadership of many of the groups tended to be hereditary with family members sometimes serving together in the same band. Such Thugs were known as ''aseel''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dash |first=Mike |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XMfasdSA9EC&pg=PA87 |title=Thug: The True Story Of India's Murderous Cult |date=2011-02-03 |publisher=Granta Publications |isbn=978-1-84708-473-6 |language=en}}</ref> Not all thugs were trained by their family but rather by experienced thugs called '[[guru]]'.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0XMfasdSA9EC&pg=PA84 | title=Thug: The True Story of India's Murderous Cult | isbn=9781847084736 | last1=Dash | first1=Mike | date=3 February 2011 | publisher=Granta Publications }}</ref> While they usually kept their acts a secret, female thugs also existed and were called ''baronee'' in Ramasee, while an important male Thug was called ''baroo''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wœrkens |first=Martine van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPc_EgwUg8C&pg=PA146 |title=The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India |date= November 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-85085-6 |language=en}}</ref>

Thugs considered themselves to be the children of [[Kali]], having been created from her sweat.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Luchesi |first1=Brigitte |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uSxOSwDclYC&pg=PA623 |title=Religion im kulturellen Diskurs: Festschrift für Hans G. Kippenberg zu seinem 65. Geburtstag |last2=Stuckrad |first2=Kocku von |date=2004 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-017790-9 |language=en}}</ref>

== Organised crime in Andhra Pradesh ==
{{See also|Rayalaseema#Factionalism}}
There are families with [[blood feud]]s with each other in the [[Rayalaseema]] region of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and parts of eastern [[Karnataka]] in India, and associated with alleged [[Mafia Raj]]. It is locally referred to as "factionalism" and involves various crimes. Activities like [[illegal mining]] are common and one of the major social and environmental issues in the region. It also persists due to illiteracy and lack of environmental awareness in the region and public inactivity, having led to severe deforestation and [[desertification]] in the region. The vendetta between the groups originated historically during the [[Vijayanagara empire|Vijayanagara Empire]]. This often co-exists with [[mafia state]]s. Much of the mining and real estate mafia in the region is run by such families, and to avoid punishment, they are often involved in [[Corruption in India|corruption]] and local politics. There have been numerous murders committed by rival families, including the murders of noteworthy politicians. Factionalism is one of the main reasons for which vendetta politics is widely practiced in Andhra Pradesh, and is also a major cause of rioting and [[domestic terrorism]] in the region.

==Organised crime in Goa==
Several local Indian, [[Russian Mafia|Russian]], [[Israeli mafia|Israeli]] and [[Nigerian mafia|Nigerian]] criminal groups are reported to be heavily involved in the organised drug trade in [[Goa]], one of the smallest states of India. Sources reveal that there are also individual players who are British, French, Italian, Portuguese, and of other European nationalities. Some have been visiting the state for over two decades and have their fixed international and local clientele.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Goas-drug-pie-sliced-up-between-foreign-local-gangs/articleshow/47005988.cms|title=Goa's drug pie sliced up between foreign, local gangs - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 April 2015 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> Goa has, in recent days, become a principal hub of the international drug trade apart from being a key point of consumption. According to estimates, drugs flowing out of different foreign locations lands on the comparatively unguarded Goan coastline as Mumbai and its hinterland are no longer considered an easy route for trafficking since checks by the [[Indian Coastguard|Coastguard]], [[Indian Navy|Navy]], Customs, and other government bodies began.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20101108-goa-sex-mafia-on-cocaine-coast-744599-2010-10-28|title=Goa: Sex & mafia on cocaine coast|date=29 October 2010 |access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>

==Organised crime in Punjab==
There has been a spurt in the formation and activities of such criminal gangs in Punjab over the last decade even though some gangs, have been operational in the state since the end of [[Insurgency in Punjab|militancy in Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyo.in/politics/punjab-gangs-crime-in-punjab-vicky-gounder-jaswinder-singh-shiromani-akali-dal/story/1/10426.html|title=How bloodthirsty Facebook posts from prison, gang wars fuel Punjab's hellhole|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref> Post militancy, the gangs took to contract killings. The real estate and industrial sector boom of the early 2000s saw several criminals surfacing with the primary objective of controlling [[Trade unions in India|unions]]. The flourishing of the banking sector, especially finance companies, spurred the demand for bouncers who ensured recovery of bad loans and helped in taking disputed properties. [[Cricket]] [[Bookmaker|bookies]] also use the services of these bouncers. Around five years back when the boom in real estate ended, these gangs then turned to extortion and protection money as their source of income.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} Most of these are inter-state gangs as well as the ones specializing in arms smuggling, narcotics and abduction. Kidnappings for ransom in Punjab, are something which rarely happen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tehelka.com/2016/05/rocky-gang-this-time-in-punjab/|title=Rocky & Gang, this time in Punjab - Gurvinder Kaur - Tehelka - Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts|website=www.tehelka.com|access-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929092132/http://www.tehelka.com/2016/05/rocky-gang-this-time-in-punjab/|archive-date=29 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Crime Groups ==
=== Chaddi Baniyan Gangs ===
{{main|Chaddi Baniyan Gang}}
The '''Chaddi Baniyan Gangs''' (also known as the '''Kachcha Baniyan Gangs''') are [[organized crime|criminal groups]] operating in parts of India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-07-26 |title=Chaddi-Baniyan gang returns to haunt city |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Chaddi-Baniyan-gang-returns-to-haunt-city/articleshow/4821073.cms |access-date=2023-10-19 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Gang members perform attacks while wearing only their underwear, which is the source of their name (in the local languages, ''chaddi'', or ''kachcha'' are underpants and ''baniyan'' is undershirts). In addition to wearing undergarments, members wear face masks and cover themselves in oil or mud to protect their identities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-08 |title=Welcome to DainikKausar.com - Daily News Paper, Bhopal, Delhi |url=http://dainikkausar.com/news_detail.php?id=125&type=2 |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508061214/http://dainikkausar.com/news_detail.php?id=125&type=2 |archive-date=2014-05-08 }}</ref>

The gangs tend to move in groups of 5-10 people,<ref name="khabar.ibnlive.in.com">{{Cite web |date=2014-12-15 |title=कच्छा-बनियान गिरोह की दिल्ली में दस्तक, दो जगह लूट - IBN Khabar |work=IBNkhabar.com |url=http://khabar.ibnlive.in.com//news/52306/3/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215042843/http://khabar.ibnlive.in.com//news/52306/3/ |archive-date=2014-12-15 }}</ref> and wear a ''[[kurta]]'' and ''[[lungi]]''. During the day, they gather at transport hubs or disused urban spaces. They conceal themselves as beggars or common labourers to identify potential houses to rob. Before moving on to a different town, the gangs attempt to steal from multiple homes.<ref name="khabar.ibnlive.in.com"/>

Gang members tie up family members, during robberies, and murder anyone who resists. They often arm themselves with rods, axes, knives, and firearms. When they rob a house, they sometimes eat and leave their excrements. The gang members often rent cars to get around,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-05-12 |title=Four ' chaddi- banian' burglars caught; confess to 36 house- breaks - Free Press Journal |url=http://freepressjournal.in/four-chaddi-banian-burglars-caught-confess-to-36-house-breaks/ |access-date=2023-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512220228/http://freepressjournal.in/four-chaddi-banian-burglars-caught-confess-to-36-house-breaks/ |archive-date=2014-05-12 }}</ref> and are suspected of robbing temples.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Refworld {{!}} India: Kacha Banian (Kucha Banyan) or Underwear-Undershirt Wearing Group or Shorts-Underwear Clad Group; its members; their activities; their targets; whether they are active throughout the country or just in Uttar Pradesh; whether the group targets Sikhs in particular; and their interests regarding Sikhs |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3df4be4118.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref>

=== Kala Kachcha Gangs ===
{{main|Kala Kachcha gang}}
'''Kala Kachcha Gangs''' (also known as '''Kale-Kachchewale''' or '''Kale Kachche Gangs''') refers to certain organized criminal gangs in [[Punjab, India]]. The Kala Kachcha gang members are robbers and dacoits, who don police uniform or 'Kale Kachche' (black underpants)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000325/punjab.htm#14 | title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab }}</ref> to evade detection. They put grease on their body as lubricant.

There are many such gangs suspected to be active in Punjab. They usually target families living at isolated places in the countryside and always thrash their victims before robbing them.

== Activities ==
India is a major transit point for heroin from the [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] and [[Golden Crescent]] en route to [[Europe]]. India is also the world's largest legal grower of [[opium]]; experts estimate that 5–10% of the legal opium is converted into illegal [[heroin]], and 8–10% is consumed in high quantities as concentrated liquid. The [[pharmaceutical]] industry is also responsible for much illegal production of [[mandrax]], much of which is smuggled into [[South Africa]]. Diamond smuggling via South Africa is also a major criminal activity, and diamonds are sometimes used to disguise shipments of heroin. Finally, there is much [[money laundering]] in the country, mostly through the use of the traditional [[hawala]] system, although India criminalised money laundering in 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/Nats_Hospitable.pdf|title=Nations Hospitable to Organised Crime and Terrorism |website= Library of Congress report|publisher=U.S. Library of Congress|access-date=16 October 2017}}</ref>
<ref name="csb">{{cite web
|title = Final film in Indian Gangster Trilogy a Must See
|website= Cinema Strikes Back
|date = 2005-08-24
|url = http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/index.php?p=562
|access-date = 2011-07-07
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110717100215/http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/index.php?p=562
|archive-date = 2011-07-17
}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
In the [[cinema of India]], particularly [[Bollywood]], [[crime film]]s and [[gangster film]]s inspired by organised crime in India have been produced since 1940. Indian cinema has several genres of such crime films.

=== Dacoit films ===
{{Main|Dacoit film}}

The dacoit film was a genre of Indian cinema that began with [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940) and gained popularity with its remake ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) as well as [[Dilip Kumar]]'s ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961). A subgenre is the [[Dacoit Western]], popularized by ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975). These films are usually set in rural India, and often inspired by real dacoits.

Examples of the genre:
* ''[[Aurat (1940 film)|Aurat]]'' (1940)
* ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Sholay]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Bandit Queen]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru]]'' (2017)

=== Thuggee films ===
* ''[[The Stranglers of Bombay]]''
* ''[[Sunghursh]]''
* ''[[Thugs of Hindostan]]''

=== Mumbai underworld films ===
In the early 1970s, a new genre of Indian crime films and [[gangster film]]s arose, set in urban India: Bombay underworld films, later called Mumbai underworld films. These films are often inspired by real Mumbai underworld gangsters, such as [[Haji Mastan]], [[Dawood Ibrahim]] and [[D-Company]]. These films are often set around Mumbai [[slum]]s such as [[Dharavi]] or [[Juhu]], and gangsters in these films often speak with a [[Tapori (word)|Tapori]] or [[Bombay Hindi]] street dialect.

The genre was pioneered by screenwriter duo [[Salim–Javed]]. They began the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films in the early 1970s, with films such as ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) and ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975).<ref name="ganti">{{cite book|last=Ganti|first=Tejaswini|title=Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema|date=2004|publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|isbn=9780415288545|page=153|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GTEa93azj9EC&pg=PA153}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT72}}</ref> They reinterpreted the rural themes of [[Mehboob Khan]]'s ''[[Mother India]]'' (1957) and [[Nitin Bose]]'s ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961) in a contemporary urban context reflecting the [[socio-economic]] and [[socio-political]] climate of 1970s India,<ref name="raj">{{cite book|last=Raj|first=Ashok|title=Hero Vol.2|date=2009|publisher=[[Hay House]]|isbn=9789381398036|page=21|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2wo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT21}}</ref><ref name="legends">{{cite book|last=Kumar|first=Surendra|title=Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits|date=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|page=51|isbn=9788124108727|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AfJkAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses,<ref name="raj"/> and unprecedented growth of [[slum]]s,<ref name="Mazumdar"/> and dealing with themes involving urban poverty, corruption, and crime,<ref name="Penguin Group">{{cite book|last1=Chaudhuri|first1=Diptakirti|title=Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters|date=2015|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|isbn=9789352140084|page=74|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cri9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74}}</ref> as well as [[anti-establishment]] themes.<ref name="hindustantimes">{{cite news|title=Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deewaar-was-the-perfect-script-amitabh-bachchan-on-42-years-of-the-cult-film/story-x2hy87zQ0ebVlsVMV59U2I.html|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=29 January 2017}}</ref> This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by [[Amitabh Bachchan]],<ref name="hindustantimes"/> who reinterpreted Dilip Kumar's performance in ''Gunga Jumna'' in a contemporary urban context.<ref name="raj"/><ref name="legends"/>

By the mid-1970s, gritty, violent crime films and [[action film]]s about gangsters (Bombay underworld) as well as bandits (dacoits) had become popular. The writing of Salim-Javed and acting of Amitabh Bachchan popularized the trend, with films such as ''Zanjeer'' and particularly ''Deewaar'', a crime film inspired by ''Gunga Jumna''<ref name="ganti"/> that pitted "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan" portrayed by Bachchan; ''Deewaar'' was described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" by [[Danny Boyle]].<ref name=Kumar/> Along with Bachchan, other actors that rode the crest of this trend include [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]].<ref name="funky">{{cite book|last1=Stadtman|first1=Todd|title=Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema|date=2015|publisher=FAB Press|isbn=9781903254776|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0DXoQEACAAJ}}</ref>

The crime films written by Salim-Javed and starring Amitabh Bachchan reflected the [[socio-economic]] and [[socio-political]] realities of 1970s India, channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and the failure of the state in ensuring their welfare and well-being, in a time when prices were rapidly rising, commodities were becoming scarce, public institutions were losing legitimacy, smugglers and gangsters were gathering political clout,<ref name="raj"/> and there was an unprecedented growth of [[slum]]s.<ref name="Mazumdar"/> The cinema of Salim-Javed and Amitabh Bachchan dealt with themes relevant to Indian society at the time, such as urban poverty in slums, corruption in society, and the [[Bombay underworld]] crime scene,<ref name="Penguin Group"/> and was perceived by audiences as [[anti-establishment]], often represented by an "angry young man" protagonist, presented as a [[vigilante]] or [[anti-hero]],<ref name="hindustantimes"/> with his suppressed rage giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor.<ref name="Mazumdar">{{cite book|last=Mazumdar|first=Ranjani|title=Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City|year=2007 |publisher=[[University of Minnesota Press]]|isbn=9781452913025|page=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xenNBrRKOGoC&pg=PA14}}</ref>

Later films in the genre include [[Ram Gopal Verma]]'s ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998) and ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' (2002), based on the [[D-Company]], which both offered "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld" and displayed realistic "brutality and urban violence." Another notable film in the genre was ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004), adapted from Hussein Zaidi's book of the same name about the [[1993 Bombay bombings]].<ref name="Kumar">{{cite magazine |author=Amitava Kumar |title=Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors |magazine=Vanity Fair |date=23 December 2008 |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html |access-date=4 January 2008 |archive-date=25 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225193313/http://www.vanityfair.com/online/oscars/2008/12/slumdog-millionaires-bollywood-ancestors.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="The Independent">{{cite news |title=All you need to know about Slumdog Millionaire |work=The Independent |date=21 January 2009 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/all-you-need-to-know-about-slumdog-millionaire-1452119.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220524/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/all-you-need-to-know-about-slumdog-millionaire-1452119.html |archive-date=2022-05-24 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=21 January 2009 | location=London}}</ref><ref name="Lisa Tsering">{{cite web|author=Lisa Tsering |title='Slumdog' Director Boyle Has 'Fingers Crossed' for Oscars |publisher=IndiaWest |date=29 January 2009 |url=http://www.indiawest.com/readmore.aspx?id=860&sid=5 |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302235319/http://www.indiawest.com/readmore.aspx?id=860&sid=5 |archive-date= 2 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="Anthony Kaufman">{{cite news |title=DGA nominees borrow from the masters: Directors cite specific influences for their films |author=Anthony Kaufman |work=Variety |date=29 January 2009 |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=awardcentral&jump=contenders&id=director&articleid=VR1117999259&cs=1 |access-date=30 January 2009}}</ref>

The genre later inspired the film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2009), which drew inspiration from Mumbai underworld films. Its influences included ''Deewaar'',<ref>{{cite web|author1=Runna Ashish Bhutda |author2=Ashwini Deshmukh |author3=Kunal M Shah |author4=Vickey Lalwani |author5=Parag Maniar |author6=Subhash K Jha |title=The Slumdog Millionaire File |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |date=13 January 2009 |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=11&contentid=200901132009011303014836695d00b9e |access-date=30 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508021832/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=11&contentid=200901132009011303014836695d00b9e |archive-date= 8 May 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite web|title='Slumdog Millionaire' has an Indian co-director |work=The Hindu |date=11 January 2009 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm |access-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325234357/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200901110925.htm |archive-date=25 March 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> ''Satya'', ''Company'', and ''Black Friday''.<ref name=Kumar/><ref name="The Independent"/><ref name="Lisa Tsering"/><ref name="Anthony Kaufman"/> 1970s Bollywood crime films such as ''Deewaar'' and ''[[Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' (1977) also have similarities to the [[heroic bloodshed]] crime genre of 1980s [[Hong Kong action cinema]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Banker|first=Ashok|title=Bollywood|date=2002|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|page=83|isbn=9780143028352|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=429ZAAAAMAAJ&q=deewaar+hong+kong}}</ref> ''Deewaar'' had a [[Hong Kong cinema|Hong Kong]] remake, ''[[The Brothers (1979 film)|The Brothers]]'' (1979),<ref name="scroll">{{cite web|last=Mondal|first=Sayantan|title=Amitabh Bachchan starrer 'Deewar' was remade in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam – and Cantonese|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/828031/amitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese|website=Scroll.in|access-date=30 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170130121319/https://thereel.scroll.in/828031/amitabh-bachchan-starrer-deewar-was-remade-in-telugu-tamil-malayalam-and-cantonese|archive-date=30 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> which went on to inspire [[John Woo]]'s internationally acclaimed breakthrough ''[[A Better Tomorrow]]'' (1986),<ref name="hkcinemagic">{{cite web|title=The Brothers|url=http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=1693|website=[[Hong Kong Cinemagic]]|access-date=21 November 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031226/http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/movie.asp?id=1693|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="scroll"/> which set the template for the heroic bloodshed genre in Hong Kong cinema.<ref>{{cite book |last=Morton |first=Lisa |title=The Cinema of Tsui Hark |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv3yJ6MaoYsC&q=%22Heroic+bloodshed%22&pg=PA62 |year=2001 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=0-7864-0990-8}}</ref><ref name="Diplomat">{{cite news|last=Volodzko|first=David|title=30 Years Later, This Chinese Film Still Echoes in Hollywood|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/06/30-years-later-this-chinese-film-still-echoes-in-hollywood/|work=[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]|date=13 June 2015}}</ref>

Examples of the Mumbai underworld film genre:
* ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Don (franchise)|Don]]'' franchise (1978{{ndash}}2012)
* ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Parinda]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Baashha]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Satya (1998 film)|Satya]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala ]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008), a film inspired by Mumbai underworld films from Indian cinema
* ''[[Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai]]'' (2010) and ''[[Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara!]]'' (2013)
*''[[Businessman (film)|Businessman]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Shootout at Wadala ]]'' (2013) a film is about Life Of [[Manohar Arjun Surve]] (Manya Surve)
* ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Raees (2017 film)|Raees]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' (2018), a [[Netflix]]-produced television series based on the Mumbai underworld
* ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]] (2018) and [[K.G.F: Chapter 2]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Mumbai Saga]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Bandra (film)|Bandra]]'' (2023)
* ''[[They Call Him OG]]'' (2025)

===Mafia Raj films===
* ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur (film series)|Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (film series)
* ''[[Amaran (1992 film)|Amaran]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Mirzapur (2018) |Mirzapur]]''

===Andhra Pradesh factionalism films===
* ''[[Antahpuram]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Samarasimha Reddy]]'' (1999) ''[[Narsimha naydu]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Indra (2002 film)]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Rakta Charitra]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Maryada Ramanna]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Aravinda Sametha Veera Raghava]]'' (2018)

===Chaddi Baniyan Gang===
* ''[[Delhi Crime]]'' (2022)

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Law}}
* [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI)
* [[Crime in India]]
* [[Goonda]]
* [[Indo-Canadian organised crime]]
* [[Mafia Raj]]
* [[Mumbai Police Detection Unit]]
* [[Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Organized crime groups in Asia}}
{{Organised crime in India}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Organised crime in India| ]]

Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah

2026-02-12T23:08:27Z

JoannePettiford: small changes

{{Short description|Mughal monument in Agra, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox monument
| name = Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
| native_name = Baby Taj, Bachcha Taj
| image = [[File:I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra.jpg|240px]]
| caption = The tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah
| location = [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| designer =
| type = [[Mausoleum]]
| material =
| length =
| width =
| height =
| begin = 1622
| complete = {{start date and age|1628}}
| open =
| restore =
| dismantled =
| dedicated_to =[[I'timad-ud-Daulah]]
| relief =
| coordinates = {{coord|27|11|33|N|78|01|55|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:landmark}}
| website =
}}
[[File:Tomb of Itmaduddaulah.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Mausoleum of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb (front view)]]

'''Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah''' (''I'timād-ud-Daulah Maqbara'') is a [[Mughal era|Mughal]] mausoleum in the city of [[Agra]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. Often described as a "jewel box", sometimes called the '''Bachcha Taj''' or the '''Baby Taj''', the tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah is regarded as a model for the [[Taj Mahal]].<ref name="Rangan">{{cite news |last1=Datta |first1=Rangan |title=Agra beyond the Taj: Exploring tombs and gardens on the left bank of Yamuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/agra-beyond-the-taj-exploring-tombs-and-gardens-on-the-left-bank-of-yamuna/cid/2031729 |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=My Kolkata |publisher=The Telegraph |date=5 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Itimad ud Daulah |url=https://agratourism.in/tomb-of-i-timad-ud-daulah-baby-taj-agra |website=Agra Tourism |access-date=18 July 2024}}</ref>

Along with the main building, the structure consists of numerous outbuildings and gardens. The tomb, built between 1622 and 1628,<ref name="Lonely Planet">{{cite news |title=Itimad ud Daulah |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/agra/attractions/itimad-ud-daulah/a/poi-sig/449183/356509 |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=Lonely Planet}}</ref> represents a transition between the first phase of monumental [[Mughal architecture]] — primarily built from red sandstone with marble decorations, as in [[Humayun's Tomb]] in [[Delhi]] and [[Akbar|Akbar's]] tomb in [[Sikandra, Agra|Sikandra]] — to its second phase, based on white marble and [[pietra dura]] inlay, most elegantly realized in the Taj Mahal.

The mausoleum was commissioned by [[Nur Jahan]], the wife of [[Jahangir]], for her father, [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|Mirzā Ghiyās Beg]], a Persian [[Emir|amir]] in exile,<ref>کتاب [http://www.sufi.ir/books/download/farsi/rahian-safar-rohani.pdf سفرنامه هند] ص55–58 در سال [[۱۳۵۰]] خورشیدی. نوشته محمدرضا خانی. به فارسی.</ref> who had been given the title of ''I'timād-ud-Daulah'' (pillar of the state). Mirzā Ghiyās Beg was also the grandfather of [[Mumtaz Mahal|Mumtāz Mahāl]] (originally named Arjumand Banu Begum, daughter of Asaf Khan), the wife of the emperor [[Shah Jahan]]. Shah Jahan commissioned the Taj Mahal as a tomb for Mumtāz Mahāl.

==Tomb==
[[File:Tomb of Itimad-ud-daulah.jpg|thumb|Cenotaphs and the interior of the tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah]]

The [[mausoleum]], located in the centre of a [[quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangle]] ([[charbagh]]) on the left bank of river Yamuna next to [[Chini Ka Rauza]], covers about {{convert|23|m2|sqft}}, and is built on a [[red sandstone]] plinth of about {{convert|50|m2|sqft}} and about {{convert|1|m|ft}} high. On each corner is an octagonal [[minaret]], about {{convert|13|m|ft}} tall.<ref name=asi>{{cite web|title=Itmad-ud-daulah-tomb - Archaeological Survey of India, Agra Circle, Agra|url=https://asiagracircle.in/itmad-ud-daula-tomb.html|access-date=24 December 2024|website=ASI Agra Circle}}</ref><ref name=dkp/>

The walls are made up of white marble from [[Rajasthan]] encrusted with semi-precious stone decorations: [[cornelian|carnelian]], [[jasper]], [[lapis lazuli]], [[onyx]] and [[topaz]]{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} formed into images of [[cypress]] trees and wine bottles, or more elaborate decorations like cut fruit or vases containing bouquets. Light penetrates to the interior through delicate ''[[jali]]'' screens of intricately carved white marble.<ref name="Snigdha"/><ref name=dkp/> The interior decoration is considered by many to have inspired that of the Taj Mahal, which was built by her stepson, Mughal ruler Shah Jahan.

Many of Nūr Jahān's relatives are interred in the mausoleum.<ref name=asi/> The only asymmetrical element of the entire complex is that the [[cenotaph]]s of her father and mother have been set side-by-side, a formation replicated in the Taj Mahal.

== History ==
This is the tomb of [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg]] and his wife Asmat Begum. He hailed from Iran and served Akbar; he was the father of [[Nur Jahan]] and grandfather of [[Mumtaz Mahal]], in whose memory the [[Taj Mahal]] was built. He was made [[Vizier|vazir]] (prime minister) after Nur Jahan's marriage with [[Jahangir]] in 1611 and held the mansab of 7000/7000 and the title: "I'timad-Ud-Daulah" (pillar of the state, or the lord treasurer). He died at Agra in 1622, a few months after his wife's death. Nur Jahan built this tomb for her parents between 1622 and 1628.<ref name=asi/><ref name=ada>{{cite web|title=Itimad Ud Daulah|url=https://www.adaagra.org.in/monuments/itimad-ud-daulah|website=Agra Development Authority|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref> Her own tomb and that of Jahangir are at [[Lahore]].<ref name=unesco>{{cite web|title=Tombs of Jahangir, Asif Khan and Akbari Sarai, Lahore - UNESCO World Heritage Centre|website=[[UNESCO]]|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1279/|access-date=24 December 2024}}</ref><ref name=njt>{{cite book|title=Royal Tombs of India:13th to 18th Century|year=2009|last=A.S.|first=Bhalla|publisher=Mapin|page=117-121|isbn=978-81-89995-10-2 }}</ref>

The Tomb of I'timad-Ud-Daulah is a masterpiece of the domeless class of Mughal tombs. It is the first building finished in white marble and marks the transitional phase from red sandstone to white marble, from Akbar's tomb [[Akbar's tomb|Sikandra]] to the Taj Mahal.

== Architecture ==
[[File:Itimad-Ud-Daulah 3.jpg|thumb|Diagonal view of the mausoleum.]]
The tomb, situated on the eastern bank of the river [[Yamuna]], is planned in the centre of a charbagh (four-quartered garden), with the usual enclosing walls and side buildings. As conditioned by its situation, the main gate is on the eastern side. Ornamental gateways with prominent lawns are built in the middle of north and south sides. A multi-storeyed open pleasure pavilion overlooks the river on the western side. These buildings are of red sandstone with bold inlaid designs in white marble.<ref name="Rangan"/><ref name=asi/>

Shallow water channels, sunk in the middle of the raised stone paved pathways, with intermittent pools and cascades, divide the garden into four equal quarters. They are only slightly raised from the parterres, which could be converted into flower beds. Space for large plants and trees was reserved just adjoining the enclosing walls, leaving the mausoleum fully open to view.

The main tomb of white marble is set in the centre of the garden. It stands on a plinth with a stairway of red stone, having in the middle of each side facing the central arch a lotus pool with a fountain. The tomb is square in plan with octagonal towers at the corners, surmounted by [[chhatri]]s attached to its corners. Each facade has three [[four-centred arch|depressed arches]]: the central one providing the entrance, and the other two on the sides being closed by ''jalis''. Each side is protected by a ''[[chhajja]]'' and a ''jali'' balustrade above it. There is no dome; instead, the building is roofed by a square [[Baradari (building)|''baradari'']] and an [[ogee]]-curved roof with a ''chhajja'', having three arched openings on each side which are closed by ''jalis'' except in the middle of the north and south sides. Each minaret has [[multifoil arch|cusped arches]] and is crowned by a domed roof with ''padmakosha'' (lotus petals) and [[Kalasha (finial)|''kalasha'' finials]]. The plinth and the roof are lined with [[parapet|parapets]] of sandstone and marble, respectively, with lattice-work. The plinth also has a star-pattern inlay<ref name=dkp>{{Cite book|title=The Ultimate Visual Family Dictionary|year=2012|location=New Delhi|publisher=[[DK Pub.]]|page=488-489|isbn=978-0-1434-1954-9|chapter=Architecture}}</ref> The interior is composed of a central square hall housing the cenotaphs of Asmat Begum and her husband, Mirza Ghiyas, four oblong rooms on the sides and four square rooms on the corners, all interconnected by common doorways. The cenotaphs of Asmat Begum and her husband occupy the exact centre of the hall. Corner rooms have tombstones of Nur Jahan's other relations.<ref name=asi/>

This tomb is notable for its polychrome ornamentation. Floral and stylized [[arabesque]] ([[spandrel]] and interior), geometrical designs (parapet and ''jali''), [[opus sectile ]]mosaic (with colored stones, tiles, glass and [[Vitreous enamel|enamel]]), and slices of [[pietra dura]] inlay (of semi-precious stones) have been used to decorate the whole exterior in inlay and mosaic techniques.<ref name="Rangan"/><ref name=dkp/> Wine vase, dish and cup, cypress, honeysuckle, ''guldasta'' (flower bouquet) and such other Iranian motifs, typical of the art of Jahangir, have been used. Some compositions were inspired by the plant studies of Ustad Mansur Naqqash, the noted "fauna and flora" painter of Jahangir.<ref name="Snigdha">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Snigdha |title=Here's Why The Tomb of Itimad-ud-Daulah In Agra Is A Must-See |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/heritage/agra-tomb-itimad-ud-daulah |access-date=18 July 2024 |agency=Outlook Traveller |publisher=Outlook |date=20 January 2024}}</ref> Some stylized designs have also been done in delicate carving, both incised and relief. Stucco and painting occupy the interior, where minute animal and human figures are also shown. There is no glazed tiling; the decoration is largely by coloured stones, which is a local development.
[[File:Itimad-ud-Daula’s Tomb 730.jpg|thumb|Lattice work and patterns on one of the arches, Itimad-ud-Daula’s Tomb]]

Chapters 48 and 73 of the [[Quran]] have been carved on the 64 panels on the external sides of the ground floor. The date of writing, A.H. 1037/1627 A.D., is mentioned in the last panel. Chapter 67 of the Quran is inscribed on the 12 internal panels of the upper pavilion.

The site is protected and conserved by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI).

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Itimad-ul-Daulah.jpg|Corner view
File:Agra 03-2016 01 Itmad-Ud-Daulah riverside.jpg|General view from the river
File:Agra 03-2016 17 Itmad-Ud-Daulah east gate.jpg|Entrance gate, outside view
File:Itmad-ud-Daula 29.JPG|Entrance gate, inside view
File:Itmad-ud-Daula 24.JPG|Mausoleum seen from the gate
File:I'timād-ud-Daulah, Agra.jpg|Mausoleum from the west
File:Itmad-ud-Daula 15.JPG|Corner view
File:Itmad minar.jpg|Domed top of minaret
File:Decoration on the wall of the masoleoum of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb 4.jpg|Cornice and supports, detail
File:Itmad detail.jpg|Exterior wall, detail with niche
File:A gate of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb.jpg|Exterior wall, detail with niche
File:Decoration on the wall of the masoleoum of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb 3.jpg|[[Islamic geometric patterns|Geometrically patterned]] panel with 10-point stars
File:Grills of the masoleoum of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb 2.jpg|''[[Jali]]'' pierced stone screen
File:Itmad5.jpg|[[Pietra dura]] vases in marble wall with geometric floral border
File:Decoration on the wall of the masoleoum of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb.jpg|Interior decorated with vases, vegetal and geometric patterns
File:Decoration on the wall of the masoleoum of Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb 0.jpg|[[Pietra dura]] on mausoleum interior wall
File:Baby Taj - detail of inlay work.JPG|[[Pietra dura]] on mausoleum interior wall
File:I'timād-ud-Daulah -AGRA.jpg|Corner View (under direct sunlight )
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Tomb of Nur Jahan]]
* [[Indo-Islamic architecture]]
* [[Tomb of Jahangir]]
* [[Taj Mahal]]
* [[Humayun's Tomb]]
* [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg]]
* [[Agra]]
* [[Fatehpur Sikri]]
* [[Bibi Ka Maqbara]]
* [[Bahmani Tombs]]
* [[Tughluq tombs]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah}}
*{{YouTube|bP-juVEwouA|Itmad ud Daulah}}
*[http://www.ianandwendy.com/slideshow/OtherTrips/India/Agra/Baby%20Taj Pictures of Etimad-ud-Daulah's Tomb] Pictures of Itmad-Ud-Daulah's Tomb from a backpackers trip around India

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Agra Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mughal tombs|I'timād-ud-Daulah]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]
[[Category:Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1628]]
[[Category:Persian gardens in India]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:1628 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]

Shruti Naidu

2026-02-12T02:42:39Z

JoannePettiford: creating new entry

{{short description|Indian film actor and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shruti Naidu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Mysore
| other_names =
| occupation = Producer
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| website = {{URL|shrutinaiduchithra.com}}
}}

'''Shruti Naidu''' is an Indian film and television producer known for her works in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/546437/shes-roll.html |title=She's on a roll |date=2016-05-14 |website=Deccan Herald |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518054838/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/546437/shes-roll.html |archive-date=2016-05-18 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/shruti-naidu-turns-sandalwood-producer/articleshow/63781860.cms |title=Shruti Naidu turns Sandalwood producer - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gossip/we-can-produce-any-number-of-movies-with-a-script-like-premier-padmini-says-shruti-naidu/articleshow/69026827.cms |title='ಪ್ರೀಮಿಯರ್ ಪದ್ಮಿನಿ' ಥರ ಕಥೆಯಿದ್ದರೆ ನಾವು ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಮಾಡುತ್ತೇವೆ: ಶ್ರುತಿ ನಾಯ್ಡು! |date=2019-04-24 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |location=Bengaluru, Karnataka, India |language=kn |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/4858-shruthi-naidu.html |title='Premier Padmini' Launched |website=www.chitraloka.com |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426081531/https://www.chitraloka.com/component/tags/tag/4858-shruthi-naidu.html |archive-date=2019-04-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/cine-world/bollywood-actress-kangana-ranaut-shares-life-experience-prdiet |title=ಕಂಗನಾ ಏಕೆ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಹೀರೋಗಳ ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ನಟಿಸೋದಿಲ್ಲ? |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |publisher=[[Asianet News]] Kannada |location=Karnataka, India |language=kn |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/apr/16/jaggesh-and-madhoo-pair-up-for-shruti-naidus-premier-padmini-1802158.html |title=Jaggesh and Madhoo pair up for Shruti Naidu's Premier Padmini |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620221516/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2018/apr/16/jaggesh-and-madhoo-pair-up-for-shruti-naidus-premier-padmini-1802158.html |archive-date=2018-06-20 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is the only child to her parents.<ref name=":1"/> Her father is Janardhana Naidu, a bank manager. Her mother is Susheela Belawadi, also a bank manager, and a relative to [[Prakash Belawadi]].<ref name=":1"/>

==Career==
In her early career, she assisted TV commercials producer M.G. Sathya. She was part of serial ''Preethi Illadha Mele′' on ETV. She has directed Kannada television soaps/serials like ''[[Brahmagantu]]'′, ′'Shrirasthu Shubhamasthu′', ′'[[Punar Vivaha]]'′, ''[[Yaare Nee Mohini]]'' and '′Mahadevi′'.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vijaykarnataka.indiatimes.com/tv/news/actor-nagaraj-bhandari-mantravadi-role-in-kannada-serial-yare-ni-mohini-draws-attention/articleshow/69303299.cms |title=ಮಂತ್ರವಾದಿಯ 'ಮಾಯಾಜಾಲ'ದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಿಬಿದ್ದಳೇ ಪುಟ್ಟ ಹುಡುಗಿ? |date=2019-05-13 |website=Vijaya Karnataka |publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |location=Karnataka, India |language=kn |access-date=2019-05-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/shruti-naidu-rings-in-her-birthday-at-sheraton-grand-bengaluru/articleshow/67025369.cms |title=Shruti Naidu rings in her birthday at Sheraton Grand, Bengaluru - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=2019-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104140406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bangalore/shruti-naidu-rings-in-her-birthday-at-sheraton-grand-bengaluru/articleshow/67025369.cms |archive-date=2019-01-04 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Premier Padmini (film)|Premier Padmini]] (2019) (as producer)''

==Television==
List of television daily soaps produced by Shruti Naidu, under ''Shruti Naidu Chitra Production'' are:

{|class="wikitable"
! Year
! Serial
! Cast
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2008
| Nammamma Sharadhe
| [[Hema Bellur]]
| [[Zee Kannada]]
|
|-
| 2009
| Chi Sow Savitri
| Gautami, Jai Jagdish, Mysore Jadhaw, Veena Rao, Sundar
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 2 Seasons
|-
| 2009
| Devi
| Vaishnavi, Nagendra Shah, Aruna Balraj, Pavithra Lokesh
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Weekend serial later shifted to weekdays on demand
|-
| 2010
| Rajakumari
| [[Nithya Ram]], Dattann
| [[Zee Kannada]]
|
|-
| 2013 to 2016
| [[Punar Vivaha]]
| Jagan, Anusha Naik
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Remake of ''[[Punar Vivaah – Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''
|-
| 2013
| Athi Madhura Anuraaga
| Spurthi, Vishwas
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Short Serial
|-
| 2014
| Shreerastu Shubhamasthu
| Shwetha Prasad, Shri Mahadev
| [[Zee Kannada]]
|
|-
| 2015 to 2019
| Mahadevi
| Archana Jois, Sundar, Datta, Padmini, Baby Shritha, Baby Revathi, Gagana, Vivek, Vinay, Spurthi
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 3 Chapters
|-
| 2016
| Mahanadi
| Nagkiran, Rachana, Tejaswini
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Story is on Triangle Love story, Horror, Politics
|-
| 2017
| Sanju Mattu Naanu
| Sanjana, Pratham, Bhuvan
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 24 episodes Weekend Short serial
|-
| 2017 to 2021
| [[Brahmagantu]]
| Geetha Bhat, [[Bharat Bopana]]
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Remake of ''[[Badho Bahu]]''
|-
| 2017 to 2020
| [[Yaare Nee Mohini]]
| Suraj Holalu, Sushma Shekar, Bharathi Hegde, Aishwarya Baspure
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Remake of ''[[Yaaradi Nee Mohini (TV series)|Yaaradi Nee Mohini]]''
|-
| 2020
| Amnoru
| Anantha Velu, Keerthi raj
| [[Udaya TV]]
| Socio-Mytho serial
|-
| 2020 to 2022
| [[Sangarsha (TV series)|Sangharsha]]
| Tejaswini Shekhar, Vanitha Vasu, Rohit
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| Remake of ''Ayutha Ezathu''
|-
| 2020 to 2023
| Manasella Neene
| Priyanka Chincholi, Sujit Gowda, Alaap
| [[Star Suvarna]]
| Remake of ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''
|-
| 2023 to 2024
| Preetiya Arasi
| Raksha Nimbargi, Privthi Prince
| [[Udaya TV]]
| Remake of ''[[Mr. Manaivi]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.shrutinaiduchithra.com/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naidu, Shruti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Andy Kumar

2026-02-06T05:31:09Z

JoannePettiford: started new biography

{{Short description|British TV personality}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Andy Kumar
| image = File:VJ Andy at the launch of Mandira Bedi’s ‘M The Store’.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Andy Kumar at the launch of [[Mandira Bedi]]’s ‘M The Store’
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1980|05|31}}
| birth_place = [[Slough, Berkshire]], [[England]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Television presenter|Host]], [[VJ (media personality)|VJ]]
| yearsactive =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| website =
}}
'''Andy Kumar''', previously known as '''VJ Andy''', is a British [[television]] personality based in India. He worked as [[VJ (media personality)|Video Jockey]] for [[Channel V]] and has hosted several [[television program]]s<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/im-a-host-first-an-entertainer-later-vj-andy/ "Vj Andy, Host", 10 June 2014]</ref> including ''Dare 2 Date''<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/bigg-boss-vj-andy-returns-with-dare-2-date-3-209148-2014-10-08 "VJ Andy, ''Dare 2 Date''", 8 October 2014]</ref> a dating reality show. He was a contestant in the [[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|seventh]] season of [[Bigg Boss]],<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-has-made-me-a-household-name-vj-andy/ "''Bigg Boss'', VJ Andy" 17 October 2014]</ref> finishing fifth.

== Early life ==
Kumar was born Anand Vijay Kumar<ref name="Nagpur Today 25 Dec 23">{{cite news |title=VJ Andy gets evicted from Big Boss, Nagpur dint like it! |url=https://www.nagpurtoday.in/vj-andy-gets-evicted-from-big-boss-nagpur-dint-like-it/12251803 |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=Nagpur Today |date=25 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118191830/https://www.nagpurtoday.in/vj-andy-gets-evicted-from-big-boss-nagpur-dint-like-it/12251803 |archive-date=18 January 2022 |language=en-IN |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Filmibeat">{{cite news |last1=Narayan |first1=Girija |title=It's Official: Bigg Boss 7's Andy Hosting India's Got Talent Replacing Mantra! |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/official-bigg-boss-7-vj-andy-hosting-indias-got-talent-replace-mantra-131767.html |access-date=2 June 2024 |work=Filmibeat |publisher=Greynium |date=10 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602121454/https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2014/official-bigg-boss-7-vj-andy-hosting-indias-got-talent-replace-mantra-131767.html |archive-date=2 June 2024 |language=en-IN |url-status=live}}</ref> to an [[British India|Indian]] [[British Punjabi|Punjabi]] Hindu family in [[Slough, Berkshire]], United Kingdom. He lives and works in [[Mumbai, India]].<ref name="BBC 24 Sep 14">{{cite web |title=There's Something About Simmy |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2007/09/26/simmy_feature.shtml |website=BBC Berkshire |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |access-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602122036/https://www.bbc.co.uk/berkshire/content/articles/2007/09/26/simmy_feature.shtml |archive-date=2 June 2024 |language=en-GB |date=24 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
Kumar hosted ''[[Beauty and the Geek]]'' and ''What's With Indian Women'' on [[Fox Traveller]] India with comedian Sanjay Rajoura.<ref>{{cite web | title =Fox Traveller kicks off 'What's With Indian Women?' next month | work =Indiantelevision.com | publisher =Indian Television Dot Com Pvt Ltd. | date = 2012-11-27 | url =http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k12/nov/nov248.php | access-date = 2013-11-08}}</ref> In September 2013, he was a contestant on the Indian reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''. In 2014 he was seen as a contestant on ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''. In October 2015, Andy was seen in the reality show ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''.

==Personal life==
Kumar has been reported in his country to be a member of the LGBT community.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/7-lgbt-contestants-who-were-part-of-bigg-boss-lifetv-989728-2017-08-28/6|title=7 LGBT contestants who were part of Bigg Boss|website=India Today|date=28 August 2017 }}</ref>

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Notes
! Ref(s)
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Get Gorgeous|Get Gorgeous 6]]''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2012
| ''Dare 2 Date''
| Host
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan Nawazi Ki]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
| Winner
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 7)|Bigg Boss 7]]''
| Evicted Day 101
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2014
| ''[[Bani – Ishq Da Kalma]]''
| Guest
|
|
|-
| ''[[India's Got Talent]]''
| Host
| Along with [[Bharti Singh]]
|
|-
| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 7)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 7]]''
| Contestant
| Eliminated 16th Place
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 8)|Bigg Boss 8]]''
| Guest
| Along with [[Kamya Panjabi]]
|
|-
| 2014–2015
| ''Box Cricket League 1''
| Host
| Along with [[Kavita Kaushik]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015
| ''[[Killerr Karaoke Atka Toh Latkah]]''
| Contestant
| Along with [[Sana Khan]], [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]], [[Mahek Chahal]] & [[Diandra Soares]]
|
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 9)|Bigg Boss 9]]''
| Guest
| Along with [[Sargun Mehta]]
|
|-
| ''[[I Can Do That (Indian TV series)|I Can Do That]]''
| Contestant
| Along with [[Gauahar Khan]]
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 10)|Bigg Boss 10]]''
| Guest
| Along with [[Tanishaa Mukerji|Tanisha Mukherji]]
|
|}

==Web==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Name
! Role
! Platform
! Notes
! Ref
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Masaba Masaba]]''
| Guest
| [[Netflix]]
| Season 01 Episode 04
|
|-
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ek Paheli Leela]]'' || Himself
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kya Kool Hain Hum 3]]'' || Himself
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Radhe (2021 film)|Radhe]]'' || Jazz
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss 7}}
{{Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Andy}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Actors from Slough]]
[[Category:British video jockeys]]
[[Category:British television presenters]]
[[Category:British people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:British LGBTQ broadcasters]]
[[Category:British expatriate actors in India]]
[[Category:Expatriate male actors in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ video jockeys]]
[[Category:British gay actors]]
[[Category:21st-century British LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:21st-century British male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Television personalities from Berkshire]]

Alvira Khan Agnihotri

2026-02-05T06:38:55Z

JoannePettiford: started info.

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Alvira Khan Agnihotri
| image = Alvira Khan at her Ahakzai fashion preview (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Agnihotri in 2016
| birth_name = Alvira Khan
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = 
| occupation = {{hlist|Film producer|fashion designer}}
| years_active = 1992–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Atul Agnihotri]]|1995}}
| children = 2, including [[Alizeh Agnihotri]]
| parents = [[Salim Khan]] (father)<br/> [[Salma Khan]] (mother) <br/>[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] (step-mother)
| relatives = [[Salman Khan]] (brother)<br/>[[Arbaaz Khan]] (brother)<br/>[[Sohail Khan]] (brother)
| family = [[List of Hindi film clans#Khan family (of Salim Khan)|Khan family]]
| website =
}}

'''Alvira Khan Agnihotri''' ({{nee|'''Khan'''}}) is an Indian [[film producer]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/salman-khans-next-to-be-directed-by-bodyguard-producer-hindi-news-135919.html| title= 'Bodyguard'. It will have original script and will be produced by Alvira Khan Agnihotri | work=indiaglitz.com| date= 22 June 2015 }}</ref> and [[fashion designer]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Photos: B-town celebs at Alvira Khan's store launch |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/photos-b-town-celebs-at-alvira-khans-store-launch-1198135.html |work=Firstpost |date=28 October 2013 |access-date=14 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Salman gives sister Alvira's store launch a miss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/b-town-attends-alvira-khans-store-launch-bhai-salman-gives-a-miss-370859-2013-10-28/2 |magazine=India Today |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> In 2016, she received a [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] for Best Costume Design for her work in ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''.

A part of the [[List of Hindi film clans#Khan family (of Salim Khan)|Khan family]], she is the daughter of dialogue writer and producer [[Salim Khan]], sister of actors [[Salman Khan]], [[Arbaaz Khan]] and [[Sohail Khan]], wife of actor-producer [[Atul Agnihotri]] and mother of actress [[Alizeh Agnihotri]].

==Career==
Khan Agnihotri's father, [[Salim Khan]], is a Hindi film screenplay writer. Her elder brother is the actor [[Salman Khan]]<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Vidya |date=21 April 2015 |title=Why a judge told Alvira: Salman lucky to have a sister like you |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/salman-khan-sister-alvira-hit-and-run-case-249572-2015-04-20 |magazine=India Today |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan plays the perfect brother |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/entertainment/news/salman-khan-plays-the-perfect-brother-287763 |work=NDTV |date=21 August 2013 |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Prashant |date=21 August 2015 |title=Salman Khan teams up with Alvira Khan, Atul Agnihotri for next |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/salman-khan-teams-up-with-alvira-khan-atul-agnihotri-for-next/story-Wyfan2qjpwzqDFFw7kRbAO.html |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> for whom she has designed outfits for his movie appearances.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kulkarni |first=Onkar |date=15 July 2015 |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-bajrangi-bhaijaan-sister-alvira-personally-designs-costumes-for-salman-khan-5052756-PHO.html| title=Bajrangi Bhaijaan: Sister Alvira personally designs costumes for Salman Khan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325063215/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-BOW-bajrangi-bhaijaan-sister-alvira-personally-designs-costumes-for-salman-khan-5052756-PHO.html |archive-date=25 March 2016 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

She co-produced the 2011 Hindi film ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Tsering |first1=Lisa |date=31 August 2011 |title=Bodyguard: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/bodyguard-film-review-229947/ |magazine=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> Following a successful collaboration on ''Bodyguard'', Khan Agnihotri made plans with her brother and husband for a film called ''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''.<ref name="hindustantimes.com"/> She shared a [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] in 2016 for Best Costume Design with Ashley Rebello for their work on ''Sultan''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite magazine |last=Kumar |first=Vineeta |date=20 December 2016 |title=Stardust Awards 2016 winners' list: Ranbir Kapoor-Aishwarya Rai's Ae Dil Hai Mushkil win big |url=https://www.inuth.com/entertainment/bollywood/stardust-awards-2016-winners-list-ranbir-kapoor-aishwarya-rais-ae-dil-hai-mushkil-win-big/ |magazine=Star Dust |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Alvira Khan Agnihotri, Alizeh Agnihotri, Atul Agnihotri at the Angry Young Men trailer launch.jpg|thumb|Khan Agnihotri ''(left)'', her husband [[Atul Agnihotri]] ''(right)'' and their daughter [[Alizeh Agnihotri]] ''(mid)'']]

Khan Agnihotri is married to actor-producer [[Atul Agnihotri]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Iyer |first1=Sanyukta |date=26 March 2018 |title=Salman Khan comes to rescue his Veergati actress Pooja Dadwal |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-comes-to-rescue-his-veergati-actress/articleshow/63455863.cms |work=Mumbai Mirror |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> They have two children, daughter [[Alizeh Agnihotri|Alizeh]] and son Ayaan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Salman Khan's niece Alizeh Agnihotri glams up for photoshoot, Katrina Kaif calls her 'beauty' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/salman-khan-s-niece-alizeh-agnihotri-glams-up-for-photoshoot-katrina-kaif-calls-her-beauty-101641705044784.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=9 January 2022 |access-date=23 May 2022}}</ref> Alizeh acted in the movie ''[[Farrey]]'' (2023) produced by her family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kotiya |first=Shruti |date=31 October 2023 |title=Salman Khan Teases Trailer Date Of Alizeh Agnihotri's Debut Movie Farrey |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/salman-khan-teases-trailer-date-111613554.html |website=Yahoo Entertainment |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Credited as
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| ''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Film producer|Producer]]
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]''
|-
! scope="row"|2012
|''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''
|[[Costume designer|''Costume Designer'']]
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[O Teri]]''
|Producer
|-
! scope="row"|2016
|''[[Sultan (2016 film)|Sultan]]''
| rowspan="2" |''Costume Designer''
|-
! scope="row"|2017
|''[[Tiger Zinda Hai]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Bharat (film)|Bharat]]''
|Producer
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2023
|''[[Tiger 3]]''
|''Costume Designer''
|-
|''[[Farrey]]''
|Producer
|}

== Awards ==
*2016: Stardust Award for Best Costume Design for the film ''Sultan'', shared with Ashley Rebello<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|nm2655625}}
* [https://twitter.com/AlviraKhanAgnih Alvira Khan Agnihotri] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/alvira-agnihotri/ Alvira Khan Agnihotri] at [[Bollywood Hungama]]
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/alvira_khan Alvira Khan Agnihotri] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Agnihotri, Alvira}}
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Indian women fashion designers]]
[[Category:Indian fashion designers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Family of Salim Khan|Alvira]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

2013 Hyderabad blasts

2026-02-04T20:42:59Z

JoannePettiford: edit

{{Short description|Terrorist attacks at a market in India}}
{{pp-move|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2013 Hyderabad bombings
| image = 2013 Hyderabad blasts 1.JPG
| caption = Place
| map = {{Location map |India Telangana|label = Dilsukhnagar, Hyderabad |position = right |lat = 17.360106 |long = 78.473427 |caption = Location of Dilsukhnagar in Telangana. Inset shows Telangana in India. |float = none |width = 225|border=none}}
| coordinates = {{coord|17.360106|78.473427|region:IN_type:landmark_scale:2000_source:wikimapia}}
| location = [[Dilsukhnagar]],<br>[[Hyderabad, India]]
| target =
| date = 21 February 2013
| time = 18:58 and 19:01
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC]]+5.30)
| type = Serial blast
| fatalities = 18<ref name="toi1"/>
| injuries = 131<ref name="toi1"/>
| perps = [[Indian Mujahideen]]
| weapons = [[Improvised explosive device]]s<ref name="DNA IED">{{cite news|title=IED used in twin blasts in Hyderabad: DGP|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ied-used-in-twin-blasts-in-hyderabad-dgp_1802842|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref>
| accused =
| convicted = {{Unbulleted list|[[Yasin Bhatkal]]|Zia-ur-Rahman alias Waqas|Asadullah Akhtar alias Haddi|Tahaseen Akhtar alias Monu|Ajaz Shaikh}}
| verdict = Death penalty<ref name="toi1"/>
| convictions = Waging war against nation, criminal conspiracy and murder<ref name="toi1"/>
| charges = [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]], Explosive Substances Act and Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act<ref name="toi1">{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/hyderabad-blasts-case-yasin-bhatkal-4-other-im-operatives-sentenced-to-death/articleshow/56065480.cms|title=Hyderabad blasts case: Yasin Bhatkal, 4 other IM operatives sentenced to death|access-date=2016-12-19|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
}}

On 21 February 2013, at around 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], two blasts occurred in the city of [[Hyderabad, India]]. The bombs exploded in [[Dilsukhnagar]], a crowded shopping area,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts: Dilsukhnagar has been on Indian Mujahideen radar since 1999|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/india/37241026_1_gokul-chat-bhandar-twin-blasts-serial-blasts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224021321/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/india/37241026_1_gokul-chat-bhandar-twin-blasts-serial-blasts|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2013|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=TNN}}</ref> within {{convert|100|m}} of each other.<ref>{{cite news|title=12 dead, 50 injured in blasts in Hyderabad|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_11-dead-50-injured-in-blasts-in-hyderabad_1802679|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=IANS}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=12 dead, 84 injured in blasts in Hyderabad|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_12-dead-84-injured-in-blasts-in-hyderabad_1802679|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref> The first explosion occurred outside a roadside eatery named A1 [[Mirchi Bada|Mirchi]], next to the Anand Tiffin Centre and opposite the Konark movie hall, followed by the second one two minutes later near the Route 107 bus stand close to the Venkatadri theatre.<ref>{{cite news|title=Two blasts in Dilsukh Nagar area in Hyderabad|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/andhra-pradesh/blast-in-dilsukh-nagar-in-hyderabad_830663.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=21 February 2013|date=21 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=13 die in Hyderabad blasts aimed at teeming clusters|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130222/jsp/frontpage/story_16592045.jsp#.USkExvLJK2o|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226161142/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130222/jsp/frontpage/story_16592045.jsp#.USkExvLJK2o|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2013|publisher=The Telegraph, India|access-date=23 February 2013|date=22 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts: toll goes up to 17|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hyderabad-blasts-toll-goes-up-to-16-113022200155_1.html|work=Business Standard|first=B Dasarath|last=Reddy|access-date=22 February 2013|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> In December 2016, [[Yasin Bhatkal]] - the co-founder of [[Indian Mujahideen]], Pakistani national Zia-ur-Rahman, Asadullah Akhtar (who had been arrested with Bhatkal in 2013), Tahaseen Akhtar, and Ajaz Shaikh were sentenced to death by a [[National Investigation Agency]] [[special court]] (in [[Cherlapally Central Jail]]) for carrying out the attacks under the [[Arms Act, 1959|Arms Act]], Explosive Substances Act and Prevention of Damage to Public Property Act.<ref name="toi1"/> In 2025, the [[Telangana High Court]] also upheld their death sentence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-09 |title='Life imprisonment would be completely futile': Hang 5 Indian Mujahideen men for 2013 Hyderabad blasts that killed 18, says Telangana HC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hc-confirms-death-to-5-im-operatives-for-2013-dilsukhnagar-twin-blasts/articleshow/120105191.cms |access-date=2025-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Bombings==
[[File:2013 Hyderabad blasts 12.jpg|thumbnail|Destroyed bus shelter due to the first blast]]
The first bomb went off at Anand Tiffins, located opposite Konark Theatre at around 19:02 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]]). The second bomb went off at 19:06 IST between Venkatadri Theatre and [[Dilsukhnagar]] Bus Stand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad blasts: Why the challenge is to stand united and defeat terror|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/hyderabad-blasts-why-the-challenge-is-to-stand-united-and-defeat-terror-635021.html|work=[[First Post (India)|First Post]]|access-date=22 February 2013|author=T S Sudhir|location=Hyderabad, India|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> According to the [[Hyderabad Police]], the bombs were placed on bicycles.<ref>{{cite news|title=At least 10 killed, scores injured in Hyderabad blasts|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/at-least-10-killed-scores-injured-in-hyderabad-blasts/article4439367.ece|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2013|location=Hyderabad, India}}</ref> Andhra Pradesh's [[Director General of Police]] noted that [[Improvised Explosive Device]]s (IEDs) had been used in the two blasts to cause maximum damage.<ref name="DNA IED"/> The blasts killed 18 people, which included at least three college students<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad bomb blasts: among 16 dead, at least three students|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/hyderabad-bomb-blasts-among-16-dead-at-least-three-students-334174|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=22 February 2013|author=Radhika Iyer (With Agency inputs)|author2=Samira Shaikh|location=Hyderabad, India|date=22 February 2013}}</ref> and at least 119 injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts: 16 killed, 119 injured |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/hyderabad-blast-14-people-dead-119-injured/2180-1.html |access-date=22 February 2013 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 February 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224050049/http://www.indianexpress.com/picture-gallery/hyderabad-blast-14-people-dead-119-injured/2180-1.html |archive-date=24 February 2013 }}</ref>

== Investigation ==
{{update|date=February 2014}}
A team of forensic experts from the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) and the [[National Security Guard]] (NSG) arrived in Hyderabad on a plane provided by the [[Border Security Force]] (BSF)<ref name="IBNLive">{{cite news|title=Two blasts rock Hyderabad, 12 dead, 57 injured; NIA, NSG teams rushed|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/live-at-least-15-killed-in-three-blasts-in-hyderabads-dilsukh-nagar/374347-62.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224012942/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/live-at-least-15-killed-in-three-blasts-in-hyderabads-dilsukh-nagar/374347-62.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2013|publisher=IBN Live|last=Singh|first=Preeti|access-date=21 February 2013}}</ref> for further investigation.<ref>{{cite news|title=NIA, NSG teams flying to Hyderabad blast site: RK Singh|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_nia-nsg-teams-flying-to-hyderabad-blast-site-rk-singh_1802719|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=IANS}}</ref> [[Home Minister]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]] claimed that the Indian government had intelligence about possible blasts, but the information wasn't specific enough to pinpoint the location of the blast site.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt warned about blasts but had no specific info: Shinde|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Govt-warned-about-blasts-but-had-no-specific-info-Shinde/Article1-1015308.aspx/Article1-1015253.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=21 February 2013|date=21 February 2013}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Shinde also said that authorities had received intelligence about possible attacks in the country but no specific information as to where or when they might occur.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's Hyderabad hit by two explosions|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-21537197|access-date=22 February 2013|date=21 February 2013|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>

[[CNN-IBN]] reported that an [[Indian Mujahideen]] operative named Maqbool confessed to carrying out [[reconnaissance]] of Dilsukhnagar in 2012 during interrogation by [[Delhi Police]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Mujahideen suspect had in 2012 confessed doing recce of Dilsukh Nagar in Hyderabad|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-mujahideen-suspect-had-in-2012-confessed-doing-recce-of-dilsukh-nagar-in-hyderabad/374366-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224012910/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-mujahideen-suspect-had-in-2012-confessed-doing-recce-of-dilsukh-nagar-in-hyderabad/374366-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 February 2013|access-date=21 February 2013|date=21 February 2013|publisher=IBN Live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad police ignored Delhi report|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-blasts-Hyderabad-police-ignored-Delhi-report/articleshow/18620485.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225212631/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/hyderabad/37241632_1_hyderabad-blasts-terror-strikes-anurag-sharma|url-status=live|archive-date=25 February 2013|access-date=21 February 2013|date=21 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Initial reports also suggested the involvement of Indian Mujahideen in the blasts.<ref>{{cite news|last=S Lakshman|first=Ganesh|title=Hyderabad bomb blasts: Initial probe suggests hand of Indian Mujahidee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hyderabad-bomb-blasts-Initial-probe-suggests-hand-of-Indian-Mujahideen/articleshow/18625615.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223161628/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/india/37241049_1_twin-blasts-gokul-chat-blasts-site|url-status=live|archive-date=23 February 2013|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=Times News Network}}</ref> On 22 February, two [[First Information Report]]s (FIR) were lodged probing the attack. One FIR was lodged at Cyberabads Saroor police station, while the second was lodged in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite news|title=FIR filed in Hyderabad blasts case|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/INDIA/FIR-filed-in-Hyderabad-blasts-case/videoshow/4421691.cms|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=PTI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006071005/http://www.timesnow.tv/INDIA/FIR-filed-in-Hyderabad-blasts-case/videoshow/4421691.cms|archive-date=6 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As the Hyderabad Police continued investigating in the serial blasts case, they detained six people for questioning. The NIA conducted raids at various places in [[Uttar Pradesh]], Bihar and [[Maharashtra]], looking for alleged terror modules. Forensic investigation revealed that the two bombs used were packed with huge amounts of iron nails and bolts and [[ammonium nitrate]], which were held together with a copper string.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad blasts: six detained for questioning|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/hyderabad-blasts-six-detained-for-questioning-334547|publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> [[Closed-circuit television]] footage collected from the traffic signal near the blast site revealed movements of five men who allegedly had planted explosives at the blast sites. However, the faces of the suspects were not clearly seen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Revealed: How culprits executed Hyderabad bomb blasts |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2013/02/23/revealed-how-culprits-executed-hyderabad-bomb-blasts-1157040.html|publisher=OneIndia News|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref><ref name="dnaindia1">{{cite news|title=14 killed, 119 injured in Hyderabad blasts, probe team appointed says Sushilkumar Shinde|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_sushilkumar-shinde-visits-blast-site-toll-climbs-to-14_1802972|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=IANS}}</ref>

Police sources later said that a [[Sai Baba of Shirdi|Sai Baba]] temple in the area was the initial target of the criminal activity. However, a visit by Hyderabad police commissioner Anurag Sharma eluded them and forced them to change their target.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad blasts: Sai Baba temple was the initial target, say police sources|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hyderabad-blasts-sai-baba-temple-was-the-initial-target-say-police-sources/374649-62.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033640/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/hyderabad-blasts-sai-baba-temple-was-the-initial-target-say-police-sources/374649-62.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 April 2013|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> The Andhra Pradesh government claimed that it had obtained vital clues regarding the crime and would crack the case soon. Chief Minister [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]] sent out 15 special teams of Andhra Pradesh police, consisting of 10–15 personnel each. People lodged in the [[Chanchalguda Central Jail]] were also questioned regarding the blasts.<ref>{{cite web|title=15 special teams constituted to crack Hyderabad blasts case, Andhra govt hopeful|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-23/india/37256599_1_hyderabad-blasts-vital-clues-serial-blasts|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226061035/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-23/india/37256599_1_hyderabad-blasts-vital-clues-serial-blasts|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref>

== Response ==
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
Major cities in India like [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite news|title=High alert across Andhra Pradesh|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_high-alert-across-andhra-pradesh_1802715|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=IANS}}</ref> along with states like [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite news|title=News of blasts in Hyderabad is saddening: Narendra Modi|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_news-of-blasts-in-hyderabad-is-saddening-narendra-modi_1802748|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="IBNLive"/> and [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite news|title=West Bengal on alert in the wake of Hyderabad blasts|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_west-bengal-on-alert-in-the-wake-of-hyderabad-blasts_1802712|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref> were put on high alert after the blasts.<ref>{{cite news|title=Security stepped up in Delhi, Mumbai following Hyderabad blasts|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/security-stepped-up-in-delhi-mumbai-following-hyderabad-blasts/article4439460.ece|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh Police|police of Andhra Pradesh]] were confronted with massive traffic jams when they tried to implement relief and rescue operations.<ref>{{cite news|title=Twin blasts rattle Hyderabad|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/twin-blasts-rattle-hyderabad/article4439367.ece?homepage=true|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=21 February 2013|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> Home secretary R. K. Singh stated that officials from the [[National Investigation Agency]] were shifted from Delhi to Hyderabad.<ref name="TG">{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts kill shoppers|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/21/hyderabad-blasts-kill-five|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=The guardian|date=21 February 2013}}</ref>

==Reactions==

=== Domestic ===
[[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] offered condolences to the bereaved families and condemned the blasts as "acts of cowardice".<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts are an act of cowardice: Pranab Mukherjee|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_hyderabad-blasts-are-an-act-of-cowardice-pranab-mukherjee_1802777|access-date=21 February 2013|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=21 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref> Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] consoled the next of kin of those killed and seriously injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts: PM appeals for calm, announces Rs 2 lakh for dead|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/hyderabad-blasts-pm-appeals-for-calm-announces-rs-2-lakh-for-dead_830672.html|publisher=Zee News|access-date=21 February 2013|location=New Delhi, India|date=21 February 2013}}</ref> The Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, [[Kiran Kumar Reddy]], announced a compensation of {{INRConvert|600000|nolink=yes}} to the next of kin of those killed in the blasts and promised to bear the medical expenses of the injured.<ref name="IBNLive"/> Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde visited the blast site on the morning of 22 February and said that an investigation had been launched by a probe team appointed by the Andhra Pradesh government.<ref name="dnaindia1"/>

On the next day, speaking in the Lok Sabha, [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the opposition]] and senior [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader [[Sushma Swaraj]] said political parties must fight non-state terror unitedly while calling out the central and Andhra Pradesh governments for their failure to prevent the twin explosions. "The nation needs to be united, the political parties need to get united. The moment that happens, we will be capable of fighting terror,"<ref>he stated.{{cite news|title=Hyderabad blasts: Sushma Swaraj says govt failed to act|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/hyderabad-blasts-sushma-swaraj-says-govt-failed-to-act_830760.html|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=Zeenews Bureau}}</ref> She controversially linked the twin blasts with a provocative speech made earlier by [[Akbaruddin Owaisi]] stating "Do these blasts have a connection with the provocative speeches made by an honourable member of this house?" which [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] (his brother) described as "unfortunate" and "irresponsible".<ref>{{cite web|title=Asaduddin Owaisi criticises Sushma Swaraj for linking him to Hyderabad blasts|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-asaduddin-owaisi-criticises-sushma-swaraj-for-linking-him-to-hyderabad-blasts-4189378-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226154447/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-asaduddin-owaisi-criticises-sushma-swaraj-for-linking-him-to-hyderabad-blasts-4189378-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2013|publisher=Dailybhaskar.com|access-date=23 February 2013}}</ref> The spokesperson for Bharatiya Janta Party [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] said, "Several innocent lives have been lost in the Hyderabad blasts. The government should stop playing politics on the issue of terrorism. We want the government to take appropriate action. There should be better coordination between the Centre and the state governments. [..]This government should rise above vote-bank politics."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/govt-should-stop-playing-politics-with-terrorism-bjp-113022300200_1.html |title=Govt should stop playing politics with terrorism: BJP |work=Business Standard |access-date=2013-02-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-should-stop-playing-politics-with-terrorism-bjp/article4446213.ece?ref=sliderNews |title=News / National : Govt. should stop playing politics with terrorism: BJP |work=The Hindu |date=19 February 2013 |access-date=2013-02-23}}</ref>

=== International ===
* {{Flag|United Nations}} – United Nations [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary-General]] [[Ban Ki-moon]] issued a statement that condemned the attack and offered his condolences to the families of the victims. "The Secretary-General strongly condemns the indiscriminate attacks against civilians which occurred in the Indian city of Hyderabad."<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad bomb blast: UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon condemns attack|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/hyderabad-bomb-blast-un-secretary-general-ban-ki-moon-condemns-attack/articleshow/18623644.cms|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref>
* {{AUS}} – In a statement released through the Australian High Commission in New Delhi, Canberra said: "The government and people of Australia express their condolences and sympathy for victims of the bomb attacks in Hyderabad, India, on February 21. Australia condemns all acts of terrorism. These bombs appear to have been directed at innocent people, going about their daily business. Foreign Minister [[Bob Carr]] said he will be writing to India's Foreign Minister, Salman Khurshid, to express his support for India's efforts to prevent terrorist attacks," the statement added. "Our thoughts are with the families and friends of those killed or wounded," Senator Carr said.<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/australia-condemns-hyderabad-terror-bombings-062011309.html Australia condemns Hyderabad terror bombings - Yahoo! News India]. In.news.yahoo.com (2013-02-22). Retrieved on 2013-08-29.</ref>
* {{USA}} – The United States of America condemned the "cowardly attack" saying that it stood with India in battling the "scourge of terrorism" and offered its assistance in probing the incident. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] personally expressed condolences at the loss of lives and condemned the attack on behalf of his country. In Kerry's first ''Twitter'' posting as secretary of state he wrote: "Saw friend/Foreign Secretary [[Ranjan Mathai|Mathai]]- discussed importance of relationship w/ #India, expressed sympathies to brave people of #Hyderabad -JK." State Department spokesperson [[Victoria Nuland]] stated ″We condemn the cowardly attack in Hyderabad, India, in the strongest possible terms, and we extend our deepest sympathies to those affected and to the people of India.″<ref>{{cite news|title=US condemns Hyderabad blasts, offers assistance in probe|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/us-condemns-hyderabad-blasts-offers-assistance-in-probe-113022200190_1.html|first=Lalit|last=Jha|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[Business Standard]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref>
* {{FRA}} – [[France]] condemned "in the strongest terms" the twin bombing in Hyderabad and said India can count on Paris' "steadfast support and cooperation" in the fight against terrorism. Conveying his heartfelt condolences to the victims' families on behalf of France, [[François Hollande]], [[President of France]] expressed "his complete solidarity with the Indian people and the government in the fight against terrorism, for which they can count on France's steadfast support and cooperation".<ref>[http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/france-condemns-hyderabad-attack-offers-support_830971.html France condemns Hyderabad attack, offers support]. Zeenews.india.com. Retrieved on 2013-08-29.</ref>
* {{PAK}} – Foreign Ministry spokesman Moazzam Khan said: "Pakistan strongly condemns the bomb blasts in Hyderabad causing several deaths and injuries."<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan condemns India bomb attacks, says all terrorism 'unjustifiable'|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/pakistan/37241152_1_bomb-blasts-pakistan-moazzam-khan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227034154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-22/pakistan/37241152_1_bomb-blasts-pakistan-moazzam-khan|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 February 2013|access-date=22 February 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2013|agency=PTI}}</ref>
*{{TUR}} – The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] issued a statement that read: "We condemn this [[terrorist attack]] which killed innocent people. We wish God's mercy upon those who lost their lives, convey our condolences to their bereaved families and wish a speedy recovery to those wounded".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-45_-21-february-2013_-press-release-regarding-the-blasts-that-took-place-in-the-hyderabad-city-of-india.en.mfa |title=Press Release Regarding the Blasts that took Place in the Hyderabad City of India |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey |date=21 February 2013 |access-date=22 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303130003/http://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-45_-21-february-2013_-press-release-regarding-the-blasts-that-took-place-in-the-hyderabad-city-of-india.en.mfa |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Religious violence in India]]
*[[Islamic terrorism]]
*[[August 2007 Hyderabad bombings]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hyberabad blasts}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Improvised explosive device bombings in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2013]]
[[Category:Indian Mujahideen attacks]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:2013 mass murders]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2013]]
[[Category:History of Andhra Pradesh (1947–2014)]]
[[Category:Crime in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Attacks on theatres]]
[[Category:February 2013 crimes in Asia]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:21st century in Hyderabad, India|2013 Hyderabad blasts]]

Chaibasa railway station

2026-01-22T17:45:52Z

JoannePettiford: updated page

{{Short description|Railway station in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Chaibasa Railway Station
| other_name =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| image =
| address = [[National Highway 75]], [[Chaibasa]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = India
| coordinates =
| elevation = {{convert|227|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| line = 3
| platform = 3
| tracks = 6
| other =
| accessible = Accessible
| bicycle = Yes
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = CBSA
| zone = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| division = [[Chakradharpur railway division]]
}}
| status = Triple electric line
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = Yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = 
| image_size =
| image_caption = Chaibasa Railway Station Exterior
}}
'''Chaibasa Railway Station''' is a main railway station in the [[Chakradharpur railway division|Chakradharpur division]] of the [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railways]] serving [[Chaibasa]], the district headquarters of [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]] district in [[Jharkhand]]. Its code is '''CBSA'''. The station consists of three platforms. All the platforms are connected with a well organized railway footbridge, leading to the staff quarters situated on the other side.

The railway station has 4 trains halting which are 20815/20816 [[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam]]-[[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]] SF Express, 12021/12022 [[Barbil railway station|Barbil]]-[[Howrah railway station|Howrah]] [[Jan Shatabdi Express]], 20891 / 20892 [[Tatanagar–Brahmapur Vande Bharat Express]], 2 passenger trains from [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]] to [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/gua-gua/5958 Gua] and [[Barbil railway station|Barbil]], and a [[MEMU]] between [https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/gua-gua/5958 Gua] and [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar]]. [[Chaibasa]], lying on the branch line of the [[Tatanagar–Bilaspur section|Tatanagar-Bilaspur section]] of [[Howrah–Nagpur–Mumbai line|Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]], is not well connected with the overall traffic of [[Indian Railways]].

The best connected place is [[Jamshedpur]] which is 60 kms away with many halting trains leading to [[Tatanagar Junction railway station|Tatanagar Junction]]. The second best connected place is [[Chakradharpur]] which is 26 kms away. There are many buses and private vehicles leading to [[Chakradharpur]] and other satellite villages on the way. It is well connected with [[Kolkata]], thanks to the Barbil-Howrah Jan Shatabdi Express.

The structural upgradation of Chaibasa railway station and addition of a 4th line has been proposed by the Indian Railways for better connectivity.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Jharkhand}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}

[[Category:Railway stations in West Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:Chakradharpur railway division]]

{{Jharkhand-railstation-stub}}

Gross metropolitan product

2026-01-16T11:04:38Z

JoannePettiford:

{{short description|Monetary measure}}
'''Gross metropolitan product''' ('''GMP''') is a monetary [[measurement in economics|measure]] that calculates the total economic output of a statistical metropolitan unit during a specific time period. It represents the [[market value]] of all final goods and services produced within the unit, similar to how [[GDP]] measures national economic output.

==European Union==
GMP is calculated annually by the [[Eurostat]] for [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS 3]]-based [[metropolitan region]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/met_10r_3gdp/default/table?lang=en|title=Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by metropolitan regions|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref>

==United States==
GMP is calculated annually by the [[Bureau of Economic Analysis]] within the [[United States Department of Commerce]].<ref name="pbm09">[http://pacific.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2009/09/21/daily51.html Honolulu economy 51st largest in U.S.] September 25, 2009. ''[[American City Business Journals#List of publications|Pacific Business News]]''</ref> This is done only for [[metropolitan statistical area]]s and not for [[micropolitan statistical area]]s, metropolitan divisions, [[combined statistical area]]s, and BEA economic areas.<ref>[https://www.bea.gov/regional/ Regional Economic Accounts] October 15, 2012. ''[[Bureau of Economic Analysis]]''</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gross regional domestic product]]
* [[Gross regional product]]
* [[List of cities by GDP]]
* [[List of EU metropolitan areas by GDP]]
* [[List of European Union regions by GDP]]
* [[List of NUTS regions in the European Union by GDP]]
* [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP]]
* [[List of U.S. metropolitan areas by GDP per capita]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/GDP_at_regional_level Eurostat – Statistics Explained: GDP at regional level] (European regions at NUTS 2 level)

[[Category:Lists by economic indicators]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas]]
[[Category:Gross domestic product]]
[[Category:United States Department of Commerce]]
[[Category:Regional economics]]
[[Category:Urban economics]]

[[fr:Produit urbain brut]]

Andher Nagari

2026-01-16T09:21:00Z

JoannePettiford: started new article.

{{Short description|Play by Bhartendu Harishchandra}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{Third-party|date=July 2021}}
{{All plot|date=October 2021}}

}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
[[File:Bharatendu Harishchandra 1976 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bhartendu Ji, the author of the play Andheri Nagari on the 1976 postage stamp of India]]

'''''Andher Nagri''''' is a six-act play written by Indian [[Hindi]] writer [[Bhartendu Harishchandra]] in 1881. It satirizes autocratic government by an incompetent ruler.<ref>{{cite web |title=A world of nourishment: Reflections on food in indian culture |url=https://library.oapen.org/handle/20.500.12657/23934 |publisher=Ledizioni - LediPublishing |language=English |date=31 December 2016}}</ref> Bhartendu composed it in a single day for the Hindu National Theater in [[Varanasi|Banaras]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Andher Nagari|url=https://www.hindisamay.com/content/10/1/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0--%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE.cspx |website=Hindi Samaye|accessdate=4 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085826/http://www.hindisamay.com/content/10/1/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0--%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE.cspx |archive-date=3 June 2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Andheri Nagari Bhartendu Harishchandra's play on Dainik Bhaskar|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ABH-andher-nagari-chapat-raja-4373681-NOR.html|website=Dainik Bhaskar |accessdate=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085826/https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ABH-andher-nagari-chapat-raja-4373681-NOR.html |archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Andheri Nagari Bhartendu Harishchandra's play on matrubharti|url=https://www.matrubharti.com/book/read/content/3615/andher-nagri-chaupat-raja
|website=matrubharti|accessdate=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085826/https://www.matrubharti.com/book/read/content/3615/andher-nagri-chaupat-raja|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Andher Nagari – Bhartendu Harishchandra|url=https://www.gyanchowk.com/andher-nagri/|website=gyanchowk|date=14 January 2016|accessdate=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085826/https://www.gyanchowk.com/andher-nagri/
|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Andher Nagari – Bhartendu Harishchandra|url=https://www.pustak.org/index.php/books/bookdetails/5623|website=pustak|accessdate=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085826/https://www.pustak.org/index.php/books/bookdetails/5623
|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Dark City: Your Majesty! The wall is of lime brick, he does not have brother and son-Andher Nagari – Bhartendu Harishchandra|url=https://www.abplive.com/news/read-bharatendu-harishchandras-play-andher-nagari-775878
|website=abplive|date=22 January 2018
|accessdate=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603085826/https://www.abplive.com/news/read-bharatendu-harishchandras-play-andher-nagari-775878|archive-date=3 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Story ==
This play is divided into 6 acts.

In the first act, a Mahanta (monk) sends two of his disciples, Govardhan Das and Narayan Das to a nearby town to beg for alms. He warns them about the consequences of greed.

The second act, has a view of the city market where everything is being sold cheap and same price. Govardhan Das is delighted to see this.

In the third act, the two disciples return to the [[Mahant]]. Narayan Das brings nothing while Govardhan Das brings large amount of sweets. The Mahant becomes concerned that in this city the virtuous and the demerit get the same treatment and suggests to leave the city immediately. Narayan Das agrees while Govardhan Das stays in the greed of cheap food.

The fourth act, depicts the court and justice of the king Chaupat (Fallen) of Andher Nagari (Dark City). The king listens to complaint of someone's goat getting buried under a merchant's wall when it falls down. The merchant puts the blame on the mason, who puts the blame on the water carrier who mixed the concrete with too much water, the water carrier blames the butcher who made his sheepskin water bag too big, the butcher blames the shepherd who sold him a big sheep for cheap, the shepherd says that during the sale of the sheep he got distracted by the procession of the police chief, and the king sentences the police chief to death for his ride being too distracting resulting in death of a goat.

In the fifth act, Govardhan Das, who gets fat from eating sweets, is caught by four soldiers and taken to the gallows. He is told it is because a goat died, and someone needs to be hanged for the sake of justice. He is confused but eventually finds out that while trying to hang the police chief the noose was repeatedly coming out of his thin neck, because of which the king ordered to hang a fat person in his place.

In the sixth act, preparations are complete to hang Govardhan Das in the crematorium. At this time his Guru Mahanta comes over and whispers something in his ear. After this, both the guru and disciple show their haste to climb the gallows. The king gets curious to know why. He is told that the person who is going to be hanged at this auspicious moment will directly go to heaven. Hearing this he wants to take that opportunity for himself and orders himself to be hanged. In this way the unjust and foolish ways of the king result in his own downfall.

== Characters ==
* Mahant – a monk
* Govardhan Das – Mahant's greedy disciple
* Narayan Das – the second disciple of the Mahant
* kebabwala - kebab seller
* Ghasiram : gram seller
* Narangiwali – orange seller
* confectioner – sweet seller
* Kuzdin – vegetable seller
* Mughal – seller of nuts and fruits
* Pachakwala – Churan seller
* fish seller
* Jaatwala – Brahmin
* merchant
* Raja – quadruple king
* Mantri – Minister of Chaupat Raja
* gardener
* Two servants, two servants of the king
* complainant – one who seeks justice from the king
* Kallu – the [[Bania (caste)|bania]] whose wall collapsed and killed the complainant's goat
* Artisan – Wall maker of Kallu Baniya
* Chunewala – a lime maker
* Bhishti – one who wets lime for building walls
* Kasai – the maker of masks for Bhishti
* Shepherd – one who sells sheep to the butcher
* police officer
* Four Sipahis – The King's Soldiers

== In popular culture ==
The play has been retold through a graphic novel published by [[Amar Chitra Katha]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=Andher Nagari |url=https://digital.amarchitrakatha.com/id005835337/Andher-Nagari |website=Andher Nagari |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikisourcelang|hi|भारतेन्दु समग्र/अंधेर नगरी चौपट्ट राजा}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130317140911/http://www.hindisamay.com/Bhartend%20Samagra/Natak-11%20Andher%20nagri.htm Andheri Nagri] – Read full drama on Hindi time
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710140708/http://hi.bharatdiscovery.org/india/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81 Andheri Nagari – Bharatendu] – Bharatkosh

[[Category:Indian plays]]
[[Category:Hindi-language plays]]

The Secret of the Nagas

2026-01-16T06:24:55Z

JoannePettiford: creating new post

{{short description|2011 novel by Amish Tripathi}}
{{good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox book|
| name = The Secret of the Nagas
| image = The Secret of the Nagas.jpg
| alt = Side profile of Shiva with his face obscured and holding a serpent in his left hand, while displaying his blue throat
| author = [[Amish Tripathi]]
| cover_artist = Rashmi Pusalkar
| country = India
| language = English
| series = Shiva trilogy
| subject = [[Shiva]], [[Myth]], [[Fantasy]]
| genre = Fiction
| publisher = [[Westland Books|Westland Press]]
| release_date = 12 August 2011
| media_type = Print (Paperback)
| pages = 396
| isbn = 978-93-8065-879-7
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = [[The Immortals of Meluha]]
| followed_by = [[The Oath of the Vayuputras]]
}}

'''''The Secret of the Nagas''''' is the second book of [[Amish Tripathi]], second book of Amishverse, and also the second book of [[Shiva Trilogy]]. The story takes place in the imaginary land of [[Meluhha|Meluha]] and narrates how the inhabitants of that land are saved from their wars by a nomad named Shiva. It begins from where its predecessor, ''[[The Immortals of Meluha]]'', left off, with Shiva trying to save [[Dakshayani|Sati]] from the invading Naga. Later Shiva takes his troop of soldiers and travels far east to the land of Branga, where he wishes to find a clue to reach the Naga people. Shiva also learns that Sati's first child is still alive, as well as her twin sister. His journey ultimately leads him to the Naga capital of [[Panchavati]], where he finds a surprise waiting for him.

Tripathi started writing ''The Secret of the Nagas'' while the first part of the trilogy was being released. He relied on his knowledge of geography and history to expand the locations visited in the story. The book was released on 12 August 2011, and was published by Westland Press. Before its release, the author confessed that many revelations would be present in the book, including the true nature of many characters. Two theatrical trailers were created for showing in multiplex cinema halls, as Tripathi believed that the film-going audience also reads his books, and that would create publicity.

''The Secret of the Nagas'' was in high demand before its release, with 80,000 copies pre-ordered. The book quickly reached the top of best-seller listings, selling 95,000 copies the first month, before going for a re-print. As of June 2015, over 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold at gross retail sales of over {{INRConvert|60|c}}. Although the book was commercially successful, ''The Secret of the Nagas'' received mixed reviews from critics. While it received praise for its "impressive conception" and story development, it also received criticism for Tripathi's usage of non-literary language.

==Plot synopsis==
{{see also|The Immortals of Meluha#Plot synopsis}}

Continuing from ''The Immortals of Meluha'', Shiva, the fabled savior of the land of Meluha, rushes to save his wife Sati from a Naga who escapes, leaving behind coins with strange engravings. After consulting with Sati's father Daksha and Dilipa, the king of [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]], they come to know that the coin belongs to King Chandraketu, the ruler of the land of Branga in Eastern India. Shiva and Sati travel to [[Varanasi|Kashi]], where a community of Brangas inhabit, in order to get more information on the Nagas. They are accompanied by Shiva's general Parvateshwar, associates Nandi and Veerbhadra, Ayurvati the doctor, and Bhagirath and Anandamayi, the prince and princess of Ayodhya. At Kashi, Parvateshwar is mortally injured in a riot at the Branga community. Their leader Divodas gives Parvateshwar a healing herb which works. Shiva learns from Ayurvati that the herb is only available at [[Panchavati]], the capital of the Nagas. Divodas explains that they get the herbs from the Nagas due to a plague infesting Branga. Shiva decides to travel to Branga and Divodas orders special ships to be made for the journey.

Meanwhile, Sati gives birth to Kartik, her son with Shiva. As he leaves for Branga, Sati stays back at Kashi to prevent a lion attack on the local villagers. They are helped by a group of Naga soldiers, led by a man and a woman, who assist them in killing the lions. The Naga woman reveals herself to be Kali, Sati's twin sister and the man as Ganesh, Sati's child from her first marriage believed to have died at birth. Both were denounced by Daksha since born with deformities. Kali had two extra functioning hands while Ganesh's face resembled that of an elephant's. An overwhelmed Sati brings back Kali and Ganesh to Kashi.

At Branga, Shiva meets the recluse bandit Parashuram, who can enlighten him about the Nagas and the medicine. After defeating Parashuram, Shiva learns that he is a Vasudev, the group of scholars who have been guiding him on his journey. Parashuram is also surprised to see Shiva as the fabled Neelkanth; in remorse for his actions, he severs his left hand. He gives the recipe of the medicine to the people of Branga and joins Shiva's entourage. At Kashi, Shiva is introduced to Ganesh and Kali by Sati. Shiva recognizes Ganesh as the Naga who attacked Sati and as the supposed killer of his friend, the scientist Brahaspati. Enraged, he leaves Sati and takes up residence at the Branga locality. One day, while playing with Kartik at a local park, Ganesh saves them from a lion attack. Shiva forgives him and together with Sati, confronts Daksha, who confesses to murdering Sati's first husband and denouncing Kali and Ganesh. Daksha blames Shiva for causing distrust between him and Sati; he is asked to leave for Meluha.

Shiva travels to Panchavati under the guidance of Kali, who is the Naga queen and knows how to reach the capital through the treacherous [[Dandakaranya|Dandak Forest]]. On their journey, the entourage is attacked from the river side by a cache of ships containing the weapons of mass destruction known as Daivi Astra that was once forbidden by Lord Rudra, the legendary supreme ruler of India. After fleeing from the attack and safely reaching Panchavati, Shiva and Sati suspect Daksha to be behind this. Kali takes Shiva to a nearby school in the capital, where he finds Brahaspati, perfectly alive and teaching a class.

==Characters and locations==
Tripathi believes that "Myths are nothing but jumbled memories of a true past. A past buried under mounds of earth and ignorance."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/mahadev_myth.html|title=Theory on Indian Gods|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308093657/http://www.authoramish.com/mahadev_myth.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The book has known characters from [[Hindu texts]] as well as those born from Tripathi's imagination,<ref name = "characters"/> however the characters from the Hinduism do not inherit all of their classical traits.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2010/09/the-immortals-of-meluha-%E2%80%93-a-review/|title=The Immortals of Meluha: A review|date=29 September 2010|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228180338/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2010/09/the-immortals-of-meluha-%E2%80%93-a-review/|archive-date=28 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Characters===
*[[Shiva]] – The main character in the story. He is a Tibetan immigrant to Meluha and the chief of the Guna tribe. On arriving in Meluha and consuming the Somras (a potion), his throat turns blue making him the [[Nilkanth|Neelkanth]] of the Meluhan legend, which speaks of the appearance of Neelkanth as a destroyer of evil. The Meluhans end up believing that Shiva would be their saviour.
*[[Sati (goddess)|Sati]] – A Meluhan princess, she is the daughter of King Daksha. Shiva falls in love with her but could not marry her initially because of a law that considers her to be a Vikarma, an untouchable; he later marries her going against the law. According to the Meluhans, Vikarmas are people who bear misfortunes in this life due to sins of their past births. Sati is a skilled swords-woman and is very brave since childhood.
*[[Kartikeya|Kartik]] – Shiva's and Sati's son
*[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] – A captain in the Meluhan army. A loyal devotee of Shiva, who is often considered for his opinion and suggestions by Shiva.
*[[Virabhadra|Veer Bhadra]] – A captain of Shiva's army and his close childhood friend. He was later renamed as Veer Bhadra, a title earned by once defeating a tiger singlehandedly.
*[[Bṛhaspati|Bŗihaspati]] – The chief Meluhan scientist who becomes Shiva's good friend. Though he does not believe the legend of the Neelkanth, he believes that Shiva is capable of taking Meluha to its new glory.
*[[Daksha]] – The King of the Meluhans, he is appreciative of every effort that Shiva does to save his country.
*Veerini/ [[Prasuti]] – The Queen of the Meluhans, wife of Emperor Daksha.
*[[Bhagiratha|Bhagirath]] – The prince of Ayodhya, who is the target of an assassination plot.
*Anandamayi – The Princess of Ayodhya and the daughter of Emperor Dilipa. Passionate, mercurial and intelligent, Anandmayi makes for the perfect Chandravanshi.
*Parvateshvar – Head of Meluhan Army and a Suryavanshi, Parvateshvar is critical of Shiva's ways with the Meluhans, and is a dedicated man to Daksha. He eventually becomes an avid follower of Shiva as he realizes that Shiva could actually lead them to victory and finish Lord Ram's Unfinished Task.
*Ayurvati – The Chief of Medicine, Ayurvati is another intelligent and revered woman, who is capable of curing any disease. She is the first one to realize that Shiva is the "Neelkanth", their savior.
*[[Kali]] – Sati's twin sister who was separated from her after birth, due to their father denouncing her. Kali was born with two extra functioning appendages, hence she was ostracized from society and declared a Naga.
*[[Ganesh]] – Sati's first child who was declared dead by her father, as he was born with physical deformities. Ganesh was raised later by Kali, and they created the formidable Naga army.

===Races===
*[[Suryavansha|Suryavanshis]] – The Suryavanshis are followers of [[Rama|Shri Ram]] and the Solar Calendar and try to lead a life that is as ideal as possible. The Suryavanshis believe in [[Satya]], [[Dharma]], Maan—truth, duty and honor.
*[[Chandravanshi]]s – The Chandravanshis are followers of the Lunar Calendar. Traditionally the Chandravanshis and Suryavanshis are enemies.
*Naga – A cursed race of people who have physical deformities. They are extremely skilled warriors.

===Kingdoms===
*Meluha – The empire of the Suryavanshis, also known as the land of pure life. Meluha is based in the areas of the modern Indian provinces of [[Kashmir]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]] and the whole of Pakistan. It also includes parts of eastern Afghanistan.
*Swadweep – The empire of the Chandravanshis, also known as the island of the individual. Swadweep comprises the modern Indian provinces of [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[West Bengal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]], [[Meghalaya]] and all of the country of Bangladesh, besides most parts of Nepal and Bhutan.
*Brangaridai (Branga+hriday) – The heart of branga (literal meaning) or land of the Brangas, situated on the eastern part of India. Shiva travels there with his entourage in search of the recipe for a medicine and to know the truth about the Nagas.
*[[Dandakaranya|Dandak Forest]] – Located in the modern Indian province of [[Maharashtra]] and parts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Odisha|Orissa]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], Dandak is a dense and treacherous forest where the Nagas stay, at their capital Panchavati.

Characters and locations adapted as per the books from the series and from the official website.<ref name="characters">{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_characters.html|title=The Characters|access-date=13 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308093735/http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_characters.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_world.html|title=The World|access-date=12 November 2011|publisher=[[Amish Tripathi]] Official Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308100653/http://www.authoramish.com/shiva_the_world.html|archive-date=8 March 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Development and release==
Tripathi had initially decided to write a book on philosophy, but was dissuaded by his family members, so he wrote a book on Shiva, one of the [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods]].<ref name="dna">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_amish-tripathi-s-going-digital_1369184|title=Amish Tripathi's going digital|date=9 April 2010|access-date=8 January 2011|last=Chakraberti|first=Sujata|work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222152356/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_amish-tripathi-s-going-digital_1369184|archive-date=22 February 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="mba">{{cite web|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/09/writing-changed-me-from-an-atheist-to-a-shiva-bhakt-amish-tripathi/|title=Writing changed me from an atheist to a Shiva bhakt: Amish Tripathi|date=10 September 2011|access-date=7 November 2011|last=Babbar|first=Sonakshi|work=The Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501201624/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/09/writing-changed-me-from-an-atheist-to-a-shiva-bhakt-amish-tripathi/|archive-date=1 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Tripathi's agent decided to publish the book himself.<ref name="open">{{cite journal|last=Tripathi|first=Amish|date=1 September 2010|title=The MBA Writer|journal=[[OPEN (Indian magazine)|OPEN]]|publisher=Open Media Network Pvt Ltd.|volume=35}}</ref> After its release in February 2010, ''The Immortals of Meluha'' went on to become a huge commercial success. It had to be reprinted a number of times to keep up with the demand.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Umair|first=Siddique|title=Faith at Heart|date=11 September 2010|journal=[[The Hindu]]|publisher=Kasturi and Sons Ltd.|issn=0971-751X|volume=1345|issue=211|pages=13}}</ref>

While the first book was being released, Tripathi started work on the second part of the trilogy, then titled ''The Naga Secret''.<ref name="mm">{{cite news|last=Pathak|first=Shilpi Dubey|date=13 July 2011|title=I'm nervous about the fans' expectations: Amish|work=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|publisher=[[The Times Group]]|volume=45|issue=202|page=8}}</ref> Tripathi wanted to start the story from exactly where he ended in the first book, with Sati's fate being revealed. He also wanted to expand the geography of the story, allowing the characters to travel far East of India and also far South to the land of the Nagas, an ancient empire that existed more than five thousand years ago and was filled with eternal wars and the legend of a blue-throated god who would save the world.<ref name="mm"/><ref name="ibn">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiva-presents-suprise-success/167994-60-120.html|title=Shiva presents surprise success|date=6 July 2011|access-date=2 September 2011|publisher=[[IBN Live]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023050131/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/shiva-presents-suprise-success/167994-60-120.html|archive-date=23 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In an interview with ''[[Mumbai Mirror]]'' in July 2011, he clarified that it was difficult for him to do research about the geographical situations of India in 4000 BC in just one year, so he relied on his own knowledge and that of his relatives.<ref name="mm"/> "I was an atheist till eight years ago, but I have always been surrounded by relatives with immense faith, so scriptures are something I have inadvertently grown up with and learned", he added.<ref name="mm"/> The mythological and the technical aspects included in the story also came from Tripathi's habit of reading storybooks on history and ancient technology; he was helped by his father, who is a scientist.<ref name="mm"/> Tripathi quit his job as a banker while writing the book, dedicating his whole time to the book.<ref name="dc"/>

Tripathi revealed in an interview with [[IBN Live]] that the story would continue from where it ended in the first book.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/08/the-immortals-sequel-out-on-aug-12/|title=The Immortals...sequel out on Aug 12|date=11 August 2011|access-date=4 September 2011|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=[[HT Media]]|last=Trikha|first=Suparna|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128193419/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/08/the-immortals-sequel-out-on-aug-12/|archive-date=28 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''The Secret of the Nagas'' was edited by Sharvani Pandit, who also edited the first book. Rashmi Pusalkar designed the book cover, which depicted Shiva holding a snake and looking towards the banks of the city of Kashi.<ref name="ack">''The Secret of the Nagas'', 2011, Acknowledgements, p. xii</ref> The photo was shot by Chandan Kowli, with Sagar Pusalkar standing in as a model for Shiva. The snake was created in [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] with the make-up being done by Prakash Gor.<ref name="ack"/> Two trailers were created for promoting the book, one depicting Sati dancing and one showing Shiva drinking the Somras, thus turning his throat blue. The videos were conceptualized and marketed by Sangram Surve and Shalini Iyer of Think Why Not team, who also undertook the advertising of the book.<ref name="ack"/> The trailers are planned to be shown alongside films in multiplexes by the end of September or October 2011. Tripathi believed that this would "work as the audience that visits theaters is the same that reads my books."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/A-film-on-The-Immortals-of-Meluha/Article1-736506.aspx|title=A film on The Immortals of Meluha?|last=Mehta|first=Shweta|date=23 August 2011|access-date=5 September 2011|work=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015013100/http://www.hindustantimes.com/A-film-on-The-Immortals-of-Meluha/Article1-736506.aspx|archive-date=15 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The book was released on 12 August 2011, at [[Landmark Bookstores]] in Mumbai. Actor [[Vivek Oberoi]] was present with Tripathi at the launch.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/video-83-star-ranveer-singh-cricketer-shikhar-dhawan-dancing-heart-will-make-weekend-just-better/|title=Vivek Oberoi At The Book Launch Of 'The Secret Of The Nagas'|date=12 August 2011|access-date=5 September 2011|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920031140/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/broadband/video/Parties-and-Events/AMN8TS15/3/Vivek-Oberoi-At-The-Book-Launch-Of-The-Secret-Of-The-Nagas.html|archive-date=20 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The UK publication rights of the Shiva trilogy, including ''The Secret of the Nagas'' was purchased by Jo Fletcher Books, with the deal being made by Claire Roberts at Trident Media Group, acting on behalf of the author and the author's Indian agent, Anuj Bahri of Red Ink Literary Agency.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/The-Shiva-Trilogy-overseas-rights-bought-by-Jo-Fletcher-Books/articleshow/18046260.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427130323/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-16/books/36373504_1_shiva-trilogy-meluha-indian-market|url-status=live|archive-date=27 April 2013|title=The Shiva Trilogy overseas rights bought by Jo Fletcher Books|date=16 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=23 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, a music album called ''Vayuputras'', an original soundtrack based on the Shiva Trilogy books, was released. The album is an extension of ''[[The Immortals of Meluha]]'' and ''The Secret of the Nagas'' with special tracks inspired by important junctures like Shiva's dance and the war speech in the books. Artists like [[Sonu Nigam]], Taufiq Qureshi, [[Palash Sen]], [[Bickram Ghosh]] worked on the album. This was the first time ever that an original soundtrack was made for a book series.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/filmi-party/bollywood/Shiva-trilogy-music-released/articleshow/18515875.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095213/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-16/bollywood/37120075_1_shiva-trilogy-original-soundtrack-bickram-ghosh|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Shiva Trilogy original soundtrack|date=16 February 2013}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
[[File:Secretofthenagasrelease.jpg|thumb|300px|Actor [[Vivek Oberoi]] (''right'') at the release of ''The Secret of the Nagas'', with author [[Amish Tripathi]].]]
Aadisht Khanna from ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' praised Tripathi's portrayal of Shiva in the book, complimenting the fact that he was able to successfully deliver the humane side of his characters, and their emotions and motivations. He also pointed out that Tripathi's experimentation with Indian Scriptures, has been successful in transforming an otherwise mundane genre, "long overdue in popular literature, especially by an Indian author".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/08/26202053/Snakes-on-a-plain.html?h=B|title=Book review: The Secret of the Nagas|date=9 September 2011|access-date=24 August 2012|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|last=Khanna|first=Aadisht|publisher=HT Media Ltd}}</ref> However, he was disappointed in the weak dialogue and the grammatical errors scattered throughout the book, especially the inclusion of "glaringly out-of-place world" words, thus having too many anachronism in the book.<ref name="mint"/> Rito Paul from ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' shared Khanna's opinion, while saying that the book "is impressive in its conception. But it is executed poorly. "We're thrust into the narrative, mid-action, exactly from where the first book ended. And the breathless pace of the action hardly ever lets up... There are more twists and turns than in a Gordian knot, and at least two revelations of the 'Luke-I-am-your-father' variety...<ref name="dnareview"/> And it really rankles, because there is so much scope for flair, adventure and wonder in the world Tripathi has imagined... ''The Secrets'' is not a bad book. The plot holds your attention and the story races along, but the writing veers between the pedestrian and the ridiculous. Tripathi is an excellent story-teller. But he is a poor writer."<ref name="dnareview">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_book-review-the-secret-of-the-nagas_1582965|title=Book review: The Secret Of The Nagas|last=Paul|first=Rito|date=4 September 2011|access-date=4 September 2011|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publisher=Diligent Media Corporation|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012183629/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report_book-review-the-secret-of-the-nagas_1582965|archive-date=12 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Dipayan Pal of ''Mumbai Boss'' was disappointed in the book and theorized a number of reasons for it. He felt that the solid plot and the unambiguous storytelling of ''The Immortals of Meluha'' was missing in ''The Secret of the Nagas'', whose ending failed to live up the curiosity.<ref name="boss">{{cite news|url=http://mumbaiboss.com/2011/08/24/book-review-the-secret-of-the-nagas/|title=Book Review: The Secret of the Nagas|last=Pal|first=Dipayan|date=24 August 2011|access-date=5 September 2011|work=Mumbai Mirror|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914015031/http://mumbaiboss.com/2011/08/24/book-review-the-secret-of-the-nagas/|archive-date=14 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Pal particularly criticized Tripathi's language, saying "It seems that while writing ''The Secret of the Nagas'', much of Amish’s attention was upon language. There are obvious and woefully inept attempts at literary flair that make the novel a tiresome read. The book suffers from a rash of exclamation marks and unnecessary italics. Sentences have been sliced to create weak, dangling fragments ('Parashuram charged. Followed by his vicious horde'). Instead of simply talking, people bellow, scream, whisper and fall silent. They are flabbergasted, they pirouette in the middle of a fight, and use words like 'exponentially', 'gargantuan' and 'plethora' in their speech. The net result is text that is labored, trite and awkward."<ref name="boss"/> [[Kishwar Desai]] from ''[[Asian Age]]'' felt that in The Secret of the Nagas, the characterization of Shiva lost some of the fervor in it from the first book, and is cast more as a [[Bollywood]] hero, comparable to the likes of actor [[Salman Khan]]. Desai also noticed that there were too many characters in the book, most of them remaining unexplored. Likening the book with a computer game, the reviewer concluded that "one of the remarkable qualities of [the book] is that it is a very visual tale and less like a literary exercise."<ref>{{cite news|last=Desai|first=Kishwar|date=4 September 2011|title=A Godsend For Your PlayStation|work=[[Asian Age]]|location=New Delhi|page=5|publisher=[[M. J. Akbar]]|url=http://www.asianage.com/book-reviews/godsend-your-playstation-096|access-date=19 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518105640/http://www.asianage.com/book-reviews/godsend-your-playstation-096|archive-date=18 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Some critics like Sandipan Deb of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' though favored the visual style more and felt that Tripathi stayed true to the fantasy genre.<ref name="outlookreview">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278320|title=Review: Goddammit! A Vasudev And His Radio Wave!|last=Deb|first=Sandipan|date=26 September 2011|access-date=25 January 2012|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|publisher=Outlook Publishing (India) Pvt. Ltd.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125082930/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?278320|archive-date=25 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
<blockquote>
"Well-detailed world with its own geography, history and mythology, and he adds a quirky charm to his tale with dashes of modern science. And the second part is arguably the toughest to write, since it’s at the centre of the arc of the plot, where the trajectory could very easily flatten out. The writer has to keep the momentum of the first part going, while setting up all the pieces for the finale, scattering around a few clues to tantalise the reader enough to stay with the storyteller for the full journey.But Amish does not disappoint. Mysterious hints dropped in Immortals get explained, the scale widens by several orders of magnitude, and the nature of Shiva’s quest becomes more complex, even as its ultimate goal becomes much more fundamental."<ref name="outlookreview"/>
</blockquote>

==Commercial performance==
''The Secret of the Nagas'' was in high demand before its release. Of the 100,000 copies printed for it, 80,000 copies had already been pre-ordered, according to [[Nielsen BookScan]].<ref name="hindu"/> After release it quickly became a best-selling fiction, topping the list published by ''Hindustan Times''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/09/amish-tripathis-book-on-nagas-bestseller/|title=Amish Tripathi's book on Nagas bestseller|date=1 September 2011|access-date=4 September 2011|work=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media|last=Rao|first=Mallika|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331201509/http://books.hindustantimes.com/2011/09/amish-tripathis-book-on-nagas-bestseller/|archive-date=31 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It went on to sell 95,000 copies, with a second print run of 50,000 more being ordered.<ref name="dc">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad/%E2%80%98shiva-chose-me-write-story%E2%80%99-317|title=Shiva chose me to write this story|date=31 August 2011|access-date=4 September 2011|work=[[The Deccan Chronicle]]|publisher=Deccan Holdings Ltd|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012014020/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad/%E2%80%98shiva-chose-me-write-story%E2%80%99-317|archive-date=12 October 2012}}</ref> Khanna attributed this success to the increasing interest in the series. He explained that Tripathi's portrayal of mythology in a different way had been long been popular with comics writers, but few Indian writers have used it yet—and none with the sort of success that Tripathi has achieved.<ref name="mint">{{cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/2011/08/26202053/Snakes-on-a-plain.html?h=B|title=Snakes on a plain|last=Khanna|first=Aadisht|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|publisher=HT Media Ltd|date=1 September 2011|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref> Khanna drew a contrast between the retail price of ''The Secret of the Nagas'' and that of contemporary author [[Chetan Bhagat]]'s novel ''[[Revolution 2020]]'', explaining that while Tripathi's book was selling at the original price, Bhagat's novel was sold at a reduced price to attain sales.<ref name="mint"/> This view was shared by Deepanjana Paul of ''[[The First Post]]'', who believed that "if readers like the writing, they aren't averse to paying more."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/ideas/no-figment-of-imagination-pop-fiction-is-a-great-leveller-73949.html|title=No figment of imagination, pop fiction is a great leveller|last=Paul|first=Deepanjana|date=31 August 2011|access-date=4 September 2011|work=[[The First Post]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018152934/http://www.firstpost.com/ideas/no-figment-of-imagination-pop-fiction-is-a-great-leveller-73949.html|archive-date=18 October 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The book sold over 175,000 copies, making it one of the best-selling fiction novels of 2010 and also of 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Books/Writers-publishers-find-novel-ways-to-promote-books/Article1-749776.aspx|title=Writers, publishers find novel ways to promote books|last=Sharma|first=Manoj|date=24 September 2011|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=2 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111228091435/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Books/Writers-publishers-find-novel-ways-to-promote-books/Article1-749776.aspx|archive-date=28 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> ''The Immortals of Meluha'' and ''The Secret of the Nagas'', have crossed a print run of a million copies. These books have continued to top the bestseller lists of [[Nielsen BookScan]], with the gross retail sales of {{INRConvert|220|m}} within two years of publishing.<ref>{{cite news|title=HT Nielsen BookScan Top 10|date=2 June 2012|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|publisher=HT Media Ltd|url=http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=1SBWM6OYHQO5&linkid=a4cf965f-bdd9-4d45-8ae4-47de17b68db9&pdaffid=5ncoZjso4AlFtIgb4L6Vlg%3d%3d|access-date=2 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002553/http://paper.hindustantimes.com/epaper/showlink.aspx?bookmarkid=1SBWM6OYHQO5&linkid=a4cf965f-bdd9-4d45-8ae4-47de17b68db9&pdaffid=5ncoZjso4AlFtIgb4L6Vlg%3D%3D|archive-date=4 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/books/36035437_1_vayuputras-3rd-book-meluha|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063307/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-11/books/36035437_1_vayuputras-3rd-book-meluha|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|title=Shiva Trilogy's final book to release in March 2013|date=11 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2013}}</ref> As of June 2015 over 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over {{INRConvert|60|c}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/books/story/20150629-amish-tripathi-new-book-myth-ram-819917-2015-06-18|title=The myths of Amish|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmie|date=18 June 2015|access-date=22 June 2015|work=India Today|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622202431/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/amish-tripathi-new-book-myth-ram/1/445483.html|archive-date=22 June 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="sales">{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/After-Shiva-Trilogy-Lord-Rams-Story-Next-on-Tripathis-Plan/878631|title=After Shiva Trilogy, Lord Ram's Story Next on Tripathi's Plan|date=23 January 2015|access-date=31 January 2015|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129063341/http://www.outlookindia.com/news/article/After-Shiva-Trilogy-Lord-Rams-Story-Next-on-Tripathis-Plan/878631|archive-date=29 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
The books have been translated into a number of local languages like English (South Asia), Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Gujarati, Assamese, English (UK), Telugu and Malayalam,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/released-in-several-regional-languages-amishs-shiva-trilogy-is-the-fastest-selling-book-series-in-indian-publishing-history/ |title=Language editions |date=9 December 2013 |publisher=This Week Bangalore |access-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230020435/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/released-in-several-regional-languages-amishs-shiva-trilogy-is-the-fastest-selling-book-series-in-indian-publishing-history/ |archive-date=30 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> with the author believing that publishing as a whole is gradually being embedded in the Indian business sensibilities.<ref name="zee">{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/english-mass-market-books-tap-hindi-speakers_2456.htm|title=English mass-market books tap Hindi speakers|date=11 August 2012|access-date=31 August 2012|publisher=Zee News|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202120/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bookworm/english-mass-market-books-tap-hindi-speakers_2456.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Further explaining his thoughts, Tripathi said "I genuinely believe those five years from today, we will have a situation when other languages will account for higher sales of books than in English. That is the big change happening in publishing—it is taking pride in its own culture than knowing other cultures like in television, where regional language channels have more [[Target rating point|TRP]]s."<ref name="zee"/> Other than the local versions, the books have also been released in the [[Amazon Kindle]] version, available in India and UK.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Secret-of-the-Nagas-ebook/dp/B008593PQO/ref=pd_sim_kstore_1/181-0337693-8702000|title=Secret of the Nagas <nowiki>[Kindle Edition]</nowiki>|date=22 May 2012|access-date=31 August 2012|publisher=Amazon Kindle}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.authoramish.com/ ''Shiva Trilogy'' — Official website]

{{Amish Tripathi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Secret of the Nagas}}
[[Category:2011 Indian novels]]
[[Category:2011 fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Hindu mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Westland Books books]]
[[Category:Jo Fletcher Books books]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy novels]]
[[Category:Works set in the 19th century BC]]
[[Category:Novels by Amish Tripathi]]
[[Category:Novels set in ancient India]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation in popular culture]]
[[Category:Shiva]]

Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission

2026-01-02T17:25:53Z

JoannePettiford: made new details

{{Short description|Indian state agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| name = Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission
| nativename =
| nativename_a = मध्य प्रदेश राज्य निर्वाचन आयोग
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal = File:MP-State-eletion-commission.jpg
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 1 February 1994
| preceding1 =
| preceding2 =
| dissolved =
| superseding =
| jurisdiction = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| headquarters = 17, Arera Hills, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.
| employees =
| budget =
| minister1_name =
| minister1_pfo =
| minister2_name =
| minister2_pfo =
| chief1_name = Mr. Manoj Kumar Shrivastava.
| chief1_position = (Chief Election Commissioner)
| chief2_name = Mr.Abhishek Singh
| chief2_position = (Secretary)
| chief3_name = Mr.Sukhveer Singh (Chief Electoral Officer)
| chief3_position = (CEO)
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency = [[Election Commission of India]]
| website = {{URL|1=https://mplocalelection.gov.in/Historye.aspx?lang=en|2=mplocalelection.gov.in/..}}
{{URL|1=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/|2=ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/..}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission''' is an [[Autonomy|autonomous]] and [[constitutional]] body constituted in [[India]]n state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] for ensuring that [[Elections in Madhya Pradesh|elections]] in are conducted in free, fair and unbiased way. The [[Constitution of India]] with provisions as per Article 243K and 243 ZA and Article 324 ensures creation and safeguarding of the powers of [[States Election Commission (India)|State Election Commissions]]. The commission is responsible for conducting elections for [[Municipal governance in India|urban local lodies]] like [[Municipality|municipalities]], [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]]s. The Madhya Pradesh State Election Commissioner is appointed by [[Governor (India)|Governor]] of Madhya Pradesh.

== History and administration ==

The Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission was formed in accordance with powers of Election Commission of India, which was constituted 1950<ref name="sec ref1">{{cite news |title=What Is Election Commission of India (ECI)? |url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-election-commission-of-india#collapse |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India}}</ref> to supervise state level elections.<ref name="sec ref3">{{cite news |title=State election panels: Independent of central EC, with similar powers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/state-election-panels-independent-of-central-ec-with-similar-powers-5132220/ |access-date=6 December 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=12 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref> Its commissioner is appointed by Governor.<ref name="sec ref2">{{cite news |title=India Code: Section Details |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/show-data?actid=AC_CEN_18_21_00005_199426_1517807320414&sectionId=42788&sectionno=98&orderno=98 |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.indiacode.nic.in}}</ref><ref name="sec ref6">{{cite news |title=State Election Commissioner Conditions of Service Rules, 1994 |url=http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.bareactslive.com |archive-date=6 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206113835/http://www.bareactslive.com/HRY/HL534.HTM |url-status=dead }}</ref> To ensure the autonomy of the position, the commissioner cannot be removed from office except on the grounds and manner specified for [[judge]]s of [[High courts of India|high court]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State election commissioners have to be independent persons |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/state-election-commissioners-have-to-be-independent-persons-supreme-court/articleshow/81484409.cms |date=23 September 2023 |website=Times of India}}</ref>

== Powers and responsibilities ==
The Madhya Pradesh States Election Commissioner is responsible for:<ref name="sec ref1" /><ref name="sec ref7">{{cite news |title=Election Commission directs all state electoral officers to immediately redress all pending voter applications |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/election-commission-directs-state-electoral-officers-immediately-redress-pending-voter-applications-1503026387.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=The Statesman |date=23 November 2021}}</ref>

* Releasing election schedules.<ref name="mps ref2">{{cite news |title=Election Commission announces three-phase panchayat elections in Madhya Pradesh beginning Jan 6 |url=https://newsonair.com/2021/12/05/election-commission-announces-three-phase-panchayat-elections-in-madhya-pradesh-beginning-jan-6/ |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=NewsOnAIR |date=5 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="mpe ref3">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh panchayat elections to be held in 3 phases from Jan 6: Commission |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/madhya-pradesh-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-3-phases-from-jan-6-commission-101638638596828.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mpe ref4">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh: Panchayat Elections to be held in three phases, voting for first phase on January 6 |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/bhopal/madhya-pradesh-panchayat-elections-to-be-held-in-three-phases-voting-for-first-phase-on-january-6 |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=4 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Issuing notifications containing guidelines for conducting elections for municipal corporations.<ref name="mpe ref7">{{cite news |title=Pay pending electricity bills or skip elections: New rules in Madhya Pradesh ahead of Panchayat elections |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/pay-pending-electricity-bills-or-skip-elections-new-rules-in-madhya-pradesh-ahead-of-panchayat-elections/840180 |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=timesnownews.com |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=EC issues notification for 49 civic bodies poll in MP |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/madhya-pradesh/ec-issues-notification-for-49-civic-bodies-poll-in-mp_779768.html |date=23 September 2023 |website=Zee News}}</ref>
* Conducting elections for municipal corporations.
* Issuing notification containing guidelines for conducting elections for municipal panchayats.
* Conducting elections for municipal panchayats.<ref name="mpe ref6">{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh Panchayat Elections 2021-22 process to start today, check full schedule here |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/madhya-pradesh-panchayat-elections-2021-22-process-to-start-today-check-full-schedule-here-2418756.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Zee News |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Laying guidelines for persons eligible to contest in elections for municipal corporations.
* Conducting elections for municipal panchayats.
* Model code of conduct in elections for local bodies.<ref name="mpe ref8">{{cite news |title=Panchayat election: Standing committee constituted in Indore, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/panchayat-election-standing-committee-constituted-in-indore-madhya-pradesh |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Free Press Journal |date=10 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Updating electoral rolls.
* Declaring results of elections held for municipal corporations and municipal panchayats.
* Ordering repolls if needed.
* Making arrangements for statewide polls.
* Monitoring poll expenditures for panchayat polls.
* Laying guidelines for issuing of opinion polls.
* Decisions on conducting elections.
* Declaring results of local body polls.
* Municipal and panchayat constituencies delimitation exercise.
* Countermanding elections in case of malpractices.

== Composition ==

The Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission is headed by Chief Election Commissioner<ref name="mps ref1">{{cite web |title=MP State Election Commission |url=https://mplocalelection.gov.in/Organizationstructure.aspx |website=mplocalelection.gov.in |access-date=14 December 2021}}</ref> and as many members as specified in the state act.<ref name="mpe ref5">{{cite news |title=Election Commission of Madhya Pradesh – its history, functions and officers |url=https://www.elections.in/election-commission/madhyapradesh.html |access-date=14 December 2021 |publisher=Elections in India}}</ref> The commissioners are independent and must not hold positions or office in any central or state Government organisation.<ref name="sec ref5">{{cite news |title=State election commissioners should be independent, says SC |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/state-election-commissioners-should-be-independent-says-sc/cid/1809411 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=13 March 2021}}</ref>

Mr Manoj kumar shrivastav, is the current Chief Election Commissioner of Madhya Pradesh State Election Commission.<ref name="mps ref1" /> His period of service is 6 years or attaining an age of 62 years, whichever is earlier.

== Constitutional requirements ==

The commission was formed after an amendment of the Constitution with 73rd and 74th declaration.<ref name="sec ref4">{{cite news |title=India State Election - Find information of all State elections in India |url=https://www.elections.in/state-elections.html |access-date=6 December 2021 |publisher=www.elections.in}}</ref> State Election Commissions were formed as per Article 243K of the Constitution, similar to setting up of the Election Commission of India in Article 324.<ref name="sec ref3" />

== List of Election Commissioners of Madhya Pradesh ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Election Commissioners of Madhya Pradesh
|-
! Name !! Term
|-
| N. B. Lohani || 15 February 1994 – 16 February 2000
|-
| Gopal Sharan Shukla || 16 February 2000 – 14 August 2006
|-
| Aditya Vijay Singh || 14 August 2006 – 10 December 2010
|-
| Ajit Raizada || 10 December 2010 – 30 September 2013
|-
| R. Parshuram || 1 October 2013 – 31 December 2018
|-
| Basant Pratap Singh || 1 January 2019 – 31 December 2024
|-
| Manoj Kumar Shrivastaf|| 1 January 2025 – present
|}

== See also ==

* [[Election Commission of India]].

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://mplocalelection.gov.in/Historye.aspx?lang=en Official Website]
* [https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/ Official Website]

{{Authority control}}


[[Category:State election commissioners of India]]
[[Category:Local government in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:State agencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Elections in Madhya Pradesh]]

Sir Andrew Snape Hammond (1802)

2025-12-16T20:04:48Z

JoannePettiford: creating stub

{{Short description|19th century merchant ship}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header=title
| country=United Kingdom
| flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|civil}}
| name=''Sir Andrew Snape Hammond''
| renamed = ''Udny'' (or ''Udney'')
| namesake = [[Sir Andrew Hamond, 1st Baronet]]
| owner = Various
| operator =
| ordered =
| builder =M. Smith, Howrah, [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=99 & 145}}
| original_cost =
| laid_down =
| launched = 1802,<ref name=EIRD1803/>{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=99 & 145}} or 1803{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=318}}
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured = 1807
| fate = Wrecked 1824
| notes =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class =
| tons_burthen= 469,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=99 & 145}} or 469{{small|{{frac|84|94}}}},{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=318}} or 480,<ref name=EIRD1803/> or 490,{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=138}} or 500 ([[Builder's Old Measurement|bm]])
| length = {{cvt|116|ft|6|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=318}}
| beam = {{cvt|30|ft|9|in|m|1|abbr=on}}{{sfnp|Hackman|2001|p=318}}
| draught =
| draft =
| hold_depth =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| complement =
| armament =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Sir Andrew Snape Hammond''''' was a merchant vessel launched at Calcutta in 1802. By 1807, her name had changed to '''''Udny''''' (or '''''Udney'''''). In 1807, the French captured her, but she eventually returned to non-French ownership and Calcutta registry. She was wrecked in 1824.

==Career==
In 1803, ''Sir Andrew Snape Hammond''{{'}}s owner was S. Teague.<ref name=EIRD1803>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101057193953?urlappend=%3Bseq=139 ''East-India register and directory'' (1803), p.99.]</ref>

It is not clear when ''Sir Andrew Snape Hammond'' was renamed ''Udny''.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=99 & 145}}

The French frigate {{ship|French frigate|Piémontaise|1804|2}} captured ''Udny'' on 2 October 1807. At the time the name of her master was Walteas or Wallis.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735023?urlappend=%3Bseq=273 №4243.]</ref><ref name=AAR>''Asiatic Annual Register'', Vol. 10, p.123.</ref> ''Udny'' (or ''Adny'') was carrying a cargo of [[Nitre|saltpeter]], wine, grain, and 5,625 sacks of rice. The value of the prize was 201,316.54 [[French francs]].{{sfnp|Roman|2007|p= 223}}

It is not clear how or when ''Udny'' returned to Calcutta registry, though it is clear that she did.{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|pp=99 & 145}}{{sfnp|Phipps|1840|p=138}}

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Master
! Owner
|-
| 1819<ref>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044105325765?urlappend=%3Bseq=227 ''East-India register and directory'' (1819), p.137.]</ref>
| A. Pelly
| Sheik Goulam Hussein
|-
| 1821<ref>''India Office and Burma Office List'' (1821), p.149.</ref>
| T. Woody
| Sheik Goulam Hussein
|-
|}

==Loss==
''[[Lloyd's List]]'' reported on 17 December 1824, that ''Udney'', Holden, master, had been sighted off [[Île Bourbon]] on 29 May 1824, whilst on a voyage from Bengal to London. At the time of the report there had been no further trace, and so she was presumed foundered with the loss of all hands.<ref>''[[Lloyd's List]]'' [https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735034?urlappend=%3Bseq=415 №4969.]</ref> Actually, ''Udney'', Houlding, master, had wrecked at [[Inhambane]] Bay, Mozambique, on her passage from Calcutta and Madras for London.<ref name=Times080325/><ref name=LL080325>[https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735035?urlappend=%3Bseq=79 ''Lloyd's List'' №5992.]</ref>

She had sprung a leak on 15 June, while she was off Natal, but had gotten into [[Maputo Bay|Delagoa Bay]] on the 19th. On the 21st she had been blown out of the Bay, resulting in her wreck on 2 July. Her crew and passengers were saved, and the whaler {{ship||Emma|1808 ship|2}} carried them to [[Saint Helena]].<ref name=Times080325>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=(untitled) |date=8 March 1825 |page=4 |issue=12595 |column=A }}</ref><ref name=LL080325/> Some pepper and cardamums of ''Udny''{{'}}s cargo had been saved too. Sixty-five cases of cardamums and 235 bags of pepper were sold at Mozambique for the benefit of the underwriters.<ref>''Oriental Herald and Colonial Review'', Volume 5, p.154.</ref>

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last=Hackman |first=Rowan |year=2001 |title=Ships of the East India Company |location=Gravesend, Kent |publisher=World Ship Society |isbn=0-905617-96-7 }}
* {{cite book|last=Phipps|first=Joh
|year=1840|title=A Collection of Papers Relative to Ship Building in India ...: Also a Register Comprehending All the Ships ... Built in India to the Present Time ...|publisher=Scott }}
* {{cite book|title=Robert Surcouf et ses frères|trans-title=Robert Surcouf and his brothers|first=Alain|last=Roman|others=Preface by Olivier Roellinger|publisher=Editions Cristel|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIc-AQAAIAAJ|language=French|oclc=159954380|isbn=9782844210500}}

{{1824 shipwrecks}}

[[Category:1802 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:Age of Sail merchant ships of England]]
[[Category:Captured ships]]
[[Category:Maritime incidents in July 1824]]

Faaiz Dehlvi

2025-10-16T17:13:42Z

JoannePettiford: done

{{Short description|Persian poet}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Faaiz Dehlvi
| native_name = صدرالدین محمد خان فائز
| native_name_lang = Urdu Persian
| birth_name = Nawab Sadruddin Mohammad Khan
| birth_date = 1690
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[Delhi Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 1738
| death_place = Delhi, Delhi Subah, Mughal Empire
| occupation = Poet
| style = Ghazals Masnavis
| father = Mohammad Khalil Zabardast Khan
}}

'''Nawab Sadruddin Mohammad Khan Bahadur Faaiz''' (1690-1738), also known by his [[pen name]] '''Faaiz Dehlvi''' ([[Urdu]]; فائز دہلوی ),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Faez Dehlvi - Profile & Biography|url=https://www.rekhta.org/poets/faez-dehlvi/profile|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Rekhta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Faaiz Dehlvi Aur Deewan-e-Faaiz by Syed Masood Hasan Rizvi Adeeb|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/faaiz-dehlvi-aur-deewan-e-faaiz-ebooks|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Rekhta|language=en}}</ref> was an [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] [[Poet]]. He is also regarded as the promoter of Indian culture and Traditions, along with being considered as the first Urdu poet of [[North India|Northern India]] who composed poetry in Urdu and left a complete [[Diwan (poetry)|Diwan.]] His forefathers had come to [[India]] from [[Iran]] and settled in [[Delhi]]. His father Zabardast Khan was a noble man of distinction and had secured high positions and robes of honor from the [[Mughal emperors]] during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]] and [[Jahandar Shah]], and was appointed as a Judge in [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]] in 1696 and an administration of [[Awadh|Avadh]] in 1697.

== Biography ==
Faaiz was born in 1690 in [[Delhi]]. Faaiz got a good education and training under his father's supervision. Faaiz was brought up in a very disciplined and highly cultured atmosphere. He was gifted with a very fine literary taste. Under the Guidance of highly qualified teachers and well-established scholars, he developed a very refined taste for poetry and started writing poetry at an early age. Although Faaiz lived a happy and contented life, during his later years he had to face some financial problems. He became mentally upset and developed hysteric symptoms; consequently, he imprisoned himself in seclusion and stopped meeting people. Faaiz died in 1738 in Delhi and was buried there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UOM|title=Urdu Poetry: An Anthology Upto 19th Century|date=2001|publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation|isbn=978-81-7646-190-0|language=ur}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== His work ==
Faaiz was very knowledgeable of other sciences like logic, medicine, geometry, physiognomy etc. Faaiz was very fond of reading [[Persian literature|Persian classics]] and books of other prevailing subjects. He composed about nineteen thousand verses in Persian and five hundred verses in Urdu. His Diwan consists of [[Ghazal]]s, [[Mathnawi|Masnavis]] and other poems. Faaiz wrote in the local language commonly used in North India at that time. He used lots of words of dialects in his poetry and also adopted and used Persian compound words, similes, metaphors, etc. to improve the elegance of his poetry. His verses were marked by simplicity and lucidity. His work portrays divine love as well as the beauty and charm of the fair sex. His Ghazals mostly deal with the subject of love, in a very lucid and eloquent manner.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadruddin Mohammad Khan Faaiz, Faaiz Dehlvi}}
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:17th-century Persian-language poets]]
[[Category:1738 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]

American Cinematheque

2025-10-09T13:57:43Z

JoannePettiford: minor edit

{{Use American English|date=October 2025}}

{{Short description|Non-profit cultural organization in Los Angeles, California, United States}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=May 2017}}
{{Advert|date=May 2020}}
}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = American Cinematheque
| formation = {{sda|1984}}
| image =
| type = [[Non-profit]]
| founded_date =
| tax_id =
| registration_id =
| founder = Gary Essert<br>Gary Abrahams<br>[[Sydney Pollack]]
| location = [[Los Angeles]], California, United States
| coordinates =
| origins =
| key_people =
| area_served =
| focus =
| method =
| revenue =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| subsid =
| owner =
| non-profit_slogan =
| former name =
| homepage = {{url|http://americancinematheque.com}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''American Cinematheque''' is an independent, [[non-profit]] cultural organization in [[Los Angeles]], California, United States that represents the public presentation of the [[Film|moving image]] in all its forms.

It presents festivals and retrospectives that screen the best of worldwide cinema, video, and television from the past and present, ranging from the classics to the outer frontiers of the art form. Cinematheque also provides a forum where film lovers and students can learn from established filmmakers, actors, writers, editors, cinematographers, and others about their craft.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

==History==
In 1981, [[Filmex]], the Los Angeles International Film Exposition organized by Gary Essert and Gary Abrahams, awarded [[Elizabeth Taylor]] the Filmex Trustees Award and raised $90,000 for the creation of a cinematheque with the declared aim that it would eventually build on the work of Filmex and provide year-round film programming of classic and new films from around the world at a proposed Los Angeles Film Center.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=November 10, 1981|page=1, Calendar|title=Another honor for Liz: The survival award?|last=Smith|first=Dave}}</ref>

After Essert was forced to resign from Filmex in 1983, the Cinematheque was created by Essert, Abrahams and [[Sydney Pollack]] in 1984.<ref name=weintraub>{{cite news|newspaper=[[LA Weekly]]|last=Thompson|first=Anne|author-link=Anne Thompson (film journalist)|title=Filmex: Will Jerry Weintraub save it or destroy it?|date=April 17, 1986|pages=38-39}}</ref> Lawyer and [[United Artists]] employee Kenneth Kleinberg became co-chairman of the board with Pollack.<ref name=weintraub/> The Cinematheque was modeled on the [[Cinémathèque française]] and [[British Film Institute]].<ref name=weintraub/>

By 1985, Essert had raised over $1 million for the Cinematheque towards a $10 million goal to enable the Cinematheque to have a permanent home at a redeveloped [[Pan-Pacific Auditorium|Pan-Pacific Center]] that was proposed at the time.<ref name=weintraub/> The same year, the Cinematheque started screening films, starting with a three month Special Showcase honoring the [[Museum of Modern Art]] starting November 1 at the [[Ricardo Montalbán Theatre|Doolittle Theatre]] with a restored version of [[D. W. Griffith]]'s 1920 film ''[[Way Down East]]'' with a live orchestra.<ref name=about>{{cite web|url=https://www.americancinematheque.com/about/|title=About|website=American Cinematheque}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=From Griffiths to Hitchcock.. (advertisement)|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 27, 1985|page=20, Calendar}}</ref>

Early board members and trustees included [[Barry Diller]], [[Robert Fitzpatrick (art executive)|Robert Fitzpatrick]], [[Wallis Annenberg]], [[Candice Bergen]], [[Allan Carr]], [[Francis Coppola]], [[Jane Fonda]], [[Goldie Hawn]], [[David Hockney]], [[Louis Malle]], [[Barry Manilow]], [[Diana Muldaur]], [[Mike Nichols]], [[Paul Schrader]], [[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Robert Wise]].<ref name=weintraub/> In 1986, the board of trustees of Filmex voted to merge with the Cinematheque however the Cinematheque board would not approve it unless Filmex's debts were cleared.<ref name=weintraub/><ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=January 14, 1987|page=1 Calendar section|title=AFI introduces its new offspring: A film festival|last=Matthews|first=Jack}}</ref>

==Theaters==

Between 1987 and 1998, the Cinematheque presented its programs at a variety of venues, including the [[Directors Guild of America]] theater and the Raleigh Studios complex in Hollywood. In December 1998, it opened its own permanent home at [[Grauman's Egyptian Theatre]] in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], and in 2004 added a second theater, the [[Aero Theatre]], in [[Santa Monica]]. It now presents festivals, retrospectives, and assorted programs at these two theaters and the [[Los Feliz]] 3 Theatre.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://entertainment.inquirer.net/366015/lav-diaz-comes-to-la-to-be-saluted-in-american-cinematheques-first-tribute-to-a-filipino-filmmaker|title=Lav Diaz comes to LA to be saluted in American Cinematheque's first tribute to a Filipino filmmaker|last=Nepales|first=Ruben V.|website=entertainment.inquirer.net|date=27 February 2020|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Theatres|url=https://www.americancinematheque.com/about/theatres/ |website=American Cinematheque |access-date=February 11, 2025}}</ref>

In 1998, the American Cinematheque completed a major $12.8 million renovation of the Egyptian Theatre that restored the theater's exterior, and added new film, video, and audio technology.<ref name="Deadline">{{cite news |last1=Fleming |first1=Mike Jr. |title=Netflix In Talks To Acquire Hollywood's Historic Egyptian Theatre From American Cinematheque |url=https://deadline.com/2019/04/egyptian-theater-hollywood-netflix-buying-cinematheque-1202591851/ |work=Deadline |date=April 9, 2019}}</ref> In May 2020, the theater was sold to [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Netflix Closes Deal to Buy Hollywood's Egyptian Theatre|url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/netflix-hollywood-egyptian-theatre-1234619985/|last=McNary|first=Dave|date=2020-05-29|website=Variety|language=en|access-date=2020-05-30}}</ref>

==Programming==
===Film Festivals===
The American Cinematheque is home to a number of annual film festivals, which cover diverse topics, genres, and international cinemas. Its annual [[Beyond Fest]] is the highest attended genre film festival in the U.S.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bell |first1=Nathaniel |title=BEYOND FEST CLOSING WEEK SCARES UP BLOOD ON HER NAME, NATURAL BORN KILLERS AND MORE |url=https://www.laweekly.com/beyond-fest-scares-up-blood-on-her-name-the-evil-dead-reimagined/ |website=LAWEEKLY |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

For the last 22 years, the Cinematheque has partnered with the Film Noir Foundation on its longest running festival, Noir City: Hollywood, that celebrates the history of film noir.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Turan |first1=Kenneth |title='Noir City: Hollywood' returns with Rita Hayworth, military films and David Mamet |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2020-02-27/noir-city-hollywood-returns-with-rita-hayworth-military-films-and-david-mamet |newspaper=LA Times |date=27 February 2020 |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref> Nitrate Nights, one of The American Cinematheque's newer film festivals, offers rare chances to see films on 35mm [[nitrate film]] base, a format abandoned in the early 1950s due to its highly flammable quality. After being retrofitted to project nitrate safely in 2016, the Cinematheque has since partnered with such film archives as the [[George Eastman Museum]], the [[Library of Congress]], the [[Academy Film Archive]] and the [[UCLA Film and Television Archive]] to bring rare archival prints to the screen for the public.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Lindahl |first1=Chris |title=Christopher Nolan Hopes Nitrate Print of 'Rebecca' Will Reestablish the Film's Place in Hitchcock's Legacy |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/11/nitrate-film-flammable-egyptian-theatre-george-eastman-1202190206/ |website=indiewire.com |date=17 November 2019 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Turan |first1=Kenneth |title=Critic's Choice: Nitrate lives on at the Egyptian |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-critics-choice-20180315-story.html |newspaper=LA Times |date=15 March 2018 |access-date=9 May 2020}}</ref>

The Cinematheque also partners annually with the Hollywood Foreign Press Association to present the Golden Globe Foreign-Language Nominees Series, which includes screenings of the year's nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film.<ref>{{cite news |title=Also in Theatres Column |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50462010/golden-globe-foreign-language-nominees/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=4 January 2015 |page=62 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> Every year, the series has culminated in a panel discussion symposium with the directors of the five nominated films.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Cramer |first1=Alex |title=Alfonso Cuaron, Nadine Labaki, More Foreign-Language Directors Honored by American Cinematheque |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/alfonso-cuaron-nadine-labaki-more-golden-globe-nominated-foreign-language-directors-honored-by-ameri-1173564 |website=www.hollywoodreporter.com |date=6 January 2019 |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

==== Other Notable Film Festivals ====

* The All Night Horrorthon at the Aero<ref>{{cite news |title='The Blood is the Life: Vampires on Film' and 'Dusk-to-Dawn Horrorthon' |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50542682/horrorthon/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=22 October 2006 |page=55 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Recent Spanish Cinema<ref>{{cite news |title=American Cinematheque Presents: Recent Spanish Cinema |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50461786/recent-spanish-cinema/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=2 March 2000 |page=440 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Cinema Italian Style<ref>{{cite news |title=Cinema Italian Style- New Films from Italy |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50457310/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=3 June 2004 |page=49 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* German Currents<ref>{{cite web |last1=King |first1=Susan |title=German Currents: Festival of German Film opens Friday at Egyptian |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-festival-german-film-opens-egyptian-20130930-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=October 2013 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Canada Now<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yamato |first1=Jen |title=Beyond Fest sets 13-film David Cronenberg retrospective with director in attendance |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-david-cronenberg-beyond-fest-2018-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Starring Europe: New Films from the EU<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ziemba |first1=Christine |title=Your Ultimate Guide To May: 20 Cool Events Happening In Los Angeles |url=https://laist.com/2017/05/01/your_ultimate_guide_to_may_20_cool_3.php |website=laist.com |publisher=LAist |access-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103181359/https://laist.com/2017/05/01/your_ultimate_guide_to_may_20_cool_3.php |archive-date=3 January 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Screwball Comedy Festival<ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Susan |title=A Series You Can't Refuse |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50462467/screwball-comedy-festival/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=30 December 2010 |page=36 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[Etheria Film Night]] Annual Showcase <ref>{{cite web |title=Etheria Film Night 2019 |url=http://americancinemathequecalendar.com/content/etheria-film-night-2019 |website=The American Cinematheque Calendar |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref>

==== Past Film Festivals ====

* EW's CapeTown Film Festival<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Anne |last2=Hanna |first2=Beth |title='Iron Man 3' Free Advance Screening to Open EW's CapeTown Film Festival UPDATED |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2013/04/iron-man-3-free-advance-screening-to-open-ews-capetown-film-festival-updated-198392/ |website=indiewire.com |date=18 April 2013 |publisher=IndieWire |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Festival of Fantasy, Horror, and Science Fiction<ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Susan |title=Hail the Party Animal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50458276/the-los-angeles-times/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=6 August 2003 |page=88 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Brutal Youth Festival with Entertainment Weekly<ref>{{cite web |last1=Breznican |first1=Anthony |title=Brutal Youth Fest: Dark coming-of-age stories return to the big screen |url=https://ew.com/article/2014/06/17/youth-is-brutal-fest/ |website=ew.com |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>

It has also presented [[Mods & Rockers Film Festival|Mods & Rockers Festival]]<ref>[http://www.modsandrockers.com/ Modsandrockers.com]</ref> a festival of rock-culture films first presented in 1999.

===Other Regular Film Series===
The Cinematheque also hosts a number of regular screening series year-round including:

* [[Cinematic Void]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Let's Scare Jessica to Death |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50542368/cinematic-void/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=6 May 2018 |pages=E9 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Art Directors Guild Film Society<ref>{{cite news |last1=King |first1=Susan |title=The Spy Who Started It All |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50542535/art-directors-guild-film-society/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=26 April 2014 |page=31 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Greg Proops Film Club<ref>{{cite news |last1=Craughwell |first1=Kathleen |title=Events & Revivals |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/50542602/proops-film-club/ |newspaper=The Los Angeles Times |date=21 January 2018 |pages=E9 |access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref>
* Etheria Monthly Screening Series<ref>{{cite web |title=Etheria |url=https://www.americancinematheque.com/series/etheria/ |website=American Cinematheque |date=2021|access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>

===Retrospectives===
In 2024, American Cinematheque, with the help of community partners including [[Armenian Film Society]] and [[GALAS LGBTQ+ Armenian Society]], hosted "Three Homelands: A [[Sergei Parajanov]] [[Retrospective]]", focusing on the director's films about his three homelands: ''[[Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors]]'' ([[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]]), ''[[The Color of Pomegranates]]'' ([[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]]), and ''[[The Legend of Suram Fortress]]'' and ''[[Ashik Kerib]]'' ([[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgia]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinema.ucla.edu/events/2024/three-homelands-sergei-parajanov-retrospective|title=Three Homelands: A Sergei Parajanov Retrospective|access-date=November 18, 2024}}</ref>

===Award program===
In addition to its year-round programs, the organization presents the prestigious [[American Cinematheque Award]] annually to a filmmaker in recognition of contributions to the art form. In the 20 years since the award's inception, many major filmmakers have been honored, including directors such as [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Martin Scorsese]], [[Ron Howard]], and [[Rob Reiner]], producer [[Jerry Bruckheimer]], and actors including [[Eddie Murphy]], [[Bette Midler]], [[Mel Gibson]], [[Bruce Willis]], [[Samuel L. Jackson]], [[Denzel Washington]], and [[Jodie Foster]].

===Former Distribution===
American Cinematheque's distribution arm was set up in 1999 as Vitagraph Films.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://cineuropa.org/en/dossiernewsdetail/1364/153464/ | title = UniJapan: Talking about European cinema in the Japanese marketplace | access-date = 11 April 2020 | date = 2010 | work = Cineuropa}}</ref>

==Participation by industry leaders==
The organization is governed by a board of directors and a board of trustees. Each board has included prominent leaders in the entertainment industry, including directors and producers such as Sydney Pollack, Martin Scorsese, Mike Nichols, Francis Coppola, [[William Friedkin]], [[Melvin Van Peebles]], [[Brian Grazer]], [[Joe Dante]], [[Paula Wagner]], and [[Steve Tisch]]. Other prominent board members include actors Candice Bergen and Goldie Hawn.

The current board of directors is chaired by talent agent [[Rick Nicita]] (former co-chairman of [[Creative Artists Agency]]). It also contains journalist [[Peter Bart]] (former editor in chief of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''); film producer [[Jason Blum]]; film executive [[Franklin Leonard]]; film director [[Michael Mann]]; former studio chief [[Mike Medavoy]]; film producer [[Paula Wagner]]; and [[David Zaslav]], current CEO and president of [[Warner Bros. Discovery]].<ref name=about/> Original co-chairman Kenneth Kleinberg is still on the board of directors.<ref name=about/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.americancinematheque.com/ Official American Cinematheque website]
*[https://esotouric.com/egyptiantheatre/ Friends of the American Cinematheque at the Egyptian Theatre petition campaign]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Culture of Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Film organizations in the United States]]
[[Category:Cinema of Southern California]]
[[Category:Arts organizations established in 1984]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Cinematheques]]

Tribhuvandas Luhar

2025-09-08T19:06:22Z

JoannePettiford: typo fix

#REDIRECT [[Sundaram (writer)]]

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Abdus Sattar (West Bengal politician)

2025-07-31T18:46:37Z

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#REDIRECT [[Abdus Sattar (Amdanga politician)]]

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John Bladen Taylor

2025-06-30T02:23:27Z

JoannePettiford: Creating

{{Short description|English Member of Parliament}}
'''John Bladen Taylor''' (1764–1820), was an English army officer of the [[East India Company]] and merchant. He became an East India Company director in 1810. At the end of his life he was Member of Parliament for [[Hythe (UK Parliament constituency)|Hythe]], in 1818–9.<ref name="HoP">{{cite web |title=Taylor, John Bladen (1764-1820). |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/member/taylor-john-bladen-1764-1820 |website=History of Parliament}}</ref>

==Life==
He was the son of John Taylor of [[Townhead]] and [[Abbot Hall, Kendal]], and his wife Dorothy Northall née Rumbold, daughter of William Rumbold and sister of [[Thomas Rumbold]]. They married in 1762, in British India.<ref name="HoP"/> He was born in [[Calcutta]], where at the time his father was in the East India Company Maritime Service.<ref name="Christie">{{cite book |last1=Christie |first1=Ian R. |title=British 'non-elite' MPs, 1715-1820 |date=1995 |publisher=Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-820557-9 |page=111 |language=en}}</ref>

Taylor was in the East India Company [[Madras]] military, from 1778, possibly to 1805.<ref name="Christie"/> He was a cadet in 1778, rising to lieutenant in 1783.<ref name="HoP"/> His father had died by 1787, when Abbot Hall was put up for sale.<ref>{{cite news |title=Estate in Westmorland |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000950/17870725/009/0003 |work=Cumberland Pacquet and Ware's Whitehaven Advertiser |date=25 July 1787|page=3}}</ref> It was recorded in 1821 that Taylor was placed on [[half pay]] in 1783, with the [[87th Foot]] (an anachronism before 1793).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Great Britain War Office |title=A List of the Officers of the Army and of the Corps of Royal Marines |date=1821 |page=418 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D29KAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA418 |language=en}}</ref> He was promoted to captain in 1796, major in 1799, and lieutenant-colonel in 1804, retiring from the military in 1805.<ref name="HoP"/>

Returning to the United Kingdom, Taylor was an East India merchant, later in 1810 becoming an East India Company director as replacement on the death of [[William Bensley]];<ref name="HoP"/><ref name="Christie"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Almanak van Nederlandsch-Indië voor het jaar|volume=2 |date=1816 |publisher=Lands Drukkery |page=91 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z1hVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP91 |language=en}}</ref> he was re-elected in 1811 and 1816.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philips |first1=C. H. |title=East India Company |date=1940 |publisher=Manchester University press,London |page=377 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7144/page/n342/mode/1up}}</ref> Early in his time as director, under the influence of [[Charles Grant (British East India Company)|Charles Grant]], Taylor was one of the swing votes in a decision to side with [[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet]] in his Madras power struggle with [[William Petrie]]. Finding that Grant failed to follow up with an investigation of Barlow, he later reversed his position.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Philips |first1=C. H. |title=East India Company |date=1940 |publisher=Manchester University press,London |page=172 and note 5 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7144/page/n178/mode/1up}}</ref>

Taylor joined in 1811 the 3rd Regiment of the Royal East India Volunteers, with rank of major.<ref name="HoP"/> He prepared the ground at Hythe for the [[1818 United Kingdom general election|1818 general election]], as a [[nabob]] candidate supporting the [[Liverpool administration]], and was successful in the two-member constituency with the Tory [[Sir John Perring, 1st Baronet]], keeping out [[Matthew White (MP)|Matthew White]] and [[Sir John Courtenay Honywood, 5th Baronet]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hythe Borough 1790-1820 |url=https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1790-1820/constituencies/hythe |website=historyofparliamentonline.org}}</ref> He was a Member of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] for Hythe 1818 to May 1819.<ref name="HoP"/>

==Family==
Taylor married in 1808 Rachel Dunkin, daughter of [[William Dunkin (judge)|Sir William Dunkin]], as her second husband. The couple had one daughter, Eliza Alicia.<ref name="HoP"/><ref name="LG">{{cite book |last1=Burke |first1=John Bernard |last2=Burke |first2=Sir Bernard |title=A genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gentry of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=I |date=1898 |publisher=Harrison |page=289 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcgMkEtYHNYC&pg=PA289 |language=en}}</ref> She made a [[first cousin marriage]] in 1855 to Edmund Hugh Clerk JP (c.1818–1900) of [[Burford]], seventh son of Major Thomas Clerk of the East India Company and his wife Dorothy Taylor, sister of John Bladen Taylor.<ref name="LG"/><ref>{{acad|id=CLRK832EH|name=Clerk, Edmund Hugh}}</ref>

Rachel Dunkin's first marriage was in Bengal in 1792, to George Elliot of the [[Bengal Civil Service]]. He was a nephew of [[John Grant (d. 1804)|Major John Grant]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Bengal Past And Present|volume=37-38 |date=1929 |page=345 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.32676/page/n345/mode/1up}}</ref> [[William Hickey (memoirist)|William Hickey]] in his ''Memoirs'' gave an account of Elliot's death after a lightning strike at Monghyr ([[Munger]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=William |title=Memoirs of William Hickey|volume=4 |date=1925 |publisher=Hurst & Blackett |location=London |pages=73–74 |language=en}}</ref> Rachel at the end of 1795 sailed back to Great Britain, taking with her the two eldest children of [[Francis MacNaghten]] and his wife Letitia, her sister.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hickey |first1=William |title=Memoirs of William Hickey|volume=4 |date=1925 |publisher=Hurst & Blackett |location=London |page=128 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taylor, John Bladen}}
[[Category:1764 births]]
[[Category:1820 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century English people]]
[[Category:English merchants]]
[[Category:Directors of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for English constituencies]]

Bhatia (clan)

2025-04-25T07:16:04Z

JoannePettiford: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Gurjar]]

Raghuraj Singh Kansana

2025-03-19T22:21:21Z

JoannePettiford: added references

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raghuraj Singh Kansana
| birth_name = Raghuraj Singh Kansana
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| residence =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]]
| term_start1 = 2018
| term_end1 = 2020
| predecessor1 = [[Rustam Singh (politician)|Rustam Singh]]
| successor1 = Rakesh Mavai
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| religion =
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (before 2020)
| website =
| profession =
| date = |
| year = |
| source =
}}

'''Raghuraj Singh Kansana''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Morena (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Morena]]. He was an elected member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]]. During [[2020 Madhya Pradesh political crisis]], he supported senior Congress leader [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] and was one of the 22 MLAs who resigned and later joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jyotiraditya-scindia-resigns-from-congress/articleshow/74561583.cms|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia resigns from Congress, more than 20 party MLAs quit|date=2020-03-10|work=The Economic Times|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title =22 rebel Cong MLAs, whose resignation led to fall of Kamal Nath govt, join BJP|url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/22-rebel-cong-mlas-whose-resignation-led-to-fall-of-kamal-nath-govt-join-bjp-11584797981690.html|publisher=Live Mint}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/03/21/22-rebel-madhya-pradesh-congress-mlas-join-bjp.html|title=Why the Congress continues to lose MLAs in MP|website=The Week|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-the-congress-continues-to-lose-mlas-in-mp-1702622-2020-07-20|title=Why the Congress continues to lose MLAs in MP|website=India Today.|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kansana, Raghuraj Singh}}
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Morena, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-INC-politician-stub}}

List of airports in Chhattisgarh

2024-08-02T23:09:36Z

JoannePettiford: creating article.

#REDIRECT [[List of airports in India#Chhattisgarh]]

Forest Ward, Kohima

2024-05-17T04:56:37Z

JoannePettiford: new.

{{one source|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Forest Ward
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]
| established_title = Incorporated
| established_date =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.661775|N|94.087806|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]
| parts_type =
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| government_type =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 =
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| footnotes =
}}

'''Forest Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 17 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 17] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120056/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map17.html |date=1 December 2021 }}

[[Category:Kohima]]
[[Category:Wards of Kohima]]

{{India-geo-stub}}

Yaarana

2023-08-28T20:23:15Z

JoannePettiford:

{{wikt|yaar}}
'''''Yaarana''''' or '''''Yaraana''''' may refer to:

* [[Yaarana (1981 film)|''Yaarana'' (1981 film)]], a 1981 Indian musical drama film directed by Rakesh Kumar
* [[Yaraana (1995 film)|''Yaraana'' (1995 film)]], a 1995 Indian romantic thriller film
* [[Yaarana (2015 film)|''Yaarana'' (2015 film)]], a 2015 Indian Punjabi-language film

==See also==
*[[Yaar? (disambiguation)]]

{{set index|films}}

Madnahar Jr. High School

2023-08-06T04:27:32Z

JoannePettiford: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Madnahar#Education]]

{{R from school}}