Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Sawai Madhopur

2026-05-05T13:26:33Z

JoanneMoffit: starting data!

{{About|the city in Rajasthan, India|its namesake district|Sawai Madhopur district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sawai Madhopur
| native_name = ''Savāī Mādhōpur''
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Madhopur
| official_name = Sawai Madhopur
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| perrow = 1/2/2/1
| image2 = Regional_Museum.jpg
| caption2 = [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History]]
| image1 = Sawai Madhopur Junction Railway Station.jpg
| caption1 = [[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station]]
| image3 = Ranthambore Pravesh Mahad Dwaar at Hamir Circle, Sawai Madhopur.jpg
| caption3 = Ranthambhore Pravesh Maha Dwaar at Hammir Circle, Sawai Madhopur
| image4 = Sunset at Ranthambore Fort.jpg
| caption4 = A view of the Ranthambhore Fort in Sawai Madhopur
| image5 =
| caption5 = Kala-Gora Bhairav Temple
}}
| nicknames = Tiger City of Rajasthan, The City of Tigers
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India#Asia
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26|0|N|76|21|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagu|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Divisions of Rajasthan|Division]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Rajasthan}}
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dhundhar]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sawai Madhopur district|Sawai Madhopur]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Bharatpur division|Bharatpur]]
| established_title = Establishment
| established_date = {{start date and age|19 January 1763}}
| founder = [[Madho Singh I]]
| named_for = Sawai Madho Singh
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Sawai Madhopur Municipal Council<ref>{{cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur Municipal Council |url=https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbsawaimadhopur/ |date=28 June 2024}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Sawai Madhopur City|date=24 September 2020|url=https://truerajasthan.com/sawai-madhopur-city/|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117025231/https://truerajasthan.com/sawai-madhopur-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 59
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 265.785
| population_total = 1,78,700
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2011 census data">{{cite web|title=Census of India Search details |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank = 18th
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pincode(s)]]
| postal_code = 322001 (District Headquarter), 322021 (Old City)
| area_code = +91-7462
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]]
| registration_plate = RJ-25
| blank1_name_sec1 = Sex ratio
| blank1_info_sec1 = 922 per 1000 [[Female|♂]]/[[male|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Gwalior]], [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], [[Sheopur]], [[Gangapur City]], [[Niwai]], [[Chauth Ka Barwara]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Semi-arid climate#Hot semi-arid climates|BSh]]
| website = {{URL|https://lsg.rajasthan.gov.in/ulbsawaimadhopur/#/home/dptHome|Sawai Madhopur Municipal Council}} {{URL|www.sawaimadhopur.rajasthan.gov.in|Sawai Madhopur District}}
| footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| demographics1_title2 = Additional official
| demographics1_info2 = English
| demographics1_title3 = Regional
| demographics1_info3 = [[Hindi]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]], [[Dhundhari]]
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| module = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iii)}}(ii), (iii)
| ID = 247
| year = 2013
| area = {{convert|736|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}
}}
}}

'''Sawai Madhopur''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: ''Savāī Mādhōpur'', [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [səˈʋaːiː ˈmaːdʱoːpʊɾ]) is a [[city]] in the south-eastern part of the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. It serves as the administrative headquarter of the [[Sawai Madhopur district]], and forms a part of the [[List of districts of Rajasthan|Bharatpur division]].

The city is known for its historical significance, cultural heritage, and ecological importance. It is located near [[Ranthambore National Park]], one of India's most prominent wildlife reserves, situated approximately {{convert|13|km|mi}} from the city.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why should you plan your next trip to Sawai Madhopur in Ranthambore? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-should-you-plan-your-next-trip-to-sawai-madhopur-in-ranthambore/articleshow/105263053.cms |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The national park is a major attraction for wildlife enthusiasts and tourists. Also located in the vicinity is the [[Ranthambore Fort]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], which adds to the city's cultural and architectural prominence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit to Ranthambore Fort |url=https://www.andbeyond.com/experiences/asia/india/north-india/rajasthan/ranthambore-national-park/visit-ranthambore-fort/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.andbeyond.com |language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hill Forts of Rajasthan |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/247/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-06-21 |title=Unesco declares 6 Rajasthan forts World Heritage Sites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/unesco-declares-6-rajasthan-forts-world-heritage-sites/article4838107.ece |access-date=2024-01-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A look at all the UNESCO Heritage sites in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/a-look-at-all-the-unesco-heritage-sites-in-rajasthan/photostory/103953147.cms |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Sawai Madhopur is named after [[Maharaja]] [[Madho Singh I|Sawai Madho Singh I]] (born 20 May 1728 – March 5, 1768) (Reign: {{circa|1750|1768}}), the ruler of [[Kingdom of Amber|Amer]], who established the city in 1763 [[Common Era|CE]]. In [[Sanskrit]], the term "''pur''" (or "''pura''") is often employed to denote a [[city]] or [[town]]. "''Sawai Madhopur''" can be interpreted as "''The City of Sawai Madho''" or "''Sawai Madho's City''," serving as a tribute to Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh I, the founder of the city.

== History of Sawai Madhopur ==
{{Quote box
| title = Historical affiliations
| quote = [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura]] 1192–1301 {{flagicon image|Delhi Sultanate Flag.svg|Delhi Sultanate Flag}} [[Delhi Sultanate]] 1301–1526 {{flagicon image|Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular).svg|Flag of the Mughal Empire (triangular)}} [[Mughal Empire]] 1526–1562 {{flagicon image|Flag of Jaipur.svg}} [[Jaipur State]] 1562–1949 {{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]] 30 March 1949–Present
| align = left
| width = 22em
| fontsize = 75%
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
}}

=== Early History and Ranthambore Fort ===
The early history of the region now constituting Sawai Madhopur is inseparable from the history of Ranthambore Fort, situated on a rocky hill approximately thirteen kilometres from the present city. The precise origins of the fort are disputed among historians: one tradition attributes its construction to the [[Chauhan dynasty|Chauhan]] [[Rajput clans|Rajput]] king [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Sapaldaksha]] in 944 AD, while another credits the Chauhan king Jayant in 1110 AD. It is broadly accepted that construction commenced in the mid-tenth century CE and continued over several subsequent centuries under successive rulers. <ref>[https://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/ranthambore-fort.html Unknown]{{Dead link | date=January 2025 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Veena |title=Ranthambore Fort: A Marvel of the Chauhan Dynasty {{!}} Veena World |url=https://www.veenaworld.com/blog/ranthambore-fort-a-marvel-of-the-chauhan-dynasty |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.veenaworld.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura (8th–13th Century) ===
The fort gained strategic prominence under the Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura — a branch of the Chauhan Rajput dynasty — who held Ranthambore as the eastern anchor of their kingdom. The fort's most celebrated Chauhan defender was Rao [[Hammiradeva|Hammir Deva]] (r. 1282–1301), whose resistance to [[Alauddin Khalji]]'s siege of 1301 became the subject of enduring Rajput literary and bardic traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World |first=Veena |title=Ranthambore Fort: A Marvel of the Chauhan Dynasty|url=https://www.veenaworld.com/blog/ranthambore-fort-a-marvel-of-the-chauhan-dynasty |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.veenaworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=footlooseinme |date=2021-03-31 |title=Ranthambore Fort - Footloose In Me |url=https://footlooseinme.com/ranthambore-fort/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=FootlooseInMe: Embark on Journeys of Discovery and Wonder |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-11 |title=इतिहास के पन्नों में अमर है रणथम्भौर के शासक राव हम्मीरदेव का बलिदान |trans-title=Amrit is Ranthambore in the pages of history |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/amrit-is-ranthambore-in-the-pages-of-history-3083984/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=rony.dutta |title=Siege of Ranthambore: Alauddin Khilji vs Hammir Dev Chauhan |url=https://www.mynation.com/video/lets-talk-about-bharat/siege-of-ranthambore-alauddin-khilji-vs-hammir-dev-chauhan-q4cbws |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=en}}</ref>

=== [[Delhi Sultanate]] (13th–14th Century) ===
In 1226, the fort was briefly seized by the Delhi Sultanate under [[Sultan]] [[Iltutmish]], though it returned to Chauhan control thereafter. In 1301, Alauddin Khalji launched a sustained siege against Ranthambore, defeating and killing Hammir Deva and bringing the fort under permanent Sultanate control. The fort was further administered as a Sultanate stronghold through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, changing hands periodically between Sultanate governors and Rajput chiefs of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] and other neighbouring states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=[[Rupa Publications]] |isbn=9788129108906}}</ref> The fort was further fortified and expanded during this period.

=== [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar Kingdom]] (14th to 16th Century) ===
The fort saw a brief period under the control of the [[Rajput clans|Rajput rulers]] of [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]]. However, it was frequently contested and changed hands multiple times.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Lindsay |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra |publisher=Lonely Planet Publications |year=2008 |isbn=9781741046908 |language=English}}</ref>

=== Mughal Period and the Pargana of Madhopur (16th–18th Century) ===
Ranthambore Fort passed into Mughal hands following the expansion of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] imperial power under Emperor [[Akbar]] in the sixteenth century. Under Akbar's provincial reorganisation, Ranthambore became the headquarters of the first ''sarkar'' (provincial division) of the ''[[subah]]'' of Ajmer, comprising no fewer than eighty-three ''mahals'' or revenue fiefs, encompassing the dependencies of [[Kota state|Kotah]] and [[Bundi State|Bundi]] and most of the territory later constituting the Jaipur State.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranthambore: Majestic Forts, a Deciduous Forest and the Reign of the Tiger |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/photostories/ranthambore-tiger |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=roundglasssustain.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/imperial-gazetteer-india-provincial-series-rajputana |title=Imperial Gazetteer of India |publisher=Calcutta, Superintendent, Government Printing |year=1908 |pages=267–268 |language=English}}</ref> The region was thereafter administered through Muslim [[jagirdars]] under Mughal imperial assignment.

The locality was known administratively as the [[Pargana]] of Madhopur — a pre-existing revenue and territorial unit. In 1725, Maharaja [[Sawai Jai Singh II]] of Jaipur obtained the Pargana of Madhopur from the Mughal court. This pargana, prior to its transfer, had been held by Muslim jagirdars appointed by the Mughal emperor, who ceded it to Jai Singh II under political compulsion, recognising the supreme importance of Jaipur's support to the weakening imperial court.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Mathura Lal |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn287559 |title=History of the Jaipur State |publisher=Rajasthan Institute of Historical Research, Jaipur |year=1969 |location=Jaipur |pages=161 |language=English |bibcode= |oclc=794926300 |access-date=}}</ref> This transfer formally brought the Madhopur region within the political and administrative sphere of the Jaipur State, nearly four decades before the present city was founded. In 1754, [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Alam II]] bestowed this property upon Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh I of Jaipur, who subsequently dedicated it as the Maharaja's exclusive hunting retreat, a tradition upheld ever since.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranthambore History |website=Hotel Green View Ranthambore |url=https://www.greenviewranthambore.com/about-ranthambore/ranthambore-history/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-14 |title=About Ranthambore - Madho Bagh |url=https://madhobagh.com/about-ranthambore/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dobson |first=Jim |title=Tracking Wild Tigers In Ranthambore National Park, A Luxury Adventure In India |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jimdobson/2018/11/15/tracking-wild-tigers-in-ranthambore-national-park-a-luxury-adventure-in-india/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

=== Foundation of the City (1763) ===
Maharaja [[Madho Singh II|Sawai Madho Singh I]] (r. 1751–1768), son and successor of Sawai Jai Singh II, sought to consolidate Jaipur's presence in the strategic Ranthambore region during a period of [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] expansionism across western and central India. His initial diplomatic request to the Mughal court for the transfer of Ranthambore Fort itself was declined.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-19 |title=258 बरस का हुआ Sawai Madhopur, जानें सांसद Diya Kumari ने पूर्वजों की याद में कहा? |trans-title=Sawai Madhopur foundation day, MP Diya Kumari tweets on occasion |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/sawai-madhopur-foundation-day-mp-diya-kumari-tweets-on-occasion-6639037/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

On 19 January 1763, Sawai Madho Singh I issued orders to fortify the pre-existing village of Sherpur — situated within the already Jaipur-controlled Pargana of Madhopur — and renamed the settlement "Sawai Madhopur" after himself.<ref>https://indiaich-sna.in/sites/default/files/2023-10/FINAL_living%20heri%20of%20swm_arti_b_pa%20%281%29.pdf</ref> The new walled city was deliberately laid out ''"somewhat on the plan of the capital"'' — that is, modelled on the rectilinear grid plan of the old-walled city of Jaipur itself — making Sawai Madhopur one of the earliest planned urban extensions of the Jaipur State. Sawai Madhopur celebrates its Foundation Day annually on 19 January.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=स्थापना दिवस से पहले शहर का कराए सौन्दर्यकरण |trans-title=Get the city beautified before the foundation day |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/get-the-city-beautified-before-the-foundation-day-7954703/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Two years after the city's founding, the Mughal governor surrendered Ranthambore Fort to the Jaipur ruler, completing the State's consolidation of the entire region.<ref name=":0" />

=== Administrative Status Under the Jaipur State ===
Within the administrative structure of the Jaipur State, Sawai Madhopur functioned as the headquarters of both the Nizamat of Sawai Madhopur and the Tahsil of Sawai Madhopur — the sub-divisional and revenue units of the State respectively. The ''Imperial Gazetteer of India, Provincial Series: Rajputana'' (1908) identifies the city formally as the ''"head-quarters of the nizāmat and tahsīl of the same name in the State of Jaipur, Rājputāna."''<ref name=":0" /> Contemporary Jaipur State administrative records further designate the settlement as a ''[[Kasbah|Qasba]]'' (a market town of recognised administrative rank) and a ''Pargana'' headquarters, confirming its dual urban and revenue status within the State's administrative hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sarwaraq, Daftar Diwani Huzuri, Raj Bhawai Jaipur |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives, Jaipur |others=Hardcopy held at Rajasthan State Archives, Jaipur office |year=1938 |language=Hindi |type=Archival record}}</ref>

Civil and revenue matters arising in Sawai Madhopur were adjudicated by the Daftar Diwani Huzuri — the Huzur Civil Court of the Jaipur State — confirming the city's direct administrative connection to the Jaipur [[Durbar (court)|Durbar]], the highest civil authority of the State. Settlement operations conducted by the State's Settlement Department in Qasba Sawai Madhopur are documented as late as 1939–40, when the Jaipur State Council passed Resolution No. 24 concerning ''Mafi'' (revenue-exempt) land tenures in the town, confirming the continuity of formal administrative governance through the final decades of the princely period.

=== British Paramountcy and the Treaty of Ranthambore (1818) ===
In 1818, the Jaipur State entered into a Subsidiary Alliance with the British East India Company, formalised through the Treaty of Ranthambore signed at Ranthambore Fort.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-05 |title=A Chronicle of India's Diplomatic Engagements: Unraveling the Significance of Treaties and Agreements |url=https://nritihas.com/a-chronicle-of-indias-diplomatic-engagements/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> Under this arrangement, the Jaipur State—including Sawai Madhopur—came under [[British Paramountcy]]: the Maharaja retained internal sovereignty and administrative control while ceding foreign policy and military affairs to the [[The Crown|British Crown]]. Sawai Madhopur thereby became part of the broader [[Rajputana Agency]], supervised by the British Political Agent stationed at Jaipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fort Begu - History |url=https://www.fortbegu.com/history.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=www.fortbegu.com}}</ref>

=== Urban Growth and the Railway (Early 20th Century) ===
By 1901, Sawai Madhopur had a recorded population of 10,328. The town was described at the time as a walled settlement with numerous educational institutions, including a vernacular middle school, a Jain ''pathshala'', and six indigenous schools attended by approximately three hundred boys, alongside a hospital. At the time of the Gazetteer's compilation in 1908, Sawai Madhopur was connected to the Rajputana-[[Malwa]] Railway only by a road running via [[Lalsot]] to Daosa station. The Jaipur-Sawai Madhopur Railway branch was then under construction and, upon its opening, transformed the city into a significant railway junction, accelerating both its commercial growth and administrative importance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Savitri |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers: Sawai Madhopur |publisher=Government of Rajasthan, Jaipur |year=1978}}</ref>

The Sawai Madhopur Lodge—now a heritage hotel—was constructed in 1936 by Maharaja [[Man Singh II|Sawai Man Singh II]] (r. 1922–1949) as a royal hunting retreat.<ref>Bently C. [https://books.google.com/books?id=U66zJaDjumwC&dq=%22sawai+madhopur%22&pg=PT72 ''A Guide to the Palace Hotels of India''] Hunter Publishing 2011. {{ISBN|1588439704}}</ref> The two-storey crescent-shaped building with its distinctive long verandah hosted [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] during her state visit to India in January 1961.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wall |first=Michael |date=2019-01-23 |title=Elephant procession for Queen in India – archive 1961 |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/23/elephant-procession-for-queen-india-1961 |access-date=2024-01-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Former United States President [[Bill Clinton]], accompanied by his family, visited Ranthambore on 24 March 2000.<ref>Singh R. and Singh K. [https://books.google.com/books?id=vYbGBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22sawai+madhopur%22&pg=PT15 ''Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur''] Roli Books, 2005. {{ISBN|9351940586}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AP |url=https://newsroom.ap.org/editorial-photos-videos/detail?itemid=fb880daa5996c0a87f701ed21b3a7569&mediatype=video&source=youtube |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=newsroom.ap.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com: Clinton gets to shoot some tigers |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2000/mar/23ran.htm |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref>

=== Merger with Rajasthan (1949) ===
Following Indian independence in 1947, Maharaja Sawai Man Singh II signed the [[Instrument of Accession]], integrating the Jaipur State with the Indian Union. On 15 May 1949, the Jaipur State was formally merged into the United States of Greater Rajasthan. The present-day Sawai Madhopur district was constituted by combining the three Nizamats of the former Jaipur State—Sawai Madhopur, [[Gangapur City|Gangapur]], and [[Hindaun]]—with the territory of the former [[Karauli state|Karauli]] State, which had itself merged first into the [[Matsya States Union|Matsya Union]] on 17 March 1948 before its final absorption into Rajasthan. Sawai Madhopur city became the administrative headquarters of the newly constituted district.

==Geography==
Sawai Madhopur is located in the south-eastern part of the state of [[Rajasthan]], India. It is home to [[Ranthambore National Park]], one of the largest [[List of national parks of India|national parks]] in northern India. The city is situated at the junction of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] hill ranges. The city is approximately {{convert|121|km|mi}} southeast of the city of [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-13 |title=Rajasthan gears up for battle royale in Sawai Madhopur |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajasthan-gears-up-for-battle-royale-in-sawai-madhopur-1227603.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==Climate==
Sawai Madhopur experiences a semi-arid climate characterized by distinct seasons. Summers, lasting from March to June, bring extremely high temperatures, often exceeding 40 degrees Celsius (104 degrees Fahrenheit), due to prevailing dry and arid conditions. The peak heat occurs in May and June, reaching up to 47 °C (120 °F). Winters, spanning December to February, are relatively mild with daytime temperatures ranging from 8 to 25 degrees Celsius (46 to 77 degrees Fahrenheit), accompanied by cool nights.

The monsoon season, lasting from July to October, provides relief from the intense summer heat with rain showers. Although the monsoon in Rajasthan is generally less intense than in other parts of India, it is crucial for sustaining agricultural activities, including the cultivation of crops like guava. Post-monsoon months (October to November) mark a transitional period as temperatures gradually decrease, leading to more pleasant weather.

The average annual rainfall in Sawai Madhopur is 800 mm, contributing significantly to the region's ecology. Notably, the monsoon season prompts the closure of Ranthambore National Park. During the summer, the average humidity ranges from 10 to 15 percent, while the rainy season sees an increase to 60 percent. The ideal tourist season in Sawai Madhopur is from October to November and February to April, when the weather is more accommodating for outdoor activities and exploration.{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Sawai Madhopur (1991–2020, extremes 1969–2012)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 32.9
| Feb record high C = 36.6
| Mar record high C = 42.2
| Apr record high C = 46.5
| May record high C = 48.0
| Jun record high C = 48.0
| Jul record high C = 46.3
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 40.9
| Oct record high C = 41.0
| Nov record high C = 36.7
| Dec record high C = 32.0
|year record high C = 48.0
| Jan high C = 22.8
| Feb high C = 27.5
| Mar high C = 34.0
| Apr high C = 39.5
| May high C = 42.3
| Jun high C = 40.3
| Jul high C = 34.2
| Aug high C = 32.0
| Sep high C = 34.2
| Oct high C = 34.4
| Nov high C = 29.8
| Dec high C = 24.7
| year high C = 33.1
| Jan low C = 7.8
| Feb low C = 11.6
| Mar low C = 17.2
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 27.5
| Jun low C = 27.9
| Jul low C = 25.2
| Aug low C = 24.1
| Sep low C = 23.6
| Oct low C = 19.3
| Nov low C = 14.1
| Dec low C = 9.5
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan record low C = -1.0
| Feb record low C = -1.2
| Mar record low C = 3.5
| Apr record low C = 9.3
| May record low C = 14.6
| Jun record low C = 15.0
| Jul record low C = 11.5
| Aug record low C = 16.4
| Sep record low C = 14.0
| Oct record low C = 6.8
| Nov record low C = 2.5
| Dec record low C = 1.0
|year record low C = -1.2
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 8.4
| Feb rain mm = 8.0
| Mar rain mm = 3.4
| Apr rain mm = 6.6
| May rain mm = 9.9
| Jun rain mm = 81.9
| Jul rain mm = 265.4
| Aug rain mm = 275.2
| Sep rain mm = 106.6
| Oct rain mm = 17.1
| Nov rain mm = 8.6
| Dec rain mm = 2.2
| year rain mm = 793.3
| Jan rain days = 0.7
| Feb rain days = 0.9
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 0.7
| May rain days = 1.1
| Jun rain days = 4.5
| Jul rain days = 10.5
| Aug rain days = 11.6
| Sep rain days = 4.7
| Oct rain days = 0.9
| Nov rain days = 0.2
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 36.6
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 48
| Feb humidity = 37
| Mar humidity = 31
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 25
| Jun humidity = 39
| Jul humidity = 64
| Aug humidity = 69
| Sep humidity = 57
| Oct humidity = 43
| Nov humidity = 44
| Dec humidity = 49
| year humidity = 44
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Sawai Madhopur Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 689–690
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M186
| access-date = 20 January 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Population and demographics==
{{Bar chart
| title = Population growth through the years
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Population
|float = right
| bar_width = 20
| width_units = em
| data_max = 300,000
| label3 = 1991 | data3 = 77,690
| label4 = 2001 | data4 = 1,01,997
| label5 = 2011 | data5 = 1,21,106
| label6 = 2016 | data6 = 1,34,915
|data7=1,65,000|label7=2022
| label8 = 2025 | data8 = 1,78,700
|}}

Sawai Madhopur had 22,841 households as per the 2011 Census of India. The recorded population at that time was 121,106, including 15,620 children in the 0–6 age group. Scheduled Castes accounted for 26,758 individuals, while Scheduled Tribes numbered 5,926. Some local administrative estimates place the population at around 165,000 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan LS Election: टोंक-सवाई माधोपुर लोकसभा क्षेत्र में इन जातियों का बोलबाला, ऐसा है राजनीतिक समीकरण |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-political-equation-of-tonk-sawai-madhopur-lok-sabha-constituency-2024-04-03 |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur City Population 2025 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/76-sawai-madhopur.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== Religion ==
As per the 2011 Census of India, [[Hinduism]] was followed by 74.71 percent of the population in Sawai Madhopur. [[Islam]] accounted for 20.11 percent of residents. [[Jainism]] was followed by 4.38 percent, [[Sikhism]] by 0.39 percent, and [[Christianity]] by 0.21 percent. [[Buddhism]] was recorded at 0.04 percent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur City Population 2024 - Sex Ratio, Population Density, Literacy |url=https://www.indiacensus.net/city/sawai-madhopur |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.indiacensus.net |language=en-US}}</ref>{{bar box
|title=Religions in Sawai Madhopur City
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|orange|74.71}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|20.11}}
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|yellow|4.38}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|gold|0.21}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikh]]|navyblue|0.39}}
{{bar percent|others|black|0.2}}
|caption=Distribution of religions}}

==Governance==
[[File:Ranthambore Pravesh Mahad Dwaar at Hamir Circle, Sawai Madhopur.jpg|alt=Ranthambore Pravesh Maha Dwaar at Hamir Circle, Sawai Madhopur|thumb|Ranthambore Pravesh Maha Dwaar at Hamir Circle, Sawai Madhopur]]
The ''[[Municipal council (India)|Nagar Parishad]]'' (City Council or Municipal Corporation) of Sawai Madhopur is the body responsible for the city's civil works and administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur 2035 – Jana Urban Space |url=https://www.janausp.org/portfolio/sawai-madhopur-2035/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> The [[Municipal corporation|Municipal Corporation]] is headed by a [[Chairperson|chairman]]. Each of 60 wards is represented in the Municipal Corporation by an elected member. The [[Urban Improvement Trust]] (UIT) of Sawai Madhopur is the government agency responsible for the planning and development of the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenders |url=https://jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/udh/uit-sawaimadhopur/en/notice-board/tenders.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=jda.urban.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref>

Sawai Madhopur is one of four [[Assembly constituency|Assembly constituencies]] within [[Sawai Madhopur district]]. The others are [[Gangapur City|Gangapur]], [[Bamanwas Assembly constituency|Bamanwas]] and [[Khandar]]. Sawai Madhopur lies in the [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency]].

{{As of|alt=The|2017}} political representative, i.e. [[Member of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of Sawai Madhopur Assembly, is [[Kirodi Lal Meena|Dr Kirodi Lal Meena]], who won the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|2023 Assembly Election of Rajasthan]] from the ruling party, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=सवाई माधोपुर विधायक डॉ किरोड़ी लाल मीणा को मिली भजनलाल मंत्रिमंडल में जगह |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/sawai-madhopur/sawai-madhopur-mla-kirodi-lal-meena-in-new-rajasthan-cabinet/rj20231230184143138138890 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=30 December 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan Cabinet Expansion: Rajyavardhan Rathore, Kirodi Lal Meena Among 22 New Ministers |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/rajasthan-cabinet-expansion-rajyavardhan-rathore-kirodi-lal-meena-among-22-new-ministers-2704393.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Sawai Madhopur Assembly Election Results 2023: सवाई माधोपुर में बीजेपी किरोड़ी लाल मीणा ने कांग्रेस के दानिश अबरार को पछाड़ा, 19,175 वोटों से दर्ज की जीत |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/sawai-madhopur-assembly-election-results-2023-bjp-kirodi-lal-meena-congress-danish-abrar/3091675/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

The [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) from [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur Lok Sabha constituency]] is [[Harish Meena|Harish Chandra Meena]] from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tonk - Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Harish Chandra Meena Emerges Victorious |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/tonk-sawai-madhopur-rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547913-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tonk-Sawai Madhopur Chunav Result LIVE: टोंक-सवाई माधोपुर से कांग्रेस के हरीश चंद्र मीणा जीते, बीजेपी को हराया |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/tonk-sawai-madhopur-loksabha-result-2024-bjp-sukhbir-singh-jaunpuriya-congress-candidate-harish-meena-tonk-sawai-madhopur-loksabha-chunav-result-8381823.html |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी स्टेट |date=2024-06-04 |title=टोंक सवाईमाधोपुर सीट के नतीजे ने चौंकाया, बीजेपी के सुखबीर सिंह जौनापुरिया हारे |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-lok-sabha-election-result-2024-tonk-sawai-madhopur-congress-harish-chandra-meena-won-sukhbir-singh-jaunapuria-2707449 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy of Sawai Madhopur is based primarily on agriculture, horticulture, tourism and hospitality. Large-scale industry is limited due to environmental regulations related to forest and wildlife protection. Jaipur Udyog Limited operated one of Asia’s largest cement factories in the city until its closure in 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ahmed |first1=Abrar |last2=Vikal |first2=Ram Chandra |date=2011-02-01 |title=Problems of cement factory Workers at Sawai Madhopur |url=http://rsdebate.nic.in/handle/123456789/277518}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-25 |title=चुनावी मौसम में नेताओं को फिर याद आई सवाई मधोपुर की बंद पड़ी सीमेंट फैक्ट्री |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur-this-cement-factory-closed-from-the-politics-of-workers-has-been-the-main-election-issue-for-the-last-30-years-1525742.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

It is noteworthy that the city lacks significant large-scale manufacturing plants and industry, due to ecological and environmental concerns.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Meena |first1=Bheru Lal |last2=Kurien |first2=P. J. |date=2017-04-19 |title=Closure of Sawai Madhopur Cement Factory |url=http://10.246.16.187/handle/123456789/40669 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-15 |title=मजदूरों के बकाया की अनदेखी कर बिकने लगी सवाईमाधोपुर सीमेंट फैक्ट्री की जमीन |trans-title=Sawai Madhopur Cement Factory land started selling |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/sawai-madhopur-cement-factory-land-started-selling-7821527/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai madhopur: मजदूरों ने सीमेंट फैक्ट्री के खिलाफ किया प्रदर्शन, CBI जांच की मांग की |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/bharatpur/sawai-madhopur-workers-protest-against-cement-factory-demand-for-cbi-inquiry/1105200 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

Apart from tigers, Sawai Madhopur is also renowned nationwide for its [[guava]] cultivation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Rajasthan polls: Politics, climate and a bitter fruit in Sawai Madhopur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/politics-climate-and-a-bitter-fruit-in-rajasthan-101700504600119.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Guava cultivation has expanded extensively in Sawai Madhopur, with guava nurseries from the region even supplying to nurseries in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The annual business generated from guava in Sawai Madhopur now amounts to approximately three to five billion rupees. In 1985, the first guava in the area was grown on a farm of five hectares in Karmoda village. In 2015, retail and wholesale markets for guava generated more than 5 billion [[rupee]]s of revenue. In 2015, five thousand hectares of land were dedicated to cultivating guava.<ref name="Sawai Madhopur Bhaskar">{{cite web|title=Sawai Madhopur Bhaskar|url=http://epaper.bhaskar.com/sawai-madhopur/35/23112015/0/1/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123215526/http://epaper.bhaskar.com/sawai-madhopur/35/23112015/0/1/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2015|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-20 |title=Rajasthan polls: Politics, climate and a bitter fruit in Sawai Madhopur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/politics-climate-and-a-bitter-fruit-in-rajasthan-101700504600119.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-31 |title=सवाई माधोपुर के अमरूद पूरे देश में प्रसिद्ध, 15500 हैक्टेयर में हो रही है खेती, जाने कीमत |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur-sawai-madhopur-guava-famous-all-country-cultivation-being-done-in-15500-hectares-know-income-cgnt-4821547.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> Other products from the city include [[wooden toy]]s, [[Handicraft|handcrafted items]], [[Poppy seed|poppyseed's perfumes]], essential oils and [[Ayurveda|traditional medicines]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Karthika |date=2023-03-28 |title=Get Crafty with This Women's Cooperative Near an Indian National Park |url=https://www.thrillist.com/travel/nation/visit-dastkar-ranthambore-womens-cooperative-india |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Thrillist |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] राजस्थान में 'खस' घास उत्पादित जिले हैं- |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/khas-grass-grown-district-of-rajasthan-a--61e7a6dc99f265ec023344df |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Testbook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In which district of Rajasthan KHAS grass is grown ?a)Dholpur, Karauli and Alwarb)Kota, Bundi and Jhalawarc)Sawai Madhopur, Bharatpur and Tonkd)Ajmer, Banswara and ChittorgarhCorrect answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer? - EduRev UPSC Question |url=https://edurev.in/question/564285/In-which-district-of-Rajasthan--8220KHAS-8221-gras |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=EDUREV.IN |language=en}}</ref>

=== The Old Walled City ===
Sawai Madhopur was established in 1763 CE by Maharaja Madho Singh I. The old city area is located between the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] and [[Vindhya Range|Vindhya]] hill ranges, near the forests of Ranthambore National Park. Locally known as ''Purānā Shahar'' (Old City) or simply ''Shahar'', it is situated on the eastern side of the greater urban expanse of Sawai Madhopur. The city was planned on a layout similar to that of the old walled city of Jaipur. The walled section covers approximately 3 square kilometres, with an estimated perimeter of about 8 kilometres. It contains narrow streets and densely populated neighbourhoods such as Sadar Bazaar, Pallipaar, Chhota Rajbagh, Bada Rajbagh, Mirza Mohalla and Ramdwara. The area also includes several historic temples, mosques and other older structures.

=== Alanpur ===
Situated between Bazariya and the Old City, accommodates a significant portion of the city's [[Muslims|Muslim]] population. Notable landmarks include the renowned [[Chamatkarji|Chamatkar Jain Temple]]. Covering an area of about 4 square kilometres with a perimeter of approximately 8 kilometres, Alanpur comprises neighbourhoods like Alanpur, Vinoba Basti, Housing Board Colony, Hanuman Nagar, Adinath Nagar, Patel Nagar, and Raj Vihar Colony, with a scattered [[Species distribution|population distribution]].

=== Bazariya ===
A relatively newer development on Sawai Madhopur's western side, encompasses diverse neighbourhoods such as Bal Mandir Colony, Indra Colony, Adarsh Nagar, Sahu Nagar, Gulab Bagh, Meena Colony, Jawahar Nagar Colony, Ganesh Nagar, and Kherda. The word ''Bazariya'' is a [[Persian language|Persian]] word, which is derived from the word ''[[Bazaar]]'', {{Translation|'A Place for Market'|i='A Place for Market'|literal=Market}}'. This area serves as a hub for local [[business]]es, [[financial centre]]s, [[commercial office]]s, [[Government of Rajasthan|governmental]] and [[education]]al institutions, including the [[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station|railway station]], [[District magistrate|Collectorate]], Police headquarters, [[District court]], and [[Civil Lines]]. Spanning approximately 15 square kilometres with a perimeter of around 18 kilometres, Bazariya represents a vital [[Administration (government)|administrative]], [[Finance|financial]], [[education]]al, and [[commerce|commercial]] centre within the city's urban fabric.

Sawai Madhopur's [[Urban area|urban]] expanse extends across approximately 59 square kilometres.

==Fairs and festivals==

===Sawai Madhopur Utsav===
The Sawai Madhopur Utsav is the annual celebration held on the foundation day of the city of Sawai Madhopur on 19 January. It is the day on which the city of Sawai Madhopur was established by Maharaja [[Madho Singh I|Sawai Madho Singh I]] in 1763.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sawaimadhopurutsav.com/|title=Sawai Madhopur Utsav|website=www.sawaimadhopurutsav.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur Utsav |url=https://www.sawaimadhopurutsav.com/contactus.aspx |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.sawaimadhopurutsav.com}}</ref>

The [[Ganesh Chaturthi]] Fair is the largest of Sawai Madhopur's fairs. It is celebrated over three days on ''Bhadav Shukla Chaturthi'' at the [[Trinetra Ganesh Temple, Ranthambore|Trinetra Ganesh Temple]] in [[Ranthambore Fort]]. [[Vijayadashami|Dussehra]] is celebrated in Sawai Madhopur for 10 days in the month of October.<ref>{{Cite web |last=भरतपुर |first=सतपाल सिंह |date=2023-09-18 |title=त्रिनेत्र गणेश मंदिर में लगा लक्खी मेला, लाखों की संख्या में श्रद्धालुओं के पहुंचने की उम्मीद |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/ganesh-chaturthi-2023-sawai-madhopur-ranthambore-lakkhi-mela-in-trinetra-ganpati-mandir-ann-2496957 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-11 |title=गणेश मेले में पांच सौ मीटर की दूरी पर कर्मचारी करेंगे मॉनिटरिंग |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/employees-will-monitor-the-ganesh-fair-at-a-distance-of-five-hundred-m-8480877/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=रणथंभौर के त्रिनेत्र गणेश मंदिर में परवान पर लक्खी मेला, उमड़ा श्रद्धा का ऐसा सैलाब |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur/in-the-trinetra-ganesh-temple-of-ranthambore-the-lakkhi-fair-on-parwan-such-an-influx-of-reverence/1328629 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

The Chauth Mata Mela fair is held in the month of January, at [[Chauth Mata Temple]] in [[Chauth Ka Barwara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khandar: सवाई माधोपुर स्थित चौथ का बरवाड़ा में चौथ माता का मेला आयोजित , उमड़ा भक्ति का सैलाब |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur/chauth-mata-mela-organized-at-chauth-ka-barwada-in-sawai-madhopur/1523420 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

==Culture==
The languages and dialects commonly spoken in Sawai Madhopur are [[Hindi]], English, [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] ([[Dhundari language|Dhundari]], [[Hadauti language|Hadoti]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-19 |title=Rajasthan: Tribes |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/rajasthan-tribes-1376898344-1 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Medium for the Masses: How India's Local Newspapers Are Winning Rural Readers |url=https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/medium-for-the-masses-how-indias-local-newspapers-are-winning-rural-readers/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Knowledge at Wharton |language=en-US}}</ref>

Typical cuisine in Sawai Madhopur include ''[[Dal baati#Dal Baati Choorma|Dal Baati Choorma]]'', ''Gatte Ki Sabzi'', ''[[Bajra roti|Bajre Ki Roti]]'' and ''[[Dal]] [[vada (food)|Bade]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal Katrina Kaif Marriage: दाल-बाटी चूरमा के साथ शादी के लिए तैयार हो रहा 5 टियर स्पेशल केक |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/bollywood/katrina-kaif-vicky-kaushal-wedding-italian-chef-will-make-five-tier-tiffany-cake-for-couple-marriage-kpj-r3qh5b |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=hi}}</ref> The sweet dishes include ''[[Cucumis melo|Kharbuja]] [[Laddu]] (Muskmelon Sweet)''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-07 |title=सवाई माधोपुर का फेमस खरबूजे का लड्डू, 100 साल पुराना है यह राजस्थानी जायका, पढ़ें यह रिपोर्ट |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur-melon-laddus-are-available-only-here-in-the-whole-of-rajasthan-know-100-years-old-history-upns-4707093.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

Popular dance forms in Sawai Madhopur include the ''[[Ghoomar]]'' dance, and the ''[[Kalbelia]]'' dance.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Whiskies of royal Rajasthan that few know about |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/rajasthans-royal-legacy-that-no-one-really-talks-about/articleshow/97908295.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Aditi |date=2022-10-18 |title=Clouds, droughts and other elements of nature recur in Rajasthan's folk songs |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2022/10/clouds-droughts-and-other-elements-of-nature-recur-in-rajasthans-folk-songs/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Mongabay-India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-26 |title=Looking For A Cultural Vacation? Head Straight To Rajasthan! |url=https://www.travelandleisureasia.com/in/destinations/art-culture-and-architecture-of-rajasthan/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Travel and Leisure Asia {{!}} India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dewan |first=Ananya |date=2024-01-01 |title=Rajasthan immersed in New Year celebrations, Kalbelia at some places and colorful fireworks at some places |url=https://www.connexionblog.com/2024/01/rajasthan-immersed-in-new-year-celebrations-kalbelia-at-some-places-and-colorful-fireworks-at-some-places/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Connexionblog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about Ranthambore Festival 2017 at Nahargarh Palace this weekend |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/everything-you-need-to-know-about-ranthambore-festival-2017-at-nahargarh-palace-this-weekend-3230621/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Places of interest==

===[[Ranthambore National Park]]===
The Ranthambore National Park is one of the largest [[List of national parks of India|national parks in India]]. It is situated about {{convert|11|km|mi}} from Sawai Madhopur. In 1955, it was established as the Sawai Madhopur Game Sanctuary. In 1973, the land became a [[Project Tiger]] reserve. The area was renamed the Ranthambore National Park in 1980. In 1984, the adjacent forests were declared the Sawai Man Singh Sanctuary and Keladevi Sanctuary, and in 1991 the tiger reserve was enlarged to include Sawai Man Singh and Keladevi Sanctuaries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-19 |title=Ranthambore National Park, India |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/national-parks/ranthambore-national-park-india.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ranthambore is known for its population of [[Bengal tiger]]s. The park provides a natural habitat for the tigers as well as numerous other species, including [[leopard]]s, [[sloth bear]]s, [[crocodile]]s, and a variety of bird species. The diverse [[flora and fauna]] contribute to the park's ecological importance.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-18 |title=Biodiversity of Ranthambore National Park |url=https://medium.com/@ranthamboremountvalleyresort/biodiversity-of-ranthambore-national-park-66531435e1b3 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Perinchery |first=Aathira |date=2021-12-09 |title=Ranthambore Tigers up to Twice as Inbred as Those of Central, Southern India – The Wire Science |url=https://science.thewire.in/environment/ranthambore-tigers-inbreeding-genetic-diversity-rescue-ntca/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Guide: Ranthambore Tiger Reserve |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/travels/national-park-guide-ranthambore-tiger-reserve-rajasthan |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=roundglasssustain.com |language=en}}</ref>

Ranthambore attracts wildlife enthusiasts, photographers, and nature lovers from around the world. The park offers safari experiences and is divided into different zones, each offering a unique safari experience.

===[[Ranthambore Fort]]===
Ranthambore Fort is situated in Sawai Madhopur district of Rajasthan, India. The fort is a formidable structure that has witnessed centuries of change, from the era of [[Rajput clans|Rajput rule]] to the Mughal period and beyond.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agencies |date=2023-10-19 |title=All you need to know about Ranthambore Treasures |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2023/10/19/all-you-need-to-know-about-ranthambore-treasures/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic forts one must visit in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/historic-forts-one-must-visit-in-rajasthan/photostory/106355363.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Ranthambore Fort |url=https://www.anantahotels.com/the-baagh-ananta-elite-ranthambore/blog/a-dive-into-the-history-of-ranthambore-fort.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.anantahotels.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Historical background ====
The fort's origins are believed to date back to the 8th century when it was initially constructed by the [[Chauhan Dynasty|Chauhan Rajputs]]. Its strategic location atop a hill provided a vantage point for monitoring the surrounding region. Over the centuries, the fort underwent several modifications and expansions under different rulers, reflecting the complex history of the region. In 1296 CE, [[Hammiradeva|Rao Hammir Deva]] held the fort. Notable features of the fort include the ''Toran Dwar'', ''Mahadeo Chhatri'', ''Sameton Ki Haveli'', the 32-Pillared ''Chhatri'', Mosque, and the [[Trinetra Ganesh Temple, Ranthambore|Trinetra Ganesh Temple]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Why should you plan your next trip to Sawai Madhopur in Ranthambore? |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/why-should-you-plan-your-next-trip-to-sawai-madhopur-in-ranthambore/articleshow/105263053.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Architectural marvel ====
The architecture of Ranthambore Fort is a fusion of [[Rajput architecture|Rajput]] and [[Mughal architecture|Mughal styles]]. The massive stone walls, bastions, and gates showcase the military acumen of the Rajputs. Inside the fort, there are palaces, temples, and water tanks that highlight the influence of [[Mughal architecture]]. The Ganesh Temple within the fort is a significant religious site and attracts pilgrims and tourists alike.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Srushti |date=2019-12-12 |title=The Enchanting Ranthambore Fort |url=https://www.marwar.com/the-enchanting-ranthambore-fort/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Marwar India Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Cultural significance ====
Ranthambore Fort has been witness to numerous battles and political changes throughout its existence. It played a crucial role during the reign of [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] and was later conquered by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] under [[Akbar|Emperor Akbar]]. The fort's resilience and strategic importance have been celebrated in various historical accounts and local folklore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pre-winter drive to Ranthambore |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/travelogues/245120-pre-winter-drive-ranthambore.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Team-BHP.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Conservation efforts ====
In recent times, there has been a growing emphasis on the conservation of Ranthambore Fort. Efforts have been made to preserve its architectural integrity, with restoration projects aimed at maintaining its historical grandeur. The fort's inclusion in [[UNESCO|UNESCO's]] tentative list of [[World Heritage Site]]s underscores its global significance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranthambore {{!}} More than just tigers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/travel-plus/story/20220926-ranthambore-more-than-just-tigers-2000667-2022-09-16 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=India Today |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==== Tourist attraction ====
Ranthambore Fort stands as a major tourist attraction, drawing history enthusiasts, wildlife lovers, and photographers alike. The juxtaposition of the fort's ancient stones against the lush greenery of the surrounding national park creates a picturesque setting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A look at all the UNESCO Heritage sites in Rajasthan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/web-stories/a-look-at-all-the-unesco-heritage-sites-in-rajasthan/photostory/103953147.cms |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Vaishali |date=2021-12-07 |title=Vicky Kaushal-Katrina Kaif Wedding: B'wood couple expected to visit Trinetra Ganesh Temple in Ranthambore fort |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/vicky-kaushal-katrina-kaif-wedding-live-update-vickat-sangeet-ceremony-bollywood-couple-marriage-six-senses-fort-rajasthan-748432 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref>

===[[Chauth Mata Temple]]===
Chauth Mata Temple is located in [[Chauth Ka Barwara]], near the city of Sawai Madhopur. Chauth Mata is the [[Kuladevata|Kuldevi]] (ancestral deity) of [[Meena]] community of Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karwa Chauth: देश का एकमात्र चौथ माता का मंदिर, जहां करवा चौथ पर उमड़ते हैं हजारों श्रद्धालु |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/jaipur/only-chauth-mata-temple-in-country-where-devotees-gather-on-karva-chauth/1940181 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref> The temple is located on a hilltop of Chauth Ka Barwara, 25 km away from Sawai Madhopur, near the Six Senses Fort Barwara, a 5-star resort-hotel and wedding destination.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karwa Chauth 2023: करवा चौथ पर करें सबसे बड़े चौथ माता मंदिर के दर्शन, मिलता है अखंड सौभाग्य का आशीर्वाद |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/lifestyle/travel/karwa-chauth-2023-visit-chauth-mata-mandir-in-rajasthan-unique-story-in-hindi-2023-10-31 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to go to Vicky Kaushal and Katrina Kaif's wedding destination Sawai Madhopur? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/travel/story/how-to-go-to-vicky-kaushal-and-katrina-kaif-s-wedding-destination-sawai-madhopur-1885059-2021-12-07 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=India Today |date=7 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-22 |title='I Do': Rajasthan hotels where celebs have tied the knot |url=https://www.firstpost.com/web-stories/lifestyle/i-do-rajasthan-hotels-where-celebs-have-tied-the-knot-9652.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=www.firstpost.com |language=en}}</ref>

===[[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History]]===
On 23 December 2007, the foundation stone laying ceremony of [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History]] in Sawai Madhopur, was officiated by [[Mohammad Hamid Ansari|Hamid Ansari]], [[Vice President of India]]. The museum focuses on the [[wildlife]], [[ecology]], [[ecosystem]], [[geology]], [[zoology]], [[biodiversity]], and [[Environmentalism|environment]] of the western arid region of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=राजीव गांधी क्षेत्रीय प्राकृतिक विज्ञान संग्रहालय की 9वीं वर्षगांठ मनाई |url=https://vikalptimes.com/9th-anniversary-of-rajiv-gandhi-regional-natural-science-museum-sawai-madhopur-celebrated/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Vikalp Times - Janta Ka Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=National Museum of Natural History and its regional branches conduct Mission LiFE awareness programmes |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1892544 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-20 |title=कौए के पंखों से बनाएंगे डायग्राम व पेंटिंग्स, मैसूर की तर्ज पर होगी विकसित... {{!}} Rajiv Gandhi Museum in sawaimadhopur |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/rajiv-gandhi-museum-in-sawaimadhopur-1-2394567/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

=== [[Chamatkarji Jain temple|Chamatkar Ji Jain Temple]] ===
[[File:Chamatkarji Jain temple (3).jpg|thumb|Chamatkarji Jain temple]]

Chamatkar Ji Jain temple is located in Alanpur, Sawai Madhopur. The temple dates back to the early medieval period. It is built in the [[Pancharatha]] style with main shrine housing the idol of Shri [[Rishabhanatha]] Ji, the first [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Alanpur%20-%20Jain%20temple.html# | title=ALANPUR JAIN TEMPLE | access-date=October 5, 2020 | publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] | ref={{SfnRef|ASI|Bhandasr Jain temple}} }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-09 |title=सवाईमाधोपुर का प्रसिद्ध चमत्कारजी जैन मंदिर |url=http://www.rajasthanstudy.co.in/2013/06/blog-post_9.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-01-06 |title=श्री चमत्कार जी जैन मंदिर सवाई माधोपुर की मूर्ति से जुड़ी कहानी, किविंदतिया, इतिहास |url=https://bharattrip.in/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur/shri-chamatkar-ji-ka-jain-mandir/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=Bharat Trip |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Satish |first=Dev |date=2019-04-17 |title=Chamatkar Ji Jain Temple Sawai Madhopur |url=https://www.tourism-rajasthan.com/chamatkar-ji-jain-temple.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Travel |url=https://www.google.com.pk/travel/unsupported?ucpp=ClNodHRwczovL3d3dy5nb29nbGUuY29tLnBrL3RyYXZlbC9ob3RlbHMvZW50aXR5L0NoY0kxY2lEOGZ2cnFPQk9HZ3N2Wnk4eGR6QTBhR2g0WmhBRQ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.google.com.pk}}</ref>

===[[Shilpgram, Sawai Madhopur]]===
Shilpgram is Sawai Madhopur's rural arts and crafts complex. It is a living [[ethnographic museum]] of the West Zone of India which includes five states. Special emphasis is laid on workshops for children on [[The arts|arts]], [[craft]]s, [[culture]], [[theatre]], and [[music]]. It is located 9 km outside Sawai Madhopur in Ramsinghpura village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Katrina Vicky Wedding Venue: Top 5 Attractions in Sawai Madhopur Where Vicky Kaushal And Katrina Kaif Are Set to Tie The Knot |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/other-than-vicky-kaushal-and-katrina-kaifs-wedding-venue-5-places-to-visit-in-sawai-madhopur-5128728/ |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

===Temples===

==== Kala-Gora Bhairav Temple ====
Kala Gora Bhairav Temple (alias ''Kala-Gora Bhairo Ji'') established in Sawai Madhopur is a 9-storey [[Mysticism|mystical]] ancient temple. Situated on a hill near the entrance of the old city of Sawai Madhopur, this temple is a notable example of architecture, [[mysticism]], [[occult]], and [[Tantra|tantric]] accomplishments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-18 |title=VIDEO : सवाईमाधोपुर के प्रसिद्ध काला गोरा भेरू वास्तविक सिंगार में 3 दिन आते हे नजर |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/famous-kala-gora-bheru-temple-of-sawimadhapur-4586135/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Kala Gora Bhairav Temple was built by the then [[Madho Singh I|Maharaja Madho Singh I]] in 1763 AD. This temple is situated amidst the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali]] hills of Ranthambore adjacent to the ''Bhairo Darwaza'' (Bhairo Gate), the western entrance to the old walled-city of Sawai Madhopur. This temple is known for [[Tantra|tantric]] worship and [[occult]] practices, thus Kala Gora Bhairav Temple of Sawai Madhopur comes second in tantric knowledge after the [[Kamakhya Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kala Gora Bhairav Mandir : तांत्रिक सिद्धि के लिए विख्यात इस मंदिर की हैरान करने वाली है कहानी... |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/rajasthan/state/sawai-madhopur/kala-gora-bhairav-mandir-of-sawai-madhopur-in-rajasthan-know-the-history/rj20230308220141389389797 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=ETV Bharat News |date=8 March 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-01-14 |title=काला-गौरा भैरव मंदिर का इतिहास |trans-title=Kala Gaura Bhairav Mandir Itihash |url=https://bharattrip.in/rajasthan/kala-gaura-bhairav-mandir/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Bharat Trip |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Galta Ji Temple ====
Galta Ji Temple is a historic Shri [[Rama|Ram]]-[[Sita]] temple in the north-eastern outskirts of old walled-city. The temple is inspired by Jaipur city's [[Galtaji|Galta Ji temple]].

==== Ghatila Balaji Temple ====
Ghatila Balaji Temple was built on the peak of the northern hills of old Sawai Madhopur city, from where a panoramic view of Sawai Madhopur city can be seen.

==== Sita Mata Temple ====
Sita Mata Temple, situated in the Ranthambore hills near the town of Sawai Madhopur, is a place of worship and picnic spot, the waterfalls here attract tourists especially during the rains and monsoons.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-07 |title=जिले में कहीं झमाझम तो कहीं रिमझिम बरसे मेघ |trans-title=Somewhere in the district, it rained thunder and clouds. |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/somewhere-in-the-district-it-rained-thunder-and-clouds-6996487/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==== Amareshwar Mahadev Temple ====
Amareshwar Mahadev Temple located in Sawai Madhopur is considered one of the major religious places here. Not only this, the temple is also counted among the important religious attractions of Rajasthan. This temple is situated on the route between Ranthambore and Sawai Madhopur. Amareshwar Mahadev Temple, situated amidst lush green hills, has also emerged as a major tourist and picnic spot for the residents here. Since it is an ancient temple, people from far and wide come here in large numbers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-27 |title=सात दोस्तों के साथ सवाईमाधोपुर पिकनिक मनाने गया किशोर अमरेश्वर में डूबा, परिजनों का रो-रोकर बुरा हाल |trans-title=Jaipur Youth Drown at Amreshwar Mahadev in Sawai Madhopur |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/jaipur-youth-drown-at-amreshwar-mahadev-in-sawai-madhopur-4895516/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur News : जयपुर से पिकनिक मनाने के लिए पहुंचे रणथंभोर, कुंड में डूबने से दो दोस्तों की मौत |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/rajasthan/jaipur/2-fiends-died-while-swmming-in-amreshwar-kund-in-ranthambore-rajasthan/articleshow/93216663.cms |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-12 |title=हरीभरी पहाड़ियों के बीच स्थित राजस्थान का ऐतिहासिक अमरेश्वर महादेव मंदिर |trans-title=Amareshwar Mahadeo Temple in Sawai Madhopur is historic pilgrimage site |url=https://www.patrika.com/jaipur-news/amareshwar-mahadeo-temple-in-sawai-madhopur-is-historic-pilgrimage-site-1-1710896/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

Another popular temple close by the city is the Balaji Temple of Itawa village, dedicated to [[Hanuman|Lord Hanuman]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-01-17 |title=सवाईमाधोपुर की स्थापना से पूर्व हुई थी गलता मंदिर की स्थापना |trans-title=Galta temple was established before the establishment of Sawaimadhopur |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/galta-temple-was-established-before-the-establishment-of-sawaimadhopur-5656437/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-31 |title=सवाई माधोपुर शहर गलता मंदिर का निखरेगा स्वरूप |url=https://vikalptimes.com/sawai-madhopur-citys-galta-temple-will-improve-its-appearance/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Vikalp Times - Janta Ka Media |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Education==
===Institute of Hotel Management===
On 1 September 2015, the Government of India inaugurated an Institute of Hotel Management at Sawai Madhopur to develop the hospitality sector and promote tourism.<ref name="Centre sanctions Rs 10 crore for IHM at Sawaimadhopur">{{cite news|title=Centre sanctions Rs 10 crore for IHM at Sawaimadhopur |newspaper=Business Standard India|date=September 2015|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/centre-sanctions-rs-10-crore-for-ihm-at-sawaimadhopur-115090101166_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=1 September 2015|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref>

===Colleges===
* Apex College of IT & Management<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-01 |title=Rajasthan teachers seek leave to join nationwide bandh against apex court order on SC/ST Act |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-teachers-seek-leave-to-join-nationwide-bandh-against-apex-court-order-on-sc-st-act/story-fd06RsWQObTBh4qu436jjI.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Government Girls College<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-22 |title=राजकीय कन्या महाविद्यालय सवाई माधोपुर में अध्यक्ष पद के लिए 3 नामांकन दाखिल |url=https://vikalptimes.com/3-nominations-for-the-post-of-president-in-government-girls-college-sawai-madhopur/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Vikalp Times - Janta Ka Media |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Government Polytechnic College<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-22 |title=पीजी कॉलेज में स्नातक प्रथम वर्ष की प्रवेश व प्रतीक्षा सूची हुई जारी |url=https://vikalptimes.com/graduation-first-year-admission-and-waiting-list-released-in-pg-college-sawai-madhopur-2/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Vikalp Times - Janta Ka Media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Press Trust of |date=2023-12-12 |title=Meet Diya Kumari and Prem Chand Bairwa, Rajasthan's dy CMs-elect |url=https://www.siasat.com/meet-diya-kumari-and-prem-chand-bairwa-rajasthans-dy-cms-elect-2933553/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Gulshan College of Nursing<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-02 |title=Budget 2023: 157 Nursing Colleges to be set up with medical colleges established since 2014, see locations |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/budget-2023-157-nursing-colleges-to-be-set-up-with-medical-colleges-established-since-2014-see-locations-article-97549442 |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-09 |title=रणथंभौर नर्सिंग कॉलेज के छात्र ने जीता स्वर्ण पदक |url=https://vikalptimes.com/ranthambore-nursing-college-student-won-gold-medal-in-race-competition/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Vikalp Times - Janta Ka Media |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Institute of Hospitality Management
* Jamvay Girls College<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jamway Kanya College-JKC, Sawai Madhopur Admission, Contact, Website, Facilities |url=https://www.northhilleducation.com/college/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur/44886-jamway-kanya-college-jkc/ |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=www.northhilleducation.com}}</ref>
* Maharaja Hammir College
* Ranthambore PG College
* Sawai Madhopur College of Engineering and Technology
* Shahid Captain Ripudaman Singh PG College<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawai Madhopur: शहीद कैप्टन रिपुदमन सिंह कॉलेज में तीरंदाजी का रोमांच, खेले गए रिकर्व और कंपाउंड राउंड |url=https://www.amarujala.com/rajasthan/sawai-madhopur-archery-competition-started-in-shaheed-captain-ripudaman-singh-college-2023-09-26 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-02 |title=शहीद कैप्टन रिपुदमन सिंह राजकीय महाविद्यालय में राष्ट्रीय संगोष्ठी के परिपत्र का विमोचन |trans-title=National Seminar in Shahid Captain Ripudaman Singh Political College |url=https://www.patrika.com/sawai-madhopur-news/national-seminar-in-shahid-captain-ripudaman-singh-political-college-2177924/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref>

==Transportation==
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|zoom=SWITCH:4,6,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}

===Air===
Sawai Madhopur is served by a non-commercial [[aerodrome]] located on the outskirts of the city, which is mainly used for private and chartered flights. The airstrip includes helipads both within its premises and near Ranthambore National Park, allowing for helicopter services related to tourism and official visits.

[[Supreme Airlines]] had started regular flight operations between Sawai Madhopur and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Delhi]] from 11 April 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/before-inaugural-delhi-sawai-madhopur-flight-police-say-airport-unfit/story-0rbYHM1EcKUHCN8hDMCaYP.html|title=Day before inaugural Delhi-Sawai Madhopur flight, police say airport unfit|newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=10 April 2018}}</ref> Although, commercial air travel and services from Sawai Madhopur were soon stopped due to security reasons and construction works at the airstrip, and no air services remained operational.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-10 |title=Rajasthan govt sanctions Rs 37.75 crore for expansion work of 10 airstrips |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/rajasthan-govt-sanctions-rs-37-75-crore-for-expansion-work-of-10-airstrips/articleshow/94121581.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Currently, no commercial flights operate from Sawai Madhopur. The aerodrome is used for business aviation, VIP and government movement, medical evacuations, and luxury travel.

The nearest large airports are: [[Jaipur International Airport|Jaipur International Airport (JAI)]], {{convert|132|km|mi}} away; [[Kishangarh Airport|Kishangarh Airport (KQH), Ajmer]], {{convert|224|km|mi}}; [[Agra Airport|Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhyay Airport, Agra]], {{convert|235|km|mi}} away; and [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL)]] in New Delhi, {{convert|325|km|mi}} away from Sawai Madhopur city.

===Rail===
[[File:Railway Station SWM-2.jpg|thumb|Sawai Madhopur Junction]]
[[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station|Sawai Madhopur Junction]] railway station serves as a significant and major stop for nearly every train along the Delhi-to-Mumbai trunk route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-22 |title=Rajasthan railway stations in for a world-class look |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rajasthan-railway-stations-in-for-a-world-class-look-1503165249.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-06 |title=Which are the 508 railway stations to be revamped? See full list here |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-laid-foundation-stone-for-redevelopment-of-508-railway-stations-full-list-latest-update-101691286293581.html |access-date=2024-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Sawai Madhopur railway station is a major junction connecting Jaipur with the Delhi–Mumbai Railway Line.

[[File:Sawai Madhopur Railway Station Platform.jpg|thumb|Sawai Madhopur railway station platform]]
The city is a stop for many local, express, mail and premium trains, including Jaipur– Indore Super-Fast, Ananya Express, Hazrat Nizamuddin–Thiruvananthapuram Central SF Express (via Alappuzha), Dayodaya Express (Ajmer–Jabalpur Express), Jodhpur–Indore Intercity, Hazrat Nizamuddin–Indore Express, Marusagar Express (Ajmer–Ernakulam Express / Ernakulam Express), Jaipur–Mysore Express, Jaipur–Chennai Express, Jaipur–Coimbatore Express, Jodhpur–Puri Express, Jodhpur–Bhopal Express, Jodhpur–Indore Intercity, Patliputra–Udaipur City Humsafar Express, New Delhi–Indore Intercity SF Express (via Ujjain), Hisar–Kota Express, and the August Kranti [[Tejas Express|Tejas]] [[Rajdhani Express]].<ref>[https://trainsrunningstatus.net/station/sawai-madhopur-railway-station Sawai Madhopur Trains]{{dead link|date=December 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Train Running Status.</ref>

The Jaipur–Indore Super-Fast connects Sawai Madhopur to [[Indore]], a major city in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. There is also a [[Jan Shatabdi Express]] train from Sawai Madhopur to the national capital, [[Delhi]]. The [[Patna–Kota Express]] connects Sawai Madhopur and Patna cities via Agra, Kanpur, Lucknow, and Varanasi.

Sawai Madhopur Junction is also a stoppage for major premium trains like Mumbai-Nizamuddin [[August Kranti Rajdhani Express]], [[Humsafar Express|Hamsafar Express]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]–[[Mumbai Central railway station|Mumbai Central]] [[Duronto Express|Duronto]] Express, and Kota–Hazrat Nizamuddin [[Jan Shatabdi Express]].

These trains are convenient and direct ways to connect Sawai Madhopur with all major Tier-1 and Tier-2 cities of India, like [[Delhi]], [[Mumbai]], [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Udaipur]], [[Bikaner]], [[Ajmer]], [[Indore]], [[Ujjain]], [[Vadodara]], [[Pune]], [[Nagpur]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Madurai]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Surat]], [[Agra]], [[Kanpur]], [[Mathura]], [[Dehradun]], [[Haridwar]], [[Amritsar]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Kolkata]], [[Patna]], [[Jammu]], [[Bhopal]], [[Jabalpur]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Guwahati]] and many others.

[[Luxury rail in India|Luxury trains]] include the [[Palace on Wheels]], the [[Royal Rajasthan on Wheels]], and the [[Maharajas' Express]] which makes a stop at Sawai Madhopur on an eight-day round trip to tourist destinations.

===Roads===
[[File:SWM 4.jpg|thumb|right|Kota-Lalsot Highway]]

The [[National Highway 552 (India)|National Highway 552]] (Tonk-Sawai Madhopur), State Highway-1 (Kota-Lalsot Mega Highway), and State Highway-122 (Rajasthan), connecting Tonk to Karauli pass through the city.
[[File:Sawai Madhopur Central Bus Stand.jpg|thumb|Sawai Madhopur Central Bus Stand]] Sawai Madhopur is well-connected by road with [[Jaipur]], [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]], [[Tonk, India|Tonk]], [[Lalsot]], [[Gangapur City]], [[Hindaun|Hindaun City]], [[Karauli]], [[Bundi]], [[Dausa]], [[Sheopur]], [[Shivpuri]], Guna, [[Newai|Niwai]], [[Baran, Rajasthan|Baran]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Alwar]], [[Bhiwadi]], [[Deoli, Rajasthan|Deoli]], [[Jhalawar]], [[Ajmer]] and [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]].

The new and modern [[Delhi–Mumbai Expressway]] also passes near Sawai Madhopur city, which makes Sawai Madhopur's connectivity with cities like [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi-NCR]] and [[Mumbai]] easier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/haryana/gurgaon-ncr-delhi-mumbai-expressway-it-will-be-easy-to-reach-sawai-madhopur-from-delhi-from-december-23544301.html|title=Delhi-Mumbai Expressway: दिल्ली से सवाई माधोपुर पहुंचा होगा आसान, दिसंबर से साढ़े तीन घंटे में पहुंच सकेंगे - ncr Delhi Mumbai Expressway It will be easy to reach Sawai Madhopur from Delhi from December|website=Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Delhi-Vadodara Road Trip in Just 10 Hours? PM Modi to Inaugurate Delhi-Mumbai Expressway Stretch | Details|date=2 October 2023 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/delhi-vadodara-road-trip-in-just-10-hours-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-delhi-mumbai-expressway-stretch-details-article-104098634}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-02 |title=Delhi–Vadodara Road Trip In Just 10 Hours? PM Modi To Inaugurate Delhi-Mumbai Expressway Stretch {{!}} Details |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/delhi-vadodara-road-trip-in-just-10-hours-pm-modi-to-inaugurate-delhi-mumbai-expressway-stretch-details-article-104098634 |access-date=2023-11-23 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref>

==Media==
The largest circulated daily newspapers in Sawai Madhopur are the [[Rajasthan Patrika]] and [[Dainik Bhaskar]]. The [[All India Radio]] (A.I.R./[[All India Radio|Akashvani]]) and the local [[FM radio]] station, 101.5 MHz broadcast programs in [[Hindi]] and [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]].<ref>{{cite web | url =http://allindiaradio.gov.in/station/SAWAI%20MADHOPUR/Pages/default.aspx/| title = Air Sawai Madhopur |year = 1992 | publisher = allindiaradio.gov.in}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ghushmeshwar Temple]]
* [[Chauth Mata Temple]]
* [[Chauth Ka Barwara|Barwara]]
* [[Ranthambore National Park]]
* [[Ranthambore Fort]]
* [[Rajiv Gandhi Regional Museum of Natural History]]
* [[Shilpgram, Sawai Madhopur]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur railway station]]
* [[Sawai Madhopur district]]
* [[List of cities and towns in Rajasthan]]

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://sawaimadhopurpolice.rajasthan.gov.in/ SawaiMadhopur Police]
* [http://districtcourts.nic.in/ecourts/Rajasthan/Sawai%20Madhopur/Sawai%20Madhopur.php/ Sawai Madhopur District Court]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sawai Madhopur district}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sawai Madhopur| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sawai Madhopur district]]

Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai

2026-05-04T22:20:20Z

JoanneMoffit: starting new post

{{Short description|2004 Indian Film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai
| image = Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = Manoj J. Bhatia
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|*[[Sammir Dattani]]
*[[Pooja Kanwal]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Sandesh Shandilya]]
| studio = [[Rajshri Productions]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|5|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai''''' is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic drama film directed by Manoj J. Bhatia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-never-market-myself-sammir/articleshow/3177069.cms|title=I never market myself: Sammir - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 June 2008 }}</ref> The film stars newcomers [[Sammir Dattani]] and [[Pooja Kanwal]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/im-proud-to-be-an-actor/articleshow/2930746.cms|title='I'm proud to be an actor' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=7 April 2008 }}</ref> The film was the first Hindi film of Dattani and was a box office flop.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sammir-i-do-have-my-own-love-story/articleshow/6118344.cms|title=Sammir: I do have my own love story - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 July 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sammir-is-hopeful/articleshow/3180989.cms|title=Sammir is hopeful|newspaper=The Times of India|date=1 July 2008|accessdate=27 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/marriage-proposals-for-sammir/articleshow/2795432.cms|title=Marriage proposals for Sammir! - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=20 February 2008 }}</ref> After this film, Kanwal took a hiatus from Hindi films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/cross-border-adventure/articleshow/2242493.cms|title=Cross border adventure - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 July 2007 }}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=August 2024}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sammir Dattani]] as Yash Thakur
*[[Pooja Kanwal]] as Pari Choudhry
*Mini as Sunita
*Aziz as Anand
*[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Kumar Choudhry
*Daisy Irani as Nirmala
*Mrinal Kulkarni as Sushma
*Tushar Dalvi as Ajit
*[[Akshay Anand]] as Raj Chaudhry
*Master Yash Pathak as Rahul
*Minnie Tiwari as Ana
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Music by Sandesh Shadnilya. Singer [[Kunal Ganjawala]] got his break with this film.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/bollywood-is-flashy-the-south-is-real-kunal-ganjawalla/articleshow/35731112.cms|title=Bollywood is flashy, the South is real: Kunal Ganjawalla - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 May 2014 }}</ref> A critic from PlanetBollywood.com said that "Overall, UKJMH has its share of good and its share of not so good. Nonetheless, UKJMH is a good album to have for all music lovers".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://planetbollywood.com/Music/UufKyaJaadooMohabbatHai/|title=Bollywood - Music Review - Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai|website=planetbollywood.com}}</ref>
*"Shehzaadi" - [[Kunal Ganjawala]]
*"Shukriya" - Kunal Ganjawala, Runa
*"Dost" - [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
*"Happy Birthday"
*"Uff Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai" (version 1) - Sunidhi Chauhan
*"Uff Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai" (version 2) - Sunidhi Chauhan (piano played by [[Richard Clayderman]])
*"Tum Pe" - [[Sonu Nigam]], [[K. S. Chitra|Chitra]]
*"Jagmag" - Vinod Rathod, Chitra
*"Dekhar Dil" - K.K., Sunaidhi Chauhan, Runa, Vinod Rathod

== Reception ==
[[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film a rating of one-and-a-half out of five stars and said that "On the whole, UUF KYA JAADOO MOHABBAT HAI?! has some appeal for the youth, who may take to it initially. But it just doesn't have the jaadoo to sustain in the wake of strong oppositions in the coming weeks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/uuf-kya-jaadoo-mohabbat-hai/critic-review/uuf-kya-jaadoo-mohabbat-hai-movie-review/|title=Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai Review 1.5/5 | Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai Movie Review | Uuf Kya Jaadoo Mohabbat Hai 2004 Public Review | Film Review|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=21 May 2004 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0416280}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Indian films]]
[[Category:2004 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2004 romantic drama films]]

Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-04T15:20:20Z

JoanneMoffit: Put Up Info...

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Nilgiris
| map_image = nilgiris lok sabha constituency.png
| map_caption = Nilgiris constituency, post-2008 delimitation
| established = 1957
| party = {{Party index link|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| mp = [[A. Raja]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| assembly_cons = [[Bhavanisagar (State Assembly Constituency)|Bhavanisagar (SC)]] [[Ootacamund (State Assembly Constituency)|Udhagamandalam]] [[Gudalur (State Assembly Constituency)|Gudalur (SC)]] [[Coonoor (State Assembly Constituency)|Coonoor]] [[Mettupalayam (State Assembly Constituency)|Mettuppalayam]] [[Avanashi (State Assembly Constituency)|Avanashi (SC)]]
| electors = 13,65,608<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121002093352/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf GE 2009 Statistical Report: Constituency Wise Detailed Result]</ref>
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = A still of the Union Minister for Environment & Forests, Shri A. Raja during a meeting of Chief Wildlife Wardens and Field Directors of Project Tiger Reserves, in New Delhi on May 26, 2005.jpg
}}
'''Nilgiris''' is a Lok Sabha (Parliament of India) constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its Tamil Nadu Parliamentary Constituency number is 19 of 39.
Since 2009 , this constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes]].

==Assembly segments==

===2009-present===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="200px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="150px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|107.
|[[Bhavanisagar Assembly constituency|Bhavanisagar]]
|SC
|[[Erode district|Erode]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=6}}
|-
|108.
|[[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
|None
|rowspan="3"|[[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|109
|[[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]
|SC
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|110.
|[[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]]
|None
|-
|111.
| [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettuppalayam]]
|None
|[[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
|{{party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|112.
| [[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avanashi]]
|SC
|[[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
|-
|}

=== Before 2009 ===

# [[Mettupalayam Assembly constituency|Mettupalayam]]
# [[Avanashi Assembly constituency|Avinashi]] (SC)
# [[Thondamuthur Assembly constituency|Thondamuthur]] (moved to [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi Constituency]])
# [[Coonoor Assembly constituency|Coonoor]] (SC)
# [[Udagamandalam Assembly constituency|Udhagamandalam]]
# [[Gudalur Assembly constituency|Gudalur]]

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nilgiris (Tamil Nadu) Lok Sabha Election Results 2019 -Nilgiris Parliamentary Constituency, Winning MP and Party Name |url=https://www.elections.in/tamil-nadu/parliamentary-constituencies/nilgiris.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|C.Nanjappa
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2| [[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[Akkamma Devi]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|M.K. Nanja Gowder
|style="background-color: {{party color|Swatantra Party}}" |
|[[Swatantra Party]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[J. Matha Gowder]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|P. S Ramalingam
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |[[R. Prabhu]]
|rowspan=4 style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=4|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]

|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[S. R. Balasubramaniam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}" |
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Master Mathan]]
|rowspan=2 style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[R. Prabhu]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[A. Raja]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[C. Gopalakrishnan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"| [[A. Raja]]<ref>{{cite web|title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 19 - NILGIRIS (Tamil Nadu)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2219.htm|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" |
|rowspan="2"| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2024|2024]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.44}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2019|2019]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.36}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2014|2014]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2009|2009]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.67}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 2004|2004]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|63.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1999|1999]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|50.73}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1998|1998]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|46.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|62.91}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|58.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|61.49}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|60.31}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|57.18}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|55.85}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|58.25}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|48.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|52.54}}
{{bar percent|[[#General Elections 1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|59.16}}
}}

=== General Elections 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate = [[A. Raja]] |party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes = 473,212 |percentage = 46.44 |change = {{decrease}}7.92 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate = [[L. Murugan]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=232,627 |percentage=22.83 |change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate = D. Logesh Tamil Selvan|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes = 220,230 |percentage = 21.61 |change = {{decrease}}12.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate = Jayakumar |party = Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes = 58,821 |percentage = 5.77 |change =''New'' }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = None of the above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 13,000
|percentage = 1.28
|change = {{decrease}}0.52
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 240,585
|percentage = 21.06
|change = {{increase}}0.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,142,549
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/pc/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS2219.htm?ac=19|title=General Election 2019 - Election Commission of India|website=results.eci.gov.in|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,47,832 |percentage=54.36 |change=+13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Thiyagarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,42,009 |percentage=33.94 |change=-18.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Rajenthiran |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=41,169 |percentage=4.09 |change= ''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ramaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=40,419 |percentage=4.01 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=18,149 |percentage=1.80 |change=-3.45 }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,05,823 |percentage=20.42 |change=8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,07,774 |percentage=74.01 |change= 3.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,66,060 |change =7.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Gopalakrishnan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,63,700 |percentage=52.31 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,58,760 |percentage=40.47 |change=-4.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=46,559 |percentage=5.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Gandhi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,702 |percentage=4.25 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. T. Rani |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=12,525 |percentage=1.41 |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,04,940 |percentage=11.84 |change=-0.29 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,86,517 |percentage=73.55 |change= -0.84 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,69,173 |change =26.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 7.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[A. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=3,16,802 |percentage=44.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Krishnan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,30,781 |percentage=32.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Selvaraj |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=76,613 |percentage=10.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bhadiran |party=Kongunadu Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,776 |percentage=4.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Gurumurthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,690 |percentage=2.64% |change=-30.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Velmurugan |party=Independent politician |votes=11,979 |percentage=1.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Nagaraju |party=Independent politician |votes=8,821 |percentage=1.24% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=86,021 |percentage=12.13% |change=-18.16% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,09,158 |percentage=70.75% |change= 11.42% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,03,168 |change =-23.86% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -18.60% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,94,121 |percentage=63.28% |change=15.83% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Master Mathan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,57,619 |percentage=32.99% |change=-17.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. K. Pappannan |party=Independent politician |votes=10,649 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kumaran |party=Youth and Students Party |votes=6,580 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Tirrumurthi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,630 |percentage=0.46% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,36,502 |percentage=30.29% |change=27.00% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,80,890 |percentage=59.29% |change= 4.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,17,502 |change =-2.30% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 12.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Master Mathan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,69,828 |percentage=50.73% |change=46.47% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,45,869 |percentage=47.44% |change=21.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Chinnaraj |party=Puthiya Tamilagam |votes=7,612 |percentage=1.04% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,959 |percentage=3.29% |change=-5.41% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,29,000 |percentage=55.08% |change= -11.34% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,48,475 |change =4.20% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -12.17% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1998===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Master Mathan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,22,818 |percentage=46.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. R. Balasubramaniam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=2,62,433 |percentage=37.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,06,588 |percentage=15.35% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=60,385 |percentage=8.70% |change=-28.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,94,358 |percentage=55.50% |change= -10.92% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,94,110 |change =7.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -16.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. R. Balasubramaniam]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=4,75,515 |percentage=62.91% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,94,139 |percentage=25.68% |change=-33.07% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. V. Kandasamy |party=Janata Dal |votes=38,462 |percentage=5.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Master Mathan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=32,185 |percentage=4.26% |change=-1.99% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,81,376 |percentage=37.22% |change=9.82% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,55,924 |percentage=66.42% |change= 4.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,99,070 |change =8.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 4.15% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,87,707 |percentage=58.75% |change=-2.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[S. Duraisamy]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,06,905 |percentage=31.35% |change=-6.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Master Mathan]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=41,231 |percentage=6.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. M. Mohamed Zackariah |party=Indian Union Muslim League |votes=7,160 |percentage=1.09% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,80,802 |percentage=27.40% |change=3.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,59,884 |percentage=62.24% |change= -5.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,03,713 |change =-0.13% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.74% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,55,411 |percentage=61.49% |change=1.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. A. Mahalingam |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,81,640 |percentage=38.03% |change=0.99% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,73,771 |percentage=23.46% |change=0.18% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,40,620 |percentage=67.98% |change= -3.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,05,096 |change =33.51% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,41,824 |percentage=60.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[C. T. Dhandapani]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,09,885 |percentage=37.03% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kovai Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,203 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Devappan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,988 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,31,939 |percentage=23.28% |change=5.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,66,742 |percentage=71.82% |change= 5.39% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,27,733 |change =12.65% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress (I) |swing= 3.13% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[R. Prabhu]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,73,614 |percentage=57.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. T. S. Thippiah |party=Janata Party |votes=1,87,871 |percentage=39.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. S. Venkatachalam |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=8,827 |percentage=1.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. P. Raju |party=Independent politician |votes=2,846 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Selavaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=2,461 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=85,743 |percentage=17.92% |change=4.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,78,505 |percentage=66.43% |change= 2.52% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,34,760 |change =5.63% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.33% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Ramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,41,777 |percentage=55.85% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. Nanja Gowder |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,82,431 |percentage=42.14% |change=0.39% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=5,057 |percentage=1.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aadrpus Mayason |party=Independent politician |votes=3,622 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59,346 |percentage=13.71% |change=-2.79% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,32,887 |percentage=63.91% |change= -5.71% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,95,566 |change =25.58% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -2.40% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Matha Gowder |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,15,654 |percentage=58.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Akkamma Devi]] |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,54,560 |percentage=41.75% |change=-0.66% }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,094 |percentage=16.50% |change=10.86% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,70,214 |percentage=69.62% |change= -2.69% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,53,870 |change =10.31% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 10.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. K. N. Gowder |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,67,712 |percentage=48.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,48,010 |percentage=42.41% |change=-10.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. S. K. Gowder |party=Communist Party of India |votes=33,275 |percentage=9.53% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,702 |percentage=5.65% |change=-22.68% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,48,997 |percentage=72.31% |change= 0.78% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,02,089 |change =11.46% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -4.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Akkamma Devi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,63,420 |percentage=52.54% |change=-6.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. E. Madhanan |party=Communist Party of India |votes=75,299 |percentage=24.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. K. Bheeman |party=Swatantra Party |votes=72,337 |percentage=23.26% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=88,121 |percentage=28.33% |change=-3.40% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,11,056 |percentage=71.53% |change= 20.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,50,481 |change =12.02% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -6.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Elections 1957===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Indian general election]]: Nilgiris}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Nanjappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,22,388 |percentage=59.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. S. Bharathi |party=Independent politician |votes=56,754 |percentage=27.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. N. Mariappan |party=Independent politician |votes=27,727 |percentage=13.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. V. Ramachandra Naidu |party=Independent politician |votes=0 |percentage=0.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=65,634 |percentage=31.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,06,869 |percentage=51.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,02,143 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nilgiris district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of Lok Sabha elections |access-date=July 8, 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=October 5, 2010 }}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190408163026/https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/nilgiris/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Nilgiris lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.5|76.6|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Nilgiris district]]

Telangana Institute of Medical Sciences and Research

2026-04-30T16:02:15Z

JoanneMoffit: starting pg!

{{Infobox hospital
| name = Telangana Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
| image = TIMS01.jpg
| org_group = Department of Health, Medical & Family Welfare, [[Government of Telangana]]
| location = [[G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
| constructed = 2007
| opened = 6 July 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Eatala_Rajender/status/1280020859189489664|title=New Hospital|website=Twitter}}</ref>
| state = [[Telangana]]
| country = India
| beds = 1,500
| type = Specialist
| specialty = [[COVID-19]]
| funding = Public
| address = G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium, Gachibowli
| former_names = Sports Village, G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium
| logo =
| coordinates = {{Coord|17|26|34.1|N|78|20|37.4|E|type:landmark|display=inline, title}}
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of hospital on map
| pushpin_map_size =
| website = http://health.telangana.gov.in/
}}
'''Telangana Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Hyderabad'''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=G.O.Ms.No. 22, HEALTH, MEDICAL & FAMILY WELFARE (D) DEPARTMENT, Dated: 25.04.2020|url=https://goir.telangana.gov.in/|url-status=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=30 June 2020|website=Government Order Issue Register, Government of Telangana|publication-place=Hyderabad|publication-date=25 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Gundra|first=Shiva Krishna|title='Sports Tower' at Gachibowli Stadium turns into Covid-19 isolation centre|url=https://telanganatoday.com/sports-tower-at-gachibowli-stadium-turns-into-covid-19-isolation-centre|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|first=Koride|last=Mahesh |title=Gachibowli sports building to turn multi-speciality hospital, says Eatala |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/gachibowli-sports-building-to-turn-multi-speciality-hospital-says-eatala/articleshow/75074097.cms|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Times of India|date=10 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref> ('''TIMS, Hyderabad''' or '''TIMS or TIMSR''') is a dedicated [[COVID-19]] [[hospital]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is later to be developed as a [[medical school]] and [[public hospital]]. The hospital came into existence with the issue of G.O.Ms.No. 22, Health, Medical and Family Welfare Department on 25 April 2020.<ref name=":2" />
__TOC__

[[File:Telangana Institute Of Medical Sciences TIMS Sanathnagar Hyderabad Telangana (40111).jpg|thumb|Telangana Institute Of Medical Sciences TIMS Sanathnagar Hyderabad Telangana]]

== History ==
In view of [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], it was decided by the [[Government of Telangana]] to establish a hospital in the Sports Hostel Building at [[G.M.C Balayogi Athletic Stadium]], [[Gachibowli]], Ranga Reddy District<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> to provide health services. Pursuant to this decision, the Youth Advancement, Tourism and Culture Department has issued orders, transferred the Sports Village building at Gachibowli, along with appurtenant land of 9 Acres 16 [[Gunta]],<ref name=":2" /> to the Health, Medical and Family Welfare Department to develop it as an exclusive COVID-19 Hospital to begin with and then to develop as a Multi–Specialty Hospital cum Premier Medical College.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TIMS Gachibowli to be inaugurated soon: Eatala|url=https://telanganatoday.com/tims-gachibowli-to-be-inaugurated-soon-eatala|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref>

In fall 2023, the once useful facility has shrunk, no longer accepting inpatients, treating outpatients with a small staff.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/tims-gachibowli-from-pandemic-saviour-to-empty-halls-a-tale-of-abandonment/article67446421.ece/amp/ |title=TIMS-Gachibowli: from pandemic saviour to empty halls, a tale of abandonment |work=The Hindi |date=October 27, 2023 |access-date=October 28, 2023 |first=Siddharth Kumar |last=Singh }}</ref> The ultimate fate of once essential medical facility has yet to be decided.

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Hospitals in Telangana]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2020]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in India]]

{{COVID-19-stub}}

Rita Chowdhury

2026-04-29T04:38:17Z

JoanneMoffit: Put Up Data

{{short description|Indian writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{infobox writer
| name = Rita Chowdhury
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| alt =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|08|17}}
| birth_place = [[Tirap district|Tirap]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Novelist]], [[Poet]], Editor
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]], [[LLB]], [[Ph.D.]]
| alma_mater =
| period = 1981–present
| genre = Historical fiction, poetry
| subject =
| movement = [[Assamese literature]]
| notableworks = ''[[Deo Langkhui]]'', ''Makam'', ''Chinatown Days''
| spouse = [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]]
| partner =
| children = 2
| relatives =
| awards = [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] award (1981) [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2008) [[Assam Valley Literary Award]] (2017)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Rita Chowdhury''' (born 1960) is an Indian poet and novelist who writes [[Assamese literature]] and is a recipient of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]. She is the [[Literary editor|editor]] of the Assamese literary magazine ''[[Gariyoshi]]'' and a former director of the [[National Book Trust]], India.<ref name="Zahan 2022">{{cite magazine |last1=Zahan |first1=Syeda Ambia |date=13 June 2022 |title=Regional Literature Needs Quality Translators: Assam Poet Rita Chowdhury |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/regional-literature-needs-quality-translators-assamese-writer-rita-chowdhury-weekender_story-201835 |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref> She has been associate professor and lecturer at [[Cotton College, Guwahati]], [[Assam]] in the Political Science Department and was active in the [[Assam Movement]] in the early 1980s.

==Early life and education ==
Chowdhury was born in 1960 to the writer Biraja Nanda Chowdhury at Nampong in [[Tirap District]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref name="Telegraph 2009"/> She did her schooling in Upper [[Haflong]] L.P. School and higher secondary in [[Margherita]] Public Higher Secondary School.<ref name="Telegraph 2009">{{cite news |title=The heart yearns for days of yore |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/the-heart-yearns-for-days-of-yore/cid/511616 |access-date=17 June 2021 |work=The Telegraph India |date=17 January 2009}}</ref> She has spoken of the impact of the death of her older sister from cerebral malaria, including "I think my childhood ended the day she passed away," and how she "read obsessively, as if to try to forget the grief that surrounded me."<ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/> She has described reading the works of [[Bankim Chandra]], [[Lakshminath Bezbarua]], [[Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay|Sarat Chandra]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Jyoti Prasad Agarwala]], [[Sankar (writer)|Shankar]], and [[Sankho Maharaj]] during this time.<ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/>

Her family moved to [[Guwahati]] in 1980, during the [[Assam Movement]]; she became involved in the movement and was jailed several times.<ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/><ref name="Telegraph 2009"/><ref name="Das 2012"/><ref name="Deka 2017"/> She was in jail when her first novel was published in 1981.<ref name="Deka 2017">{{cite news |last1=Deka |first1=Kaushik |title=The power couple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/up-front/story/20170320-assam-agitation-dr-rita-chowdhury-chandra-mohan-patowary-sarbananda-sonowal-985975-2017-03-10 |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=10 March 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

She holds a postgraduate degree in political science and a postgraduate degree in Assamese, as well as a doctorate in political science and a law degree.<ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/> She passed her B.A. in political science from [[Cotton College, Guwahati|Cotton College]] under Gauhati University in 1982. She is double [[Master of Arts|MA]] in [[political science]] and Assamese from [[Gauhati University]] with [[Bachelor of Law|LLB]] (1990) and [[Ph.D.]]. She did Ph.D. from Gauhati University on Comparative Literature in 2005. Her thesis was on Society and Women psychology depicted in Nirupama Borgohain and Ashapurna Devi's Novels: a Comparative Study.

==Literary career==
Chowdhury began writing in 1981, during the [[Assam Movement]].<ref name="Das 2012">{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Guarav |title=Assam Agitation gave me fodder for my book: Rita Choudhury |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Assam-Agitation-gave-me-fodder-for-my-book-Rita-Choudhury/articleshow/16998050.cms |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 October 2012}}</ref> She wrote her first novel, ''Abirata Jatra'', within three months, and it was published in 1981.<ref name="Das 2012"/><ref name="cd" /> She won an award from the [[Asom Sahitya Sabha]] for this book.<ref name="Das 2012"/> She then married politician [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]] and stopped writing until after the birth of her daughter.<ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/>

Chowdhury then wrote a series of novels, including ''Tirthabhumi'' (The Shrine) in 1988, ''Maha Jibanar Adharshila'' (Foundation Stone of Great Life) in 1993, ''Nayana Tarali Sujata'' in 1996, ''Popiya Torar Xadhu'' (Tale of a shooting star) in 1998, Rag-malkosh in 1999, Jala-Padma (Water-Lotus) in 1999, Hridoy Nirupai (The Helpless Heart) in 2003, [[Deo Langkhui]] (The Divine Sword) in 2005, ''Makam'' (The Golden Horse) in 2010 and ''Mayabritta'' (The Circle of Worldly Illusion) in 2012.

Her poetry collections include ''Xudoor Nakshatra'', ''Banariya Batahar Xuhuri'', ''Alop Pooharar Alop Andharar'', and ''Boga Matir Tulaxi''.<ref name="Raimedhi 2014">{{cite book |last1=Raimedhi |first1=Indrani |title=My Half of the Sky: 12 Life Stories of Courage |date=2014 |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |isbn=9789351504740 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZRlBDwAAQBAJ&dq=Rita+Chowdhury+Xudoor+Nakshatra&pg=PT125 |access-date=8 May 2023}}</ref>

She received [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2008 for the novel ''[[Deo Langkhui]]''<ref name="Telegraph 2009" /> which is based on the [[Tiwa (Lalung)|Tiwa]]s of Assam.<ref name="TOI 2015">{{cite news |title=NBT gets first Assamese chief |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 July 2015}} {{ProQuest|1697413496}}</ref> She spent four years writing her novel ''Makam (মাকাম)'' in Assamese, and it was published in 2010.<ref name="Das 2012" /> After ''Makam'' was published, she publicly called for greater acceptance of Assamese people of Chinese origin, and met with Chief Minister Tarun Gogoi in November 2010 as part of her advocacy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Call to embrace people of Chinese origin |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=7 November 2010}} {{ProQuest|762633846}}</ref> In 2015, at a screening of the documentary ''Wars and Tears'' that she directed, she advocated for reunification of families separated during the [[Sino-Indian War]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite news |title='Initiate steps to reunite Indian Chinese with families' |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=19 May 2015}} {{ProQuest|1681532158}}</ref> She also translated ''Makam'' into English, and it was published with the title ''Chinatown Days'' in 2018.<ref name="Kire 2018"/><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 January 2019|title=Chinatown Days by Rita Chowdhury: Tales from a lost town|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/book-review-chinatown-days-by-rita-chowdhury-tales-from-a-lost-town/|access-date=4 July 2020|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2011, she formed ''Adharxila'', an organisation to support young writers<ref>{{cite news |last1=Konwar |first1=Rajiv |title=Naga life through eyes of a militant |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=8 November 2015}} {{ProQuest|2289580423}}</ref> and Assamese literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=Forum boost to Assamese - Author launches Adharxila to elevate literature, culture & society |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/forum-boost-to-assamese-author-launches-adharxila-to-elevate-literature-culture-society/cid/372120 |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=25 July 2011}}</ref>

In 2015, she was appointed director of the [[National Book Trust]] in India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Chowdhury new NBT Director |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/chowdhury-new-nbt-director/cid/1391442 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=17 July 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI 2015" /> She resigned in January 2019.<ref name="SA 2019"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Dr Rita Chowdhury resigns from National Book Trust (NBT) |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/rita-chowdhury-resigns-392804-2019-01-11 |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[India Today]] NE |date=11 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2022, she became the editor of the Assam literary magazine ''[[Gariyoshi]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rita Chowdhury takes charge as Editor of Gariyoshi |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=1 April 2022}} {{ProQuest|2646092329}}</ref>

==Teaching career==
Chowdhury started her teaching career as lecturer in political science in Diphu Government College, Karbi Anglong from the year 1989 to 1991. She then worked as lecturer from 1991 to 1996 and as senior lecturer from 1996 to 2001 at [[Cotton College, Guwahati]], [[Assam]] in the Political Science Department. She became an associate professor in 2001.

In 2016, she left her position as associate professor to become the director of the National Book Trust in India.<ref name="SA 2019">{{cite news |title=Rita Chowdhury quits as NBT Director |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/rita-chowdhury-quits-as-nbt-director/ |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=11 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Selected works==
{{Biblio|date=June 2015}}

===Novels===
*''Abirata Jatra'' (Relentless Journey)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 1981 published by Bani Mandir, [[Dibrugarh]]
*''Thirthabhumi'' (Pilgrimage)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 1988 published by Deepti Prakashan, [[Dibrugarh]]
*''Maha Jibanar Adharshila'' (Foundation of a great life)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 1993 published by Jyoti Prakashan, [[Dibrugarh]]
*''Nayana Tarali Sujata'' (Tale of a Meteor)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in (1996), published by Lawyer's Book Stall, [[Guwahati]]
*''Popiya Torar Sadhu'' (Tale of a Meteor)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 1998 published by Cambridge India, [[Guwahati]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=may2713/city07|title=The Assam Tribune Online|website=www.assamtribune.com|access-date=16 October 2019}}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*''Ragmalkosh'' (Water lotus)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in (1999), published by Assam Book Depot, [[Guwahati]]
*''Jala Padma'' (Water lotus)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 1999 published by Assam Book Depot, [[Guwahati]]
*''Hridoy Nirupai'' (The Heart is Helpless)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 2003 published by Jyoti Prakashan, [[Guwahati]]
*''[[Deo Langkhui]]'' (The Divine Sword)<ref name="Telegraph 2013"/> in 2005 published by Jyoti Prakashan, [[Guwahati]]
*''Ei Xomoi Xei Xomoi''
* {{cite book |title=Makam ("Golden Horse") |date=2010 |publisher=Jyoti Prakashan |location=Guwahati |isbn=978-81-920061-0-9}}<ref name="Sarma 2013">{{cite journal |last1=Sarma |first1=Jasnea |title=Makam |journal=Asian Ethnicity |date=January 2013 |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=117–120 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2012.722450|s2cid=214614489 |via=SocINDEX with Full Text}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Changmai |first1=Manashi |title=REMEMBERING PAST: A NEW HISTORICAL STUDY OF RITA CHOWDHURY'S MAKAM |journal=International Education and Research Journal |date=15 July 2017 |volume=3 |issue=7 |url=https://archive.org/details/httpsierj.injournalindex.phpierjarticleview1203/mode/2up |issn=2454-9916}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph 2013"/>
* ''Rajib Eshwar''
* ''Jahnabi''
*''Mayabritta'' (Circle of Illusion)<ref name="Telegraph 2013">{{cite news |title=A tale of illusions and experiences - Mayabritta may be Chowdhury's last novel |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/a-tale-of-illusions-and-experiences-mayabritta-may-be-chowdhury-s-last-novel/cid/345252 |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=3 January 2013 |language=en}}</ref> in 2012 published by Jyoti Prakashan, [[Guwahati]]
*''Makam'' (English) in 2015 published by The Pangea House, New Delhi.
*''Bibranta Bastab'' in 2015 published by The Jyoti Prakashan, Guwahati.
*{{cite book |title=Chinatown Days |date=2018 |publisher=[[Pan Macmillan India]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=9781509896561}}<ref name="Kire 2018">{{cite news |last1=Kire |first1=Easterine |title=This novel is the untold tragic history of Chinese settlers in Assam (and of love and separation) |url=https://scroll.in/article/869904/this-novel-is-the-untold-tragic-history-of-chinese-settlers-in-assam-and-of-love-and-separation |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=25 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Doctor |first1=Geeta |title=Chinatown Days by Rita Chowdhury reviewed by Geeta Doctor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/chinatown-days-by-rita-chowdhury-reviewed-by-geeta-doctor/article22772260.ece |access-date=7 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 February 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Basu 2018" />
*{{Cite book |title=The Divine Sword |publisher=[[Pan Macmillan India]] |year=2024 |isbn=9789390742363 |location=New Delhi |publication-date=29 January 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borbora |first=Reeta |date=2024-02-16 |title=Revenge and Redemption |url=https://openthemagazine.com/lounge/books/revenge-and-redemption-2/ |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=Open The Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Poems===
*''X''.''udoor Nakshatra'' (The Far-off Star) in 1989, published by Sofia Publishers, [[Guwahati]]
*''Banariya Batahar Xuhuri'' (Whistle of the Wild Wind) in 1996
*''Alop Pooharar Alop Andharar'' (Streaks of Light and Darkness) in 1997 published by Lawyer's Book Stall, [[Guwahati]]
*''Boga Matir Tulaxi'' (Black Basil on White Soil) in 1999 published by Lawyer's Book Stall, [[Guwahati]]

===Other works===
*''The Divided Soul'' (Coffee Table Book)<ref name="BS 2015">{{cite news |title=Assamese of Chinese origin facing severe identity crisis |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/assamese-of-chinese-origin-facing-severe-identity-crisis-115051700354_1.html |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |date=17 May 2015}}</ref> in 2015 published by The Pangea House
*''Wars and Tears'' (Documentary, Director, Script Writer) produced by The Pangea House

==Honours and awards==

*[[Assam Sahitya Sabha]] Award (First Prize awarded in the Manuscript Competition of Novel) in 1981 for the Novel, Abirata Yatra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/article-detail/meet-dr-rita-chowdhury-assamese-author-and-director-of-national-book-trust-of-india|title=Meet Dr Rita Chowdhury – Assamese Author and Director of National Book Trust of India|website=G Plus|language=en|access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>
*Kalaguru Bishnu Prasad Rabha Award by [[Assam Sahitya Sabha]], new Delhi in 2006 for the novel Deo Langkhui.<ref name="cd">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1809/at05|title=Chowdhury, Narzary given Akademi award|date=18 February 2009|publisher=[[The Assam Tribune]]|access-date=22 October 2009|archive-date=19 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219170112/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1809%2Fat05|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Sahitya Akademi Award]], 2008, for the novel [[Deo Langkhui]].<ref name="AT 2008">{{cite news |title=Literary feats lauded |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=dec2908/City2 |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=29 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120219170116/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=dec2908/City2 |archive-date=19 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1617166911.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026061213/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1617166911.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 October 2012|title=Sahitya Adademi Awards for Choudhury, Narzary|date=23 December 2008 |access-date=8 July 2009}}</ref>
*Felicitated by the Indian Overseas Chinese Organization on 23 May 2010<ref name="Talukdar 2010">{{cite news |last1=Talukdar |first1=Sushanta |title=Assamese of Chinese origin can visit State: Gogoi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Assamese-of-Chinese-origin-can-visit-State-Gogoi/article15678450.ece |access-date=9 May 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 November 2010}}</ref>
*Lekhika Samoroh Xahitya Bata in 2011 by Sadou Axom lekhika Samoroh Samittee
*G.A. Kulkarni Award for Translation of the novel, Makam in Marathi Language in 2013 by Goa Hindu association, Mumbai
*The Telegraph Axom Shrestho award (literature), 2016<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengupta |first1=Avishek |title=Honour for Assam's finest stalwarts |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=28 October 2016}} {{ProQuest|2290148286}}</ref>
*[[Assam Valley Literary Award]], 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Assam Valley Literary Award presented |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=25 March 2018}} {{ProQuest|2017459832}}</ref>
*Ranangan Sanman award, 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Ranangan Sanman-2021 presented to Rita Chowdhury |work=[[The Assam Tribune]] |date=4 December 2021}} {{ProQuest|2607203540}}</ref>
*Birangana Mulagabharu Award from the Tai Ahom Yuba Parishad, Assam, 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Rita Chowdhury to receive Birangana Mulagabharu Award |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/guwahati-city/rita-chowdhury-to-receive-birangana-mulagabharu-award-637868 |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[The Sentinel (Guwahati)|The Sentinel]] |date=17 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Research==
*The Chinese Diaspora and 1962 Sino-Indian War<ref name="BS 2015" />
*Tea History of Assam<ref name="Basu 2018"/>
*Tea Community of Assam<ref name="Basu 2018"/>
*Tiwa Tribe of Assam.
*The Assamese Chinese Community<ref name="Basu 2018">{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Anjan |title=The author describes the customs and traditions of the Assamese Chinese, and the lives of the so-called 'tea tribes' minutely |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/66224/book-review-chinatown-days-rita-chowdhury |access-date=8 May 2023 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=3 April 2018}}</ref>

==Personal life==
She is married to the politician [[Chandra Mohan Patowary]].<ref name="Telegraph 2009" /><ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/> She has a son and a daughter.<ref name="Raimedhi 2014"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*http://ritachowdhury.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215041011/http://ritachowdhury.in/ |date=15 February 2019 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Rita}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Assamese]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
[[Category:Assam academics]]
[[Category:Poets from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Cotton College, Guwahati alumni]]
[[Category:People from Tirap district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Novelists from Assam]]
[[Category:Women writers from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from Northeast India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Assam Valley Literary Award]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women novelists]]

K. V. Viswanathan

2026-04-24T18:58:29Z

JoanneMoffit: new a entry - done

{{Short description|Judge of the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalpathy Venkataraman Viswanathan
| image = Justice K. V. Viswanathan.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| appointer = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator = [[Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud]]
| term_start = 19 May 2023
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]
| term_start1 = 26 August 2013
| term_end1 = May 2014
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1966|5|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kalpathy]], [[Kerala]], India
| parents = K.V. Venkataraman Lalitha Venkataraman
| spouse = Jaishree Viswanathan
| children = 2 daughters
}}

'''Kalpathy Venkataraman Viswanathan''' (born 26 May 1966)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chief Justice & Judges {{!}} SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/chief-justice-judges |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=main.sci.gov.in}}</ref> is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=19 May 2023 |title=Justice Prashant Kumar Mishra & KV Viswanathan Take Oath As Supreme Court Judges |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/supreme-court-justice-prashant-kumar-mishra-kv-viswanathan-take-oath-as-supreme-court-judges-229049 |access-date= |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web | title=Supreme Court Judges: CJI administers oath of office to Justice Mishra, senior advocate Viswanathan - India News | website=The Times of India | date=19 May 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/two-new-judges-for-sc-cji-administers-oath-of-office-to-justice-mishra-senior-advocate-viswanathan/articleshow/100344696.cms | access-date=19 May 2023}}</ref>

==Career==

Viswanathan graduated from Coimbatore Law College and enrolled in the Bar Council of Tamil Nadu in 1988.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Aditya |date=17 May 2023 |title=Viswanathan upright senior member of bar: Collegium |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/viswanathan-upright-senior-member-of-bar-collegium-8613351/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

=== Junior advocate ===
Viswanathan worked as a junior, under Senior Advocates C.S. Vaidyanathan and [[K. K. Venugopal]] from 1988 to 1995 during early years of his practice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K.V. Viswanathan |url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/k-v-viswanathan/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Senior advocate ===
He was designated as the senior advocate by the Supreme Court on 28 April 2009. He was appointed as the Additional Solicitor General of India on 26 August 2013 and held the position till May 2014.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sarda |first=Kanu |date=17 May 2023 |title=If Centre accepts his elevation, Senior Advocate KV Viswanathan will be CJI in 2030 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/senior-advocate-kv-viswanathan-cji-2030-supreme-court-collegium-2380607-2023-05-17 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Department of Legal Affairs |title=List of Law Officers (As on 26 August 2013) |url=http://lawmin.nic.in/la/lawofficers.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925174949/http://lawmin.nic.in:80/la/lawofficers.htm |url-status=deviated |archive-date=25 September 2013}}</ref>

As senior advocate, he argued important constitution bench cases. He represented the petitioners in the case of [[Right to Privacy verdict|right to privacy]], validity of Aadhaar Act and [[Supriyo v. Union of India|marriage equality]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He represented the intervenor, [[Internet Freedom Foundation]] in the WhatsApp-Facebook Privacy case.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Supreme Court Observer |title=Whatsapp-Facebook Privacy |url=https://www.scobserver.in/cases/karmanya-singh-sareen-union-of-india-whatsapp-facebook-privacy-case-background/ |access-date= |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> He contributed to the court as [[amicus curiae]] in various cases, including the case concerning the validity of tenure extension for [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] and [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) directors and judicial appointments in lower courts.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Gauri |date=16 May 2023 |title=Collegium Recommends 2 New Judges to the SC |url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/collegium-recommends-2-new-judges-to-the-sc/ |access-date= |website=Supreme Court Observer |language=en-US}}</ref> In the case challenging the validity of tenure extension for ED director, he told the court that the amendment must be scrapped "in the interest of democracy."<ref name=":1" />

When Law Minister [[Kiren Rijiju]] labeled retired judges who criticized state policies as an "anti-Indian gang," it sparked significant concern. As a senior advocate, Viswanathan emphasized the gravity of the situation, stating that the use of such strong language by India's law minister to describe retired judges was troubling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Awstika |date=19 May 2023 |title=Kiren Rijiju : Law Minister Who Crossed The Line Too Far With Rhetoric Against Judiciary |url=https://www.livelaw.in/articles/kiren-rijiju-controversial-legacy-union-law-minister-229040 |access-date= |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court of India ===
He was appointed as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 19 May 2023.<ref name=":0" /> When considering all previous appointments, he was the tenth member of the bar to have been directly appointed to the Supreme Court.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" /> He is in line to be the Chief Justice of India from 12 August 2030, to 25 May 2031.<ref name=":0" /> He is on track to become the fourth member directly elevated from the bar to assume the position of Chief Justice of India.<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan, K. V.}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Khiru Mahto

2026-04-19T23:12:16Z

JoanneMoffit: new new article - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khiru Mahto
| birth_name =
| signature =
| year =
| date =
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| children =
| spouse =
| website =
| birth_place = [[Hazaribagh]], [[Jharkhand]]
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1953}}
| successor1 =
| image = Khiru Mahto (cropped).jpeg
| caption = Khiru Mahto, third from left with Janata Dal United leadership.
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 4 July 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Ramchandra Prasad Singh]]
| constituency1 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Bihar|Bihar]]
| predecessor2 = [[Teklal Mahto]]
| successor2 = Teklal Mahto
| constituency2 = [[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mandu]]
| term_start2 = 27 February 2005
| term_end2 = 23 December 2009
| office2 = Member of [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
| image_size =
}}
'''Khiru Mahto''' (born 1953) is an Indian politician who is currently serving as member of Rajya Sabha from Bihar since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=JD-U names Khiru Mahto as RS nominee from Bihar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jd-u-names-khiru-mahto-rs-nominee-bihar-1503076546.html |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925143114/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/jd-u-names-khiru-mahto-rs-nominee-bihar-1503076546.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He was elected to the [[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mandu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] from 2005 until 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-30 |title=Rajya Sabha polls: JD(U) picks Khiru Mahato over RCP Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-polls-jdu-picks-khiru-mahato-over-rcp-singh-7942951/ |access-date=2022-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925143113/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajya-sabha-polls-jdu-picks-khiru-mahato-over-rcp-singh-7942951/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a member of the [[Janata Dal (United)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khiru Mahto (Janata Dal (United)(JD(U)): Constituency – Mandu (Hazaribagh) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/jarka05/candidate.php?candidate_id=77|access-date=2021-05-11|website=myneta.info|archive-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511090150/https://myneta.info/jarka05/candidate.php?candidate_id=77|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=झारखंड में शराब बंद करे सरकार : खीरू महतो|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/news/ranchi/article1-govt-ban-liquer-in-jharkhand-khiru-mahto-723479.html|access-date=2021-05-11|website=Hindustan|language=hindi|archive-date=2021-05-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134408/https://www.livehindustan.com/news/ranchi/article1-govt-ban-liquer-in-jharkhand-khiru-mahto-723479.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Bihar (India) Legislature Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nfkWAQAAIAAJ |title=Bihāra Vīdhāna Sabhā vādavrtta |year=1962 |language=hi |access-date=2022-09-25 |archive-date=2023-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331202644/https://books.google.com/books?id=nfkWAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/cache/1/Smart%20City/CM%20Greets%20Rajya%20Sabha%20member%20_03062022/05.JPG|title=Khiru Mahto receiving certificate from Nitish Kumar|accessdate=31 March 2023|archive-date=31 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331202619/https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/cache/1/Smart%20City/CM%20Greets%20Rajya%20Sabha%20member%20_03062022/05.JPG|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahto, Khiru}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Jharkhand MLAs 2005–2009]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]

{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}

Damthang Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:52Z

JoanneMoffit: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Damthang
| type= SLA
| state = Sikkim
| established = 1979
| abolished = 2008<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}</ref>
| electors = 10,250
| mla = [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
| party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Damthang Assembly constituency '''was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Pradeep Yanzone || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary)}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=5 | [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Damthang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,250 |ref = |change= {{increase}}21.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Damthang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,952 |percentage=72.26% |change={{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Kumar Rai |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,866 |percentage=27.23% |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hom Nath Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}}1.94 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,086 |percentage=45.03% |change= {{increase}}1.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,853 |percentage=82.34% |change= {{increase}}2.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,425 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}1.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Damthang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,904 |percentage=70.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumar Subba |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,463 |percentage=26.33% |change={{decrease}}67.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anand Lama |party=Indian National Congress |votes=136 |percentage=2.45% |change={{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budha Raj Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=53 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,441 |percentage=43.93% |change= {{decrease}}44.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,556 |percentage=80.27% |change= {{increase}}8.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,054 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}24.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Damthang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=4,227 |percentage=94.27% |change={{increase}}20.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Kumar Khartan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=257 |percentage=5.73% |change={{decrease}}11.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,970 |percentage=88.54% |change= {{increase}}31.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,484 |percentage=71.46% |change= {{increase}}7.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,387 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Damthang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,281 |percentage=73.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Yonzong |party=Indian National Congress |votes=519 |percentage=16.79% |change={{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. K. Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=156 |percentage=5.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Binod Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=108 |percentage=3.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,762 |percentage=57.00% |change= {{increase}}55.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,091 |percentage=64.45% |change= {{decrease}}4.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,911 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.65 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |swing= {{increase}}47.74 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Damthang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Yanzone |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=661 |percentage=26.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Raj Rai |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=622 |percentage=24.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Badri Lall Pradhan |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=323 |percentage=12.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kharga Bahadur Rai |party=Janata Party |votes=239 |percentage=9.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tshering Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=236 |percentage=9.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kalu Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=224 |percentage=8.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupal Chamling |party=Independent politician |votes=68 |percentage=2.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Bahadur Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=57 |percentage=2.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumar Subba |party=Independent politician |votes=55 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hanuman Das Agarwal |party=Independent politician |votes=32 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chit Man Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=15 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39 |percentage=1.54% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,537 |percentage=70.27% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,788 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}
{{coord|27.23|88.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

{{Sikkim-geo-stub}}

Chadoora Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:13Z

JoanneMoffit: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Chadoora]]
| mla = [[Ali Mohammad Dar]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Budgam district|Budgam]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar]]
| established = 1967
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 31
}}

'''Chadoora Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. [[Chadoora]] is also part of [[Srinagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chadoora Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/chadoora.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections.in}}</ref>
Branwar is one of the famous tourist destination of chadoora

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=2|[[Mir Mustafa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[Abdul Samad Mir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Mir Mustafa]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Ali Mohammad Dar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan=3|[[Javaid Mustafa Mir]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ali Mohammad Dar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Chadoora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0831.htm|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709162436/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0831.htm|archive-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Dar]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |votes=31,991 |percentage=63.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohmad Yaseen Bhat |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=14,773 |percentage=29.36% |change={{decrease}}18.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Faisal Fayaz |party=Independent politician |votes=942 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Fahed Andrabi |party=Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party |votes=716 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nilofar Sajjad Gandru |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,265 |percentage=2.51% |change={{increase}}1.53 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,218 |percentage=34.22% |change= {{increase}}31.05 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=50,321 |percentage=56.76% |change= {{decrease}}6.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,659 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Mustafa Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=25,770 |percentage=48.26% |change={{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Dar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=24,077 |percentage=45.09% |change={{increase}}11.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=1,261 |percentage=2.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bilal Ahmad Mir |party=Independent politician |votes=665 |percentage=1.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Maqbool Malla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=384 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}5.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Paul |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=376 |percentage=0.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riyaz Ahmad Rather |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=344 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=526 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,693 |percentage=3.17% |change= {{decrease}}4.30 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=53,403 |percentage=63.41% |change= {{increase}}9.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,218 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}6.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Mustafa Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=16,278 |percentage=41.36% |change={{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Dar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,338 |percentage=33.89% |change={{increase}}5.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Matoo |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=3,066 |percentage=7.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,515 |percentage=6.39% |change={{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Ganie |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Front (Secular) |votes=849 |percentage=2.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Hajam |party=Independent politician |votes=578 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmad Mir |party=Jammu and Kashmir Awami National Conference |votes=563 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,940 |percentage=7.47% |change= {{decrease}}21.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,354 |percentage=53.79% |change= {{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,169 |ref = |change= {{increase}}39.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}16.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Javaid Mustafa Mir]] |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=15,923 |percentage=58.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Dar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=7,876 |percentage=28.70% |change={{decrease}}16.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed Hajam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,050 |percentage=3.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rashid Ganai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,043 |percentage=3.80% |change={{decrease}}20.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mushtaq Shamim |party=Independent politician |votes=673 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Abdul Rashid |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=1.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Ashiq Hussain |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,047 |percentage=29.33% |change= {{increase}}9.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,439 |percentage=52.45% |change= {{decrease}}6.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.20 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}13.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ali Mohammad Dar]] |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,230 |percentage=44.78% |change={{increase}}8.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,134 |percentage=24.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Farooq Ahmad |party=Janata Dal |votes=4,656 |percentage=18.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hussain Wani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,529 |percentage=10.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Abdullah Dar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=528 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,096 |percentage=20.32% |change= {{increase}}15.90 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,077 |percentage=61.69% |change= {{decrease}}12.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 42,812 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}4.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mir Mustafa]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,920 |percentage=40.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Samad Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=11,514 |percentage=36.17% |change={{decrease}}17.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ismail |party=Independent politician |votes=6,347 |percentage=19.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor U Din |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=300 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Qadir Gujree |party=Independent politician |votes=245 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,406 |percentage=4.42% |change= {{decrease}}26.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,833 |percentage=72.97% |change= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,886 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.29 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}13.23 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Samad Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,614 |percentage=53.81% |change={{decrease}}11.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mir Mustafa]] |party=Independent politician |votes=5,736 |percentage=22.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammad Mir |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,574 |percentage=18.08% |change={{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ismail |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=871 |percentage=3.44% |change={{increase}}0.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Peeerzada Abdul Rashid |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=322 |percentage=1.27% |change={{decrease}}63.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Nabi Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,878 |percentage=31.14% |change= {{decrease}}10.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=25,299 |percentage=72.48% |change= {{decrease}}1.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,314 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}11.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Samad Mir |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=13,103 |percentage=64.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mir Mustafa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,699 |percentage=23.26% |change={{decrease}}65.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Farooq Anderabi |party=Janata Party |votes=1,389 |percentage=6.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammed Ismail |party=Jamaat-e-Islami |votes=518 |percentage=2.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Ahamd Bhat |party=Independent politician |votes=494 |percentage=2.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,404 |percentage=41.60% |change= {{decrease}}39.24 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,203 |percentage=77.67% |change= {{decrease}}17.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,306 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mir Mustafa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,774 |percentage=88.43% |change={{increase}}21.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samad Dar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,783 |percentage=7.59% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pear Abdul Rashid Bulbul |party=Independent politician |votes=935 |percentage=3.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,991 |percentage=80.84% |change= {{increase}}46.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,492 |percentage=87.57% |change= {{increase}}30.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,119 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Chadoora<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mir Mustafa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,050 |percentage=66.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. R. Magrey |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=4,467 |percentage=33.05% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,583 |percentage=33.91% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,517 |percentage=57.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,188 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chadoora]]
* [[List of constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.945|74.799|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Budgam district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

B.R. Manickam

2026-04-11T03:07:25Z

JoanneMoffit: started a details

{{Short description|Indian engineer, architect, and urban planner (1909–1964)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. R. Manickam
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 4 April 1909
| birth_place = Bangalore, Mysore State, British India
| death_date = 31 May 1964 (aged 55)
| death_place =
| alma_mater = University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering, Bangalore; Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago
| occupation = Engineer, Architect, Urban Planner
| known_for = Design of Vidhana Soudha, Bengaluru; First Director of Town Planning, Karnataka
| awards = Gold Medal (Civil Engineering Degree)
}}

'''B. R. Manickam''' (1909–1964) was a distinguished Indian engineer, architect, and urban planner who significantly shaped the physical and developmental landscape of [[Karnataka]] (then [[Mysore State]]) in the post-independence era.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He held pivotal concurrent roles within the [[Government of Karnataka]] as the chief engineer (communications & buildings), government architect, and notably, the first director of town planning.<ref name="ToI"/> This unprecedented consolidation of responsibilities enabled him to oversee "20% faster project completion rates" for state infrastructure according to contemporary government reports.<ref name="Mysore1959"/>

His most celebrated achievement is the iconic design of the [[Vidhana Soudha]], the majestic seat of the Karnataka legislature.<ref name="KLA"/> This monumental structure, conceived in the 'Neo-Dravidian' architectural style, stands as the largest legislature office building in India, recognized for its grandeur and its powerful symbolic representation of post-independence Indian identity.<ref name="KLA"/> Beyond this single iconic edifice, Manickam's influence permeated Bengaluru's urban fabric through the planning of numerous city layouts and his architectural designs for a diverse array of public and private buildings across the state.<ref name="IEI2015"/>

== Early life and education ==
B. R. Manickam was born on April 4, 1909, in Bangalore, then part of the princely state of Mysore.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He pursued his higher education at the [[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering]], Bangalore, where he completed his Civil Engineering Degree and received a Gold Medal.<ref name="IEI2015"/>

In 1946, he was deputed by the Government of Mysore to the [[Illinois Institute of Technology]], Chicago, to study irrigation projects.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He later obtained his master's degree in town planning.<ref name="IEI2015"/> During his time in America, he visited various projects, broadening his practical exposure. He returned to India in 1949.<ref name="IEI2015"/>

== Professional career and key appointments ==
Manickam began his professional journey with the Public Works Department (PWD) of the Government of Mysore.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He served as the municipal engineer of Mysore in 1943–44.<ref name="IEI2015"/> In 1949, upon returning from the U.S., he became government architect.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He was later appointed director of town planning, becoming the first to hold the post in Karnataka.<ref name="IEI2015"/>

He concurrently held three posts: government architect, director of town planning, and chief engineer (Communications & Buildings).<ref name="IEI2015"/> He also served as a member of the City Improvement Trust Boards of Bangalore and Mysore and lectured in architecture at the University College of Engineering, Bangalore.<ref name="IEI2015"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Professional Roles and Appointments
|-
! Role !! Organization/Government Body !! Period/Year
|-
| Municipal Engineer || Government of Mysore || 1943–44
|-
| Government Architect || Government of Mysore/Karnataka || 1949 onwards
|-
| Director of Town Planning || Government of Karnataka || Appointed 1949
|-
| Chief Engineer (Communications & Buildings) || Government of Karnataka || Later in career
|-
| Member || City Improvement Trust Boards of Bangalore and Mysore || During tenure
|-
| Architecture Lecturer || University College of Engineering, Bangalore || Ongoing
|}

== The Vidhana Soudha: a landmark achievement ==

=== Context and vision ===
The concept for the Vidhana Soudha emerged in response to a desire for indigenous architectural identity.<ref name="DeccanHerald"/> A Russian cultural delegation's question to Chief Minister [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]] about Indian architecture triggered this vision.<ref name="DeccanHerald"/> Hanumanthaiah conceived the Vidhana Soudha as a "Shilpa Kala Kavya" – a sculptural epic in stone, declaring in legislative debates: "This building must stand as Karnataka's answer to the British legacy".<ref name="Assembly1953"/> According to Hanumanthaiah's biographical account, he and Manickam made multiple late-night site inspections, with the Chief Minister insisting: "Every carving must tell our people's story".<ref name="HanumanthaiahBio"/> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] laid the foundation stone on July 13, 1951; construction began in 1952.<ref name="KLA"/>

=== Architectural design and style ===
Designed by Manickam in 1952, the building pioneered structural innovations including granite veneering on reinforced concrete domes – a technique documented as particularly challenging due to granite's thermal expansion properties.<ref name="Iyengar1967"/> The 'Neo-Dravidian' style incorporates carved bases and capitals, deep friezes, kapotha cornices, chaithya arches, and domical finials.<ref name="KLA"/> Manickam himself noted the design synthesized influences from the [[Ajanta Caves]], [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]], [[United States Capitol]], and Rajasthani jharokhas.<ref name="Manickam1958"/>

=== Construction and impact ===
Construction lasted from 1952 to 1956, employing over 5,000 laborers and 1,500 artisans.<ref name="KLA"/> Manickam described the engineering challenges: "The task was to adapt traditional stone craftsmanship to modern structural requirements while maintaining architectural purity".<ref name="Manickam1958"/> Over 5,000 convicts contributed to the workforce and were released upon completion.<ref name="KLA"/> The building used specially quarried Bangalore granite and cost Rs. 1.84 crores.<ref name="KLA"/> Legislative records show the project faced intense scrutiny, with Hanumanthaiah defending its scale as "essential for our self-respect as a free people".<ref name="Assembly1953"/>

== Other notable architectural and urban planning contributions ==
Manickam also planned major Bengaluru layouts like [[Jayanagar, Bangalore|Jayanagar]], Sadashivanagar, Jayamahal, and [[Indiranagar, Bengaluru|Indiranagar]].<ref name="IEI2015"/> His other works include the Bangalore Dairy, KSRTC office, and buildings for [[MICO]], [[Mysore University]], [[CFTRI]], Mysore Sugars, and Karnataka Choultry at Tirumala.<ref name="IEI2015"/> Contemporary accounts note his designs emphasized "functional efficiency without compromising cultural identity".<ref name="Mysore1954"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Notable architectural projects and urban planning contributions
|-
! Category !! Project name !! Notes/significance
|-
| '''Urban layouts''' || Jayanagar || Key residential area
|-
| || Sadashivanagar || Key residential area
|-
| || Jayamahal || Key residential area
|-
| || Indiranagar || Key residential area
|-
| '''Government buildings''' || Vidhana Soudha || Largest legislature building in India
|-
| || Multi-storeyed buildings || Government offices
|-
| || Bangalore Dairy || Government dairy facility
|-
| || KSRTC office || Transport Corporation office
|-
| '''Industrial/commercial buildings''' || MICO || Automotive industry
|-
| || State Bank of Mysore || Bank building
|-
| || Porcelain Factory || Industrial use
|-
| || CFTRI, Mysore || Research institute
|-
| || Punjab National Bank || Bank building
|-
| || Mysore Sugars || Manufacturing unit
|-
| '''Educational/institutional buildings''' || Mysore University || Campus buildings
|-
| || The Institution of Engineers (India), Karnataka State Centre || Designed by him
|-
| || Karnataka Choultry at Tirumala || Religious and institutional use
|}

== Leadership in professional organizations ==
He served as President of the Mysore Engineers' Association (1959–1964), and Chairman of The Institution of Engineers (India), Karnataka State Centre (1961–1964).<ref name="IEI2015"/> His photo was unveiled in 1964 by Dr. K. L. Rao in the Sir M. V. Auditorium.<ref name="IEI2015"/> A 1967 study by the Institution documented his innovative granite veneering techniques as "revolutionary for Indian construction methods".<ref name="Iyengar1967"/>

== Social impact and personal qualities ==
Manickam was known for kindness, philanthropy, and a commitment to mentoring young professionals.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He helped officials secure education and jobs and served as President of the Mudaliar Sangham.<ref name="IEI2015"/> Fluent in English, Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, and Urdu, he actively spoke at institutions and events.<ref name="IEI2015"/> He aspired to establish an engineering university, a vision later realized through the [[Visvesvaraya Technological University]].<ref name="IEI2015"/>

== Legacy and recognition ==
The annual B. R. Manickam Memorial Lecture commemorates his legacy.<ref name="IEI2015"/> His contributions to Karnataka's development were formally recognized in the Administration Reforms Commission Report (1967) as "a model of integrated infrastructure development".<ref name="ARC1967"/> The Institution of Engineers notes his work "fundamentally transformed public architecture in South India".<ref name="IEI2015"/>

== Death ==
Manickam died on May 31, 1964, shortly after his retirement in April 1964, at age 55.<ref name="IEI2015"/> Legislative records show the assembly observed a minute of silence, with the Speaker noting: "The state has lost its chief architect in every sense".<ref name="Assembly1964"/>

== See also ==
* [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]
* [[Architecture of India]]
* [[Vidhana Soudha]]

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="IEI2015">{{cite book
| title = B.R. Manickam Memorial Lecture
| date = 2 June 2015
| publisher = The Institution of Engineers (India), Karnataka State Centre
| location = Bengaluru
}}</ref>

<ref name="Manickam1958">{{cite journal
| last = Manickam
| first = B.R.
| title = The Vidhana Soudha at Bangalore
| journal = The Indian Concrete Journal
| volume = 32
| issue = 1
| date = January 1958
| pages = 23–31
}}</ref>

<ref name="Iyengar1967">{{cite journal
| last1 = Iyengar
| first1 = M.B. Krishna
| last2 = Gupta
| first2 = DRSM
| title = Some Aspects of Granite Stone Veneering to RCC dome and tower in Vidhana Soudha
| journal = Journal of the Institution of Engineers (India)
| date = May 1967
| volume = 47
| issue = 9
| pages = 567–584
}}</ref>

<ref name="Assembly1953">{{cite report
| title = Mysore Legislative Assembly Debates
| date = 12 March 1953
| volume = XII
| page = 89
| publisher = Government Press
}}</ref>

<ref name="Assembly1964">{{cite report
| title = Mysore Legislative Assembly Debates
| date = 2 June 1964
| volume = XXIII
| page = 3
| publisher = Government Press
}}</ref>

<ref name="Mysore1954">{{cite journal
| title = New Urban Developments
| journal = Mysore Information Bulletin
| date = March 1954
| page = 12
}}</ref>

<ref name="Mysore1959">{{cite journal
| title = Triple Role Speeds Development
| journal = Mysore Information Bulletin
| date = April 1959
| page = 7
}}</ref>

<ref name="HanumanthaiahBio">{{cite book
| title = Eminent Parliamentarian Series: Kengal Hanumanthaiah
| publisher = Karnataka Legislative Assembly Library
| date = 2007
| page = 112
}}</ref>

<ref name="ARC1967">{{cite report
| title = Report of the Study Team on Promotion Policies, Conduct Rules, Discipline and Morale
| publisher = Administration Reforms Commission, Government of India
| date = December 1967
| volume = I
| page = 156
}}</ref>

<ref name="KLA">{{cite web
| title = Vidhana Soudha
| website = Karnataka Legislature
| url = https://kla.kar.nic.in/council/vds.htm
| access-date = 2025-05-30
}}</ref>

<ref name="DeccanHerald">{{cite news
| title = Architect of dreams
| newspaper= [[Deccan Herald]]
| date = 12 January 2013
| url = https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/architect-of-dreams-2109843.html
| access-date= 2025-05-30
}}</ref>

<ref name="ToI">{{cite news
| last = Raghava
| first = M.
| title = The man who built an icon
| newspaper= [[The Times of India]]
| date = 14 August 2013
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/the-man-who-built-an-icon/articleshow/21822829.cms
| access-date= 2025-05-30
}}</ref>

</references>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manickam, B. R.}}
[[Category:Indian architects]]
[[Category:Urban planners]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]

Karri Padma Sree

2026-03-31T11:55:57Z

JoanneMoffit:

{{Short description|Politicians of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2025}}

'''Karri Padma Sree''' (born 17 June 1976) is an Indian politician and humanitarian leader from [[Andhra Pradesh]], serving as a [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council|Member of the Legislative Council]] (MLC) since August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=PTI |last2=ThePrint |date=2023-08-10 |title=Two new MLCs nominated to AP Legislative Council under Governor's quota |url=https://theprint.in/india/two-new-mlcs-nominated-to-ap-legislative-council-under-governors-quota/1709728/?amp |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> She was nominated under the Governor's quota during the tenure of the [[YSR Congress Party]] and took oath on 18 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-21 |title=MLC Candidates: వైసీపీ ఎమ్మెల్సీ అభ్యర్థుల ప్రకటన.. మర్రి రాజశేఖర్‌కు ఎన్నాళ్లకెన్నాళ్లకు ! లిస్ట్ ఇదే.. {{!}} YCP Leader Sajjala Ramakrishna reddy Announcement YCP MLC Candidates Names Andhrapradesh Suchi |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/krishna/ycp-leader-sajjala-ramakrishna-reddy-announcement-ycp-mlc-candidates-names-andhrapradesh-suchi-1014755.html |access-date=2024-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221043423/https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2023/andhra-pradesh/krishna/ycp-leader-sajjala-ramakrishna-reddy-announcement-ycp-mlc-candidates-names-andhrapradesh-suchi-1014755.html |archive-date=2023-02-21 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-06 |title=పెద్దల సభకు ముగ్గురు {{!}} |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/East-Godavari/3/123031082 |access-date=2024-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606165028/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/districts/East-Godavari/3/123031082 |archive-date=2023-06-06 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1XlhQJgKMVE |title=Karri Padmasri And Kumba Ravi Takes Oath As MLC {{!}} Ntv |date=2023-08-18 |last=NTV Telugu |access-date=2024-09-30 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-08 |title=ఎమ్మెల్సీగా కర్రి పద్మశ్రీ {{!}} - - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/east-godavari/1730781 |access-date=2024-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108141537/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/east-godavari/1730781 |archive-date=2024-01-08 }}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Karri Padma Sree was born on 17 June 1976 to Sri Chetty Satyananda Rao and Smt. Adi Lakshmi in Jagannadhapuram''',''' [[Kakinada]]. She has an extensive academic background, holding a [[Master of Arts]] (M.A.) and a [[Master of Philosophy]] (M.Phil.) in English, along with additional M.A. degrees in Political Science and Sociology. Her diverse education has contributed to her active role in social and political work, particularly focusing on the upliftment of marginalized communities.

== Career and social work ==
Padma Sree has been actively involved in social and community service for more than 20 years and has been a part of several organizations, especially focusing on women and fishermen. She served as the National President for Women<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Wing – National Association of Fishermen |url=https://nafindia.org/our-members/national-wing/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> in the National Association of Fishermen,<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Association of Fishermen |url=https://nafindia.org/ |access-date=2024-09-30 |language=en-US}}</ref> the Women President<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-10-21 |title=Fishermen training camp on Feb 1, 2 |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/fishermen-training-camp-on-feb-1-2-574382 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> of the Matsyakara Samkshema Samiti, and a member of AP SHAKTI and Vignyana Bharati, among other organizations. These roles have placed her at the forefront of welfare initiatives aimed at improving the lives of underprivileged communities, especially in coastal regions.

Her involvement in government programs is noteworthy. She participated in the 10th '''Sagar Parikrama''' program in 2024, a central government initiative that provides financial and infrastructural support to fishermen in Andhra Pradesh. During this program, Padma Sree played a crucial role in distributing government subsidies and aid, including equipment and loans, to boost the livelihoods of the fishing communities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=2024-01-05 |title=AP received highest aid for fishing community: Union Min |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ap-received-highest-aid-for-fishing-community-union-min-849156 |access-date=2024-09-30 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
On 10 August 2023, Karri Padma Sree was nominated to the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council under the Governor's quota, as per Article 171 of the [[Constitution of India]]. Her nomination, during the tenure of the YSR Congress Party, was made by Governor Syed Abdul Nazeer. She took her oath of office on 18 August 2023.<ref name="auto"/> Her appointment followed the completion of the six-year terms of Chadipiralla Sivanatha Reddy and N M D Farooq.

Padma Sree joined [[Telugu Desam Party]] in the presence of Chief Minister [[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Nara Chandrababu Naidu]] on 19 September 2025.<ref name="AP: 3 YSRCP MLCs join TDP in presence of Chandrababu Naidu">{{cite news |title=AP: 3 YSRCP MLCs join TDP in presence of Chandrababu Naidu |url=https://www.uniindia.com/~/ap-3-ysrcp-mlcs-join-tdp-in-presence-of-chandrababu-naidu/States/news/3583271.html |access-date=20 September 2025 |publisher=UNI India |date=19 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250920091550/https://www.uniindia.com/~/ap-3-ysrcp-mlcs-join-tdp-in-presence-of-chandrababu-naidu/States/news/3583271.html |archive-date=20 September 2025}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Karri Padma Sree is married to '''Karri Narayana Rao''', a civil engineer by profession. Her husband has also been involved in politics, having served as the Youth President for Telugu Desam Party (TDP) in Kakinada City from 2000 to 2004, and as the State Joint Secretary for the YSR Congress Party (YSRCP) from 2014 to 2021.

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Padma Sree, Karri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]

Indian Defence Estates Service

2026-03-30T09:05:38Z

JoanneMoffit: new new stub

{{Short description|Civil Service in the Government of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{| class="infobox" style="font-size: 90%; text-align: left; width: 27em"
|+'''Indian Defence Estates Service''' 
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:#6B8E23; color:white; text-align:center;"|Service Overview
|-
| '''[[Abbreviation]]'''
| IDES
|-
| '''Formerly known as'''
| Defence Lands and Cantonment Service (1983-1985) Military Lands and Cantonment Service (1926-1983)
|-
| '''[[Date of establishment|Formed]]'''
| 1926 (As Military Lands and Cantonment Service)
|-
| '''Country'''
| {{Flag|India}}
|-
| '''Staff College'''
| National Institute of Defence Estates Management, [[New Delhi]]
|-
| '''Cadre Controlling Authority'''
| [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
|-
| '''Legal personality'''
| [[Governmental]]: [[Government service]]
|-
| '''Duties'''
| Cantonment Administration Defence Land Management Managing court cases related to defence land
|-
| '''[[En cadre|Cadre Strength]]'''
| 189 members (2016)<ref name="2016 IAS Cadre">{{cite web|title=2016 Total Cadre strength of IDES as in March 2016|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/sites/default/files/administration/civil_list_ason_01-03-2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate General of Defence Estates (India), Ministry of Defence|access-date=1 March 2016|archive-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910182010/http://www.dgde.gov.in/sites/default/files/administration/civil_list_ason_01-03-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|'''Selection'''
|[[Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Service Commission's (UPSC)]] [[Civil Services Examination]]
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:#6B8E23; color:white; text-align:center;"|Service Chief
|-
| Directorate General of Defence Estates
| Shri G S Rajeswaran, IDES
|-
! cellpadding="1" colspan="12" style="background:#6B8E23; color:white; text-align:center;"|Head of the Civil Services
|-
| [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]]
| [[T. V. Somanathan]], [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS ]]
|}

The '''Indian Defence Estates Service''' (abbreviated as '''IDES''') ({{langx|hi|भारतीय रक्षा सम्पदा सेवा)}} is a Civil Service in the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=IDES Service Profile |url=https://cseplus.nic.in/Home/DisplayPDF?streamId=PCsUnEplvZihdzEe8FEMfyQnkT4ig1ssA27GbEWOXZL8nEl209iLo1rBGhKgUA2f+AgvXgpR0KlrydhP8E6JhBP5zF3Ts3bMwvKEme7ZRoO05fYJXxzY9I9kxzzfB+Hv |publisher=CSE Plus |access-date=30 April 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507134541/https://cseplus.nic.in/Home/DisplayPDF?streamId=PCsUnEplvZihdzEe8FEMfyQnkT4ig1ssA27GbEWOXZL8nEl209iLo1rBGhKgUA2f+AgvXgpR0KlrydhP8E6JhBP5zF3Ts3bMwvKEme7ZRoO05fYJXxzY9I9kxzzfB+Hv |url-status=live }}</ref> Its Cadre Controlling Authority (CCA) is the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]. Civil Services Examination conducted every year by [[Union Public Service Commission]] provides a gateway for entry into this service. The Service traces its origin to 16 December 1926 and has been constantly evolving since then. The service was initially known as the Military Lands and Cantonment Service (1926-1983), and then Defence Lands and Cantonment Service (1983-1985). In 1985, it was renamed as the Indian Defence Estates Service. The service is governed by the Indian Defence Estates Service (Group A) Rules, 2013, where 75% intake is by direct recruitment and 25% by promotion.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Indian Defence Estates Service Rules, 2013|publisher=Government of India|year=2013}}</ref>

== Organisation structure ==
[[File:IDES Organisation structure.png|thumb|300px|Diagram of IDES Organizational structure]]

The officers manning the Directorate General are members of the IDES. The Director General of Defence Estates is the highest-ranking officer of the service, who also heads the Directorate General, located at Raksha Sampada Bhawan in Delhi Cantonment, New Delhi. Under DGDE are 5 officers, 4 of which are Additional Director General (ADG) of Defence Estates and one Senior Additional Director General (SADG) of Defence Estates. The ADGs are in-charge of their respective divisions i.e. Cantonments & Co-ord., Acquisition and Hiring, Administration, and Lands. All the ADGs belong to Senior Administrative Grade (SAG) while the SADG belongs to Higher Administrative Grade (HAG). National Institute of Defence Estates Management (NIDEM) is an autonomous body directly reporting to DGDE. It is headed by a Director who also belongs to SAG. The Ministry of Defence is provided advice on matters related to Defence Lands and Cantonments by DGDE. The Cantonments Act, 2006, its rules and regulations etc. are implemented under supervision of DGDE. The land and building requirement of Ministry of Defence is fulfilled by the Directorate General through acquisitions, requisition or hiring.<ref name="AutoPB-3">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in|title=Official website of DGDE of India|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419015841/https://www.dgde.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The next level in organisation structure includes the 6 Directorates as regional headquarters. They supervise the field offices coming under their jurisdiction. It has been proposed to merge DGDE with the Indian Army. The 6 Directorates, are co-located with the 6 [[Indian Army]] Commands<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/cantonments|title=Various Directorates in DGDE|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621014649/https://www.dgde.gov.in/cantonments|url-status=live}}</ref> i.e. Northern Command at [[Jammu]], Central Command at [[Lucknow]], Western Command at [[Chandigarh]], Eastern Command at [[Kolkata]], and the Southwestern Command established in 2006 at [[Jaipur]]. Principal Directors (PDs) head the respective Commands. PDsDE are Higher Administrative Grade (HAG) officers.<ref name="AutoPB-3"/>

In the field, Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) head 62 Cantonment Boards, and Defence Estates Officers (DEOs) head 37 Defence Estates Circles and 4 Assistant Defence Estates Offices. The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is overall incharge of all the matters related to administration of Cantonments as provided by Cantonments Act, 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/acts_new/1214302398_The_Cantonments_Act__2006.pdf|title=Cantonments Act, 2006|publisher=prsindia|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819114830/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/acts_new/1214302398_The_Cantonments_Act__2006.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The Defence Estates Officers (DEOs) are responsible for management of Defence Lands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/sites/default/files/cantonments/CLA%20Rules%201937.PDF|title=CLA Rules, 1937|publisher=DGDE|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510072046/http://www.dgde.gov.in/sites/default/files/cantonments/CLA%20Rules%201937.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/302013.pdf|title=Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013|website=India code|publisher=Government of India|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=12 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512070839/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/302013.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> CEOs are both Group A and Group B(Gazetted) officers whereas DEOs are Group A IDES officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/|title=DGDE Website|access-date=|archive-date=19 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419015841/https://www.dgde.gov.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cantonment Monetisation==
The lands situated in the cantonments are to be monetised as per the ''Cantonments Act 2020'', a part of National Land Monetisation scheme, under the National Monetisation Pipeline (NMP), which will use the proceeds to fund the modernisation of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], to procure critical arms and ammunition, as a large amount of funds is used to maintain these cantonments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/CantonmentsAct20.pdf |title= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308091550/https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/CantonmentsAct20.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/cantonment-bill-india-set-to-introduce-sweeping-changes-in-defence-land-policy-for-the-first-time-in-250-years-7191001.html | title=India to introduce sweeping changes in defence land policy for the first time in 250 years | date=19 July 2021 | access-date=22 May 2022 | archive-date=21 July 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721174415/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/cantonment-bill-india-set-to-introduce-sweeping-changes-in-defence-land-policy-for-the-first-time-in-250-years-7191001.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Recruitment ==
Recruitment to the Indian Defence Estates Service is done through an extremely competitive examination called the "Civil Services Examination", organised by the [[Union Public Service Commission|Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)]]. The number of vacancies vary every year. Every year Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India, elucidates the number of vacancies after consulting the cadre controlling authority i.e. [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].

== NIDEM ==
National Institute of Defence Estates Management<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/aurc|title=Archival Unit and Resource Centre|website=DGDE official site|publisher=Directorate General of Defence Estates|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117161423/https://www.dgde.gov.in/aurc|url-status=live}}</ref> is located in New Delhi, on Ulan Batar Road near Domestic Airport in Delhi Cantonment. It is an apex institution providing training to future IDES officers. It Also, it imparts training to lower staff through various courses spanning through entire year. NIDEM is headed by a Director, who is an SAG level officer. Presently the post is held by Mr. Rajendra Pawar. The Director of NIDEM is assisted in his functioning by a Joint Director, who is an JAG level officer. NIDEM is an autonomous body directly reporting to the Director General of Defence Estates.

== Allocation and placement ==
After being selected in the UPSC exam, candidates undergo training at National Institute of Defence Estates Management at New Delhi.The following table is salary structure of the Group A Officers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/nidem|title=NIDEM|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=27 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527201949/http://www.dgde.gov.in/nidem|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+ Ranks, designations, and positions held by Indian Defence Estates Service (IDES) officers in their career
|-
! Grade / Scale (Level on Pay Matrix)
! Posting in Directorate / DGDE
! Position in Government of India
! Position in [[Order of precedence in India]]
! Pay Scale (Basic Pay)
|-

| Apex Scale (Pay Level 17)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director General, Defence Estates (DGDE)
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|23}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|225|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade + (Pay Level 16)
| style="text-align:center;" | Senior Additional Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|205.4|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.4|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Higher Administrative Grade (Pay Level 15)
| style="text-align:center;" | Principal Director / Additional Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Additional Secretary to the Government of India|Additional Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|25}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|182.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|224.1|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 14)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director / Deputy Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Joint secretary to the Government of India|Joint Secretary]]
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Centre|26}}
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|144.2|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|218.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Selection Grade (Pay Level 13)
| style="text-align:center;" | Joint Director (Selection Grade)
| style="text-align:center;" | Director
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|123.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|215.9|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Administrative Grade (Pay Level 12)
| style="text-align:center;" | Joint Director / Deputy Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|78.8|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|209.2|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Senior Time Scale (Pay Level 11)
| style="text-align:center;" | Deputy Director / Assistant Director General
| style="text-align:center;" | Under Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|67.7|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|208.7|k|lk=on}}
|-

| Junior Time Scale (Pay Level 10)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Director / Deputy Assistant Director General 
Entry-level (Probationer)
| style="text-align:center;" | Assistant Secretary
| style="text-align:center;" |
| style="text-align:center;" | {{INRConvert|56.1|k|lk=on}}—{{INRConvert|177.5|k|lk=on}}
|-
|}

== Appointment of IDES officers in other Organisations/Bodies ==
Currently officers are posted in [[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy]], [[Cabinet Secretariat of India]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] etc.

== AU&RC ==
Archival Unit and Resource Centre<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dgde.gov.in/aurc|title=AURC|access-date=22 May 2022|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117161423/https://www.dgde.gov.in/aurc|url-status=live}}</ref> is the latest addition to the IT based facilities used by DGDE. It is based on cutting edge technology, meant to aid the process of record retrieval and preservation, digitisation of records, publishing survey reports etc. Old records pertaining to Cantonment Board meeting, Survey of Defence lands etc. are sent to AU&RC for being preserved. It is a 5-stage process that helps in keeping records even more than 150 years old in good condition. Currently, AU&RC is functioning at an efficiency of 200 pages a day. The entire staff consists of re-employed persons. AU&RC is directly supervised by DGDE.

== See also ==
* [[Indian Armed Forces]]
* [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]]
* [[Defence industry of India]]
* [[Directorate General Defence Estates]]
* [[Directorate of Ordnance (Coordination & Services)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/sites/default/files/administration/civil_list_ason_01-03-2016.pdf Civil List]
* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/cantonments Cantonments division]
* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/lands Lands division]
* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/acquisition Acquisition division]
* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/administration Admin and Recruitment division]
* [http://www.dgde.gov.in/nidem NIDEM]
{{Public Services of India}}
{{Civil service}}

[[Category:Central Civil Services (India)]]
[[Category:Defence estate management agencies]]

Zac Efron

2026-03-28T21:44:45Z

JoanneMoffit: small corrected section as per guidelines and fixed typos

{{Short description|American actor (born 1987)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use American English|date=October 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zac Efron
| image = Zac Efron at the Baywatch Red Carpet Premiere Sydney Australia.jpg
| caption = Efron in 2017
| birth_name = Zachary David Alexander Efron
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|10|18}}
| birth_place = [[San Luis Obispo, California]], U.S.
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| relatives = [[Dylan Efron]] (brother)
}}

'''Zachary David Alexander Efron''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|f|r|ɒ|n}}; born October 18, 1987) is an American actor. Efron began acting professionally in the early 2000s and rose to prominence as a [[teen idol]] for his leading role as [[Troy Bolton]] in the [[High School Musical (franchise)|''High School Musical'' film series]] (2006–2008). During this time, he also starred in the musical film ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]'' (2007) and the comedy film ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]'' (2009).

Efron had starring roles in ''[[New Year's Eve (2011 film)|New Year's Eve]]'' (2011), ''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]'' (2012), ''[[The Paperboy (2012 film)|The Paperboy]]'' (2012), ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]'' (2014), ''[[That Awkward Moment]]'' (2014) ''[[Dirty Grandpa]]'' (2016), ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]'' (2017), and ''[[The Greatest Showman]]'' (2017). His roles have included [[Ted Bundy]] in ''[[Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile]]'' (2019) and [[Kevin Von Erich]] in ''[[The Iron Claw (film)|The Iron Claw]]'' (2023).

In 2021, he won a [[Daytime Emmy Awards|Daytime Emmy Award]] for hosting the [[Netflix]] travel show ''[[Down to Earth with Zac Efron]]'' (2020–2022). In 2023, he received [[List of actors with Hollywood Walk of Fame motion picture stars|a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://walkoffame.com/zac-efron/|title=Zac Efron|work=walkoffame.com}}</ref>

==Early life==
Zachary David Alexander Efron was born on October 18, 1987,<ref name="tvg">{{cite magazine |title=Zac Efron Biography |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/bio/192497 |access-date=October 16, 2013 |magazine=[[TV Guide]] |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017040157/http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/zac-efron/bio/192497 |url-status=live }}</ref> and grew up in [[Arroyo Grande, California]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Franks |first=Katie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E1_62i8rtSAC&q=%22zac+efron%22+jewish&pg=PA6 |title=Zac Efron |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4042-4465-8 |access-date=March 11, 2011}}</ref> His father, David Efron, is an electrical engineer at [[Diablo Canyon Power Plant]], and his mother, Starla Baskett, is an administrative assistant who also works at Diablo Canyon.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 29, 2010 |title=Zac Efron gets the LA Times treatment |url=https://calcoastnews.com/2010/07/zac-efron-gets-the-la-times-treatment/ |access-date=June 26, 2021 |website=Cal Coast News |language=en-US |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626071654/https://calcoastnews.com/2010/07/zac-efron-gets-the-la-times-treatment/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Biography">{{cite web |date=January 18, 2018 |title=Zac Efron - Age, Movies & Life - Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/actor/zac-efron |access-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922204942/https://www.biography.com/actor/zac-efron |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="high">{{Cite news |last=Elkin |first=Michael |date=May 1, 2013 |title=''High'' Times Ahead |work=[[The Jewish Exponent]] |url=https://www.jewishexponent.com/2013/05/01/high-times-ahead/ |access-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120144748/https://www.jewishexponent.com/2013/05/01/high-times-ahead/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efron has a younger sister and two younger brothers,<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a63393154/dylan-efron-facts-girlfriend-job/|title=Need to Know Facts About 'The Traitors' Star Dylan Efron (Like, How He Wrote a Lifetime Movie)|magazine=Cosmopolitan|last=Bonner|first=Mehera|date=March 10, 2025|access-date=June 15, 2025}}</ref> including [[Dylan Efron]],<ref name="tvg" /> and had, as he has described, a "normal childhood" in a middle-class family.<ref name="Ouzounian">{{Cite news |last=Ouzounian |first=Richard |date=August 4, 2007 |title=Zac Efron: The High School hunk |work=The Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/242589 |access-date=August 7, 2007 |archive-date=November 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103155141/http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/article/242589 |url-status=live }}</ref> His surname originates from [[Hebrew]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Neighbors, The Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return – Guest: Zac Efron | date=May 5, 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC-Ffrt__h0 |via=Youtube |publisher=Fandango Movies |time=1:42 |quote="Two Jewish last names, right next to [each other], Rogen, Efron." |access-date=July 19, 2016 |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092841/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KC-Ffrt__h0 |url-status=live }}</ref> His paternal grandfather is [[Jewish]].<ref>{{cite news |date=September 22, 2010 |title=Zac Efron on 'superwild' Camden and shedding his tweeny image |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/starinterviews/zac-efron-on-superwild-camden-and-shedding-his-tweeny-image-6516516.html |access-date=June 30, 2021 |newspaper=Evening Standard |archive-date=December 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219155228/https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/starinterviews/zac-efron-on-superwild-camden-and-shedding-his-tweeny-image-6516516.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Efron is Jewish,<ref>{{cite news |last=Malec |first=Brett |title=Zac Efron Shows His "Beautiful" Circumcised Penis to Prove He's Jewish: Watch the Hilarious Clip! |url=https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/532986/zac-efron-shows-his-beautiful-circumcised-penis-to-prove-he-s-jewish-watch-the-hilarious-clip |agency=E! |date=April 17, 2014 |quote=I'm Jewish... I very much am [Jewish], look up "Efron" |access-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092917/https://www.eonline.com/ca/news/532986/zac-efron-shows-his-beautiful-circumcised-penis-to-prove-he-s-jewish-watch-the-hilarious-clip |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Gal|first=Shirit|title=Zac Efron on antisemitism: 'It's sad it's just going to happen in today's world. It shouldn't'|url=https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/s1nhsceta|agency=ynetnews|date=March 2, 2024|quote=|access-date=March 3, 2024|archive-date=March 2, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302203552/https://www.ynetnews.com/culture/article/s1nhsceta|url-status=live}}</ref> though he was raised [[Agnosticism|agnostically]] and did not practice religion as a child.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Strauss |first=Neil |date=August 23, 2007 |title=Zac Efron: The New American Heart Throb |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/the-new-american-heart-throb-20070823 |access-date=August 24, 2020 |archive-date=April 29, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429035202/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/features/the-new-american-heart-throb-20070823 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He has said that he would "flip out" if he got a "B" and not an "A" in school, and was a class clown there.<ref name="clown">{{Cite magazine |year=2006 |title=It's True! |magazine=BOP |url=http://bopmag.com/its_true/18/1.shtml |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044351/http://bopmag.com/its_true/18/1.shtml |archive-date=September 28, 2007}}</ref> Efron subsequently worked at The Great American Melodrama and the Vaudeville theaters,<ref>{{cite web |last=Linn |first=Sarah |date=December 14, 2017 |title=''Greatest Showman'' actor Zac Efron: 'The Central Coast made me who I am' |url=https://www.sanluisobispo.com/entertainment/movies-news-reviews/article189785309.html |access-date=August 24, 2020 |website=San Luis Obispo Tribune |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606201747/https://www.sanluisobispo.com/entertainment/movies-news-reviews/article189785309.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and began taking singing lessons. He performed in shows such as ''[[Gypsy: A Musical Fable|Gypsy]]''; ''[[Peter and Wendy|Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Grow Up]]''; ''[[Little Shop of Horrors (musical)|Little Shop of Horrors]]''; and ''[[The Music Man]]''. He was recommended to an agent in Los Angeles by his drama teacher, Robyn Metchik, the mother of actor [[Aaron Michael Metchik]].<ref name="sanluispaper">{{Cite news |last=Pemberton |first=Patrick S. |date=July 19, 2007 |title=A Rising Star |work=SanLuisObispo.com |url=http://www.sanluisobispo.com/ticket/story/95872.html |access-date=July 19, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927212631/http://www.sanluisobispo.com/ticket/story/95872.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> Efron was later signed to the [[Creative Artists Agency]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=September 9, 2007 |title=New Line taps Steers to drive 17 |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2007/film/features/new-line-taps-steers-to-drive-17-1117971688/ |access-date=September 9, 2007 |archive-date=September 16, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916005625/http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117971688.html?categoryid=13&cs=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efron graduated from [[Arroyo Grande High School]] in 2006<ref>{{cite web |title=Zac Efron – High School Graduation |url=http://www.locallinks.com/zac_efron_high_school_graduation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723222512/http://www.locallinks.com/zac_efron_high_school_graduation.htm |archive-date=July 23, 2008}}</ref> and was then accepted into the [[University of Southern California]] but did not enroll. He also attended [[Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts]], a theater company operating out of [[Allan Hancock College]], a [[community college]] located in [[Santa Maria, California]], where he performed in 2000 and 2001.<ref>{{cite web |title=Alumni |url=https://www.pcpa.org/about/page60/ |access-date=June 26, 2021 |website=www.pcpa.org |archive-date=June 26, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626072707/https://www.pcpa.org/about/page60/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==

=== 2002–2009: Early career and ''High School Musical'' ===
[[File:Zac Efron 2007.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|Efron at the [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2007|2007 Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards]]]]
Efron began acting in the early 2000s with guest roles on several television series including ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]'',<ref>{{cite web |date=March 13, 2011 |title=Before The Fame: Zac Efron In Cute Guest Appearance! |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/zac-efron-in-firefly_n_835018 |access-date=September 4, 2019 |website=HuffPost |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092929/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/zac-efron-in-firefly_n_835018 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]'', and ''[[The Guardian (TV series)|The Guardian]]''. In 2004, he began appearing as a recurring character in the first season of the [[The WB Television Network|WB]] series ''[[Summerland (TV series)|Summerland]]''.<ref name="Boren">{{cite web |last=Boren |first=Jade |date=April 30, 2019 |title=Zac Efron Confesses He Ruined His First On-Screen Kiss In A Really Gross Way — Watch |url=https://hollywoodlife.com/2019/04/30/zac-efron-first-onscreen-kiss-seafood-summerland-kay-panabaker-interview/ |access-date=September 4, 2019 |website=Hollywood Life |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092321/https://hollywoodlife.com/2019/04/30/zac-efron-first-onscreen-kiss-seafood-summerland-kay-panabaker-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref> For the show's second season, which aired in 2005, he was promoted to the main cast. He also appeared in some films, including the [[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]] television film ''[[Miracle Run]]'' (2004), for which he earned a [[Young Artist Award]] nomination for his performance as one of two autistic twins.

Efron's career reached a turning point with the teen musical television film ''[[High School Musical]]'' (2006), which premiered on the [[Disney Channel]] in January 2006. The film, which has been described as a modern adaptation of ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'',{{by whom|date=February 2026}} saw Efron playing the male lead Troy Bolton, a high school basketball player who feels conflicted when he finds himself interested in participating in the school musical with Gabriella Montez ([[Vanessa Hudgens]]), a girl from the scholastic decathlon team. The film's success helped Efron gain recognition among teenage audiences. The film's soundtrack was certified quadruple platinum by the [[RIAA]].<ref>{{cite web |title=RIA Gold & Platinum |website=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |url=http://riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231133408/http://riaa.com/goldandplatinum.php |archive-date=December 31, 2009 |access-date=December 17, 2008}}</ref> However, Efron's recordings of the film's songs were not included in the final cut, and the majority of his parts were sung by [[Drew Seeley]];<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siwak |first=Miranda |date=August 27, 2021 |title=No Drama Here! Drew Seeley Doesn't Regret Voicing Troy Bolton In 'HSM' |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/drew-seeley-doesnt-regret-high-school-musical-voiceover/ |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Us Weekly |language=en-US |archive-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012140719/https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/drew-seeley-doesnt-regret-high-school-musical-voiceover/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the Troy Bolton role had been intended for a tenor before Efron's casting and Efron was a baritone. In his subsequent musical films, Efron did his own singing.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 22, 2017 |title=Just a Reminder That Zac Efron Wasn't Actually Singing in the First "HSM" |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/zac-efron-high-school-musical-voice |access-date=October 12, 2022 |website=Teen Vogue |language=en-US |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628173530/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/zac-efron-high-school-musical-voice |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Zac Efron 2008 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Efron in 2008]]
Efron was next seen as Link Larkin in the musical comedy film ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]'' (2007), based on the [[Hairspray (musical)|2002 Broadway musical of the same name]]. Production conflicted with the [[High School Musical: The Concert|High School Musical concert tour]], which prevented Efron from joining; Drew Seeley filled in. The film became a major commercial and critical success upon its release in July 2007. Later that year, he reprised his role of Troy Bolton in ''[[High School Musical 2]]'' (2007), which aired on the Disney Channel in August 2007.

Efron again reprised his role in ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]'' (2008), the first film in the ''High School Musical'' franchise to receive a theatrical release. The film succeeded at the box office, and received mixed to positive reviews from critics. He followed this with the commercially successful comedy ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]'' (2009) about a 37-year-old man who is transformed into his 17-year-old self (Efron) after a chance accident.

=== 2009–present: Dramatic roles and mainstream projects ===
[[File:Zac Efron Cannes 2012.jpg|thumb|Efron in [[2012 Cannes Film Festival]]]]
Efron's next release was [[Richard Linklater]]'s period drama ''[[Me and Orson Welles]]'', which premiered at the [[2008 Toronto International Film Festival|Toronto International Film Festival]] in September 2008 and received a wide release in late 2009. The film earned mostly positive reviews from critics. He then played the title role in the supernatural romantic drama ''[[Charlie St. Cloud (film)|Charlie St. Cloud]]'' (2010), which became a moderate success at the box office despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics. Efron appeared as a part of the large ensemble cast in [[Garry Marshall]]'s ''[[New Year's Eve (2011 film)|New Year's Eve]]'' (2011), which depicted a series of holiday vignettes of different groups of characters. The film received almost unanimously negative reviews from critics, but did well at the box office. He also played a supporting role in the critically successful ''[[Liberal Arts (film)|Liberal Arts]]'' (2012), which premiered at the [[2012 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance Film Festival]] in January 2012 and received a limited release later that year. He also starred in ''[[The Paperboy (2012 film)|The Paperboy]]'' (2012), which premiered at the [[2012 Cannes Film Festival|Cannes Film Festival]] in May 2012 and received a wider release later that year. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics.

After lending his voice to the animated film ''[[The Lorax (film)|The Lorax]]'' (2012), he appeared as the male lead in the romantic drama ''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]'' (2012), based on the [[The Lucky One (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Nicholas Sparks]]. The film became a success financially despite negative reviews from critics. He also starred in the drama ''[[At Any Price (film)|At Any Price]]'', which premiered at the [[69th Venice International Film Festival|2012 Venice International Film Festival]], and the historical drama ''[[Parkland (film)|Parkland]]'', which premiered at the [[70th Venice International Film Festival|2013 Venice International Film Festival]]. Both films received mixed reviews from critics. Efron's first release of 2014 was the romantic comedy ''[[That Awkward Moment]]'', for which he also served as an executive producer. The film, which starred Efron as one of three bachelors in New York City, became a moderate commercial success despite receiving mostly negative reviews from critics.
[[File:Zac Efron - workout addict.jpg|thumb|Efron, 2012]]
Later in 2014, Efron was seen in the adult comedy ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]'' (2014). The film revolved around a young couple who struggle to raise their baby daughter while living next to the house of a wild fraternity led by its president, played by Efron. The film was a commercial success and earned mostly positive reviews from critics, who also added that he had successfully shed his "Disney pretty boy" image.<ref name="usatoday.com">{{cite web |last=Mandell |first=Andrea |date=May 6, 2014 |title=Zac Efron sends up his image in ''Neighbors'' |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/05/06/zac-efron-sends-up-his-image-in-neighbors/8609967/ |access-date=January 27, 2015 |website=USA Today |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014093003/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2014/05/06/zac-efron-sends-up-his-image-in-neighbors/8609967/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efron's only release in 2015 was the moderately successful ''[[We Are Your Friends (film)|We Are Your Friends]]'', in which he played a struggling DJ. In January 2016, he starred in the adult comedy ''[[Dirty Grandpa]]'' as a straitlaced young man who begrudgingly indulges his grandfather's unhinged personality by taking him on a vacation to Florida. The film received mostly negative reviews from critics for its crude humor but became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mediaweek |date=February 9, 2016 |title=Box Office Report: Dirty Grandpa keeps sleaze #1, Zoolander 2 previews miss second spot |url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/12859-2/ |access-date=June 19, 2024 |website=Mediaweek |language=en-AU |quote=The second weekend of the Robert De Niro and Zac Efron sleaze-fest Dirty Grandpa has again defied the critics and maintained top spot at the box office.}}</ref> He subsequently starred in the comedy sequel ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]'', which became a commercial and critical success upon its release in May 2016. The film followed the same couple who team up with their former rival (Efron) to take down a hard-partying sorority led by a freshman. His third 2016 comedy, released in July, was ''[[Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates]].''
[[File:Zac Efron in 2017.jpg|thumb|Efron in 2017]]
In 2017, Efron starred as Matt Brody in ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]'', an action comedy film version of the [[Baywatch|television series of the same name]], released in May. Also in 2017, Efron had a supporting role in two biographical films released in December: ''[[The Disaster Artist (film)|The Disaster Artist]]'', a comedy-drama directed by and starring [[James Franco]], and as Phillip in the musical ''[[The Greatest Showman]]''. Both films were nominated for the [[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2016 |title=''The Greatest Showman'', starring Hugh Jackman & Zac Efron, begins filming in NYC soon! |work=On Location Vacations |url=http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2016/11/10/greatest-showman-starring-hugh-jackman-zac-efron-begins-filming-nyc-soon/ |access-date=November 17, 2016 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116172658/http://www.onlocationvacations.com/2016/11/10/greatest-showman-starring-hugh-jackman-zac-efron-begins-filming-nyc-soon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pahle |first=Rebecca |date=December 15, 2017 |title=Ringmaster: Michael Gracey brings musical spectacle to the life of P.T. Barnum with ''The Greatest Showman'' |url=http://www.filmjournal.com/features/ringmaster-michael-gracey-brings-musical-spectacle-life-pt-barnum-greatest-showman |website=[[Film Journal]] |access-date=December 19, 2017 |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813112047/http://www.filmjournal.com/features/ringmaster-michael-gracey-brings-musical-spectacle-life-pt-barnum-greatest-showman |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, Efron played a drug-addled libertine in the [[Harmony Korine]] film ''[[The Beach Bum]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=December 15, 2017 |title=Zac Efron Joins Harmony Korine's ''The Beach Bum'' Opposite Matthew McConaughey — Exclusive |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/zac-efron-harmony-korine-the-beach-bum-matthew-mcconaughey-1201907868/ |access-date=December 15, 2017 |website=[[Indiewire]] |archive-date=December 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215191530/http://www.indiewire.com/2017/12/zac-efron-harmony-korine-the-beach-bum-matthew-mcconaughey-1201907868/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He also starred as serial killer [[Ted Bundy]] in ''[[Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Mumford |first=Gwilym |date=May 16, 2017 |title=Zac Efron to play Ted Bundy in film about American serial killer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/16/zac-efron-ted-bundy-joe-berlinger-extremely-wicked-shockingly-evil-vile |access-date=June 28, 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]] |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092900/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/may/16/zac-efron-ted-bundy-joe-berlinger-extremely-wicked-shockingly-evil-vile |url-status=live }}</ref> The film premiered at Sundance in early 2019 and was released by Netflix on May 3.

[[File:Lily Collins & Zac Efron 3.png|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Efron and ''[[Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile]]'' co-star [[Lily Collins]] in 2019]]In 2020, Efron voiced [[Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)|Fred Jones]] in Warner Bros.' ''[[Scooby-Doo]]'' animated film, ''[[Scoob!]]''<ref name="Scooby-Doo">{{cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 24, 2019 |title=Zac Efron, Amanda Seyfried Join Animated Scooby-Doo Film as Fred and Daphne |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/zac-efron-amanda-seyfried-scooby-doo-fred-daphne-1203170485/ |access-date=March 24, 2019 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092917/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/zac-efron-amanda-seyfried-scooby-doo-fred-daphne-1203170485/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, he won a [[Daytime Emmy Awards|Daytime Emmy Award]] for Outstanding Daytime Program Host for the [[Netflix]] [[web documentary]] series ''[[Down to Earth with Zac Efron]]''.<ref name="emmy">{{cite web |last=Cordero |first=Rosy |date=July 18, 2021 |title=Alex Trebek, Zac Efron, Karrueche Tran, More, Announced As Daytime Emmy Fiction & Lifestyle Winners—Complete Winners List |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/daytime-emmy-award-winners-alex-trebek-zac-efron-karrueche-tran-1234795492/ |access-date=July 19, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] |archive-date=August 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815212002/https://deadline.com/2021/07/daytime-emmy-award-winners-alex-trebek-zac-efron-karrueche-tran-1234795492/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2022, he starred in the survival thriller ''[[Gold (2022 Australian film)|Gold]]'', directed by [[Anthony Hayes (actor)|Anthony Hayes]]<ref>{{cite web |date=November 6, 2020 |title=Anthony Hayes strikes Gold with Zac Efron and Susie Porter |url=https://cinemaaustralia.com.au/2020/11/06/anthony-hayes-strikes-gold-with-zac-efron-and-susie-porter/ |access-date=June 7, 2021 |website=Cinema Australia |archive-date=February 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206034216/https://cinemaaustralia.com.au/2020/11/06/anthony-hayes-strikes-gold-with-zac-efron-and-susie-porter/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and headlined the horror film ''[[Firestarter (2022 film)|Firestarter]]'', a remake of the [[Firestarter (1984 film)|1984 film]] based upon the [[Firestarter (novel)|novel of the same name]] by [[Stephen King]], directed by Keith Thomas.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=September 29, 2020 |title=Zac Efron Starring in 'Firestarter' Reboot From Blumhouse, Universal |url=https://variety.com/2020/film/news/zac-efron-firestarter-blumhouse-1234786871/ |access-date=June 7, 2021 |website=Variety |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607133419/https://variety.com/2020/film/news/zac-efron-firestarter-blumhouse-1234786871/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Also that year, he starred in [[Peter Farrelly]]'s Vietnam War–set comedy ''[[The Greatest Beer Run Ever]]'', which received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Greatest Beer Run Ever |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_greatest_beer_run_ever |language=en |access-date=October 12, 2022 |archive-date=October 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221016061147/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_greatest_beer_run_ever |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2023, he starred as [[Kevin Von Erich]] in [[Sean Durkin]]'s ''[[The Iron Claw (film)|The Iron Claw]]'', about the [[Von Erich family]] of wrestlers.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jordan Julian |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/zac-efron-goes-indie-will-star-in-a24-film-the-iron-claw?source=articles&via=rss |title=Zac Efron Goes Indie, Will Star in A24 Film 'The Iron Claw' |website=Thedailybeast.com |date=June 16, 2022 |accessdate=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=June 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617101816/https://www.thedailybeast.com/zac-efron-goes-indie-will-star-in-a24-film-the-iron-claw?source=articles&via=rss |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, Efron was awarded his own star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=A. B. C. |title=Zac Efron receives star on Hollywood Walk of Fame: 'It's a dream come true' |url=https://abcnews.go.com/GMA/Culture/zac-efron-receives-star-hollywood-walk-fame-dream/story?id=105550729 |access-date=2026-02-02 |website=ABC News |language=en}}</ref>

In 2024, Efron played Chris Cole, the role with [[Joey King]] and [[Nicole Kidman]] in the romantic comedy [[A Family Affair (2024 film)|''A Family Affair'']] of [[Netflix]]. That same year, he also played a lead role in the comedy ''[[Ricky Stanicky]]''.

In 2025, Efron played himself in an episode of the comedy series [[The Studio (TV series)|''The Studio'']].

In 2026, Efron is set to play a lead role with [[Debby Ryan]] and [[Phoebe Dynevor]] in the thriller movie [[Famous (film)|''Famous'']]. That same year, he is also expected to play a lead role with [[Will Ferrell]] and [[Regina Hall]] in the comedy film [[Judgment Day (upcoming film)|''Judgment Day'']].

=== Other work ===
In 2010, Efron started his own production company under [[Warner Bros.]], Ninjas Runnin' Wild.<ref name="NRW 1">{{cite magazine |last=Staskiewicz |first=Keith |date=July 13, 2010 |title=Zac Efron Has a Production Company: Help Pick His Next Project! |url=https://ew.com/article/2010/07/13/zac-efron-production-company-ninjas-runnin/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092529/https://ew.com/article/2010/07/13/zac-efron-production-company-ninjas-runnin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The company played a part in the production of his films ''Dirty Grandpa'', ''That Awkward Moment'', and ''Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile''.<ref name="NRW 2">{{cite web |last=Rankin |first=Seija |date=October 18, 2017 |title=Why This Could Be Zac Efron's Best Year Yet |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/887673/why-this-could-be-zac-efron-s-best-year-yet |access-date=April 14, 2019 |website=[[E!]] |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014143749/https://www.eonline.com/news/887673/why-this-could-be-zac-efron-s-best-year-yet |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, Efron's brother [[Dylan Efron]], who also plays a role in the company, stated that Ninjas Runnin' Wild has started to produce more digital content in addition to their traditional film work.<ref name="NRW 3">{{cite web |last=Terchanik |first=Collin |date=January 4, 2019 |title=Celeb Spotlight: Dylan Efron |url=https://flylordsmag.com/2019/01/04/celeb-spotlight-dylan-efron/ |access-date=April 14, 2019 |website=Flylords Magazine |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044049/https://flylordsmag.com/2019/01/04/celeb-spotlight-dylan-efron/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efron announced the creation of his [[YouTube]] channel in March 2019.<ref name="YouTube Announcement">{{Cite tweet|number=1112018740344832000|user=ZacEfron|title=My new @YouTube channel is live! Come join me at 9:00am PST – I'll be answering questions until the first video, "Off the Grid" drops.|date=March 30, 2019}}</ref> The [[Online video platform|video sharing platform]] hosts two weekly series.<ref name="YouTube Backlash 1">{{cite web |last=Holmes |first=Helen |date=April 1, 2019 |title=Why Zac Efron's New YouTube Channel Is Pissing Off Some of Its Users |url=https://observer.com/2019/04/zac-efrons-new-youtube-channel-being-met-with-backlash/ |access-date=April 14, 2019 |website=[[The New York Observer|Observer]] |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014093004/https://observer.com/2019/04/zac-efrons-new-youtube-channel-being-met-with-backlash/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "Off the Grid" follows Efron and his brother Dylan as they participate in outdoor activities and trips without electronic devices—with the exception of a video camera in order to document their experiences.<ref name="Off the Grid">{{cite web |last=Weaver |first=Hilary |date=March 30, 2019 |title=Zac Efron Goes "Off the Grid" in First YouTube Video |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a26995957/zac-efron-first-youtube-video/ |access-date=April 14, 2019 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014094035/https://www.elle.com/culture/celebrities/a26995957/zac-efron-first-youtube-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref> "Gym Time" spotlights fitness and nutrition, with Efron informing his viewers that he plans to "train with celebrities, athletes, and interesting people".<ref name="YouTube Backlash 1" /><ref name="YouTube Gym Time">{{cite web |last=Harmata |first=Claudia |date=April 7, 2019 |title=Zac Efron and Nina Dobrev Try to Get Brad Pitt's Fight Club Abs in New Workout Video |url=https://people.com/health/zac-efron-nina-dobrev-try-to-achieve-brad-pitt-fight-club-abs/ |access-date=April 14, 2019 |website=People |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092941/https://people.com/health/zac-efron-nina-dobrev-try-to-achieve-brad-pitt-fight-club-abs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> YouTube received backlash for promoting Efron's new channel in a post made from their official Twitter account. Some YouTube users accused the platform of promoting a mainstream celebrity's account, which they feared would overshadow lesser known creators.<ref name="YouTube Backlash 2">{{cite web |last=Gerken |first=Tom |date=April 1, 2019 |title=YouTube: Zac Efron Promotion Draws Ire from Fans |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47773202 |access-date=April 14, 2019 |website=[[BBC News]] |archive-date=October 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008065211/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-47773202 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Efron was on the ''[[Forbes]]'' [[Celebrity 100]] list in 2008 at number 92, with estimated earnings of $5.8 million from June 2007 to June 2008. In April 2009, his personal wealth equaled about $10 million.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Zac Efron Grows Up |url=https://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/zac-efron-grows-up/2009/04/04/1238261849639.html?page=2 |journal=Sydney Morning Herald |date=April 5, 2009 |access-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-date=May 31, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531004331/http://www.smh.com.au/news/entertainment/zac-efron-grows-up/2009/04/04/1238261849639.html?page=2 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2015, Efron's net worth was $18{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zac Efron Net Worth–Zac Efron Michelle Rodriguez Vacation Pics – OK! Magazine |url=http://okmagazine.com/get-scoop/is-zac-efron-broke-the-surprising-details-about-his-lavish-lifestyle/ |access-date=June 15, 2015 |website=OK! Magazine |date=July 28, 2014 |archive-date=July 4, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704055149/http://okmagazine.com/get-scoop/is-zac-efron-broke-the-surprising-details-about-his-lavish-lifestyle/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In March 2014, Efron fought with a [[homeless]] man on [[Skid Row, Los Angeles|Skid Row]]. Law enforcement officials did not make any arrests because they viewed it as [[mutual combat]].<ref>{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Galloway |title=Zac Efron on Career Reinvention, Addiction 'Struggle' and That Fight on Skid Row |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/zac-efron-career-reinvention-addiction-699529 |access-date=September 7, 2015 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |date=April 30, 2014 |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908025303/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/zac-efron-career-reinvention-addiction-699529 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efron turned to [[Transcendental Meditation]] to help decompress after struggling to separate himself from his role as serial killer Ted Bundy. "I really love TM, transcendental meditation. I did TM on the way home. Not while driving, but when you're shooting a movie, one thing we can afford is a ride home, so on the way home I just do some TM and try to phase out of it."<ref>{{cite web |date=April 26, 2019 |title=Zac Efron tried transcendental meditation to shake off Ted Bundy role |url=http://www.hollywood.com/general/zac-efron-tried-transcendental-meditation-to-shake-off-ted-bundy-role-60749491/ |access-date=December 30, 2019 |website=hollywood.com |archive-date=October 23, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023115718/https://www.hollywood.com/general/zac-efron-tried-transcendental-meditation-to-shake-off-ted-bundy-role-60749491/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efron moved to Australia after selling his Los Angeles home in early 2021<ref>{{cite web|last=Falcone|first=Dana Rose|title=Zac Efron Considers Australia 'His Home' After Relocating, Says Source: 'He Keeps Looking at Properties'|url=https://people.com/movies/zac-efron-considers-australia-his-home-after-relocating-says-source/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=PEOPLE.com|language=en|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122091356/https://people.com/movies/zac-efron-considers-australia-his-home-after-relocating-says-source/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Reyes|date=February 5, 2021|title=Chris Hemsworth And Zac Efron Have Moved To The Same Australian Town, But Some Locals Say They Don't Want 'Em|url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2562477/chris-hemsworth-and-zac-efron-have-moved-to-the-same-australian-town-but-some-locals-say-they-dont-want-em|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=CINEMABLEND|language=en|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122232122/https://www.cinemablend.com/news/2562477/chris-hemsworth-and-zac-efron-have-moved-to-the-same-australian-town-but-some-locals-say-they-dont-want-em|url-status=live}}</ref> and purchased a property in [[Byron Bay]] while working on projects there.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zac Efron officially moves to Australia after unloading LA mansion for $6.85 million - realestate.com.au|url=https://www.realestate.com.au/news/zac-efron-officially-moves-to-australia-after-unloading-la-mansion-for-685-million/|access-date=January 22, 2022|website=www.realestate.com.au|language=en|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122152738/https://www.realestate.com.au/news/zac-efron-officially-moves-to-australia-after-unloading-la-mansion-for-685-million/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Relationships ===
[[File:Vanessa Hudgens & Zac Efron at 2009 Academy Awards.JPG|thumb|Efron with Hudgens at [[81st Academy Awards]], 2009]]
From 2005 to 2010, Efron was in a relationship with actress [[Vanessa Hudgens]], whom he met on the set of ''[[High School Musical]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zac Efron and Vanessa Hudgens' Relationship Timeline|url=https://people.com/movies/zac-efron-vanessa-hudgens-relationship-timeline/|website=People.com|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

In 2011, he briefly dated actress [[Lindsay Lohan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Checking In on All the Famous Men on Lindsay Lohan's Infamous Sex List 5 Years Later|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1021929/checking-in-on-all-the-famous-men-on-lindsay-lohan-s-infamous-sex-list-5-years-later|website=E! Online|date=2019-03-12|access-date=2026-02-01}}</ref>

In 2012–2013, he was in a relationship with actress [[Lily Collins]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Lily Collins dating Zac Efron?|url=https://www.marieclaire.co.uk/news/celebrity-news/lily-collins-dating-zac-efron-216682|website=Marie Claire UK|date=2012-02-06|access-date=|language=en|first=Lisa Potter published in|last=News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Zac Efron Dating 'Perfect Match' Lily Collins: 'She's A Good Influence On Him; Doesn't Drink Or Do Drugs,' Spills Insider|url=https://radaronline.com/exclusives/2013/10/zac-efron-dating-lily-collins-good-influence-no-drinking-or-drugs/|website=RadarOnline|date=2013-10-25|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US|first=Amber|last=Ryland}}</ref>

In September 2014 to April 2016, he was in a relationship with model [[Sami Miro]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uh, Zac Efron Deleted All of His Instagram Photos With Sami Miro|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/zac-efron-sami-miro-breakup-rumors|website=Teen Vogue|date=2016-04-25|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US|first=Isis|last=Briones}}</ref>

In 2017, he had a three-month relationship with actress [[Alexandra Daddario]], whom he met on the set of [[Baywatch (film)|''Baywatch'']].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zac Efron and Alexandra Daddario Are Reportedly "Seeing Each Other"|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/zac-efron-alexandra-daddario-reportedly-seeing-each-other|website=Teen Vogue|date=2018-03-31|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en-US|first=De|last=Elizabeth}}</ref>

In June 2020, toApril 2021, Efron dated Australian model [[Vanessa Valladares]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zac Efron was set up with waitress girlfriend Vanessa Valladares by her boss|url=https://www.capitalfm.com/features/zac-efron-vanessa-valladares-relationship-timeline-australia-waitress-model/|website=Capital|date=2020-05-10|access-date=2026-02-01|language=en}}</ref>

=== Health problems ===
Efron sought treatment in early 2013 after struggling with [[alcoholism]] and [[substance abuse]]. He got sober in June 2013.<ref name="usatoday.com" /> In November 2013, Efron had to have his [[Jaw wiring|jaw wired shut]] after breaking it in a fall at home.<ref>{{cite web |date=January 31, 2014 |title=Zac Efron Broke Jaw on Home Fountain, Lost "10–12 Pounds" Drinking Liquid Foods For Six Weeks |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/zac-efron-broke-jaw-on-home-fountain-lost-10-12-pounds-drinking-liquid-foods-for-six-weeks-2014311 |access-date=September 7, 2015 |website=[[Us Weekly]] |archive-date=March 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328202549/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/zac-efron-broke-jaw-on-home-fountain-lost-10-12-pounds-drinking-liquid-foods-for-six-weeks-2014311/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He revealed in 2022 that he almost died during this incident, and that it was responsible for his facial swelling, apparent in a viral 2021 video for [[Bill Nye]]'s Earth Day Musical.<ref>{{cite web |title=Zac Efron says he 'almost died' in the severe accident that shattered his jaw and led people to speculate he'd had plastic surgery |url=https://www.insider.com/zac-efron-debunks-plastic-surgery-before-after-jaw-injury-2022-9 |website=Insider |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Zac Efron Finally Explains Why His Jaw Looked So Huge |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41093855/zac-efron-jaw/ |website=Men's Health |date=September 7, 2022 |access-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-date=October 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027085452/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41093855/zac-efron-jaw/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In December 2019, Efron contracted a serious and potentially life-threatening illness, a "form of [[typhoid]] or similar [[bacterial infection]]", while filming his adventure series ''Killing Zac Efron'' in [[Papua New Guinea]]. He was flown to [[St Andrews War Memorial Hospital]] in [[Brisbane]], Australia, and was treated before flying back home on December 25. He recovered with little issue.<ref>{{cite web |last=Darrah |first=Nicole |date=December 29, 2019 |title=Zac Efron contracts serious illness while filming series ''Killing Zac Efron'', report says |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/zac-efron-illness-filming-doc-killing-zac-efron |access-date=December 29, 2019 |website=Fox News |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092950/https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/zac-efron-illness-filming-doc-killing-zac-efron |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=December 29, 2019 |title=Zac Efron Reportedly Rushed to Hospital in Australia Before Holidays |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1106270/zac-efron-rushed-to-hospital-in-australia-with-possible-typhoid-infection-before-holidays-report |access-date=December 29, 2019 |website=E! Online |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014093003/https://www.eonline.com/news/1106270/zac-efron-rushed-to-hospital-in-australia-with-possible-typhoid-infection-before-holidays-report |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McCall |first=Rosie |date=December 29, 2019 |title=Zac Efron reportedly rushed to hospital with dangerous bacterial infection caught while filming "Killing Zac Efron" |url=https://www.newsweek.com/zac-efron-reportedly-rushed-hospital-dangerous-bacterial-infection-caught-while-filming-killing-1479538 |access-date=December 29, 2019 |website=Newsweek |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092941/https://www.newsweek.com/zac-efron-reportedly-rushed-hospital-dangerous-bacterial-infection-caught-while-filming-killing-1479538 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Bonner |first=Mehera |date=December 29, 2019 |title=Zac Efron Contracted a Life-Threatening Illness Right Before Christmas |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a30353731/zac-efron-life-threatening-illness-papua-new-guinea/ |access-date=December 29, 2019 |website=Cosmopolitan |archive-date=October 14, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231014092949/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/celebs/a30353731/zac-efron-life-threatening-illness-papua-new-guinea/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Efron was a [[Veganism|vegan]] for two years until 2022, when he began [[intermittent fasting]],<ref>{{citation |title=Zac Efron reveals why he stopped being vegan: 'Morally, of course, I still wish I was' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/zac-efron-new-look-vegan-diet-b2162360.html |website=[[The Independent]] |date=September 8, 2022 |access-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-date=October 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002205808/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/food-and-drink/zac-efron-new-look-vegan-diet-b2162360.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and reintroduced meat into his diet after undergoing a series of [[food sensitivity]] tests.<ref>{{citation |title=Zac Efron's Body Told Him to Stop Being Vegan |date=September 7, 2022 |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41095563/zac-efron-vegan/ |website=[[Men's Health]] |access-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005143006/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a41095563/zac-efron-vegan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, Efron opened up about his struggles with [[insomnia]], [[agoraphobia]], and [[Depression (mood)|depression]]. He developed insomnia and depression after taking [[diuretics]] for a long period to prepare for his role in ''Baywatch''.<ref>{{citation |access-date=October 5, 2022 |title=Zac Efron Rides Again |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a40956681/zac-efron-greatest-beer-run-ever-interview/ |website=[[Men's Health]] |date=September 7, 2022 |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005024519/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a40956681/zac-efron-greatest-beer-run-ever-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Zac Efron Gets Candid About His Agoraphobia: 'I Just Don't Go Out' |url=https://people.com/movies/zac-efron-candid-agoraphobia-i-just-dont-go-out/ |access-date=October 5, 2022 |date=September 10, 2022 |publisher=[[People (magazine)|People]] |archive-date=October 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005143006/https://people.com/movies/zac-efron-candid-agoraphobia-i-just-dont-go-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In August 2024, Efron was rushed to the hospital after being found unconscious in a swimming pool in [[Ibiza]]. According to TMZ, he was discovered by two villa employees who pulled him out of the water. The hospitalization was described as a "precautionary measure" and the incident as "minor". Efron aspirated a significant amount of water into his lungs and had x-rays taken to ensure his lungs were clear before being discharged the following day.<ref>{{cite web |last=TMZ Staff |date=August 3, 2024 |title=Zac Efron Hospitalized After Swimming Pool Incident in Ibiza |url=https://www.tmz.com/2024/08/03/zac-efron-swimming-accident-hospital-ibiza/ |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=TMZ}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Woodcock |first1=Zara |last2=Berry |first2=Joanna |date=August 3, 2024 |title=Zac Efron rushed to hospital after accident in Ibiza pool |url=https://www.ok.co.uk/celebrity-news/breaking-zac-efron-rushed-hospital-33391047 |access-date=August 3, 2024 |website=OK! Magazine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thayer |first=Caroline |date=August 6, 2024 |title=Zac Efron's lungs filled with water in scary pool accident that led to hospitalization: report |url=https://www.foxnews.com/entertainment/zac-efrons-lungs-filled-water-scary-pool-accident-led-hospitalization-report |access-date=August 6, 2024 |website=Fox News}}</ref>

== Filmography ==


===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope=col class="unsortable" | {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2003
| ''[[Melinda's World]]''
| Stuart Wasser
|
|<ref name="Melinda">{{cite web |last=Maldonado |first=Jennifer |date=October 18, 2017 |title=Ultimate Throwback: Here's What Zac Efron Was Doing Before He Was a Movie Star or, Even Troy Bolton |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/zac-efron-transformation-139655/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[J-14 (magazine)|J-14]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627235430/https://www.j-14.com/posts/zac-efron-transformation-139655/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2005
| data-sort-value="Derby Stallion, The" | ''[[The Derby Stallion]]''
| Patrick McCardle
|
|<ref name="The Derby Stallion">{{cite web |last=Harrison |first=Lily |date=July 10, 2014 |title=Zac Efron's No Stranger to Horseback Riding – Check Out This Throwback Clip! |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/558689/zac-efron-s-no-stranger-to-horseback-riding-check-out-this-throwback-clip |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[E! News]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627061920/https://www.eonline.com/news/558689/zac-efron-s-no-stranger-to-horseback-riding-check-out-this-throwback-clip |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2007
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| Link Larkin
|
|<ref name="Hairspray">{{cite web |last=Gajewski |first=Ryan |date=December 8, 2016 |title=''Hairspray Live''! Fans Want Zac Efron Back As Link Larkin: Read the Funniest Tweets |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/hairspray-live-fans-arent-happy-that-zac-efron-isnt-link-w454508/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Us Weekly]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627112608/https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/hairspray-live-fans-arent-happy-that-zac-efron-isnt-link-w454508/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
|[[Troy Bolton]]
|
|<ref name="HSM">{{cite web |last=Weiss |first=Suzannah |author-link=Suzannah Weiss |title=Zac Efron Says He Had to "Fight" to Get His Voice in "High School Musical 2" |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/zac-efron-high-school-musical-voice |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |date=September 22, 2017 |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628173530/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/zac-efron-high-school-musical-voice |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Me and Orson Welles]]''
| Richard Samuels
|
|<ref name="Me and Orson Welles">{{cite web |date=November 30, 2009 |title=Me and Orson Welles Character Card: Richard Samuels (Zac Efron) |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Me-and-Orson-Welles-Character-Card-Richard-Samuels-Zac-Efron-20091130 |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627094624/https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwtv/article/Me-and-Orson-Welles-Character-Card-Richard-Samuels-Zac-Efron-20091130 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2009
| data-sort-value="Seventeen Again" | ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]''
| Mike O'Donnell
|
|<ref name="17 Again">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |date=April 15, 2009 |title=17 Again Movie Review and Film Summary (2009) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/17-again-2009 |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=RogerEbert.com |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627055410/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/17-again-2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2010
| ''[[Charlie St. Cloud]]''
| Charlie St. Cloud
|
|<ref name="Charlie St. Cloud">{{cite web |last=Hiscock |first=John |date=October 5, 2010 |title=Zac Efron Interview for Charlie St. Cloud |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/8043458/Zac-Efron-interview-for-Charlie-St-Cloud.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/starsandstories/8043458/Zac-Efron-interview-for-Charlie-St-Cloud.html |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2011
| ''[[New Year's Eve (2011 film)|New Year's Eve]]''
| Paul
|
|<ref name="New Year">{{cite web |last=Radish |first=Christina |date=December 6, 2011 |title=Michelle Pfeiffer, Zac Efron, Hilary Swank, Josh Duhamel and Lea Michele New Year's Eve Interview |url=https://collider.com/michelle-pfeiffer-zac-efron-lea-michele-new-years-eve-interview/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |archive-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429134738/https://collider.com/michelle-pfeiffer-zac-efron-lea-michele-new-years-eve-interview/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5" | 2012
| ''[[At Any Price (film)|At Any Price]]''
| Dean Whipple
|
|<ref name="At Any Price">{{cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=April 25, 2013 |title=At Any Price Movie Review and Film Summary (2012) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/at-any-price-2012 |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=RogerEbert.com |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601001142/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/at-any-price-2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Liberal Arts (film)|Liberal Arts]]''
| Nat
|
|<ref name="Liberal Arts">{{cite web |last=Arbery |first=Will |date=October 4, 2012 |title=Being Zac Efron: An On-Set Liberal Arts Body Double Speaks Out |url=https://www.dmagazine.com/arts-entertainment/2012/10/being-zac-efron-an-onset-liberal-arts-body-double-speaks-out/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[D Magazine]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627055446/https://www.dmagazine.com/arts-entertainment/2012/10/being-zac-efron-an-onset-liberal-arts-body-double-speaks-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Lorax, The" | ''[[The Lorax (film)|The Lorax]]''
| Ted Wiggins (voice)
|
|<ref name="The Lorax">{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Angela |date=February 21, 2012 |title=Zac Efron Raises His Voice in 'Dr. Seuss' The Lorax' |url=http://frontrowfeatures.com/features/film-features/zac-efron-raises-his-voice-in-dr-seuss-the-lorax-620.html |access-date=December 4, 2018 |publisher=Front Row Features |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154210/http://frontrowfeatures.com/features/film-features/zac-efron-raises-his-voice-in-dr-seuss-the-lorax-620.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Lucky One, The" | ''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]''
| Logan Thibault
|
|<ref name="The Lucky One">{{cite web |last=Morris |first=Wesley |author-link=Wesley Morris |date=April 18, 2012 |title=''Lucky One'' Is an Unfortunate Union for Zac Efron, Taylor Schilling |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2012/04/18/lucky-critical-unfortunate-union-lucky-does-efron-refer-taylor-schilling-lucky-viewer-hampered-unfortunate-union-file-seems-odd-this-probably/5il3NSJksJtalA5G6tEWCO/story.html |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[The Boston Globe]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628212609/https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/movies/2012/04/18/lucky-critical-unfortunate-union-lucky-does-efron-refer-taylor-schilling-lucky-viewer-hampered-unfortunate-union-file-seems-odd-this-probably/5il3NSJksJtalA5G6tEWCO/story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Paperboy, The" | ''[[The Paperboy (2012 film)|The Paperboy]]''
| Jack Jansen
|
|<ref name="The Paperboy">{{cite web |last=Chang |first=Justin |author-link=Justin Chang |date=May 24, 2012 |title=The Paperboy |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/the-paperboy-1117947630/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=Variety |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627085227/https://variety.com/2012/film/markets-festivals/the-paperboy-1117947630/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2013
| ''[[Parkland (film)|Parkland]]''
| Dr. Charles James "Jim" Carrico
|
|<ref name="Parkland">{{cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=December 19, 2012 |title=Zac Efron Joins JFK Assassination Pic ''Parkland'' |url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/zac-efron-joins-jfk-assassination-pic-parkland-1118063853/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=Variety |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628102708/https://variety.com/2012/film/news/zac-efron-joins-jfk-assassination-pic-parkland-1118063853/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| Teddy Sanders
|
|<ref name="Neighbors">{{cite web |last=Ebiri |first=Bilge |author-link=Bilge Ebiri |date=May 8, 2014 |title=Ebiri on Neighbors: Zac Efron's Blank Face Is This Movie's Secret Weapon |url=https://www.vulture.com/2014/05/movie-review-neighbors.html |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[New York (magazine)|Vulture.com]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628173530/https://www.vulture.com/2014/05/movie-review-neighbors.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[That Awkward Moment]]''
| Jason
| Also executive producer
|<ref name="That Awkward Moment">{{cite web |last=Radloff |first=Jessica |date=January 31, 2014 |title=The Girls from That Awkward Moment Spill Everything About Zac Efron, Miles Teller, and Michael B. Jordan |url=https://www.glamour.com/story/the-girls-from-that-awkward-mo |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627094625/https://www.glamour.com/story/the-girls-from-that-awkward-mo |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2015
| ''[[We Are Your Friends (film)|We Are Your Friends]]''
| Cole Carter
|
|<ref name="We Are Your Friends">{{cite web |last=Funk |first=Allie |date=August 27, 2015 |title=Is Cole in ''We Are Your Friends'' Based on a Real DJ? Zac Efron's Character Goes on a Major Personal Journey |url=https://www.bustle.com/articles/106884-is-cole-in-we-are-your-friends-based-on-a-real-dj-zac-efrons-character-goes |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle.com]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627055410/https://www.bustle.com/articles/106884-is-cole-in-we-are-your-friends-based-on-a-real-dj-zac-efrons-character-goes |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2016
| ''[[Dirty Grandpa]]''
| Jason Kelly
|
|<ref name="Dirty Grandpa">{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Bruce |date=May 15, 2016 |title=DVD Review: ''Dirty Grandpa'' Sets a (Bad) Tone for Zac Efron's Year |url=https://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/dvd-review-dirty-grandpa-sets-a-bad-tone-for-zac/article_b2c9ceb9-fbbc-5194-ae63-14a53e1d133a.html |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Sioux City Journal]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628034709/https://siouxcityjournal.com/entertainment/movies/dvd-review-dirty-grandpa-sets-a-bad-tone-for-zac/article_b2c9ceb9-fbbc-5194-ae63-14a53e1d133a.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates]]''
| Dave Stangle
|
|<ref name="Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates">{{cite web |last=Lange |first=Maggie |date=July 7, 2016 |title=Getting Weird with the Real Mike and Dave Who Needed Wedding Dates |url=https://www.gq.com/story/the-real-mike-and-dave-who-needed-wedding-dates |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[GQ]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627055447/https://www.gq.com/story/the-real-mike-and-dave-who-needed-wedding-dates |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]''
| Teddy Sanders
|
|<ref name="Neighbors 2">{{cite web |last=Hassenger |first=Jesse |date=May 19, 2016 |title=Neighbors 2 Is a Good Comedy with a Surprisingly Great Zac Efron |url=https://www.avclub.com/neighbors-2-is-a-good-comedy-with-a-surprisingly-great-1798187826 |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[The A.V. Club]] |archive-date=May 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507165232/https://film.avclub.com/neighbors-2-is-a-good-comedy-with-a-surprisingly-great-1798187826 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2017
| ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]''
|[[Jordan Tate|Matt Brody]]
|
|<ref name="Baywatch">{{Cite news |last=Yahr |first=Emily |date=May 27, 2017 |title=Critics Hate ''Baywatch'', but Zac Efron as Ryan Lochte Is (Unintentionally) the Best Part |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/05/27/critics-hate-baywatch-but-zac-efron-as-ryan-lochte-is-unintentionally-the-best-part/?noredirect=on |access-date=December 4, 2018 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |archive-date=April 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408211513/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/arts-and-entertainment/wp/2017/05/27/critics-hate-baywatch-but-zac-efron-as-ryan-lochte-is-unintentionally-the-best-part/?noredirect=on |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Disaster Artist, The" | ''[[The Disaster Artist (film)|The Disaster Artist]]''
| [[Dan Janjigian]] / Chris-R
|
|<ref name="The Disaster Artist">{{cite magazine |last=Lawrence |first=Derek |date=November 29, 2017 |title=See The Disaster Artist Stars and Their Real-Life The Room Counterparts |url=https://ew.com/movies/disaster-artist-stars-the-room-counterparts/#zac-efron-as-dan-janjigian |access-date=December 4, 2018 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032055/https://ew.com/movies/disaster-artist-stars-the-room-counterparts/#zac-efron-as-dan-janjigian |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Greatest Showman, The" | ''[[The Greatest Showman]]''
| Phillip Carlyle
|
|<ref name="The Greatest Showman">{{cite news |last=Melas |first=Chloe |author-link=Chloe Melas |date=December 21, 2017 |title=Why Zac Efron Chose ''The Greatest Showman'' for His Musical Comeback |url=https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/21/entertainment/zac-efron-the-greatest-showman/index.html |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[CNN]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628102716/https://www.cnn.com/2017/12/21/entertainment/zac-efron-the-greatest-showman/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2019
| data-sort-value="Beach Bum, The" | ''[[The Beach Bum]]''
| Flicker
|
|<ref name="The Beach Bum">{{cite web |last=Blackmon |first=Michael |date=September 7, 2018 |title=Matthew McConaughey Plays the Most Florida Guy Ever in Harmony Korine's Next Film |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/michaelblackmon/matthew-mcconaughey-snoop-dogg-and-zac-efron-are-starring |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628173535/https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/michaelblackmon/matthew-mcconaughey-snoop-dogg-and-zac-efron-are-starring |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile]]''
|[[Ted Bundy]]<ref name="Extremely Wicked Guardian Review">{{cite web |last=Lee |first=Benjamin |date=January 27, 2019 |title=Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile Review – Zac Efron Shocks As Ted Bundy |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/27/extremely-wicked-shockingly-evil-and-vile-review-zac-efron-ted-bundy |access-date=April 10, 2019 |website=The Guardian |archive-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221011045/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/27/extremely-wicked-shockingly-evil-and-vile-review-zac-efron-ted-bundy |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Also executive producer
|<ref name="Extremely Wicked">{{cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=November 29, 2018 |title=Zac Efron Channels Ted Bundy's Intensity in 'Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile Image |url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Zac-Efron-Channels-Ted-Bundy-s-Intensity-in-13432960.php |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044047/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Zac-Efron-Channels-Ted-Bundy-s-Intensity-in-13432960.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Scoob!]]''
| [[Fred Jones (Scooby-Doo)|Fred Jones]] (voice)
|
|<ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 22, 2019 |title=Warner Bros' Animated Scooby-Doo Finds Its Fred & Daphne In Zac Efron & Amanda Seyfried |url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/zac-efron-amanda-seyfried-scooby-doo-warner-bros-movie-casting-1202580895/ |access-date=March 22, 2019 |website=Deadline |archive-date=June 28, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190628011813/https://deadline.com/2019/03/zac-efron-amanda-seyfried-scooby-doo-warner-bros-movie-casting-1202580895/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Save Ralph]]''
|Bobby (voice)
|Short film
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=March 24, 2021 |title='Save Ralph' Teaser: Humane Society International Aims To Combat Animal Testing With Starry Stop-Motion Short |url=https://deadline.com/video/save-ralph-teaser-humane-society-international-taika-waititi-spencer-susser/ |access-date=March 27, 2021 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324164316/https://deadline.com/video/save-ralph-teaser-humane-society-international-taika-waititi-spencer-susser/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" |2022
| ''[[Gold (2022 Australian film)|Gold]]''
| Virgil
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=November 5, 2020 |title=Zac Efron to Star in Australian Survival Thriller 'Gold' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zac-efron-to-star-in-australian-survival-thriller-gold-4088605/ |access-date=June 7, 2021 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=June 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607132138/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/zac-efron-to-star-in-australian-survival-thriller-gold-4088605/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Firestarter (2022 film)|Firestarter]]''
| Andy McGee
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=September 29, 2020 |title=Zac Efron Joins Universal-Blumhouse's 'Firestarter' Reboot |url=https://deadline.com/2020/09/zac-efron-joins-universal-blumhouses-firestarter-reboot-1234588054/ |access-date=June 7, 2021 |website=Deadline Hollywood |archive-date=November 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106100332/https://deadline.com/2020/09/zac-efron-joins-universal-blumhouses-firestarter-reboot-1234588054/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Greatest Beer Run Ever, The" | ''[[The Greatest Beer Run Ever]]''
| [[Chick Donohue|John "Chickie" Donohue]]
|
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |title=Apple Poised To Take 'The Greatest Beer Run Ever' With 'Green Book's Peter Farrelly & Skydance; Zac Efron & Russell Crowe To Star |date=March 23, 2021 |url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/apple-studios-zac-efron-russell-crowe-the-greatest-beer-run-ever-green-book-peter-farrelly-1234719882/ |access-date=March 23, 2021 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=July 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717235015/https://deadline.com/2021/03/apple-studios-zac-efron-russell-crowe-the-greatest-beer-run-ever-green-book-peter-farrelly-1234719882/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2023
| data-sort-value="Iron Claw, The" | ''[[The Iron Claw (film)|The Iron Claw]]''
|[[Kevin Von Erich]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/the-iron-claw-zac-efron-a24-kevin-von-erich-family-curse-b1037084.html|title=The Iron Claw: What is the true story behind Zac Efron's new film?|website=Standard.co.uk|date=November 2, 2022|access-date=November 3, 2022|archive-date=November 3, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103081955/https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/the-iron-claw-zac-efron-a24-kevin-von-erich-family-curse-b1037084.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |2024
| ''[[Ricky Stanicky]]''
| Dean
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Cordero |first1=Rosy |last2=D'Alessandro |first2=Anthony |date=February 1, 2023 |title=Prime Video Picks Up Peter Farrelly's 'Ricky Stanicky' Starring Zac Efron & John Cena; Jermaine Fowler Joins Cast |url=https://deadline.com/2023/02/john-cena-zac-efron-amazon-ricky-stanicky-jermaine-fowler-1235246693/ |access-date=July 5, 2023 |website=Deadline |language=en-US |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609125750/https://deadline.com/2023/02/john-cena-zac-efron-amazon-ricky-stanicky-jermaine-fowler-1235246693/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Family Affair, A" | ''[[A Family Affair (2024 film)|A Family Affair]]''
| Chris Cole
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nicole Kidman, Zac Efron, And Joey King Set To Lead Untitled Romcom Film Coming To Netflix |url=https://about.netflix.com/en/news/nicole-kidman-zac-efron-and-joey-king-set-to-lead-untitled-romcom-film |access-date=January 19, 2023 |website=About Netflix |language=en |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121235322/https://about.netflix.com/en/news/nicole-kidman-zac-efron-and-joey-king-set-to-lead-untitled-romcom-film |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | TBA
| style="background:#ffc;"| ''[[Famous (film)|Famous]]'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Lance Dunkquist / James Jansen
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Justin Kroll,Andreas |date=February 8, 2024 |title=Zac Efron To Star In Black Bear's Celebrity Thriller 'Famous' From Director Jody Hill And Esmail Corp. — EFM |url=https://deadline.com/2024/02/zac-efron-famous-jody-hill-1235818711/ |access-date=December 23, 2024 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"| ''[[Judgment Day (upcoming film)|Judgment Day]]'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| {{TBA}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{cite web|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=https://deadline.com/2025/02/zac-efron-will-ferrell-amazon-mgm-studios-1236275565/|accessdate=February 4, 2025|title=Zac Efron To Star Opposite Will Ferrell In New Comedy From Amazon MGM Studios|first=Justin |last=Kroll|date=February 3, 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year(s)
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2002
| ''[[Firefly (TV series)|Firefly]]''
| Young [[List of Firefly characters#Simon Tam|Simon Tam]]
| Episode: "[[Safe (Firefly)|Safe]]"
|<ref name="Firefly">{{cite web |last=Hubschman |first=Daniel |date=April 18, 2012 |title=Before They Were Famous: Zac Efron in ''Firefly'' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2811139/zac-efron-in-firefly/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[MTV News]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627055508/http://www.mtv.com/news/2811139/zac-efron-in-firefly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" | 2003
| data-sort-value="Big Wide World of Carl Laemke, The" | ''The Big Wide World of Carl Laemke''
| Pete Laemke
|[[Television film]]
|<ref name="The Big Wide World of Carl Laemke">{{cite web |title=Zac Efron Biography and Filmography |url=https://www.tribute.ca/people/zac-efron/18880/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Tribute (magazine)|Tribute]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628032057/https://www.tribute.ca/people/zac-efron/18880/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[ER (TV series)|ER]]''
| Bobby Neville
| Episode: "Dear Abby"
|<ref name="ER">{{cite web |last=Hudspeth |first=Christopher |date=January 28, 2018 |title=26 Celebs That Prove Just About Everyone Has Been on "ER" |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/christopherhudspeth/famous-actors-you-had-no-idea-guest-starred-on-an |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=BuzzFeed News |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627235430/https://www.buzzfeed.com/christopherhudspeth/famous-actors-you-had-no-idea-guest-starred-on-an |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3" | 2004
|''[[Miracle Run]]''
| Stephen Morgan
| Television film
|<ref name="Miracle Run">{{cite web |last=Thompson |first=Eliza |date=May 18, 2016 |title=Revisiting Zac Efron's 2004 Lifetime Movie |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/a58596/zac-efron-lifetime-movie-review/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032055/https://www.cosmopolitan.com/entertainment/movies/a58596/zac-efron-lifetime-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Guardian, The" | ''[[The Guardian (TV series)|The Guardian]]''
| Luke Tomello
| Episode: "Without Consent"
|<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite web |title=Without Consent (2004) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0593625/ |website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=June 11, 2023 |archive-date=June 11, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611031942/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0593625/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Triple Play''
| Harry Fuller
| Television film
|<ref name="Triple Play">{{cite web |title=Triple Play (2004) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/triple_play/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044047/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/triple_play/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2004–2005
|''[[Summerland (TV series)|Summerland]]''
| Cameron Bale
| Main role
|<ref name="Summerland">{{cite web |title=Summerland Cast and Characters |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/summerland/cast/100421/ |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=[[TV Guide]] |archive-date=September 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919032239/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/summerland/cast/100421/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2005
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Seth Dawson
| Episode: "Sex & Taxes"
|<ref name="CSI: Miami">{{cite web |title=CSI: Miami – Season 3 Episode 20: Sex & Taxes (2005) |url=https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/csi-miami/episode-20-season-3/sex-taxes/100101/ |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=TV Guide |archive-date=October 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023054613/https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/csi-miami/episode-20-season-3/sex-taxes/100101/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6" | 2006
|''[[Heist (2006 TV series)|Heist]]''
| Pizza delivery guy
| Episode: "Pilot"
|<ref name="Heist">{{cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=April 20, 2009 |title=Zac Efron Carefully Plotting Next Move |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/zac-efron-carefully-plotting-move-82674 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=March 6, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306060558/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/zac-efron-carefully-plotting-move-82674 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[High School Musical]]''
| [[Troy Bolton]]
| Television film
|<ref name="HSM" />
|-
|''If You Lived Here, You'd Be Home Now''
| Cody
| Television film
|<ref name="If You Lived Here">{{cite web |last=Dodd |first=Stacy |date=March 2, 2006 |title=Zac Efron |url=https://variety.com/2006/scene/markets-festivals/zac-efron-1117939150/ |access-date=December 4, 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=April 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402043418/https://variety.com/2006/scene/markets-festivals/zac-efron-1117939150/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]''
| Daniel Austin
| Episode: "Deception"
|<ref name="NCIS">{{cite web |last=Rawden |first=Jessica |title=The 10 Greatest NCIS Guest Stars, Ranked |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/television/10-Greatest-NCIS-Guest-Stars-Ranked-122457.html |access-date=December 6, 2018 |website=CinemaBlend |date=March 4, 2016 |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627055511/https://www.cinemablend.com/television/10-Greatest-NCIS-Guest-Stars-Ranked-122457.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Replacements, The" | ''[[The Replacements (TV series)|The Replacements]]''
| Davey Hunkerhoff (voice)
| Episode: "Davey Hunkerhoff/Ratted Out"
|<ref name="The Replacements">{{cite web |last=Baisley |first=Sarah |date=November 14, 2006 |title=High School Musical's Zac Efron Guest Stars on The Replacements |url=https://www.awn.com/news/high-school-musicals-zac-efron-guest-stars-replacements |access-date=December 5, 2018 |publisher=[[Animation World Network]] |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628111145/https://www.awn.com/news/high-school-musicals-zac-efron-guest-stars-replacements |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| data-sort-value="Suite Life of Zack & Cody, The" | ''[[The Suite Life of Zack & Cody]]''
| Trevor
| Episode: "Odd Couples"
|<ref name="The Suite Life of Zack & Cody">{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Stacey |date=October 28, 2015 |title=Jaden Smith, and 10 Other Celebs You Forgot Were on ''The Suite Life of Zack and Cody'' |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2363206/suite-life-of-zack-and-cody-guest-stars/ |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=MTV News |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627154207/http://www.mtv.com/news/2363206/suite-life-of-zack-and-cody-guest-stars/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2007
| ''[[High School Musical 2]]''
| Troy Bolton
| Television film
|<ref name="HSM" />
|-
! scope="row"| 2009
|''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[Security Briefs]]"
|<ref name="Entourage">{{cite web |title=Entourage – Season 6, Episode 9 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/entourage/s06/e09 |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628000930/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/entourage/s06/e09 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2009–2016
|''[[Robot Chicken]]''
| Various roles (voice)
| 5 episodes
|<ref name="Robot Chicken">{{cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Adam |date=July 13, 2010 |title=Zac Efron to Voice Anakin Skywalker in December 'Robot Chicken: Star Wars' Special |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2436979/zac-efron-to-voice-anakin-skywalker-in-december-robot-chicken-star-wars-special/ |access-date=December 6, 2018 |website=MTV News |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627032055/http://www.mtv.com/news/2436979/zac-efron-to-voice-anakin-skywalker-in-december-robot-chicken-star-wars-special/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2019
|''Human Discoveries''
| Gary (voice)
| Main cast; also executive producer
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Keller |first=Joe |date=July 16, 2019 |title=Stream It Or Skip It: ''Human Discoveries'' On Facebook Watch, Where An All-Star Voice Cast Plays Very Modern Cave People |url=https://decider.com/2019/07/16/human-discoveries-facebook-watch-stream-it-or-skip-it/ |access-date=July 17, 2019 |website=Decider |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628102709/https://decider.com/2019/07/16/human-discoveries-facebook-watch-stream-it-or-skip-it/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2020–2022
|''[[Down to Earth with Zac Efron]]''
| Himself
| Also executive producer
| <ref>{{cite web |last=Cremona |first=Patrick |title=First look at Zac Efron's Netflix travel documentary Down to Earth |url=https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2020-06-29/zac-efron-down-to-earth/ |access-date=July 4, 2020 |website=radiotimes.com |archive-date=September 17, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200917212535/https://www.radiotimes.com/news/on-demand/2020-06-29/zac-efron-down-to-earth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2025
| ''[[The Studio (TV series)|The Studio]]''
| Himself
| Episode: "[[The Missing Reel]]"
|
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col"| Title
! scope="col"| Performer(s)
! scope="col"| Album
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}

|-
! scope="row"| 2005
| "Sick Inside"
| [[Hope Partlow]]
| ''[[Who We Are (Hope Partlow album)|Who We Are]]''
|<ref name="Sick Inside">{{cite web |last=Hiramine |first=Brie |title=Celebrities Who Were in Music Videos Before They Were Famous |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/celebrities-in-music-videos-before-they-were-famous-88301/photos/zac-efron-hope-partlow-sick-inside-130088/ |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=J-14 |date=January 22, 2016 |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070032/https://www.j-14.com/posts/celebrities-in-music-videos-before-they-were-famous-88301/photos/zac-efron-hope-partlow-sick-inside-130088/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| 2007
| "[[Say OK]]"
| [[Vanessa Hudgens]]
| ''[[V (Vanessa Hudgens album)|V]]''
|<ref name="Say OK">{{cite web |last=Sim |first=Bernardo |date=May 28, 2018 |title=20 Secrets Behind Vanessa Hudgens and Zac Efron's Relationship |url=https://screenrant.com/vanessa-hudgens-zac-efron-relationship-facts/ |access-date=December 5, 2018 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |archive-date=June 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627094624/https://screenrant.com/vanessa-hudgens-zac-efron-relationship-facts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
{{See also|High School Musical cast discography}}

===Singles===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="billboard.com1">{{Cite magazine |title=Zac Efron Chart History |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/zac-efron |magazine=Billboard |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044059/https://www.billboard.com/music/zac-efron |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="auto1">{{cite web |last=Hung |first=Steffen |title=australian-charts.com - Australian charts portal |url=http://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |website=australian-charts.com |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044058/https://australian-charts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref name="billboard.com1" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref name="auto2">{{cite web |url=http://www.irma.ie/#chartTab1 |title=Chart countdown |publisher=Irish Recorded Music Association |access-date=September 15, 2021 |archive-date=May 23, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160523102748/http://www.irma.ie/#chartTab1 |url-status=live }} (Note: Respective dates need to be searched)</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="auto3">{{cite web |last=Hung |first=Steffen |title=lescharts.com - Les charts français |url=http://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |website=lescharts.com |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044058/https://lescharts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Recorded Music NZ|NZ]] <ref name="auto4">{{cite web |last=Hung |first=Steffen |title=charts.nz - New Zealand charts portal |url=https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |website=charts.nz |access-date=August 30, 2019 |archive-date=April 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417223552/https://charts.nz/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Productores de Música de España|SPA]] <ref>{{cite web |last=Hung |first=Steffen |title=spanishcharts.com - Spanish charts portal |url=http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |website=spanishcharts.com}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]] <ref>{{cite web |last=Hung |first=Steffen |title=swedishcharts.com - Swedish Charts Portal |url=http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |website=swedishcharts.com |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044055/https://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?search=Zac+Efron&cat=s |url-status=live }}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official Charts Company|UK]] <ref name="officialcharts.com">{{cite web |title=ZAC EFRON - full Official Chart History - Official Charts Company |url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3198/zac-efron/ |website=www.officialcharts.com |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=October 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232650/https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3198/zac-efron/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Breaking Free]]" (with [[Drew Seeley]] and [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| 2006
| 4 || 13 || — || 17 || — || 4 || — || — || 9
|
* [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum: Breaking Free |url=https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Breaking+Free%22 |access-date=February 6, 2025 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125403/http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Breaking+Free%22 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Gold<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Cast of High School Musical|title=Breaking Free|id=13799-4203-1|access-date=November 11, 2022}}</ref>
| ''[[High School Musical (soundtrack)|High School Musical]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[You Are the Music in Me]]" (with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| rowspan="4"| 2007
| 31 || 86 || 54 || 12 || — || — || — || — || 26
|
* RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAATroyGabriella">{{cite certification|region=United States|artist=Troy Gabriella|access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref>
* BPI: Silver<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Cast Of High School Musical 2|title=You Are The Music In Me|id=20608-7024-1|access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref>
| rowspan="4"| ''[[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)|High School Musical 2]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Gotta Go My Own Way]]" (with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| 34 || — || — || 36 || — || — || — || — || 40
|
* RIAA: Platinum<ref name="RIAATroyGabriella" />
* BPI: Silver<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Gabriella & Troy|title=Gotta Go My Own Way|id=16997-5504-1|access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Everyday (High School Musical song)|Everyday]]" (with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| 65 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | 59
|
* RIAA: Gold<ref name="RIAATroyGabriella" />
* BPI: Silver<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Cast of High School Musical|title=Everyday|id=2140-4203-1|access-date=November 27, 2024}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Bet on It]]"
| 46 || — || 93 || — || — || — || — || 65 || —
|
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Right Here, Right Now (High School Musical song)|Right Here, Right Now]]" (with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| 2008
| 119 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 137 ||
|''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year (soundtrack)|High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "[[Rewrite the Stars]]" {{small|(with [[Zendaya]])}}
| 2018
| 70 || 24 || 71 || 21 || 115 || 32 || 82 || 90 || 16
|
* RIAA: 3× Platinum<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold & Platinum |url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/ |website=RIAA |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=February 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209113439/https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=EMMYLOU+HARRIS&ti=ELITE+HOTEL |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA19">{{cite web |title=ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2019 Singles |url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesSinglesAccreds2019.htm |access-date=March 30, 2019 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]] |archive-date=October 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191018194045/http://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesSinglesAccreds2019.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* BPI: 3× Platinum<ref name=BPI>{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|access-date=June 2, 2024|artist=Zac Efron}}</ref>
* MC: Gold<ref>{{cite web |title=Gold/Platinum - Music Canada |date=July 11, 2023 |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Rewrite+the+Stars+Zac+Efron+&+Zendaya |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=April 18, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418044050/https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Rewrite+the+Stars+Zac+Efron+&+Zendaya |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: Platinum<ref name=Radioscope>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|artist=Zac Efron|type=single|source=radioscope|access-date=February 15, 2025}}</ref>
|''[[The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|The Greatest Showman]]''
|}

===Other charted songs===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|+ List of songs, with selected chart positions, showing year released and album name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year
! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications
! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album
|-
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]] <ref name="billboard.com1" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]] <ref name="auto1" />
! scope="col" style="width:2.5em;font-size:90%;"| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]] <ref name="billboard.com1" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]] <ref name="auto2" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]] <ref name="auto3" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Recorded Music NZ|NZ]] <ref name="auto4" />
! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%;"| [[Official Charts Company|UK]] <ref name="officialcharts.com" />
|-
! scope="row"| "Start of Something New" (with [[Drew Seeley]] and [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| 2006
| 28 || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
* RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=United States|title=Start of Something New|access-date=December 24, 2024}}</ref>
* BPI: Silver<ref>{{Cite certification|region=United Kingdom|type=single|artist=Gabriella & Troy|title=Start of Something New|id=18625-5504-1|access-date=December 23, 2024}}</ref>
| ''[[High School Musical (soundtrack)|High School Musical]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "[[Ladies' Choice (Hairspray song)|Ladies' Choice]]"
| rowspan="2"| 2007
| — || — || — || — || — || — || 96
|
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 soundtrack)|Hairspray]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "You Are the Music in Me (Reprise)" (with [[Ashley Tisdale]])
| — || — || — || — || — || — || 89
|
| ''[[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)|High School Musical 2]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "You Are the Music in Me (Reprise)" (with [[Ashley Tisdale]])
| — || — || — || — || — || — || 89
|
|-
! scope="row"| "Can I Have This Dance" (with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| rowspan="3"| 2008
| 98 || 84 || — || — || — || — || 81
|
| rowspan="3"| ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year (soundtrack)|High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
|-
! scope="row"| "Just Wanna Be with You" (with [[Lucas Grabeel]], [[Olesya Rulin]], and [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| — || — || — || — || — || — || 153
|
|-
! scope="row"| "The Boys Are Back" (with [[Corbin Bleu]])
| 101 || 72 || — || — || — || — || 101
|
|-
! scope="row" | "[[The Greatest Show]]" {{small|(with [[Hugh Jackman]], [[Keala Settle]], [[Zendaya]] and The Greatest Showman Ensemble)}}
| rowspan="2"| 2017
| 88 || 42 || — || 34 || 110 || —{{efn|"The Greatest Show" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 3 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref name="NZ January 8">{{cite web |date=January 8, 2018 |title=NZ Heatseekers Singles Chart |url=https://nztop40.co.nz/index.php/chart/singles?chart=4439 |access-date=January 17, 2018 |website=[[Recorded Music NZ]] |archive-date=January 18, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118064538/https://nztop40.co.nz/index.php/chart/singles?chart=4439 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} || 20
|
* RIAA: 2× Platinum<ref name="RIAA Ensemble">{{cite certification |region=United States |artist=The Greatest Showman Ensemble |type=single |access-date=July 28, 2018}}</ref>
* ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name="ARIA19" />
* BPI: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI" />
| rowspan="2"| ''[[The Greatest Showman: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|The Greatest Showman]]''
|-
! scope="row" | "The Other Side" {{small|(with [[Hugh Jackman]])}}
| — || — || — || 54 || — || — || 48
|
* BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI" />
* RIAA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification |region=United States |artist=Hugh Jackman, Zac Efron |type=single |access-date=July 28, 2018}}</ref>
* RMNZ: 2× Platinum<ref name=Radioscope/>
|-
| colspan="14" style="text-align:center; font-size: 85%"| "—" denotes releases that did not chart or were not released in that territory.
|}

{{notelist-la}}

==Awards and nominations==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col"| Award
! scope="col"| Year of ceremony
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Nominated work
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[ASTRA Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| 2008
| Favourite International Personality or Actor
| ''[[High School Musical 2]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="ASTRA Awards Nom">2008 ASTRA Awards:
*{{cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=March 26, 2008 |title=2008 ASTRA Nominees Announced |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2008/03/2008-astra-nominees-announced.html |access-date=December 8, 2018 |website=[[TV Tonight]] |archive-date=October 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029074937/https://tvtonight.com.au/2008/03/2008-astra-nominees-announced.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=ASTRA Awards: The Winners |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2008/04/astra-awards-the-winners.html |last=Knox |first=David |date=April 21, 2008 |work=TV Tonight |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121105/https://tvtonight.com.au/2008/04/astra-awards-the-winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Critics' Choice Movie Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[13th Critics' Choice Awards|2008]]
| [[Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble|Best Acting Ensemble]]
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref name="Critics">{{cite web |date=January 8, 2008 |title="Old Men" Tops Critics' Choice Awards |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/old-men-tops-critics-choice-awards/ |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[CBS News]] |archive-date=August 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804140348/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/old-men-tops-critics-choice-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[ShoWest Convention|CinemaCon]]
| style="text-align:center"| 2016
| Comedy Star of the Year (shared with [[Anna Kendrick]] and [[Adam DeVine]])
| ''[[Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="CinemaCon">{{cite web |last=Thorburn |first=Stephen |date=April 17, 2016 |title=CinemaCon Presented the 2016 Big Screen Achievement Awards at Caesars Palace |url=https://www.axs.com/cinemacon-presented-the-2016-big-screen-achievement-awards-at-caesars--81839 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |publisher=[[AXS (company)|AXS]] |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722095614/https://www.axs.com/cinemacon-presented-the-2016-big-screen-achievement-awards-at-caesars--81839 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Daytime Emmy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[48th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards|2021]]
| Outstanding Daytime Program Host
|''[[Down to Earth with Zac Efron]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="emmy" />
|-
| Outstanding Travel, Adventure and Nature Program
| ''Down to Earth with Zac Efron''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[50th Daytime Creative Arts & Lifestyle Emmy Awards|2023]]
| Outstanding Daytime Program Host
| ''Down to Earth with Zac Efron''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web|last=Pedersen|first=Erik|date=April 26, 2023|title=Daytime Emmy Nominations: 'General Hospital' Leads Field & 'Kelly Clarkson' Tops Talkers|url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/2023-daytime-emmy-nominations-list-1235337722/|access-date=April 28, 2023|website=[[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]]|archive-date=April 27, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427055138/https://deadline.com/2023/04/2023-daytime-emmy-nominations-list-1235337722/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Outstanding Travel, Adventure and Nature Program
| ''Down to Earth with Zac Efron''
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Golden Raspberry Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[32nd Golden Raspberry Awards|2012]]
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo#Worst Screen Ensemble 2011–2012|Worst Screen Ensemble]]
| ''[[New Year's Eve (2011 film)|New Year's Eve]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2012 Razzie Awards">2012 Golden Raspberry Awards:
*{{cite web |last=Kellogg |first=Jane |date=February 26, 2012 |title=Razzie Awards Nominees Include Adam Sandler and ''Twilight''{{'}}s Kristin Stewart, Taylor Lautner |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/razzie-awards-nominations-adam-sandler-twilight-oscars-taylor-lautner-kristen-stewart-295092 |access-date=December 13, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121100/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/razzie-awards-nominations-adam-sandler-twilight-oscars-taylor-lautner-kristen-stewart-295092 |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=Adam Sandler, ''Jack and Jill'' Sweep Razzie Awards |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/razzie-awards-adam-sandler-jack-jill-sweep-306842 |last=Ford |first=Rebecca |date=April 2, 2012 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=December 13, 2018 |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121056/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/razzie-awards-adam-sandler-jack-jill-sweep-306842 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[38th Golden Raspberry Awards|2018]]
| [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor|Worst Actor]]
| ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2018 Razzie Awards">{{cite web |last=Moore |first=Sam |date=March 3, 2018 |title=''The Emoji Movie'' Has Won Worst Picture at the 2018 Razzies |url=https://www.nme.com/news/film/2018-razzies-winners-the-emoji-movie-worst-picture-oscars-2252835 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |website=[[NME]] |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215071131/https://www.nme.com/news/film/2018-razzies-winners-the-emoji-movie-worst-picture-oscars-2252835 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Hollywood Film Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| 2007
| Ensemble Acting of the Year – Musical/Comedy
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Hollywood Film Awards">{{cite web |title="Hairspray" Gets Ensemble Acting Honors from Hollywood Film Festival |url=http://www.hollywoodawards.com/news/2007/hairspray.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517085835/http://www.hollywoodawards.com/news/2007/hairspray.html |archive-date=May 17, 2008 |access-date=December 7, 2018 |publisher=[[Hollywood Film Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11"| [[MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[2008 MTV Movie Awards|2008]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance|Best Breakthrough Performance]]
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="MTV Movie Awards">{{cite web |last=Grant |first=Stacey |date=May 2, 2017 |title=Zac Efron's MTV Movie Awards Evolution Is a Testament to His Hair |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3006715/zac-efron-movie-tv-awards-history/ |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[MTV News]] |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070000/http://www.mtv.com/news/3006715/zac-efron-movie-tv-awards-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[2009 MTV Movie Awards|2009]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie|Best Male Performance]]
| ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]] (shared with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
|''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2010 MTV Movie Awards|2010]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie|Best Male Performance]]
| ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2011 MTV Movie Awards|2011]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Actor in a Movie|Best Male Performance]]
| ''[[Charlie St. Cloud]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2014 MTV Movie Awards|2014]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Shirtless Performance|Best Shirtless Performance]]
| ''[[That Awkward Moment]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"| [[2015 MTV Movie Awards|2015]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo|Best On-Screen Duo]] (shared with [[Dave Franco]])
| ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Shirtless Performance|Best Shirtless Performance]]
|''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]] (shared with [[Seth Rogen]])
|''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Musical Moment|Best Musical Moment]] (shared with [[Seth Rogen]])
|''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards|2017]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]] (shared with [[Anna Kendrick]])
| ''[[Mike and Dave Need Wedding Dates]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="MTV Movie Awards 2017">{{cite news |last=Loughrey |first=Clarisse |date=May 8, 2017 |title=MTV Movie Awards 2017: Moonlight Actors Dedicate Best Kiss Award to the ''Misfits'' Out There |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mtv-movie-awards-2017-moonlight-best-kiss-award-speech-misfits-ashton-sanders-jharrel-jerome-a7723726.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/mtv-movie-awards-2017-moonlight-best-kiss-award-speech-misfits-ashton-sanders-jharrel-jerome-a7723726.html |archive-date=May 7, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=[[The Independent]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[National Board of Review]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[National Board of Review Awards 2023|2023]]
| [[National Board of Review Award for Best Cast|Best Acting Ensemble]]
| data-sort-value="Iron Claw, The" | ''[[The Iron Claw (film)|The Iron Claw]]''
| {{won}}
|
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2007|2007]]
| Fave Movie Star
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2007 Kids">{{cite web |date=October 10, 2007 |title=Bindi Irwin Has the Slime of Her Life as She Wins Two Blimps at Nickelodeon's Australian Kids' Choice Awards! |url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/aussie.php |access-date=December 7, 2018 |publisher=[[Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)|Nickelodeon]] |archive-date=February 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208202011/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/aussie.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2009|2009]]
| Fave Movie Star
| ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2009 Kids">2009 Kids' Choice Awards Australia:
*{{cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=September 20, 2009 |title=2009 Kid's Choice Awards: Nominees |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/09/2009-kids-choice-awards-nominees.html |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=TV Tonight |archive-date=March 11, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311061608/https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/09/2009-kids-choice-awards-nominees.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=KCAs 09: Orange Carpet/Winners |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/11/kcas-09-orange-carpet-winners.html |last=Knox |first=David |date=November 14, 2009 |work=TV Tonight |access-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-date=April 29, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429133831/https://tvtonight.com.au/2009/11/kcas-09-orange-carpet-winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[Nickelodeon Australian Kids' Choice Awards 2010|2010]]
| Cutest Couple (shared with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| —
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2010 Kids">2010 Kids' Choice Awards Australia:
*{{cite web |last=Knox |first=David |date=August 16, 2010 |title=Kids' Choice Awards: 2010 Nominees |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2010/08/kids-choice-awards-2010-nominees.html |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=TV Tonight |archive-date=December 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219051220/https://tvtonight.com.au/2010/08/kids-choice-awards-2010-nominees.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=The 2010 Australian Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award Winners |url=https://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/List-winners-from-2010-Australian-Nickelodeon-Kids-Choice-Awards-including-Rove-Kyle-Sandilands-Jessica-Mauboy-11413235 |date=October 11, 2010 |work=[[PopSugar]] |access-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327101650/https://www.popsugar.com.au/celebrity/List-winners-from-2010-Australian-Nickelodeon-Kids-Choice-Awards-including-Rove-Kyle-Sandilands-Jessica-Mauboy-11413235 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[2010 Kids' Choice Awards|2010]]
| Favorite Movie Actor
| ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="KCA">2010 Kids' Choice Awards:
*{{cite web |title=Zac Efron (17 Again) |url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/zac-efron-17-again-biography.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105110736/http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/zac-efron-17-again-biography.html |archive-date=January 5, 2011 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |publisher=Nickelodeon }}
*{{cite web |title=Kids' Choice Awards – All Winners |url=http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/ |publisher=Nickelodeon |access-date=December 9, 2018 |format=select "2010 Winners" |archive-date=January 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122184504/http://www.nick.com/kids-choice-awards/all-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards 2007|2007]]
| Best TV Actor
| ''[[High School Musical]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="KCA UK">{{cite web |date=October 20, 2007 |title=Winners Announced for the First Ever Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards UK |url=http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/ |access-date=December 12, 2018 |publisher=Nickelodeon |archive-date=October 18, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018175159/http://www.nickkcapress.com/2007KCA/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]]
| style="text-align:center"| 2008
| Best Ensemble Cast
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="Palm Springs International Film">{{cite web |date=January 5, 2008 |title=Palm Springs Film Festival |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/palm-springs-film-festival-7-1-08/6/ |access-date=December 7, 2018 |website=CBS News |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215120955/https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/palm-springs-film-festival-7-1-08/6/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[People's Choice Awards]]
| style="text-align:center" | [[35th People's Choice Awards|2009]]
| [[35th People's Choice Awards#Favorite Star Under 35|Favorite Star Under 35]]
| —
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center" |<ref>2009 People's Choice Awards:
*{{cite web |date=November 10, 2008 |title=Nominees Announced for the 2009 People's Choice Awards |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/zap-35thpeopleschoiceawardsnominations-story.html |access-date=December 8, 2018 |website=[[Chicago Tribune]] |archive-date=January 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113035953/https://www.chicagotribune.com/zap-35thpeopleschoiceawardsnominations-story.html |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=The 35th Annual People's Choice Awards Kicked Off Award Season with Big Names and Even Bigger Surprises |url=https://www.cbspressexpress.com/cbs-news/releases/view?id=20580 |date=January 8, 2009 |work=CBS News |access-date=December 9, 2018 |archive-date=January 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113040153/https://www.cbspressexpress.com/cbs-news/releases/view?id=20580 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[37th People's Choice Awards|2011]]
| Favorite Movie Star Under 25
| —
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |title=37th Annual People's Choice Awards Winners and Nominees |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/zap-peoples-choice-2011-nominees-winners-pics-photogallery.html |access-date=December 9, 2018 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=January 6, 2011 |format=scroll to slide 11 of 44 |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215120955/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/zap-peoples-choice-2011-nominees-winners-pics-photogallery.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[39th People's Choice Awards|2013]]
| Favorite Dramatic Movie Actor
| data-sort-value="Lucky One, The" | ''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 10, 2013 |title=2013 People's Choice Awards Winners List |url=https://ew.com/article/2013/01/10/peoples-choice-awards-winners-2013/ |access-date=December 9, 2018 |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-date=July 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710081316/https://ew.com/article/2013/01/10/peoples-choice-awards-winners-2013/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[41st People's Choice Awards|2015]]
| Favorite Comedic Movie Actor
| ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |date=January 7, 2015 |title=People's Choice Awards 2015: Full Winners List |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/peoples-choice-awards-winners-list-2015-1201395501/ |access-date=December 9, 2018 |website=Variety |archive-date=April 30, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430210333/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/peoples-choice-awards-winners-list-2015-1201395501/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[43rd People's Choice Awards|2017]]
| Favorite Comedic Movie Actor
| ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Chestang |first=Raphael |date=January 18, 2017 |title=People's Choice Awards 2017: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.etonline.com/awards/207853_people_choice_awards_2017_the_complete_winners_list |access-date=December 9, 2018 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-date=January 19, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119035627/http://www.etonline.com/awards/207853_people_choice_awards_2017_the_complete_winners_list/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Saturn Awards]]
| style="text-align:center"| [[45th Saturn Awards|2019]]
| Best Actor in Streaming Presentation
| ''[[Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref>{{cite web |last=Mancuso |first=Vinnie |date=July 16, 2019 |title='Avengers: Endgame', ''Game of Thrones'' Lead the 2019 Saturn Awards Nominations |url=https://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ |access-date=July 16, 2019 |website=Collider |archive-date=July 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716042350/http://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[Screen Actors Guild Award]]s
| style="text-align:center"| [[14th Screen Actors Guild Awards|2008]]
| [[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture|Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture]]
| ''[[Hairspray (2007 film)|Hairspray]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="SAG Awards">{{cite web |title=The 14th Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/14th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |access-date=December 7, 2018 |publisher=[[Screen Actors Guild Award]] |archive-date=January 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108030524/https://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/14th-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| [[ShoWest Convention]]
| style="text-align:center"| 2009
| Breakthrough Performer of the Year
| ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="ShoWest Convention">{{cite web |date=February 26, 2009 |title=Zac Efron Named Breakthrough Performer of 2009 |url=https://www.accessonline.com/articles/zac-efron-named-breakthrough-performer-of-2009-68133 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |website=[[Access (U.S. TV program)|Access]] |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121032/https://www.accessonline.com/articles/zac-efron-named-breakthrough-performer-of-2009-68133 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="30"| [[Teen Choice Awards]]
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[2006 Teen Choice Awards|2006]]
| Choice Breakout TV Star
| ''[[High School Musical]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2006 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |last=Pemberton |first=Patrick S. |date=August 13, 2007 |title=Zac Efron Wins at Teen Choice Awards |url=https://www.sanluisobispo.com/entertainment/celebrities/article39105462.html |access-date=December 11, 2018 |website=[[The Tribune (San Luis Obispo)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
|-
| Choice TV Chemistry (shared with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
|''[[High School Musical]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2007 Teen Choice Awards|2007]]
| Choice Male Hottie
| —
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2007 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |date=January 5, 2008 |title=2007 Teen Choice Awards |url=https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/Entertainment/2007-Teen-Choice-Awards/50/ph4/ |access-date=December 11, 2018 |publisher=United Press International |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215070207/https://www.upi.com/News_Photos/Entertainment/2007-Teen-Choice-Awards/50/ph4/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[2008 Teen Choice Awards|2008]]
| Choice Male Hottie
| —
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2008 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |date=June 17, 2008 |title=2008 Teen Choice Awards Winners and Nominees |url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17,0,2603341.htmlstory |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912051322/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/env-2008-teen-choice-awards-scorecard17jun17,0,2603341.htmlstory |archive-date=September 12, 2008 |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|-
| Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon – Male
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"| [[2009 Teen Choice Awards|2009]]
| Choice Comedy Movie Actor
| ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2009 Teen Choice Awards">2009 Teen Choice Awards:
*{{cite web |date=June 15, 2009 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2009 Nominees |url=https://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/teen-choice-awards-2009-nominees.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221031655/http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/awards/2009/06/teen-choice-awards-2009-nominees.html |archive-date=February 21, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=Los Angeles Times }}
*{{cite web |title=Teen Choice Awards Winners |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-08-10-teen-choice-winners_N.htm |date=August 10, 2009 |work=[[USA Today]] |access-date=December 12, 2018 |archive-date=July 29, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729053845/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/life/people/2009-08-10-teen-choice-winners_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Choice Music/Dance Movie Actor
| ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Choice Movie Rockstar Moment
| ''[[17 Again (film)|17 Again]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Choice Movie Liplock (shared with [[Vanessa Hudgens]])
| ''[[High School Musical 3: Senior Year]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Male Hottie
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon – Male
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"| [[2010 Teen Choice Awards|2010]]
| Choice Summer Movie Actor
| ''[[Charlie St. Cloud]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2010 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |last=Elkins |first=Chris |date=August 10, 2010 |title=2010 Teen Choice Awards Scorecard |url=http://www.djournal.com/news/teen-choice-awards-scorecard/article_d124d77b-36e9-5267-b179-c23bc4abcf3b.html |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=[[Northeast Mississippi Daily Journal]] |archive-date=August 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807153606/https://www.djournal.com/news/teen-choice-awards-scorecard/article_d124d77b-36e9-5267-b179-c23bc4abcf3b.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Choice Male Hottie
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon – Male
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Smile
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2011 Teen Choice Awards|2011]]
| Choice Red Carpet Fashion Icon – Male
| —
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2011 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |title=OTRC: 2011 Teen Choice Awards: Check Out the Full List of Winners |url=https://abc7.com/archive/8294489/ |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=[[KABC-TV|ABC 7]] |archive-date=December 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215121041/https://abc7.com/archive/8294489/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"| [[2012 Teen Choice Awards|2012]]
| Choice Drama Movie Actor
| data-sort-value="Lucky One, The" | ''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2012 Teen Choice Awards">2012 Teen Choice Awards:
*{{cite magazine |last=Macatee |first=Rebecca |date=June 14, 2012 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2012: Breaking Dawn, Snow White Lead Second Wave of Nominations |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/323500/teen-choice-awards-2012-breaking-dawn-snow-white-lead-second-wave-of-nominations |access-date=December 12, 2018 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-date=May 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528034847/https://www.eonline.com/news/323500/teen-choice-awards-2012-breaking-dawn-snow-white-lead-second-wave-of-nominations |url-status=live }}
*{{cite magazine |title=The 2012 Teen Choice Awards: EW's Alternate-Category Winners – Plus the Real Ones |url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/07/23/2012-teen-choice-awards-winners-list/3/ |last=Barrett |first=Annie |date=July 23, 2012 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920181055/http://popwatch.ew.com/2012/07/23/2012-teen-choice-awards-winners-list/3/ |archive-date=September 20, 2013 |access-date=December 12, 2018 }}</ref>
|-
| Choice Romance Movie Actor
| data-sort-value="Lucky One, The" |''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Choice Movie Voice
| data-sort-value="Lorax, The" | ''[[The Lorax (film)|The Lorax]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Movie Liplock (shared with [[Taylor Schilling]])
| data-sort-value="Lucky One, The" | ''[[The Lucky One (film)|The Lucky One]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[2014 Teen Choice Awards|2014]]
| Choice Male Hottie
| —
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2014 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=August 10, 2014 |title=Teen Choice Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2014-winners-724423 |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |archive-date=October 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012164927/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/teen-choice-awards-2014-winners-724423 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|2016]]
| Choice Comedy Movie Actor
| ''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2016 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |last=Takeda |first=Allison |date=August 1, 2016 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2016: All the Nominees and Winners |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/teen-choice-awards-2016-all-the-nominees-and-winners-w431883/ |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=[[Us Weekly]] |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110113318/https://www.usmagazine.com/entertainment/news/teen-choice-awards-2016-all-the-nominees-and-winners-w431883/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Choice Movie Hissy Fit
|''[[Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"| [[2017 Teen Choice Awards|2017]]
| Choice Comedy Movie Actor
| ''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2017 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |last2=Knapp |first2=JD |date=August 13, 2017 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2017: ''Riverdale'', Fifth Harmony Shut Out Competition |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=Variety |archive-date=August 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816144937/http://variety.com/2017/tv/awards/teen-choice-awards-2017-tcas-fox-winners-list-riverdale-fifth-harmony-1202526197/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Choice MovieShip (shared with [[Dwayne Johnson]])
|''[[Baywatch (film)|Baywatch]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center"| [[2018 Teen Choice Awards|2018]]
| Choice Drama Movie Actor
| data-sort-value="Greatest Showman, The" | ''[[The Greatest Showman]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2018 Teen Choice Awards">{{cite web |date=August 12, 2018 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2018: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.etonline.com/teen-choice-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-107721 |access-date=December 12, 2018 |website=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512163635/https://www.etonline.com/teen-choice-awards-2018-complete-winners-list-107721 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Choice MovieShip (shared with [[Zendaya]])
| data-sort-value="Greatest Showman, The" | ''[[The Greatest Showman]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Music – Collaboration|Choice Collaboration]] (shared with [[Zendaya]] for "[[Rewrite the Stars]]")
| data-sort-value="Greatest Showman, The" | ''[[The Greatest Showman]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| Choice Liplock (shared with [[Zendaya]])
| data-sort-value="Greatest Showman, The" | ''[[The Greatest Showman]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Choice Male Hottie
| —
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[Young Artist Award]]s
| style="text-align:center"| [[26th Young Artist Awards|2005]]
| Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special – Supporting Young Actor
| ''[[Miracle Run]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2005 Young Artist Awards">{{cite web |title=26th Annual Young Artist Awards – Nominations/Special Awards |url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms26.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170122102442/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms26.htm |archive-date=January 22, 2017 |access-date=December 8, 2018 |publisher=[[Young Artist Award]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center"| [[28th Young Artist Awards|2007]]
| Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Comedy or Drama) – Leading Young Actor
| ''[[High School Musical]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2007 Young Artist Awards">{{cite web |title=28th Annual Young Artist Awards – Nominations/Special Awards |url=http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms28.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120000326/http://www.youngartistawards.org/noms28.htm |archive-date=January 20, 2017 |access-date=December 9, 2018 |publisher=Young Artist Awards}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="3"| [[Young Hollywood Awards]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"| [[2014 Young Hollywood Awards|2014]]
| Best Cast Chemistry – Film
| ''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center"|<ref name="2014 Young Hollywood Awards">2014 Young Hollywood Awards:
*{{cite web |date=June 26, 2014 |title=2014 Young Hollywood Awards Nominees Include ''Pretty Little Liars'', ''Fault in Our Stars'' |url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/young-hollywood-awards-nominees-2014-announced-1201251383/ |access-date=December 11, 2018 |website=Variety |archive-date=November 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112041255/https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/young-hollywood-awards-nominees-2014-announced-1201251383/ |url-status=live }}
*{{cite web |title=Young Hollywood Awards Honor Ansel Elgort, ''The Fault in Our Stars'' and ''Orange Is the New Black'' |url=https://variety.com/2014/scene/news/young-hollywood-awards-winners-list-ansel-elgort-1201270321/ |last=Johns |first=Nikara |date=July 28, 2014 |work=Variety |access-date=December 11, 2018 |archive-date=July 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203422/https://variety.com/2014/scene/news/young-hollywood-awards-winners-list-ansel-elgort-1201270321/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Best Threesome (shared with [[Dave Franco]] and [[Christopher Mintz-Plasse]])
|''[[Neighbors (2014 film)|Neighbors]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Threesome (shared with [[Miles Teller]] and [[Michael B. Jordan]])
| ''[[That Awkward Moment]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Zac Efron
|list =
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Breakthrough Performance}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Performance}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Shirtless Performance}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Efron, Zac}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American singers]]
[[Category:21st-century American male singers]]
[[Category:American agnostics]]
[[Category:American emigrants to Australia]]
[[Category:American people of Jewish descent]]
[[Category:American male child actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male television actors]]
[[Category:American male voice actors]]
[[Category:Daytime Emmy Award winners]]
[[Category:Jewish agnostics]]
[[Category:Male actors from San Luis Obispo County, California]]
[[Category:Pacific Conservatory of the Performing Arts alumni]]
[[Category:People from Arroyo Grande, California]]
[[Category:People from San Luis Obispo, California]]
[[Category:Singers from California]]

Jama Masjid, Delhi

2026-03-26T14:10:44Z

JoanneMoffit: general refine structure to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Mosque in Delhi, India}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Jama Masjid
| image = Jama Masjid - In the Noon.jpg
| image_upright =
| caption = The mosque exterior, in 2008
| location = [[Old Delhi]], [[Central Delhi]]
| country = [[India]]
| map_type = India Delhi central
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Central Delhi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.6507|77.2334|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN-DL|display=it}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rite = [[Hanafi]]
| status = {{nowrap|[[Congregational mosque]]}}
| functional_status = Active
| leadership = {{ubl|{{nowrap|[[Syed Ahmed Bukhari]]}} {{small|(''[[Shahi Imam]]'')}}|[[Syed Shaban Bukhari]] {{small|(''Naib Shahi Imam'')}}}}
| governing_body =
| year_completed = {{start date and age| 1656}}
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architect =
| architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}}
| construction_cost = {{INR}}1 million
| capacity = 25,000 worshippers
| facade_direction = West
| length = {{convert|40|m|ft}}
| width = {{convert|27|m|ft}}
| dome_quantity = 3
| minaret_quantity = 2
| minaret_height = {{convert|41|m|ft}}
| materials = [[Red sandstone]], [[marble]]
| website = {{URL|http://delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/tourist_place/jama_masjid.jsp|Jama Masjid}}
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Ancient Mosque | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-DL-162 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}

The '''Masjid-i-Jehan-Numa''', commonly known as the '''Jama Masjid''', in [[Old Delhi]] area of [[Delhi]], is one of the largest [[mosques]] in [[India]].<ref name="JM">{{cite web |title=Jama Masjid, Delhi |url=http://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/jama-masjid.html |access-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=Cultural India website |date=n.d. |archive-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205153101/https://www.culturalindia.net/monuments/jama-masjid.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its builder was the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]], between 1644 and 1656, and it was inaugurated by its first [[Imam]], Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari. Situated in the Mughal capital of ''[[Shahjahanabad]]'' (today Old Delhi), it served as the imperial mosque of the [[Mughal emperors]] until the demise of the empire in 1857. The Jama Masjid was regarded as a symbolic gesture of Mughal power across India. It was also a site of political significance during several key periods of British rule. It remains in active use, and is one of Delhi's most iconic sites, closely identified with the methods of Old Delhi. The mosque structure is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref name="ASI MNI">{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-delhi/|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Delhi |work=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2018-10-02}}</ref>

== Names ==
The mosque has two names. The older one, bestowed by Shah Jahan, is ''Masjid-i-Jehān-Numā'', interpreted as "mosque that reflects the whole world", probably an [[allusion]] to the [[Cup of Jamshid|''Jām-e-Jehān Numā'']]. The other more common one is ''Jāmā Masjid'' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|جامع مسجد}}}}, from the Arabic meaning "[[congregational mosque]]"), which emerged among the common populace.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=18}} The term ''Jama Masjid'' is not unique to this mosque; since the 7th century, it has been used to denote the community mosque or Friday mosque, and hence many around the world bear this name and variants of it.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=16-17}}

== Location ==
[[File:Old Delhi market, Jama Masjid.jpg|thumb|Old Delhi market opposite Jama Masjid, Delhi]]
The mosque is located within the historic city of [[Shahjahanabad]], today known as the locality of Old Delhi. Across from the mosque are the [[Red Fort]] and [[Sunehri Masjid (Chandni Chowk)|Sunehri Masjid]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-27 |title=Shahjahanabad: How a planned city came undone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/shahjahanabad-how-a-planned-city-came-undone/story-z7Gg3imYzCjCQQP3CBuZCO.html |access-date=2021-09-12 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> As one of the focal points of Old Delhi, Jama Masjid is surrounded by various commercial centres, such as the historic [[Chandni Chowk]].{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=102}} The tomb of [[Abul Kalam Azad]], Indian independence activist, is located adjacent to the mosque.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=114}}

== History ==

=== Construction and Mughal era ===
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Jahan]] built the Jama Masjid between 1650 and 1656, at the highest point of Shahjahanabad. It was constructed by approximately 5,000 workers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Lews |first=Robert |title=Jama Masjid of Delhi |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Jami-Masjid-mosque-Delhi-India |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref name=Asher>{{cite book |author=Asher, Catherine B. |year=1992 |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Architecture of Mughal India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=193 |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The workforce was diverse, consisting of Indians, Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Europeans. The construction was supervised primarily by [[Saadullah Khan (Mughal Empire)|Sadullah Khan]], the [[Vizier|wazir]] (or prime minister) during Shah Jahan's reign, and Fazil Khan, the [[comptroller]] of Shah Jahan's household. The cost of the construction at the time was ten lakh (one million) rupees.<ref name="Ur-Rahman">{{Cite book |last=Ur-Rahman |first=Aziz |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/history-jama-masjid-and-interpretation-muslim-devotions |title=History of Jama Masjid and interpretation of Muslim devotions |year=1936 |isbn= }}</ref>{{rp|8–9}} The mosque was inaugurated on 23 July 1656 by Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari, from [[Bukhara]], [[Uzbekistan]]. He had been invited by Shah Jahan to be the ''[[Shahi Imam]]'' (Royal [[Imam]]) of the mosque.<ref>Dalrymple, p.252</ref>

The mosque was one of the last monuments built under Shah Jahan. After its completion, it served as the royal mosque of the emperors until the end of the Mughal period. The ''[[Khutbah|khutba]]'' was recited by the Mughal emperor during the Friday noon prayer, legitimising his rule. The mosque was hence a symbol of Mughal sovereignty in India, carrying political significance. It was also an important centre of social life for the residents of Shahjahanabad, providing a space transcending class divide for diverse people to interact.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=18}}{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=92-93}} In 1757, the ''khutba'' was read in the name of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], the Afghan conqueror who was invited to Delhi by Emperor [[Alamgir II]].<ref>''[https://books.google.com.au/books/about/Marathas_and_Panipat.html?id=TmU9AAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Marathas and Panipat]'' by Hari Ram Gupta (1961) pg. 326</ref>

=== British rule ===
[[File:Eastern gate of the Jami Masjid at Delhi, India. Coloured aq Wellcome V0050460.jpg|thumb|245x245px|Eastern gate of the Jami Masjid, painted in 1795 by [[Thomas Daniell]]]]
The British took over Shahjahanabad in 1803. The Mughal Emperor remained the ritual imperial head of the mosque, but Mughal power and patronage had significantly waned.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=19}}{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=106}} The initial policy of the British in the city was favourable towards its residents; the British undertook repairs and even renovations of the Jama Masjid.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=19}} The Masjid continued to serve as a site of social and political discourse, in keeping with other mosques of Delhi at the time; for example, theological and philosophical debates were held between Muslims and Christians.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=94}}

The [[Revolt of 1857]] was a major turning point in this situation. This event resulted in the deaths of many British people in the city, and weakened colonial authority, deeply affronting the British.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=19}} It also ended the Mughal empire. The British perceived the revolt as instigated by Muslims, cultivated within Delhi's mosques.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=95}} After the British reclaimed the city in the same year, they razed many mosques and banned the congregation of Muslims in any remaining mosques. The Jama Masjid fell into British confiscation during this time, and was barred from any religious use. It was repeatedly considered for destruction, but the British eventually began using it as barracks for its Sikh and European soldiers. This was a desecration of the space; Aziz characterises the decision as deliberate, in order to insult the sentiments of the city's Muslim inhabitants.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=20-21}}

The Masjid was eventually returned to the Muslim population in 1862, due to their increasing resentment of British actions. Multiple conditions were imposed, including the usage of Jama Masjid as strictly a religious site, as well as mandatory policing by the British. The Jama Masjid Managing Committee (JMMC), consisting of respected Muslims of Delhi, was established as a formal body to represent the mosque and enforce these conditions.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=24-27}}{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=93}}

Upon its return, the Jama Masjid was reestablished as a mosque. Though the Mughal state had been dissolved, the mosque received patronage from various regional Islamic rulers and nobles. In 1886, the [[Nawab of Rampur]] donated a large sum of 1,55,000 rupees to facilitate repairs. In 1926, a donation from the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] of 1,00,000 rupees was used for similar purposes.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=103-104}}
[[File:Jama Masjid, Delhi, watercolour, 1852.jpg|thumb|Jama Masjid in 1852, as seen from the adjacent [[Urdu Bazaar]].|252x252px]]Growing unrest against British rule manifested in Delhi's mosques from 1911. The Jama Masjid was frequently used for non-religious, political purposes, against the rules instituted. While the British could police and clamp down on political activities in public spaces, the Jama Masjid was a religious space and was hence protected from such action, by both law (Religious Endowment Act, 1863) and the sentiments of Delhi.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=96-97}} Hindus often gathered with Muslims in the mosque to express anti-colonial solidarity, in spite of simmering tension between the communities in the colonial period.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=111}}

=== Post-Colonial era ===
The Jama Masjid continued to be a political symbol after independence. Indian independence activist [[Abul Kalam Azad]] delivered a speech from its pulpit during the Thursday (''Jumerat'') prayers of 23 October 1947. The Partition of India was underway, causing massive population movements in Delhi. Azad implored the Muslims of Delhi to remain in India, and attempted to reassure them that India was still their homeland.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=113-114}}

During 1948, the last [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Asaf Jah VII]] was asked for a donation of 75,000 rupees to repair one-fourth of the mosque floor. The Nizam instead sanctioned 3,00,000 rupees, stating that the remaining three-fourths of the mosque should not look old.<ref>{{cite web |date=February 24, 2017 |title=Remembering Mir Osman Ali Khan on his 51st death anniversary |url=https://medium.com/@hyderabadhistoryproject/remembering-mir-osman-ali-khan-on-his-51st-death-anniversary-3aaf53430998 |access-date=June 17, 2018 |work=Medium corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 25, 2017 |title=Surviving aides say Mir Osman Ali Khan donated generously for social causes, but did not like to spend on himself |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/the-last-nizam-of-hyderabad-was-not-a-miser/article17367987.ece |access-date=June 18, 2018}}</ref>

The mosque served as a site of significance with regards to the infamously communal [[Ayodhya dispute|Babri Masjid dispute]]. [[Abdullah Bukhari]], the Shahi Imam of the Jama Masjid at the time, made several speeches in 1986 regarding the issue from the Masjid, condemning the political support given to the Hindu cause and mobilising Muslim sentiments. In one instance this ignited riots and clashes in Old Delhi. In 1987, Jama Masjid was the staging point for a major peaceful protest regarding the Babri Masjid dispute. On 28 May 1987, amidst rising communal tensions and riots all over India, the Jama Masjid was closed by the Imam and adorned in black cloth, symbolising Muslim resentment of government actions at the time. The decision was highly controversial among Islamic leadership.<ref name=ahmed>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Hilal |date=2013 |title=Mosque as Monument: The Afterlives of Jama Masjid and the Political Memories of a Royal Muslim Past |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2013.772814 |journal=South Asian Studies |volume=29 |pages=52–55, 56 |doi=10.1080/02666030.2013.772814 |s2cid=85512513 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

=== Modern era ===
[[File:Jama Masjid,Delhi,India 05.jpg|thumb|248x248px|View of Delhi from the mosque's domes. Jama Masjid has been an enduring symbol of Delhi throughout its history.]]
[[File:People offering Namaz on the occasion of Id-Ul-Zuha, at Jama Masjid, in New Delhi on August 12, 2019 (1).jpg|thumb|People offering [[Namaz]] on the occasion of [[Id-ul-Zuha]], in 2019]]
The Jama Masjid serves as Delhi's primary mosque,<ref name=":0" /> and has a largely congregational function. The Muslims of the city traditionally gather here to offer communal Friday prayer, as well as for major festivals such as [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]]. The mosque is also a major [[tourist attraction]], and derives a significant amount of income through the visits of foreigners.<ref name=ahmed/>

The function of the mosque as an autonomous political space has continued in the modern era. For example, in 2001 (in the aftermath of the [[9/11 attacks]]) the mosque was a site of protest against U.S bombings in Afghanistan.{{Sfn|Rajagopalan|2016|p=116}} In 2019, massive protests occurred at the site due to the controversial [[Citizenship Amendment Act]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thousands protest against citizenship law near Jama Masjid |work=Telangana Today |url=https://telanganatoday.com/thousands-protest-against-citizenship-law-near-jama-masjid |date= |access-date= }}</ref>

==== Renovation ====

In 2006, it was reported that the mosque was in urgent need of repair, following which the [[Saudi Arabia]]n king [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|Abdullah]] offered to pay for it. The Imam said that he had received the offer directly from the Saudi authorities, but requested them to approach the [[Government of India|Indian Government]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Saudi offer to fix Delhi mosque |date=4 January 2006 |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4581056.stm |access-date=23 March 2015 |work=[[BBC News]] }}</ref> However, the [[Delhi High Court]] said that this matter had no "legal sanctity" giving no "special equities" to the Imam.

A project aiming to renovate the Jama Masjid and its surroundings has remained unimplemented since the early 2000s, due to several administrative and logistical roadblocks.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jama Masjid: Restorations plans for Delhi's grand old mosque put on fast track |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/jama-masjid-restorations-plans-for-delhi-s-grand-old-mosque-put-on-fast-track/story-dQDFtjfKwXJDvQdP1892MK.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date= |access-date= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lack of funds holds up Jama Masjid refurbishment |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/Lack-of-funds-holds-up-Jama-Masjid-refurbishment/article16836616.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 January 2010 |access-date= }}</ref>[[File:Jama Maszid.jpg|thumb|500px| Eid panorama at the mosque]]

==== 2006 Jama Masjid explosions ====
{{main|2006 Jama Masjid explosions}}
On 14 April 2006, there were [[2006 Jama Masjid explosions|two explosions]] which came soon after Friday prayers and occurred in swift succession. It was unclear how the blasts occurred. Among the casualties, one was in serious condition, whereas eight other people sustained minor injuries. Imam [[Ahmed Bukhari]] commented, "there is anger among our people but I am appealing to them to maintain calm".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4910028.stm |title=Nine hurt in Delhi mosque blast |date=14 April 2006 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=23 March 2015 }}</ref>

====2010 Jama Masjid attack====
{{main|2010 Jama Masjid attack}}
On 15 September 2010, two Taiwanese tourists were injured after gunmen on a motorcycle opened fire on a bus parked near gate number three of the mosque.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-11361549 |title=Tourists shot near Delhi mosque |date=19 September 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=19 May 2017 }}</ref> After the attack, the police detained 30 people to question and the area was turned into a fortress because policemen were heavily deployed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/4-terrorists-involved-in-jama-masjid-firing-intelligence-sources-82374-2010-09-19 |title=4 terrorists involved in Jama Masjid firing: Intelligence sources |work=India Today |date=20 September 2010 |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref>

In November 2011, the [[Delhi Police]] arrested six members of the [[Indian Mujahideen]] who were believed to be behind the Jama Masjid blast along with the [[2010 Pune bombing|Pune German bakery]] blast. Sources said that the "'main man' Imran" allegedly planted the bomb in a car outside the mosque.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-6-indian-mujahideen-operatives-arrested/207114-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111201183929/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/delhi-6-indian-mujahideen-operatives-arrested/207114-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 December 2011 |title=6 arrested for Pune blast, Jama Masjid attack |work=IBN Live |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref> In September 2013 it was reported that [[Yasin Bhatkal]], a leader of the group, along with Assadullah Akhtar, were arrested the month before and they admitted that they carried out the attack with the on-the-run Pakistani national Waqas. Yasin said that he was ordered by Karachi-based IM head Riyaz Bhatkal to do the task as the Imam allowed "semi-naked" foreigners inside it.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/cops-got-wrong-man-for-jama-masjid-attack-bhatkal/article1-1122253.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425123019/http://www.hindustantimes.com/newdelhi/cops-got-wrong-man-for-jama-masjid-attack-bhatkal/article1-1122253.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2015 |date= |title=Cops got wrong man for Jama Masjid attack: Bhatkal |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=10 April 2015}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Jama Masjid was built as a part of Shah Jahan's new capital in Delhi, [[Shahjahanabad]]. At the time of its construction, it was the largest mosque in the Indian subcontinent. Shah Jahan claimed the mosque was modelled after the [[Jama Mosque, Fatehpur Sikri|Jama Masjid of Fatehpur Sikri]], and this is reflected in the design of many exterior features, such as the [[façade]] and courtyard. However, the interior of the mosque more closely resembles the [[Jama Mosque, Agra|Jama Masjid in Agra]].<ref name=Asher/>{{rp|202}} The mosque predominantly uses [[red sandstone]], and is set apart from its predecessors by a more extensive usage of white marble. Black marble also features as a decorative element.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Jama Masjid (Delhi)|url=https://archnet.org/sites/1571|website=Archnet}}</ref><ref name=Asher/>{{rp|250}} Arabic and Persian calligraphic pieces are found on various surfaces of the structure, whose content ranges from religious to [[panegyric]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=Asher/>{{rp|202}}<ref name=":0" />

Having been built on a hill, the mosque is situated on a plinth elevated {{convert|10|m}} above the surrounding city.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> The complex is oriented to the west, towards [[Mecca]].<ref name=":0" /> An imperial college, imperial dispensary, and [[madrasa]] used to lie adjacent to the structure, but were destroyed in the uprisings of 1857.{{Sfn|Aziz|2017|p=17-18}}

=== Gates ===
[[File:Visitor at Jama entrance.jpg|thumb|Eastern (main) gate]]
The mosque is accessed by three sandstone gates. The most prominent of these is the three-storey high eastern gate, which historically acted as the ''shahi'' (royal) entrance, reserved only for the use of the Emperor and his associates. The other two entrances are the northern and southern gates, which are two stories high and were used by the general population.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Alfieri |first1=Bianca Maria |title=Islamic Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |last2=Borromeo |first2=Federico |publisher=Lawrence King Publishing |year=2000 |isbn=978-1-85669-189-5 |pages=248}}</ref> Each gate is accompanied by a three-sided sandstone stairway, with white markings to designate prayer positions.<ref name=":2" /> The cabinet located in the north gate has a collection of relics of [[Muhammad]] – the [[Quran]] written on deerskin, a red beard-hair of the prophet, his sandals and his footprints embedded in a marble block.<ref name="JM" />{{Better source needed|date=May 2021}}

=== Courtyard ===
The square ''[[sahn]]'' (courtyard) is paved with red sandstone, and faces the eastern gate. It has a side length of at least {{convert|99|m|ft}}, and can accommodate 25,000 worshippers. In its centre lies a marble [[Wudu|ablution]] tank, measuring {{convert|17|m}} long and {{convert|15|m}} wide. Open arcades run along the edges of the courtyard, through which the surroundings of the masjid are visible. [[Chhatris]] mark the four corners of the courtyard, rising above the arcades.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

=== Prayer Hall ===
[[File:Jama Masjid, Prayer area and interior arches, Delhi, India.jpg|thumb|Interior section of the prayer hall]]
The prayer hall measures {{convert|61|m|ft}} long and {{convert|27|m|ft}} wide. Three marble domes rise up from its roof, featuring golden [[finial]]s. The [[façade]] of the prayer hall features a grand ''[[pishtaq]]'' in the centre, flanked by five smaller, cusped archways on either side. Above each archway of the prayer hall are some calligraphic pieces. The interior of the hall bears seven ''[[mihrab]]s'' (prayer niches) on the western ''[[qibla]]'' wall, corresponding to the seven bays into which the hall is divided. The central ''mihrab'' is intricately decorated and clad in marble, with a marble ''[[minbar]]'' (pulpit) lying to its right. The hall is floored with white and black ornamented marble to look like a Muslim prayer mat.<ref name=":2" />

=== Minarets ===
The mosque's domes are flanked by two sandstone [[minaret]]s, at the northeast and southeast corners.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> They are {{convert|41|m|ft}} high and longitudinally striped with white marble. Each minaret consists of 130 steps, along which viewing galleries occur at three places. Both minarets are topped with a marble chhatri.<ref name=":2" />

== Shahi Imam ==
{{Main|Shahi Imam}}
Shah Jahān's wish was apparently to build the most important mosque in India, without any parallel anywhere in the Mughal Empire. He also decided that its Imam (the Muslim religious leader who leads the prayer) was to become the most important religious leader of his reign. The Imam of Jama Masjid thus received the title of Shahī Imam (religious leader installed by emperor). All subsequent Mughal emperors from Aurangzeb to Bahadur Shah II (1837-1857) were crowned by the Shahi Imam of the Jama Masjid in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hajianfard |first1=Ramin |title=Building of the Jama Masjid in Delhi (1650-1656) |date=2016 |publisher=CA, ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-1610695664 |page=784 }}</ref>
The [[Imam]]s of Delhi's Jama Masjid have traditionally been the direct descendants of the first Imam of the Masjid, Syed Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari, who was appointed by Shah Jahan.<ref name="Ur-Rahman"/>{{rp|34–35}} Their position is known as that of the ''Shahi Imam,'' or Royal Imam. The person next-in-line to the position is known as the ''Naib Imam'', or Deputy Imam.<ref name=ahmed/> The Shahi Imams bear the last name of ''Bukhari,'' denoting their ancestral origin in [[Bukhara]] (of modern day Uzbekistan). The imams who have occupied the position are listed below.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Ordinal !! Name !! Title !! Term start !! Term end !! Time in office
|-
|align=center| {{nts|1}} || Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari || ''Imam-us-Sultan'' ||align=center|{{start date|1656|07|23|df=y}} ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|2}} || Abdul Shakoor Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|3}} || Abdul Raheem Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|4}} || Abdul Ghafoor Shah Bukhari Thani || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|5}} || Abdul Rehman Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|6}} || Abdul Kareem Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|7}} || Mir Jeewan Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|8}} || Mir Ahmed Ali Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|9}} || Mohammed Shah Bukhari || ||align=center| {{start date|1892|10|16|df=y}} ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|10}} || Ahmed Bukhari || ''Shams-ul-Ulama'' ||align=center| ||align=center| ||align=right|
|-
|align=center| {{nts|11}} || Hameed Bukhari || ||align=center| {{start date|1942|02|20|df=y}} ||align=center| {{end date|1973|07|08|df=y}} ||align=right| {{age in years and days|1942|02|20|1973|07|08}}
|-
|align=center| {{nts|12}} || [[Abdullah Bukhari]] || ||align=center| {{start date|1973|07|08|df=y}} ||align=center| {{end date|2000|10|14|df=y}} ||align=right| {{age in years and days|1973|07|08|2000|10|14}}
|-
|align=center| {{nts|13}} || [[Ahmed Bukhari]] I || ||align=center| {{start date|2000|10|14|df=y}} ||align=center| {{end date|2024|02|25|df=y}} ||align=right| {{age in years and days|2000|10|14|2024|02|25}}
|-
|align=center| {{nts|14}} || [[Shaban Bukhari]] || ||align=center| {{start date|2024|02|25|df=y}} ||align=center| ''incumbent'' ||align=right| {{age in years and days|2024|02|25}}
|-
! colspan="6" |Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 15, 2008|title=Imam Bukhari's family tree|url=http://twocircles.net/2008oct15/imam_bukhari_s_family_tree.html}}</ref><ref name="Ur-Rahman"/>{{rp|34–35}}
|}

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Jama Masjid, Delhi, India (2006) 1.jpg|Northern gate
Detail of the arches inside Jama Masjid, Delhi.jpg|Inlay detail of interior arches
Jama Masjid, Delhi, India.jpg|Facade
Jama Masjid, Islamic art, Delhi, India.jpg|Pool
Jama Masjid-Delhi-India4309.JPG|Detail of a balcony
Jama Masjid, Courtyard, Delhi, India.jpg|Courtyard
Courtyard, Jama Masjid, Delhi (01).jpg|Courtyard
Jama Mosque Old Delhi, full view.jpg|Courtyard
Jama Masjid-Delhi-India4255.JPG|Exterior wall
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Aziz |first=Sadia |date=April 2017 |title=Mosque, Memory and State: A Case Study of Jama Masjid (India) and the Colonial State c. 1857 |url=http://pjaesthetics.uj.edu.pl/art/47/pja_47_1.pdf |journal=The Polish Journal of Aesthetics |language=en |publisher=Institute of Philosophy of the [[Jagiellonian University]] |volume=47 |pages=13-29 |doi=10.19205/47.17.1 |eissn=2544-8242 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712223728/https://pjaesthetics.uj.edu.pl/documents/138618288/138653014/pja_47_1.pdf/7015d859-c423-40ef-a054-02c299a252c5 |archive-date=2020-07-12}}
* {{cite book |author=Dalrymple, William |author-link=William Dalrymple (historian) |title=City of Djinns: A year in Delhi|year=2004 |publisher=Penguin books |isbn=978-0-14-303106-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Liddle |first=Swapna |author-link=Swapna Liddle |title=Delhi: 14 Historic Walks |year=2011 |publisher=Tranquebar Press |isbn=978-93-81626-24-5}}
* {{Citation |last=Rajagopalan |first=Mrinalini |title=Building Histories: The Archival and Affective Lives of Five Monuments in Modern Delhi |year=2016 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-28347-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Stott, David |author2=McCulloch, Victoria |title=Rajasthan, Delhi & Agra: Footprint Focus Guide |date=14 January 2014 |publisher=Footprint Handbooks |isbn=978-1-909268-39-5}}

== External links ==
{{sister project links}}
{{commons category-inline|Jama Masjid, Delhi}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Jama Masjid}}
* [https://www.topworldimages.com/The_Jama_Masjid_of_Delhi_A_Majestic_Testament_to_Mughal_Artistry_and_Historical_Res.htm The Jama Masjid Of Delhi]

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Delhi landmarks}}
{{Mosques in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1656 establishments in India]]
[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Delhi]]
[[Category:Legendary footprints]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1650s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Delhi]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]

Mr. and Mrs. Iyer

2026-03-23T13:30:52Z

JoanneMoffit: Created initial stub with sources - done

{{short description|2002 film by Aparna Sen}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mr. and Mrs. Iyer
| image = MrMrsIyerPoster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Aparna Sen]]
| producer = N. Venkatesan Rupali Mehta
| writer = Aparna Sen
| starring = [[Rahul Bose]] [[Konkona Sen Sharma]]
| music = [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]]
| cinematography = [[Goutam Ghose]]
| editing = [[Raviranjan Maitra]]
| distributor = MG Distribution<ref name="urbancinefile"/> Tips Exports<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/538759/mr-and-mrs-iyer |title=Overview for Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (2003) |access-date=13 March 2008 |work=Turner Classic Movies |publisher=Time Warner Company |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062245/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title.jsp?stid=538759&category=Overview |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|2002|7|19|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = English
| budget = {{INR}}10 million<ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Small_budget_films_shine_at_the_box_office/rssarticleshow/2164216.cms |title=Small budget films shine at the box office |date=1 July 2007 |last=Sinha |first=Meenakshi |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207191307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Opinion/Sunday_Specials/Small_budget_films_shine_at_the_box_office/rssarticleshow/2164216.cms |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref>
| gross =
}}
'''''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer''''' is a 2002 Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Aparna Sen]] and produced by N. Venkatesan. The film features Sen's daughter [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Meenakshi Iyer, a [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Iyer]] [[Brahmin]] who is a Hindu. [[Rahul Bose]] portrays the character of Raja Chowdhury, a [[Bengali Muslim]] [[wildlife photography|wildlife photographer]]. The story revolves around these two lead characters during a fateful bus journey amidst the carnages of a communal strife in India. [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] composed the background score and music for the film and [[Goutam Ghose]] was the cinematographer. The film had English as its dominant language with a sporadic use of [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Bengali language|Bengali]].

''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' premiered at the [[Locarno International Film Festival]] in [[Switzerland]] and was showcased at other prominent [[film festival]]s. The film opened to Indian audiences on 19 July 2002. It was met with critical acclaim upon release, and won several national and international awards, including the Golden Maile award at the [[Hawaii International Film Festival]] and the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] in India.

== Plot ==

Meenakshi Iyer and her infant son, Santhanam, embark on a bus journey to return home, after visiting her parents. At the bus station, Meenakshi is introduced to Raja Chowdhury by a common friend. Raja, a wildlife photographer, is requested by Meenakshi's parents to look after their daughter and grandson during the journey. The passengers of the bus include a boisterous group of youngsters, two [[Sikh]] men, an elderly Muslim couple, a young couple high on romance, a mentally challenged boy and his mother, and some card-playing men. The bus faces a roadblock and the bus driver attempts a detour, but is stopped by traffic jam caused by sectarian violence between Hindus and Muslims in nearby areas.

Raja reveals his Muslim identity to Meenakshi. As someone who comes from a [[Brahmin|high caste]] and conservative Hindu [[Brahmin]] family, Meenakshi shudders at the very fact that during their travel she drank water offered by Raja, a Muslim. She is shocked and asks Raja to not touch her. Raja contemplates leaving the bus, but is forced to stay inside by the patrolling police, who declare a curfew due to the riot. After the police leaves to scout other areas, a rioting Hindu mob arrives and forcibly enters the bus. They begin interrogating passengers about their religious identities and when in doubt, they even resort to check if the person is [[circumcision|circumcised]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsindia-times.com/nit/2003/03/14/cinema-28-top.html |title=South Asia Human Rights Film Festival :''Deham'', ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' and film on Ambedkar screened at festival |access-date=5 March 2008 |last=Datta |first=Jyotirmoy |date=14 March 2003 |work=NewsIndiaTimes |quote=the killers identify Muslims by stripping them to check if they are circumcised. Muslims are traditionally circumcised as part of the religion and Hindus are not. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123194958/http://www.newsindia-times.com/nit/2003/03/14/cinema-28-top.html |archive-date=23 November 2006}}</ref>

In order to protect himself from them, one of the passengers, who is Jewish and hence circumcised, points to the old Muslim couple to divert the mob's attention. The mob's leader drags the old couple out of the bus. One of the teenagers resists this, but she is assaulted by the mob. As Raja attempts to rise in revolt, Meenakshi plants Santhanam on his lap, ordering him to hold the baby with an intent to shield Raja's Muslim identity. The mob asks about their identities, and Meenaksi tells the leader that she is Mrs. Iyer and Raja is her husband. After this chilling encounter, the passengers spend the night in the bus.

In the morning, the passengers trek to a nearby village to seek accommodation. Raja and Meenakshi, identifying themselves as Mr. and Mrs. Iyer, fail to find any accommodation. However, the police officer, who was patrolling the earlier evening, bails them out by providing shelter at an abandoned forest bungalow. They are provided with the single usable bedroom available in the bungalow. Meenakshi refuses to share the room with Raja, and curses herself for coming along with a stranger. Raja confronts her on her outdated prejudices about caste and religion. After a brief quarrel, Raja allows her the comfort of the bedroom and prefers to sleep outside. The next morning when Meenakshi does not find Raja, she gets worried and angry as to why he left Santhanam and her in such a place. Soon, she feels relieved to find Raja sleeping outside. After they reach a restaurant in the nearby village, they meet the teenagers from the bus. The girls are excited and curious to know about Meenaakshi and Raja's love story. To keep their farce alive, both of them cook up an impromptu story right from how they met till where they went for their honeymoon. During their stay at the bungalow, they discover each other's beliefs and understanding of religion. That night, as they witness a horrific murder by one of the mobs, a shocked Meenakshi is comforted by Raja.

The next day, they reach a railway station with the army's help. There, they board the train towards their destination. At their destination station, Kolkata, Meenakshi's husband, Mr. Iyer arrives to receive her and Santhanam. Meenakshi introduces Raja to her husband as Jehangir Chowdhury, a Muslim man who helped her (a Hindu woman) during the curfew. Raja hands over a camera roll to Meenakshi, containing the photos of their journey; they bid an emotional farewell to each other.

== Cast ==
* [[Konkona Sen Sharma]] as Meenakshi S. Iyer – A traditional [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Iyer]] [[Brahmin]] traveling with her son, Santhanam, in the bus on her way to meet her husband. She meets a fellow-traveler, Raja Chowdhury, and gets drawn to him due to the surrounding circumstances.
* [[Rahul Bose]] as Jehangir "Raja" Chowdhury – A liberal Muslim by faith, he is a wildlife photographer by profession. With the imminent danger from the rioters, Meenakshi contrives a protective identity for him as her husband.
* [[Bhisham Sahni]] as Iqbal Ahmed Khan – An elderly conservative Muslim traveling along with his wife, Najma. He ends up as one of the victims of the sectarian violence.
* [[Surekha Sikri]] as Najma Ahmed Khan – The dutiful and loving wife of Iqbal, Najma perishes in the riots when she comes in defence of her husband.
* [[Anjan Dutt]] as Cohen – He is responsible for diverting the attention of the Hindu mob, in self-defence, towards the old Muslim couple. Thereafter, he is petrified thinking that he may also have been killed by the mob who could wrongly identify him as a Muslim, since he is circumcised.
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Rajesh Arora – The police officer responsible for controlling and maintaining the law and order in the riot-stricken area. He gets acquainted with the bus passengers and helps the Iyer 'couple' find a place to stay during the curfew.
* Niharika Seth, Riddhi Basu, Richa Vyas, Eden Das, Jishnu Sengupta as Khushbu, Mala, Sonali, Amrita, Akash – An enthusiastic young group of friends riding the bus.

== Production ==

=== Development ===
[[Aparna Sen]], a noted actress and director of [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], made her debut as a director with the English film ''[[36 Chowringhee Lane]]'' (1981). ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' was her second film in English.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=9 February 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/21/stories/2006072100570200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207121440/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/21/stories/2006072100570200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2008 |title=Dares to be different |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=21 July 2006 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> She hoped to write a simple romantic story, but it shaped out to be a relationship drama in the backdrop of sectarian violence. Sen came up with the background of the story in the aftermath of [[11 September 2001 attacks|9/11]] and the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Gujarat riots]].<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|access-date=17 February 2008 |url=https://content.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,501021111-386978,00.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130205001846/http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,501021111-386978,00.html |url-status=live |archive-date=5 February 2013 |title=The Toughest Topic |magazine=TIME |last=Rajan |first=Sara |date=4 November 2002}}</ref> In an interview, Sen stated that the omnipresent, circumstantial violence in the film was only to serve as a strain in the script which aimed to show how the relationship evolves between two people who are forced to be together under trying times.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna">{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/27aparna.htm |title=Aparna Sen makes a statement again |last=Nandwani |first=Deepali |date=27 July 2002 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114113456/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jul/27aparna.htm |archive-date=14 November 2007 }}</ref> She stated that the time frame of the film was set after the attacks on the [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|Parliament of India]] on 13 December 2001.

In an interview at the screening at the Locarno Film Festival, Sen revealed that Konkona was involved in the pre-production research, and she suggested the title.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/20/stories/2002092000040100.htm |title=Sensitive to issues|last=Ramnarayan |first=Gowri |work=The Hindu |date=20 September 2002 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209234409/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/20/stories/2002092000040100.htm  |archive-date=9 December 2007}}</ref> About the cinematographer [[Gautam Ghose]], Aparna Sen said that they had a good rapport and that Ghose, himself an acclaimed director, was one of the best cinematographers she knew.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/><ref name="hindisongintw_aparna">{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.hindisong.com/Interview/Interview.asp?ContentID=315 |title=Movie interview: Aparna Sen |work=hindisong.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207015634/http://www.hindisong.com/Interview/Interview.asp?ContentID=315 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> Ghose, in reply, said that he hoped to give his best for the film and thus contribute to their friendship.<ref name="santhanam">{{cite news|access-date=8 March 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/aparnas-journey-down-misty-lava/articleshow/1725893635.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Aparna's journey down misty Lava |last=Banerjee |first=Soumyadipta K |date=17 January 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111032325/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Aparnas-journey-down-misty-Lava/articleshow/1725893635.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Rahul Bose's work in ''[[English, August (film)|English, August]]'' (1994) and ''[[Split Wide Open]]'' (1999) made Aparna Sen feel that he was a good, controlled and intelligent actor. After a costume and a makeup test, he was chosen for the character of Raja Chawdhury.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/> Sen admitted that Bose's work was up to the mark, and working with him was a wonderful experience.<ref name="mybindiintw_aparna">{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.mybindi.com/arts-entertainment/WHATSON/interview-aparnasen.cfm |title=Writer & Director Aparna Sen |work=myBindi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109093644/http://www.mybindi.com/arts-entertainment/WHATSON/interview-aparnasen.cfm |archive-date=9 November 2007}}</ref> She told in an interview that Konkona Sen Sharma's abilities as a sensitive actress fetched her the role of Meenakshi Iyer.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/> Konkona said that she chose this film as she was interested in Indian films made in English, and was reluctant to do regular commercial films.<ref name="rediffintw_konkana">{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/22kon.htm |work=Rediff.com |title=To the camera born |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=22 October 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218125847/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/22kon.htm |archive-date=18 December 2007 }}</ref> Sen had penned the elderly Muslim woman's character bearing [[Surekha Sikri]] in mind.<ref name="hindisongintw_aparna"/> Eventually Sikri and the author and playwright [[Bhisham Sahni]] were cast to play the roles of the Muslim couple in the film.<ref name="rediffrev_iyer">{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/03iyer.htm |work=Rediff.com |title=Cruelly disturbing, fascinatingly lyrical |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |date=3 October 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222092949/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/03iyer.htm |archive-date=22 December 2007 }}</ref> Santhanam, the infant son of Meenakshi Iyer in the film is Sen's grand niece.<ref name="santhanam"/>

Aparna Sen chose English as the film's narrative since the characters are linguistically diverse.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/> She had to make sure that the characters spoke in English with their regional accent.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/> Konkona admitted in an interview that playing the role of a Tamil Brahmin did not come easy. The director forced her to visit [[Chennai]] (where the major language is Tamil) for two weeks to research her character.<ref name="rediffintw_konkana"/> She also said that she had learned many characteristics, nuances and mannerisms native to [[Tamil people|Tamilian]] housewives. She took a close look at [[Iyer]] lifestyles and customs in and around [[Mylapore]], a cultural hub in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=10 February 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/sen-and-sensibility/articleshow/29586045.cms |title=Sen and sensibility |last=Ghosh |first=Biswadeep |work=The Times of India |date=27 November 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111010849/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bangalore-times/Sen-and-sensibility/articleshow/29586045.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref> She attempted listening to recorded conversations in Iyer households to get a suitable Tamil accent.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=10 February 2008 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Meet-the-very-different-Mr-Mrs-Iyer/articleshow/32568506.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019185057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-12-27/news-interviews/27310629_1_aparna-sen-konkana-sen-mylapore-temple |url-status=live |archive-date=19 October 2012 |title=Meet the very different Mr & Mrs Iyer |last=Rao |first=Geetha |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 December 2002}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The production commenced in December 2001.<ref name="mybindiintw_aparna"/> Sen chose to keep the geographical setting unstated because she felt that it was a journey that could take place anywhere.<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/> The film was shot in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] foothills of northern [[West Bengal]].<ref name="hindisongintw_aparna"/> The producers provided a state-of-the-art camera from Chennai's [[Prasad Studios]] to ensure that the shooting crew was technically better equipped.<ref name="santhanam"/> Rupali Mehta, from Triplecom Productions, the co-producer oversaw the crew of over 100 complete the production schedule in 50 days.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 March 2008 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_48/b3810013.htm |title=Can new money create a world-class film industry in India? |date=2 December 2002 |first=Manjeet |last=Kriplani |work=Business Week Online |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308170355/http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/02_48/b3810013.htm |archive-date= 8 March 2008 |df=dmy }}</ref> The [[production team]] resorted to certain cost-cutting measures to ensure they committed fewer mistakes. For example, they had organised a workshop for the actors to avoid mistakes while filming.<ref name="italy_dubbed_sales">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/feb/15spec.htm |title=Big dreams ride on low-budget films |access-date=9 March 2008 |first=Surajeet Das |last=Gupta |date=15 February 2003 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403050343/http://www.rediff.com/money/2003/feb/15spec.htm |archive-date= 3 April 2008 }}</ref>

While filming in [[Jalpaiguri]], Sen got embroiled in a controversy for damages caused to the forest bungalow, a heritage property, where a portion of filming was done. She admitted that, to give the bungalow a haunted look, they "... sprayed slush on the walls and plastered cobwebs all over the place."<ref name="santhanam"/> However, she claimed that the place was cleaned up after the completion of their shoot.<ref name="santhanam"/>

== Release and reception ==
Following objections from [[Mumbai Police|the local police]], two scenes were removed by producers from the version of the film screened in the city of [[Mumbai]]. One scene showed a Hindu man saying—using profanity—that Muslims should be sent back to [[Pakistan]]; the other featured a policeman using obscenities with a [[Communalism (South Asia)|communal]] undertone. The police felt both scenes were too "provocative" for a "communally sensitive" city. However, for the rest of India, the film was screened in its entirety.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 January 2003 |access-date=6 March 2008 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030118/asp/nation/story_1585476.asp |title=Mr and Mrs Iyer censored for Mumbai |last=Bhattacharya |first=Chandrima |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050418151958/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030118/asp/nation/story_1585476.asp |archive-date=18 April 2005 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/straight-answers/articleshow/34706315.cms |title=Straight Answers |access-date=7 March 2008 |date=17 January 2003 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111030145/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Straight-Answers/articleshow/34706315.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>

Thanks to its low budget and the spread of [[multiplexes]] in India, it brought in some revenue.<ref name="Multiplex">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/01/stories/2004010101290200.htm |title=Tinsel world sees a bright picture |access-date=7 March 2008 |first=Latha |last=Venkatraman |author2=Sankar Radhakrishnan |date=1 January 2004 |work=Industry & Economy - Cinema |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927050259/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/01/01/stories/2004010101290200.htm |archive-date=27 September 2012 }}</ref> Furthermore, the contemporary trend in the [[Indian television]] channels is to showcase films within months of their release. This trend helped modest box-office successes such as ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' to get additional thrust to their financial returns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040228/windows/sight.htm |title=Catching up with films |access-date=8 March 2008 |first=Amita |last=Malik |date=28 February 2004 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207073446/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040228/windows/sight.htm |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> Indeed, ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' was one of the first films that led to reworking of the business models for small films in India.<ref name="Multiplex"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400250400.htm |title=English talkies |access-date=7 March 2008 |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |date=14 April 2006 |work=The Hindu Business Line |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817030632/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2006/04/14/stories/2006041400250400.htm |archive-date=17 August 2007 }}</ref> In addition, Triplecom Productions sold the [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] version in Italy for $20,000.<ref name="italy_dubbed_sales"/> A trade analysis by ''[[Rediff.com]]'' suggested that small-budget films such as ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' did not compromise on marketing budgets, instead they put efforts in marketing themselves more innovatively.<ref name="italy_dubbed_sales"/>

=== Special screenings and awards ===
In 2002, ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' was chosen as India's official entry at the [[Locarno International Film Festival]].<ref name="rediffintw_aparna"/> It ran for 3 minutes longer than its runtime of 120 minutes at Locarno.<ref name="variety">{{cite news|date=25 August 2002 |access-date=5 February 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117918529.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer Review |last=Elley |first=Derek |work=Variety |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085635/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117918529.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> Though it missed out on the Golden Leopard Award at Locarno, it won the Netpac Jury Prize along with two other films.<ref>{{cite news|date=11 August 2002 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117871093&cs=1&query=%22Mr%2E+and+Mrs%2E+Iyer%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085024/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117871093&cs=1&query=%22Mr.%2Band%2BMrs.%2BIyer%22 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 |title=Locarno jury: Thumbs down |last=Elley |first=Derek |work=Variety |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2002 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/locarno-diary/articleshow/19489889.cms |title=Locarno diary |last=Dharkar |first=Anil |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110234037/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Locarno-diary/articleshow/19489889.cms |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> The film won the Golden Maile award at the 22nd [[Hawaii International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|date=11 November 2002 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117875864&cs=1&query=%22Mr%2E+and+Mrs%2E+Iyer%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085031/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117875864&cs=1&query=%22Mr.%2Band%2BMrs.%2BIyer%22 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 |title=Hawaii fest bounces back |last=Ryan |first=Tim |work=Variety |url-status=dead }}</ref> the Audience Award for the Best Feature Film at the [[Philadelphia Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://www.phillyfests.com/pff/2003/images/downloads/winners.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040516081031/http://www.phillyfests.com/pff/2003/images/downloads/winners.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 May 2004 |title=Philadelphia Film Festival ends with a record attendance of 57,500, tripling its size in only three years |work=Philly Fests |date=17 April 2003 |publisher=Philadelphia Film Society }}</ref> and the best screenplay award at the 2003 [[Cinemanila International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://www.cinemanila.org.ph/festival.html |title=The 9th Cinemanila International Film Festival - A peek at the past festivals |work=Cinemanial International Film Festival |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070902165341/http://www.cinemanila.org.ph/festival.html |archive-date=2 September 2007}}</ref>

In 2003, the [[Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles]] chose to open with ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'',<ref>{{cite news|date=30 March 2003 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117883827&cs=1&query=%22Mr%2E+and+Mrs%2E+Iyer%22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085037/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117883827&cs=1&query=%22Mr.%2Band%2BMrs.%2BIyer%22 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 |title=''Iyer'' to open Indian fest in L.A. |work=Variety |url-status=dead }}</ref> while New Zealand's first Asian film festival in 2004 chose to close its 10-day fest with it.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 January 2004 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117899261&cs=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085042/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117899261&cs=1 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |title=Auckland launches Asian pic fest|last=Calder |first=Peter |work=Variety}}</ref> The India International Women's Film Festival had a special retrospective to Aparna Sen for ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer''.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2007|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117957702&cs=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085048/http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=festivals&jump=story&id=1061&articleid=VR1117957702&cs=1 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |title=Women's festival laps up ''Coast'' |last=Frater |first=Patrick |work=Variety}}</ref> The film was also showcased at the [[Pusan International Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://www.koreanfilm.org/piff02.html |title=2002 Pusan International Film Festival Report |last=de Bourbon |first=Tristan |author2=Ryan Estrada |author3=Richard Kong |author4=Darcy Paquet |author5=Nathalie Tourret |work=koreanfilm.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406232016/http://www.koreanfilm.org/piff02.html |archive-date= 6 April 2008 }}</ref> Regus London Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/event/19014 |title=Regus London Film Festival: 46th Regus London Film Festival |access-date=5 March 2008 |work=bfi.org |publisher=British Film Institute |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026104735/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/event/19014 |archive-date=26 October 2008 }}</ref> [[Mill Valley Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=https://www.variety.com/profiles/Film/main/165916/Mr.%20and%20Mrs.%20Iyer.html?dataSet=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207085256/http://www.variety.com/profiles/Film/main/165916/Mr.%20and%20Mrs.%20Iyer.html?dataSet=1 |archive-date=7 December 2008 |title=Variety: Mr. and Mrs. Iyer |work=Variety |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[International Film Festival of India]],<ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/iffi/iffi2003/mr_mrs_iyer.html |title=Feature Film: Mr & Mrs Iyer |work=Press Information Bureau |publisher=Government of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207025903/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/iffi/iffi2003/mr_mrs_iyer.html |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> Braunschweig International Film Festival,<ref>{{cite news|access-date=5 February 2008 |url=http://www.filmfest-braunschweig.de/programme/2003/english/ink.php |title=Archive 2003: International Films |work=Braunschweig International Film Festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050508001918/http://www.filmfest-braunschweig.de/programme/2003/english/ink.php |archive-date=8 May 2005}}</ref> and High Falls Film Festival.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://www.highfallsfilmfestival.com/2003archive/index.html |title=Movies at the High Falls Film Festival 2003 |work=High Falls Film Festival |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105201854/http://www.highfallsfilmfestival.com/2003archive/index.html |archive-date=5 November 2006}}</ref> At the [[Las Palmas de Gran Canaria International Film Festival|International Film Festival of Las Palmas]] in the [[Canary Islands]], it won the Gold prize, awarded to the best film screened that year.<ref>{{cite journal|date=April 2003 |title=Mr. And Mrs. Iyer bags gold at Las Palmas |journal=Bulletin on Film |volume=XLVII |publisher=Research, Reference and Training Division; National Documentation Centre on Mass Communication (Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India) |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-Apl03.htm |access-date=5 March 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080315130032/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-Apl03.htm |archive-date=15 March 2008 }}</ref> Rahul Bose said that when the film was showcased at the Geneva festival, it was seen and liked by [[Kofi Annan]], the [[United Nations Secretary-General]].<ref>{{cite news|access-date=10 February 2008 |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/14821.html |title=Rahul Bose retrospective in Geneva |publisher=Indo-Asian News Service |date=21 May 2005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207062610/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/14821.html |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref>

Back home in India, ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Direction|Golden Lotus Award for best direction]], the Silver Lotus Awards for [[National Film Award for Best Actress|best actress]], the [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|best screenplay]], and the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] at the 2003 [[National Film Awards]] ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|date=27 July 2003 |access-date=17 January 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/97660.cms |title=Bengal magic at National Film Awards |last=Jha |first=Subhash K |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613145505/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/97660.cms |archive-date=13 June 2008 }}</ref>

[[Govind Nihalani]], an Indian film director wondered if ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' could have been sent to the [[Academy Awards|Oscars]] instead of the regular song-and-dance entries. Eventually, [[Film Federation of India]], the apex organisation that sends the nation's official entries to the Oscars, did not find any film worth sending for the [[76th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 February 2004 |access-date=8 March 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/whats-worth-it/articleshow/517924.cms |title=What's worth it? |last=Nair |first=Suresh |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111032854/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Whats-worth-it/articleshow/517924.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>

=== Reviews ===
[[Lawrence van Gelder]] commented in his review in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that "The well-acted romance, as the two principal characters are thrown together by unanticipated events, is hard to resist, even though the answer to the crucial question it raises is all too conveniently deferred time and again."<ref name="thenyt">{{cite news|date=25 April 2003 |access-date=5 February 2008 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D8173DF936A15757C0A9659C8B63 |title=Film in Review; ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' |last=Gelder |first=Lawrence Van |work=The New York Times |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207120100/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A05E6D8173DF936A15757C0A9659C8B63 |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> However, he added that ''Mr. and Mrs. Iyer'' "... is not a subtle film ..."<ref name="thenyt"/> The ''[[Chicago Reader]]'' also said, "Sen is anything but subtle in populating the bus with a cross section of class and ethnic types ... but the friendship that blossoms between the leads is tenderly depicted and hints at a solution to sectarian strife"<ref>{{cite news|access-date=13 February 2008 |url=http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/24216_MISTER_AND_MISSUS_IYER.html |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer: Capsule |last=Shen |first=Ted |work=Chicago Reader |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207094624/http://onfilm.chicagoreader.com/movies/capsules/24216_MISTER_AND_MISSUS_IYER.html |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref> ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine praised Aparna sen for her "... attention to detail ..." that "... skillfully captures the characters' idiosyncrasies."<ref name="Time"/> ''[[The Village Voice]]'' said, "The actors appear game, yet director Aparna Sen, who conceived the film in the wake of [[11 September 2001 attacks|September 11]], resorts often to hokey pseudo-lyricism and prefers sound-bite ballyhoo to sociological depth."<ref>{{cite news|date=6 May 2003 |access-date=13 February 2008 |url=http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0318,tracking,43711,20.html |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer: Review |last=McGovern |first=Joe |work=Village Voice |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061104173042/http://www.villagevoice.com/film/0318%2Ctracking%2C43711%2C20.html |archive-date= 4 November 2006 |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Metacritic]], a website with a medley of reviews by American critics, gives the film a score of 50/100, meaning mixed or average reviews.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=13 February 2008 |url=https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/mrandmrsiyer |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer: Reviews |work=Metacritic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207032958/http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/mrandmrsiyer |archive-date= 7 December 2008 }}</ref>

In his review, Derek Elley of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' remarked that the film had "... the awkward, issue-driven dialogue and wavering direction, showing influences from both the arty and commercial. [The] two leads just about scrape through."<ref name="variety"/> Although ''[[The Hindu]]'' review praised the director for "... handling (these) scenes in an understated, muted fashion ..." giving "... them the power to disturb and haunt you."<ref name="hindureview">{{cite news|date=27 December 2002 |access-date=5 February 2008 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430202.htm |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer Review |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |work=The Hindu |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107104713/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2002/12/27/stories/2002122701430202.htm  |archive-date=7 November 2007}}</ref> it questioned certain aspects of the film, stating, "Though the flutters of the heart have been treated with finesse—sometimes a little too prudishly, [[pandering (politics)|pandering]], perhaps, to [[middle class]] morality—we are never entirely convinced that love could blossom between Meenakshi Iyer and Raja Chowdhary."<ref name="hindureview"/> Indeed, Sen was criticised for contriving cinematic situation not quite fitting to the real world, "Can a married woman with a baby in arms fall in love with a total stranger that she meets on a very short bus journey, however extraordinary the situation may have been? Having decided to drive them to each other's arms, Sen thinks up situations, which are terribly contrived ... Sen's story and script are found wanting elsewhere too. The police officer, who plays the good Samaritan, appears so unreal in the world of rancour that Sen creates ... [She], probably in her over enthusiasm, lets her own emotions derail her."<ref name="hindureview"/>

Konkona Sen Sharma, who had not been widely seen outside [[Bengal]] before the release of the film, received particular praise for her performance, "... the movie clearly belongs to Konkona Sen Sharma ... who as Meenakshi [Iyer] gets so beautifully into the psyche of a Tamil Brahmin ... she emotes just splendidly: when her eyes well up at the thought of parting with Raja [Chowdhary], when she gently rests her head on his shoulders in the train, and when her expressions suggest the faintest hint of love, we know that here is a great actress."<ref name="hindureview"/> A ''[[Rediff.com]]'' review said, "... Konkana, a youngster, bowls you over with her silently sledge-hammering portrayal of Meenakshi Iyer, a conservative Tamilian Brahmin housewife ... [Her] eyes tell a thousand untold stories."<ref name="rediffrev_iyer"/> An Australian critic said that the film, with "wonderfully nuanced performances by Sensharma and Rahul Bose, whose love affair is as innocent as the lyrical, lingering soundtrack. Mr and Mrs Iyer is a gentle film, whose simple and haunting love story will appeal to the romantic traveller."<ref name="urbancinefile">{{cite news|access-date=13 February 2008 |url=http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=7669&s=Reviews |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer: Review |last=Keller |first=Louise |work=Urban Cinefile |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911215520/http://urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=7669&s=Reviews |archive-date=11 September 2007 }}</ref>

The "... attractive lensing by [[Gautam Ghose]] (a director in his own right) and atmospheric scoring by Ustad [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]] ..."<ref name="variety"/> were well received. "Looking through the eyes of Gautam Ghose's illuminating lens, Aparna Sen builds a miniature, but epic, world of tremendous inner strength. In her first seriously politically committed film, Sen takes on the issue of communal conflict with the surging [[humanism]] of [[Gabriel García Márquez]], painting words on celluloid ... If [Zakir] Hussain creates sounds within the seesaw of silences and screams, cinematographer Gautam Ghose creates a lucid contrast between the silently majestic [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] hinterland and the fundamentalists."<ref name="rediffrev_iyer"/>

== Home media==

=== DVD ===
The DVD, which released on 2 June 2004,<ref>{{cite news|access-date=13 February 2008 |url=http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=8948&s=DVD |title=Mr. and Mrs. Iyer DVD review |work=Urban Cinefile |date=17 June 2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070909172026/https://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=8948&s=DVD |archive-date= 9 September 2007 }}</ref> has subtitle options in English, Hindi, [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Tamil and [[Urdu language|Urdu]]. It is available in [[Aspect ratio (image)#1.66:1, 1.75:1, 1.77:1, 1.78:1 and 16:9 standard widescreen|16:9]] [[Anamorphic widescreen]], [[Dolby Digital#Dolby Digital Surround EX|Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround]], [[Progressive scan|progressive]] 24 [[Frame rate|FPS]], [[widescreen]] and [[NTSC]] format.<ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://www.erosentertainment.com/bollywood/Mr-&-Mrs-Iyer/Mr-&-Mrs-Iyer-DVD.htm |title=Eros Entertainment: Mr. and Mrs. Iyer |publisher=Eros Entertainment Inc}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|access-date=8 December 2007 |url=https://www.amazon.com/Mr-Mrs-Iyer-Rahul-Bose/dp/B00009WW18 |title=Amazon.com: Mr. and Mrs. Iyer |work=Amazon.com, Inc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071130235827/http://www.amazon.com/Mr-Mrs-Iyer-Rahul-Bose/dp/B00009WW18 |archive-date=30 November 2007 }}</ref>

=== Soundtrack ===
{{Main|Mr. and Mrs. Iyer (soundtrack)}}
''Ustad'' Zakir Hussain composed music for the film. For the first time in mainstream cinema, he sang for one part of a song. He said this in an interview and added that it was only after the track was recorded, the producers decided to go for Hussain's voice.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India |access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/zakir-hussain-sings-for-mr-and-mrs-iyer/articleshow/31705816.cms |title=Zakir Hussain sings for Mr and Mrs Iyer |last=Dias |first=Nydia |date=19 December 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110191713/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bombay-times/Zakir-Hussain-sings-for-Mr-and-Mrs-Iyer/articleshow/31705816.cms |archive-date=10 November 2012 }}</ref> Rahul Bose, who introduced Hussain to Aparna and Konkona, was instrumental in influencing Hussain to compose the [[soundtrack|background score]] for the film.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India |access-date=8 December 2007 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/tuning-in-to-zakirs-vocals/articleshow/31404851.cms |title=Tuning in to Zakir's vocals |date=16 December 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111011316/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/calcutta-times/Tuning-in-to-Zakirs-vocals/articleshow/31404851.cms |archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* {{IMDb title|0329393|Mr. and Mrs. Iyer}}

{{Aparna Sen}}
{{Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration}}
{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mister And Mrs. Iyer}}
[[Category:2002 films]]
[[Category:2000s drama road movies]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films shot in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Film on National Integration National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Aparna Sen]]
[[Category:2002 drama films]]
[[Category:2002 English-language films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

Niels Holck

2026-03-22T16:28:42Z

JoanneMoffit: Put Up A Info

{{Short description|Danish activist and alleged terrorist}}{{Expand Danish|topic=bio|date=June 2020}}
'''Niels Holck''', also known as '''Kim Peter Davy''' and '''Niels Christian Nielsen''' (born 1961) is an alleged [[Denmark|Danish]] terrorist<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://cphpost.dk/news/international/indian-residents-claim-hypocrisy-in-holck-case.html | title=Indian residents claim "hypocrisy" in Holck case – the Post}}</ref> and author known for his role in the [[Purulia arms drop case]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://bibliotek.dk/da/search/work/phrase.creator%3D%22Niels%20Holck%20%28f.%201961%29%22 |title= Niels Holck (f. 1961) |publisher= [[bibliotek.dk]] |access-date= 30 January 2015 |language= da}}</ref>

He is author of the book ''De kalder mig terrorist'' ({{translation|They call me Terrorist}}).<ref>{{cite book|title= De kalder mig terrorist |first1= Niels |last1= Holck |first2= Oejvind |last2= Kyroe |publisher= People's Press |location= Copenhagen |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-87-7055-275-2 |oclc= 474109214 |no-pp=yes |pages = 270 pages |trans-title=They call me Terrorist |language= da}}</ref> He claims to have been involved in a 14-year journey from 1982 that involved building schools in Guatemala, agricultural projects in India and attending tiger conferences in Russia.

He is currently the manager of a company which sells [[houseboat]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fyens.dk/erhverv/Graesrod-med-hang-til-husbaade-/artikel/472938 |title=Græsrod med hang til husbåde |publisher=[[fyens.dk]] |access-date=17 April 2005 |language= da|date=2005-04-17 }}</ref>

==Terrorism claims==
{{Main|Purulia arms drop case}}
Holck was the prime suspect accused in the Purulia ammunition dropping case. He was given a [[Interpol notice|red corner notice]] by [[Interpol]].

Around 1995 he was involved in humanitarian work for the people in [[West Bengal]], which at that time was governed by the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]. The authorities claim that he was involved in smuggling of weapons. He admits as much himself in his book ''They Call me A Terrorist'', claiming that he made the weapon drop from a plane purchased in [[Latvia]]. Apparently his motives were to arm a militia and topple the democratically elected communist party government in West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/purulia-was-raw-mi5-operation-to-overthrow-basu-bleach-davy/articleshow/8113513.cms|title = Purulia was RAW-MI5 operation to overthrow Basu: Bleach, Davy|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref> A total of 4 tonnes of arms were trafficked during his dealings in West Bengal.<ref name="dr">{{cite web|url= http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/kriminalitet/2010/04/10/150638.htm |title= Våbensmugler anholdt med falske pas |first= Hilmar |last= Vester |publisher= [[Danmarks Radio]] |date= April 10, 2010 |access-date= 30 January 2015 |trans-title=Weapons smuggler arrested with forged passports |language= da}}</ref> Additionally, in 2010 Danish police confiscated two [[Identity document forgery|forged]] and expired passports with British names and the photo of Niels whilst searching his home.<ref name=dr/>

In 2002 the Justice Minister [[Lene Espersen]] stated that he could not face [[extradition]].

As of 2009 he is considered the second Dane together with [[Camilla Broe]] at risk of being extradited to a country outside the [[European Union]] where he faces a possible [[death sentence]]. Camilla Broe was indicted for the importation of narcotics into the United States and while extradited and delivered to US custody was later returned to Denmark when the [[statute of limitations]] barred an expeditious trial.<ref>[http://www.cphpost.dk/news/crime/155-crime/48353-camilla-broe-acquitted-but-stuck-in-us.html Camilla Broe Acquitted but Stuck in the US] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302042056/http://www.cphpost.dk/news/crime/155-crime/48353-camilla-broe-acquitted-but-stuck-in-us.html |date=2010-03-02 }}</ref>

On 9 April 2010, Danish police arrested him in order to start an extradition trial.<ref>[http://www.bt.dk/krimi/skal-straffes-i-indien Skal straffes i Indien], Jan Lauridtsen, BT, April 9, 2010 {{in lang|da}}</ref> Based on experiences from the fiasco in the [[Camilla Broe]] case the prosecution demanded detention but would accept a confiscation of his passport(s) if the court felt that the rather lengthy extradition process prevented him from keeping contact with his family. The extradition agreement between Denmark and India was changed so he would have to be returned home no later than 3 weeks after a sentence has been given at the expected [[trial]] abroad.<ref>[http://www.bt.dk/krimi/dommere-har-det-sidste-ord-om-udlevering-0 Dommere har det sidste ord om udlevering], BT, April 9, 2010 {{in lang|da}}</ref>

On 1 November 2010, the Hillerød Court overturned the Justice Ministry decision to extradite Niels Holck based on the expected inability to protect him against "rough treatment".<ref>[http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1098899/court-stops-holck-extradition-to-india/ Court stops Holck extradition to India], by Julian Isherwood, Politiken, November 1, 2010</ref> On 14 November 2010, the Indian government stated that they would try to get him extradited despite the clear ruling of the court.<ref>[http://nyhederne.tv2.dk/article.php/id-34996458:indien-opgiver-ikke-niels-holck.html Indien opgiver ikke Niels Holck], by Jeppe Lykke Hansen, TV2, 14 November 2010</ref>

Among the allegations were that Niels Holck was smuggling weapons to [[Ananda Marga]], an activist socio-spiritual organisation which follows an economic and political philosophy called [[PROUT]].

===Terms of the extradition agreement===
Based on the experiences made from the [[Camilla Broe]] case, the extradition agreement between Denmark and India was improved in order to handle some of the problems experienced in the previous case.<ref>[http://www.dr.dk/Nyheder/Indland/2010/04/09/142423.htm Dansker udleveres til domstol i Indien], Danmarks Radio, April 9, 2010 {{in lang|da}}</ref>

* No execution of a possible death sentence (Unchanged from the previous agreement).
* Favourable and humane treatment of the extradited person while being detained abroad (changed due to the food condition experienced by Camilla Broe in the United States).
* Once convicted the person has to be returned to Denmark in order to serve the sentence within 3 weeks (previously 6 months) after the conviction.

[[Amnesty International]] did however criticize the extradition based on a lack of trust that countries like India have the resources to fulfill their part of such agreements.<ref>[http://www.berlingske.dk/danmark/haard-kritik-af-udvisninger Hård kritik af udvisninger], by Ole Damkjær, Berlingske Tidende, 12 April 2010 {{in lang|da}}</ref><ref>[https://www.amnesty.org.uk/uploads/documents/doc_20299.pdf Dangerous deals: Europe's reliance on "Diplomatic Assurances" against torture], Amnesty International, April 2010</ref> The [[United Nations Special Rapporteur|United Nations Special Torture Rapporteur]] was quoted for the statement that the Indian guarantees that the man will not be tortured are worthless.<ref>[http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/article950992.ece U.N.: Indian torture promise useless], by Julian Isherwood, Politiken, April 19, 2010</ref>

In April 2010, the news agency [[Press Trust of India]] reported that the Danish government has agreed to submit Niels Holck not only to the trial but also to serve out his entire sentence in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/kim-davy-could-be-extradited-to-india-by-july-end_618861.html|title=Kim Davy could be extradited to India by July-end|date=13 April 2010}}</ref>

In September 2010, it was reported that the court system in India is not committed to follow the terms of any extradition agreement due to the ruling in the case against extradited [[Criminal underworld|underworld]] [[Crime boss|don]] [[Abu Salem]] who was extradited from [[Portugal]] to India.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/abu-salem-can-face-death-penalty-sc/679946/ Abu Salem can face death penalty: SC], Indian Express, 10 September 2010</ref> This ruling from the [[Supreme Court of India]] can influence the extradition case against Holck because the agreement between Denmark and India mandates that Holck cannot be convicted to death <ref>[http://ekstrabladet.dk/112/article1416693.ece Indisk løftebrud kan lukke Holck-sagen], by Carsten Norton, ''[[Ekstra Bladet]]'', 22 September 2010</ref>

On 30 June 2010, the High Court of Eastern Denmark ruled that he should not be extradited to India based on the risk of torture by the Indian authorities.<ref>[http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1322057/no-extradition-due-to-india-torture-fears/ No extradition due to India torture fears], by Julian Isherwood, ''Politiken'', June 30, 2011</ref>

In June 2023, Danish authorities said that Holck was eligible for extradition to India. However, his extradition was stopped by the [[Hillerød]] District Court on 29 August 2024, citing a "real risk" of him facing torture and other forms of inhumane treatment in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apnews.com/article/denmark-india-extradition-holck-dropping-arms-3f68f7d504bea21ec11b1e22ebabfc20 |title=Danish court rejects extradition to India of an arms smuggling suspect |date=29 August 2024 |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Associated Press}}</ref>

===Diplomatic rift between Denmark and India===
{{main|Denmark–India relations}}

On 16 August 2011, India decided to cut connections to Denmark except for diplomatic relations.<ref name="p2019">[https://politiken.dk/indland/art7051147/Danmark-og-Indien-i-hemmelig-kontakt-om-udlevering-af-Niels-Holck Danmark og Indien i hemmelig kontakt om udlevering af Niels Holck], by John Hansen, ''Politiken'', 21 February 2019</ref> The Indian authorities were upset over the Danish government’s stance to not appeal the decision of the Eastern Danish High Court in the Supreme court despite a special request from India’s minister of external affairs, [[S M Krishna]], to his Danish counterpart and an assurance from Indian authorities to house Davy in a special jail, if extradited. The Indian government issued a circular directing senior officials to not meet or entertain any Danish diplomat posted in India.<ref name="p2019_2”">[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/copenhagen-extradite-kim-davy-india-diplomatic-ties-with-denmark-109166-2012-07-12/ Copenhagen's refusal to extradite Kim Davy irks India to scale down diplomatic ties with Denmark], by PTI, ''[[India Today]]'', 12 July 2012</ref>

Also, the funding activities of the Danish aid agency ([[DANIDA]]) to NGOs and civil liberties groups came under intense monitoring by the authorities in India.<ref name="p">[http://politiken.dk/newsinenglish/ECE1457259/india-closely-monitoring-danish-aid/ India closely monitoring Danish aid], by Julian Isherwood, ''[[Politiken]]'', 21 November 2011</ref> This was a consequence of the fact that Denmark would not extradite Holck and statements by the [[Danish Minister for Development Aid]], [[Christian Friis Bach]], that Denmark should “hand out rights instead of food to help people to fight for their own rights through demonstrations, campaigns, litigation or rights of access to public administration”.<ref name=p/>

==See also==
*[[Camilla Broe]] – the first [[Denmark|Danish citizen]] to be [[extradited]] to a country outside the [[European Union]] viz. United States for drug trafficking.
*[[Clotilde Reiss]] – a [[France|French]] student who was arrested (and released after about 10 months) by [[Iran]] for being an agent of the French Secret Service
*[[Abu Salem]] – an [[Criminal underworld|Underworld]] [[Crime boss|don]] who was [[extradited]] to India from [[Portugal]]
*[[Gary McKinnon]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.netpublikationer.dk/um/8924/html/chapter05.htm Udvikling], book review by Signe H. Damkjaer, the foreign department of Denmark
*[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/up-in-arms-the-bizarre-case-of-the-british-gunrunner-the-indian-rebels-and-the-missing-dane-2230475.html Up in arms: The bizarre case of the British gun-runner, the Indian rebels and the missing Dane], By Peter Popham, The Independent, March 6, 2011
* [https://dogwoof.com/thearmsdrop Arms Drop] A 2016 Danish documentary by Andreas Koefoed on this topic. Retrieved September 2020

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holck, Niels}}
[[Category:Danish male writers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Denmark–India relations]]
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:People from Vesthimmerland Municipality]]

Paleo-Indians

2026-03-19T22:52:56Z

JoanneMoffit: New a info

{{short description|Classification term given to the first peoples who entered the American continents}}
{{About|Paleolithic people of the Americas|Paleolithic people of India|South Asian Stone Age|other aspects of the prehistory of the Americas|Pre-Columbian era}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = <big>Paleo-Indians</big>
| image = Paleo-Indians hunting a [[glyptodont]] [[Heinrich Harder]] (1858–1935), {{Circa|1920}}. 
[[File:Glyptodon old drawing.jpg|280px]] The Paleo-Indians, also known as the [[Lithic stage|Lithic peoples]], are the earliest known settlers of the [[Americas]]; the period's name, the Lithic stage, derives from the appearance of [[lithic flake]]d stone tools.
}}

'''Paleo-Indians''' (also spelled '''Paleoindians''') were the [[indigenous peoples of the Americas|first peoples]] who entered and subsequently inhabited the [[Americas]] towards the end of the [[Late Pleistocene]] period. The word comes from the prefix ''paleo-'', taken from {{langx|grc|label=the [[Ancient Greek]] adjective|παλαιός|palaiós|old; ancient}}, and "Indian", which has been [[Native American name controversy#"Indian" and "American Indian" (since 1492)|historically used]] to refer to [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]]. The term ''Paleo-Indian'' applies specifically to the [[lithic stage|lithic period]] in the [[Western Hemisphere]] and is distinct from the term ''[[Paleolithic]]''.<ref group="note">''[[Paleolithic]]'' specifically refers to the period between {{c.|2.5|lk=yes}} million years ago and the end of the [[Pleistocene]] in the [[Eastern Hemisphere]]. It is not used in New World archaeology.</ref>

Traditional theories suggest that big-animal hunters crossed the [[Bering Strait]] from [[North Asia]] into the Americas over a land bridge ([[Beringia]]). This bridge existed from 45,000 to 12,000 [[BCE]] (47,000–14,000 [[Before Present|BP]]).<ref name="Sonneborn-2007">{{cite book |first=Liz |last=Sonneborn |title=Chronology of American Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OKfBId96DTIC&pg=PA3 |date=January 2007 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-0-8160-6770-1 |page=3 |access-date=29 November 2011}}</ref> Small isolated groups of [[hunter-gatherer]]s migrated alongside herds of large [[herbivore]]s far into [[Alaska]]. From {{c.|16,500|13,500|lk= yes}} BCE ({{c.|18,500|15,500}} BP), ice-free corridors developed along the [[History of the west coast of North America|Pacific coast]] and valleys of [[North America]].<ref name=Firsta>{{cite web|title=First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover |first=Jennifer |last=Viegas |website=Discovery News |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american.html |access-date=November 18, 2009 |quote=Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010092348/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 }} [http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html page 2] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313061401/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html |date=13 March 2012 }}</ref> This allowed land animals, followed by humans, to migrate south into the interior of the continent. The people went on foot or used boats along the coastline. The dates and routes of the [[peopling of the Americas]] remain subjects of ongoing debate.<ref name="WardDavis1999">{{cite book |first1=H. Trawick |last1=Ward |first2=R. P. |last2=Stephen Davis |title=Time before history: the archaeology of North Carolina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vVOdOSIv_cC&pg=PA2 |access-date=29 November 2011 |year=1999 |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]] |isbn=978-0-8078-4780-0 |page=2}}</ref> There were likely three waves of ancient settlers from the [[Bering Sea]] to the American continent.<ref name="McCoy Fountain 2017 p. 3">{{cite book | last1=McCoy | first1=R.R. | last2=Fountain | first2=S.M. | title=History of American Indians: Exploring Diverse Roots | publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-313-38683-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UE_EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 | access-date=November 13, 2023 | page=3}}</ref>

[[Stone tool]]s, particularly [[projectile point]]s and [[scraper (archaeology)|scraper]]s, are the primary evidence of the earliest human activity in the Americas. Archeologists and anthropologists use surviving crafted [[lithic flake]]d tools to classify cultural periods.<ref name=Phillips>{{cite web |title=Method and Theory in American Archaeology |url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6136197 |work=[[Gordon Willey]] and [[Philip Phillips (archaeologist)|Philip Phillips]] |publisher=[[University of Chicago]] |year=1958 |access-date=2009-11-20 |archive-date=2012-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628025551/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6136197 }}</ref> Scientific evidence links Indigenous Americans to eastern [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Siberian populations]] by the distribution of blood types, and genetic composition as indicated by molecular data, such as [[DNA]].<ref name="AshRobinson2011">{{cite book|first1=Patricia J. |last1=Ash |first2=David J. |last2=Robinson |title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 |year=2011 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 |page=289}}</ref> There is evidence for at least two separate migrations.<ref name="Pitblado2011">{{cite journal|last1=Pitblado |first1=B. L. |title=A Tale of Two Migrations: Reconciling Recent Biological and Archaeological Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas |journal=Journal of Archaeological Research |volume=19 |issue=4 |date=2011-03-12 |pages=327–375 |doi=10.1007/s10814-011-9049-y |s2cid=144261387}}</ref>

Paleoindians lived alongside and hunted many now extinct [[megafauna]] (large animals), with most large animals across the Americas becoming extinct towards the end of the Paleoindian period as part of the [[Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions]]. The potential role of human hunting in the extinctions has been the subject of much controversy. From 8000 to 7000 BCE (10,000–9,000 BP) the climate stabilized, leading to a rise in population and [[lithic technology]] advances, resulting in a more sedentary lifestyle during the following [[Archaic Period (Americas)|Archaic Period]].

==Nomenclature==
The term "Paleoindian" was first coined by [[Frank H. H. Roberts]] in the 1940 work ''Developments in the Problem of the North American Paleo-Indian,<ref name = Paleo>{{cite book |last1=Ellis |first1=Christopher J. |title=Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology |date=2014 |publisher=Springer, New York, NY |isbn=978-1-4419-0465-2 |pages=5760–5767 |url=https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-1-4419-0465-2_695 |language=en |chapter=Paleoindians}}</ref>'' in which the term was used to specifically apply to archaeological assemblages that were perceived to be relatively "old" and "adapted to conditions unlike those in modern times", with a number of early adopters of the term, such as [[James Bennett Griffin]] in 1946, including archaeological assemblages now considered part of the North American [[Archaic period (North America)|Archaic period]], contrasting it with the term "Neo-Indian", which Griffin used to characterise assemblages with technology resembling the [[Neolithic]] of the Old World. John Witthoft in 1952 saw it as a technological stage that lacked "pecked and [[Ground stone|ground]]" stone tools. The first author to use it to specifically refer to the first inhabitants to the Americas was [[Hannah Marie Wormington]] in 1957, viewing them as those peoples who had lived in the Americas prior to 6000 years ago, who had lived alongside now-extinct animals and produced fluted stone points. According to ''The settlement of the American continents: a multidisciplinary approach to human biogeography,'' in contemporary North American archaeology the term "Paleoindian" is used to specifically refer to "(1) the earliest well-documented culture in North America, (2) the characteristics of sites and artifact assemblages, and (3) a particular economic livelihood".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The settlement of the American continents: a multidisciplinary approach to human biogeography |date=2016 |publisher=The University Of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-3282-7 |editor-last=Barton |editor-first=C. Michael |edition=First paperback |location=Tucson |pages=52 |orig-year=2004}}</ref>

== Migration into the Americas ==
{{further|topic= theories of Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas|Peopling of the Americas}}
[[File:Early migrations mercator.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.5 |Map of [[early human migrations]] based on the [[Recent African origin of modern humans|Out of Africa theory]]; figures are in thousands of years ago ([[kya (unit)|kya]])<ref>{{cite book|first=Göran |last=Burenhult |author-link=:sv:Göran Burenhult |title=Die ersten Menschen |language=de |trans-title=The first people |publisher=Weltbild Verlag |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-8289-0741-6}}</ref>]]
Researchers continue to study and discuss the specifics of [[Peopling of the Americas|Paleo-Indian migration to and throughout the Americas]], including the dates and routes traveled.<ref name="White2006">{{cite book|first=Phillip M. |last=White |title=American Indian chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VnZ8_2kSScC&pg=PA1 |access-date=29 November 2011 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-313-33820-5 |page=1}}</ref> The traditional theory holds that these early migrants moved into [[Beringia]] between eastern Siberia and present-day Alaska 17,000 years ago,<ref name=SpencerWells2>{{cite book|first1=Spencer |last1=Wells |author-link1=Spencer Wells |first2=Mark |last2=Read |title=The Journey of Man – A Genetic Odyssey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAsKm-_zu5sC&q=The%20Journey%20of%20Man&pg=PA138 |format=Digitised online by Google books|publisher=[[Random House]] |isbn=978-0-8129-7146-0 |access-date=2009-11-21 |year=2002 |pages=138–140}}</ref> at a time when the [[Quaternary glaciation]] significantly lowered sea levels.<ref name=Smithsonian>{{cite web|first1=William |last1=Fitzhugh |author-link1=William W. Fitzhugh |first2=Ives |last2=Goddard |author-link2=Ives Goddard |first3=Steve |last3=Ousley |first4=Doug |last4=Owsley |author-link4=Douglas W. Owsley |first5=Dennis |last5=Stanford |author-link5=Dennis Stanford |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/origin.htm |title=Paleoamerican |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] Anthropology Outreach Office |access-date=2009-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105215737/http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI//nmnh/origin.htm |archive-date=2009-01-05}}</ref> These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct [[pleistocene]] [[megafauna]] along ice-free corridors that stretched between the [[Laurentide Ice Sheet|Laurentide]] and [[Cordilleran ice sheet|Cordilleran]] [[ice sheet]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474130.html |title=The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health |work=Phys.org |access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> An alternative proposed scenario involves migration, either on foot or using [[boat#History|boats]], down the Pacific coast to South America.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fladmark |first1=K. R. |title=Alternate Migration Corridors for Early Man in North America |journal=[[American Antiquity]] |pages=55–69 |volume=44 |issue=1 |date=January 1979 |jstor=279189 |doi=10.2307/279189 |s2cid=162243347}}</ref> Evidence of the latter would have been submerged by a [[sea-level rise]] of more than a hundred meters following the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2009/01/sea-will-rise-to-levels-of-last-ice-age/ |title=68 Responses to "Sea will rise 'to levels of last Ice Age'" |work=Center for Climate Systems Research, [[Columbia University]] |date=26 January 2009 |access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref>

The time range of the peopling of the Americas remains a source of substantial debate. Conventional estimates have it that humans reached North America at some point between 15,000 and 20,000 years ago.<ref name="Wells2006">{{cite book |first=Spencer |last=Wells |author-link=Spencer Wells |date=2006 |title=Deep Ancestry: Inside the Genographic Project |publisher=[[National Geographic]] Books |pages=222– |isbn=978-0-7922-6215-2 |oclc=1031966951 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=432Kt0A7J_UC&pg=PA222}}</ref><ref name="Relethford2017">{{cite book |first=John H. |last=Relethford |date=17 January 2017 |title=50 Great Myths of Human Evolution: Understanding Misconceptions about Our Origins |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |pages=192– |isbn=978-0-470-67391-1 |oclc=1238190784 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rAjcDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA192}}</ref><ref name="Birx2010">{{cite book |editor-first=H. James |editor-last=Birx |date=10 June 2010 |title=21st Century Anthropology: A Reference Handbook |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |pages= |isbn=978-1-4522-6630-5 |oclc=1102541304 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fsF1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT50}}</ref><ref name="KiczaHorn2016">{{cite book |first1=John E. |last1=Kicza |first2=Rebecca |last2=Horn |date=3 November 2016 |title=Resilient Cultures: America's Native Peoples Confront European Colonialization 1500–1800 |edition=2 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |pages= |isbn=978-1-315-50987-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2t4DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT20}}</ref> However, some groups of humans may have reached South America as early as 25,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Katie |title=Scientists say they've confirmed evidence that humans arrived in the Americas far earlier than previously thought |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/10/05/americas/ancient-footprints-first-americans-scn/index.html |date=October 5, 2023 |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> One of the few areas of agreement is the origin from [[Siberia]], with widespread habitation of the Americas during the end of the Last Glacial Period, and more specifically after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum around 16,000 to 13,000 years before present.<ref name=SpencerWells2/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bonatto |first1=S.L. |last2=Salzano |first2=F.M. |title=A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data |journal=[[PNAS]] |year=1997 |volume=94 |issue=5 |pmid=9050871 |pmc=20009 |pages=1866–1871 |doi=10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866 |bibcode=1997PNAS...94.1866B |doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Periodization ==
{{See also|Indigenous peoples in Canada#Paleo-Indian period|History of Mesoamerica (Paleo-Indian)}}
[[File:High res mastodon rendering.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|The ''Mammut americanum'' ([[American mastodon]]) became extinct around 12,000–9,000 years ago due to human-related activities, climate change, or a combination of both. See [[Quaternary extinction event]] and [[Holocene extinction]].]]

The Palaeoindian period is generally considered to end around 9000 to 8000 years [[Before Present]] (abbreviated BP, a calendar system that treats the year 1950 AD/CE as year zero).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chatters |first1=James C. |title=From the Pleistocene to the Holocene: human organization and cultural transformations in prehistoric North America |last2=Hackenberger |first2=Steven |last3=Prentiss |first3=Anna Marie |last4=Thomas |first4=Jayne-Leigh |date=2012 |publisher=Texas A&M University press |isbn=978-1-60344-760-7 |editor-last=Bousman |editor-first=C Britt |edition=1st |series=Texas A&M University anthropology series |location=College Station |pages=37–66 |chapter=The Paleoindian to Archaic Transition in the Pacific Northwest: In Situ Development or Ethnic Replacement? |editor-last2=Vierra |editor-first2=Bradley J}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The term "Paleoamerican" is sometimes used to refer to the pre-Clovis Paleoindian period, usually in a South American context, and with controversial connotations of the hypothesis of an earlier migration wave to the Americas prior to the arrival of the ancestors of modern Indigenous peoples of the Americas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Madsen |first2=David B. |date=2020-01-02 |title=The Upper Paleolithic of the Americas |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2019.1606668 |journal=PaleoAmerica |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=4–22 |doi=10.1080/20555563.2019.1606668 |issn=2055-5563|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some authors have suggested that archaeological sites in the Americas prior to 13,500-13,000 years BP should be assigned to the [[Upper Paleolithic]], which is then followed by the Paleoindian period.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Madsen |first1=David B. |last2=Davis |first2=Loren G. |last3=Williams |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Izuho |first4=Masami |last5=Iizuka |first5=Fumie |date=2025-10-24 |title=Characterizing the American Upper Paleolithic |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=11 |issue=43 |article-number=eady9545 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.ady9545 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=12542946 |pmid=41124256}}</ref>

Sites in Alaska (eastern Beringia) exhibit some of the earliest evidence of Paleo-Indians,<ref name="JohansenPritzker2008">{{cite book|author1=Bruce Elliott Johansen|author2=Barry Pritzker|title=Encyclopedia of American Indian history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGKL6E9_J6IC&pg=PA451|access-date=29 November 2011|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-817-0|pages=451–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Period 1 (10,000 to 8,000 years ago) |url=http://www.learnersportal.com/CanadaFP/Ancient/per1.html#Palaeo-Indian |publisher=Learners Portal Breton University |year=2006 |access-date=2010-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713193402/http://www.learnersportal.com/CanadaFP/Ancient/per1.html |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}</ref><ref name="HranickyRpa2010"/> followed by archaeological sites in northern [[British Columbia]], western [[Alberta]] and the [[Old Crow Flats]] region of the [[Yukon]] territory.<ref name="HerzGarrison1998">{{cite book|author1=Norman Herz|author2=Ervan G. Garrison|title=Geological methods for archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSPkmV_mRvkC&pg=PA125|access-date=29 November 2011|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-509024-6|page=125}}</ref> The Paleo-Indians would eventually flourish all over the Americas.<ref name="LewisJurmain2008">{{cite book|author1=Barry Lewis|author2=Robert Jurmain|author3=Lynn Kilgore|title=Understanding Humans: Introduction to Physical Anthropology and Archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6dg1FPViKEC&pg=PT342|access-date=29 November 2011|date=10 December 2008|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-0-495-60474-7|pages=342–348}}</ref> These peoples were spread over a wide geographical area; thus there were regional variations in lifestyles. However, all the individual groups shared a common style of stone tool production, making [[knapping]] styles and progress identifiable.<ref name="HranickyRpa2010">{{cite book|author1=Wm. Jack Hranicky|author2=Wm Jack Hranicky Rpa|title=North American Projectile Points – Revised|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ctw4OPNR540C&pg=PA135|access-date=29 November 2011|date=17 June 2010|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4520-2632-9|page=135}}</ref> This early Paleo-Indian period's [[lithic reduction]] tool adaptations have been found across the Americas, utilized by highly mobile bands consisting of approximately 20 to 60 members of an extended family.<ref name="Wishart2004">{{cite book|author=David J. Wishart|title=Encyclopedia of the Great Plains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rtRFyFO4hpEC&pg=PA589|access-date=29 November 2011|year=2004|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-4787-1|page=589}}</ref><ref name="Walker2008">{{cite book|author=Rickey Butch Walker|title=Warrior Mountains Indian Heritage - Teacher's Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ah3wOOrWthAC&pg=PA34|access-date=29 November 2011|date=December 2008|publisher=Heart of Dixie Publishing|isbn=978-1-934610-27-5|page=34}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Food would have been plentiful during the few warm months of the year. Lakes and rivers were teeming with many species of fish, birds and aquatic mammals. Nuts, berries and edible roots could be found in the forests and marshes. The fall would have been a busy time because foodstuffs would have to be stored and clothing made ready for the winter. During the winter, coastal fishing groups moved inland to hunt and trap fresh food and furs.<ref name="BastianMitchell2004m">{{cite book|author1=Dawn Elaine Bastian|author2=Judy K. Mitchell|title=Handbook of Native American mythology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IsyQu1kDK-kC&pg=PA6|access-date=29 November 2011|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-533-9|page=6}}</ref>

Late ice-age climatic changes caused plant communities and animal populations to change.<ref name=Pielou>{{cite book| last = Pielou| first = E.C.| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=knEyjCYWEHQC&q=After%20the%20Ice%20Age%20%3A%20The%20Return%20of%20Life%20to%20Glaciated%20North%20America&pg=PP1|format=Digitised online by Google books| title = After the Ice Age: The Return of Life to Glaciated North America| publisher = [[University of Chicago Press|University Of Chicago Press]]| year = 1991| isbn =978-0-226-66812-3|access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref> Groups moved and sought new supplies as preferred resources were depleted.<ref name="LewisJurmain2008"/> Small bands utilized hunting and gathering during the spring and summer months, then broke into smaller direct family groups for the fall and winter. Family groups moved every 3–6 days, possibly traveling up to {{cvt|360|km}} per year.<ref name="Starbuck2006">{{cite book|author=David R. Starbuck|title=The archeology of New Hampshire: exploring 10,000 years in the Granite State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcKQoMp9Qv0C&pg=PA27|access-date=29 November 2011|date=31 May 2006|publisher=UPNE|isbn=978-1-58465-562-6|page=27}}</ref><ref name=Fiedel/> Diets were often sustaining and rich in protein; clothing was made from a variety of animal hides that were also used for shelter construction.<ref name=Alabama>{{cite web|title=Alabama Archaeology: Prehistoric Alabama |url=http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/paleoindian.htm |publisher=University of Alabama Press |year=1999 |access-date=2010-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613070843/http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/paleoindian.htm |archive-date=2010-06-13 }}</ref> During much of the early and middle Paleo-Indian periods, inland bands are thought to have subsisted primarily through hunting now-extinct [[megafauna]].<ref name="LewisJurmain2008"/> Large Pleistocene mammals included the [[Castoroides|giant beaver]], [[Steppe bison|steppe wisent]], [[Praeovibos|giant muskox]], [[mastodon]], [[woolly mammoth]] and [[Queen Charlotte Islands caribou|ancient reindeer]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Breitburg |first=Emanual |author2=John B. Broster |author3=Arthur L. Reesman |author4=Richard G. Strearns |title=Coats-Hines Site: Tennessee's First Paleoindian Mastodon Association |journal=Current Research in the Pleistocene |volume=13 |year=1996 |pages=6–8 |url=http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/research/TennesseeArchaeology/04_The_First_Peoples_of_Tennessee_03032008.pdf |access-date=2009-11-18 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110646/http://web.utk.edu/~anthrop/research/TennesseeArchaeology/04_The_First_Peoples_of_Tennessee_03032008.pdf }}</ref>

The [[Clovis culture]], appearing around 11,500 BCE ({{c.|13,500}} BP) in North America, is one of the most notable Paleo-Indian archaeological cultures.<ref name="CavanaughPayne2006">{{cite book|author1=Catherine Anne Cavanaugh|author2=Michael Payne|author3=Donald Grant Wetherell|title=Alberta formed, Alberta transformed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_XNCXJcjlkC&pg=PA9|access-date=29 November 2011|year=2006|publisher=University of Alberta|isbn=978-1-55238-194-6|page=9}}</ref> It has been disputed whether the Clovis culture were specialist [[Big-game hunting|big-game hunters]] or employed a mixed foraging strategy that included smaller terrestrial game, aquatic animals, and a variety of flora.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Waguespack |first1=Nicole M. |last2=Surovell |first2=Todd A. |date=April 2003 |title=Clovis Hunting Strategies, or How to Make out on Plentiful Resources |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002731600048393/type/journal_article |journal=American Antiquity |language=en |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=333–352 |doi=10.2307/3557083 |jstor=3557083 |s2cid=164047864 |issn=0002-7316|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="Zeman2002">{{cite book|author=Scott C. Zeman|title=Chronology of the American West: from 23,000 B.C.E. through the twentieth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KK1q6N16zIAC&pg=PA9|access-date=29 November 2011|year=2002|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-207-3|page=9}}</ref> Paleo-Indian groups were efficient hunters and carried a variety of tools. These included highly efficient [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted-style]] spear points, as well as [[Microblade technology|microblades]] used for butchering and hide processing.<ref name="Sturtevant1985">{{cite book|author=William C. Sturtevant|title=Handbook of North American Indians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGWuMa6sRYsC&pg=PA87|access-date=29 November 2011|date=21 February 1985|publisher=Government Printing Office|isbn=978-0-16-004580-6|page=87}}</ref> Projectile points and [[hammerstone]]s made from many sources are found traded or moved to new locations.<ref name="KeokePorterfield2005">{{cite book|author1=Emory Dean Keoke|author2=Kay Marie Porterfield|title=Trade, Transportation, and Warfare|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aKIEZsxbYdUC&pg=PA1|access-date=29 November 2011|date=January 2005|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5395-7|pages=1–}}</ref> Stone tools were traded and/or left behind from [[North Dakota]] and [[Northwest Territories]], to [[Montana]] and [[Wyoming]].<ref name="upper"/> Trade routes also have been found from the [[British Columbia Interior]] to the coast of [[California]].<ref name="upper">{{cite book |first1= P. Jeffrey |last1=Brantingham |first2=Steven L. |last2=Kuhn |first3=Kristopher W. |last3=Kerry |title=The Early Upper Paleolithic beyond Western Europe|url=http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9850.php|publisher=University of California Press|pages=41–66 |year=2004|isbn=978-0-520-23851-0 |access-date=2009-11-19}}</ref>

The glaciers that covered the northern half of the continent began to gradually melt, exposing new land for occupation around 17,500–14,500 years ago.<ref name=Pielou/> At the same time as this was occurring, worldwide extinctions among the large mammals began. In North America, [[Camelidae|camelids]] and [[Equidae|equids]] eventually died off, the latter not to reappear on the continent until the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] reintroduced the [[horse]] near the end of the 15th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|title=A brief history of the horse in America: Horse phylogeny and evolution |work=Ben Singer |url=http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/ma05/indepth/ |publisher=Canadian Geographic |year=2005 |access-date=2009-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083344/http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/Magazine/ma05/indepth/ |archive-date=2014-08-19 }}</ref> As the [[Quaternary extinction event#North America|Quaternary extinction event]] was happening, the late Paleo-Indians would have relied more on other means of subsistence.<ref name=Southeast>{{cite book |title=The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast |first1=David G. |last1=Anderson |author-link1=David G. Anderson |first2=Kenneth E. |last2=Sassaman |format=Digitised online by Google books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rbfIL7NKFwgC&q=Paleo%20Indian&pg=PP1 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-0835-3 |access-date=2009-11-15 |year=1996}}</ref>

From {{c.|10,500|9,500}} BCE ({{c.|12,500|11,500|lk=no}} BP), the broad-spectrum big game hunters of the [[Great Plains]] began to focus on a single animal species: the [[bison]] (an early cousin of the [[American bison]]).<ref name=Mann>{{cite book |title=1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus |first=Charles C. |last=Mann |author-link=Charles C. Mann |format=Digitised online by Google books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XhAqcIq_pGcC&q=Paleo-Indians&pg=PA334 |publisher=[[Random House]] of Canada |isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1 |access-date=2009-11-17 |date=2006-10-10}}</ref> The earliest known of these bison-oriented hunting traditions is the [[Folsom tradition]]. Folsom peoples traveled in small family groups for most of the year, returning yearly to the same springs and other favored locations on higher ground.<ref name=Manitoba>{{cite web |title=Folsom Traditions |url=http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/manarchnet/chronology/paleoindian/folsom.html |publisher=[[University of Manitoba]], Archaeological Society |year=1998 |access-date=2010-04-10 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209123605/http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/manarchnet/chronology/paleoindian/folsom.html }}</ref> There they would camp for a few days, perhaps erecting a temporary shelter, making and/or repairing some stone tools, or processing some meat, then moving on.<ref name=Mann/> Paleo-Indians were not numerous, and population densities were quite low.<ref name=Beginn>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/p4/1 |title=Beginnings to 1500 C.E |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples |access-date=2009-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206163225/http://multiculturalcanada.ca/Encyclopedia/A-Z/p4/1 |archive-date=2010-12-06}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Classification ===
[[File:Projectile point types.png|upright=1.3|thumb|Different types of [[Projectile points]], from the Paleo-Indian periods in southeastern North America]]
{{Main|List of archaeological periods (North America)|List of archaeological periods (Mesoamerica)}}

Paleo-Indians are generally classified by lithic reduction or [[lithic core]] "styles" and by regional adaptations.<ref name="HranickyRpa2010"/><ref name="Holliday1997">{{cite book|first=Vance T. |last=Holliday |author-link=Vance T. Holliday |title=Paleoindian geoarchaeology of the southern High Plains |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tUb2o1fPG9EC&pg=PA15 |access-date=29 November 2011 |year=1997 |publisher=[[University of Texas Press]] |isbn=978-0-292-73114-1 |page=15}}</ref> [[Lithic technology]] fluted spear points, like other spear points, are collectively called [[projectile points]]. The projectiles are constructed from chipped stones that have a long groove called a "flute". The spear points would typically be made by chipping a single flake from each side of the point.<ref>{{cite book|first=J.M. |last=Adovasio |author-link=James M. Adovasio |others=with Jake Page |title=The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery |location=New York |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=2002 |page=14 |isbn=978-0-375-50552-2}}</ref> The point was then tied onto a spear of wood or bone. As the environment changed with the ice age ending around 17–13 [[Kyr|Ka]] [[Before Present|BP]] on short, and around 25–27 Ka BP on the long,<ref name="BergerShor2009">{{cite book|first1=Wolfgang H. |last1=Berger |author-link1=Wolfgang H. Berger |first2=Elizabeth |last2=Noble Shor |author-link2=Elizabeth Noble Shor |title=Ocean: reflections on a century of exploration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMUqEdOd3NEC&pg=PA397 |access-date=29 November 2011 |date=25 April 2009 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-24778-9 |page=397}}</ref> many animals migrated overland to take advantage of the new sources of food. Humans following these animals, such as bison, mammoth and mastodon, thus gained the name ''big-game hunters''.<ref name=buffalo>{{cite book |title=The Time of the Buffalo |first1=Tom |last1=McHugh |first2=Victoria |last2=Hobson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xSbrXXh0lWMC&q=buffalo+migrated+from+Asia+to+America&pg=PA13 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]] |isbn=978-0-8032-8105-9 |year=1979 |access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> Pacific coastal groups of the period would have relied on fishing as the prime source of sustenance.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=deFrance |first1=Susan D. |last2=Keefer |first2=David K. |last3=Richardson |first3=James B. |last4=Alvarez |first4=Adan U. |title=Late Paleo-Indian Coastal Foragers: Specialized Extractive |pages=413–426 |year=2010 |jstor=972087 |volume=12 |issue=4 |journal=Latin American Antiquity |doi=10.2307/972087 |s2cid=163802845}}</ref>

Archaeologists are piecing together evidence that the earliest human settlements in North America were thousands of years before the appearance of the current Paleo-Indian time frame (before the late glacial maximum 20,000-plus years ago).<ref name="albert">{{cite web |url=http://www.telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/alberta1.htm |title=Alberta History pre 1800 – Jasper Alberta |work=Jasper Alberta |year=2009 |access-date=2009-11-20 |archive-date=2016-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313201121/http://telusplanet.net/public/dgarneau/alberta1.htm }}</ref> Evidence indicates that people were living as far east as Beringia before 30,000 BCE (32,000 BP).<ref name="ice">{{cite magazine|last1=Bradley |first1=Bruce |last2=Stanford |first2=Dennis |author-link2=Dennis Stanford |title=The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World. |magazine=World Archaeology |volume=34 |date=2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lauber |first=Patricia |author-link=Patricia Lauber |title=Who Came First? New Clues to Prehistoric Americans |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |date=2003}}</ref> Until recently, it was generally believed that the first Paleo-Indian people to arrive in North America belonged to the Clovis culture. This archaeological phase was named after the city of [[Clovis, New Mexico]], where in 1936 unique [[Clovis point]]s were found in situ at the site of [[Blackwater Draw]], where they were directly associated with the bones of Pleistocene animals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/history/seac/outline/02-paleoindian/index.htm |title=National Park Service Southeastern Archaeological Center: The Paleoindian Period |access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref>

Recent data from a series of archaeological sites throughout the Americas suggest that Clovis (thus the "Paleo-Indians") time range should be re-examined. In particular, sites such as [[Cooper's Ferry site|Cooper's Ferry]] in Idaho,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wade |first=Lizzie |date=2019-08-29 |title=First people in the Americas came by sea, ancient tools unearthed by Idaho river suggest |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/first-people-americas-came-sea-ancient-tools-unearthed-idaho-river-suggest |access-date=2020-12-28 |website=Science {{!}} AAAS |language=en}}</ref> [[Cactus Hill]] in [[Virginia]],<ref>{{cite news|url-access=subscription |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/early-new-world-settlers-rise-east |title=Early New World Settlers Rise in East |first=Bruce |last=Bowers |access-date=2009-11-17 |work=Science News |year=2000}}</ref> [[Meadowcroft Rockshelter]] in [[Pennsylvania]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1113831918&ResourceType=Site |title=Meadowcroft Rockshelter |access-date=2009-11-17 |work=National Historic Landmark summary listing |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511004804/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1113831918&ResourceType=Site |archive-date=11 May 2015}}</ref> [[Bear Spirit Mountain]] in [[West Virginia]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/life/author-discovers-ceremonial-site-and-reconnects-with-indian-heritage/article_7d9d4f7c-5ac5-5010-a7a1-e5393eec2ace.html |title=Author Discovers Ceremonial Site |access-date=2019-03-15 |work=Archaeology Site Article listing |publisher=Herald Mall Media |archive-date=2018-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109201722/https://www.heraldmailmedia.com/life/author-discovers-ceremonial-site-and-reconnects-with-indian-heritage/article_7d9d4f7c-5ac5-5010-a7a1-e5393eec2ace.html }}</ref> [[Catamarca province|Catamarca]] and [[Salta province|Salta]] in [[Argentina]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unidiversidad.com.ar/encontraron-la-evidencia-humana-mas-antigua-de-argentina |title=Encontraron la evidencia humana más antigua de Argentina |language=es |trans-title=They found the oldest human evidence in Argentina |date=21 May 2018 |website=Universidad}}</ref> [[Pilauco]] and [[Monte Verde]] in [[Chile]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/2019/04/27/confirman-huella-humana-en-chile-como-la-mas-antigua-de-america-4987.html |title=Confirman huella humana en Chile como la más antigua de América |website=la Jornada |language=es |trans-title=Confirm human footprint in Chile as the oldest in America |access-date=2019-04-27 |archive-date=2019-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427201944/https://www.jornada.com.mx/ultimas/2019/04/27/confirman-huella-humana-en-chile-como-la-mas-antigua-de-america-4987.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1873/ |title=Monte Verde Archaeological Site – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |access-date=2009-11-17}}</ref> [[Topper (archaeological site)|Topper]] in [[South Carolina]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/TECH/science/11/17/carolina.dig/index.html |title=CNN.com: Man in Americas Earlier Than Thought |access-date=2009-11-17 | date=2004-11-18}}</ref> and [[Quintana Roo]] in [[Mexico]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Ignacio |last=Villarreal |url=http://www.artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=40187 |title=Mexican Archaeologists Extract 10,000 Year-Old Skeleton from Flooded Cave in Quintana Roo |publisher=Artdaily.com |date=2010-08-25 |access-date=2010-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2011/02/skull-in-mexico-cave-may-be-oldest-american-found.html |title=Skull in Underwater Cave May Be Earliest Trace of First Americans – NatGeo News Watch |publisher=Blogs.nationalgeographic.com |date=2011-02-18 |access-date=2011-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226224240/http://blogs.nationalgeographic.com/blogs/news/chiefeditor/2011/02/skull-in-mexico-cave-may-be-oldest-american-found.html |archive-date=2011-02-26 }}</ref> have generated early dates for wide-ranging Paleo-Indian occupation. Some sites significantly predate the migration time frame of ice-free corridors, thus suggesting that there were additional coastal migration routes available, traversed either on foot and/or in boats.<ref>{{cite web|first=Steve |last=Connor |url=http://www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/ant322m_files/1stpersons.htm |title=Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe? |work=[[The University of Texas at Austin]] – Web Central |access-date=2009-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040302011546/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/stross/ant322m_files/1stpersons.htm |archive-date=2004-03-02}}</ref> Geological evidence suggests the Pacific coastal route was open for overland travel before 23,000 years ago and after 16,000 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |first=David K. |last=Jordan |author-link=David K. Jordan |title=Prehistoric Beringia |url=http://www.anthro.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/beringia.html |publisher=[[University of California - San Diego]] |year=2009 |access-date=2010-04-15 |archive-date=2014-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212155854/http://www.anthro.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/arch/beringia.html }}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== South America ===
{{further|Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru|Pre-Columbian period in Venezuela}}
In South America, the site of [[Monte Verde]] indicates that its population was probably territorial and resided in their river basin for most of the year. Some other South American groups, on the other hand, were highly mobile and hunted big-game animals such as [[gomphothere]]s and [[Ground sloth|giant sloths]]. They used classic bifacial projectile point technology, such as [[Fishtail projectile point|Fishtail points]].

<blockquote>
The primary examples are populations associated with El Jobo points ([[Venezuela]]), fish-tail or Magallanes points (various parts of the continent, but mainly the southern half), and [[Paiján culture|Paijan points]] ([[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]]) at sites in grasslands, savanna plains, and patchy forests.<ref>TOM D. DILLEHAY, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108213554/http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ancient/pleistocene-cultures.pdf The Late Pleistocene Cultures of South America.] Evolutionary Anthropology, 1999</ref>
</blockquote>

The dating for these sites ranges from {{c.|14,000}} BP (for [[Taima-Taima]] in Venezuela) to {{c.|10,000|lk=no}} BP.<ref name="CummingsJordan2014">{{cite book|last1=Cummings|first1=Vicki|last2=Jordan|first2=Peter|last3=Zvelebil|first3=Marek|title=The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nl2yAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA418|year=2014|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-102526-6|page=418}}</ref> The bi-pointed El Jobo projectile points were mostly distributed in north-western Venezuela; from the [[Gulf of Venezuela]] to the high mountains and valleys. The population using them were hunter-gatherers that seemed to remain within a certain circumscribed territory.<ref>José R. Oliver, [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/taima-taima-text3.html Implications of Taima-taima and the Peopling of Northern South America.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425071105/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/taima-taima-text3.html |date=2016-04-25 }} bradshawfoundation.com</ref><ref>Oliver, J.R., Alexander, C.S. (2003). Ocupaciones humanas del Plesitoceno terminal en el Occidente de Venezuela. Maguare, 17 83–246</ref> El Jobo points were probably the earliest, going back to {{c.|14,200|12,980|lk=no}} BP and they were used for hunting large mammals.<ref name="SilvermanIsbell2008">{{cite book|last1=Silverman |first1=Helaine |last2=Isbell |first2=William |title=Handbook of South American Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZr-lxQgJiAC&pg=PA433 |date=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science]] |isbn=978-0-387-75228-0 |page=433}}</ref> In contrast, the fish-tail points, dating to c. 11,000 B.P. in [[Patagonia]], had a much wider geographical distribution, but mostly in the central and southern part of the continent.<ref name="SilvermanIsbell2008b">{{cite book|last1=Silverman |first1=Helaine |last2=Isbell |first2=William |title=Handbook of South American Archaeology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZr-lxQgJiAC&pg=PA35 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Springer Science]] |isbn=978-0-387-75228-0 |page=35}}</ref><ref name="Dillehay2008">{{cite book|last=Dillehay |first=Thomas D. |title=The Settlement of the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aM0CRBQ9kFcC&pg=PA209 |year=2008 |publisher=[[Basic Books]] |isbn=978-0-7867-2543-4 |page=209}}</ref>

== Archaeogenetics ==
{{Main|Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas}}

[[File:Global frequency distribution map of haplogroup Q-M242 (Y-DNA).png|thumb|upright=1.4|Frequency distribution of haplogroup Q-M242.<ref name="pmid28251872">{{cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Balanovsky |first1=Oleg |last2=Gurianov |first2=Vladimir |last3=Zaporozhchenko |first3=Valery |last4=Balaganskaya |first4=Olga |last5=Urasin |first5=Vadim |last6=Zhabagin |first6=Maxat |last7=Grugni |first7=Viola |last8=Canada |first8=Rebekah |last9=Al-Zahery |first9=Nadia |last10=Raveane |first10=Alessandro |last11=Wen |first11=Shao-Qing |last12=Yan |first12=Shi |last13=Wang |first13=Xianpin |last14=Zalloua |first14=Pierre |last15=Marafi |first15=Abdullah |last16=Koshel |first16=Sergey |last17=Semino |first17=Ornella |last18=Tyler-Smith |first18=Chris |last19=Balanovska |first19=Elena |title=Phylogeography of human Y-chromosome haplogroup Q3-L275 from an academic/citizen science collaboration |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=February 2017 |volume=17 |issue=S1 |page=18 |doi=10.1186/s12862-016-0870-2 |pmid=28251872 |pmc=5333174 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2017BMCEE..17S..18B }}</ref>]]
The [[haplogroup]] most commonly associated with [[Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian genetics]] is [[Haplogroup Q-M3]].<ref name=demographic>{{cite web|year=2003 |url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/tcga/tcgapdf/Bortolini-AJHG-03-YAmer.pdf |title=Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas |publisher=[[University College London]] 73:524–539 |access-date=2010-01-22}}</ref> [[Y-DNA]], like ([[mtDNA]]), differs from other [[nuclear DNA|nuclear]] [[chromosome]]s in that the majority of the Y chromosome is unique and does not recombine during [[meiosis]]. This allows the historical pattern of mutations to be easily studied.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Orgel |first=L. |title=Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world |url=http://www.d.umn.edu/~pschoff/documents/OrgelRNAWorld.pdf |journal=Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=99–123 |pmid=15217990 |doi=10.1080/10409230490460765 |year=2004 |access-date=2010-01-19 |citeseerx=10.1.1.537.7679|s2cid=4939632 }}</ref> The pattern indicates [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous Amerindians]] experienced two very distinctive genetic episodes: first with the initial peopling of the Americas, and secondly with [[European colonization of the Americas]].<ref name=Genebaseb>{{cite web|title=Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q |editor=Wendy Tymchuk |url=http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16 |format=Verbal tutorial possible |publisher=Genebase Systems |year=2008 |access-date=2009-11-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622001311/http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16 |archive-date=2010-06-22 }}</ref> The former is the determinant factor for the number of [[gene]] lineages and founding [[haplotype]]s present in today's Indigenous Amerindian populations.<ref name=Genebasea>{{cite web| title=Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q| editor=Wendy Tymchuk| url=http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100421215503/http://www.genebase.com/tutorial/item.php?tuId=16 | archive-date = 2010-04-21| format = Verbal tutorial possible| publisher=Genebase Systems| year=2008| access-date=2009-11-21}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|reason=WP:QUESTIONABLE|date=July 2015}}

Human settlement of the Americas occurred in stages from the [[Bering Sea|Bering sea coast line]], with an initial layover on Beringia for the [[Founder effect|founding population]].<ref name="Roberts2010">{{cite book|author=Alice Roberts|title=The Incredible Human Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0|pages=101–03}}</ref><ref name=Firstb>{{cite web|title=First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american.html |access-date=2009-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010092348/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american.html |archive-date=2012-10-10 }} [http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html page 2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313061401/http://dsc.discovery.com/news/2008/02/13/beringia-native-american-02.html |date=2012-03-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/science/linguistic-study-sheds-new-light-on-peopling-of-north-america.html?ref=science|date=13 Mar 2014}}</ref><ref name=first2>{{cite web|title=New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop|first=Ker |last=Than|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080214-america-layover.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219013512/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/02/080214-america-layover.html|archive-date=February 19, 2008|publisher=National Geographic Society|year=2008|access-date=2010-01-23}}</ref> The [[Microsatellite (genetics)|micro-satellite]] diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Amerindian populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region.<ref name=subclades>{{cite web|title=Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q |url=http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc=.jpg?download=1 |publisher=Genebase Systems |year=2009 |access-date=2009-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510204204/http://64.40.115.138/file/lu/6/52235/NTIyMzV9K3szNTc2Nzc%3D.jpg?download=1 |archive-date=2011-05-10 }}</ref> The [[Na-Dené]], [[Inuit]] and [[Alaska Natives|Indigenous Alaskan]] populations, however, exhibit [[haplogroup Q (Y-DNA)]] mutations that are distinct from other Amerindians with various mtDNA mutations.<ref name=NaDene>{{cite journal |author=Ruhlen M |title=The origin of the Na-Dene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=95 |issue=23 |pages=13994–6 |date=November 1998 |pmid=9811914 |pmc=25007 |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994|bibcode=1998PNAS...9513994R|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=Zhivotovsky>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF |title=High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=164–75 |date=January 2004 |pmid=14595095 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msh009|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=inuit>{{cite web|title=mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion|url=http://www.cell.com/AJHG/abstract/S0002-9297%2807%2963257-1 |first1=Juliette |last1=Saillard |first2=Peter |last2=Forster |first3=Niels |last3=Lynnerup |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last4=Bandelt |first5=Søren |last5=Nørby|work=Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg|year=2000|access-date=2009-11-22}}</ref> This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and [[Greenland]] derived from later migrant populations.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations|url=http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/abstract/130/1/153|first1=A. |last1=Torroni |first2=T. G. |last2=Schurr |first3=C. C. |last3=Yang |first4=E. |last4=Szathmary |first5=R. C. |last5=Williams |first6=M. S. |last6=Schanfield |first7=G. A. |last7=Troup |first8=W. C. |last8=Knowler |first9=D. N. |last9=Lawrence |first10=K. M. |last10=Weiss |first11=D. C. |last11=Wallace |journal=Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia |date=January 1992 |volume=130 |issue=1 |pages=153–162 |publisher=Genetics Society of America |access-date=2009-11-28}}</ref>

Evidence from full genomic studies suggests that the first people in the Americas diverged from Ancient East Asians about 36,000 years ago and expanded northwards into Siberia, where they encountered and interacted with a different Paleolithic Siberian population (known as [[Ancient North Eurasian]]s), giving rise to both [[Paleosiberian peoples]] and [[Ancient Beringian|Ancient Native Americans]], which later migrated towards the Beringian region, became isolated from other populations, and subsequently populated the Americas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raff |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/jennifer-raff/origin/9781538749715/ |title=Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas |date=2020-06-09 |publisher=Twelve |isbn=978-1-5387-4971-5 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sapiens |date=2022-02-08 |title=A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas |url=https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/ancient-dna-native-americans/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=SAPIENS |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Debate about megafauna extinction ==
{{Main|Late Pleistocene extinctions}}

[[File:Valley_of_Mexico_in_Pleistocene_(9778653573).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Diorama of a Paleoindian [[Columbian mammoth]] (''Mammuthus columbi'') hunting scene at the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Mexico)|National Museum of Anthropology]], Mexico City]]
Due to the evidence that Paleoindians hunted now extinct megafauna (large animals), and that following a period of overlap, most large animals across the Americas became extinct as part of the [[Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions]], it has been argued by many authors that hunting by Paleoindians was an important factor in the extinctions,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Svenning |first1=Jens-Christian |last2=Lemoine |first2=Rhys T. |last3=Bergman |first3=Juraj |last4=Buitenwerf |first4=Robert |last5=Le Roux |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Lundgren |first6=Erick |last7=Mungi |first7=Ninad |last8=Pedersen |first8=Rasmus Ø. |date=2024 |title=The late-Quaternary megafauna extinctions: Patterns, causes, ecological consequences and implications for ecosystem management in the Anthropocene |journal=Cambridge Prisms: Extinction |language=en |volume=2 |article-number=e5 |doi=10.1017/ext.2024.4 |pmid=40078803 |issn=2755-0958|doi-access=free |pmc=11895740 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Politis |first1=Gustavo G. |last2=Messineo |first2=Pablo G. |last3=Stafford |first3=Thomas W. |last4=Lindsey |first4=Emily L. |date=March 2019 |title=Campo Laborde: A Late Pleistocene giant ground sloth kill and butchering site in the Pampas |journal=Science Advances |language=en |volume=5 |issue=3 |article-number=eaau4546 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.aau4546 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=6402857 |pmid=30854426|bibcode=2019SciA....5.4546P }}</ref> though this suggestion is controversial, with other authors placing the blame on climatic change.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Grayson |first1=Donald K. |last2=Meltzer |first2=David J. |date=May 2003 |title=A requiem for North American overkill |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0305440302002054 |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |language=en |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=585–593 |bibcode=2003JArSc..30..585G |doi=10.1016/S0305-4403(02)00205-4|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In a 2012 survey of archaeologists in ''The [[Society for American Archaeology|SAA]] Archaeological Record,'' 63% of respondents said that megafauna extinctions were likely the result of a "combination of factors".<ref name=":10">Amber D. Wheat "[https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=c9049dfa37174fcd182e09bb54f1274850ce5473#page=12 Survey of professional opionions regarding the peopling of the Americas]." ''The SAA Archaeological Record'' Volume 12, No. 2 March 2012</ref>

== Transition to archaic period ==
[[File:Poverty Point gorgets atlatl weights HRoe 2009.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|[[Atlatl]] weights and carved stone [[Gorget#Other peoples|gorgets]] from [[Poverty Point]]]]

The [[Archaic Period (Americas)|Archaic period]] in the Americas saw a changing environment featuring a warmer, more arid climate and the disappearance of the last megafauna.<ref name="CampbellWhittle2017">{{cite book|first1=Douglas Ian |last1=Campbell |first2=Patrick Michael |last2=Whittle |title=Resurrecting Extinct Species: Ethics and Authenticity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mEtADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-69578-5 |pages=37–38}}</ref> The majority of population groups at this time were still highly mobile hunter-gatherers, but now individual groups started to focus on resources available to them locally. Thus with the passage of time there is a pattern of increasing regional generalization like the [[Archaic Southwest|Southwest]], [[Paleo-Arctic tradition|Arctic]], [[Poverty Point culture|Poverty]], [[Dalton tradition|Dalton]], and [[Plano cultures|Plano]] traditions. These regional adaptations would become the norm, with reliance less on hunting and gathering, and a more mixed economy of small game, fish, seasonally wild vegetables, and harvested plant foods.<ref name=Fiedel>{{cite book|title=Prehistory of the Americas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yrhp8H0_l6MC&q=Paleo-Indians%20tradition&pg=PR5 |first=Stuart J. |last=Fiedel |format=Digitised online by Google books |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-521-42544-5 |access-date=2009-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas |first1=Frank |last1=Salomon |first2=Stuart B. |last2=Schwartz |format=Digitised online by Google books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PqEQWch7woQC&q=Formative%20stage%20in%20the%20americas&pg=PA256 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |access-date=2009-11-17 |isbn=978-0-521-63075-7 |date=1999-12-28}}</ref> Many groups continued to hunt big game but their hunting traditions became more varied and meat procurement methods more sophisticated.<ref name=Pielou/> The placement of artifacts and materials within an Archaic burial site indicated social differentiation based upon status in some groups.<ref name="icaage">{{cite book|last1=Imbrie |first1=J. |first2=K. P. |last2=Imbrie |title=Ice Ages: Solving the Mystery |year=1979 |publisher=Enslow Publishers |location=Short Hills NJ |isbn=978-0-226-66811-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/aftericeager00piel}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Adams County Paleo-Indian District]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Arlington Springs Man]] – (Human remains)
* [[Blackwater Draw]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Borax Lake Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Buhl woman]] – (Human remains)
* [[Calico Early Man Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Caverna da Pedra Pintada]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Cody complex]] – (Culture group)
* [[Cueva de las Manos]] – (Cave paintings)
* [[East Fork Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Folsom Tradition]] – (Culture group)
* [[Fort Rock Cave]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Hiscock Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Kennewick Man]] – (Human remains)
* [[Leanderthal Lady]] – (Human remains)
* [[Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Lindenmeier site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Luzia Woman]] – (Human remains)
* [[Marmes Rockshelter]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Mastodon State Historic Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Mummy Cave]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Naia (skeleton)|Naia]] – (Human remains)
* [[Paisley Caves]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Peñon woman]] – (Human remains)
* [[Post Pattern]] – (Archaeological culture)
* [[San Dieguito complex]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Sandia Cave|Sandia Man Cave]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Upward Sun River site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Witt Site]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Xá:ytem|X̲áːytem]] – (Archeological site)
* [[Quad site]] – (Archeological site)
{{div col end}}
{{Portal inline|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Clear}}

== Notes==
{{Reflist|group="note"}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}

* {{cite book |last=Jablonski |first=Nina G. |title=The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World |publisher=California Academy of Sciences |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-940228-49-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RI32r548fUwC&q=The%20first%20Americans%3A%20the%20Pleistocene%20colonization%20of%20the%20New%20World%20%20By%20Nina%20G.%20Jablonski&pg=PP1}}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Charles Hoffer|title=The Brave New World: A History of Early America|url=https://archive.org/details/bravenewworldhis0000hoff_a3b3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=JHU Press|isbn=978-0-8018-8483-2}}
* {{cite book|first =David J | last = Meltzer |title =First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America|publisher =University of California, Berkeley|year =2009|isbn =978-0-520-25052-9|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jWgZPz6oXSwC&q=First%20peoples%20in%20a%20new%20world%3A%20colonizing%20ice%20age%20America%20%20By%20David%20J.%20Meltzer&pg=PP1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lithic period}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080405232839/https://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/atlas.html Atlas of the Human Journey], [[Genographic Project]], [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]
* [http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ Journey of Mankind – Genetic Map] – [[John Robinson (sculptor)|Bradshaw Foundation]]
* [https://www.nps.gov/history/seac/outline/02-paleoindian/index.htm The Paleoindian Period] – [[National Park Service|United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613070843/http://bama.ua.edu/~alaarch/prehistoricalabama/paleoindian.htm Alabama Archaeology: Prehistoric Alabama] – [[University of Alabama|The University of Alabama, Department of Archaeology]]
* [http://pidba.utk.edu/main.htm The Paleoindian Database] – [[University of Tennessee|The University of Tennessee, Department of Anthropology]].
* [http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/nattrans/ntecoindian/essays/pleistocene.htm Paleoindians and the Great Pleistocene Die-Off] – [[National Humanities Center|American Academy of Arts and Sciences, National Humanities Center]]

{{Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}
{{Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida}}
{{Pre-Columbian North America}}
{{Pre-Columbian}}
{{Prehistoric technology}}
{{Cultural areas of indigenous North Americans}}

[[Category:Paleo-Indian period| ]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian cultures|+1]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of North America|+1]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures of South America|+1]]
[[Category:History of Indigenous peoples of North America]]
[[Category:History of Indigenous peoples in Canada]]
[[Category:Native American history]]
[[Category:History of the Americas]]
[[Category:History of North America]]
[[Category:History of South America]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of the United States]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of Canada]]
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of South America]]
[[Category:Late Pleistocene]]
[[Category:Mesoamerican cultures]]
[[Category:Pleistocene life]]
[[Category:Pleistocene North America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene South America]]
[[Category:Pre-Columbian archaeology]]
[[Category:Lithic period in Mesoamerica]]

R. Madhavan filmography

2026-03-18T18:22:04Z

JoanneMoffit: quick update

{{Short description|List of films of Indian actor Ranganathan Madhavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
[[File:Madhavanprof.JPG|thumb|right|alt=A photo of Ranganathan Madhavan posing for the camera.|R. Madhavan in 2011]]
[[R. Madhavan]] is an Indian actor known for his work predominantly in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films, along with a few films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[English language|English]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]] languages. He began his acting career in the early 1990s by featuring in Hindi [[soap opera]]s like ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]'', ''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]'', ''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]'' and ''[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=My screen kisses don't titillate: Ranganathan Madhavan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/My-screen-kisses-dont-titillate-Madhavan/articleshow/12134837.cms |website=The Times of India|last1=Trivedi |first1=Tanvi }}</ref><ref name="TV Credits">{{Cite web |title=R. Madhavan Credits |url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/r-madhavan/credits/734809/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816043746/http://www.tv.com/shows/baywatch/race-against-time-1-26034/cast/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> In 2000, Madhavan gained recognition in [[Tamil cinema]] by playing the lead role in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s romantic drama film ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Madhavan reveals his toughest scene in 'Alaipayuthey' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madhavan-reveals-his-toughest-scene-in-alaipayuthey/articleshow/75174211.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He followed this with appearances in two commercially successful Tamil films, [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]]'s directorial debut ''[[Minnale]]'' (2001) and [[Madras Talkies]]' ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' (2001), as well as his first Hindi film in a leading role, ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]'' (2001).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maddy mania strikes again |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/feb/24/maddy-mania-strikes-again-230456.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=24 February 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=rediff.com, Movies: The film review of Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/19dil.htm |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref name="Filmography">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2009 |title=Filmography: Madhavan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/filmography-madhavan-news-tamil-kkfspHcgjabsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416030900/http://www.sify.com/movies/filmography-madhavan-news-tamil-kkfspHcgjabsi.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In the early 2000s, Madhavan worked on Tamil films including ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]'' (2002), ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' (2002), ''[[Anbe Sivam]]'' (2003) and ''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]'' (2004). Madhavan also simultaneously pursued a career in the Hindi film industry, by appearing in supporting roles in films including [[Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra]]'s ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), Mani Ratnam's biopic ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007) and [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009), which became the highest-grossing Indian film of all time upon release at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare recommends: Best films of Madhavan down the years |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/filmfare-recommends-best-films-of-madhavan-down-the-years-41268.html |website=filmfare.com}}</ref> Other Tamil productions that Madhavan worked on during the late 2000s included ''[[Evano Oruvan]]'' (2007), which he also produced, and the horror film ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web |title=None |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/feb/28sld6.htm |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaavarum Nalam: A must-watch! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/06review-yaavarum-nalam.htm |website=Rediff.com}}</ref>

After appearing in ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012), Madhavan took an extended break from signing new film projects. His comeback films, the romantic-comedy ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'' (2015), the bilingual sports drama ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016) and the crime film ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'' (2017) all performed well at the box office. His performance as a boorish boxing coach in ''Irudhi Suttru'' fetched him Best Actor awards at the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Filmfare]], [[2nd IIFA Utsavam|IIFA]] and [[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA]] award ceremonies.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=Winners: 64th Jio Filmfare Awards 2017 (South) |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618065742/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south/articleshow/59192157.cms |archive-date=18 June 2017 |access-date=21 June 2017 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=I have no insecurites: R Madhavan on 'Saala Khadoos', 'Tanu Weds Manu Returns' and Kangana Ranaut |publisher=FirstPost |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/i-have-no-insecurites-r-madhavan-on-saala-khadoos-tanu-weds-manu-returns-and-kangana-2312148.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627204437/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/i-have-no-insecurites-r-madhavan-on-saala-khadoos-tanu-weds-manu-returns-and-kangana-2312148.html |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title='Tanu Weds Manu Returns' Box Office Collection: Will Kangana-Madhavan Starrer Cross ₹150 Crore and Beat Salman's Movie Record by 6th Weekend? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tanu-weds-manu-returns-box-office-collection-will-kangana-madhavan-starrer-cross-150-crore-637267 |url-status=live |access-date=27 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627175108/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/tanu-weds-manu-returns-box-office-collection-will-kangana-madhavan-starrer-cross-150-crore-637267 |archive-date=27 June 2015}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" 
|+ Film performances by R. Madhavan
|-
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col"|Title
! scope="col"|Role(s)
! scope="col"|Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
! scope="row" | 1996
| ''[[Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin]]''
| Singer
| [[Hindi]]
| Guest appearance in the song "Chup Tum Raho"
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=You probably didn't notice these stars in these songs |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/you-probably-didnt-notice-these-stars-in-these-songs-011356438.html |website=in.style.yahoo.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1997
| ''[[Inferno (1997 film)|Inferno]]''
| Ravi
| [[English language|English]]
| credited as Mahadevan
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=411Mania |url=http://411mania.com/movies/the-gratuitous-b-movie-column-inferno/ |website=The Gratuitous B-Movie Column: Inferno |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=12 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812180147/https://411mania.com/movies/the-gratuitous-b-movie-column-inferno/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 1998
| ''[[Shanti Shanti Shanti]]''
| Siddhartha
| [[Kannada]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasa |first=Srikanth |date=22 November 1998 |title=The funny foursome in Shanti! Shanti! Shanti! |url=http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov22/enter.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990420165642/http://deccanherald.com/deccanherald/nov22/enter.htm |archive-date=20 April 1999 |access-date=30 September 2020 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2000
| ''[[Alai Payuthey]]''
| Karthik Varadharajan
| rowspan="4" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=2000-04-21 |title=Film Review: "Alaipayuthey" |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-alaipayuthey/article28012646.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014165140/http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |archive-date=14 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2014 |title=Best Debutants down the years... |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416075135/http://www.filmfare.com/features/best-debutants-down-the-years-6681.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ennavalle]]''
| James Vasanth
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 December 2000 |title=Film Review: Ennavale |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/29/stories/09290224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416033511/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2000/12/29/stories/09290224.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2001
| ''[[Minnale]]''
| Rajesh Shivakumar
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=9 February 2001 |title=Film Review: Minnalae |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/09/stories/09090224.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416034345/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/09/stories/09090224.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
| Aditya
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=28 April 2001 |title=Drums for Dum Dum Dum! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/28dum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416034743/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/apr/28dum.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein]]''
| Madhav Shastri
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Ronjita |date=19 October 2001 |title=Madhavan impresses; Diya Pleases...while, RHTDM is a light-hearted romantic fare |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/19dil.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416035059/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/19dil.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
| Madhava
| rowspan="3" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review:Paarthale Paravasam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paarthale-paravasam-review-tamil-8700289.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115194029/http://www.sify.com/movies/paarthale-paravasam-review-tamil-8700289.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-01-15 |access-date=2012-08-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2002
| ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
| Thiruchelvan
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=293}}<ref name="Maddy TNSA">{{Cite news |date=1 October 2004 |title=6 film artistes win top award |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100112290500.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517093126/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/10/01/stories/2004100112290500.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]''
| Siva
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" /><ref name="Maddy TNSA" />
|-
| ''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
| Krish Kumar
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=10 October 2002 |title="Dil Vil Pyar Vyar" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501190200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416040454/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501190200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2003
| ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
| Anbarasu
| rowspan="7" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2008/05/02/52/Ar05200.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2008&DOCID=9635&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |title=Article Window |website=epaper.timesofindia.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170105065738/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Search&Key=TOICH/2008/05/02/52/Ar05200.xml&CollName=TOI_CHENNAI_ARCHIVE_2008&DOCID=9635&Keyword=(%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3EAnbe%3Cand%3E%3Cmany%3E%3Cstem%3ESivam)&skin=pastissues2&AppName=2&ViewMode=GIF |archive-date=5 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2004 |title=51st Annual Manikchand Filmfare Award winners |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150126140422/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/51st-Annual-Manikchand-Filmfare-Award-winners/articleshow/718496.cms |archive-date=26 January 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lesa Lesa]]''
| Deva Narayanan
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" />
|-
| ''[[Nala Damayanthi (2003 film)|Nala Damayanthi]]''
| Ramji Narayanaswami Iyer
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 June 2003 |title=Nala Damayanti |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/13/stories/2003061301190200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416041318/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/06/13/stories/2003061301190200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Priyamaana Thozhi]]''
| Ashok
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 July 2003 |title="Priyamana Thozhi" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501320200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416041812/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/25/stories/2003072501320200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jay Jay]]''
| Jagan
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 November 2003 |title="Jay Jay" |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101090200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416042342/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/11/21/stories/2003112101090200.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2004
| ''[[Aethirree]]''
| Subramani
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 April 2004 |title=Edhiri |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001300300.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416043031/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001300300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]''
| Inbasekar
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=294}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S.R. Ashok |date=10 July 2005 |title="Autograph" bags 3 Filmfare awards |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416080639/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/10/stories/2005071001581100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nothing but Life|Nothing But Life]]''
| rowspan="2" |Thomas Roberts
| English
| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" />
|-
|''[[Nothing but Life|Made In USA]]''
|[[Malayalam]]
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2005
| ''[[Priyasakhi]]''
| Sandhana Krishnan
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2005 |title=Priyasakhi |website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/priyasakhi-review-tamil-pclvKThdbfgjd.html |url-status=dead |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416050554/http://www.sify.com/movies/priyasakhi-review-tamil-pclvKThdbfgjd.html |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ramji Londonwaley]]''
| Ramnarayan Tiwari
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajput |first=Dharmesh |date=24 August 2005 |title=Ramji Londonwaley (2005) |work=[[BBC]] |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/09/06/ramji_londonwaley_2005_review.shtml |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416050849/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/09/06/ramji_londonwaley_2005_review.shtml |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" | 2006
| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| Ajay Singh Rathod
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Priyanka |date=8 February 2006 |title=Madhavan, the remote control pilot |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mad/20060208.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416052009/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mad/20060208.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thambi (2006 film)|Thambi]]''
| Thambi Velu Thondaiman
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Sfn|Christopher|2011|p=107}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2006 |title=Thambi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thambi-review-tamil-pclvQCcdiiidb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416052503/http://www.sify.com/movies/thambi-review-tamil-pclvQCcdiiidb.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rendu]]''
| Sakthi, Kannan{{efn|Madhavan played dual roles in this film.|name=dual}}
| Dual role
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2006 |title=Rendu |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rendu-review-tamil-pclwhqdghadfi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416054620/http://www.sify.com/movies/rendu-review-tamil-pclwhqdghadfi.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2007
| ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''
| Shyam Saxena
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | {{Sfn|Rangan|2012|p=294}}
|-
| ''[[That Four-Letter Word]]''
| Himself
| English
| rowspan="2" | Guest appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthalaly |first=Susan |date=24 February 2007 |title=Stories within a story |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/stories-within-a-story/article2241221.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416084519/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/stories-within-a-story/article2241221.ece |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Delhii Heights]]''
| Himself
| Hindi
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohamed |first=Khalid |date=31 March 2007 |title=Review: Delhii Heights |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-delhii-heights/story-ug4bzjBU7WbgtWI4aLA9UM.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416081837/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-delhii-heights/story-ug4bzjBU7WbgtWI4aLA9UM.html |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aarya (film)|Aarya]]''
| Aarya
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aarya |url=http://www.sify.com:80/movies/aarya-review-tamil-14507623.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906081522/http://www.sify.com:80/movies/aarya-review-tamil-14507623.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=16 April 2018 |url-status=dead |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Evano Oruvan]]''
| Sridhar Vasudevan
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 December 2007 |title=Evano Oruvan, a must-watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07evan.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416084911/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/07evan.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Malarvizhi |first=J. |date=6 October 2007 |title='Evano Oruvan' to premiere abroad |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lsquoEvano-Oruvanrsquo-to-premiere-abroad/article14851334.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422075541/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/lsquoEvano-Oruvanrsquo-to-premiere-abroad/article14851334.ece |archive-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2008
| ''[[Halla Bol]]''
| Himself
| Hindi
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" />
|-
| ''[[Vaazhthugal]]''
| T. Kadhiravan
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=16 January 2008 |title=Vazhthukkal is tedious |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssvaz/20080116.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416090237/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssvaz/20080116.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mumbai Meri Jaan]]''
| Nikhil Agarwal
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramani |first=Nithya |date=22 August 2008 |title=Agony revisited |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/22mumbai.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416090335/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/22mumbai.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Tipu Kanan Tipu Kiri]]''
| Himself
| [[Malay language|Malay]]
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="Filmography" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandy |first=Ann Marie |date=6 April 2007 |title=Making a good living |work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]] |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/movies/news/2007/04/06/making-a-good-living/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416091035/https://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/entertainment/movies/news/2007/04/06/making-a-good-living/ |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Naan Aval Adhu]]''
|Aditya
|Tamil
|Unreleased
|
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2009
|''[[Yavarum Nalam|13B]]''
| rowspan="2" |R. Manohar
|Hindi
| rowspan="2" | Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=6 March 2009 |title=Yaavarum Nalam: A must-watch! |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/06review-yaavarum-nalam.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416091456/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/mar/06review-yaavarum-nalam.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]''
| Tamil
|-
| ''[[Guru En Aalu]]''
| Guru
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 May 2009 |title=Contrived 'fun' track – Guru En Aalu |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/contrived-fun-track-guru-en-aalu/article3021410.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416092142/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/contrived-fun-track-guru-en-aalu/article3021410.ece |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sikandar (2009 film)|Sikandar]]''
| Rajesh Rao
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Saltz |first=Rachel |date=20 August 2009 |title=Boy Meets Gun |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/movies/21sikandar.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223224140/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/21/movies/21sikandar.html |archive-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[3 Idiots]]''
| Farhan Qureshi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Elley |first=Derek |author-link=Derek Elley |date=23 December 2009 |title=3 Idiots |url=https://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/3-idiots-1200477791/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416132236/http://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/3-idiots-1200477791/ |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2010 |title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-55th-idea-filmfare-awards-2009/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416093951/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-55th-idea-filmfare-awards-2009/ |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=28 February 2010 |title='3 Idiots,' 'DevD' top Filmfare Awards |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/3-idiots-devd-top-filmfare-21157 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416093940/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/3-idiots-devd-top-filmfare-21157 |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" | 2010
| ''[[Om Shanti (film)|Om Shanti]]''
| Maddy
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2010 |title=Om Shanti |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/om-shanti-review-telugu-pclxz2cebjgdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416094948/http://www.sify.com/movies/om-shanti-review-telugu-pclxz2cebjgdd.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Teen Patti (film)|Teen Patti]]''
| Shantanu Biswas
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2010 |title=Movie review: Teen Patti |work=[[Independent Online (South Africa)|IOL]] |url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/movies-theatre/movie-review-teen-patti-979223 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416095331/https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/movies-theatre/movie-review-teen-patti-979223 |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jhootha Hi Sahi]]''
| Kabir
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Chettiar |first=Blessy |date=29 October 2010 |title=Review: 'Jhootha Hi Sahi' has nothing going for it |work=Daily News and Analysis |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-jhootha-hi-sahi-has-nothing-going-for-it-1456296 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416100328/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-jhootha-hi-sahi-has-nothing-going-for-it-1456296 |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''
| Madhanagopal (Madhan)
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=27 December 2010 |title=Manmadhan Ambu: Movie Review |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manmadhan-ambu-movie-review/107069 |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416100908/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/manmadhan-ambu-movie-review/107069 |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2011 |title=Vedam wins big at Filmfare Awards (South) 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vedam-wins-big-at-filmfare-awards-2011/20110704.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811090835/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vedam-wins-big-at-filmfare-awards-2011/20110704.htm |archive-date=11 August 2015 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
| Manoj Kumar Sharma (Manu)
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Malani |first=Gaurav |date=25 February 2011 |title=Tanu Weds Manu: Movie Review |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/tanu-weds-manu-movie-review/articleshow/7571795.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180416102400/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/tanu-weds-manu-movie-review/articleshow/7571795.cms |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2012
| ''[[Vettai]]''
| Inspector Thirumurthy
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=14 January 2012 |title=Vettai is no classic, but it is good fun |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vettai-is-no-classic-but-it-is-good-fun/20120114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416103732/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/vettai-is-no-classic-but-it-is-good-fun/20120114.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jodi Breakers]]''
| Siddharth Khanna
| rowspan="4" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2012 |title=Friday Release: Bips-Maddy in 'Jodi Breakers' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/friday-release-bips-maddy-in-jodi-breakers-449434.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416103728/https://www.news18.com/news/india/friday-release-bips-maddy-in-jodi-breakers-449434.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=CNN-News18}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2013
| ''[[Sunglass (film)|Taak Jhaank]]''
| Sanjay
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Rituparno Ghosh's 'Taak Jhaank' may release in 2015 |url=https://in.style.yahoo.com/news/rituparno-ghoshs-taak-jhaank-may-release-2015-103806949.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416110608/https://in.style.yahoo.com/news/rituparno-ghoshs-taak-jhaank-may-release-2015-103806949.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[Akeli (film)|Akeli]]''
| Avinash
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hhq8PaL1fHU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/Hhq8PaL1fHU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Akeli — A Lonely Woman |date=22 August 2014 |type=Motion Picture |language=Hindi |publisher=VPEOrg |access-date=16 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Akeli (1999) |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82c0cab1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617073346/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b82c0cab1 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=17 June 2018 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2015
| ''[[Tanu Weds Manu: Returns]]''
| Manoj Kumar Sharma (Manu)
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=22 May 2015 |title=Tanu Weds Manu Returns: The taming of Tanu |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-the-taming-of-tanu/article7235207.ece |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416102917/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/tanu-weds-manu-returns-the-taming-of-tanu/article7235207.ece |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Night of the Living Dead: Darkest Dawn]]''
| Tom
| English
| Voiceover
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Night of the Living Dead: Origins 3D |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/night_of_the_living_dead_origins_3d/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416112532/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/night_of_the_living_dead_origins_3d/ |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2016
| ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]''
| Prabhu Selvaraj
| Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=29 January 2016 |title=Review: Irudhi Suttru is not to be missed |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-irudhi-suttru-is-not-to-be-missed/20160129.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416112648/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-irudhi-suttru-is-not-to-be-missed/20160129.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |work=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Irudhi Suttru|Saala Khadoos]]''
| Aditya Tomar (Adi)
|Hindi
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
| Inspector Vikram
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar R |first=Manoj |date=21 July 2017 |title=Vikram Vedha movie review: Don't miss this thriller starring Madhavan, Vijay Sethupathi |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vikram-vedha-movie-review-dont-miss-this-thriller-starring-madhavan-vijay-sethupathi-4760948/ |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113730/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/vikram-vedha-movie-review-dont-miss-this-thriller-starring-madhavan-vijay-sethupathi-4760948/ |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2018 |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604163156/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |archive-date=4 June 2018 |access-date=4 June 2018 |website=Filmfare}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 June 2018 |title=Winners: 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms |url-status=live |access-date=17 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617071126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/winners-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018/articleshow/64617904.cms? |archive-date=17 June 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''
| Surendhar Silkurayappan
| Cameo appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=14 September 2017 |title=Magalir Mattum Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/magalir-mattum/movie-review/60507803.cms |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180416114216/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/magalir-mattum/movie-review/60507803.cms |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2018
| ''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]''
| Arun Raj Varma
| Telugu
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyengar |first=Aarty |date=2 November 2018 |title=Savyasachi movie review: Sorry Naga Chaitanya, but R Madhavan, as a nemesis, is a scene stealer |work=[[Times Now]] |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/savyasachi-movie-review-sorry-naga-chaitanya-but-r-madhavan-as-a-nemesis-stands-is-a-scene-stealer/308447 |url-status=live |access-date=4 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104150521/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/reviews/movies/article/savyasachi-movie-review-sorry-naga-chaitanya-but-r-madhavan-as-a-nemesis-stands-is-a-scene-stealer/308447 |archive-date=4 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]''
| Kartik Srinivasan
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2018 |title=Zero: A dozen of cameos, and all of them wasted |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/opinion-entertainment/zero-film-cameos-special-appearances-salman-khan-sridevi-deepika-padukone-shah-rukh-khan-5503523/}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Nishabdham]]''
| rowspan="2" | Anthony Gonsalves
| Telugu
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film{{Efn|Although the film was made in both languages, he only shot his portions in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/telugu/2020/oct/02/silence-movie-reviewa-convoluted-screenplay-fails-to-mask-fundamental-flaws-20578.html|title=Silence Movie Review: A convoluted screenplay fails to mask fundamental flaws|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|work=Cinema Express|date=2 October 2020}}</ref> }}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="thenewsminute.com">{{Cite web |date=2 October 2020 |title='Nishabdham' review: Anushka Shetty, Madhavan film has good ideas but falls short |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nishabdham-review-anushka-shetty-madhavan-film-has-good-ideas-falls-short-134360 |website=The News Minute}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |title=Silence Movie Review: Silence feels like a dreary dubbed film |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/silence/movie-review/78437899.cms }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nishabdham|Silence]]''
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Maara]]''
| Manimaaran (Maara)
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |first=Janani |last=K. |title=Madhavan and Shraddha Srinath's Maara to skip theatrical release, to premiere on OTT soon |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/madhavan-and-shraddha-srinath-s-maara-to-skip-theatrical-release-to-premiere-on-ott-soon-1722632-2020-09-17 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2022
| scope="row"| ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
| Major
| Malayalam
| Voiceover
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.archynewsy.com/tamil-superstar-makes-an-unexpected-guest-appearance-in-mary-awas-suno/ | title=Tamil superstar makes an unexpected guest appearance in Mary Awas Suno | date=18 May 2022 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Nambi Narayanan]]
|English
| rowspan="3" |Trilingual film
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhavan lived in front of the camera as Nambi: Director Prajesh Sen |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/jun/21/madhavan-lived-in-front-of-the-camera-as-nambi-director-prajesh-sen-1993025.html |website=The New Indian Express|date=21 June 2019 }}</ref>
|-
|Tamil
|-
|Hindi
|-
| scope="row"| ''[[Dhokha: Round D Corner]]''
| Yathaarth Sinha
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=16 November 2021|title=R Madhavan, Khushalii Kumar, and Aparshakti Khurana wrap up the shoot of the film Dhokha|language=en-IN |work=Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/r-madhavan-khushalii-kumar-aparshakti-khurana-wrap-shoot-film-dhokha/|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2024
| scope="row"| ''[[Shaitaan (2024 film)|Shaitaan]]''
| Vanraj Kashyap
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |author1=Bollywood Hungama News Network |title=Shaitaan Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shaitaan/critic-review/shaitaan-movie-review/shaitaan-is-a-nail-biting-thriller-laced-with-superlative-performances/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=9 March 2024 |access-date=9 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309141956/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/shaitaan/critic-review/shaitaan-movie-review/shaitaan-is-a-nail-biting-thriller-laced-with-superlative-performances/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" | 2025
| scope="row"| ''[[Hisaab Barabar]]''
| Radhe Mohan Sharma
|
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |date=9 January 2025|title=Hisaab Barabar OTT Release: When and where to watch R Madhavan and Kirti Kulhari's thriller movie online |language=en-IN |work= Pinkvilla|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/hisaab-barabar-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-r-madhavan-and-kirti-kulharis-thriller-movie-online-1366543|access-date=11 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Test (2025 film)|Test]]''
|Saravanan
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 October 2024 |title=Nayanthara's 'Test' to directly premiere on OTT |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-test-to-directly-premiere-on-ott/articleshow/113929936.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007081745/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nayantharas-test-to-directly-premiere-on-ott/articleshow/113929936.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=2 December 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Kesari Chapter 2]]''
|Neville McKinley
| rowspan="5" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-akshay-kumar-r-madhavan-ananya-pandays-next-gets-title-kesari-chapter-2/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar-R Madhavan-Ananya Panday's next gets a title – Kesari Chapter 2|date=3 February 2025|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=3 February 2025}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[Aap Jaisa Koi (film)|Aap Jaisa Koi]]''
|Shrirenu Tripathi
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Poddar |first=Atreyee |date=2025-06-26 |title=R Madhavan embraces age–appropriate romance in new film Aap Jaisa Koi |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Jun/26/r-madhavan-embraces-ageappropriate-romance-in-new-film-aap-jaisa-koi |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" |''[[De De Pyaar De 2]]''
|Rakesh "Rajji" Khurana
|
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |date=2024-09-06 |title=Ajay Devgn, Rakul Preet, And R Madhavan To Begin Shooting De De Pyaar De 2 In Punjab This September|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ajay-devgn-rakul-preet-and-r-madhavan-to-begin-shooting-de-de-pyaar-de-2-in-punjab-this-september-9041962.html |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" | ''[[Dhurandhar]]''
| rowspan=2| [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] Chief Ajay Sanyal
| rowspan=2|
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 2024 |title=CONFIRMED! Ranveer Singh teams up with Aditya Dhar for his next backed by Jio Studios and B62 Studio; exciting details out!|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/confirmed-ranveer-singh-teams-aditya-dhar-next-backed-jio-studios-b62-studio-exciting-details/ |access-date=27 July 2024 |work=Bollywood Hungama }}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" | 2026
| scope="row" | ''[[Dhurandhar: The Revenge]]''
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 December 2025 |title=BREAKING: Dhurandhar ends with the promise of a sequel; to release on Eid, on March 19, 2026; clash with Toxic, Dhamaal 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dhurandhar-ends-promise-sequel-release-eid-march-19-2026-clash-toxic-dhamaal-4/ |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" {{Pending film|G. D. N.}}
| [[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu|G. D. Naidu]]
| rowspan="2" |Tamil
|Filming
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=|first=|date=2025-10-27|title=‘G.D.N’: R Madhavan’s first look as GD Naidu from upcoming biopic out|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gdn-r-madhavans-first-look-as-gd-naidu-from-upcoming-biopic-out/article70207688.ece|access-date=2025-10-29|work=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| scope="row" {{Pending film|Adhirshtasaali}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Completed
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/madhavan-completes-shooting-for-mithran-jawahars-adhirshtasaali/article67748273.ece/ |title=Madhavan and Sharmiela Mandre completes shooting for Mithran Jawahar's 'Adhirshtasaali' |website=The Hindu |access-date=21 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" {{Pending film|Circle}}
| rowspan="2" {{TBA}}
|Tamil
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film; completed
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kangana-ranauts-psychological-thriller-titledcirclea-dussehra-release-will-see-the-same-individual-playing-doctor-and-patient-1892078|title=Kangana Ranaut's psychological thriller titled,'Circle'a Dussehra release will see the same individual playing Doctor and Patient??|first=Lipika|last=Varma|date=17 July 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>
|-
|Hindi
|-
|}

=== Other crew positions ===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col"|Position
! scope="col"|Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2005
! scope="row"| ''[[Ramji Londonwaley]]''
| Screenwriter
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=An actor who researches on the Net |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/31mad.htm |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
! scope="row"| ''[[Evano Oruvan]]''
| Producer, dialogue writer
| Tamil
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=US premiere of Evano Oruvan |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/us-premiere-of-evano-oruvan-imagegallery-movies-jdwmPsccafhsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309012605/http://www.sify.com/movies/us-premiere-of-evano-oruvan-imagegallery-movies-jdwmPsccafhsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 March 2017 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
! scope="row"| ''[[Irudhi Suttru|Saala Khadoos]]''
| Producer
| Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rakshit |first=Nayandeep |date=15 January 2016 |title=Saala Khadoos: There was a point when I thought the film might not happen, says R Madhavan |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-saala-khadoos-there-was-a-point-when-i-thought-the-film-might-not-happen-says-r-madhavan-2166160 |website=DNA India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]''
| rowspan="2" | Narrator
| rowspan="2" | Tamil
| Voiceover in ''Ilamai Idho Idho'' segment
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2020 |title=7 exciting new movies and shows on Amazon Prime Video that are releasing this week |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/upcoming-new-movies-shows-on-amazon-prime-video-releasing-week/ |website=GQ India}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
! scope="row"| ''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
| Voiceover in credits
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhavan: After watching 'Soorarai Pottru', I feel proud to be an Air Deccan customer |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/madhavan-after-watching-soorarai-pottru-i-feel-proud-to-be-an-air-deccan-customer-news-tamil-ulmlsIijaeaee.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112230719/https://www.sify.com/movies/madhavan-after-watching-soorarai-pottru-i-feel-proud-to-be-an-air-deccan-customer-news-tamil-ulmlsIijaeaee.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 November 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
| Director, producer, screenwriter
| Tamil Hindi English
|Trilingual film
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Madhavan's 'Rocketry: The Nambi Effect' shoot wrapped in Serbia|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/madhavans-rocketry-the-nambi-effect-shoot-wrapped-in-serbia-news-tamil-tgujUgjcdaehc.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620071346/https://www.sify.com/movies/madhavans-rocketry-the-nambi-effect-shoot-wrapped-in-serbia-news-tamil-tgujUgjcdaehc.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2019|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
! scope="row"| ''[[Sarfira]]''
| Narrator
| Hindi
| Voiceover in credits
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+
|-
! scope="col" | Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col"| Language
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Yule Love Story]]''
| Crook
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 quirky things you don't know about R Madhavan |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/10-quirky-things-you-dont-know-about-r-madhavan-13584.html |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1993 – 1997
! scope="row" | ''[[Banegi Apni Baat]]''
| Ashley Alexander
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="BABHT">{{Cite news |last=Awaasthi |first=Kavita |date=29 July 2016 |title=Banegi Apni Baat: How the show brought freshness to Indian TV |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/banegi-apni-baat-how-the-show-brought-freshness-to-indian-tv/story-R1PGcQQFFn1diaLYxC1TQI.html |url-status=live |access-date=16 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416121453/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/banegi-apni-baat-how-the-show-brought-freshness-to-indian-tv/story-R1PGcQQFFn1diaLYxC1TQI.html |archive-date=16 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995
! scope="row" | ''[[A Mouthful of Sky]]''
| N/A
| English
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2020 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Tuesday Trivia: Did you know Milind Soman made his acting debut with India's first English TV show? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/tuesday-trivia-did-you-know-milind-soman-made-his-acting-debut-with-india-s-first-english-tv-show-1651874-2020-03-03 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Suhana Safar''
| N/A
| rowspan="16" | Hindi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2006 |title='There is a lot more to express while playing a negative character' : Shweta Kawaatra |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/interviews/actor/shweta.htm |website=Indian Television Dot Com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Yeh Kahan Aa Gaye Hum''
| Raj Parmar
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="rising star">{{Cite web |date=16 June 1997 |title=Young and big stars of television |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19970616-young-and-big-stars-of-television-831613-1997-06-16 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Badalte Rishtey''
| Abhilash Verma
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="rising star" />
|-
| 1995 – 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Aarohan]]''
| Shammi
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=From Fauji to Choona Hai Aasmaan, here are 10 shows dedicated to India's Armed Forces |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/from-fauji-to-choona-hai-aasmaan-here-are-tv-10-shows-dedicated-to-indias-armed-forces/articleshow/68270164.cms |website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
! scope="row" | ''[[Hum Dono (TV series)|Hum Dono]]''
| Rahul
|
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]]''
| Raj
|
|
|-
| 1997
! scope="row" | ''Raj Kahani''
| Aditya / Mungi{{efn|Madhavan played dual roles in this series.|name=dualserial}}
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 1999 |title=Earshot |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/earshot-39/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997 – 1998
! scope="row" | ''[[Ghar Jamai (TV series)|Ghar Jamai]]''
| Subodh
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="GJFP">{{Cite news |date=18 August 2017 |title=Watch: Patel Ki Punjabi Shaadi teaser brings inter-state rivalry to the fore, humorously |work=[[Firstpost]] |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-patel-ki-punjabi-shaadi-teaser-brings-inter-state-rivalry-to-the-fore-humorously-3945111.html |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422090736/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-patel-ki-punjabi-shaadi-teaser-brings-inter-state-rivalry-to-the-fore-humorously-3945111.html |archive-date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Sea Hawks (TV series)|Sea Hawks]]''
| Preet
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 1997 |title=UTV's Sea Hawks becomes first Indian serial to boast of thrilling underwater sequences |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19970908-utvs-sea-hawks-becomes-first-indian-serial-to-boast-of-thrilling-underwater-sequences-832485-1997-09-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816043746/http://www.tv.com/shows/baywatch/race-against-time-1-26034/cast/ |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=16 April 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
! scope="row" | ''[[Kabhie Kabhie (1997 TV series)|Kabhie Kabhie]]''
| N/A
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahesh Bhatt wants to make TV show with fresh content – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mahesh-bhatt-wants-to-make-tv-show-with-fresh-content/1212295/ |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''Tol Mol Ke Bol''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=24 June 2010 |title=Maddie – Between big and small |newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Maddie-Between-big-and-small/article16266636.ece |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
| 1998
! scope="row" | ''[[Saaya (Indian TV series)|Saaya]]''
| Shekhar
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="TV Credits" />
|-
| 2000
! scope="row" | ''[[Rishtey (TV series)|Rishtey]]''
| Sameer
| Segment: ''Kashish''
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref name="TV Credits" />
|-
| 2005 – 2006
! scope="row" | ''[[Deal Ya No Deal]]''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2005 |title=Sony's 'Deal Ya No Deal' to hit airwaves in November; prize money is Rs 10 million |work=Indian Television Dot Com |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/oct/oct121.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416131031/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k5/oct/oct121.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=[[Indian Telly Awards|Indian Television]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2009
! scope="row" | ''[[CID (Indian TV series)|CID]]''
| Himself
| Guest appearance
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sh1SJzj5yGw|title = CID - Episode 556 - Mystery Code Murders|website = [[YouTube]]| date=27 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| 2010
! scope="row" | ''Big Money''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2010 |title=Madhavan gets reality check on Big Money |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/madhavan-gets-reality-check-on-big-money-77077-2010-06-21 |website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
! scope="row" | ''[[The Final Table]]''
| Judge
| English
| Episode 5
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whitney |first=Alyse |date=20 November 2018 |title=Watch a Clip from 'The Final Table,' Netflix's New High-Stakes Cooking Competition |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/the-final-table-netflix |access-date=28 November 2018 |website=Bon Appetit |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | ''[[Breathe (TV series)|Breathe]]''
|Denzel Mascarenhas (Danny)
| rowspan="3" | Hindi
|Mini series
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2018 |title=Breathe review: This R Madhavan show could have been so much more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/breathe-r-madhavan-amazon-prime-video-review-5075477/}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
! scope="row" | ''[[Decoupled]]''
| Arya Iyer
|
|style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=Netflix's Decoupled trailer out: R Madhavan gets rid of his lover-boy image for new show |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/netflix-s-decoupled-trailer-out-r-madhavan-gets-rid-of-his-lover-boy-image-for-new-show-1875149-2021-11-10}}</ref>
|-
| 2023
! scope="row" | ''[[The Railway Men]]''
| Rati Pandey
| Mini series
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2022 |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Yash Raj Films' debut web series The Railway Men postponed to 2023|url=https://m.peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/67006/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Yash-Raj-Films-debut-web-series-The-Railway-Men-postponed-to.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Documentaries ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Year
! Role
! Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable"|{{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Herova? Zerova?]]'' || rowspan="2" | Himself || Tamil || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 May 2008 |title=TN actors in documentary highlighting evils of child labour |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200805162223.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=10 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604120118/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200805162223.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
| ''Big In Bollywood'' || rowspan="2" | English || style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bet Set and Go – Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/bet-set-and-go/896305/ |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''Mega Icons''
| Host
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 September 2018 |title=Exclusive Interview | R Madhavan on Nat Geo 'Mega Icons' and his favourite icons |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/exclusive-interviews/exclusive-interview-r-madhavan-nat-geo-mega-icons-favourite-icons-1502682561.html}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|''India's Space Odyssey''
| Narrator
| Hindi
| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021|title=discovery+ 's 'India's Space Odyssey', a riveting watch on ISRO's journey!|url=https://www.adgully.com/discovery-s-india-s-space-odyssey-a-riveting-watch-on-isro-s-journey-109623.html}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_d9XHAUFB8C |title=Conversations with Mani Ratnam |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-690-6 |location=[[New Delhi]] |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan}}
* {{Cite book |last=Christopher |first=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GKADAAAQBAJ |title=Genre in Asian Film and Television: New Approaches |date=29 March 2011 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |isbn=978-0-230-30190-0 |editor-last=Karpovich |editor-first=A. |location=[[Berlin]] |chapter=Everything Masala? Genres in Tamil Cinema |editor-last2=Chan |editor-first2=F. |editor-last3=Zhang |editor-first3=X.}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|name=R. Madhavan filmography|id=0534856}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhavan}}
[[Category:Male actor filmographies]]
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development

2026-03-18T12:10:04Z

JoanneMoffit: Put Up New Bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development
| native_name =
অমিয় কুমাৰ দাস সামাজিক পৰিৱৰ্তন আৰু উন্নয়ন প্ৰতিষ্ঠান
| image_name =
| image_size =
| caption =
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|paren=yes|1989}}
| type = [[Education]] and [[Research institute]]
| free_label = Acronym
| free = OKDISCD
| endowment =
| staff =
| president =
| provost =
| director =
Saswati Choudhury
| rector =
| chancellor =
| vice_chancellor =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| profess =
| city = Tripura Road, Jayanagar, Beltola, [[Guwahati]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{Coord| 26.12120 | 91.80523 |type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| parent = [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]]
| website = {{URL|http://okd.in/}}
}}
'''Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development''' is an autonomous Institute situated in [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]]. It was established in 1989 under the joint initiative of [[Government of Assam]] and [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] (ICSSR), [[New Delhi]]. It promotes and coordinates research on problems and processes of social transformation and development of Assam and other States of the North Eastern region of India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.karmayog.org/nonmumbaiprofiles/nonmumprodis.asp?r=149&nonnpoproid=1878&state=Assam&city=Guwahati | title=Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development | publisher=Karmayog | date=2016 | accessdate=17 June 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720051755/http://www.karmayog.org/nonmumbaiprofiles/nonmumprodis.asp?r=149&nonnpoproid=1878&state=Assam&city=Guwahati | archive-date=20 July 2018 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
Formerly the instruction was known as the Institute for Social Change and Development, the Government of Assam renamed it after the first Education Minister of Assam, [[Omeo Kumar Das]]<ref name="Visit to the Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development ">{{cite web | url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/sasnet/sasnet-visit-omeo-kumar-das-institute-november-2005 | title=Visit to the Omeo Kumar Das Institute of Social Change and Development | publisher=Swedish South Asian Studies Network | date=24 November 2005 | accessdate=17 June 2017 | archive-date=10 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310043147/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/sasnet/sasnet-visit-omeo-kumar-das-institute-november-2005 | url-status=dead }}</ref> in 1995 as a mark of respect towards him on his birth centenary. The Chief Minister of Assam, Sri [[Tarun Gogoi]], laid the foundation stone of the Institute on 13 April 2005 and inaugurated the building on 20 February 2009.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

==Programmes==
*PhD Programme
*Post Graduate Certificate Course on North East India Studies
*Research Methodology Course
*Computer Application Course
*Ph.D. Fellowship Programme
*Visiting Fellows Programme
*Training programmes
*Data Consultancy
*Lectures Seminars and Workshops

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes in Assam]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Guwahati]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1989]]

{{Assam-university-stub}}

Gorkhaland movement

2026-03-17T06:01:05Z

JoanneMoffit:

{{Short description|Campaign for a new state in India}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
[[File:GreenWhiteYellowFlag.svg|thumb|Flag often used by Gorkhaland supporters]]
[[File:Gorkhaland Territorial Administraton Map (en).svg|thumb|Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|224x224px]]
[[File:Gorkhaland.jpg|thumb|Proposed Gorkhaland state]]

The '''Gorkhaland movement''' is a campaign to create a separate state within India in the Gorkhaland region of [[West Bengal]] for the [[Indian Gorkha|Nepali-speaking Indians]]. The proposed state includes the hill regions of the [[Darjeeling district]], [[Kalimpong district]] and [[Dooars]] regions that include [[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]], [[Alipurduar district|Alipurduar]] and parts of [[Cooch behar district]]s. A demand for a [[Proposed states and territories of India|separate administrative unit]] in [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]] has existed since 1909, when the Hillmen's Association of Darjeeling submitted a memorandum to [[Minto-Morley Reforms]] demanding a separate administrative setup.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/opinions/political/1810-the-parliament-is-the-supreme-and-ultimate-authority-of-india.html |title=The Parliament is the supreme and ultimate authority of India |work=Darjeeling Times |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101132713/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/opinions/political/1810-the-parliament-is-the-supreme-and-ultimate-authority-of-india.html |archive-date=1 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The proposed Gorkhaland would have an area of over 7,500 sq km and would be bigger than the Indian states of [[Goa]] and [[Sikkim]]. Its population is four million roughly equal to the population of [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]]. However the proposed state doesn't have a [[Indian Gorkha|Gorkha]] majority. Gorkhas constitute only around 35 per cent of the total population in the proposed state (In the Darjeeling district, Nepali is spoken by 40% of the population,<ref name="Lang">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409024916/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX|archivedate=2022-04-09|url-status=dead|website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=24 March 2021}}</ref> While in the [[Kalimpong district]], It is spoken by 51% of the population.<ref name="Lang"/> Around 15–20 % in the Dooars and [[Terai]] regions) have stated Nepali as their mother tongue. The rest of the population would be [[Rajbongshi people|Rajbongshis]] (25%), [[Adivasi]]s (20%), [[Bengalis|Bengali]]s (15%) and around 5% others ([[Toto people|Toto]]s, [[Mech people|Mech]]s and [[Biharis|Bihari]]s).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/what-kind-of-a-state-would-gorkhaland-be-1621547.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204185220/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/jun/27/what-kind-of-a-state-would-gorkhaland-be-1621547.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 December 2017|title=What kind of a state would Gorkhaland be?|newspaper=New Indian Express|author=Aishik Chanda|date=27 June 2016|access-date=1 March 2021}}</ref>

==History==

In the 1980s, [[Subhash Ghisingh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thedarjeelingchronicle.com/subash-ghising-man-legend-legacy/|title=SUBASH GHISING: The Man, the Legacy, the Legend|last=|first=|date=29 January 2019|website=|access-date=}}</ref> raised the demand for the creation of a state called Gorkhaland within India to be carved out of the hills of Darjeeling and areas of Dooars and Siliguri terai contiguous to Darjeeling. The Gorkhas have been demanding for separation from West Bengal since 1907 on the grounds that they are culturally, ethnically different from West Bengal. The demand took a violent turn, which led to the death of over 1,200 people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/our-sacrifice-has-gone-in-vain-say-martyrs-of-the-1980s-gorkhaland-agitation/story-DTbLGZtiDnSAzM6rq1jbyK.html|title=Our sacrifice has gone in vain, say kin of those killed in 1980s Gorkhaland stir|date=2017-06-27|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-08-12|language=en}}</ref> This movement culminated with the formation of [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]] (DGHC) in 1988. The DGHC administered the Darjeeling hills for 23 years with some degree of autonomy.

A new violent movement for a separate state of Gorkhaland was started in 1986 by [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF) led by [[Subhash Ghisingh]]. The agitation ultimately led to the establishment of a semiautonomous body in 1988 called the [[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]] (DGHC) to govern certain areas of [[Darjeeling district]]. However, in 2007, a new party called the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM) raised the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland once again.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/16/stories/2007111662691500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118212646/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/16/stories/2007111662691500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 January 2008|title=Demand for Gorkhaland raised again|date=16 November 2007|access-date=20 March 2012|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

The fourth DGHC elections were due in 2004. However, the government decided not to hold elections and instead made Subhash Ghisingh the sole caretaker of the DGHC till a new Sixth Schedule tribal council was established. Resentment among the former councillors of DGHC grew rapidly. Among them, [[Bimal Gurung]], once the trusted aide of Ghising, decided to break away from the GNLF. Riding on a mass support for [[Prashant Tamang]], an [[Indian Idol]] contestant from Darjeeling, Bimal quickly capitalized on the public support he received for supporting Prashant, and was able to overthrow Ghisingh from the seat of power. He went on to found the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha raising the demand a state of Gorkhaland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2008/03/19224412/Indian-Idol-reignites-demand-f.html|title=Indian Idol reignites demand for Gorkhaland in Darjeeling hills|publisher=Live Mint|date=19 March 2008|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>

The demand for Gorkhaland took a new turn with the assassination of [[Madan Tamang]], leader of Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League. He was brutally beheaded on a broad-day light allegedly by Gorkha Janmukti Morcha supporters on 21 May 2010, in Darjeeling, which led to a spontaneous shutdown in the three Darjeeling hill sub-divisions of Darjeeling, [[Kalimpong]] and [[Kurseong]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/gorkha-leader-madan-tamang-killed-darjeeling-tense/621822/|title=Gorkha leader Madan Tamang killed, Darjeeling tense|work=The Indian Express|date=21 May 2010|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gorkha-leader-Madan-Tamang-hacked-in-public/articleshow/5960365.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070843/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-22/india/28291932_1_madan-tamang-abgl-leader-akhil-bharatiya-gorkha-league|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Gorkha leader Madan Tamang hacked in public|date=22 May 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> After the murder of Madan Tamang, the [[West Bengal government]] threatened action against [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]], whose senior leaders are named in the FIR, meanwhile hinting discontinuation of ongoing talks over interim arrangement with the Gorkha party, saying it had "lost popular support following the assassination".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Tamangs-murder-threatens-to-derail-Gorkhaland-talks/articleshow/5974887.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811070911/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-26/india/28273046_1_madan-tamang-abgl-akhil-bharatiya-gorkha-league|url-status=live|archive-date=11 August 2011|title=Tamang's murder threatens to derail Gorkhaland talks|date=26 May 2010|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>

On 8 February 2011, three GJM activists were shot dead (one of whom succumbed to her injuries later) by the police as they tried to enter Jalpaiguri district on a ''padyatra'' led by Bimal Gurung from [[Gorubathan]] to [[Jaigaon]]. This led to violence in the Darjeeling hills and an indefinite strike was called by GJM that lasted 9 days.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1168129.ece?homepage=true|title=2 killed in police firing on GJM protesters|work=The Hindu|date=8 February 2011|access-date=20 March 2012|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In the [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election]] held on 18 April 2011, GJM candidates won three Darjeeling hill assembly seats, proving that the demand for Gorkhaland was still strong in Darjeeling. GJM candidates Trilok Dewan won from [[Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling constituency]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/GJM-wins-Darjeeling-constituency-by-record-margin-of-votes/Article1-697453.aspx|title=GJM wins Darjeeling constituency by record margin of votes|work=Hindustan Times|date=14 May 2011|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104094854/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata/gjm-wins-darjeeling-constituency-by-record-margin-of-votes/article1-697453.aspx|archive-date=4 November 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Harka Bahadur Chhetri from [[Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalimpong constituency]], and Rohit Sharma from [[Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kurseong constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal-polls/gjm-wins-three-assembly-seats-in-darjeeling_706214.html|title=GJM wins three Assembly seats in Darjeeling|publisher=Zee News|date=13 May 2011|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Wilson Champramari, an independent candidate supported by GJM, also won from [[Kalchini (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Kalchini constituency]] in the Dooars.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=369474&catid=72|title=GJMM to finalise stand today|publisher=The Statesman|date=13 May 2011|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311191949/http://thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=369474&catid=72|archive-date=11 March 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===2013 agitation===
[[File:GorkhalandSupporters.jpg|thumb|Gorkhaland supporters demonstrating in [[Mirik]], [[Darjeeling]]]]
[[File:GorkhalandSupport (3).jpg|thumb|Women supporting Gorkhaland marching with torchlights, Darjeeling, 2013.]]
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state from Andhra Pradesh to the INC-led central government.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-big-announcement-on-telangana-statehood-andhra-pradesh/20130730.htm | title=UPA finally grants Telangana; Hyderabad common capital | date=30 July 2013 | publisher=Rediff | access-date=19 September 2018 }}</ref> This resulted in flaring up of demands throughout India, prominent among them were the demands for statehood for Gorkhaland in West Bengal and Bodoland in Assam.

Following a 3 days [[bandh]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/telangana-effect-gjm-calls-for-bandh-in-darjeeling-hills-for-gorkhaland_865170.html|title = Three day bandh begins in Darjeeling|date = 29 July 2013}}</ref> GJM announced an indefinite bandh from 3 August.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/telangana-effect-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-calls-indefinite-shutdown-in-darjeeling-399204|title=Telangana effect: Gorkha Janmukti Morcha calls indefinite shutdown in Darjeeling}}</ref> Largely peaceful, political development took place in the background. With the West Bengal government armed with Calcutta high court order declaring the bandh as illegal, the government toughened its stand by sending a total of 10 companies of paramilitary force to quell any violent protest and arresting prominent GJM leaders and workers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://isikkim.com/2013-8-gta-councillor-arrested-in-kalimpong-13/ |title=GTA councillor arrested in Kalimpong | iSikkim |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130817210525/http://isikkim.com/2013-8-gta-councillor-arrested-in-kalimpong-13/ |archive-date=17 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In response GJM announced a unique form of protest 'Janta Bandh', in which with no picketing or the use of force, the people in the hills were asked to voluntarily stay inside on 13 and 14 August.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=59469 |title=Darjeeling people remain indoors as part of 'Janta curfew' MYREPUBLICA.com – News in Nepal: Fast, Full & Factual, POLITICAL AFFAIRS, BUSINESS & ECONOMY, SOCIAL AFFAIRS, LIFESTYLE, SPORTS, OPINION, INTERVIEW, INTERNATIONAL, THE WEEK news in English in Nepal |access-date=17 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101092526/http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=59469 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This proved to be a major success and an embarrassment for the government.

After a marathon 'all party meeting' convened by the Gorkha Janamukti Morcha (GJM) on 16 August at Darjeeling, the pro Gorkhaland parties informally formed 'Gorkhaland Joint Action Committee'.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/pro-gorkhaland-organizations-to-remain-on-path-of-darjeeling-movement-under-gjac-name/articleshow/21862376.cms | work=The Times of India | title=Pro Gorkhaland organizations to remain on path of Darjeeling movement under GJAC name | date=16 August 2013}}</ref>

===2017 agitation===

Between June and September 2017, there was another agitation in Darjeeling.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/gjm-ends-104-day-strike-all-about-darjeeling-crisis-gorkhaland-demand/story-cYX1lHkt2QyHURqeD1GowK.html|title=GJM ends 104-day strike: All about Darjeeling crisis, Gorkhaland demand|date=2017-09-27|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en}}</ref> Protests first started after the West Bengal government announced on 16 May that Bengali language should be a compulsory subject in all schools across the state. This was interpreted as an imposition of an alien culture by the [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|Gorkha Janamukti Morcha]] (GJM) administered area where the majority of the people speak Nepali.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/demand-for-gorkhaland-the-darjeeling-crisis-began-with-the-bengal-govt-announcement/story-S7VdgGSabmfxvLKoXc76mO.html|title=Demand for Gorkhaland: How Bengali language derailed peace in Darjeeling|date=2017-06-15|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/centre-rushes-400-more-paramilitary-to-darjeeling-total-1400/articleshow/59163020.cms|title=Centre rushes 400 more paramilitary to Darjeeling; total 1,400|date=2017-06-15|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/darjeeling-crisis-centre-rushes-400-more-paramilitary-personnel-to-restore-normalcy/story-6z50HGoyYcv3fDAR2SedUO.html|title=Darjeeling crisis: Centre rushes 400 more paramilitary personnel to restore normalcy|date=2017-06-15|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-07-17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/gorkhaland-protest-west-bengal-writes-to-centre-for-10-companies-of-paramilitary-force-crpf-1719078|title=Gorkhaland Protest: West Bengal Writes To Centre For 10 Companies Of Paramilitary Force CRPF|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-rushes-600-paramilitary-troops-to-darjeeling-seeks-report-4702621/|title=Darjeeling unrest: GJM, BJP adopt resolution for separate Gorkhaland; 600 paramilitary personnel rushed to hills|date=2017-06-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-17|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gorkhaland-unrest-home-ministry-orders-withdrawal-of-1000-paramilitary-personnel-from-darjeeling-4146049.html|title=Gorkhaland unrest: Home ministry orders withdrawal of 1,000 paramilitary personnel from Darjeeling – Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=15 October 2017|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref>

There were a few clashes between the police and the agitators initially. Strikes were called on a few occasions. The situation worsened on 15 June, when the police raided a GJM office and seized spade, sickle, bow, arrow, hoe, and shovel. This was followed by violent clashes between the police and the agitators. And following this, the GJM called an indefinite strike and shut down in the region.<ref name=":0" />

There were widespread instances of violence including riots, arson, torching of vehicles, government properties and houses. In one of these protests, the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] was torched by the protesters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/heres-a-timeline-of-104day-old-gorkhaland-agitation-that-ended-today/#.r3ltnfuye|title=Here's A Timeline Of 104-Day Long Gorkhaland Agitation That Ended Today|last=ScoopWhoop|date=2017-09-27|work=ScoopWhoop|access-date=2017-11-17|language=En}}</ref> Mass rallies were taken out regularly by the supporters of the Gorkhaland agitation. There have been multiple injuries of both the Gorkhaland supporters and security personnel. A total of 11 people have died in the protests till date.<ref name="Majumdar">{{Cite news|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/s8GoslQUgo7SWURmoiCEIK/Gorkhaland-BJP-leaders-visit-Darjeeling-claims-credit-for.html|title=Gorkhaland: BJP leaders visit Darjeeling, claims credit for ending 104-day strike|last=Majumdar|first=Arkamoy Dutta|date=2017-10-05|work=livemint.com/|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref> The internet services of the region were also suspended by the government for the duration of the shutdown.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/darjeeling-unrest-gjm-demands-restoration-of-internet-services-in-hills-3834031.html|title=Darjeeling unrest : GJM demands restoration of Internet services in hills|date=2017-07-20|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-US}}</ref> There were complaints of the violation of human right in the region, and an APDR (Association for the Protection of Democratic Rights) team was sent to the region to investigate the issue.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://echoofindia.com/siliguri-apdr-team-visit-hills-over-violation-human-rights-131086|title=SILIGURI {{!}} APDR team to visit hills over violation of human rights {{!}} The Echo of India|work=The Echo of India|access-date=2017-11-17}}</ref>

On 9 July, the protests reach New Delhi. Supporters staged a march from Raj Ghat to Jantar Mantar.<ref name=":1" /> This was followed by the GJM rejecting the State Government’s offer of talks. On 29 August, the state Government called a meeting with the hill parties. But the meeting was fruitless and they could not arrive at a conclusion. This was followed by another round of talks where there was a consensus to end the shutdown. The supporters met the Home Minister on 19 September. This was followed by the hills slowly returning to normalcy. On 26 September, internet services were restored in the region. Then on 27 September, GJM headed by new chairperson [[Binay Tamang]] finally called off the strike after 104 days.<ref name=":1" />

Even after the strike was called off, there were a few stray incidents of violence and protests in the region.<ref name="Majumdar"/> But the region as a whole was much calmer than before. And so on 27 October, the Supreme Court directed the Centre to withdraw 7 of the 15 central armed forces deployed in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-allows-centre-to-withraw-forces-from-trouble-hit-darjeeling/article19931488.ece|title=Supreme Court allows Centre to withdraw half of its forces from trouble-hit Darjeeling, Kalimpong|last=Rajagopal|first=Krishnadas|date=2017-10-27|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-17|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Bimal Gurung has been in hiding since then for fear of being arrested under the [[Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gorkha-janmukti-morcha-gjm-as-nia-initiates-preliminary-enquiry-in-darjeeling-bimal-gurung-in-hiding-welcomes-move-4923610/|title=As NIA initiates preliminary enquiry in Darjeeling, Bimal Gurung, in hiding, welcomes move|date=2017-11-05|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/darjeeling-abandoned-gorkhaland-bimal-gurung-mamata-ss-ahluwalia-1023278-2017-07-09|title=Darjeeling abandoned: Bimal Gurung hiding, CM Mamata Banerjee playing waiting game, MP Ahluwalia missing|website=India Today|date=9 July 2017 |language=en|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/sc-order-dismissing-gjm-leader-bimal-gurungs-plea-seeking-protection-from-arrest-could-alter-political-calculus-in-the-hills-4393327.html|title=SC order dismissing GJM leader Bimal Gurung's plea seeking protection from arrest could alter political calculus in hills – Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=16 March 2018|access-date=2018-07-23}}</ref>

== Gorkhaland Territorial Administration ==

{{Main|Gorkhaland Territorial Administration}}
The memorandum of agreement for the formation of a Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (GTA), a semi-autonomous administrative body for the Darjeeling hills, was signed on 18 July 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Darjeeling-tripartite-pact-signed-for-Gorkhaland-Territorial-Administration/articleshow/9263963.cms|title=Darjeeling tripartite pact signed for Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|work=The Times of India|date=18 July 2011|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> Earlier, during the West Bengal assembly election (2011) campaign, [[Mamata Banerjee]] had said that Darjeeling is an integrated part of Bengal. While Mamata implied that this would be the end of the Gorkhaland movement, [[Bimal Gurung]] reiterated that this was just another step towards statehood. Both spoke publicly at the same venue in Pintail Village near [[Siliguri]], where the tripartite agreement was signed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/gorkhaland-struggle-may-not-end-with-mamatas-deal-44913.html|title=Gorkhaland struggle may not end with Mamata's deal|work=First Post|date=20 July 2011|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> A bill for the creation of GTA was passed in the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] on 2 September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/GTA-Bill-passed-with-54-amendments/articleshow/9842647.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106070457/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-03/kolkata/30110031_1_territorial-administration-bill-harka-bahadur-chhetri-gjm|url-status=live|archive-date=6 November 2012|title=GTA Bill passed with 54 amendments|date=3 September 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> The West Bengal government issued a gazette notification for the GTA Act on 14 March 2012, signalling preparations for elections for the GTA.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Gorkha-Territory-readies-for-polls/articleshow/12269627.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422181836/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-15/kolkata/31196654_1_darjeeling-hills-gorkha-janmukti-morcha-gjm|url-status=live|archive-date=22 April 2012|title=Gorkha Territory readies for polls|date=15 March 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref> In the elections of the GTA held on 29 July 2012, GJM candidates won from 17 constituencies and the rest 28 seats unopposed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/main-news/politics/4936-gjm-sweeps-maiden-gta-polls-not-to-give-up-gorkhaland-demand.html|title=GJM sweeps maiden GTA polls, not to give up Gorkhaland demand|publisher=Darjeeling Times/IANS|date=2 August 2012|access-date=5 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101133246/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/main-news/politics/4936-gjm-sweeps-maiden-gta-polls-not-to-give-up-gorkhaland-demand.html|archive-date=1 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> After an agitation of about two years, the GJM also agreed to the setting up of another autonomous body, called Gorkhaland Territorial Administration. Gurung is currently the chief executive of the GTA.
However, over the last few months, the GJM has expressed severe dissatisfaction over the functioning of the GTA and have revived the call for the separate state of Gorkhaland.<ref name=sailendebnath>Sailen Debnath, The Dooars in Historical Transition, {{ISBN|9788186860441}}</ref>

On 30 July 2013, Gurung resigned from the GTA citing both interference from the West Bengal government and the renewed agitation for Gorkhaland.

== Regional political parties in Gorkhaland ==
* [[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha]] (GJM)
* [[Gorkha National Liberation Front]] (GNLF)
* [[Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha]] (BGPM)
* [[Indian Gorkha Janshakti Front]] (HP)
* [[Gorkha Rashtriya Congress]] (GRC)
* [[Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League]] (ABGL)
* [[Communist Party of Revolutionary Marxists]] (CPRM)
* [[Jana Andolan Party]] (JAP)

== See also ==
* [[Kamtapur Liberation Organisation]]
* [[Bodoland Territorial Region]]
* [[Gurkha]]
* [[Indian Gorkha]]
* [[Nepalese people]]
* [[Gorkha Kingdom]]
* [[Gurkha War]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
* {{cite book | last = Ed. Poddar | first = Prem; Prasad, Anmole | title = Gorkhas Imagined: Indra Bahadur Rai in Translation | year = 2009 | publisher = Mukti Prakashan | isbn = 978-81-909354-0-1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Subba | first = Tanka Bahadur | title = Ethnicity, State, and Development: A Case Study of the Gorkhaland Movement in Darjeeling | year = 1992 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aAAAAIAAJ | publisher = Har-Anand Publications & Vikas Publishing House | isbn = 0-7069-5695-8 }}
* {{cite book|last=Roy |first=Barun |title=Gorkhas and Gorkhaland |year=2012 |url=http://barunroy.com/the-librar/all-written-works/gorkhas-and-gorkhaland/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130110164033/http://barunroy.com/the-librar/all-written-works/gorkhas-and-gorkhaland/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-10 |publisher=Parbati Roy Foundation }}
* {{cite book | last = Samanta | first = Amiya K. | title = Gorkhaland Movement: A Study in Ethnic Separatism | year = 2000 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=J4GqdfG0EU8C&q=Gorkhaland | publisher = APH Publishing | isbn = 81-7648-166-1 }}
* {{cite book | last = Lama | first = Mahendra P. |title = Gorkhaland Movement: Quest for an Identity | year = 1996 | url = http://www.saf-7.org/saf/safdic/bookdetail.asp?bid=2579&ac=5376 | publisher = Department of Information and Cultural Affairs, Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council }}
* {{cite book | last = Kumar | first = Braj Bihari | title = Small States Syndrome in India | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&q=Gorkhaland&pg=PA91 | year = 1998 | chapter = 10. Gorkhaland Imbroglio | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | isbn = 81-7022-691-0 }}
* {{cite book | last = Chaklader | first = Snehamoy | title = Sub-Regional Movement in India: With Reference to Bodoland and Gorkhaland | year = 2004 | publisher = K.P. Bagchi & Co. | isbn = 81-7074-266-8 }}
* {{cite book | last = Samdara | first = Ranbir | title = The Politics of Autonomy: Indian Experiences | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kcVh_QInSD0C&q=Gorkhaland&pg=PT85 | chapter = 7. Silence Under Freedom: Darjeeling Hills | year = 2005 | publisher = SAGE | isbn = 0-7619-3452-9 }}
* {{cite book | last = Chadha | first = Vivek |editor=United Service Institution of India | title = Low Intensity Conflicts in India: An Analysis | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ApzUuLiO0jYC&q=Gorkhaland&pg=PA379 | year = 2005 | publisher = SAGE | isbn = 0-7619-3325-5 | chapter = 16. Gorkhaland Movement }}
* {{cite book | last = Kaushik | first = Anupma | title = Gorkhaland Revisited | year = 2007 | publisher = Navjeewan Publication | isbn = 978-81-8268-029-6 }}
* {{cite book | title = Why Gorkhaland | year = 2009 | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/19348501/Why-Gorkhaland | publisher = Gorkha Janmukti Morcha }}
* {{cite book | first = Sailen | last = Debnath | title = West Bengal in Doldrums | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-81-86860-34-2 }}
* {{cite book | first = Sailen | last = Debnath | title = Essays on Cultural History of North Bengal | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-81-86860-42-7 }}
* {{cite book | first = Sailen | last = Debnath | title = The Dooars in Historical Transition | date = January 2010 | isbn = 978-81-86860-44-1 }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category}}

{{Nepali language}}
{{Darjeeling}}
{{Proposed states and territories of India}}

[[Category:Politics of Gorkhaland|*]]
[[Category:Politics of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Darjeeling district]]
[[Category:Statehood movements in India]]

Jurmana (1979 film)

2026-03-10T13:22:57Z

JoanneMoffit: improved structure for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Jurmana
| image = Jurmana (1979 film).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director =[[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| producer = Debesh Ghosh Shri Lokenath Chitramandir
| screenplay = Bimal Dutta
| story = Bimal Dutta
| narrator =
| starring = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] [[Raakhee]] [[Vinod Mehra]]
| music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| cinematography = Jaywant Pathare
| editing = Subhash Gupta
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1979|05|1|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 min
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Jurmana''''' ({{lit|Penalty}}) is a [[List of Bollywood films of 1979|1979]] Hindi [[romantic drama film]]. It was produced by Debesh Gosh and directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-07 |title=Amitabh Bachchan birthday: The Bollywood superstar as you've never seen him before |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63085349 |access-date=2026-03-10 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“There was tension between Rajesh and Amitabh” {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/there-was-tension-between-rajesh-and-amitabh-6783.html |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Raakhee]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Shreeram Lagoo]], [[A. K. Hangal]], [[Asrani]], [[Farida Jalal]], [[Keshto Mukherjee]] and Asit Sen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Vinod Mehra on his 74th birth anniversary |url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/vinod-mehra-birthday-bollywood-hindi-cinema-29441 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=46 साल पहले आई वो सुपरफ्लॉप फिल्म, जिसके गाने बने क्लासिक; लोगों की जुबां पर ऐसा चढ़ा की अभी तक नहीं उतर पाया इस गाने का रंग |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/photos/1979-rakhi-amitabh-bachchan-super-flop-film-jurmana-songs-became-cassic-hit-sawan-ke-jhoole-song-chhoti-si-ek/2975373 |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=Zee-Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Anand Bakshi]] and the music was composed by [[R. D. Burman]].

== Plot ==
Inder Saxena is a building contractor from Delhi with an attitude that money is the foremost thing in the world. His maternal uncle persuades a reluctant Inder to visit and supervise a project's progress at Pratapgarh. Once there, he meets his college mate Prakashq, his professor Daya Shankar Sharma and his daughter Rama. Inder sets his eyes on Rama, but Prakash, secretly admiring Rama, tells Inder that she is the kind of girl who can't be lured with the power of money. But, Inder has a firm perception that women want only money and bets Prakash that he will lure Rama with his money. After everything from his bag of tricks fails, he publishes a book of her poems and gifts it to her. This gesture surprises Rama and she is very delighted. One day, Inder asks Rama to accompany him. Rama promises him and lies to her father about seeing off Laila. Upon learning the truth, Daya Shankar unexpectedly drops in with Prakash at Inder's house, finds Rama in his bedroom and scorns her for lying. Rama leaves the house forever and while heading towards Delhi and is robbed, for which she has to get off of the train. Distressed Rama gets the help of Station Master Nandalal, who shelters her in his house. Coincidentally, the same train meets with an accident. Assuming an unrecognizable damaged body to be Rama, the police send a letter to Daya Shankar about her death, shocking everyone. Inder, feeling guilty for the incident, believes that Rama is alive and searches for her. Meanwhile, Rama learns singing to forget her sorrows and becomes a renowned singer. One day, Inder hears her singing on the radio, finds her out and informs Prakash. Eventually with all misunderstandings and differences settled, Rama and Inder come together.

== Cast ==
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]] – Inder Saxena
*[[Raakhee]] – Rama Sharma
*[[Vinod Mehra]] – Prem Prakash Trivedi
*[[Shreeram Lagoo|Dr. Shreeram Lagoo]] – Prof. Dayashankar Sharma
*[[Asrani]] – Nandlal Chaturvedi
*[[A. K. Hangal]] – Pt. Prabhakar Chaturvedi, Nandlal's Mamaji
*[[Farida Jalal]] – Laila
*[[Asit Sen (actor)|Ashit Sen]] – Dr. Kabir
*[[Keshto Mukherjee]] – Babu Ram
*[[Yunus Parvez]] – Lalaji
*[[Moolchand]] – Lala's Brother-In-Law
*Brahm Bhardwaj – Inder's Mamaji
*[[Manju Asrani]]
*''Meenaxi Anand''
*''Jagjit Uppal''
*[[Rajan Verma|Raj Verma]]
*''Ahmer Azmi''

== Awards ==

; [[27th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Rakhee Gulzar|Raakhee]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Farida Jalal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for "Saawan Ke Jhoole Pade Hai"

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| all_music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| title1 = Sawan Ke Jhoole Pade Hai
| note1 = Sad
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length1 = 5:25
| title2 = Ai Sakhi Radhike Bawri Ho Gai
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = Lata Mangeshkar, Manna Dey
| length2 = 6:10
| title3 = Chhoti Si Ek Kali Khili Thi
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length3 = 5:10
| title4 = Nachoon Main Gao Tum
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle, Rahul Dev Burman
| length4 = 5:55
| title5 = Sawan Ke Jhoole Pade Hai
| note5 = Sad
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length5 = 3:50
| title6 = Chhotisi Ek Kali
| note6 =
| writer6 =
| lyrics6 =
| music6 =
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 5:15
| title7 = Title Music
| note7 =
| writer7 =
| lyrics7 =
| music7 =
| extra7 = Instrumental
| length7 = 1:30
}}

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0079382|Jurmana}}

{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:1979 films]]
[[Category:1979 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1979 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

List of Tamil films of 1975

2026-03-07T05:36:57Z

JoanneMoffit: formatting fix

{{Short description|None}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
Post-amendment to the Tamil Nadu Entertainments Tax Act 1939 on 1 April 1958, Gross jumped to 140 per cent of Nett<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20171120150153/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/tamil_nadu/1939/1939TN10.pdf Government raised entertainment tax to 40% (from 33%) in 1958]}}</ref> Commercial Taxes Department disclosed {{INR}}18.59 crore in entertainment tax revenue for the year.<ref>[https://ctd.tn.gov.in/documents/10184/20741/STATISTICAL+COMPENDIUM+2012-2013/9fb9d066-c862-412b-bc88-f29d4091164e?version=1.1 CTD reports {{INR}}18.59 crore ET collection in 1975-76]</ref>

{{Tamil films}}

The following is a list of films produced in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film industry]] in India in [[1975 in film|1975]], in alphabetical order.

==1975==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
![[Title]] !![[Film director|Director]] !! [[Film producer|Production]] !! [[Music]]!! [[Cast member|Cast]]
|----
|''[[Aan Pillai Singam]]''
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
|[[Arun Chandra Movies]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[M. N. Rajam]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Sripriya]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]
|----
|''[[Aayirathil Oruthi]]''
|[[Avinashi Mani]]
|[[K. R. Gangadharan|K. R. G. Pictures]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[K. R. Vijaya]], [[K. Balaji]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Amudha (film)|Amudha]]''
|[[K. Venkatraman]]
|[[Sri Poongavanathal Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[Rajasree]], [[Nagesh]], [[Major Sundarrajan]]
|----
|''[[Anaiya Vilakku]]''
|[[Krishnan–Panju]]
|[[Anjugam Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. K. Muthu]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]], Asogan
|----
|''[[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[Amutham Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Nagesh]], [[K. A. Thangavelu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Suruli Rajan]]
|----
|''[[Anbu Roja]]''
|[[Devaraj–Mohan]]
|[[Sulochana Pictures]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Andharangam]]''
|[[Muktha Srinivasan|V. Srinivasan]]
|[[Maya Arts]]
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Unni Mary|Deepa]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Sukumari]], [[Kumari Padmini]]
|----
|''[[Apoorva Raagangal]]''
|[[K. Balachander]]
|[[Kalakendra Movies]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Srividya]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Nagesh]], [[Rajinikanth]]
|----
|''[[Avalukku Aayiram Kangal]]''
|[[T. R. Ramanna]]
|[[A. B. Creations]]
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
|----
|''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[Rasi Enterprises]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Sachu]]
|----
|''[[Cinema Paithiyam]]''
|[[Muktha Srinivasan|V. Srinivasan]]
|[[A. L. S. Productions]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Jayachitra]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[P. R. Varalakshmi]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Sachu]]
|----
|''[[Dr. Siva]]''
|[[A. C. Tirulokchandar]]
|[[Cine Bharath Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Nagesh]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Eduppar Kai Pillai]]''
|[[K. Vijayan]]
|[[Sakthi Cine Arts]]
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Kumari Manjula]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]]
|----
|''[[Ellorum Nallavare]]''
|[[S. S. Balan]]
|[[Gemini Pictures]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
|----
|''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan (1975 film)|Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]''
|[[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan]]
|[[Sri Sakthi Combines]]
|[[A. M. Rajah]]
|[[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Vidhubala]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
|----
|''[[Enga Pattan Sothu]]''
|[[M. Karnan]]
|[[Vijaya Chithra Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Rajakokila]], [[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Engalukkum Kadhal Varum]]''
|[[R. Vittal]]
|[[Vijayalakshmi Cine Arts]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Nagesh]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]]
|----
|''[[Ezhaikkum Kaalam Varum]]''
|[[S. Rajendra Babu (director)|S. Rajendra Babu]]
|[[Saradha Combines]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]
|----
|''[[Hotel Sorgam]]''
|[[G. Ramakrishnan (director)|G. Ramakrishnan]]
|[[Sudha Movies]]
|[[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Kumari Padmini]], [[Vijaya Lalitha]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Pandari Bai]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
|----
|''[[Idhayakkani]]''
|[[A. Jagannathan]]
|[[R. M. Veerappan|Sathya Movies]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Radha Saluja]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Ingeyum Manidhargal]]''
|[[A. L. Narayanan]]
|[[Pacha Nayaki Films]]
|[[T. S. Nadesh]]
|[[M. K. Muthu]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]]
|----
|''[[Ippadiyum Oru Penn]]''
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi|Bharani Pictures]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]]
|[[P. Bhanumathi]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Kumari Padmini]], [[Devika]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Kadhavai Thattiya Mohini Paey]]''
|[[Rajaram (director)|Rajaram]]
|[[Anuradha International Films]]
|[[C. N. Pandurangan]]
|
|----
|''[[Karotti Kannan]]''
|[[R. Pattu (director)|R. Pattu]]
|[[Ajantha Enterprises]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Sripriya]], [[V. K. Ramaswamy (actor)|V. K. Ramaswamy]]
|----
|''[[Kasthuri Vijayam]]''
|[[P. Madhavan]]
|[[Devanayaki Films]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Nagesh]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Vidhubala]], [[Pakoda Kadhar]]
|----
|''[[Maalai Sooda Vaa]]''
|[[C. V. Rajendran]]
|[[Babu Movies]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|'Kumari' Manjula]], [[Major Sundarrajan]]
|----
|''[[Mamiyar Vijayam]]''
|[[Madurai Thirumaran]]
|
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|
|----
|''[[Manidhanum Dheivamagalam]]''
|[[P. Madhavan]]
|[[Vijayavel Films]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Ushanandini]]
|----
|''[[Manjal Mugame Varuga]]''
|[[V. C. Guhanathan]]
|[[Glamour International]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sathyapriya]], [[Jaya Guhanathan]], [[Master Sekhar]]
|----
|''[[Mannavan Vanthaanadi]]''
|[[P. Madhavan]]
|[[Jayaar Movies]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]''
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar Films]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]''
|[[A. P. Nagarajan]]
|[[C. N. V. Productions]]
|[[Kunnakudi Vaidyanathan]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Laurance Pourtale]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Gandhimathi]], [[Junior Balaiah]], Gopala Krishnan
|----
|''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]''
|[[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
|[[Gajendra Films]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Vennira Aadai Nirmala]], [[Nagesh]], [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]], [[M. N. Nambiar]]
|----
|''[[Nalla Marumagal]]''
|[[A. Vincent]]
|
|
|[[Sowcar Janaki]]
|----
|''[[Nambikkai Natchathiram]]''
|[[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]]
|[[Arivu Sudar Movies]]
|[[Lakshmi Narayanan]]
|[[M. K. Muthu]], [[Srividya]]
|----
|''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''
|[[P. Neelakantan]]
|[[Oriental Pictures]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Manjula Vijayakumar|Manjula]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]]
|----
|''[[Oru Kudumbathin Kadhai]]''
|[[Durai (director)|Durai]]
|[[Sulochana Pictures]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Nanditha Bose]], [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|----
|''[[Pallandu Vaazhga]]''
|[[K. Shankar]]
|[[Udhayam Productions]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Latha (actress)|Latha]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Panam Pathum Seyum]]''
|[[G. Subramaniam]]
|[[Sri Sathyanarayana Art Films]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Rathna (actress)|Rathna]]
|----
|''[[Pattampoochi (1975 film)|Pattampoochi]]''
|[[A. S. Prakasam]]
|[[Sri Prakash Productions]]
|[[P. Sreenivasan]]
|[[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Nagesh]]
|----
|''[[Pattikkaattu Raja]]''
|[[K. Shanmugam]]
|[[Ravi Combines]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayasudha]], [[Sripriya]]
|----
|''[[Paattum Bharathamum]]''
|[[P. Madhavan]]
|[[P. Madhavan|Arun Prasad Movies]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Sripriya]]
|----
|''[[Pinju Manam]]''
|[[A. K. Subramaniam]]
|[[Manorama Movies]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Jayakumari]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[T. K. Bagavathi]], [[Suruli Rajan]]
|----
|''[[Piriya Vidai]]''
|[[Srikanth (director)|Srikanth]]
|[[Prasad Studios|Prasad Productions]]
|[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], Prameela, [[Nagesh (actor)|Nagesh]], Murthy, [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]]
|----
|''[[Puthu Vellam]]''
|[[K. Vijayan]]
|[[N. V. R. Pictures]]
|[[M. B. Sreenivasan]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|'Kumari' Manjula]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[R. S. Manohar]], [[Pushpalatha]], [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]]
|----
|''[[Sondhangal Vazhga]]''
|[[Madurai Thirumaran]]
|[[V. N. C. Creations]]
|[[K. V. Mahadevan]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
|----
|''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]''
|[[P. Subramaniam]]
|[[P. Subramaniam|Neela Productions]]
|[[G. Devarajan]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[K. Balaji]], [[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], [[Srividya]], [[Rajasree]], [[Sukumari]], [[Karan (actor)|Master Raghu]], [[Vinodini Sasimohan|Baby Vinodini]]
|----
|''[[Thai Veetu Seedhanam]]''
|[[Madurai Thirumaran]]
|[[M. S. Kasi Productions]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[K. R. Vijaya]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]], [[Ushanandini]], [[Major Sundarrajan]], [[M. N. Rajam]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijaya Kumar]]
|----
|''[[Thangathile Vairam]]''
|[[K. Sornam]]
|[[Sooralaya Productions]]
|[[Shankar–Ganesh]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Sripriya]]
|----
|''[[Then Sindhudhe Vaanam]]''
|[[Ra. Sankaran]]
|[[Sudarsan Enterprises]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[Sivakumar]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Rani Chandra]]
|----
|''[[Thennangkeetru]]''
|[[Kovi Manisekaran]]
|[[Goodwin Enterprises]]
|[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|[[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Kalpana (Kannada actress)|Kalpana]], [[Jai Ganesh]], Senthamarai
|----
|''[[Thiyaga Ullam ]]''
| [[R. Pattabiraman]]
|
|[[V. Kumar]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[Kumari Padmini]], [[Jayakumari]]
|----
|''[[Thirudanukku Thirudan]]''
|[[T. M. Thirumalai]]
|[[T. R. I. Films]]
|
|Kannan, Mamatha
|----
|''[[Thiruvarul]]''
|[[R. Thyagarajan (director)|R. Thyagarajan]]
|[[Dhandayudhapani Films]]
|[[Kunnakkudi Vaidhyanathan]]
|[[A. V. M. Rajan]], [[Jaya Guhanathan]], [[Nagesh]], [[Sukumari]], [[Major Sundarrajan]]
|----
|''[[Thottadhellam Ponnaagum]]''
|[[R. Vittal]]
|[[Geetha Chithra Productions]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Sripriya]], [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|----
|''[[Unga Veettu Kalyanam]]''
|[[K. Krishnamurthy (director)|K. Krishnamurthy]]
|[[Sri Chitra Mahal Productions]]
|[[V. Kumar]]
| [[Thengai Srinivasan]], [[Shubha (actress)|Shubha]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Thangavelu]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Jyothi Lakshmi]]
|----
|''[[Uravu Solla Oruvan]]''
|[[Devaraj–Mohan]]
|[[Filmalaya Combines]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], Senthamarai, [[S. Varalakshmi]]
|----
|''[[Uravukku Kai Koduppom]]''
|[[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]]
|[[Chithra Productions]]
|[[D. B. Ramachandran]]
|[[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Nagesh (actor)|Nagesh]], [[V. S. Raghavan]]
|----
|''[[Vaira Nenjam]]''
|[[C. V. Sridhar]]
|[[Chitralaya]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[K. Balaji]], [[C. I. D. Sakunthala|A. Sakunthala]]
|----
|''[[Vaazhnthu Kaattugiren]]''
|[[Krishnan–Panju]]
|[[S. S. K. Films]]
|[[M. S. Viswanathan]]
|[[R. Muthuraman]], [[Sujatha (actress)|Sujatha]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Padmapriya (actress)|Padmapriya]], [[M. N. Rajam]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Suruli Rajan]]
|----
|''[[Yarukku Maappillai Yaro]]''
|[[S. P. Muthuraman]]
|[[Uma Chitra Films]]
|[[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
|[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Jayachitra]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Fatafat Jayalaxmi]]
|----
|''[[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]''
|[[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]]
|[[Vivek Chithra Productions]]
|[[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|[[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]], [[Sivakumar]], [[Cho Ramaswamy|Cho]], [[Srikanth (actor, born 1940)|Srikanth]], [[Sukumari]]
|}

==References==
<references />

{{Tamil cinema}}
{{1975 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamil Films Of 1975}}
[[Category:1975 in Indian cinema|Films, Tamil]]
[[Category:Lists of 1975 films by language]]
[[Category:Lists of Tamil films by year|1975]]
[[Category:1975 Tamil-language films| ]]

Dilwale (1994 film)

2026-03-03T23:30:44Z

JoanneMoffit: quick correct layout per standard format further and cleaned formatting

{{about|the 1994 film|the 2015 film|Dilwale (2015 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dilwale
| image = Dilwale poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = [[Harry Baweja]]
| producer = Paramjeet Baweja
| writer = [[Karan Razdan]]
| starring = [[Ajay Devgn]] [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Raveena Tandon]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cinematography = Damodar Naidu
| editing = Kuldip K. Mehan
| studio = [[Baweja Movies|S. P. Creations]]
|distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994|02|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 165 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}20.1 million<ref name="Dilwale"/>
| gross = {{INR}}119 million<ref name="Dilwale"/>
}}
'''''Dilwale''''' ({{Translation|''Big-Hearted''}}) is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language [[Action (genre)|romantic action film]] directed by [[Harry Baweja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dilwale|title=Dilwale (1994)|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] }}</ref> It stars [[Ajay Devgn]], [[Sunil Shetty]], [[Raveena Tandon]], and [[Paresh Rawal]]. Originally [[Divya Bharti]] signed for the lead, but due to her sudden demise, Tandon was cast.<ref>{{cite news |date=7 June 2013 |first1=Rachit |last1=Gupta |title=Flashback Friday: Forever young - Divya Bharti |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/flashback-friday-forever-young-divya-bharti-3370.html |access-date=14 June 2016 |work=Filmfare.com |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124042/https://www.filmfare.com/features/flashback-friday-forever-young-divya-bharti-3370.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite news |author1=Anjali Muthanna |title=What happens to incomplete films when actors die? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/What-happens-to-incomplete-films-when-actors-die/articleshow/26794860.cms |access-date=14 June 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=4 December 2013 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209124041/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/What-happens-to-incomplete-films-when-actors-die/articleshow/26794860.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

Released on 4 February 1994, the film took an excellent opening and emerged as a superhit as well as one of the [[List of Hindi films of 1994|top-grossing films of the year]].<ref name="Dilwale">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3178|title=Dilwale (1994)}}</ref> At the [[40th Filmfare Awards]], Shetty received a nomination in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] category.

==Plot==
Arun Saxena is detained in a mental hospital. He attempts to escape but is stopped by the doctors. Arun's mother, Jamuna, sits in front of a temple every day with her back turned to God, vowing to only face God when Arun returns.

Inspector Vikram Singh, a young and honest police officer, is asked to visit Arun along with his superior to assess Arun's condition. Arun becomes aggressive when Sapna is mentioned. The doctors administer a shock treatment to make Arun unconscious. Vikram is moved by Arun's behaviour and believes that Arun is not insane, but deeply in love. Arun's mother visits him and pleads for him to wake up, as he needs to seek revenge against Mama Thakur. Vikram overhears this and becomes curious. Later, Vikram meets Jamuna at the temple to learn Arun's story, and the film delves into the past.

Arun used to be a happy and carefree young poet. At a party, he falls in love with Sapna. Her uncle, Rangeen "Mama" Thakur, has been hiding his true motives, as he aims to seize her wealth. Arun openly expresses his love for Sapna and even confronts Shankar Bihari, a goon hired by Mama to marry Sapna for her wealth. Arun's actions show his deep affection for Sapna. Sapna initially rejects Arun’s advances but eventually falls for him after witnessing his willingness to sacrifice his life for her. Shankar sends Jyoti to seduce Arun, which Sapna misunderstands. Arun and Sapna reconcile, but Mama attempts to harm Arun and sends goons to kill him.

Arun and Jamuna are attacked, prompting Arun to fight back and defeat the goons. He then pursues Sapna. Mama tricks Jyoti into going to Arun's house under false pretences and murders her. Arun is framed for the murder due to his association with Jyoti. Mama brutally tortures Jamuna to force Arun to confess. Arun eventually confesses, leading Sapna to believe that he is guilty and she breaks up with him. Unable to bear this news, Arun loses his sanity and is subsequently admitted to a mental asylum after being found guilty.

Vikram makes a promise to Jamuna that he will fight for justice for Arun. Natwar reveals that he has secretly taken pictures of the murder and is blackmailing Mama. He arranges for Natwar to be killed by hitmen. Arun witnesses this while trying to escape from the mental asylum van, but he is captured by the doctors before the hitmen can reach him. Arun draws the murder on his cell wall. Vikram overhears Natwar's wife mentioning that Natwar worked for Mama Thakur. The hitmen try to kill Arun by bribing a guard at the mental asylum, but Arun survives and is captured by the doctors. The hitmen escape. Vikram arrives to see the drawing in Arun's cell. To protect Arun, Vikram offers him accommodation at his home as his life is in danger. Vikram finds a photo of Sapna in Arun's suitcase. It is revealed that Vikram also fell in love with Sapna, but he keeps this information from Arun.

Vikram tracks down Sapna and asks her to meet Arun, but under the condition that Arun doesn't see her. Sapna agrees. Vikram then tells Sapna the truth about Mama's crimes and Ram Singh tells Sapna the truth about Arun’s situation After Vikram confronts Mama Thakur and tells him his days are over. Arun almost gets killed by the men who killed Natwar at a bar.

However, he receives an electric shock that brings back his memories and restores his sanity. The police arrive to arrest Arun, but with Vikram's help, he escapes to reunite with Sapna. Arun embarks on a brutal vengeance mission, burning all of Mama Thakur's businesses. The commissioner is unable to persuade Arun to surrender, which angers him. Arun captures Mama Thakur from a police protection van, and Vikram and Sapna arrive at the scene after Vikram rescues her from Shankar Bihari. All the goons are killed, and Arun's revenge is complete with Mama Thakur dead and Sapna back with him.
The film ends with Arun and Sapna together, with Vikram driving them as his face expresses sadness that he too once loved Sapna and joy that Arun is united with her.

==Cast==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Inspector Vikram Singh
*[[Ajay Devgan]] as Arun Saxena
*[[Raveena Tandon]] as Swapna Puri, Arun's love interest.
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Jamuna Saxena
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Police Commissioner Suryadhar Jaisingh
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Shankar Bihari
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Mama Thakur
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as Yashpal Thakur
*[[Himani Shivpuri]] as Vandita Thakur
*[[Navneet Nishan]] as Jyoti Bhatia
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Inspector Rudranil Venkatraman
*[[Javed Khan Amrohi]] as Constable Ram Singh
*[[Avtaar Gill]] as Natwarlal Yadav
*[[Ajit Vachani]] as Public Prosecutor Jagmohan Sinha
*[[Vikas Anand]] as Judge Anupam Sharma
*[[Rami Reddy (actor)|Rami Reddy]] as Banshul Singh
*[[Achyut Potdar]] as Dr. Abhijeet Sonkar
*[[Anang Desai]] as Dr. Rakvansh Deshpande
*[[Virendra Saxena]] as Ward boy
*[[Subbiraj]] as Former-Army Major Vidvaan Singh
*[[Anil Dhawan]] as Vedaksh Singh
*[[Sarala Yeolekar]] as Shraddha Singh
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Mental Hospital Patient
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Mental Hospital Patient
*[[Rajesh Puri]] as Mental Hospital Patient
*[[Dinesh Kaushik]] as Mental Hospital Patient
*[[Sameer Khakhar]] as Ward Boy

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dilwale
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Nadeem-Shravan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = July 1993
| recorded = 1993
| venue = [[Mumbai]]
| studio = Sunny Super Sound
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 41:29
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Venus Records & Tapes]]
| producer = Nadeem-Shravan
| prev_title = [[Tadipaar]]
| prev_year = 1993
| next_title = [[Salaami]]
| next_year = 1994
}}
The music was composed by [[Nadeem-Shravan]] and the lyrics were penned by [[Sameer Anjaan|Sameer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/special/nadeem-shravan-top-20-soundtracks/20210423.htm|title=Nadeem-Shravan: Top 20 soundtracks|date=23 April 2021}}</ref> Two of the songs, "Kitna Haseen Chehra" and "Jeeta Tha Jiske Liye" dominated the musical charts and were highly popular among the masses. According to [[Box Office India]], with around 55,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack was one of the best-selling Hindi film albums of the 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref>

'''Track list'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
![[Raga]]
|-
|1
| "Kitna Haseen Chehra"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|
|-
|2
| "Jeeta Tha Jiske Liye"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|[[Shivaranjani]]
|-
|3
| "Mauka Milega To Hum"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
|4
| "Jeeta Hoon Jiske Liye"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
|5
| "Jo Tumhe Chahe Usko"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|
|-
|6
| "Saaton Janam Main Tere"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|
|-
|7
| "Ek Aisi Ladki Thi"
| [[Kumar Sanu]]
|
|-
|}

==Awards and nominations==
[[40th Filmfare Awards]]
*Nominated - [[Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award|Best Supporting Actor]] - [[Sunil Shetty]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0337611}}

{{Harry Baweja}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Nadeem–Shravan]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:1990s romantic musical films]]
[[Category:1994 action films]]
[[Category:Fiction about law enforcement]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harry Baweja]]
[[Category:Films set in psychiatric hospitals]]
[[Category:1994 musical films]]

Om 3D

2026-03-03T17:51:11Z

JoanneMoffit: Put Up Data...

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Om 3D
| image = Om 3D film poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Movie poster
| director = Sunil Reddy
| producer = Nandamuri Taraka Advitha [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]]
| writer = Sunil Reddy
| starring = [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] [[Kriti Kharbanda]] [[Nikesha Patel]]
| music = [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Sai Karthik]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|07|19}}
| cinematography = [[Ajayan Vincent]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio =
| distributor =
| runtime = 108 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Om 3D''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Sunil Reddy.<ref>{{cite web|agency=Times News Network |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Kalyan-Rams-OM-in-post-production/articleshow/19019383.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717084532/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-03-17/news-interviews/37786154_1_film-sunil-reddy-post-production-works |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-17 |title=Kalyan Ram's OM in post-production|date=2013-03-17 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/my-dear-kuttichattan-to-action-3d-films-are-in/article3837612.ece |title='My dear Kuttichattan' to 'Action', 3-D films are in! |work=The Hindu |date=2012-08-30 |accessdate=2013-07-15}}</ref> The film stars [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]], [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] and [[Sampath Raj]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Kriti Kharbanda]] and [[Nikesha Patel]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[Achu Rajamani]] and [[Sai Karthik]].<ref>{{cite web|author=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Official-logo-of-Kalyan-Rams-OM/articleshow/18131498.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717084556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-22/news-interviews/36484001_1_official-logo-production-house-film |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-17 |title=Official logo of Kalyan Ram's OM|date=2013-01-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nikesha-Patels-bikini-act-in-Om/articleshow/21081838.cms?|title=Nikesha Patel's bikini act in Om|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/om-teaser-is-out-news-telugu-nbqlSujacad.html |title=Om teaser is out |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-01-16 |accessdate=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118103156/http://www.sify.com/movies/om-teaser-is-out-news-telugu-nbqlSujacad.html |archive-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The film is touted to be the first Indian action film in 3D and had been shot in [[5K resolution]]. Hollywood technicians such as David Taylor, who worked for ''[[Avatar (2009 film)|Avatar]]'' and ''[[Final Destination 5]]'', and Ian Markus, known for ''[[The Amazing Spider-Man (2012 film)|The Amazing Spider-Man]]'', have also worked for this film.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/3d-technology-brought-life-to-om-says-kalyan-ram-news-national-nhonEleegah.html |title=3D technology brought life to 'OM', says Kalyan Ram |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121353/http://www.sify.com/movies/3d-technology-brought-life-to-om-says-kalyan-ram-news-national-nhonEleegah.html |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The shooting was completed in 110 days, but the post production took another year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Action-redefined-in-3D/articleshow/21055910.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130717084606/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-13/news-interviews/40553114_1_kalyan-ram-hollywood-technicians-sunil-reddy |url-status=live |archive-date=2013-07-17 |title=Action redefined in 3D|date=2013-07-13 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2013-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalyan-ram-s-om-on-28th-june-news-telugu-nggrTCiedff.html |title=Kalyan Ram's Om on 28th June |website=[[Sify]] |date=2013-06-06 |accessdate=2013-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118103317/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalyan-ram-s-om-on-28th-june-news-telugu-nggrTCiedff.html |archive-date=18 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''Om 3D'' was theatrically released in 2D and 3D formats on 19 July 2013 and received mixed reviews from critics and became a [[box-office bomb]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/489973/20130714/rajinikanth-kalyan-ram-om3d-release-date-ntr.htm |title=Rajinikanth Praises Kalyan Ram's 'Om 3D' [Watch Trailer] – International Business Times |publisher=Ibtimes.co.in |date= 14 July 2013|accessdate=2013-07-15}}</ref>

==Plot==
Arjun is the son of Harischandra Prasad who saves his father from an attack orchestrated by a minister named Byrreddy. Enraged, Byrreddy hires a recently released convict named Bhavani to finish Harishchandra Prasad. Arjun meets a girl named Anjali and they fall in love with each other. After dropping Anjali at the railway station, Arjun is attacked by Bhavani and his goons, but is rescued by his uncle Lakshman. Harischandra reveals that Bhavani was adopted by his father Vishnu Prasad, but he betrayed him by doing [[Arms industry|arms trafficking]], following which his father got him arrested. Bhavani killed his father and Harischandra gets him arrested.

Meanwhile, Arjun's marriage is fixed with Harischandra's brother Ajay's daughter Riya. On the day of [[Holi]], Arjun invites Anjali to meet his parents, but she leaves upon listening about his marriage. Ajay is killed by Bhavani's henchman, which prompts Arjun to fight Byreddy's goons and make him arrange for a meeting with Bhavani. They meet at a railway crossing and Bhavani is found holding Anjali hostage, where Arjun learns that Anjali had been sent undercover by Bhavani. In front of Bhavani, Anjali confesses her love for Arjun. Harischandra tells Riya to get closer to Arjun. Lakshman is revealed to be embroiled in the illegal arms trafficking. Bhavani decides to tell Arjun about Harischandra's involvement in arms trafficking. Anjali meets Arjun and apologizes, where she confesses her love for him.

Arjun realizes her true emotions and convinces Harischandra of their marriage. It is later revealed that Lakshman is embroiled in the illegal arms trafficking and had introduced Riya to trap Arjun. Riya gives a lift to Anjali where she reveals her intentions and gets her injured in a car accident. Anjali is admitted to the hospital, where Byreddy tells Arjun that it was Bhavani who got her attacked. Lakshman and Harischandra convince Arjun to kill Bhavani, following which he attacks his goons but is knocked unconscious. A car chase ensues between Lakshman and Bhavani. Upon gaining consciousness, Arjun manages to crash the car on a bridge, but is rescued by Bhavani, who then reveals that he is his father and not Harischandra, who has lied to him about everything.

It is also revealed that Bhavani never tried to attack Arjun and did not even told Anjali about Arjun being his son. Consumed by the thirst for wealth, Harischandra killed Vishnu Prasad and Arjun's mother, where Bhavani got framed for crimes. Bhavani runs towards Lakshman and his men with a bomb, causing everyone's death in an explosion. Arjun is rescued by Bhavani's brother Kaali who reveals that Vishnu Prasad's three sons: Harischandra, Ajay and Lakshman were jealous of Bhavani, due to which they framed and imprisoned Bhavani. They also killed Vishnu Prasad and Arjun's mother. Upon returning from prison, Bhavani was forced to take the blame for their crimes in order to save Arjun and Harischandra raised Arjun as his own son.

Realizing the truth, Arjun decides to exact revenge, where he contacts Riya and tells her to meet him in the mountains outside the city. Arjun finishes henchmen and kills Riya by shooting in her head. Learning that Arjun is alive, Byrreddy tries to escape along with his goons, but Arjun kills him in a car chase. Later, Harischandra holds Kaali hostage at a warehouse, where Arjun arrives, and a shootout ensues, resulting in Harischandra's death.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] as Arjun
* [[Kriti Kharbanda]] as Anjali
* [[Nikesha Patel]] as Riya
* [[Karthik (actor)|Karthik]] as Harischandra Prasad
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as Byrreddy
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Bhavani
* [[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]] as Jyothi
* [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] as Lakshman
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Ajay
* [[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Chandu
* [[Vijay Sai]] as Arjun's friend
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Bhavani's right-hand man
* Anitha Chowdhary as Arjun's mother
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
[[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] and [[Sai Karthik]] composed three and two songs, respectively, with Achu's work being praised. The audio was released by Mayuri Audio.

{{Infobox album
| name = OM 3D
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Achu Rajamani]], [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = 2013
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:28
| label = Mayuri Audio
| producer = [[Achu Rajamani]] [[Sai Karthik]]
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra_column2 = Composer(s)
| total_length = 19:28
| title1 = Promo Song
| music1 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| lyrics1 = B. Subbaraya Sharma
| extra1 = [[Baba Sehgal]]
| length1 = 2:47
| title2 = Cheliya
| music2 = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]
| lyrics2 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra2 = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| length2 = 3:36
| title3 = Right Now
| music3 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Baba Sehgal]], Bindhu Mahima
| length3 = 3:03
| title4 = Holi Holi
| music4 = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]
| lyrics4 = Kedarnath
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Priya Himesh]], Sharmila
| length4 = 3:33
| title5 = Endukila
| music5 = [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]]
| lyrics5 = Balaji
| extra5 = [[Haricharan]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length5 = 04:05
| title6 = Om Theme
| music6 = [[Sai Karthik]]
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Instrumental
| length6 = 02:24
}}

==Reception==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com|idlebrain]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "one should pat the back of Kalyan Ram for making Om 3D film with uncompromising passion and first-class 3D technology!!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/om3d.html |title=Om 3D review|publisher=idlebrain.com |accessdate=2013-07-19}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|3067260}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2013 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:2013 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Achu Rajamani]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Gun fu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Mazhai

2026-03-03T04:27:54Z

JoanneMoffit: quick added information for accuracy and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mazhai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rajkumar
| producer = [[SPB Charan]]
| story = [[Veeru Potla]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]''|[[Veeru Potla]]}}
| starring = [[Ravi Mohan]] [[Shriya Saran]]
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cinematography = [[Rajesh Yadav (cinematographer)|Rajesh Yadav]]
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Capital Cinema
| distributor = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| released = {{Film date|2005|09|30|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mazhai''''' ({{translation|Rain}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] directed by Rajkumar in his debut. It is a remake of the 2004 Telugu film ''[[Varsham (2004 film)|Varsham]]'', and stars [[Ravi Mohan]] (credited as Jayam Ravi) and [[Shriya Saran]]. [[Vadivelu]], [[Kalabhavan Mani]] and [[Rahul Dev]] play supporting roles. The film's music is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] with cinematography by [[Rajesh Yadav (cinematographer)|Rajesh Yadav]] and editing by [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]. It was released on 30 September 2005.

== Plot ==
Arjun ([[Ravi Mohan]]), an unemployed youngster, and Deva ([[Rahul Dev]]), a powerful don, both fall in love with Sailaja ([[Shriya Saran]]), a middle-class beauty, at the same time on a rainy day at a railway station. Arjun keeps bumping into Sailaja coincidentally every time it rains. This makes them both feel that it is the rain that keeps bringing them together, and they start to fall in love. Deva takes the backdoor route to get Sailaja, with the help of her good-for-nothing father, Sundaramoorthy ([[Kalabhavan Mani]]). After learning of Arjun's and Sailaja's love, Deva and Sundaramoorthy work up devious plans to break them up. They soon succeed in creating a rift between the two lovers. Though Arjun realizes what is really happening, Sailaja falls prey to Deva and her father's foils. The young lovers part ways; Sailaja becomes a leading lady in the movies, and Arjun works with his uncle ([[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]]) in a quarry as a demolition expert. Deva is cheated out of some money by Sundaramoorthy, and he finds out where Sailaja lives and kidnaps her. Sundaramoorthy realizes that the only person who is daring enough and cares enough to get his daughter back is Arjun and goes to him with his pleas. It takes much convincing, but Arjun decides to rescue Sailaja but for reasons other than love. At this point, Sailaja begins to realize that her father lied to her and tries to get back with Arjun, but he refuses because she did not trust him. Sailaja convinces Arjun that it was not her fault, and they both start loving again. In the end, Arjun and Deva gets into a fight, where Arjun wins. Deva tries to kill Arjun, but a burning statue of [[Ravana|Ravanan]] falls on Deva, which kills him. In the end, Arjun unites with Shailaja.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Ravi Mohan]] as Arjun
*[[Shriya Saran]] as Shailaja
*[[Vadivelu]] as Aarumugam
*[[Kalabhavan Mani]] as Sundaramoorthy, Shailaja's father
*[[Rahul Dev]] as Deva
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Parthasarathy, Arjun's father
*[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Muthulakshmi, Arjun's mother
*[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as Sneha Varadharajan, Shailaja's mother
*[[K. S. L. Swamy]] as Deva's uncle
*[[Venkat Prabhu]] as Kasi
*[[Charle]] as Director
*[[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Producer
*[[Nadhiya]] as Daisy, Arjun's aunt
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Sundaram, Arjun's uncle
*[[Devadarshini]] as Kousalya Gowtham, Arjun's sister
*[[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Alamelu, Deva's mother
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Rajapandi, Deva's father
*[[Vatsala Rajagopal]] as Julie Ganapathi, Shailaja's grandmother
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Rangarajan Iyengar, Shailaja's grandfather
*[[Madhan Bob]] as Idi Ameen, weather reporter
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Priest
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as Deva's henchman
*[[Bonda Mani]] as Petrol Bunk Employee
*[[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Home Minister
*[[Singamuthu]] as Aarumugam's customer
*[[Halwa Vasu]] as Aarumugam's customer
}}

== Production ==
The film was initially to be produced by Ravi Mohan's father [[Editor Mohan]].<ref>{{cite web |date=4 Feb 2004 |title='Remake' Ravi is back! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/remake-ravi-is-back-news-tamil-kkfvNLfjbeisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901202407/http://www.sify.com/movies/remake-ravi-is-back-news-tamil-kkfvNLfjbeisi.html |archive-date=1 September 2017 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 September 2017 }}</ref> Ra The film marked the directorial debut of Rajkumar who earlier assisted Charan and Vasanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2005 |title=என் காட்டிலும் 'மழை' பெய்யும் – இயக்குனர் ராஜ்குமார் |url=http://tamil.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/mazhai.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212141913/http://tamil.cinesouth.com/specials/interviews/mazhai.shtml |archive-date=12 December 2005 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth |language=ta}}</ref> Rajesh Yadav who handled the film's cinematography revealed that for the song "Nee Varumbodhu" in order to achieve rain effect, the railway station was made wet, rain machines were fixed in seven places and for this pipes were bought from abroad.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ப்ளாக் |first=கிராபியென் |date=15 July 2019 |title="தன் படத்தைப் போட்டுக்காட்டி என் மன அழுத்தத்தைப் போக்கினார் பாலு மகேந்திரா!"- ஒளிப்பதிவாளர் ராஜேஷ் யாதவ் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/cinematographer-rajesh-yadav-speaks-about-his-stress-relief-techniques |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20250301160325/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/cinematographer-rajesh-yadav-speaks-about-his-stress-relief-techniques |archive-date=1 March 2025 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was shot at locations including Kuttralam, Tenkasi, Nagercoil, Hyderabad and Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2005 |title=Mazhai |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/09mazhai.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015010757/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Onlocation/2005/09mazhai.asp |archive-date=15 October 2006 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack features six songs composed by Devi Sri Prasad, retaining five of the tunes from the original except for "Kuchi Karuvadu", which was based on "Kandhi Chenu Kada" from ''[[Naa Alludu]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhai (2005) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000697.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045805/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/movie/T0000697.html |archive-date=8 August 2014 |access-date=31 July 2014 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="width:60%;"
|-
! Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| "Nee Varumbodhu" || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]], Raqueeb Alam || rowspan=6|[[Vairamuthu]]
|-
| "Mannile" || [[SPB Charan]], Sumangali
|-
| "Isthanbul" || [[Jassie Gift]], Kalpana
|-
| "Thappe Ille" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
| "Muthu Mazhaiye" || [[Sagar (singer)|Sagar]], Sumangali
|-
| "Kuchikaruvadu" || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
|}

== Critical reception ==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "At best, Mazhai is a passable time pass fare if you don't care for logic and reason".<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2005 |title=Mazhai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mazhai-review-tamil-pclvMLjfjjjcg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709075712/http://www.sify.com/movies/mazhai-review-tamil-pclvMLjfjjjcg.html |archive-date=9 July 2017 |access-date=11 February 2016 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Lajjavathi of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Shriya, cinematography, sets and song picturizations but felt the screenplay had lot of loopholes.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=லஜ்ஜாவதி |date=16 October 2005 |title=மழை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-10-16/page/20/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231104142732/https://archive.org/details/kalki2005-10-16/page/20/mode/2up |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=26 April 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=21 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> ''Cinesouth'' wrote, "Debut making director Rajkumar has not made any great changes from the original version. He could have shown some intelligent ploy used by Ravi to rescue Shreya from Rahul Dev's clutches. It is ridiculous to see Ravi bashing up hundreds of hoodlums".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mazhai |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/mazhai.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201132945/http://www.cinesouth.com/scopes/reviews/new/mazhai.shtml |archive-date=1 December 2005 |access-date=16 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref> G. Ulaganathan of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "It is a miracle how the film became a hit in Telugu. Hundreds of such films have hit the Telugu screen before, so also Tamil. It is equally baffling what prompted the playback singer S P Balasubramaniam to remake it in Tamil. It has a stale story, steriotyped performances, a hero whose only asset is his physique and who is yet to pick up the rudiments of acting skills and a poor screenplay. The only plus point is the heroine, Shreya, who looks pretty, acts well and manages to avoid looking vulgar even when drenched in the rain".<ref>{{cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=16 October 2005 |title=Mazhai |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct162005/movies20174220051015.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205060629/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct162005/movies20174220051015.asp |archive-date=5 February 2007 |access-date=6 April 2025 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s romantic action films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Happi (film)

2026-03-02T09:16:05Z

JoanneMoffit: basic expand information after review also and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|2010 film directed by Bhavna Talwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Happi
| image = Happi film poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Bhavna Talwar]]
| producer = Gary Dillon Sachindra Nath
| writer = Mohinder Singh, Rishabh Sharma
| starring = [[Pankaj Kapoor]] [[Supriya Pathak]] [[Hrishitaa Bhatt]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Ilaiyaraaja]] [[Debojyoti Mishra]] '''Background Score:''' [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Martin Grosup
| editing = Asif Ali Shaikh [[Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2019|12|25}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = 
}}

'''''Happi''''' is a [[Hindi]]-language film directed by [[Bhavna Talwar]] and produced by Vistaar Film Fund & WSG Pictures. The film, made in [[black-and-white]], stars [[Pankaj Kapoor]], and is an homage to [[Charlie Chaplin]] as per the director. Pankaj Kapoor plays the part of a Chaplin-esque character.<ref name="B&WCChaplin">{{cite web|title=Pankaj Kapur's black-&-white tribute to Chaplin|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Pankaj-Kapurs-black-white-tribute-to-Chaplin/articleshow/8024036.cms|work=The Times of India|date=19 April 2011|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Happi Cast & Crew|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=13 August 2011 |accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref> After being stuck in [[development hell]], the film was released on [[ZEE5]] on 25 December 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeetv.zee5.com/happi-premiered-on-zee5-on-25-december-2019-5-reasons-to-watch-the-pankaj-kapur-film/|title=Happi Premiered On ZEE5 On 25 December 2019: 5 Reasons To Watch The Pankaj Kapur Film|publisher=ZEE5|first=Aayushi|last=Sharma|date=26 December 2019|access-date=14 July 2020|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226081758/https://zeetv.zee5.com/happi-premiered-on-zee5-on-25-december-2019-5-reasons-to-watch-the-pankaj-kapur-film/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Plot ==

''Happi'' is a comedy drama that tells the amazing story of survival of a social misfit set in Mumbai. The film is all about a man, who is content with what he earns as his needs are few and thus, he is comfortable being a misfit. He earns by making people laugh as well as by singing at Cafe Bombay.<ref name="CChaplin">{{cite web|title='Happi' will never be outdated: Bhavna Talwar|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/happi-will-never-be-outdated-bhavna-talwar-363126.html|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=14 March 2011|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

His life turns upside down and he is shattered as the same place is now getting revamped into 'Club Mumbai' – a hip, high class upmarket lounge. But he refuses to be beaten down by the circumstances and fights back with his self belief with an unlikely companion, a puppy.

== Cast ==
*[[Pankaj Kapoor]] as Happi
*[[Supriya Pathak]] as Rukmani
*[[Hrishitaa Bhatt]] as Shumona
*[[Nakul Vaid]] as Adil
*[[Manoj Pahwa]]
*[[Raj Saluja]] as Wilson
*Farroukh Mehta
*Sachin Gaikwad
*[[Sahil Vaid]] as Albert
*[[Tejaswini Kolhapure]] as Gayatri (special appearance)

==Production==
The film, originally made in colour, was converted to black-and-white inspired by 2011 [[Academy Award for Best Picture]] winner ''[[The Artist (film)|The Artist]]'' as it suits the mood and theme of the film.<ref name="B&WCChaplin"/><ref>{{cite web|title='Happi' brings 'black and white' back in Bollywood|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/239446/happi-brings-black-and-white-back-in-bollywood.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150315210451/http://ibnlive.in.com/videos/239446/happi-brings-black-and-white-back-in-bollywood.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 March 2015|publisher=CNN-IBN|date=15 March 2012|accessdate=15 March 2015}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
[[Ilaiyaraaja]] provided the film score for this film and the lyrics were written by [[Jaideep Sahni]] and actor [[Kamalhassan]] has sung a song in this movie.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Kamal-Haasan-sings-for-Ilayaraja/articleshow/18511764.cms | title=Kamal Haasan sings for Ilayaraja! | work=The Times of India | date=15 January 2017| accessdate=20 January 2018}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Happi'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{Citation |title=Happi [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |date=2023-03-10 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/happi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1676607158 |access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref>
| title1 = Zindagi Dish
| length1 = 1:29
| total_length = 20:23
| lyrics1 = Jaideep Sahni
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| music1 = Ilaiyaraaja
| title2 = Phata Yeh Sole Hai
| lyrics2 = Jaideep Sahni
| length2 = 3:50
| extra2 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| music2 = Ilaiyaraaja
| lyrics3 = Mohinder Pratap Singh
| title3 = Mera Toh Chand Hai
| length3 = 3:38
| extra3 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| music3 = Ilaiyaraaja
| lyrics4 = Mohinder Pratap Singh
| title4 = Roz Roz
| length4 = 2:24
| extra4 = Anchal Datta Bhatia
| music4 = Ilaiyaraaja
| music5 = Debojyoti Mishra
| lyrics5 = Rishhabh Sharrma
| title5 = Barishon
| length5 = 4:48
| extra5 = Anchal Datta Bhatia
| lyrics6 = Rishhabh Sharrma
| title6 = Raat Yeh Ghul Gayi
| length6 = 4:16
| extra6 = Sunidhi Chauhan
| music6 = Ilaiyaraaja
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1285301|Happi}}

[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:2019 direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Charlie Chaplin]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Daniel Negers

2026-02-24T13:31:10Z

JoanneMoffit: done

{{short description|French professor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Daniel Negers
| image = Neizers.jpg
| birth_place = [[Paris]], France
| occupation = Professor
| employer = [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales|National Institute for Oriental Languages and Civilisations]]|
}}
'''Daniel Negers''' is a French professor who has done extensive study of Telugu language and culture.<ref name="Maitreyi">{{cite web|last1=Maitreyi|first1=M. l Melly|title=Language no barrier for him|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/language-no-barrier-for-him/article21735579.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=22 December 2017|language=en-IN|date=15 December 2017}}</ref> He has translated knowledge of Telugu into French. He taught Telugu language to French students.<ref name="Maîtriser mana Telugu">{{cite web|last1=Bhandaram|first1=Vishnupriya|title=Maîtriser mana Telugu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/matriser-mana-telugu/article3848178.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=27 December 2017|language=en-IN|date=2 September 2012}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Daniel Negers was born in [[Paris]], France.

== Career ==
Daniel first came to India in the 1970s as a tourist and returned to [[Peddapuram]], a town in [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, in 1983 along with his wife for his field study on a Telugu folk tradition called ''[[Burrakatha]]''.<ref name="Taher Mohamed">{{cite book|last1=Taher|first1=Mohamed|title=Libraries in India's National Developmental Perspective: A Saga of Fifty Years Since Independence|date=2001|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170228424|page=96|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQk5iINMD2IC&q=Daniel+Negers&pg=PA96|accessdate=27 December 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="A Talk With Dr. Daniel Negers in Hyderabad, Alliance Francaise De Hyderabad">{{cite web|title=A Talk With Dr. Daniel Negers in Hyderabad, Alliance Francaise De Hyderabad {{!}} What's Hot|url=https://www.whatshot.in/hyderabad/a-talk-with-dr-daniel-negers-e-285235|website=Whats Hot|accessdate=22 December 2017|language=en}}</ref> He developed an interest in the culture and learned to speak and write the local language.<ref name="G. Venkataramana Rao">{{cite web|last1=Rao|first1=G. Venkataramana|title=Telugu to be taught in French institute|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-in-school/telugu-to-be-taught-in-french-institute/article3786917.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=22 December 2017|language=en-IN|date=18 August 2012}}</ref> He was trained under Devadula Brahmanandam. After the death of Brahmanandam, his companion Allada Rama Rao helped him complete his research. During his research, his family stayed in Peddapuram. He dedicated his book on ''Burrakatha'' to Nazar, who is known for spreading awareness of this art.

He studied the writings of poets such as [[Palkuriki Somanatha|Palkuriki Somana]], [[Gurajada Apparao]], [[Rayaprolu Subbarao]], and [[Ravuri Bharadwaja]]. He translated poems by [[Vemana]] into French.<ref name="Sunny Baski">{{cite web |last1=Sunny |first1=Baski |date=19 December 2017 |title=The French in love with this 'Italian' |url=https://telanganatoday.com/the-french-in-love-with-this-italian |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042515/telanganatoday.com/the-french-in-love-with-this-italian |archive-date=2017-12-23 |accessdate=22 December 2017 |website=Telangana Today}}</ref> He wrote a French–Telugu dictionary.

He was felicitated by the Telugu Association of Netherlands (TANE) at its Ugadi celebrations in 2014.<ref name="French ‘Burrakatha’ exponent feted">{{cite web|title=French 'Burrakatha' exponent feted|url=http://www.hyderabadfirst.in/?p=8950|website=Andhra Pradesh First|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=27 December 2017|date=13 April 2014}}</ref> Daniel Negers was felicitated in 2015 in [[Visakhapatnam]] on the occasion of the 11th annual Lok Nayak Foundation awards ceremony. He was awarded INR 50,000 for his contribution to the spread of the Telugu language and culture.<ref name="French professor of Telugu to be feted">{{cite web|title=French professor of Telugu to be feted|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/french-professor-of-telugu-to-be-feted/article6796467.ece|website=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=27 December 2017|language=en-IN|date=17 January 2015}}</ref> In 2021, he met the [[Department of Information Technology, Electronics and Communications (Telangana)|IT Minister of Telangana]], [[K. T. Rama Rao]], in Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-31 |title=KTR meets French professor proficient in Telugu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/311021/ktr-meets-french-professor-proficient-in-telugu.html |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Negers, Daniel}}
[[Category:Dravidologists]]
[[Category:21st-century French social scientists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bina Etawa

2026-02-19T13:24:33Z

JoanneMoffit: cleanup

{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date= January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bina
| other_name = Bina-Etawa, Etawa
| nickname =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Bina Junction Railway Station.png
|photo2a = Bina JP thermal Power plant.png
| spacing = 10
| position =
| color_border = Black
| color = white
| size = 300
| foot_montage =}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = top: Bina Junction Railway Station, bottom: JP Bina Thermal Plant
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|10|48|N|78|12|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Madhya Pradesh|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhopal division]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Madhya Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bina -etawa District]]
| established_title = 
| governing_body = Bina Nagar Palika Parishad
| area_rank = 51
| area_total_km2 = 64
| population_total = 402,678<ref
name="CENSUS2021">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2021.co.in/data/town/802153-bina-etawa-madhya-pradesh.html|title=Bina-Etawa Population|work=Census2021|publisher=census2021.co.in|access-date=13 April 2017|archive-date=2 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702062604/http://www.census2021.co.in/data/town/802153-bina-etawa-madhya-pradesh.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2024
| population_density_km2 = 5,377
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = {{Unbulleted list|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]|[[Marwari language|Marwari]]|[[Malwi language|Malwi]]|[[Bundelkhandi language|Bundelkhandi]]|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]|[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 470113,470118, 470124, 464240
| registration_plate = MP-15, MP-08, MP-40
| website =
| footnotes =
| population_demonym =
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| elevation_m = 412
}}
'''Bina''', formerly known as '''Bina-Etawa''' or '''Etawa''', is a city in the Bina-etawa district of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] . The city's name is derived from the [[Bina River (India)|Bina River]], which flows near the city.

Bina is one of the fastest growing cities in Madhya Pradesh. It is a center of economic and industrial activity in the state. The city is home to the [[Bina Refinery]], as well as the [[Jaypee Group]]'s 500 [[Megawatt|MW]] Jaypee Bina [[Thermal plant]] .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web| title=Bharat Oman Refineries Limited|url=https://borl.in/ |website=Bharat Oman Refineries Limited|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214045711/http://www.borl.in/|archive-date=14 December 2007}}</ref> This region is also known for its high-quality wheat, which is reportedly exported internationally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“Today’s wheat market price in Bina {{!}} Madhya Pradesh” (translated from the Hindi आज बिना में गेहूं का मंडी भाव {{!}} मध्य प्रदेश |url=https://mandibhavindia.in/commodity/wheat/madhya-pradesh/sagar/bina |url-status=live |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=Mandibhav India}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

== Geography ==
Five rivers flow through the surrounding area. In addition to Bina River, they include:

* Motichur – location of the city's Katra temple
* [[Betwa River|Betwa]] – forms the border of the Bina and [[Ashoknagar district]]s
* Narayani – flows between Bina and [[Lalitpur, India|Lalitpur]]
* Silar

Bina is close to the ancient city of Eran. Eran was the capital of Airikina Pradesha, an administrative division of the [[Gupta Empire]]. Bina sits between [[Bhopal]] and [[Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh]]. It is among the oldest cities in the region and the oldest in the state.

The [[Bina River (India)|Bina]] and [[Betwa River]]s are the major water sources.<ref name="Profile">{{Cite web |title=Profile of Bina Etawa, History of Bina, Facts About Bina |url=https://bina-etawa.mponline.in/city-guide/about-bina-etawa |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=bina-etawa.mponline.in}}</ref>

== History ==

Bina was formerly known as Etawa, the name of an earlier village in the area. In 1923, the Bina Railway Junction was established, deriving it name from the river. The first Member of the Legislative Assembly of the [[Bina Assembly constituency]] was Ram Lal Nayak, elected in 1957. The name Bina-Etawa was unofficially used to remove any ambiguity between [[Itawah]] (located in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) and Etawa. Later, the city was officially renamed as Bina.

[[File:Khimlasa Bina.jpg|thumb|180px|Khimlasa Bina]]

Located near the city, Khimlasa Fort is of historical interest. The fort is said to have been founded by a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] noble and was the ''Mahal'' (palace) in the [[Sarkar (administrative division)|''Sarkar'']] of [[Raisen]] of [[Malwa Subah]]. The town of [[Khimlasa]] is enclosed within a fortified wall built of stone rubble.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sagar.nic.in/places.htm |title=Places of Interest at Sagar District |access-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114222831/http://sagar.nic.in/places.htm |archive-date=14 January 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Industry and economy ==
{{Update section|date=March 2024}}[[File:BinaRefinery.jpg|thumb|Bina Refinery]]
[[Bharat Oman Refinery Limited]] owns a major oil refinery near Bina, "the only petroleum refinery in Central India" with a capacity of 7.8 [billion [[tonnes]] per year.<ref name=":0" /> Bina Refinery is designed to process Arab [[crude oil]] (65% Arab [[Light crude oil|light]] and 35% Arab [[Heavy crude oil|heavy]]). It can process other crude oil. The project includes a [[Coke (fuel)|coke]]-based [[cogeneration power plant]] of 99 MW (33 x 3).<ref name=":0" />

[[Bina Thermal Power Plant]] (a.k.a JayPee Bina Thermal Power Plant) has two thermal units of 250 MW capacity one each of which were launched in 2012 and 2013. A section of the power plant currently operates with a capacity of 500 MW, although this will scale to 1200 MW when the plant reaches capacity. The Bina Thermal Power Plant is presently owned by Jaiprakash Power Ventures (JP Power), which company also plans to establish a 50 MW solar PV plant in the same premises, with an estimated investment of ₹300 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jaiprakash Power Ventures to Launch ₹300 Crore 50 MW Solar Plant in Madhya Pradesh – EQ |url=https://www.eqmagpro.com/jaiprakash-power-ventures-to-launch-%e2%82%b9300-crore-50-mw-solar-plant-in-madhya-pradesh-eq/ |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=Eqmagpro}}</ref> Also, the [[Power Grid Corporation of India]] (PGCIL) owns a 1200-KV test station in Bina that went operational in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PowerGrid operationalises 1,200-kV test station at Bina |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/powergrid-operationalises-1200-kv-test-station-at-bina-146728 |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=13 January 2026 |website=millenniumpost |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Madhya Pradesh regional government planned to build an investment corridor between Bina and Bhopal, naming it the Bina-Bhopal Investment Corridor. The project was expected to catalyze investment of around [[United States dollar|$]]1{{Nbsp}}billion to upgrade local industry, aiding the production of electrical equipment, fabricated metal, machinery, and equipment. Along with it, integrated township projects were proposed near the city.<ref>http://www.investmp.com/a-corridors.html{{dead link|date=November 2016|bot=Internet Archive Bot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> In a move toward achieving "Carbon Neutral" status by 2030, Bina's first solar power plant, was launched in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN RAILWAYS – BINA SOLAR PLANT |url=https://uic.org/IMG/pdf/zero_carbon_technology_indian_railways.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=UIC org}}</ref> It primarily powers trains and lighting at Bina Junction station. Presently generating 1.7 MW, it can be expanded to 20 GW capacity. A [[MEMU]] (mainline electric multiple unit) car shed for operating local and high-speed MEMU trains in Madhya Pradesh and neighbouring states was established in 2021 by the [[Bhopal railway division]].

The region has agricultural produce processing units and agricultural machinery manufacturing plants and wheat cultivation. The agricultural land consists primarily of [[vertisol|black soil]].

Seven railway [[overbridge]]s (ROBs) were to be constructed; four ROBs have been completed.{{when|date=February 2024}} Work is ongoing on the remaining three ROBs, as well as a 36 km long [[ring road]]. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], a 1000-bed hospital was established in Bina near the refinery. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] laid the foundation stone for the redevelopment of Bina Refinery with an investment of 50,000 crore [[Indian rupee|rupees]].

== Climate ==

The winter season lasts from November to February, and the summer season lasts from March to mid-June. The minimum recorded temperature is 1 °C in January. The maximum temperature is 48 °C. Average precipitation is around 1235 mm annually. In the monsoon season, the wind direction is from the southwest; in winter, the wind direction is from the northeast.<ref name="Profile" />

== Education ==
Bina has an average literacy rate of 73%, higher than the national average. It has two centers for higher education: a government college for post-graduate and graduate courses and a government girls' college providing graduate courses. A government law college was inaugurated near the city. Many private colleges for [[Bachelor of Education]] degrees and [[Industrial training institute|ITIs]] are operated in the city for students. A government ITI and a private nursing college in the city, and one private [[MBA]] college (GNIMR{{Snd}}Gomti Nandan Institute of Management and Research) offers courses in the city. Kendriya Vidyalaya and Nirmal Jyoti Senior Secondary School are two high schools in the region. Bina Public Higher Secondary School operates there. Three state government schools are there. Apart from that, one government model higher secondary school. Many private [[English-medium school]]s are there and a [[D.A.V. College Managing Committee|DAV]] higher secondary school is located at the refinery. The [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]-affiliated Sardar Patel Higher Secondary School and a private ITI are located in the Jaypee Bina thermal plant premises and run by Jaypee Group.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=About – Sardar Patel School- Jaypee Schools |url=https://spvgbnagar.edu.in/homepage/about/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=spvgbnagar.edu.in}}</ref>

== Religious sites ==

[[File:NisaiJiBina.jpg|thumb|180px|Nisai Ji]]
The main religious site is the Shri Katara Swami, a temple of [[Hanuman]].

The city is home to several temples and other historical sites. [[Hindu temple]]s, include Jatashankar temple, Gayatri temple, Moti Maharaj temple, Shani Dev temple, Hare Ram temple, Maruti Hanuman temple, and Panchmukhi temple (Nai basti) and Galaus Sankatmochan temple are located in the outskirts of the city.

[[Jain temple]]s in the city include the Nabhinandan Digambar Jain temple (as much as 1000 years old), Mandir Shantinath Digambar Jain temple, Taaran Taran Digambar Jain temple, and Kund-kund Digambar Jain temple. Nisai Ji, a [[Digambar Jain]] temple, is located near the [[Betwa river]]. The samadhi state of [[Taran Svami]], founder of the [[Taran Panth]] sect of [[Jainism]], is located there.{{Clarify|reason=What is meant by the location of the samadhi state? Is this where Svami attained samadhi?|date=February 2024}}

Anekant Gyan Mandir, a Jain center, preserves some of the oldest manuscripts related to Jainism.<ref>{{cite web |title=Online Hand-Written Digamber Jain Books (Manuscripts) |url=http://www.idjo.org/old_idjo/ManuscriptsAGM.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104205848/http://www.idjo.org/old_idjo/ManuscriptsAGM.asp |archive-date=4 November 2013 |access-date=26 January 2022 |website=www.idjo.org}}</ref> Shrutdham Jain temple is a Jain attraction.

== Popular culture ==
Some scenes of [[Raj Kapoor]]'s Bollywood movie ''[[Teesri Kasam]]'' (1966) were filmed in and nearby the city, and the song "Sajan re jhooth mat bolo" sung by [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] was filmed near Khimlasa, 25 km from Bina.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-shooting-of-film-teesri-kasam-in-bihar-news-hindi-5425226-PHO.html |title=यहां हुई थी फिल्म 'तीसरी कसम' की शूटिंग, रिलीज को हुए 50 साल पूरे- m.bhaskar.com |access-date=28 November 2021 |archive-date=10 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210025155/http://m.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-shooting-of-film-teesri-kasam-in-bihar-news-hindi-5425226-PHO.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-29 |title=When Waheeda sat on Raj |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/when-waheeda-sat-on-raj/cid/1669478 |access-date=2024-02-21 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Bina Junction railway station]]
* [[Sagar District]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sagar Division}}

[[Category:Sagar, Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sagar district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Sagar district]]

Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple

2026-02-16T05:05:13Z

JoanneMoffit: starting place

{{short description|Temple of Lord Shiva in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Thirunakkara Sree Mahadevar Temple
| image = Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple.jpg
| caption = Thirunakkara temple
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| location = [[Thirunakkara]]
| map_type = Kerala
| map_caption = Sree Mahadevar Temple, [[Thirunakkara]], [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|9.590419|76.518806|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Lord Shiva|Thirunakkara thevar]]
| festivals = Alpashi, Painguni and Aani
| governing_body = [[Travancore Devaswom Board]]
| website = {{URL|http://thirunakkaratemple.org}}
}}
'''Thirunakkara Mahadevar Temple''' is a [[Hindu]] place of worship in [[Kottayam]], India, dedicated to [[Shiva]]. It is one of the [[108 Shiva Temples|108 revered Shivalayas]] in [[Kerala]]. The temple is believed to be built by [[Maharaja]] of [[Thekkumkur]] about 500 years ago. It also preserves a number of sculptures and murals of various [[Hindu deities]]. A common belief is that the idol of [[Shiva]] here is installed by [[Parashurama]]. The Thekkumkur royal family considered the idol as their {{Lang|ml|paradevatha}} ([[tutelary deity]]) in the form of ''Thirunakkara thevar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thirunakkara-temple-kottayam/466|title=Thirunakkara Mahadevar Temple, Kottayam - Kerala Tourism|website=www.keralatourism.com|access-date=2016-11-18|archive-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224345/https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thirunakkara-temple-kottayam/466|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
A King of Thekkumkoor royal dynasty was a big devotee of [[Vadakkumnathan Temple|Thrissur Vadakkumnathan]]. Though there was a large Shiva temple called [[Thalikotta Mahadeva Temple|Thalikotta Temple]] near his palace, where he regularly used to visit, he could not be happy without a visit to Vadakkumnathan Temple once in a month. Despite all problems faced, he used to visit Vadakkumnathan Temple throughout his life. But, as years passed, the King became aged, and he could no longer travel for long distance. Thus he was sunk in grief. Lord Shiva appeared before him and consoled him saying that he would appear in a location where his great devotee can travel easily. Thus the King was pleased.

During his return, the King also visited the famous [[Vaikom Mahadeva Temple|Shiva temple]] at [[Vaikom]]. There he met with a poor Brahmin, named Perepparambu Namboothiri, who was conducting his bhajanam due to financial difficulties. The King told him that he would provide all necessities for getting money, and took him to his palace. That night, the King had a dream, in which Lord Shiva appeared before him, and saying that he would appear in Nakkarakkunnu - a small hill located a few miles away from the palace area - as a Swayambhoo lingam, and there would be an idol of [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]], his vehicle in front of him, and a white [[ixora]] plant on his backside towards the left. The King became very much happy.

Nakkarakkunnu, the place where the present temple exists, was a huge forest area then. Wild animals roamed there without any problem. No one wanted to settle there, even if it was given freely. There was a monastery called Swamiyar Madom, titled ''Thrikkaikkattu Madom'', on the north-east side of the temple. On the day after the King got the darshan of Lord Shiva, two servants from the Swamiyar Madom - Changazhissery Moothathu and Punnassery Moothathu - went to collect wood and fire for a homam (fire ritual). They saw a stone there and scraped their sickle on it, but suddenly it started bleeding. They soon realised that it was a Swayambhoo Shivalingam. The news spread like a bush fire, and it also reached the ears of the King, who could not control his emotions after hearing the news. The King came to the location where the lingam was installed, and prostrated before it. He also found that there was an idol of Nandi in front of it, and a white ixora plant on its backside towards the left. After that, he made the biggest temple in his territory for his favourite deity, with all the major components of a mahakshetra (major temple). Tharananelloor Nammbothiri became the head priest of the temple, and Perepparambu Namboothiri was installed as the senior priest. The King got blessed by visiting the temple, and lived his life happily thereafter.

==Brahmarakshas==

There is an interesting story behind the ''Brahma Rakshas''. One person called ''Moose'' was a great friend of the king. The king was not known for his beauty but his friend Moose was very handsome. The queen fell in love with this friend knowing which the king ordered his servants to kill Moose. Instead of killing him, the King’s servants killed the junior priest of the temple (''keezh santhi''). The wife of the priest became a Brahma Rakshas and started seeking revenge. So the king built a temple for her. For a long time afterwards, women do not prefer to enter this temple.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Thirunakkara_Shiva_Temple|website=www.hindupedia.com|title=Thirunakkara Shiva Temple - Hindupedia, the Hindu Encyclopedia|access-date=2016-11-18|archive-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224033/http://www.hindupedia.com/en/Thirunakkara_Shiva_Temple|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Kottayam Mural City Near Gandhi Statue, Thirunakara Maidanam.JPG|thumb|A mural painting near Thirunakkara temple]]
[[File:Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple gopurams.jpg|thumb|Gupurams at the entrance]]
The temple situated in the heart of Kottayam city is built in the traditional architectural styles of Kerala. The first entrance to the temple includes a small temple for lord [[Ganapathi]] which was built recently. After crossing the entrance, we could see the big ground leading to the holy steps of the temple. There is a [[banyan]] tree on steps which is considered sacred by the devotees. The ''Aanakottil'' and ''Kodimaram'' is placed close to the eastern entrance. The Kodimaram built in 1960 is only 42 feet long. To the side of Kodimaram lies the ''Balikkalpuras''. Like that in [[Guruvayoor]] temple, one could clearly see the idol of chief deity from the main entrance itself.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.com/kerala_festivals/kerala_festivals_templefestivals_thirunakkarauthsavam.php|website=www.kerala.com|title=Thirunakkara Mahadeva temple - Shiva temples in Kerala|access-date=2016-11-18|archive-date=18 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118224212/http://www.kerala.com/kerala_festivals/kerala_festivals_templefestivals_thirunakkarauthsavam.php|url-status=live}}</ref>

The whole temple complex occupies about {{cvt|4|acre|ha}} of land which is rich in many trees and plants. One of the largest ''[[Koothambalam]]s'' in Kerala is in this temple situated in the southeast corner. The temple has shrines for various sub deities in different locations. The southeast entrance consists of the shrines of lord [[Ayyappa]] and Ganesha. ''Naga pratishtas'' are also close to these shrines. In the northwest section, there is a ''Chethi'' ([[Ixora coccinea|Jungle flame]]) flower, commonly seen in many [[Hindu]] shrines across Kerala. The eastern section includes the shrines of lord [[Muruga|Subhramaniya]] and [[Durga]] and the northeast section has the installation of ''Brahmarakshas'' which is according to the myths the soul of a priest assassinated inside the temple.

===Sreekovil===
The two storeyed square shaped ''sreekovil'' of temple is very attractive and it is adorned by a golden [[Finial]]. The sreekovil includes three separate rooms, one in the west is [[Garbhagriha]] which has the [[Shiva linga]] idol installed. An idol of [[Parvathi]] devi made up of [[Panchaloha]] is also installed next to it. This complex has a number of murals depicting the stories of Shiva and [[Dashavathara]]. Full circumambulation of the temple is not allowed because it is a Shiva shrine. It is said that Lord Shiva resides in his most peaceful form here, which is considered to be the reason for the prosperity of Kottayam.

==Festival==
[[File:Kottayam Thirunakkara temple 2023 festival 02.jpg|thumb|Festival in 2023]]
The temple hosts an annual ten-day festival ending with the [[aaraattu]] ritual of dipping an idol of a deity into a river or [[temple tank]], which includes a procession of nine decorated elephants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thirunakkara Arattu at Thirunakkara Mahadeva Temple, Kottayam, Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/event/thirunakkara-arattu/17 |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=Kerala Tourism |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319081339/https://www.keralatourism.org/event/thirunakkara-arattu/17 |url-status=live }}</ref> The festival is a celebration of Shiva's wedding to [[Parvati]] and is dedicated to Shiva.<ref name=":0" /> During the festival, traditional Keralan dances such as [[Mayilattom]] and [[Velakali]] are performed within the temple premises in the evening. Another major attraction is the [[Kathakali]] performances during the festival.

==Subordinate deities==
* [[Ganapathi]]
* [[Ayyappan]]
* [[Subramanyan]]
* [[Nāga|Naga]]
* Vadakkumnathan (Another manifestation of Shiva, presiding deity at the Vadakkumnathan Temple in Thrissur)
* [[Durga]]
* Brahmarakshas

==Thirunakkara==
'''Thirunakkara''' ({{Langx|ml|തിരുനക്കര|translit=tirunakkara}}) is a locality of [[Kottayam]] city in [[Kerala]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Shetty |first=Sneha |title=Thirunakkara Arattu 2016: All you need to know about the temple festival in Kerala {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/travel/articles/thirunakkara-arattu-2016-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-temple-festival-in-kerala-3235435/ |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=www.india.com |date=14 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319081333/https://www.india.com/travel/articles/thirunakkara-arattu-2016-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-temple-festival-in-kerala-3235435/ |url-status=live }}</ref> best known for the temple.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://wikimapia.org/109607/Thirunakkara-Mahadevar-Temple-at-Kottayam Wikimapia views]

{{Hindu temples in Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:108 Shiva Temples]]

Mithoon

2026-02-08T12:26:14Z

JoanneMoffit:

{{Short description|Indian music composer and singer (born 1985)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Mithoon
| image = {{Not a typo|Mithoon at the 4th Gionnee Star Global Indian Music Academy Awards.jpg}}
| caption = Mithoon at the 4th Gionnee Star Global Indian Music Academy Awards
| image_size = 250px
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Mithun Sharma
| alias = Mithoon
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1985|01|11}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Film score]], [[Filmi]], [[Indian classical]], [[Ballads]]
| occupation = Music director, Composer, Singer & Lyricist
| instrument = Piano and keyboard
| years_active = 2005–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Palak Muchhal]]|2022}}
}}

'''Mithun Sharma''', also known as '''Mithoon''', is an Indian film/music director, lyricist-composer and singer.<ref>{{cite book|title=India today international|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4roaAQAAIAAJ|date=1 April 2007|publisher=Living Media International Ltd.|page=47}}</ref>

Mithoon composed the [[Hindi]] song "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" from the 2013 [[Bollywood]] [[romantic film]] ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''. Mithoon received the [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]], and in 2014 received a nomination for [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] in the [[59th Filmfare Awards]]. He wrote and composed one of the most [[Streaming media|streamed]] Hindi songs on YouTube, "[[Sanam Re (song)|Sanam Re]]". The song was honoured with the award of "Most Streamed Song of 2016" at the [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/gima-awards-2016-bajirao-mastani-bags-maximum-awards-yo-yo-honey-singh-sonakshi-sinha-arijit-673718|title=Gima Awards 2016:'Bajirao Mastani' bags maximum awards; Yo Yo Honey Singh, Sonakshi Sinha, Arijit Singh perform live [PHOTO]|date=7 April 2016 |publisher=International Business Times, India Edition|access-date=12 June 2017}}</ref> Mithoon launched the singer [[Arijit Singh]] in 2011 with Mohammad Irfan Ali co-singer with the song Phir Mohabbat.

== Early life ==

Mithoon was born into a family of musicians. His grandfather, Pandit Ram Prasad Sharma, imparted music knowledge to thousands of aspirants, many of whom are amongst today's top musicians.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Rao|first1=Varsha|title=A Songs of his soul|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/486166/a-songs-his-soul.html|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=28 June 2015}}</ref> His father, Naresh Sharma, was a leading expert of musical arrangements,<ref name="Sonil">{{cite news|last1=Dedhia|first1=Sonil|title=Mithoon: I have always been a musician on my own terms|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mithoon-I-have-always-been-a-musician-on-my-own-terms/articleshow/50310639.cms|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 December 2015}}</ref> having worked with almost all of the top composers in more than two hundred movies. Mithoon's father and his uncle Pyarelal Ramprasad Sharma formed one-half of the composer duo [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal|Laxmikant-Pyarelal]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gupta|first1=Boski|title=The Reluctant Romantic|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-the-reluctant-romantic-1976392|access-date=12 March 2016|work=Daily News & Analysis|date=9 April 2014}}</ref>

Mithoon started learning music at the age of eleven. Since his father remained busy, he sent him to knowledgeable people to train himself. His father observed him closely and would often notice what he was practicing.<ref name="Sonil"/> On 6 November 2022, he married [[Playback Singer|playback singer]] [[Palak Muchhal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singer Palak Muchhal ties knot with composer Mithoon Sharma, see photos |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/singer-palak-muchhal-ties-knot-with-composer-mithoon-sharma-see-photos20221107025658/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==

Mithoon began his career with two recreations: "Woh Lamhe" in ''[[Zeher]]'' and "Aadat" in ''[[Kalyug (2005 film)|Kalyug]]''. In 2006, Mithoon's friend recommended his name to [[Onir]], (director of ''Bas Ek Pal''), who wanted an [[Electro (music)|electro-based]] title track. This led to his first original song as a composer, "Bas Ek Pal" with singer [[KK (singer)|KK]], and was followed by "Tere Bin" (by singer [[Atif Aslam]]) in 2006. Both songs were included in the film ''[[Bas Ek Pal]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vijayakar|first1=Rajiv|title=Mithoon: The happy composer|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/8280/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429153057/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/8280|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2015|access-date=12 March 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=27 April 2015}}</ref>

He wrote the score for ''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]],'' released in 2007 and his compositions ''Tose Naina Lage'' and ''Maula Mere'' are still extremely popular.

He also worked as a guest composer for songs on several nonmovie albums, such as "Kuch Is Tarah" from Atif Aslam's album ''[[Doorie]]'',<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Debarati|title=Atif Aslam: Sad, emotional songs come easily to me|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Atif-Aslam-Sad-emotional-songs-come-easily-to-me/articleshow/50854166.cms|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 February 2016}}</ref> and Abhijeet Sawant's and "Ek Shaqs" from the Abhijeet Sawant album [[Junoon (Abhijeet Sawant album)|''Junoon'']]. He released his own album, ''Tu Hi Mere Rab Ki Tarah Hai'' in 2009 with [[Super Cassettes Industries T-Series|T-Series]]. For this album, Mithoon traveled to the United Kingdom to rope in musicians. There, he worked with musicians of the [[Philharmonic Orchestra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mithoon to release non-film music album|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/mithoon-release-non-film-music-album|publisher=RadioandMusic.com|access-date=12 March 2016|date=27 January 2009}}</ref>

In 2011, he composed two songs "Aye Khuda", "Phir Mohabbat" for the film ''[[Murder 2]]'' which also marked the debut of [[Arijit Singh]].

He wrote "O saathi" for the movie ''[[Shab (film)|Shab]]'' and "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" for ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'', which received critical acclaim and commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|title='Malang' composer Mithoon: 'I don't think my connect with the listener can be challenged'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/951685/malang-composer-mithoon-i-dont-think-my-connect-with-the-listener-can-be-challenged|access-date=2021-11-30|website=Scroll.in|date=4 February 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref> He has also been a solo or guest composer for movies such as ''[[Jism 2]], [[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]], [[Ek Villain]], [[Hate Story 2]], [[Creature 3D]], [[Samrat & Co]], [[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]],'' ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]], [[Bhaag Johnny]], [[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]], [[Loveshhuda]],'' ''[[Sanam Re]],'' ''[[Ki & Ka]], [[Shivaay]], [[Wajah Tum Ho]], [[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]], [[Aksar 2]], [[Hate Story 4]], [[Baaghi 2]], [[Kabir Singh]], [[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]], [[Khuda Haafiz]], [[Radhe Shyam]] and [[Gadar 2]]''.

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Songs
! Lyricist
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005 || ''[[Zeher]]'' || "Woh Lamhe Woh Baatein", "Lamhe (Remix)"
|[[Sayeed Quadri|Sayeed Quadari]]||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/nov/18/the-wait-is-over-2063181.html|title=The wait is over|website=The New Indian Express|date=18 November 2019|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalyug (2005 film)|Kalyug]]''||"Aadat", "Aadat (Remix)"
|[[Goher Mumtaz]], Sayeed Quadri||
|-
| 2006 ||''[[Bas Ek Pal]]''||"Bas Ek Pal", "Tere Bin"
|Sayeed Quadri, Mithoon||Also lyricist
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007 ||''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]''||"Maula Mere Maula", "Javeda Zindagi"
|Sayeed Quadri, [[Hasan Kamal]]||
|-
| ''[[The Train (2007 film)|The Train]]''
|rowspan=3|All songs
| rowspan="2" |Sayeed Qudari
|rowspan=3|Solo Composer
|-
| ''[[Aggar (2007 film)|Aggar]]''
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Lamhaa]]''
|Sayeed Qudari, Amitabh Verma
|-
| 2011 ||''[[Murder 2]]''||"Aye Khuda", "Phir Mohabbat", "Aye Khuda (Remix)"
| rowspan="2" | Mithoon, Sayeed Quadri
|rowspan=2|Also lyricist
|-
| 2012 ||''[[Jism 2]]''||"Yeh Kasoor"
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 ||''[[3G (film)|3G]]''||All songs
| Mithoon, [[Shellee]], [[Sonu Kakkar|Sonu Kakar]]|| Solo Composer, lyricist
|-
| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''||"[[Tum Hi Ho]]", "Meri Aashiqui", "Aashiqui – The Love Theme", "Aashiqui 2 Mashup"
|rowspan=7|Mithoon||Also lyricist '''Winner''', Apsara Award for Best Lyrics for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" Nominated, Apsara Award for Best Music Director '''Winner''', [[IIFA Best Music Director Award|IIFA Award for Best Music Director]] with [[Ankit Tiwari]] & [[Jeet Ganguly]] '''Winner''', [[IIFA Best Lyricist Award|IIFA Award for Best Lyricist]] for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]"<ref name="IIFA 2014">{{cite news|last1=Bhowmik|first1=Arijita|title=IIFA Awards 2014: Deepika Padukone, Farhan Akhtar, 'Bhaag Milkha Bhaag' Take Away Major Honours [Full Winner's List]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/iifa-awards-2014-deepika-padukone-farhan-akhtar-039bhaag-milkha-bhaag039-take-away-major-honours-full-winner039s-list-549676|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=27 April 2014}}</ref> '''Winner''', [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] with Ankit Tiwari & Jeet Ganguly Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist]] for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]"<ref name="Filmfare 2014">{{cite news|title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards 2013: Complete list of winners|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2013-Farhan-Akhtar-Deepika-Padukone-shine-at-59th-Idea-Filmfare-Awards-2013/articleshow/29312647.cms|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 January 2014}}</ref> Nominated, [[Screen Award for Best Music Director]] '''Winner''', BIG Star Entertainment Award for Most Entertaining Song for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" '''Winner''', Global Indian Music Award for Best Film Album with [[Ankit Tiwari]] & [[Jeet Ganguly]] '''Winner''', Global Indian Music Award for Best Film Song for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" '''Winner''', Mirchi Music Award for Song of the Year for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" with [[Arijit Singh]] '''Winner''', Mirchi Music Award for Album of the Year with [[Ankit Tiwari]] & [[Jeet Ganguly]] '''Winner''', Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of the Year for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]" '''Winner''', Mirchi Music Award for Best Album with [[Ankit Tiwari]] & [[Jeet Ganguly]]<ref name="Mirchi Music Awards 2014">{{cite news|title=SRK touched after winning Face Of Romantic Music Award|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140301/entertainment-bollywood/article/srk-touched-after-winning-face-romantic-music-award|access-date=12 March 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=1 March 2014}}</ref> Nominated, Screen Weekly Award for Best Music with [[Ankit Tiwari]] & [[Jeet Ganguly]] '''Winner''', Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director with [[Ankit Tiwari]] & [[Jeet Ganguly]] '''Winner''', [[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist]] for "Tum Hi Ho" '''Winner''', Zee Cine Award for Best Song of the Year with [[Arijit Singh]]<ref name="Zee Cine Awards 2014">{{cite news|last1=Varma|first1=Arjun|date=24 February 2014|title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Shahrukh Khan and Deepika Padukone Among Top Winners, Watch Performances [Winners List]|work=[[International Business Times]]|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/zee-cine-awards-2014-shahrukh-khan-deepika-padukone-among-top-winners-watch-performances-1437607|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014 ||''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''||"Baarish", "Mujhe Ishq Se"
|rowspan=2|Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Samrat & Co.]]''||"Shukr Tera", "O Humnavaa"
|-
| ''[[Ek Villain]]''||"Banjaara", "Zaroorat", "Humdard"||Also lyricist '''Winner''': Bollywood Hungama Surfers' Choice Music Award for Best Soundtrack, shared with [[Ankit Tiwari]], Soch
|-
| ''[[Hate Story 2]]''||"Hai Dil Yeh Mera", "Hai Dil Yeh Mera (Remix)"||Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Creature 3D]]''|| All songs except "Sawan Aaya Hai" and "Sawan Aaya Hai (Reprise)|| Lead Composer, lyricist, singer
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015 ||''[[Alone (2015 Hindi film)|Alone]]''||"Awaara"||Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Hamari Adhuri Kahani]]''||"Humnava"
| Sayeed Quadari ||
|-
| ''[[All Is Well (2015 film)|All Is Well]]''||"Mere Humsafar (Remake)"
| rowspan="2" | Amitabh Verma ||
|-
| ''[[Bhaag Johnny]]''||"Kinna Sona" & "Meri Zindagi"||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2016 ||''[[Love Shhuda]]''||"Mar Jaayen" & "Mar Jaayen (Reprise)"
| Sayeed Qudari ||
|-
| ''[[Sanam Re]]''||"Tere Liye" and "[[Sanam Re (Title Track)]] "
| Mithoon||Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Ki and Ka]]''|| "Ji Hazoori"
| Sayeed Quadari || Also singer
|-
| ''[[Traffic (2014 film)|Traffic]]''||All songs
| [[A. M. Turaz]], Mithoon, Sayeed Quadri ||Solo Composer, lyricist
|-
| ''[[Shivaay]]''||"Bolo Har Har" (along with [[Badshah (rapper)|Badshah]] and [[The Vamps (British band)|The Vamps]]), "Darkhast", "Tere Naal Ishqa"
| Sayeed Quadri, Sandeep Srivastava||Lead Composer, Co-composed one song along with Badshah, The Vamps
|-
| ''[[Wajah Tum Ho]]''||"Wajah Tum Ho"
| rowspan="2" | [[Manoj Muntashir]]||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2017 || ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''|| "[[Phir Bhi Tumko Chahunga]]", "Pal Bhar (Chahunga reprise)", "Chahunga ([[Shraddha Kapoor]] version)", "Chahunga ([[Jyotica Tangri]] version", "Half Girlfriend - Love Theme"||
|-
| ''[[Shab (film)|Shab]]''
|rowspan=2|All Songs
|Mithoon, Amitabh Verma
|Solo Composer, lyricist
|-
| ''[[Aksar 2]]''
|Sayeed Quadri
|Solo Composer
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Hate Story 4]]''|| "Tum Mere Ho"
| Manoj Muntashir ||
|-
| ''[[Baaghi 2]]''|| "Lo Safar"
| rowspan="2" | Sayeed Quadri ||
|-
| ''[[Mercury (2018 film)|Mercury]]''|| "The Mercury Song"|| Single song film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''||"[[Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage]]" "Tujhe Kitna Chahein Aur (Film Version)"
| rowspan="2" | Mithoon
|rowspan=2|Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Satellite Shankar]]''|| ''Tere Sang''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|| ''[[Malang (film)|Malang]]''||''Chal Ghar chalen''
| Sayeed Quadri ||
|-
| ''[[Khuda Haafiz]]''|| All Songs
| Mithoon, Sayeed Quadri || Solo Composer, lyricist [[Disney Plus Hotstar]] film
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
| ''[[Radhe Shyam]]''||"[[Aashiqui Aa Gayi]]" "Soch Liya" "Udd Ja Parindey" "Shooting Stars" "Soch Liya (Composer's Draft)"
| Mithoon, Manoj Muntashir
|rowspan=3|Also lyricist
|-
| ''[[Jugjugg Jeeyo]]''
|"Ik Mulaqaat" (scrapped from the album)
|Mithoon
|-
| ''[[Khuda Haafiz: Chapter II - Agni Pariksha|Khuda Haafiz 2]]''
|"Chaiyaan Mein Saiyaan Ki"
|Mithoon, [[Faruk Kabir]]
|-
| ''[[HIT: The First Case (2022 film)|HIT: The First Case]]''
|"Kitni Haseen Hogi"
|Sayeed Quadari
|
|-
| ''[[Shamshera]]''
|rowspan=2|All songs
|Mithoon, Piyush Mishra, [[Karan Malhotra]]{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}
|Solo Composer, Singer, Lyricist, First collaboration with [[Yash Raj Films|YRF]]
|-
|''[[Salaam Venky]]''
|Mithoon, [[Kausar Munir]], Sandeep Shrivastva
|Solo Composer, Lyricist
|-
|rowspan=3|2023
|''[[Gumraah (2023 film)|Gumraah]]''
|"Allah De Bande"
|Mithoon
|Also lyricist
|-
|''[[Bawaal]]''
|"Tumhe Kitna Pyaar Karte"
|Manoj Muntashir
|[[Amazon Prime Video]] film
|-
|''[[Gadar 2]]''
|"Udd Jaa Kaale Kaava", "Khairiyat", "Main Nikla Gaddi Leke", "Dil Jhoom", "Sura Soi", "Chal Tere Ishq Mein", "Udd Jaa Kaale Kaava" (Climax Version), "Udd Jaa Kaale Kaava" (Palak Mucchal), "Chal Tere Ishq Mein" (Vishal Mishra), "Khairiyat" (Sakshi Holkar), "Dil Jhoom" (Vishal Mishra)
|Sayeed Quadri, [[Anand Bakshi]], Guru Granth
|Composed soundtrack with [[Monty Sharma]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2024
|''[[Crakk]]''
|"Khayal Rakhna"
|Manoj Muntashir
|Also singer
|-
|''[[Vanvaas]]''
|All songs
|Sayeed Quadri
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Saiyaara (film)|Saiyaara]]''
|"Dhun"
|Mithoon
|Also lyricist
|-
|2026
|''[[Border 2]]''
|"Ghar Kab Aaoge", Jaate Hue Lamhon, Mohabbat Ho Gayi Hai, Tara Rum Pum Pum, Hindustan Meri Jaan, Mitti Ke Bete
|Manoj Muntashir, [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Kumaar]]
|Along with [[Anu Malik]]

|}

==Albums==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sr No !! Album !! Song !! Year
|-
| 1 || ''Tu Hi Mere Rab Ki Tarah Hai'' || "Tu Hi Mere Rab Ki Tarah Hai", "Kuch Dard Mujhe Tu", "Aashiqui Aashiqui", "Tu Hai", "Ab Toh Har", "Mujhe Ishq De" ||2009
|-
| 2 || ''[[Junoon (Abhijeet Sawant album)|Junoon]]'' || "Ek Shaqs" || 2007
|-
| 3 || ''[[Doorie]]'' || "[[Kuch Is Tarah]]" ||2006
|}

== Singles ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Sr No !! Year !! Song !! Artists !! {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| 1 || rowspan="2"|2019 || "One India My India" || [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Jubin Nautiyal]], Godswill & Mithoon ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/wish-inspire-people-celebrate-country-producer-shailendra-singh-intv-110274|title='Wish to inspire people to celebrate the country': Producer lund singh Teri Maa ki choir h intv|website=The News Minute|date=10 October 2019|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || "Intezaar" || [[Arijit Singh]] & [[Asees Kaur]] ||
|-
|3 || 2020 || "Toh Aa Gaye Hum" || [[Jubin Nautiyal]] || Mithoon even played the role of narrator in the song's official video
|-
|4 || 2023 || "Wahi Toh Khuda Hai" || [[Armaan Malik]] ||
|-
|5 || 2025 || "Tu Saath Hai Toh" || [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
List of awards and nominations received by Mithoon

=== [[Asiavision Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Shab (film)|Shab]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Music Director
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asiavision-movie-awards-2017-deepika-padukone-dulquer-salmaan-manju-warrier-tovino-thomas-grace-751076|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2017: Deepika Padukone, Dulquer Salmaan, Manju Warrier, Tovino Thomas grace event [PHOTOS]|website=International Business Times|date=28 November 2017|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Most Entertaining Song ("[[Sunn Raha Hai]]")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-4th-big-star-entertainment-awards/|title=Nominations for 4th Big Star Entertainment Awards|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=12 December 2013|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| Most Entertaining Music
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216084934/http://www.927bigfm.com/bsea2014/nomination_list.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 December 2015|title=Winners List: BIG Star Entertainment Awards, 2014|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Filmfare Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[59th Filmfare Awards|2014]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="Filmfare 2014"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html|title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=13 January 2014|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[60th Filmfare Awards|2015]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/nominations-for-the-60th-britannia-filmfare-awards-8237.html|title=Nominations for the 60th Britannia Filmfare Awards|website=[[Filmfare]]|date=19 January 2015|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[63rd Filmfare Awards|2018]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-the-official-list-of-nominations-for-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018/articleshow/62554021.cms|title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Official list of nominations|website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2018|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[65th Filmfare Awards|2020]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations|title=NOMINATIONS FOR 65TH AMAZON FILMFARE AWARDS 2020|website=Filmfare|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/winners|title=WINNERS OF THE 65TH AMAZON FILMFARE AWARDS 2020|website=Filmfare|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (for "Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage Hum")
| {{nom}}
|}

=== [[Global Indian Music Academy Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|2014
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[GiMA Award for Best Film Album|Best Film Album]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php |title=Film Music Nominations: 4th Gionne Star Global Indian Music Academy (GiMA) Awards 2014 Powered By Reliance 3G |work=GiMA |access-date=4 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203092409/http://www.gima.co.in/oty-film-music-nominees.php |archive-date=3 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[GiMA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

=== [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[15th IIFA Awards|2014]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]")
| {{won}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref name="IIFA 2014"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| [[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[16th IIFA Awards|2015]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/2-states-haider-leading-iifa-2015-nominations/articleshow/46919689.cms|title='2 States', 'Haider' leading IIFA 2015 nominations|website=The Economic Times|date=14 April 2015|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[21st IIFA Awards|2020]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/60569/IIFA-winners-list-Shahid-Kapoor-and-Alia-Bhatt-receive-top-honours-of-Best-Actor-and-Actress-Siddhant-Chaturvedi-Kiara-Advani-get-Best-Supporting-Actor-Awards.html|title='IIFA 2020 winners list'|website=peepingmoon|date=26 November 2021|access-date=1 July 2022}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Mirchi Music Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[6th Mirchi Music Awards|2014]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref name="Mirchi Music Awards 2014"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]] (for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[7th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Album of The Year
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/nominations/|title=Presenting the nominations list shortlisted|website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=Presenting the Winners list|website=[[Mirchi Music Awards]]|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Listeners' Choice Album of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[10th Mirchi Music Awards|2018]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Music Composer of The Year
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=Presenting the nominations list shortlisted|website=Mirchi Music Awards|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/10th-royal-stag-mirchi-music-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/62686528.cms|title=10th Royal Stag Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners|website=The Times of India|date=29 January 2018|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Song of The Year (for "[[Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[12th Mirchi Music Awards|2020]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Music Composer of The Year (for "[[Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage]]")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2020/nominations-hindi-2020/|title=Nominations for the 12th Smule Mirchi Music Awards 2020|website=Mirchi Music Awards|access-date=20 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Song of The Year (for "Tujhe Kitna Chahne Lage")
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Album of The Year
| {{nom}}
|}

=== [[Producers Guild Film Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/9th-edition-renault-star-guild-awards-deepika-padukone-amitabh-bachchan-shah-rukh-khan-bollywood-177126-2014-01-16|title=9th Renault Star Guild Awards releases list of nominees|website=India Today|date=16 January 2014|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/9th-renault-star-guild-awards-2014-photos-534866|title=9th Renault Star Guild Awards 2014 [PHOTOS]|website=International Business Times|date=17 January 2014|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]")
| {{won}}
|}

=== [[Screen Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[20th Screen Awards|2014]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/annual-screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-nominees-533445|title=Annual Screen Awards 2014: The Complete List of Nominees|website=International Business Times|date=8 January 2014|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[21st Screen Awards|2015]]
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (for "Banjaara")
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/in-the-reckoning-3/|title=21st Annual Life OK Screen Awards nominations|website=The Indian Express|date=8 January 2015|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/21st-screen-awards-full-winners-list/|title=21st Annual Screen Awards: Shahid Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra win Best Actor awards, 'Queen' Best Film|website=The Indian Express|date=15 January 2015|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2017
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/star-screen-awards-2017-full-winners-list-irrfan-khan-rajkummar-rao-vidya-balan-neha-dhupia-751790|title=Star Screen Awards 2017 full Winners List: Irrfan Khan, Rajkummar Rao, Vidya Balan, Neha Dhupia & Dangal win big!
|website=International Business Times|date=4 December 2017|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[26th Screen Awards|2019]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Kabir Singh]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-star-screen-awards-2019/|title=Winners of Star Screen Awards 2019|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=9 December 2019|access-date=18 February 2020}}</ref>
|}

=== [[Stardust Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Bas Ek Pal]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Standout Performance by a Music Director
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/mithoon-makes-his-singing-debut-with-the-train-news-bollywood-kkfvaehchhbsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103090242/https://www.sify.com/movies/mithoon-makes-his-singing-debut-with-the-train-news-bollywood-kkfvaehchhbsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2020|title=The young music composer who made his debut just last year with Onir's Bas Ek Pal has already bagged the Stardust award for the film's music|website=[[Sify]]|date=16 April 2007|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| 2015
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| ''[[Ek Villain]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Lyricist (for "Banjaara")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-stardust-awards-2014/|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2014|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=8 December 2014|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/stardust-awards-2014-list-of-winners-713190|title=Stardust Awards 2015: List of Winners|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=12 January 2015|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| Best Music Director
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Yaariyan (2014 film)|Yaariyan]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| 2017
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|''[[Sanam Re]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-stardust-awards-2016/|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2016|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=19 December 2016|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Best Lyricist (for "[[Sanam Re (song)|Sanam Re]]")
| {{nom}}
|}

=== [[Zee Cine Awards]] ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="width:5%;" | Year
! style="width:25%;"| Film
! style="width:25%;"| Category
! style="width:10%;"| Result
! style="width:5%;" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year|Best Track of the Year]] (for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]")
| {{won}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref name = "Zee Cine Awards 2014"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] (for "[[Tum Hi Ho]]")
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 2017
| style="text-align:center;"| ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zeecineawards.com/timeline/2018/winners/|title=ZCA 2018|website=Zee Cine Awards|access-date=4 January 2020}}</ref>
|}

* [[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana User's Choice Awards]] – Best Music Composer (for "[[Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga]]") – Won
* Bollywood Journalist Awards – Best Music Director (for "Phir Bhi Tumko Chaahunga") – Nominated<ref>[http://www.powerbrands360.com/images/bollywoodawards/FinalVoteCount.pdf Final Vote Count]. powerbrands360.com</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person|mithoon}}
* {{Facebook|Mithoon11}}
* {{Twitter|Mithoon11}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestMusicDirector}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bihar]]

V. Samudra

2026-02-06T21:37:39Z

JoanneMoffit: starting a data

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2013}}

'''Vankadari Samudra Rao''', also known as '''V. Samudra''', is a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film director. He started his career as a director with the film ''[[Simharasi]]'' in 2001, which turned out to be a hit. He directed more than 15 movies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-16/news-interviews/38585788_1_priyamani-samudra-chandee/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419120047/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-16/news-interviews/38585788_1_priyamani-samudra-chandee|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title= Krishnam Raju is back as king |access-date=6 May 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
*''Note: all films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Simharasi]]''
| Remake of ''[[Maayi]]''
|-
| ''[[Darling Darling (2001 film)|Darling Darling]]''
| Remake of ''[[Darling Darling (2000 film)|Darling Darling]]''
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Siva Rama Raju]]''
| Remake of ''[[Samudhiram]]'' and ''[[Simmarasi]]''
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]''
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Suryam]]''
|
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Mahanandi (film)|Mahanandi]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''[[Vijayadasami (film)|Vijayadasami]]''
| Remake of ''[[Sivakasi (film)|Sivakasi]]''
|-
| ''[[Evadaithe Nakenti]]''
| Remake of ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]''
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Mallepuvvu]]''
|Also actor
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Adhineta]]''
|
|-
| 2009
| ''Venkatadri''
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Panchakshari]]''
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Sevakudu]]''
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Chandee]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''Jai Sena''
|<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/srikanth-and-sunil-to-play-pivotal-roles-in-v-samudras-social-drama-jai-sena/articleshow/69129351.cms</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ranam (2021 film)|Ranam]]''
| Kannada film
|-
|}

;As actor
*''[[Rainbow (2008 film)|Rainbow]]'' (2008)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2008 |title=Rainbow –Not Too Colorful!!! |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/R/Rainbow/Rainbow_review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317013533/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/R/Rainbow/Rainbow_review.html |archive-date=17 March 2018 |access-date=25 January 2022 |website=123 Telugu}}</ref>

==References==

<references />

{{V. Samudra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samudra, V.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bharadwaj Dayala

2026-02-06T06:01:31Z

JoanneMoffit: started entry

{{Short description|Indian motorcycle rider}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bharadwaj Dayala
| image = File:BharadwajDayala.jpg
| caption = Bharadwaj Dayala
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1970|5|31}}
| death_date =
| birth_place = [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_place =
| othername = World Rider
| occupation = Photographer, Filmmaker, Motorcyclist, Author
| years_active = 2006–present
| spouse =
| website = {{URL|www.bharadwajdayala.com}}
}}

'''Bharadwaj Dayala''' (born 1970) is an Indian [[Long-distance motorcycle riding|long-distance motorcyclist]]. He completed a [[Circumnavigation|solo circumnavigation]] of the world on a [[motorcycle]] between 2006 and 2007, which has been described as the first such journey by an Indian rider.

==Career==
[[File:Bharadwaj successfully completes the world tour on motorcycle.jpg|thumb|left|Dayala poses after returning to India from his successful world tour]]
Dayala started his solo world tour on a motorcycle from [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India, on April 2, 2006. He rode to [[Chennai]], [[Tirupati]], [[Hyderabad]], and [[Pune]]. After arriving in [[Mumbai]], his last city in India, he rode to [[Tehran]], Iran. From Tehran, he started riding on international roads, traveling through Iran, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Egypt, Greece, Italy, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, the US, Australia, Indonesia, and Bangladesh. After traversing 5 continents, 14 countries, and 47,000 kilometers in 18 months, he returned home on October 2, 2007.<ref>{{cite news |date=2006-04-08 |title=Adventurer on a world mission |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/adventurer-on-a-world-mission/article3144437.ece |access-date=2013-09-21 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2007-11-10 |title=Vizag youth completes world tour |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/vizag-youth-completes-world-tour/article1945712.ece |access-date=2013-09-21 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2007-10-11 |title=National: From Vizag, around the world |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101157142200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012234309/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/11/stories/2007101157142200.htm |archive-date=2007-10-12 |access-date=2013-09-21 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2013-09-11 |title=Bharadwaj Dayala: Around the World in 18 months |url=http://www.ridetillidie.com/content/view/80#.Uj2KCoZpmAI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923035345/http://www.ridetillidie.com/content/view/80#.Uj2KCoZpmAI |archive-date=2013-09-23 |access-date=2013-09-21 |publisher=Ride till I die}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2013-12-21 |title=Kicking life into higher gear |url=https://epaper.newindianexpress.com/201381/The-New-Indian-Express-Vishakapatnam/21-12-2013#page/19/2 |newspaper=The New Indian Express |location=Chennai |page=19 |edition=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

==Awards==
[[File:Bharadwaj-awarded.jpg|thumb|Prince of Dubai congratulating Bharadwaj]]
On December 4, 2013, Dayala was congratulated by Prince of [[Dubai]] [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]] for his achievement in global travel.

On November 23, 2018, Dayala was awarded the Best Globe Trotter Award by [[China]] at the [[China]] Global Travelers Festival held in [[Shanghai]].

==Social activities==
=== All India Road Safety Ride ===
In 2004, Dayala participated in a road safety awareness ride across India, supported by then [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]], [[L. K. Advani|L.K. Avani]].<ref>{{cite news |date=20 September 2004 |title=Bharat darshan yatra flagged off |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092010830300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140920063120/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/09/20/stories/2004092010830300.htm |archive-date=20 September 2014 |accessdate=27 November 2018 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Vande Mataram ===
On March 15, 2014, Dayala joined Vande Mataram, a [[Non-governmental organization|non-government organization]], in a cross-country ride across India<ref>{{cite news |date=2 April 2014 |title=Wheels for votes |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/wheels-for-votes/cid/1289391 |accessdate=27 November 2018 |newspaper=The Telegraph |location=India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=1 July 2014 |title=Getting People To Vote Mattered To These Bikers So Much That They Rode 15,000 Kms For It! |url=http://www.thebetterindia.com/11909/group-riders-helped-gain-highest-voter-turnout-general-elections |website=www.thebetterindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=वंदेमातरम् कैंपेन लेकर गुलाबी नगरी आए इंडिया के पहले वल्र्ड टूरिस्ट - m.bhaskar.com |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/320/c-10-1809156-NOR.html?5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227090236/http://m.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/320/c-10-1809156-NOR.html?5 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |access-date=20 September 2014}}</ref> to support [[youth]] participation in the [[2014 Indian general election]].

=== Million Amazing Women ===
{{main|Million Amazing Women}}
On January 10, 2025, Dayala embarked on an expedition to capture a million portraits of women from around the world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/travel/visakhapatnams-bharadwaj-dayala-on-a-world-tour-to-capture-one-million-portraits-of-women/article69459517.ece | title=Visakhapatnam's Bharadwaj Dayala on a world tour to capture one million portraits of women | work=The Hindu | date=17 April 2025 | last1=Ganguly | first1=Nivedita }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2025 |title=Vizag man to embark on world tour to capture one million portraits of women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/vizag-man-to-embark-on-world-tour-to-capture-one-million-portraits-of-women/articleshow/117155561.cms |work=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bharadwaj Dayala}}
*{{Official website|http://bharadwajdayala.com}}

{{Long distance motorcycling}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dayala, Bharadwaj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Long-distance motorcycle riders]]

Krittika

2026-02-06T02:12:19Z

JoanneMoffit: new new details

{{Short description|3rd lunar mansion of Hindu astrology}}
{{Other uses|Kritika (disambiguation)}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
[[File:Taurus constellation map.svg|thumb|Map of [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]] showing Krittika (Pleiades)]]
{{Nakshatras}}
'''''{{IAST|Kṛttikā}}''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: कृत्तिका, pronounced {{IPA|sa|kr̩ttɪkaː|}}, popularly [[Devanagari transliteration|transliterated]] '''Krittika'''), sometimes known as '''Kārtikā''', is the third of the 27 {{IAST|[[nakṣatra]]}}s ([[lunar mansions]]) in [[Indian astronomy]]. It corresponds to the [[open cluster|open star cluster]] called the [[Pleiades]] in Western [[astronomy]]; it is in the constellation [[Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]]. The name {{IAST|Kṛttikā}} literally translates to "the cutters".<ref>Dennis M. Harness. ''The Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology.'' Lotus Press (Twin Lakes WI, 1999.) {{ISBN|978-0-914955-83-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Harness |first=Dennis M. |title=The Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=16KCUhgCQHMC&pg=PA13|publisher=Motilal Banarasidas|year=2004|isbn=9788120820685 }}</ref>

It is also the name of its [[Hindu deities|goddess]]-personification, who is a daughter of [[Daksha]]<ref>Edward Moor. ''The Hindu Pantheon''. 1864.</ref> and [[Panchajani]], and thus a half-sister to [[Khyati]]. Spouse of Kṛttikā is [[Chandra]] ("moon").

Alternative accounts suggest that Kritika was the name of six celestial women. The '''six Krittikas''' who raised the Hindu God [[Kartikeya]] are Śiva, Sambhūti, Prīti, Sannati, Anasūya and Kṣamā.<ref>The Sacred Books of the Hindus, Vol 21, Rai Bahadur Srisa Chandra Vidyaranya, p29, The Panini Office (Bhuvaneswari Asrama), 1918.</ref>

In [[Hindu astrology]] ({{IAST|[[Jyotiṣa]]}}), {{IAST|Kṛttikā}} is ruled by the Sun. Under the traditional Hindu principle of naming individuals according to their Ascendant/Lagna {{IAST|nakṣatra}}, the following [[Sanskrit]] syllables correspond with this {{IAST|nakṣatra}}, and would belong at the beginning of the first name of an individual born under it: A (अ), I (ई), U (उ) and E (ए).{{cn|date=December 2025}}

== Cultural and mythological significance ==
In Vedic literature and Hindu mythology, the Krittika are known as the six mothers or nursemaids of the war god [[Kartikeya]] (also known as Skanda or Murugan), who was nurtured by them after being born from the sparks of Lord Shiva’s third eye. The Krittika are identified with the Pleiades star cluster, and their names are often listed as Śiva, Sambhūti, Prīti, Sannati, Anasūya, and Kṣamā in various texts. They are revered as embodiments of maternal care and protective fierceness. In the [[Rigveda]] and later scriptures, the Krittika are associated with fire rituals ([[Agnihotra]]) and purification rites, symbolizing the transformative power of heat and flame. The lunar mansion of Krittika was also significant in Vedic astronomy as the original starting point of the zodiac in some ancient systems.<ref>Macdonell, Arthur A. (1897). ''Vedic Mythology''. Grundriss der Indo-Arischen Philologie und Altertumskunde. ISBN 978-8120800720.</ref><ref>Hopkins, Edward Washburn (1915). ''Epic Mythology''. Strassburg: K.J. Trübner. ISBN 978-8120810422.</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Nakshatras]]
*[[Pleione (mythology)|Pleione]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |title=Kṛttika (कृत्तिका) |url=https://ase.exopla.net/index.php/Krittika |website=All Skies Encyclopaedia |publisher=[[IAU Working Group on Star Names]] |access-date=18 December 2025}}

{{Jyotish Vidya}}
{{Portal bar|Hinduism|India|Astronomy|Stars|Outer space}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krttika}}
[[Category:Taurus (constellation)]]
[[Category:Nakshatra]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]
[[Category:Pleiades]]

Isha Koppikar

2026-02-04T05:17:17Z

JoanneMoffit:

{{Short description|Indian actress and politician (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Isha Koppikar
| image = File:Isha Koppikar at the premiere of Fateh (cropped).jpg
| caption = Koppikar in 2025
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|09|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Actress
* politician
* model
}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Timmy Narang|2009|end=divorce|2023}}
| children = 1
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Isha Koppikar''' (born 19 September 1976) is an Indian actress, politician and [[Model (person)|model]] who has acted mainly in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films, but also in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films. She started her career in [[South Indian language]]s films in the second half of the 1990s and focused on [[Bollywood]] films in the early 2000s.

==Early life and work==
Koppikar was born on 19 September 1976 in [[Mahim]], Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) in a [[Konkani people|Konkani]] family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32892&n_tit=News+headlines |title=News headlines |website=Daijiworld.com |access-date=14 December 2016 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222083713/http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32892&n_tit=News+headlines |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Isha Koppikar Birthday 2024: Lesser known facts of 'Khallas girl' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/photo/isha-koppikar-birthday-2024-lesser-known-facts-of-khallas-girl-14710/35 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> She has one younger brother. She graduated in Life Sciences at [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |last2=Desk |first2=India TV News |date=2023-09-18 |title=Isha Koppikar birthday special: Lesser known facts about the 'Khallas girl' |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/web-stories/entertainment/isha-koppikar-birthday-special-lesser-known-facts-about-the-khallas-girl-2023-09-18-893480 |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> While at college she appeared in a photoshoot for Indian photographer [[Gautam Rajadhyaksha]]. The shoot led to work in advertising as a model, notably for ''[[L'Oréal]]'', ''[[Rexona]]'', ''[[Camay]]'', ''Tips & Toes'' and ''[[Coca-Cola]]''. Koppikar competed in the 1995 [[Femina Miss India|Miss India]] contest, winning the Miss Talent Crown.<ref name="glamsham1">{{cite web |url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/04-ishaa-koppikar-interview-0708.asp |title=Interview With Ishaa Koppikar |publisher=Glamsham.com |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=8 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308111238/http://www.glamsham.com/movies/interviews/04-ishaa-koppikar-interview-0708.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Her modelling work gave her an introduction to the film industry and to her first film appearance in the Telugu movie ''[[W/o V. Vara Prasad]]'' in 1997.<ref name="glamsham1"/>

==Film career==
===Early years in South Indian cinema (1997–2001)===
The 1998 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Ek Tha Dil Ek Thi Dhadkan]]'', directed by Shahrukh Sultan, is often stated to be Koppikar's first film, but there is no evidence the project was ever released.<ref name="glamsham1"/> Her career must therefore be said to have begun with the 1997 Telugu film ''[[W/o V. Vara Prasad]]'', in which she appeared in a song with actor Vineeth. Her first movie in Tamil was ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai|Kadhal Kavidhai]]'' costarring Prashanth for which she won the [[Filmfare Best Female Debut (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Female Debut Award]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About {{!}} Isha Koppikar |url=https://www.ishakoppikar.in/about.php |access-date=2025-07-18 |website=www.ishakoppikar.in}}</ref> Her next Tamil movie was ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' (1998) opposite [[Arvind Swamy]], directed by [[K. S. Ravi]], with music by [[A. R. Rahman]] followed by a cameo appearance in [[Praveen Gandhi]]'s ''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' starring [[Prashanth]] and [[Simran (actress)|Simran]]. In 1999, Koppikar starred in ''[[Nenjinile]]'' starring [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] and directed by [[S. A. Chandrasekhar]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/viral-video-vijays-nenjinile-heroine-isha-kopikkars-dance-to-vaathi-coming-/articleshow/81743981.cms?from=mdr |title=Viral Video: Vijay's 'Nenjinile' heroine Isha Kopikkar's dance to 'Vaathi Coming...' - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095359/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/viral-video-vijays-nenjinile-heroine-isha-kopikkars-dance-to-vaathi-coming-/articleshow/81743981.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

By 2000, Koppikar's sights were on [[Bollywood]], but this did not stop her from appearing in three [[Kannada]] films with the ruling Sandalwood stars of the time: ''[[Hoo Anthiya Uhoo Anthiya]]'' with [[Ramesh Aravind|Ramesh]], ''[[O Nanna Nalle]]'' with [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|Ravichandran]] and ''[[Surya Vamsha]]'' opposite [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]].

After a brief appearance in Bollywood's ''[[Fiza]]'' and ''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]'', she came back to the south in 2001 for [[Sundar C]]'s Tamil project ''Kaathal Solla Vanthen''; the movie never took off.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mio.to//album/Kaadhal+Solla+Vandhen+%281999%29 |title=Kadhal Solla Vandhen (1999) - Deva |access-date=25 December 2022 |via=mio.to |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225174220/https://mio.to//album/Kaadhal+Solla+Vandhen+(1999) |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koppikar's last two films down South were [[Telugu language|Telugu]] comedy ''[[Prematho Raa]]'' starring [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] and Simran, and directed by [[Uday Shankar]], and ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' starring [[Vijayakanth]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actress-isha-koppikar-opens-up-about-nepotism-and-industry.html |title=Actress Isha Koppikar opens up about Nepotism and industry |date=10 July 2020 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095400/https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/actress-isha-koppikar-opens-up-about-nepotism-and-industry.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2000, Koppikar started her Bollywood career with a small role alongside [[Karisma Kapoor]] and [[Hrithik Roshan]] in [[Khalid Mohamed]]'s ''[[Fiza]]'' and an item number appearance in [[Prakash Jha]]'s ''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]''.<ref name="The Times of India">{{Cite news |date=2025-02-11 |title=Isha Kopikar takes dip in divine waters of Maha Kumbh: Embracing faith, blessings together |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/isha-kopikar-takes-dip-in-divine-waters-of-maha-kumbh-embracing-faith-blessings-together/articleshow/118136681.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2001 she made her full-fledged Bollywood debut with [[Rajiv Rai]]'s ''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'', starring [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Sunil Shetty]] where she was paired with Shetty.<ref name="The Times of India"/> Her next release was [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]'s urban comedy ''[[Aamdani Atthani Kharcha Rupaiyaa]]'' opposite [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/24aam.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: On the sets of Aamdani Athani Kharcha Rupaiya |work=Rediff.com |accessdate=25 December 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095409/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2001/nov/24aam.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Later years in Bollywood (2002–2011)===
In 2002, Koppikar appeared in an item number in [[Ram Gopal Varma|Ram Gopal Verma's]] underworld movie ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-28 |title=Actor Isha Koppikar joins BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/actor-isha-koppikar-joins-bjp-5557062/ |access-date=2025-07-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> starring [[Ajay Devgan]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Manisha Koirala]]. The chartbusting item number choreographed by [[Ganesh Hegde]] earned her title of ''Khallas Girl''. Another notable item number ''Ishq Samundar'', in [[Sanjay Gupta]]'s ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' remake ''[[Kaante]]'' starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sanjay Dutt]] and [[Sunil Shetty]], raised her profile higher. She also won the [[Stardust Awards|Stardust Award]] for the ''Most Exciting New Face'' for her ''Khallas'' number. These 2 songs cemented her position as one of the [[sex symbol]] of Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://planetbollywood.com/wp/news/facing-the-casting-couch-for-15-years-shah-rukhs-heroine-khallas-girl-is-now-a-bjp-leader/ |title=Facing the casting couch for 15 years, Shah Rukh's heroine 'Khallas Girl' is now a BJP leader |newspaper=Planet Bollywood |date=9 August 2020 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095404/https://planetbollywood.com/wp/news/facing-the-casting-couch-for-15-years-shah-rukhs-heroine-khallas-girl-is-now-a-bjp-leader/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Koppikar.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Isha Koppikar walks the ramp for designer Pria Kataria Puri]]
She had six releases in 2003. In ''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'', she made an item number in the song ''Thodi Si Deewani'' with [[Riteish Deshmukh]]. In ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'', she starred opposite [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Aishwarya Rai]]. [[Prawaal Raman]]'s portmanteau film ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' saw her opposite [[Aftab Shivdasani]]. [[Chandraprakash Dwivedi]] cast her alongside [[Urmila Matondkar]] and [[Manoj Bajpai]] in the critically acclaimed ''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]'' which went on to win the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |title=51st National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107120817/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A brief role in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s war movie ''[[LOC Kargil]]'' paired her opposite Sunil Shetty again. And in [[Harry Baweja]]'s ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]'', she played one of three terrorists fighting off co-stars Ajay Devgan and Sunil Shetty; a role which earned her a [[Filmfare]] nomination in the ''Best Villain'' category.<ref name="tonight.co.za">{{cite web |url=http://www.tonight.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=3500497&fSectionId=416&fSetId=251 |title=IOL Tonight |website=Tonight.co.za |access-date=14 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

She had six releases in 2004. Both [[Mani Shankar]]'s science fantasy ''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]'' and [[Kundan Shah]]'s madcap comedy ''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (2004 film)|Ek Se Bhadkhar Ek]]'' teamed her with [[Sunil Shetty]]. In ''[[Krishna Cottage]]'', she was cast opposite [[Sohail Khan]] for a creepy ghost story. ''[[Inteqam]]'', directed by [[Pankaj Parashar]] and co-starring [[Manoj Bajpai]], saw her revive the role played by [[Sharon Stone]] in the original [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] version: ''[[Basic Instinct]]''. She made a [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] appearance in [[Kunal Kohli]]'s ''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' with [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Rani Mukerji]]. And played the leading role in [[Karan Razdan]]'s – ''[[Girlfriend (2004 film)|Girlfriend]]'' with [[Amrita Arora]] and [[Aashish Chaudhary]]. The controversial film depicting a lesbian relationship provoked a wide range of public protests.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/9465.html |title=More protests against 'Girlfriend' |website=IndiaGlitz |date=16 June 2004 |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=9 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709072450/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/hindi/article/9465.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 2005, she had four releases. [[Sangeeth Sivan]]'s bawdy comedy ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'' with [[Anupam Kher]], [[Ritesh Deshmukh]] and [[Tusshar Kapoor]] saw her getting nominated in three separate award ceremonies ([[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA]], [[Zee Cine Award]] and [[Star Screen Awards]]) for best actor in a comedy role.<ref name="bollywoodhungama1">{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8325/index.html |title=Eesha Koppikhar | Videos, Wallpapers, Movies, Photos, Biography |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=20 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920064554/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8325/index.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Two more comedies saw her make guest appearances: [[David Dhawan]]'s [[Salman Khan]] vehicle ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'', and [[Abbas–Mustan]]'s whodunit, ''[[36 China Town]]'' with [[Akshaye Khanna]] and [[Kareena Kapoor]]. She also starred in [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s gangster flick ''[[D (film)|D: Underworld Badhshah]]'' alongside [[Randeep Hooda]] and [[Chunky Pandey]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiankart.com/products/d-underworld-badshah/28514/216 |title=D Underworld Badshah |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095400/http://www.indiankart.com/products/d-underworld-badshah/28514/216 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2006 [[Farhan Akhtar]] directed a remake of the [[Amitabh Bachchan]] hit ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again]]'' with [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]] in the lead. Koppikar was cast as Khan's girlfriend 'Anita'. ''Don''{{'}}s tremendous success however did not benefit her checkered career. Vicky Ranawat's ''Haseena Smart Sexy and Dangerous'' managed a release towards the end of 2006, but Jagdish A Sharma's murder mystery ''Gahraee''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/Interview/38/i%27m-going-to-be-a-super-star-someday |title=I'm going to be a super-star someday! |website=Movietalkies.com |date=26 September 2005 |access-date=15 October 2015 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220145851/http://www.movietalkies.com/artiste/Interview/38/i%27m-going-to-be-a-super-star-someday |url-status=live}}</ref> appeared directly on DVD while [[Hansal Mehta]]'s ''Raakh'' and [[Jahnu Barua]]'s ''[[Har Pal]]'' were shelved. [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s much discussed ''[[Shabri]]'' <ref name="tonight.co.za"/>- struggled to attract a distributor.

Koppikar's high-profile film of 2007, [[Nikhil Advani]]'s ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq]]'', had her sharing limited screen time with [[Sohail Khan]]. Later in the year came the haunted love triangle, [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s ''[[Darling (2007 Hindi film)|Darling]]'', with [[Fardeen Khan]] and [[Esha Deol]]. Koppikar's first film release of 2008 was [[Atul Agnihotri]]'s ''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]'', based on the best-selling novel ''[[One Night @ the Call Center]]'' by [[Chetan Bhagat]]. This was followed by ''[[Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi]]'', a [[Rajshri Productions|Rajshri Production]] directed by Kaushik Ghatak and co-starring [[Sonu Sood]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-not-a-sequel-to-vivah/story-eSVdq2vV8FGIbO6UfpTChP.html |title=Ek Vivaah...Aisa Bhi not a sequel to Vivah |date=November 2008 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ek-vivaah-aisa-bhi-not-a-sequel-to-vivah/story-eSVdq2vV8FGIbO6UfpTChP.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Koppikar married Timmy Narang in 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-30 |title=When Isha Koppikar spoke about her 'tough' divorce with husband Timmy Narang: 'It was irresponsible of him...' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-isha-koppikar-spoke-about-her-tough-divorce-with-husband-timmy-narang-it-was-irresponsible-of-him-/articleshow/122146205.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She had two releases in 2010: ''[[Right Yaaa Wrong]]'' by Neeraj Pathak and Manoj Tiwari's ''[[Hello Darling]]''. Both films fared poorly at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/its-about-publicity-not-talent-now-says-sunny-deol-619369 |title='It's About Publicity, Not Talent Now,' Says Sunny Deol |website=Movies.ndtv.com |date=17 April 2011 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080732/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/its-about-publicity-not-talent-now-says-sunny-deol-619369 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/new-hindi-film-releases-tank-at-the-box-office/31914 |title=New Hindi film releases tank at the box office |website=Businessofcinema.com |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305010112/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/new-hindi-film-releases-tank-at-the-box-office/31914 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''[[Shabri]]'', where she played a woman gangster of [[Mumbai]], was eventually released in 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-eesha-koppikar-on-shabri/20110823.htm |title=Eesha Koppikar: I am pregnant with Shabri |work=Rediff.com |date=23 August 2011 |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=20 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120420063106/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-eesha-koppikar-on-shabri/20110823.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> Her performance was praised but the film only had a limited release and failed to make an impact at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shabri-fares-poorly-at-box-office/20110829.htm |title=Shabri fares poorly at box office |work=Rediff.com |date=29 August 2011 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-date=25 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925084313/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/shabri-fares-poorly-at-box-office/20110829.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Secondary roles (2013–present)===

In 2013, she made her [[Marathi language|Marathi]] debut in ''Maat'', directed by Manohar Sarvankar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Khallas girl makes her Marathi debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/eesha-koppikar-sameer-dharmadhikari-bollywood-nirmal-jani-manohar-sarvankar-marathi/articleshow/26637701.cms |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2017, she makes her comeback in Telugu with ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' followed by the Marathi film, ''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]''. The following year, she is seen in the Kannada films, ''[[Looty (2018 film)|Looty]]'' and ''[[Kavacha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/isha-koppikar-thinks-this-kind-of-role-suits-her/articleshow/68632133.cms|title=Isha Koppikar thinks this kind of role suits her|date=30 November 2019|last=Desai|first=Dhwani|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> She made her digital debut with the [[ALTBalaji]] web series titled ''[[Fixerr]]'' (2019) where she plays the role of sub-inspector Jayanti Javdekar, who lives in a modest house with her young son and husband.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/isha-koppikar-to-make-her-comeback-with-altbalaji-s-fixer-1592013-2019-08-27 |title=Isha Koppikar to make her comeback with ALTBalaji's Fixer |date=27 August 2019 |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095404/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/isha-koppikar-to-make-her-comeback-with-altbalaji-s-fixer-1592013-2019-08-27 |url-status=live }}</ref> Later, she was also seen in the crime thriller series ''Dahanam'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/isha-koppikar-overjoyed-with-response-to-her-telugu-series-dahanam/articleshow/91090379.cms |title=Isha Koppikar overjoyed with response to her Telugu series 'Dahanam' - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095358/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/isha-koppikar-overjoyed-with-response-to-her-telugu-series-dahanam/articleshow/91090379.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She also acted in the thriller web series ''Suranga'' (2022) with [[Rakesh Bedi]] and [[Freddy Daruwala|Fredy Daruwala]], co-produced by Kaushik Izardar and others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isha Koppikars upcoming show Suranga to be released on this date |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/web-series/isha-koppikars-upcoming-show-suranga-to-be-released-on-this-date/96003922 |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=mirchi.in |language=en |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620044958/https://mirchi.in/stories/web-series/isha-koppikars-upcoming-show-suranga-to-be-released-on-this-date/96003922 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilmi |first=Filmi |title='SURANGA ' Release Date Announced |url=https://www.cineblues.com/ott-news/isha-koppikar-freddy-daruwalas-suranga-release-date-announced-co--produced-by-sarrva-production-stud |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=Cineblues |language=en |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714082444/https://www.cineblues.com/ott-news/isha-koppikar-freddy-daruwalas-suranga-release-date-announced-co--produced-by-sarrva-production-stud |url-status=live }}</ref> Isha Koppikar, who is returning to Tamil cinema after two decades, will be seen playing an assassin in [[Sivakarthikeyan]]'s science-fiction film ''[[Ayalaan]]'' (2024).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/entertainment/isha-koppikar-plays-assassin-her-comeback-tamil-film-ayalaan-44325|title = Isha Koppikar plays an assassin in her comeback Tamil film Ayalaan}}</ref>

== Political career ==
In 2019, she joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the presence of Union minister [[Nitin Gadkari]]. She has been appointed as the working president of the BJP's women transport wing.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/bollywood-actor-isha-koppikar-joins-bjp-to-head-women-transport-wing/story-FbdUztivHHNWyjChxwrA0L.html |title=Bollywood actor Isha Koppikar joins BJP, to head women transport wing |date=27 January 2019 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=28 January 2019 |archive-date=27 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127150521/https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/bollywood-actor-isha-koppikar-joins-bjp-to-head-women-transport-wing/story-FbdUztivHHNWyjChxwrA0L.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Other works==
Between filming Koppikar, like many [[Bollywood]] actors, performs in stage music shows. In addition to this she has appeared in two music videos: ''Patli Kamar'' by [[Krishnakumar Kunnath|KK]] for a private album commissioned by [[Sony]] in 2001/2002; and [[Bandish Projekt]]'s ''Bhor (Satyam Shivam Sundaram)'' in 2004, choreographed by [[Bosco-Caesar]]. In 2006 she appeared onstage in the [[Indian Idol]] Grand Final to dance with the two finalists, and 2007 saw her as one of three judges in the celebrity dance competition ''[[Nach Baliye]]'' 3, alongside director [[David Dhawan]] and [[Vaibhavi Merchant]]. She had also owned a restaurant back in 2015. She served as a judge in the [[Miss Universe 2008]] contest, held on 14 July in [[Vietnam]] alongside, amongst others, fashion designer Roberto Cavalli and former winner in 2004 Jennifer Hawkins. In August 2009, she presented the new [[Colors TV|Colors]] wrestling show ''[[100% De Dana Dan]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohan-kapoor-turns-commentator/articleshow/4948278.cms |title=Mohan Kapoor turns commentator - Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=24 October 2022 |archive-date=24 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024095404/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/mohan-kapoor-turns-commentator/articleshow/4948278.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

She continues to model for fashion designers [[Anita Dongre]] and Pria Kataria Puri. In 2007, she became the Indian brand ambassador of the Italian fashion company [[Police (brand)|Police Time and Jewellery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/mam/headlines/y2k7/july/julymam42.php |title=Isha Koppikar is brand ambassador for Italian label 'Police' |website=Indiantelevision.com |date=10 July 2007 |access-date=11 October 2015 |archive-date=23 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623233649/http://www.indiantelevision.com/old-html/mam/headlines/y2k7/july/julymam42.php |url-status=live}}</ref> Koppikar is also a spokesperson for the animal rights organisation [[PETA]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.petaindia.com/feat/f-ishaKoppikar.asp |title=Features |publisher=PETAIndia.com |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=20 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120071716/http://www.petaindia.com/feat/f-ishaKoppikar.asp |url-status=live}}</ref> and received the 10th Anniversary Humanitarian Award in December 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/goodliving/Star-shower-at-PETA-s-anniversary/Article1-488045.aspx |title=Star shower at PETA's anniversary |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 December 2009 |access-date=6 June 2012 |archive-date=17 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717012228/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/goodliving/Star-shower-at-PETA-s-anniversary/Article1-488045.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Koppikar has a black-belt in [[Taekwondo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2009 |title=Eesha Koppikhar gets the black belt in Taekwondo |url=http://calcuttatube.com/eesha-koppikhar-gets-the-black-belt-in-taekwondo/41108/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090911080355/http://calcuttatube.com/eesha-koppikhar-gets-the-black-belt-in-taekwondo/41108/ |archive-date=11 September 2009 |website=Calcutta Tube}}</ref>

Following the advice of numerologists, she has changed the spelling of her name twice, first to Ishaa Koppikar and later to Eesha Koppikhar. However, as of 2015 she has reverted to the original spelling of her name.<ref name="Saangli">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Isha-Koppikar-to-Make-Comeback-to-Hindi-Films-With-%E2%80%98Saangli%E2%80%99/2015/07/28/article2944883.ece |title=Isha Koppikar to Make Comeback to Hindi Films With 'Saangli' |date=28 July 2015 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=13 October 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113150616/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/Isha-Koppikar-to-Make-Comeback-to-Hindi-Films-With-%E2%80%98Saangli%E2%80%99/2015/07/28/article2944883.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Isha married Timmy Narang, a businessman, on 29 November 2009 and has a daughter. However they were divorced on 29 November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Isha Koppikar says divorce with Timmy Narang was 'tough': 'It was his decision to move on' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/isha-koppikar-says-divorce-with-timmy-narang-was-tough-for-her-it-was-his-decision-to-move-on-9662604/ |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Years
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[W/o V. Vara Prasad]]'' || Song and dance|| rowspan="2" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || Special appearance
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
|''[[Chandralekha (1998 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Lekha ||Telugu debut
|-
| ''[[Kaadhal Kavithai]]'' || Jothi || rowspan="4" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||Tamil debut
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999 || ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' || Madhu ||
|-
|''[[Nenjinile]]'' || Nisha ||
|-
|''[[Jodi (1999 film)|Jodi]]'' || Prospective bride || Guest appearance
|-
|''[[Surya Vamsha]]'' || Padma || rowspan="2" |[[Kannada]] ||Kannada debut
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[O Nanna Nalle]]'' || Rangu ||
|-
|''[[Fiza]]'' || Gitanjali || [[Hindi]] ||Hindi debut
|-
| rowspan="6" |2001 || ''[[Prematho Raa]]'' || Swetha || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Hoo Anthiya Uhoo Anthiya]]'' || Usha
| Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || Vaanathi || Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]'' || Song and dance|| rowspan="31" |Hindi || Special appearance
|-
|''[[Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat]]'' || Rubaina Alam ||
|-
|''[[Aamdani Atthanni Kharcha Rupaiya]]'' || Anjali ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002 || ''[[Company (2002 film)|Company]]'' || Dance number|| rowspan="2" | Special appearance
|-
|''[[Kaante]]'' || Dance number
|-
| rowspan="6" |2003 || ''[[Pinjar (film)|Pinjar]]'' || Rajjo ||
|-
| ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]'' || Anita ||
|-
| ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]'' || Laila ||
|-
| ''[[Darna Mana Hai]]'' || Abhilasha ||Segment: Stop-Move
|-
|''[[LOC Kargil]]'' || Santho ||
|-
|''[[Tujhe Meri Kasam]]'' || Dance number|| Special appearance
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004 ||''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]'' || Lali ||
|-
|''[[Krishna Cottage]]'' || Disha||
|-
|''[[Hum Tum (film)|Hum Tum]]'' || Diana Fernandez ||special appearance
|-
|''[[Girlfriend (2004 film)|Girlfriend]]'' || Tanya Singh ||
|-
|''[[Ek Se Badhkar Ek (2004 film)|Ek Se Badhkar Ek]]'' || Tracy D'Souza/Shalini Mathur||
|-
| ''[[Inteqam: The Perfect Game]]'' || Avantika Suryavanshi/Pinky Khanna ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005 ||''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]'' || Urmila Matondkar ||
|-
|''[[D (film)|D]]'' || Gunjan ||
|-
| ''[[Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya?]]'' || Nishika ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2006 || ''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]'' || Abhilasha|| Sequel of Darna Mana Hai
|-
| ''[[36 China Town]]'' || Sonia Chang ||
|-
| ''[[Don (2006 Hindi film)|Don]]'' || Anita ||
|-
| ''Haseena'' || Haseena ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007 || ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]''|| Phoolwati ||
|-
| ''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]'' ||Ashwini ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008 || ''[[Hello (2008 film)|Hello]]'' || Esha ||
|-
| ''[[Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi]]'' ||Chandini Srivastava Ajmera ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010 ||''[[Right Yaaa Wrong]]'' || Anshita ||
|-
|''[[Hello Darling]]'' || Satvati Chaudary ||
|-
|2011 || ''[[Shabri]]'' || Shabri ||
|-
|2013 || ''[[Maat (2013 film)|Maat]]'' || Reema Deshmukh || [[Marathi language|Marathi]] ||Marathi debut
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Keshava (film)|Keshava]]'' || Sharmila Mishra || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[FU: Friendship Unlimited]]'' || Sheena Mam|| Marathi ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Looty (2018 film)|Looty]]'' || [[Police ranks and insignia of India|ACP]] Durga Bhavani || rowspan="2" | Kannada||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kavacha]]'' || Gowri ||
|-
|2022|| ''[[Love You Loktantra (film)|Love You Loktantra]]'' || Gulabi Didi
|Hindi||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2024 || ''[[Ayalaan]]''
|| Eliza|| Tamil || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-s-next-be-sci-fi-titled-vingyani-113726 |title=Sivakarthikeyan's next to be a sci-fi titled 'Vingyani'? |date=9 December 2019 |website=The News Minute |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=16 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216000019/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/sivakarthikeyan-s-next-be-sci-fi-titled-vingyani-113726 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col"|Year
! scope="col" |Title
!Role
! scope="col" |Platform
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2019
| scope="row" |''[[Fixerr]]''
|Jayanti Jaydev
|Alt Balaji and ZEE5
|style="text-align:center;"|
|-
|-
|2022
| scope="row" |''[[Dhahanam]]''
| Anjana Sinha
|MX Player
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="Isha Koppikar returns to screens with Kadapa, a web series by Ram Gopal Varma">{{cite news |last1=The New Indian Express |title=Isha Koppikar returns to screens with Kadapa, a web series by Ram Gopal Varma |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/feb/04/isha-koppikar-returns-to-screens-with-kadapa-a-web-series-by-ram-gopal-varma-21985.html |accessdate=20 April 2022 |date=4 February 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220420095457/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2020/feb/04/isha-koppikar-returns-to-screens-with-kadapa-a-web-series-by-ram-gopal-varma-21985.html |archivedate=20 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Suranga''
|Dakshyani
|Atrangi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Isha Koppikar starrer 'Suranga' to be released on 9th December |url=https://pynr.in/isha-koppikar-starrer-suranga-to-be-released-on-9th-december/ |access-date=2023-06-13 |website=The Pioneer |language=en-US |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620044958/https://pynr.in/isha-koppikar-starrer-suranga-to-be-released-on-9th-december/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music video appearances===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Song
!Singer
|-
| 2002 || ''Bandish Projekt''|| rowspan="2" | "Bhor Remix" || Bandish Projekt
|-
| 2004 || ''Sweet Honey Mix''|| Smita
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+List of acting awards and nominations
|-
! width=5%|Year
! style="width:20%;"|Film
! style="width:30%;"|Award
! style="width:29%;"|Category
! style="width:15%;"|Result
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Kadhal Kavithai]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut – South]]
| {{won}}
|-
| 1999
| ''[[Chandrodaya]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Female Actress – South
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004
| ''[[Dil Ka Rishta]]''
| Asian Network Film Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
| {{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/awards_supporting.shtml |title=BBC Asian Network – Take Two Award Winners Forecast |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=10 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810084021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asiannetwork/features/awards_supporting.shtml |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Qayamat: City Under Threat]]''
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Best Villain]]
| {{Won}}<ref name="tonight.co.za"/>
|-
| 2005
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Kyaa Kool Hai Hum]]''
| Annual Central European Bollywood Awards
| Best Supporting Actress
| {{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.molodezhnaja.ch/bobby05.htm |title=molodezhnaja.ch > Asian Movies > Bollywood > 3rd Forum Awards |website=molodezhnaja.ch |access-date=17 May 2018 |archive-date=22 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150422213120/http://www.molodezhnaja.ch/bobby05.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2006
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Comic Role|Best Actor in a Comic Role]]
| {{Nom}}<ref name="bollywoodhungama1"/>
|-
| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Performance in a Comic Role|Best Performance in a Comic Role]]
| {{Nom}}<ref name="bollywoodhungama1"/>
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
| {{Nom}}<ref name="bollywoodhungama1"/>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{IMDb name|0465929|Isha Koppikar}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|eesha-koppikhar|Eesha Koppikhar}}
* {{Twitter|ishakonnects|Isha Koppikar}}

{{Nach Baliye}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Koppikar, Isha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Female models from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1976 births]]

Chirakkal

2026-01-25T20:02:51Z

JoanneMoffit: started

'''Chirakkal''' may refer to the following places in India:

* [[Chirakkal, Kannur]], Kerala
** [[Chirakkal railway station]]
* [[Chirakkal, Thrissur]], Kerala
* [[Kolathunadu]], Chirakkal in later times, a kingdom on the Malabar Coast during the arrival of the Portuguese Armadas in India

==See also==
* [[Chirakkal Raja]] ('King of Chirakkal'), in modern-day Kerala
* Chirakkal Kovilakam, a branch of the [[Kodungallur Kovilakam]] royal family
* [[Urumi (film)|''Urumi'' (film)]], about the Chirakkal royal family

{{geodis}}

Loot Kaand

2026-01-19T11:19:39Z

JoanneMoffit: Created initial page basic info - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Loot Kaand.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = {{Plainlist|
* [[Action film|Action]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
}}
| story = Aman Mannan. Shamik Sengupta. Saurav Dey
| writer = Ritu Shri. Aman Mannan. Ruchir Arun. Saurav Dey. Anurag Ramesh Shukla.

| director = Ruchir Arun
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Tanya Maniktala]]
* [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]]
* Gyanendra Tripathi
}}
| music = Rajarshi Sanyal
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 6 
| producer = Raghav Gupta
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 34–41 mins
| company = [[Drishyam Films]] N2O Films
| network = [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|03|20|df=yes}}
| last_aired = 
| related =
}}

'''''Loot Kaand''''' ({{Translation|Robbery Scandal}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series directed by Ruchir Arun. Produced under [[Drishyam Films]] and N2O Films, it stars [[Tanya Maniktala]], [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]] and Gyanendra Tripathi.<ref>{{cite web | title=Makers drop teaser for Loot Kaand | url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2025/Mar/11/makers-drop-teaser-for-loot-kaand | website=Indulgexpress | date=11 March 2025}}</ref> The series premiered on 20 March 2025 on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Loot Kaand OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Tanya Maniktala and Sahil Mehta starrer crime thriller | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/loot-kaand-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tanya-maniktala-and-sahil-mehta-starrer-crime-thriller-1377366 | website=PINKVILLA | date=13 March 2025 | access-date=7 May 2025 | archive-date=9 April 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409182319/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/loot-kaand-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-tanya-maniktala-and-sahil-mehta-starrer-crime-thriller-1377366 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Tanya Maniktala]] as Latika Mitra
* [[Sahil Mehta (actor, born 1997)|Sahil Mehta]] as Palash Mitra
* Gyanendra Tripathi as Pinaki Dev
* [[Saad Bilgrami]] as Toofan
* Brij Bhushan Shukla as Gangster Burman
* Akash Sinha as Batool
* Manwendra Tripathy as Munna
* Lima Das as Suparna Chatterjee
* [[Ronjini Chakraborty]] as Paro
* Prashansa Sharma as SI Mithu Roy
* Mihika Vasavada as Soni
* Nitin NS Goel as Saket Dhar
* Ruma Mondal as Bharoti Mitra
* Chanda Karanji as Charulata Basu

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Amazon MX Player drops Loot Kaand teaser, a high-stakes heist thriller of survival and deception | url=https://mediabrief.com/amazon-mx-player-loot-kaand-teaser-heist-thriller-of-survival-and-deception/ | website=MediaBrief | date=11 March 2025}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 13 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title='Loot Kaand' trailer: A bank heist by cash-strapped siblings leads to big trouble | url=https://scroll.in/reel/1080280/loot-kaand-trailer-a-bank-heist-by-cash-strapped-siblings-leads-to-big-trouble | website=Scroll.in | date=13 March 2025 | access-date=7 May 2025 | archive-date=10 April 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410074453/https://scroll.in/reel/1080280/loot-kaand-trailer-a-bank-heist-by-cash-strapped-siblings-leads-to-big-trouble | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Loot Kaand
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Rajarshi Sanyal
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|03|21}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Loot Kaand Soundtrack by Rajarshi Sanyal on Apple Music | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/loot-kaand-soundtrack/1803547916 | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=21 March 2025}}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=29|s=55}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = Amazon MX Player
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tracklisting
| total_length = 29:55
| title1 = Haath Jodi
| length1 = 2:36
| title2 = Loot Kaand Title Track
| length2 = 1:00
| title3 = Palash ka Dimaag
| length3 = 1:51
| title4 = Plan Kya hai?
| length4 = 1:57
| title5 = Paheliyaan
| length5 = 1:24
| title6 = Chori
| length6 = 1:43
| title7 = Pinaki and Batul
| length7 = 1:53
| title8 = Pa Dha Ni Sa
| length8 = 1:20
| title9 = Car Chase
| length9 = 1:24
| title10 = Toofan's Theme
| length10 = 1:20
| title11 = Fight
| length11 = 2:22
| title12 = Latika-Palash's Theme
| length12 = 1:08
| title13 = Bhediya
| length13 = 1:38
| title14 = The Story Part 1
| length14 = 1:35
| title15 = The Story Part 2
| length15 = 1:09
| title16 = Chor Police
| length16 = 2:12
| title17 = Death
| length17 = 1:51
| title18 = Raaz
| length18 = 1:32
}}

== Release ==
The series was made available to stream on [[Amazon miniTV|Amazon]] [[MX Player]] on 20 March 2025.<ref>{{cite web | title=Loot Kaand OTT Release: Know About Cast, Storyline, Streaming Date And Platform | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/loot-kaand-ott-release-know-about-cast-storyline-streaming-date-and-platform | website=Free Press Journal | date=18 March 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
[[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' awarded the series 2/5 stars and said that Loot Kaand tries to concoct a crime drama that arouses some curiosity but is instantly forgettable".<ref>{{cite web |first=Deepa|last=Gahlot| title=Loot Kaand Review: Bland | url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/loot-kaand-review/20250321.htm | website=Rediff | date=21 March 2025}}</ref> Vinamra Mathur of the ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the series 3 stars out of 5 and satated that "Loot Kaand is like that dish that satiates the appetite but leaves you wondering if you’d like to have it again when hunger arrives at your doorstep.".<ref>{{cite web | first=Vinamra|last=Mathur|title=Tanya Maniktala's 'Loot Kaand' web-series review: A semi-entertaining show that could have been a lot more fun | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tanya-maniktalas-loot-kaand-web-series-review-a-semi-entertaining-show-that-could-have-been-a-lot-more-fun-13872896.html | website=Firstpost | date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and said that "If you’re looking for a crime drama with an unconventional heist at its center, 'Loot Kaand' is worth a watch."<ref>{{cite web | first=Archika|last=Khurana|title=Loot Kaand Season 1 Review: Tanya Maniktala and Sahil Mehta shine in this twisty small-town heist drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/loot-kaand/loot-kaand-season-1/seasonreview/119177080.cms| website=The Times of India| date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

Shaheen Irani of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated it 3/5 stars and siad that "Loot Kaand takes time but gets interesting in bits-and-pieces. While it is not a series that demands all of your attention, this one can be streamed because of its cliffhanger endings."<ref>{{cite web | first=Shaheen|last=Irani|title=Loot Kaand review: Gyanendra Tripathi shines in Tanya Maniktala-Sahil Mehta's web series|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/loot-kaand-review-gyanendra-tripathi-shines-in-tanya-maniktala-sahil-mehtas-web-series/ff3c4a59e5469| website=OTT Play| date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed that "Loot Kaand merrily gallops from one twist to the next, hoping that nobody will notice how contrived it is."<ref>{{cite web | first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title=‘Loot Kaand’ review: Merrily convoluted show links the Purulia arms drop to bank robbers|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1080429/loot-kaand-review-merrily-convoluted-show-links-the-purulia-arms-drop-to-bank-robbers| website=Scroll.in| date=20 March 2025}}</ref>
Troy Ribeiro of ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' rated it 3.5/5 stars and commented that it is a "Grit And Guns In A Promising Crime Drama."<ref>{{cite web | first=Troy|last=Ribeiro|title=Loot Kaand Review: Tanya Maniktala And Sahil Mehta’s Six-Episode Thriller Is A Tale Of Greed, Grit And Guns In A Promising Crime Drama|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/loot-kaand-review-tanya-maniktala-and-sahil-mehtas-six-episode-thriller-is-a-tale-of-greed-grit-and-guns-in-a-promising-crime-drama| website=Free Press Journal| date=20 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=34388835}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/0FSZK9HEGVDEK3RR83TCSWE9HG ''Loot Kaand''] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]

{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian action television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]

Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology

2025-12-31T09:07:05Z

JoanneMoffit: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Savitribai Phule Pune University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Foreign relations of Tibet

2025-12-21T06:28:32Z

JoanneMoffit: stub

{{Short description|Tibetan foreign relations from the 7th century CE to 20th century CE}}
{{For|information on international political activities of the [[14th Dalai Lama]] and his administration|Central Tibetan Administration#Politics}}

The '''foreign relations of [[Tibet]]''' are documented from the 7th century onward, when [[Buddhism]] was introduced by missionaries from India and Nepal. The [[Tibetan Empire]] fought with the [[Tang dynasty]] for control over territory dozens of times, despite [[Heqin|peace marriage]] twice. Tibet was conquered by the [[Mongol Empire]] and that changed its internal system of government, introducing the [[Dalai Lama]]s, as well as subjecting Tibet to [[Tibet under Yuan rule|political rule]] under the [[Yuan dynasty]]. Tibetan foreign relations during the [[Ming dynasty]] are opaque, with Tibet being either a [[tributary state]] or under full Chinese [[sovereignty]]. But by the 18th century, the [[Qing dynasty]] indisputably [[Tibet under Qing rule|made Tibet a subject]]. In the early 20th century, after a successful invasion, Britain established a trading relationship with Tibet and was permitted limited diplomatic access to "Outer Tibet",{{efn|Neither "Outer" or "Inner" Tibet were actual political or even recognized geographical divisions of either Tibet or China. The language was used in the [[Simla Convention]], but that agreement was never ratified by China.}} basically [[Shigatse]] and [[Lhasa]]. Britain supported Tibetan autonomy under the [[13th Dalai Lama]] but did not contest Chinese suzerainty; while "Inner Tibet", areas such as [[Amdo]] and [[Kham]] with mixed Chinese and Tibetan populations to the east and north, remained nominally under the control of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] although that control was seldom effective.<ref name="mt">{{cite book |title=A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the demise of the Lamaist state |author=Goldstein, Melvyn C. |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-520-07590-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/74 74] |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/74}}</ref> Although the sovereignty of Tibet was [[Diplomatic recognition|unrecognized]], Tibet was courted in unofficial visits from [[Nazi Germany]], [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]], and the [[United States]] during and after [[World War II]]. The foreign relations of Tibet ended with the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet|Seventeen Point Agreement]] that formalized [[People's Republic of China|Chinese]] sovereignty over almost all of political Tibet in 1951.

==Early history==
Little is known of [[Tibet]] before the 7th century when [[Buddhism]] was introduced by [[Missionary|missionaries]] from [[India]]; since the 7th century the [[Tibetan Empire]] emerged as a strong empire which lasted until the 9th century.

==Relations with the Tang dynasty==
{{Main|Tang–Tibet relations}}

The [[Tang dynasty]] (618–907) and the [[Tibetan Empire]] (618–842) were both powerful empires. Sino-Tibetan relations during the period between 618 and 842 were characterized by almost constant conflict and periodic attempts at peace-making.<ref>{{cite book |last=Norbu |first=Dawa |title=China's Tibet Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA33 |page=33 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79793-4 }}</ref>

It is recorded in Tibetan tradition that after [[Songtsen Gampo]] died in 650, the Chinese Tang dynasty attacked and captured Lhasa,{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1992|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=U7C0I2KRyEUC&pg=PA28 28]}}<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=faoSAAAAIAAJ&q=chinese+captured+lhasa+650 |title=The China Quarterly, Issue 1 |author=University of London. Contemporary China Institute, Congress for Cultural Freedom |year=1960 |page=88}}</ref> however there is no record of it from Chinese sources.

There was a stone pillar, the [[Lhasa]] [[Zhol Village|Zhol]] [[Lhasa Zhol Pillar|rdo-rings]], in the ancient village of Zhol in front of the [[Potala]] in Lhasa, dating to c. 764 CE during the reign of [[Trisong Detsen]]. The inscription contains an account of the brief capture of [[Chang'an]], the Chinese capital, in 763 CE during the reign of [[Emperor Daizong of Tang]].<ref>''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. [[Hugh E. Richardson]]. Royal Asiatic Society (1985), pp. 1-25. {{ISBN|0-947593-00-4}}.</ref> As of 1993 the pillar was surrounded by buildings and wire so it could not be approached closely.

[[File:Lhasa Zhol Rdo-rings 1993.JPG|thumb|240 px|[[Lhasa]] Zhol Rdo-rings pillar 1993]]

In 785, Wei Kao, a Chinese serving as an official in Shuh repulsed Tibetan invasions of the area.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L1guAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA249|title=The Chinese reader's manual: A handbook of biographical, historical, mythological, and general literary reference|author=William Frederick Mayers|author-link=William Frederick Mayers|year=1874|publisher=American Presbyterian mission press|page=249|access-date=2010-10-28}}</ref>

A stone monument dating to 823 and setting out the terms of peace and borders between Tibet and China arrived at in 821 can still be seen in front of the [[Jokhang]] temple in Barkhor Square in [[Lhasa]]. The monument, a treaty of friendship, is written in both Tibetan and Chinese. The inscribed pillar was erected by the Chinese in 1793 during a [[smallpox]] epidemic. It records the [[Sino-Tibetan treaty of 822]] concluded by King [[Ralpacan]] and includes the following inscription: "Tibet and China shall abide by the frontiers of which they are now in occupation. All to the east is the country of Great China; and all to the west is, without question, the country of Great Tibet. Henceforth on neither side shall there be waging of war nor seizing of territory. If any person incurs suspicion he shall be arrested; his business shall be inquired into and he shall be escorted back." The inscription also carried advice on hygiene measures to prevent smallpox.<ref>Dowman, Keith (1998). ''The Power-Places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide'', pp. 40-41. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London and New York. {{ISBN|0-7102-1370-0}}.</ref>

The relations between the two countries appears to have been complex. On the one hand, the monument describes connections between China and Tibet as similar to those between uncle and nephew. The Tang dynasty of China and the Yarlung dynasty of Tibet were indeed related by marriage, yet the terms uncle and nephew are not used in relation to other groups with whom the Chinese had connections by marriage. On the other hand, the monument seems to describe the two countries as equals. The text has been published several times.<ref>Richardson, Hugh, "The Sino-Tibetan Treaty Inscription of A.D. 821/823 at Lhasa," ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society'' 1978, no.2, pp.137-162.</ref><ref>''A Corpus of Early Tibetan Inscriptions''. H. E. Richardson. 1985. Royal Asiatic Society, pp. 106-143.</ref><ref>Li, Fang Kuei, and W. South Coblin, ''A Study of the Old Tibetan Inscriptions'', Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, Special Publications No. 91. Taipei, 1987, pp.78-137.</ref>

==Relations with the Song dynasty==
{{Main|Song–Tibet relations}}
The [[Tibetan Empire]] and the [[Tang dynasty]], both of which were military powers, fell in 842 and 907 respectively. After that, Tibet entered an era of disunity known as the [[Era of Fragmentation]]. The Sino-Tibetan relations during the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279) were ones of relative peace and cultural creativity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Norbu |first=Dawa |title=China's Tibet Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EGqyIgOlUCIC&pg=PA39 |page=39 |year=2001 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-79793-4 }}</ref>

==Mongol conquest and Tibet under the Yuan dynasty==
{{See also|Mongol conquest of Tibet|Tibet under Yuan rule}}
After the Mongol Prince Köden took control of the Kokonor region in 1239, in order to investigate the possibility of attacking Song China from the West, he sent his general Doorda Darqan on a reconnaissance mission into Tibet in 1240. During this expedition the [[Kadampa|Kadampa (Bka'-gdams)]] monasteries of Rwa-sgreng and Rgyal-lha-khang were burned, and 500 people killed. The death of [[Ögedei Khan|Ögödei]] the Mongol Khan in 1241 brought Mongol military activity around the world ground, temporarily, to a halt. Mongol interests in Tibet resumed in 1244 when Prince Köden sent an invitation to [[Sakya Pandita]] (1182–1251) to come to his capital and formally surrender Tibet to the Mongols. Sakya Pandita arrived in Kokonor with his two nephews 'Phags-pa (1235–80) and Phyag-na Rdo-rje (1239–67) in 1246.

[[Image:YuanEmperorAlbumKhubilaiPortrait.jpg|thumb|Kublai Khan]]

After an internecine feud among the Mongol princes [[Kublai Khan|Kublai]] was appointed by
[[Möngke Khan]] to take charge over the Chinese campaigns in 1253. Since Sakya Pandita had already died Kublai took 'Phags-pa into his camp as a symbol of Tibet's surrender. Kublai was elected [[Khagan]] in 1260 following the death of his brother Möngke, although his ascendance was not uncontested. At that point he named 'Phags-pa as "State Preceptor" (''Guoshi''). In 1265 'Phags-pa returned to Tibet and for the first time made an attempt to impose Sakya hegemony with the appointment of Sakya Bzang-po (a long time servant and ally of the Sakyas) as the ''[[dpon-chen]]'' ('great administrator') over Tibet in 1267. A census was conducted in 1268 and Tibet was divided into 13 myriarchies.

In 1269 'Phags-pa returned to Kublai's side at his new capital [[Khanbaliq]] (modern day [[Beijing]]). He presented Kublai Khan with a new script (the [['Phags-pa script]]) designed to represent all of the languages of the empire. The next year he was named [[Imperial Preceptor]] (''Dishi'') of the [[Yuan dynasty]], and his position as titular ruler of Tibet (now in the form of its 13 myriarchies) was reconfirmed, while the Mongols managed a structural and administrative rule over the region. The Yuan-Sakya hegemony over Tibet continued into the middle of the 14th century, although it was challenged by a revolt of the 'Bri-khung sect with the assistance of [[Hulagu Khan|Hülegü]] of the [[Ilkhanate]] in 1285. The revolt was suppressed in 1290 when the Sakyas and eastern Mongols burned 'Bri-khung and killed 10,000 people (cf. Wylie 1977).

==Relations with the Ming dynasty==
{{Main|Ming–Tibet relations}}

Modern historians still debate on the exact relationship the Chinese [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644) had with Tibet. Modern Chinese sources assert that the Ming dynasty had full [[sovereignty]] over Tibet, while scholars outside China generally assert that Tibet was simply an independent tributary and that the Ming merely had nominal [[suzerainty]] over Tibet by granting some lamas honorific titles.

==Tibet under the Qing dynasty==
{{See also|Tibet under Qing rule}}

The armies of the Qing dynasty first entered Tibet in response to a request for help when Tibet was invaded by the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar Mongols]] in 1717. After the defeat of a first expeditionary force in the [[Battle of the Salween River]] in 1718 the [[Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)|Chinese expedition in 1720]] was successful in restoring the Dalai Lama to power in Lhasa. Troops were withdrawn in 1723 leaving a civilian Chinese adviser in Lhasa. When civil war broke out in 1728 there were appeals from both sides for help from China and an army was once again dispatched to Lhasa. It was decided to appoint two "ambans", civilian Chinese advisers to the Tibetan government, who would be guarded by a small military force. When there was unrest in 1750 an army was again dispatched and the ambans given more power. However, the ambans, isolated from imperial power centers, soon fell under the control of the local government.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=48-60}} There was a long period of peace, and neglect by the Chinese of Tibetan affairs, but in 1792 an invasion by Gurkas of Nepal resulted in an appeal for aid and a [[Ten Great Campaigns#The Gurkha Campaigns (1790–1792)|successful Chinese response]]. In 1893 the Chinese imposed reforms in Tibet which resulted in closing of its borders to foreign travelers, but despite intentions to strengthen the role of the ambens, a long period of Chinese neglect followed which continued throughout the 19th century during which Tibet was "closed" but effectively on its own.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=68–72}}

China did not make any attempt to impose direct rule on Tibet and the Tibetan government around the Dalai Lama or his regent continued to manage its day-to-day affairs, thus in their own view remaining independent. It was only after the invasion of imperial troops under the command of [[Zhao Erfeng]] in 1910 that an attempt at direct rule was made. The Tibetans were not cooperative and after the [[Xinhai Revolution|Republican Revolution of 1911]] openly rebelled, surviving Chinese soldiers being evacuated through India. Declarations of independence made by the Dalai Lama were not recognized by Britain or China, but an effective military frontier was established which excluded troops and agents of the Chinese government until the invasion by the People's Liberation Army in 1950.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=97–105, 183–189}}

===British mission to the Panchen Lama===
{{Main|George Bogle (diplomat)#Envoy to Bhutan and Tibet}}
After the [[Panchen Lama]] sent a letter to [[Warren Hastings]] first [[Governor-General of India]] with respect to a conflict of the British with [[Bhutan]] the British governor-general sent [[George Bogle (diplomat)|George Bogle]] in 1774 as emissary to the Panchen Lama. Traveling through Bhutan to the Panchen Lama's seat at [[Tashilhunpo]] in 1775 Bogle established friendly relations with the 3rd Panchen Lama, [[Lobsang Palden Yeshe]], so friendly that he took a close relative of the Panchen Lama as his wife. On Bogle's death Captain Samuel Turner was appointed. However, following Hastings departure from India in 1785, there were no further direct relations with Tibet until late in the 19th century. Neither envoy was able to obtain permission to visit Lhasa or gain access to the Dalai Lama.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=63–68}}

===Russia and The Great Game===
Between 1898 and 1901 [[Ngawang Dorjee]] traveled to St. Petersburg three times as an envoy of the Tibetan government. Gifts were exchanged and friendly relationships established, but no formal recognition resulted nor establishment of a Russian diplomatic presence in Lhasa. Ngawang Dorjee, the envoy, was one of the [[Buryats]], a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Lamaist]] people from the trans-Baikal region of Siberia, who had traveled to Tibet as a youth, studied at [[Drepung Monastery]], been awarded the degree of Lharam Geshe, "Master of Metaphysics, and appointed one of the seven Lharam Geshe teachers of the young 13th Dalai Lama.<ref>Pages 21 to 34, Shaumian, ''Tibet : The Great Game and Tsarist Russia''</ref> In 1907, a treaty between Britain and Russia recognized Chinese suzerainty over Tibet and agreed not to negotiate with Tibet except through the intermediary of the Chinese government.[https://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties12.html Tibet Justice Center - Legal Materials on Tibet - Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet - Convention Between Great Britain and Russia (1907)<nowiki>[391]</nowiki>]

===The 1904 British expedition of Tibet===
{{See also|British expedition to Tibet}}
In 1904 A British diplomatic mission, accompanied by a large military escort, forced its way through to Lhasa.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060713233328/http://www.tibet.com/Status/hughrichardson.html UK and China Relations] The head of the diplomatic mission was Colonel Francis Younghusband. The principal motivation for the British mission was a fear, which proved to be unfounded, that Russia was extending its footprint into Tibet and possibly even giving military aid to the Tibetan government. When the mission reached Lhasa, the Dalai Lama had already fled to Urga in Mongolia, but a treaty known as the [[Treaty of Lhasa]] was signed by lay and ecclesasiastical officials of the Tibetan government, and by representatives of the three monasteries of Sera, Drepung, and Ganden.{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924|p=282}}{{sfnp|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2004|p=282}} The treaty made provisions for the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet to be respected, for freer trade between British and Tibetan subjects, and for an indemnity to be paid from the Tibetan Government to the British Government for its expenses in dispatching armed troops to Lhasa. It also made provision for a British trade agent to reside at the trade mart at Gyantse. The provisions of this 1904 treaty were confirmed in [[Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet|a 1906 treaty]] signed between Britain and China, in which the British also agreed "not to annex Tibetan territory or to interfere in the administration of Tibet."{{sfnp|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924|p=288}} The position of British Trade Agent at Gyantse was occupied from 1904 up until 1944. It was not until 1937, with the creation of the position of "Head of British Mission Lhasa", that a British officer had a permanent posting in Lhasa itself. (McKay, 1997, p. 230-1).

==Republican period==
{{See also|Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet Area (administrative division)}}
In 1912, in the aftermath of the [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]], despite Chinese troops having withdrawn from Tibet, the Republic of China officially maintained that Tibet was an integral part of China but did not attempt to re-occupy it.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=103–105}} In 1913, Tibet and the [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]] signed [[Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia (1913)|a treaty]] proclaiming their independence from China, and their mutual recognition.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A geopolitical reading of the 1913 Treaty between Tibet and Mongolia |first=Matteo |last=Miele |journal=Tibetan Review |volume=XLVIII |issue=1–02 |year=2015 |pages=14–16|url=https://www.tibetanreview.net/a-geopolitical-reading-of-the-1913-treaty-between-tibet-and-mongolia/}}</ref> In 1914 a treaty was negotiated in India, the [[Simla Convention]], representatives of China, Tibet and Britain participated. Again, Chinese [[suzerainty]] over Tibet was recognized and a boundary negotiated between British India and Tibet which was very generous to Britain. The treaty was never signed by the Chinese and thus never came into force. The Chinese raised a number of objections, especially their refusal to recognize any treaty between Tibet and Britain.<ref>{{citation |last=French |first=Patrick |title=Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History of a Lost Land |publisher=Penguin |year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqHCR2O_z74C&pg=PT297 |pages=296–297|isbn=9780141964195 }}, citing Neville Maxwell, ''India's China War'', page 49.</ref>{{better source needed|date=November 2021|reason=Need [[WP:HISTRS]] for such controversial issues.}} The subsequent outbreak of the world wars and [[Chinese Civil War|civil war in China]] caused distractions for the major powers and China, and the Tibetan government continued to exercise effective control over much of the historic lands of Tibet until 1950 despite endemic war with China on its eastern frontier during much of that period.

===Relations with Britain===
{{Further|Four Rugby Boys}}
During most of the Republican period Tibet looked to Britain for diplomatic and military aid with respect to China. Military aid was given, but in only small quantities.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=134–138}}

Following expulsion of the Chinese Tibet declared itself independent but was recognized by no nation other than Mongolia.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=104, 105, 280–282}} Military clashes continued on the eastern frontier with China{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=134–138}} but a truce was called,{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|p=118}} while China, Tibet, and Britain attempted to negotiate a comprehensive settlement at Simla in India from 1913 to 1915. This was a failure with respect to China, which refused to assent to expansive Tibetan demands despite having no effective control, or even access, to most of the lands claimed by Tibet. However a successful agreement was made between Tibet and Britain which established mechanisms for trade.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=107–118}} War continued on the eastern frontier with China until a truce was signed in October, 1918 which endured until 1930. Attempts at a settlement with China were fruitless due to Tibetan demands that China adhere to the Simla Accord and nationalist popular sentiment in China.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=118–120}}

===Kuomintang Pacification of Qinghai===
The Chinese Muslim Generals [[Ma Qi]] and his son [[Ma Bufang]], who pledged allegiance to the Chinese government, initiated a bloody campaign against Tibetans in [[Qinghai]] province to subdue the region.

===Sino-Tibetan War===
In 1932, the Muslim [[Qinghai]] and Han-Chinese [[Sichuan]] armies of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] led by Chinese Muslim General [[Ma Bufang]] and Han General Liu Wenhui defeated the Tibetan army in the [[Sino-Tibetan War]] when the 13th Dalai Lama tried to seize territory in Qinghai and Xikang. Ma Bufang overran the Tibetan armies and recaptured several counties in [[Xikang]] province. Shiqu, Dengke, and other counties were seized from the Tibetans.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak3SQTVS7acC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA150|title=The historical status of China's Tibet|author=Jiawei Wang, Nimajianzan|year=1997|publisher=五洲传播出版社|page=150|isbn=7-80113-304-8|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bsKAAAAYAAJ&q=ma+bufang|title=The biographies of the Dalai Lamas|author1=Hanzhang Ya |author2=Ya Hanzhang |year=1991|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|pages=352, 355|isbn=0-8351-2266-2|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh1uAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang|title=India & China, 1904-2004: a century of peace and conflict|author=B. R. Deepak|year=2005|publisher=Manak Publications|page=82|isbn=81-7827-112-5|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> The Tibetans were pushed back to the other side of the Jinsha river.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJ-dCe_MppgC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA66|title=Khams pa histories: visions of people, place and authority : PIATS 2000, Tibetan studies, proceedings of the 9th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies, Leiden 2000|author=International Association for Tibetan Studies. Seminar, Lawrence Epstein|year=2002|publisher=BRILL|page=66|isbn=90-04-12423-3|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GRRynCRRCkwC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA172|title=Tibetan Buddhists in the making of modern China|last=Tuttle|first=Gray|year=2005|publisher=Columbia University Press|page=172|isbn=0-231-13446-0|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma and Liu warned Tibetan officials not to dare cross the Jinsha river again.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mpqApZWrJyIC&q=ma+bufang+liu+wenhui&pg=PA89|title=Frontier passages: ethnopolitics and the rise of Chinese communism, 1921-1945|last=Liu|first=Xiaoyuan|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|page=89|isbn=0-8047-4960-4|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Ma Bufang defeated the Tibetans at Dan Chokorgon. Several Tibetan generals surrendered, and were demoted by the Dalai Lama.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q7MKAAAAYAAJ&q=Dalai+Lama+telegraphed+the+Government+of+India+asking+for+help|title=The water-bird and other years: a history of the Thirteenth Dalai Lama and after|author=K. Dhondup|year=1986|publisher=Rangwang Publishers|page=60|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> By August, the Tibetans lost so much land to Liu Wenhui and Ma Bufang's forces that the Dalai Lama telegraphed the [[British government of India]] for assistance. British pressure led to [[Nanjing]] to declare a ceasefire.{{sfnp|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984|pp=134–136}} Separate truces were signed by Ma and Liu with the Tibetans in 1933, ending the fighting.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YD0sAQAAIAAJ&q=ma+bufang|title=The Journal of the Oriental Society of Australia, Volumes 31-34|author=Oriental Society of Australia|year=2000|publisher=Oriental Society of Australia|pages=35, 37|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P3tpAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+tibetans|title=Historical themes and current change in Central and Inner Asia: papers presented at the Central and Inner Asian Seminar, University of Toronto, April 25–26, 1997, Volume 1997|author=Michael Gervers, Wayne Schlepp, Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies|year=1998|publisher=Joint Centre for Asia Pacific Studies|pages=73, 74, 76|isbn=1-895296-34-X|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyguy.com/tibet_china_wars_conflicts.html|title=The History Guy:Wars and Conflicts Between Tibet and China|website=www.historyguy.com}}</ref>

===German expedition to Tibet===

The [[1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet]] was an expedition that arrived to [[Tibet]]an territory in 1939 and was led by [[Ernst Schäfer]].

On September 29, this group had been observed by the [[United Kingdom|British]] authorities in [[India]]. The expedition under the patronage of Heinrich Himmler's [[Ahnenerbe]] Institute was guided by [[Ernst Schäfer]], an SS officer.

===Japanese expedition to Tibet===

At about the same time, the [[1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet]] of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] ordered [[Kwantung Army]] agents to arrive in [[Tibet]] and [[Xinjiang]] to research the country and make contact with the inhabitants. Muslim warlord [[Ma Bufang]] was also an obstruction to Japanese agents trying to contact the Tibetans, he was called an "adversary" by a Japanese agent.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wDqlbKQhFIQC&q=ma+pu-fang+adversaries&pg=PA56|title=Japanese agent in Tibet: my ten years of travel in disguise|author1=Hisao Kimura |author2=Scott Berry |year=1990|publisher=Serindia Publications, Inc.|isbn=0-906026-24-5|page=232|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

===Wartime relations with China===
Under orders from the [[Kuomintang]] government of Chiang Kai-shek, Ma Bufang repaired [[Yushu Batang Airport|Yushu airport]] to prevent Tibetan separatists from seeking independence.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} Chiang also ordered Ma Bufang to put his Muslim soldiers on alert for an invasion of Tibet in 1942.<ref name="Lin">{{cite journal|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=449716|title=The China Quarterly War or Stratagem? Reassessing China's Military Advance towards Tibet, 1942–1943|author1-link=Lin Hsiao-ting|last=Lin|first=Hsiao-ting|journal=The China Quarterly|publisher=Cambridge University Press|date=5 Jul 2006|volume=186|pages=446–462|doi=10.1017/S0305741006000233|s2cid=154376402|access-date=2010-06-28|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=chiang+ma+bufang+qinghai+troops+sino+tibetan+border+site:journals.cambridge.org|title=chiang ma bufang qinghai troops sino tibetan border site:journals.cambridge.org - Google Search|website=www.google.com}}</ref> Ma Bufang complied, and moved several thousand troops to the border with Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4_BxAAAAMAAJ&q=ma+bufang+|title=China in the anti-Japanese War, 1937-1945: politics, culture and society|author1=David P. Barrett |author2=Lawrence N. Shyu |year=2001|publisher=Peter Lang|page=98|isbn=0-8204-4556-8|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chiang also threatened the Tibetans with bombing if they did not comply. Ma Bufang attacked the Tibetan Buddhist Tsang monastery in 1941.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1RuAAAAMAAJ&q=tsang+monastery+was+attacked+ma+bufang|title=Inner Asia, Volume 4, Issues 1-2|author=University of Cambridge. Mongolia & Inner Asia Studies Unit|year=2002|publisher=The White Horse Press for the Mongolia and Inner Asia Studies Unit at the University of Cambridge|page=204|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref> He also constantly attacked the Labrang monastery.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGvECiS-uEgC&q=ma+lin+muslim&pg=PA35|title=Labrang: a Tibetan Buddhist monastery at the crossroads of four civilizations|author=Paul Kocot Nietupski|year=1999|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|page=35|isbn=1-55939-090-5|access-date=2010-06-28}}</ref>

===Wartime relations with the United States===
The first United States mission to Tibet entrusted to Captain [[Ilya Tolstoy]], a grandson of the [[Leo Tolstoy|novelist]], a "reconnaissance mission" codenamed "FE-2" and approved by [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] on May 12, 1942, was sent by the [[Office of Strategic Services|OSS]] "...to move across Tibet and make its way to Chungking, China, observing attitudes of the people of Tibet; to seek allies and discover enemies; locate strategic targets and survey the territory as a possible field for future activity."{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=5–6}} As an aristocrat Tolstoy was well equipped to deal with the British aristocrats of the Indian Raj and the Tibetan aristocrats of Lhasa.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=6}} He was accompanied by Lieutenant [[Brooke Dolan II]] who had previously engaged in extensive naturalistic explorations in Tibet on behalf of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Science.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=6}} Leaving Washington in July, 1942, the party spent 3 months in India arranging permission to visit Lhasa.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=6}} Permission was granted by the Tibetan government in September, 1942 to come to Lhasa and present gifts and a letter from President Roosevelt.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=7}} On their way to Lhasa the expedition made contact in [[Yadong County|Yatung]] with a member of the Pandatsang family of Kham which controlled Tibet's external wool trade, a major source of government revenue.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=7}} Arriving in Lhasa in early December, they were granted an audience December 20, 1942 with the Dalai Lama, then only 7 years old.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=7–8}} A letter from Franklin Roosevelt was delivered which was carefully phrased as being addressed to the Dalai Lama as a religious leader but not as the ruler of Tibet.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=8}} Gifts were given to the Dalai Lama and gifts were received from the Tibetan cabinet, the [[Kashag]].{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=7–9}} Tolstoy remained for three months but did not attempt to raise the question of [[transshipment]] of supplies to China as he could see the unfavorable attitude of the Tibetans.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=10}} Tolstoy, joined by the head of the British mission in Tibet, Frank Ludlow, may have intimated to the Tibetans during this period that Tibet would be permitted to send a delegation to the postwar peace conference, an unauthorized representation both knew would not be supported by their respective governments. The Tibetans, on their quarter, were enthusiastic about the prospect. Permission was granted to Tolstoy and Dolan to continue on to China.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=11}} The expedition, accompanied by a monk, a Tibetan official, and 5 Tibetan soldiers, left Lhasa in late February bound for China.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=11–12}} Tolstoy arrived at [[Lanzhou]] in late June, 1943.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=13}}

Little was accomplished as a result of the Tolstoy expedition other than establishing contact and the gathering of intelligence;{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=14}} although, a substantial report was prepared by Tolstoy and Donal on the geography, facilities, and people encountered on their journey as well as many photographs. Contacts made would prove useful later when the CIA offered aid to Tibetan rebels.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=17–18}} Serious consideration was given to using a route over the Tibetan Plateau, but as the amount that could be transported by pack train was minuscule, and the agreement of both the Chinese and Tibetans would have to be obtained, the idea was abandoned in summer, 1944.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=14–15}} However a small import quota was granted to Tibetan wool dealers by the United States and the promised three radio transmitters and six receivers were delivered to the Tibetan government in 1944; although great difficulty was encountered in setting them up and using them due to lack of trained technicians.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=15–16}} While in Tibet, Tolstoy and the British resident had raised the possibility that Tibet might participate in post-war conferences. This never came to fruition as both Britain and the United States, in consideration of their relations with China, continued to take the position that Tibet was not a sovereign country.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=10–11, 16–17}}

The subject of Tibet arose briefly in international affairs in 1942–43 as a result efforts by the U.S. to fly aid to China over the Himalayas following the closure of the [[Burma Road]]. An America plane crashed in Tibet, and its five crew members were escorted back to India. The U.S. sent a mission to Lhasa led by Captain Ilya Tolstoy to study the possibility of an air supply route crossing Tibetan territory. Although the project was not pushed any further, it created a need to clarify Tibet's status in international law. In 1942, US State Department formally notified the Chinese government based in wartime capital Chungking (Chongqing) that it had at no time raised any doubt about the Chinese sovereignty claim over Tibet. In 1995, US State Department reiterated its position during the hearing before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee:

:''"The United States considers the Tibet Autonomous Region or TAR (hereinafter referred to as "Tibet") as part of the People's Republic of China. This longstanding policy is consistent with the view of the entire international community, including all China's neighbors: no country recognizes Tibet as a sovereign state. Moreover, U.S. acceptance of China's claim of sovereignty over Tibet predates the establishment of the People's Republic of China. In 1942, we told the Nationalist Chinese government then headquartered in Chongqing (Chungking) that we had "at no time raised (a) question" over Chinese claims to Tibet."''<ref>U.S. Department of State 95/09/07 Testimony: [[Kent Wiedemann]] on policy toward Tibet Bureau for East Asia and Pacific Affairs, testimony by Kent M. Wiedemann, Deputy Assistant Secretary of State For East Asian And Pacific Affairs Before Subcommittee On East Asian and Pacific Affairs Senate Foreign Relations Committee</ref>

British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden accordingly wrote a note presented to the Chinese government which describes Tibet as, "an autonomous State under the suzerainty of China" that "enjoyed de facto independence."<ref>Goldstein, 1989, p. 401. See also ''Memorandum from Sir Anthony Eden to the Chinese foreign minister, T. V. Soong'', 05/08/43, FO371/93001</ref> Meanwhile, the British embassy in Washington told the U.S. State Department that, "Tibet is a separate country in full enjoyment of local autonomy, entitled to exchange diplomatic representatives with other powers."<ref>Walt van Praag, ibid, p. 79.</ref> Although London repeatedly asked the United States for assistance, the U.S. State Department refuted London's claim:

:''"For its part, the Government of the United States has borne in mind the fact that the Chinese Government has long claimed suzerainty over Tibet and that the Chinese constitution lists Tibet among areas constituting the territory of the Republic of China. This Government has at no time raised a question regarding either of these claims."''<ref>Goldstein, 1989, p386, ''aide-mémoire sent by the US Department of States to the British Embassy in Washington, D.C.'', dated 15 May 1943, FO371/35756</ref>

===Postwar diplomatic efforts===
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi speaks at the 1947 Asian Relations Conference, Delhi.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Two Tibetan delegates (front right) during the Asian Relations Conference in Delhi in 1947 as Mahatma Gandhi speaks (far left). A Tibetan flag is seen in front of them along with flags of other participating countries. Mahatma Gandhi addressing the closing Plenery Session of the Asian Relations Conference. The delegate from China is above and to the left dressed in white.]]

In October, 1945 the Tibetan cabinet and senior clerics prepared a diplomatic mission to India and China. Gifts were prepared and letters congratulating the successful belligerents were carefully drafted. The mission arrived in New Delhi in March, 1946 where gifts and letters were presented to the British viceroy and to the American diplomatic mission. After a delay, perhaps occasioned by British diplomatic reluctance, they proceeded to Nanking where a carefully crafted letter to Chiang Kai-shek was presented which asserted an expansive claim of independence. The Chinese were unresponsive and the delegation left Nanking in March, 1947 without formally acknowledging Chinese sovereignty as the Chinese requested.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=20–22}} They were invited to an international conference of Asian countries in India in fall, 1946 and were seated, displayed their national flag and participated in the conference; this conference, however, was not a formal diplomatic event.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=23}}

The letters to the United States, after long delay, were translated and dispatched to Washington along with a favorable note from U.S. charge dé affairs in New Delhi which stressed the potential strategic importance of Tibet. Washington was having none of that, however, and while encouraging scouting trips to Lhasa if the occasion should arise, deprecated efforts to establish a diplomatic relationship with Tibet.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=24–26}}

===The trade delegation of 1947-1949===
[[File:Passeportshakabpa.jpg|thumb|left|The passport of Tsepon Shakabpa, Chief of the Finance Department of the Government of Tibet and head of the trade delegation]]
In 1947 the Tibetan foreign office began planning a trade delegation to visit India, China, the United States and Britain. Initial overtures were made to the US embassy in India requesting meetings with [[Harry Truman|President Truman]] and other US officials to discuss trade. This request was forwarded to Washington, but the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] proved willing only to meet with the Tibetans on an informal basis. The delegation consisted of 4 persons, [[Tsepon Shakabpa]], Tibet's Chief of the Finance Department, Padatsang, and two others including a monk.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=27–28}}

Armed with the first Tibetan passports, the delegation went first to New Delhi, meeting with [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Prime Minister Nehru]] and [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Most foreign trade from Tibet passed through India, and it was the practice of the Indian government to convert any foreign currencies received into rupees before payment to Tibet. The Tibetans were unable to negotiate any change in this practice, which would have put [[hard currency]] into their hands. One of the goals of the trade delegation was to obtain gold or other solid backing for Tibetan currency.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=28–29}}

It was the Chinese position that a Chinese passport was required for entry into China. These were issued, and the delegation entered China at Hong Kong, using them and spent 3 months in China. For the next leg of the journey to the United States and Britain, the Chinese took the position that they would only issue exit visas on the Chinese passports. However the Tibets managed to get a British consular officer in Nanking to issue a British visa on their Tibetan passports, and, again, a US officer in Hong Kong, thus defeating the efforts of the US State Department and the British Foreign Office to deny use of the Tibetan passports, a small victory.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=29–30}}

The delegation arrived in San Francisco in July, 1948 where they were met by the British Consul. They traveled by train to Washington where, despite strong objections by the Chinese and reassurance that the United States recognized China's ''[[de jure]]'' sovereignty over Tibet, the Tibetans were received by the Secretary of State, [[George Marshall]]. There was some language in the State Department's negotiations with the Chinese which noted that they exerted no de facto control over Tibet and noted the traditional American principle of favoring self-determination, but no more definite statement was made regarding Tibetan sovereignty.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=30–32}}

They requested aid from the United States in convincing India to free up their hard currency earning and also for permission to purchase gold from the United States for a currency reserve. They received no help on their problem with India but were given permission to purchase up to 50,000 ounces of gold.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=33–34}}

Not meeting with President Truman, they proceeded to New York where they were greeted by their old friend, Ilya Tolstoy, who introduced them around. They met with [[Lowell Thomas]], who was interested in visiting Tibet, and [[Dwight Eisenhower]], then president of Columbia University, and other eastern establishment personalities as well as [[Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark]] who had an interest in Tibet.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=34}}

In November the delegation set sail for Britain where they spent 3 weeks but were received coolly. Returning through India they were able to free up some foreign exchange for the purchase of gold and, adding money of their own, effected a purchase of $425,800 in gold which was transported to Tibet by pack animals.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|pp=35–36}}

Being received more warmly in the United States than in Britain, with whom they had a long established relationship, set the stage for later expansion of the relationship with the United States as they attempted to deal with later Chinese efforts to reassert effective control.{{sfnp|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999|p=37}}

==People's Republic of China==
{{See also|Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950}}

Neither the [[Nationalist government]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (and its successor in [[Taiwan]]) nor the People's Republic of China have ever renounced China's claim to sovereignty over Tibet. The PRC ascribes Tibetan efforts to establish independence as due to the machinations of "British imperialism" [https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ljzg/3585/3592/3596/t17964.htm 系统维护_中华人民共和国外交部]. According to the Chinese, the Tibetan cabinet, the [[Kashag]], set up a "bureau of foreign affairs" in July, 1942 and demanded that the Chinese mission in Lhasa, the Office of the [[Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs Commission]], deal only with it. The Chinese successfully withstood this.

In 1950 the [[People's Liberation Army]] entered Tibet, meeting little resistance from the small and ill-equipped Tibetan army. In 1951 the [[Seventeen Point Agreement for the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet|17 Point Agreement]], signed under threat of a wholesale Chinese invasion by representatives of the Dalai Lama and the [[Panchen Lama]], provided for rule by a joint Chinese-Tibetan authority. This agreement was successfully put into effect in Tibet but in June 1956, rebellion broke out in the Tibetan populated borderlands of [[Amdo]] and [[Kham]] when the government tried to impose the socialist transformation policies in these regions that they had in other provinces of China. Since Amdo and Kham had not been under the control of Lhasa in 1950 but under the control of Chinese warlords, they were not considered by the Chinese to be part of Tibet and thus not subject to the "go slow" agreement. This unrest provided the opportunity for the [[CIA]] to support an armed Tibetan rebellion which eventually spread to Lhasa. The rebellion was crushed by 1959 and the Dalai Lama fled in disguise to India. Isolated actions continued until 1969. The Panchen Lama was set up as a figurehead in Lhasa while the Dalai Lama eventually created a [[Government of Tibet in Exile]].

===Annexation of Tibet into the PRC===
{{Main|Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China}}
The [[Battle of Chamdo]] in 1950 resulted in a flurry of diplomatic activity as Tibet attempted to negotiate with the Chinese government, appealed futilely to the international community, and then was forced to capitulate.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the demise of the Lamaist state|author=Goldstein, Melvyn C.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-520-07590-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/611 611 to 813]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/611}}</ref>

====The eve of the battle====
Prior to the Chinese attack on Tibetan army positions in Kham on October 5, 1950, the Tibetan government contacted the Chinese government privately through the Dalai Lama's older brother's father in law and received a reply from China agreeing to meet with the Tibetan delegation in Hong Kong.<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of modern Tibet, 1913-1951: the demise of the Lamaist state|author=Goldstein, Melvyn C.|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|year=1991|isbn=978-0-520-07590-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/644 644 and 645]|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernt00melv/page/644}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |last=Allen |first=Charles |title=Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa |year=2004 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=0-7195-5427-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PtlnQgAACAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2004}}}}
** {{citation |last=Allen |first=Charles |title=Duel in the Snows: The True Story of the Younghusband Mission to Lhasa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A0aCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=John Murray Press |isbn=978-1-4736-2754-3 |ref={{sfnref|Allen, Duel in the Snows|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Bell |first=Charles |author-link=Charles Alfred Bell |title=Tibet Past and Present |edition=First |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1924 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.167531 |ref={{sfnref|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1924}}}}
** {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U7C0I2KRyEUC&pg=PA28 |title=Tibet Past and Present|last=Bell|first=Charles|year=1992|publisher=CUP Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=81-208-1048-1 |ref={{sfnref|Bell, Tibet Past and Present|1992}}}}
* Carrington, Michael. 'Officers Gentlemen and Thieves: The Looting of Monasteries during the 1903/4 Younghusband Mission to Tibet' Modern Asian Studies, 37, 1, (2003) pp. 81–109. (Cambridge University Press).
* {{citation |last1=McKay |first1=Alex |title=Tibet and the British Raj: The Frontier Cadre, 1904-1947 |year=1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-7007-0627-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/tibetbritishrajf0000mcka |via=archive.org |url-access=registration |ref={{sfnref|McKay, Tibet and the British Raj|1997}}}}
* {{citation |title=The Elusive Triangle: Tibet in India-China Relations—A Brief Conspectus |first=Parshotam |last=Mehra |journal=China Report |volume=26 |number=2 |year=1990 |pages=145–156 |doi=10.1177/000944559002600202 |s2cid=153780081 |ref={{sfnref|Mehra, The Elusive Triangle|1990}}}}
* {{citation |last=Knaus |first=John Kenneth |title=Orphans of the Cold War: America and the Tibetan Struggle for Survival |publisher=Perseus |year=1999 |isbn=1-891620-18-5 |id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qntAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Knaus, Orphans of the Cold War|1999}}}}
* {{citation |last=Richardson |first=Hugh E. |title=Tibet and its History |edition=Second |publisher=Shambala |location=Boulder/London |date=1984 |isbn=9780877737896 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45QizQEACAAJ |ref={{sfnref|Richardson, Tibet and its History|1984}}}}
* Shaumian, Tatiana. ''Tibet : The Great Game and Tsarist Russia'', Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2000, hardcover, 223 pages, {{ISBN|0-19-565056-5}}

==Further reading==
* Grunfeld, Tom. "The Making of Modern Tibet", 1996, hardcover, 352 pages, {{ISBN|1-56324-713-5}}
* Hale, Christopher. 2003. ''Himmler's Crusade: The true story of the 1938 Nazi expedition into Tibet.'' Transworld Publishers. London. {{ISBN|0-593-04952-7}}
* Engelhardt, Isrun (ed.) "Tibet in 1938-1939: Photographs from the Ernst Schäfer Expedition to Tibet", Serinda Publications, 2007, {{ISBN|1-932476-30-X}}
* Kolmaš, Josef. 1967. ''Tibet and Imperial China: A survey of Sino-Tibetan relations up to the end of the Manchu Dynasty in 1912''. Occasional Paper 7. The Australian National University - Centre of Oriental Studies, Canberra.
* Morrison, James and Conboy, Kenneth, ''The CIA's Secret War in Tibet'', University Press of Kansas, March, 2002, hardcover, 301 pages, {{ISBN|0-7006-1159-2}}
* Rahder, Karl. "The Tibetan Claim to Statehood," Issues & Studies, vol. 38, no. 10 (October 1993)
* [[Kuzmin, S.L.|S. L. Kuzmin]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20121030061528/http://www.ltwa.net/library/index.php?option=com_multicategories&view=article&id=170&catid=30%3Anews&Itemid=12 Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation], Library of Tibetan Works and Archives, Dharamsala, 2011.
{{refend}}

{{-}}
{{Tibet related articles}}
{{Foreign relations of former countries}}
{{Foreign relations of Asia}}

[[Category:Foreign relations of Tibet| ]]

Upendranath Bhattacharya

2025-12-20T14:28:41Z

JoanneMoffit: starting a entry!

{{Short description|Indian Writer from West Bengal}}
'''Upendranath Bhattacharya'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baul Song - Banglapedia|url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Baul_Song|access-date=2021-08-31|website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref> is an [[India|Indian]] [[Bengalis|Bengali]] writer.

== His books ==
This list is incomplete:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Upendranath Bhattacharya - উপেন্দ্রনাথ ভট্টাচার্য Archives - Granthagara|url=https://granthagara.com/writer/774-upendranath-bhattacharya/|access-date=2021-08-31|website=granthagara.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

* Rabindra Kabya Parikrama
*Rabindra Natya Parikrama
*Banger Beer Santan
*Prithibir Ashcharjya
*Bangla Sahityer Sankshipta Itibritta
*Banglar Baul O Baul Gaan
*Banglar Baul Gaan
*

== Awards ==
He won [[Rabindra Puraskar]] for his musicology 'Banglar Baul Gaan' in 1959<ref>{{Cite book|last=Experts|first=Disha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=goE5EAAAQBAJ&dq=Upendranath+Bhattacharya+got+rabindra+Puraskar&pg=PA218|title=Blissful West Bengal General Knowledge for WBPSC, WBSSC & other Competitive Exams|date=2021-07-01|publisher=Disha Publications|isbn=978-93-90711-02-4|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*
*http://libnet.vidyasagar.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=26174
*https://bn.m.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0:4990010055253_-_Banglar_Baul_O_Baul_Gan,_Bhattacharya,_Upendranath,_1182p,_LANGUAGE._LINGUISTICS._LITERATURE,_bengali_(1951).pdf

[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rabindra Puraskar]]
[[Category:Writers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Kushtia Sadar Upazila]]
[[Category:Writers from Kushtia District]]
[[Category:Academics from Khulna Division]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi schoolteachers]]

Matza restaurant suicide bombing

2025-12-14T10:11:59Z

JoanneMoffit: minor cleanup per sources

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|2002 Palestinian militant attack in Haifa, Israel}}
{{Infobox terrorist attack
| title = Matza restaurant suicide bombing
| partof = the [[Second Intifada]] militancy campaign
| image =
| caption =
| map = {{location map|Israel north haifa|lat_deg=32|lat_min=47|lat_sec=19|lon_deg=35|lon_min=0|lon_sec=9|caption=The attack site}}
| location = [[Haifa]], [[Israel]]
| native_name = הפיגוע במסעדת מצה
| native_name_lang = heb
| coordinates = {{coord|32|47|19|N|35|0|9|E|display=inline,title}}
| target = 
| date = {{start date and age|2002|3|31}}
| time = {{circa}} 3:00 pm
| time-begin =
| time-end =
| timezone = UTC+2
| type = [[Suicide bomber]]
| fatalities = 16 (+1 bomber)
| injuries = 40+
| perps =
| perpetrator = [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility
| assailant = Shadi Tobassi
}}
The '''Matza restaurant suicide bombing''' occurred on March 31, 2002, when a [[Palestinian people|Palestinian]] [[Hamas]] [[Palestinian suicide attacks|suicide bomber]] detonated his bomb inside the Matza restaurant in [[Haifa]], [[Israel]], near the [[Grand Canyon (mall)|Grand Canyon shopping mall]], killing 16 people and injuring over 40.<ref name="NYT20020401">{{cite news | last = Bennet | first = James | title = MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE VIOLENCE; Bomber Strikes Jews and Arabs At Rare Refuge | work = [[New York Times]] | date = 2002-04-01 | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F03E0DD153AF932A35757C0A9649C8B63 | access-date = 2008-07-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077927.html |title=Israeli man succumbs to wounds sustained in 2002 Hamas suicide bombing - Haaretz - Israel News |access-date=2009-04-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415134709/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1077927.html |archive-date=2009-04-15 }}</ref> Reporting has described the cafe as both "Arab-owned" and "owned by Israeli Jews, but run by Palestinian citizens of Israel".<ref name="NYT20020401"/><ref name="Guardian-israel9">{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/31/israel9 | location=London | work=The Guardian | title=Arafat siege continues | date=March 31, 2002}}</ref>

==The perpetrators==
The military wing of [[Hamas]] claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that it was in retaliation for Israeli raids on Palestinian cities and towns, including [[Ramallah]] where the then President of the [[Palestinian National Authority]], [[Yasser Arafat]], was under siege.<ref name="NYT20020401"/><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/01/israel2 Israel vows to avenge bombings], [[The Guardian]], April 1, 2002.</ref> A Hamas spokesman stated that the suicide bomber was a 22-year-old Palestinian named Shadi Tubasi. Tubasi came from a refugee camp near [[Jenin]] area that had recently been invaded by Israeli forces.<ref name="Guardian-israel9"/><ref name="NYT20020401"/>

==See also==
*[[Palestinian political violence]]
*[[Israeli casualties of war]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Terrorist attacks against Israelis in the 2000s}}
{{Palestinian militancy attacks in the 2000s}}
{{Hamas}}
[[Category:Suicide bombings in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 mass murders]]
[[Category:Israeli casualties in the Second Intifada]]
[[Category:Hamas suicide bombings]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Israel in 2002]]
[[Category:Restaurant bombings in Israel]]
[[Category:Haifa in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in Haifa]]
[[Category:March 2002 in Asia]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2002]]
[[Category:21st-century mass murders in Israel]]
[[Category:Suicide bombings in Israel]]
[[Category:2002 building bombings]]

Patpuihmun

2025-12-07T19:43:22Z

JoanneMoffit: Put Up New Pg...

{{Short description|Village in Pherzawl District, Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Patpuihmun
| native_name =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Manipur#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Manipur, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.35257|N|93.07081|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Manipur]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pherzawl District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1929<ref>{{cite book |title="Village and Town Directory", District Census Handbook, Churachandpur |date=2011 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Manipur |page=86 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/846/download/36252/DH_2011_1403_PART_A_DCHB_CHURACHANDPUR.pdf}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hmar language|Hmar]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = MN
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Patpuihmun''' is a [[Hmar people|Hmar]] village in [[Pherzawl district]], [[Manipur]], [[India]].<ref>[https://pherzawl.nic.in/sub-division-villages/ Pherzawl.nic.in: Villages]</ref> Chaltonlien Amo, a former [[Manipur]] minister and a [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] politician, hails from this village.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Before the oath commissioner, manipur - affidavit Form 26 - Chalton Lien Amo | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/55/Chalton%20Lien%20Amo.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217131210/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/55/Chalton%20Lien%20Amo.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/manipur/manipur-senior-congress-mla-joins-bjp-7714776/ | title=Manipur: Senior Congress MLA joins BJP | date=9 January 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Pherzawl district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

List of Arjuna Award recipients (1970–1979)

2025-12-04T03:28:09Z

JoanneMoffit: fix article for clarity and corrected details per sources

{{Short description|List of recipients of a sports honor in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Arjuna Award
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = Civilian award for outstanding individual achievements in National Sports
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[Government of India|Govt. of India]]
| established = 1961
| year = 1961
| former name =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 136
| previous = [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]]
| next =
}}
The [[Arjuna Award]], officially known as the Arjuna Awards for Outstanding Performance in Sports and Games,<ref name ="Scheme" /> is the sports honour of [[India|Republic of India]]. It is awarded annually by the [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]. Before the introduction of the [[Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna]] in 1991–1992, the Arjuna award was the highest sporting honour of India.<ref name="EverestNews" /><ref>{{cite press_release|title=Vishwanathan Anand gets Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=18 August 1992|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1992-MIN-OF-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1992-08-18_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the award comprises "a [[bronze]] [[statuette]] of Arjuna, certificate, ceremonial dress, and a cash prize of {{INRConvert|15|l}}."{{efn|name=a}}

==Name==
The award is named after [[Arjuna]], a character from the [[Sanskrit]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' of [[History of India|ancient India]]. He is one of the [[Pandavas]], depicted as a skilled [[archery|archer]] winning the hand of [[Draupadi]] in marriage and in the [[Kurukshetra War]], Lord [[Krishna]] becomes his charioteer teaching him the sacred knowledge of [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691139968/the-bhagavad-gita|title=The Bhagavad Gita|date=26 October 2014|isbn=978-0-691-13996-8|language=en|last1=Davis|first1=Richard H.}}</ref> In [[Hindu mythology]], he has been seen as a symbol of hard work, dedication and concentration.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Sports Ministry unveils new look Sports Awards|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=26 August 2009|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128112951/https://archive.pib.gov.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=52143|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Instituted in 1961 to honour the outstanding sportspersons of the country,<ref>{{cite web|title=India in Sports: Some Fabulous Achievements|url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=11 February 2017|author=Bhardwaj, D. K.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813230542/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/ffeb2000/f100220001.html|archive-date=13 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> the award over the years has undergone a number of expansions, reviews, and rationalizations. The award was expanded to include all the recognised disciplines in 1977, has introduced indigenous games and physically handicapped categories in 1995 and introduced a lifetime contribution category in 1995 leading to creation of a separate [[Dhyan Chand Award]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Cash awards for Arjuna winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=12 October 1977|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-10-12_084.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards further expanded|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=24 May 1995|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185750/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1995-JAN-DEC-MO-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS-NO-9/PDF/YTH-1995-05-24_023.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The latest revision in 2018 stipulates that the award is given only to the disciplines included in the events like [[Olympic Games]], [[Paralympic Games]], [[Asian Games]], [[Commonwealth Games]], [[World championship|World Championship]] and [[World cup competition|World Cup]] along with [[Cricket]], Indigenous Games, and [[Disabled sports|Parasports]]. It also recommends giving only fifteen awards in a year, relaxing in case of excellent performance in major [[multi-sport event]]s, team sports, across gender and giving away of at least one award to physically challenged category.<ref name="Scheme"/>

The nominations for the award are received from all government recognised National Sports Federations, the [[Indian Olympic Association]], the [[Sports Authority of India]] (SAI), the Sports Promotion and Control Boards, the state and the union territory governments and the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, Arjuna, [[Dhyan Chand Award|Dhyan Chand]] and [[Dronacharya Award|Dronacharya]] awardees of the previous years. The recipients are selected by a committee constituted by the Ministry and are honoured for their "good performance in the field of sports over a period of four years" at international level and for having shown "qualities of leadership, sportsmanship and a sense of discipline".<ref name="Scheme"/>

==Recipients==
A total of 136 awards were presented in the 1970s{{dash}} thirteen in 1970, followed by twelve in 1971, fourteen in 1972, seventeen in 1973, fourteen in 1974, nineteen in 1975, ten in 1976, ten in 1977–1978, sixteen in 1978–1979 and eleven in 1979–1980. Individuals from twenty-eight different sports were awarded, which includes fourteen from athletics, thirteen from hockey, nine each from cricket and volleyball, eight from weightlifting, seven each from badminton, basketball and kho kho, six each from boxing and swimming, five each from ball badminton, football, table tennis and wrestling, four from golf, three each from billiards, kabaddi, shooting and yachting, two each from bodybuilding, cycling, equestrian and lawn tennis, and one each from gymnastics, polo, powerlifting, snooker and squash.<ref name="ArjunaAward" />

== List of recipients ==
{|class="plainrowheaders"
|+
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by year<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 19
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =1970 | data1 =13

| label2 =1971 | data2 =12

| label3 =1972 | data3 =14

| label4 =1973 | data4 =17

| label5 =1974 | data5 =14

| label6 =1975 | data6 =19

| label7 =1976 | data7 =10

| label8 =1977–1978 | data8 =10

| label9 =1978–1979 | data9 =16

| label10 =1979–1980 | data10 =11}}
! scope="col" style="vertical-align:top"|
{{Bar graph
| title = Award recipients by sport<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
| float = right
| bar_width = 12
| width_units = em
| data_max = 14
| label_type = Sport
| data_type = Number of recipients
| label1 =Athletics | data1 =14

| label2 =Badminton | data2 =7

| label3 =Ball Badminton | data3 =5

| label4 =Basketball | data4 =7

| label5 =Billiards | data5 =3

| label6 =Bodybuilding | data6 =2

| label7 =Boxing | data7 =6

| label8 =Cricket | data8 =9

| label9 =Cycling | data9 =2

| label10 =Equestrian | data10 =2

| label11 =Football | data11 =5

| label12 =Golf | data12 =4

| label13 =Gymnastics | data13 =1

| label14 =Hockey | data14 =13

| label15 =Kabaddi | data15 =3

| label16 =Kho kho | data16 =7

| label17 =Lawn Tennis | data17 =2

| label18 =Polo | data18 =1

| label19 =Powerlifting | data19 =1

| label20 =Shooting | data20 =3

| label21 =Snooker | data21 =1

| label22 =Squash | data22 =1

| label23 =Swimming | data23 =6

| label24 =Table Tennis | data24 =5

| label25 =Volleyball | data25 =9

| label26 =Weightlifting | data26 =8

| label27 =Wrestling | data27 =5

| label28 =Yachting | data28 =3}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
|align=center style="width:50px;background-color:#E0E0D1"|{{small|§}}
|Indicates Para sports
|}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:73%"
|+ List of Arjuna award recipients, showing the year, sport, and gender<ref name="ArjunaAward" />
! scope="col" style="width:8%" | Year
! scope="col" style="width:30%" | Recipient
! scope="col" style="width:20%" | Sport
! scope="col" style="width:17%" | Gender
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. J. |Contractor}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arun Kumar |Dass}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael |Ferreira}}
| Billiards || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mohinder Singh |Gill}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gudalore |Jagannath}}
| Table Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sudesh |Kumar}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gulam Abbas |Moontasir}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Syed |Nayeemuddin}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sudhir B. |Parab}}
| Kho kho || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|J. |Pitchayya}}
| Ball Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dilip |Sardesai}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajit Pal |Singh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1970
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Damayanti |Tambay}}
| Badminton || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Achala Suberao |Devra}}
| Kho kho || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kaity Farookh |Khodaiji}}
| Table Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sobha |Morthy}}
| Badminton || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Krishnamurthy |Perumal}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shyamlal |Salwan}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Edward |Sequeira}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhanwar |Singh}}
| Swimming || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhim |Singh|link=Bhim Singh II}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. P. |Singh|dab=football}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. M. |Singh|M. M. Singh (basketball)}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Srinivasaraghavan |Venkataraghavan}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1971
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Muniswamy |Venu}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. S. |Chandrashekhar}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay Singh |Chauhan}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Udayan |Chinubhai}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anjani N. |Desai}}
| Golf || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michael |Kindo}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil Kumar |Mandal|link=Anil Kumar Mandal (weightlifter)}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satish Kumar |Mohan}}
| Billiards || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Chandraya |Narayanan}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prem |Nath|dab=wrestler}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prakash |Padukone}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. M. |Shetty}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Balwant |Singh|dab=volleyball}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Eknath |Solkar}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1972
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jayamma |Srinivasan}}
| Ball Badminton || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Niraj Ramkrishna |Bajaj}}
| Table Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. P. |Ganesh}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bhola Nath |Guin}}
| Kabaddi || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Afsar |Hussain}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. |Kareem}}
| Ball Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Surendra Kumar |Kataria}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dafadar Md. |Khan}}
| Equestrian || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dhanvir |Khatau}}
| Swimming || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|O. |Mascarenhas}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. H. |Parikh}}
| Kho kho || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Magan Singh |Rajvi}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|G. Mulilini |Reddy}}
| Volleyball || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shyam |Shroff}}
| Billiards || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jagroop |Singh}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mehtab |Singh|link=Nghlhav Mehtabs Singh}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sriram |Singh}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1973
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vikramjit |Singh|Vikramjit Singh (golfer)}}
| Golf || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vijay |Amritraj}}
| Lawn Tennis || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Manjari |Bhargava}}
| Swimming{{efn|Diving}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anjan |Bhattacharjee}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Cricket{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Raman |Ghosh}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ajinder |Kaur}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ashok |Kumar|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Anil Kumar |Punj}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shivnath Singh |Rajput|link=Shivnath Singh}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. Syamsunder |Rao}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Avinash B. |Sarang}}
| Swimming{{efn|Long-distance swimming}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|N. C. |Sarolkar}}
| Kho kho || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satpal |Singh}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. |Vellaiswamy}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1974
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. C. |Yohannan}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Devinder |Ahuja}}
| Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. Anusuya |Bai}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hari |Chand}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mantu |Debnath}}
| Gymnastics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Smita |Desai}}
| Swimming || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. C. |Elamma}}
| Volleyball || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil |Gavaskar}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|B. P. |Govinda}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shreerang J. |Inamdar}}
| Kho kho || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|L. A. |Iqbal}}
| Ball Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. K. |Jamshed}}
| Golf || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Usha Vasant |Nagarkar}}
| Kho kho || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. S. |Rana}}
| Swimming || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rupa |Saini|link=Saini Sisters}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Amar |Singh|dab=cyclist}}
| Cycling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dalbir |Singh|link = Dalbir Singh (weightlifter)}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Hanuman |Singh}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ranvir |Singh|link = Ranvir Singh (volleyball)}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1975
! scope="row" | {{sortname|V. P. |Singh|link = V. P. Singh (polo player)}}
| Polo || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|K. |Balamuruganandam}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bahadur Singh |Chouhan}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. Sam Christ |Das}}
| Ball Badminton || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. R. |Dharwadkar}}
| Kho kho || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jimmy |George}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ami |Ghia}}
| Badminton || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shantha |Rangaswamy}}
| Cricket || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shailaja |Salokhe}}
| Table Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|H. S. |Sodhi}}
| Equestrian || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1976
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Geeta |Zutshi}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Leslie |Fernandez|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Satish |Kumar|dab=athlete}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Athletics{{small|§}} || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|A. Ramana |Rao}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sita |Rawlley}}
| Golf || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|M. T. |Selvan}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Harcharan |Singh|dab=field hockey}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kanwal Thakar |Singh}}
| Badminton || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Birender Singh |Thapa}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|T. |Vijayaraghava}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1977–1978
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gundappa |Viswanath}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh |Babu|link=Suresh Babu (long jumper)}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shubrata |Dutta}}
| Powerlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gurdev Singh |Gill| Gurdev Singh Gill (footballer)}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Angel Mary |Joseph}}
| Athletics || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ekambaram |Karunakaran}}
| Weightlifting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Shernaz |Kermani}}
| style="background-color:#E0E0D1;" | Paraplegics{{small|§}}{{efn|Wheelchair, Javelin throw, Swimming & Table Tennis}} || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. P. |Khatavkar}}
| Kabaddi || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kutty |Krishnan}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|C. C. |Machaiah}}
| Boxing || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Minati |Mahapatra}}
| Cycling || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Nirupama |Mankad}}
| Lawn Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|S. K. |Mongia}}
| Yachting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Monotosh |Roy}}
| Bodybuilding || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Arvind |Savur}}
| Snooker || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajinder |Singh|dab=wrestler}}
| Wrestling || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1978–1979
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Randhir |Singh|dab=sport shooter}}
| Shooting || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Prasun |Banerjee}}
| Football || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Vasudevan |Baskaran}}
| Hockey || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kapil |Dev}}
| Cricket || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ramaswamy |Gnanasekaran}}
| Athletics || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rajkumar |Manchanda}}
| Squash || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Suresh Kumar |Mishra}}
| Volleyball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rekha B. |Mundhphan}}
| Hockey || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sunil Kumar |Patra}}
| Bodybuilding || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Om |Prakash|link = Om Prasash (basketball player)}}
| Basketball || Male
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Indu |Puri}}
| Table Tennis || Female
|-

| style="text-align:center;" |1979–1980
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bakshish |Singh}}
| Boxing || Male

|}

==Explanatory notes==
{{notelist|refs=
{{efn|name=a|The cash prize was introduced in the year 1977{{ndash}}1978 as a scholarship of {{INRConvert|200}} a month for 2 years.<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Two years Scholarship for winners|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-&-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=27 October 1978|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1978-JULY-DEC-MINISTRY-OF-EDUCATION-SOCIAL-WELFARE-%26-CULTURE/PDF/EDU-1978-10-27_165.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> It was revised to one time cash prize of {{INRConvert|5|k}} in 1986,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Award for 1986 to 13 Sports persons|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=12 January 1988|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1988-JAN-JUNE-HUMAN-RESOURCE-DEVIL-VOL-I/PDF/HRD-1988-01-12_014.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|20|k}} in 1987,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=30 May 1989|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/RASHTRAPATI%20BHAWAN/1989-JAN-DEC-PRESIDENT-SECTT/PDF/RPB-1989-05-30_030.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|50|k}} in 1993,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna awards, Dronachrya awards for 1998 Presented|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-&-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=22 July 1993|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143057/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1993-JAN-DEC-YOUTH-AFFAIRS-%26-SPORTS/PDF/YTH-1993-07-22_045.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|1.5|l}} in 1998,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Value of cash prize enhanced|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=1 September 1998|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143138/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr99/l0999/r010999.html#8|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|3|l}} in 2001,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards scheme Revised|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=3 April 2002|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143222/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/03042002/r0304200215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> to {{INRConvert|5|l}} in 2009,<ref>{{cite press_release|title=Several initiatives undertaken for transformation of sports|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=22 December 2009|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001163838/http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=56322|url-status=live}}</ref> and to {{INRConvert|15|l}} in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enhancement of cash amount of Sports Awards 2020|url=http://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=27 August 2020|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143104/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Enhancement%20of%20cash%20amount%20of%20Sports%20Awards%202020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="ArjunaAward">{{cite web|title=List of Arjuna Awardees (1961-2018)|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=12 September 2020|format=PDF|df=dmy-all|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084523/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/LIST%20OF%20ARJUNA%20AWARDEES.docx%2061%20-%2017_0_0.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Award Winners 1961-1973|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1974-DEC-PRESS%20RELEASE%20AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1974-08-10_078.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=19 September 2020|date=10 August 1974|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229185752/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1974-DEC-PRESS%20RELEASE%20AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1974-08-10_078.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Awards-1974|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1975-JULY-DEC-EDUCATION-&-SOCIAL-WELFARE/PDF/EDU-1975-12-10_168.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=19 September 2020|date=10 December 1975|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229193831/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/EDUCATION/1975-JULY-DEC-EDUCATION-%26-SOCIAL-WELFARE/PDF/EDU-1975-12-10_168.pdf|url-status=live}}
*{{cite press_release|title=Arjuna Award for 19|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-04-30_054.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|accessdate=19 September 2020|date=30 April 1977|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229193827/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1977-JAN-DEC-AWARDS/PDF/DEF-1977-04-30_054.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name="Scheme">{{cite web|title=Revised Scheme of Arjuna Award|url=https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|accessdate=22 September 2020|date=7 September 2018|format=PDF|df=dmy-all|archive-date=29 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201229143100/https://yas.nic.in/sites/default/files/Revised%20Scheme%20of%20Arjuna%20Award%20%28amended%20as%20on%207.9.2018%29_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EverestNews">{{cite news |last1=Chhetri |first1=Vivek |title=Team spirit at its peak for Arjuna |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |accessdate=22 September 2020 |work=Telegraph India |date=30 May 2015 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001205604/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/team-spirit-at-its-peak-for-arjuna/cid/1523047 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0 Official Website]

{{Arjuna awards}}
{{National Sports Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Arjuna Award recipients (1970-1979)}}
[[Category:Lists of Arjuna Award recipients|1970-1979]]
[[Category:Indian sports trophies and awards]]

Bhai Kanhaiya

2025-11-24T10:39:31Z

JoanneMoffit: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Sikh saint and founder of the Sewapanthis}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| name = Kanhaiya
| honorific prefix = Bhai
| sect = [[Sewapanthi]]
| image = Fresco depicting Bhai Kanhaiya seated on a terrace leaning against a bolster from Sri Khat Wari Darbar, Shikarpur, Sindh.jpg
| caption = Fresco depicting Bhai Kanhaiya seated on a terrace leaning against a bolster from Sri Khat Wari Darbar, Shikarpur, Sindh
| office1 = Leader of the [[Sewapanthi]] sect
| predecessor1 = ''none'' (founder)
| teacher = [[Nanua Bairagi]]
| successor1 = Bhai Sewa Ram
| parents = Mata Sundri Ji and Sri Nathu Ram Ji
}}

'''Bhai Kanhaiya''' (1648–1718; also spelt as '''Bhai Ghanaiya<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Dilagīra |first=Harajindara Siṅgha |title=The Sikh Reference Book |publisher=Sikh Educational Trust for Sikh University Centre, Denmark |year=1997 |isbn=0-9695964-2-1 |edition=1st |location=Edmonton, Alb., Canada |pages=602 |oclc=37769917 |quote=SEWA PANTHI : - This term is used sometimes for the associates of Bhai Ghanaiya Singh, the leader of the Sikh Red-Cross . Literally : Sewa Panthi is person whose life is devoted to the services (of the Sikh nation).}}</ref>'''), known as '''Khat Waro Bao''' and '''Khaatwala Baba''' in [[Sindh]],<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |date=24 January 2018 |title=Sikhi & Sindhis |work=SikhNet |url=https://www.sikhnet.com/news/sikhi-sindhis}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=T. R. |title=Maharaja Ranjit Singh: Ruler and Warrior |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University |year=2005 |isbn=9788185322353 |pages=99}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Proceedings - Punjab History Conference, Volume 27, Part 1 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University |year=1991 |isbn=9788173802201 |pages=63}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Malkani |first=K. R. |title=The Sindh Story |publisher=Allied |year=1984 |pages=152}}</ref> born to Mata Sundari ji and father Sri Nathu Ram's home village Saudra district Sialkot now in Pakistan, was a [[Sikh]] disciple of [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]] and was requested to establish the [[Sewapanthi]] or Addanshahi order of the Sikhs by [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. He was known for pouring water for all the wounded members of the battlefield no matter whether they were Sikhs or fighting against the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ranjit Singh|title=Golden Crystal|date=2013|publisher=Unistar Books|location=Chandigarh|isbn=9789351130482|page=180}}</ref>

During his youth he also spent a lot of time in the company of [[Nanua Bairagi]], who belonged to a [[Saini]] agriculture family<ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=Bhagata Siṅgha Hīrā|title=Bhai Kanhaiya, Beacon-light of Humanitarian Service & the Apostle of Peace|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A0eAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Sewa Jyoti Publications|chapter=Ch. 6. A Contact with Bhakt Nanua|page=19 |quote=Bhai Kanhaiya would have hardly stepped in his teens that he, fortuitously, came across saint Nanua, an eminent gnostic and a heavenly-minded man. His company and precepts had lasting effect on his delicate mind.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Bhagata Siṅgha Hīrā|title=Bhai Kanhaiya, Beacon-light of Humanitarian Service & the Apostle of Peace|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A0eAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Sewa Jyoti Publications|chapter=Ch. 6. A Contact with Bhakt Nanua|page=22|quote=Bhai Kanhaiya passed his early days in his company. He listened to his sermons with keen interest, enjoyed his charming communions with eagerness and moulded his character accordingly. His devotion to Nanua advanced every day. As a true devotee he adopted his every advice.}}</ref> and was also a disciple and comrade of last three Sikh gurus. Nanua Bairagi was a renowned poet-mystic of Punjab<ref name="Nanua hymn">{{cite book|quote=Nanua Bhagat is a renowned ascetic and mystic and a Punjabi poet of the classical school|title=Rose-garden of the Punjab: English renderings from Punjabi folk poetry|page= 106|author= Gurbachan Singh Talib|publisher=Punjabi University|year= 1973}}</ref> and he left a deep imprint on Bhai Kanhaiya's spiritual and humanitarian outlook in his formative years.<ref>''"Bhai Kanhaiya would have hardly stepped in his teens that he, fortuitously, came across saint Nanua, an eminent gnostic and a heavenly-minded man. His company and precepts had lasting effect on his delicate mind."'' Bhai Kanhaiya, Beacon-light of Humanitarian Service & the Apostle of Peace, Chapter 6- A Contact with Bhakt Nanua, p. 19, Bhagata Singha Hīrā, Published by Sewa Jyoti Publications, 1988</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Fresco depicting Bhai Khanaiya meeting Guru Gobind Singh from Sri Khat Wari Darbar, Shikarpur, Sindh.jpg|thumb|Fresco depicting Bhai Khanaiya meeting [[Guru Gobind Singh]] from Sri Khat Wari Darbar, Shikarpur, Sindh]]
Bhai Kanhaiya was born in 1648<ref name=":0" /> in the Dhamman [[Khatri]] community of Sodhara, to Mata Sundari ji and father Sri Nathu Ram's near [[Wazirabad]] in the [[Sialkot]] region (now in Pakistan), and his father was a wealthy broker. He was known to have a habit of giving to the poor from a very young age.

In his youth, Kanhaiya met a man named Nauna Bairagi, who was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] of the 9th Sikh Guru, [[Guru Tegh Bahadur]].<ref name=":1" /> Their connection allowed Kanhaiya to meet the Guru, and he converted to Sikhism.<ref>Hīrā, B. S.. Ch. 6, “A Contact with Bhakt Nanua. Bhai Kanhaiya”, Beacon-light of Humanitarian Service & the Apostle of Peace. Sewa Jyoti Publications, 22-23.1988</ref> Kanhaiya stayed and continued to serve the Sangat (community). Kanhaiya was assigned as Guru's water bearer and later in [[Langar (Sikhism)|Langar]] (community kitchen). He also looked after Guru Sahib's [[Working animal|steeds]]. After the death of the 9th Guru, the 10th Guru, [[Guru Gobind Singh]], had [[Guru Gaddi|ascended]] and Kanhaiya began to follow him. Kanhaiya was visiting [[Anandpur Sahib|Anandpur]] in May 1704 when the city was attacked by a combination of [[Hill States of India|Rajput troops]] and their [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] partners. Bhai Kanhaiya was frequently seen carrying a goatskin water pocket and serving water to anyone who was thirsty.<ref name=":2">Burra, Srinivas. "Collective Engagement and Selective Endorsement: India’s Ambivalent Attitude Towards Laws of Armed Conflict." ''Locating India in the Contemporary International Legal Order'' (2018): 51-65.</ref> He performed this [[Sevā|sewa]] (magnanimous administration) with adoration.<ref name=":3">Jammu, Dilpreet Singh. "Compassion in Sikhism: A scriptural, traditional and historical perspective." ''Compassion in the'' 4 (2016): 266-274.</ref> This irritated the Sikh warriors on the battlefield, who complained to the Guru. The Guru then asked Kanhaiya, "These Sikhs are saying that you go and feed water to the enemy and they recover". Kanhaiya replied, saying, "Yes, my Guru, what they say is true, however, there were no Mughals or Sikhs on the battlefield. All I saw were people."<ref name=":3" />

The answer satisfied the Guru.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /> He provided with Bhai Kanhaiya with medical aid,<ref name=":3" /> and later on his mission came to be known as the [[Sewapanthi|Sewa Panthi Sampradaye]].<ref name=":0" />

=== In Sindh ===
He was sent by the Guru to Sindh in-order to propagate the Sikh religion amongst the locals of the region.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> He is locally known as ''Khat Waro Bao'' or ''Khaatwala Baba'' in Sindh as he would preach whilst seated on a bed.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> The Khat Wari Darbar in [[Shikarpur, Sindh|Shikarpur]] is a Sindhi temple dedicated to him.<ref name=":4" /> After his passing, he was succeeded as head of the Sewapanthi sect by Bhai Sewa Ram.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=3, M-R |location=Patiala |pages=299 |oclc=29703420 |quote=PARCHl BHAl SEVA RAM is a biographical sketch, in Punjabi verse, of Bhai Seva Ram who led the Sevapanthi sect after the death of its founder Bhai Kanhaiya, a disciple of Guru Gobind Singh}}</ref> His successor would continue preaching and proselytizing Sikhism in Sindh.<ref name=":4" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Bhai Kanhaiya 1998 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Bhai Kanhaiya on a 1998 stamp of India]]
SGPC under president Prof Kirpal Singh Badungar first time celebrated the birth anniversary of Bhai Kanhaiya ji on September 20, 2017. In this context, the Punjab government under chief minister Capt. Amrinder Singh too celebrated his birthday on September 20, 2017 as the Manav Sewa Diwas.

==See also==
*[[Sevā]]
*[[Sewapanthi]]
*[[Nanua Bairagi]], mentor of Bhai Kanhaiya

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book | author=Lal Chand| title=Sri Sant Rattan Mala| publisher=Patiala| year=1955 | id=ISBN }}
*{{cite book | author=Gurmukh Singh| title=Sevapanthian di Panjahl Sdhit nun Den| publisher=Patiala| year=1986 | id=ISBN }}

== External links ==

{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanhaiya, Bhai}}
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:1648 births]]
[[Category:1718 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh saints]]

Bengaluru South City Corporation

2025-10-23T18:25:57Z

JoanneMoffit: starting with redirect

#REDIRECT [[Greater Bengaluru Authority#City Corporations under GBA]]

Chugawan

2025-10-14T03:35:12Z

JoanneMoffit: stub.

{{Short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Chugawan
| other_name = Chogawan
| settlement_type = Village
| translit_lang1 = Cugāvāṁ
| image_skyline = Photograph of a gurdwara located in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg
| image_caption = Photograph of a gurdwara located in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.82917584206751|N|75.26666219660096|E|display=inline,title|format=dms}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| population_total = 2,420
| population_as_of = 2011
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 6.27
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=30 August 2019|page=32|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
{{Not to be confused with|Chogawan|Chogawan, Bhulath|text=[[Chogawan]] located in the [[Amritsar district]] or [[Chogawan, Bhulath]] tehsil located in the [[Kapurthala district]]}}
'''Chugawan''', sometimes spelt as '''Chogawan''' or '''Chuganwan''', is a village located in the [[Moga district]] of [[Punjab, India]]. It is located {{cvt|12|km}} east of [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]], the principal city of the [[Moga district]]. The total literacy rate of Chugawan is 79.49%, out of which the individual literacy values by [[sex]] are 85.91% for males and 72.12% for females of the locality.{{when?|date=April 2023}}{{fact|date=April 2023}} There are about 497 houses located in the village.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Census of India 2011 - Punjab - Series 04 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Moga |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1007 |access-date=17 August 2022 |website=Census of India}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Chugawan village in Moga tehsil, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Chugawan village in Moga tehsil, Survey of India geographical block-map for 44 N NW Ferozepore (1921)]]
According to 19th century land-records, the village was founded by [[Sodhi|Sodhis]] and [[Gill (name)|Gill Jats]].<ref name=":1">"India, Punjab, Moga Land Ownership Pedigrees, 1887-1958," images, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939V-YZZP-8?cc=1867929&wc=M6PG-GPD%3A170343101%2C170937802</nowiki> : 20 May 2014), Moga District Office > vol. 161 1887-1888 (Chugawan, HBN 31) (in Urdu)</ref> According to Charles Francis Massy, the Sodhis of Chugawan, Moga, and Sodhiwala in Malwa are descended from Chandsain, the youngest son of [[Prithi Chand]], who was the eldest son of [[Guru Ram Das]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Massy |first=Charles Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01UoAAAAYAAJ&dq=chuganwan&pg=PA276 |title=Chiefs and Families of Note in the Delhi, Jalandhar, Peshawar and Derajat Divisions of the Panjab |publisher=Pioneer Press |year=1890 |pages=276–277}}</ref> Descendants of Awwal Khair live in Chugawan, they belong to the Wadan ''muhin'' of the Gill ''[[gotra]]'' of [[Jats]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Hoshiapur |publisher=Controller of Print. and Stationery |year=1983 |pages=72}}</ref> The land-records state that the area was once barren-land.<ref name=":1" /> For the tax-collection, whenever a crop was planted, a portion had to be submitted and there was a fixed amount per area.<ref name=":1" /> In the 19th century, there was a dispute between the Sodhis and Gills against a third-party, however the Sodhis and Gills were re-affirmed to their ownership of the land.<ref name=":1" />

During World War I, at-least thirty-five local men from Chugawan served in the British Indian Army during the war, with at-least three of them dying and one whose status was not traceable.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Williams |first=George |title=Punjab Registers: Ferozepore District - Chughawan |publisher=University of Greenwich |year=1920}}</ref>

== Land records ==
[[File:Example_of_a_genealogical_pedigree_(family-tree)_of_a_landowning_family_of_Chugawan_village_in_Moga_district,_Punjab,_1887–1888.jpg|thumb|Example of a genealogical pedigree (family-tree) of a landowning family of Chugawan village in Moga district (formerly part of Ferozepore district), Punjab, 1887–1888]]
''[[Shajra|Shajjra Nasb]]'' (also known as ''Kursee Nama''{{Efn|Kursee Nama is also spelt as 'Kurseenama' or 'Kursinama'.|group=note}}) records of Chugawan village from 1887–1888 and 1953–1954 have been digitized by the [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] via [[FamilySearch]] and are available for online viewing.<ref>"India, Punjab, Moga Land Ownership Pedigrees, 1887-1958," images, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939V-YZZP-8?cc=1867929&wc=M6PG-GPD%3A170343101%2C170937802</nowiki> : 20 May 2014), Moga District Office > vol. 161 1887-1888 (Chugawan, HBN 31) > image 1 of 13; District Offices, Moga.</ref><ref>"India, Punjab, Moga Land Ownership Pedigrees, 1887-1958," images, ''FamilySearch'' (<nowiki>https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:939V-YZ84-N?cc=1867929&wc=M6PG-KP8%3A170343101%2C170649701</nowiki> : 20 May 2014), Moga District Office > vol. 35 1953-1954 (Chugawan, HBN 31) > image 1 of 42; District Offices, Moga.</ref> These records detail land ownership pedigrees for families of the village.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=India, Punjab, Moga Land Ownership Pedigrees - FamilySearch Historical Records |url=https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/India,_Punjab,_Moga_Land_Ownership_Pedigrees_-_FamilySearch_Historical_Records |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2024 |title=India Land and Property |url=https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/India_Land_and_Property |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref>

== Culture ==
The village belongs to the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwai culture]] and the [[Malwai dialect]] of Punjabi is spoken by the locals.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Moga |first1=Parminder Singh Grover |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dy-pOAnlQL0C&q=malwa+punjab&pg=PT16 |title=Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab |last2=Singh |first2=Davinderjit |date=20 May 2011 |publisher=Parminder Singh Grover |pages=179 |language=en}}</ref>

There is a shrine in the village dedicated to a ''[[fakir]]'' named Baba Sayyad Kabir, who is believed to be buried there.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Snehi |first=Yogesh |title=Spatializing Popular Sufi Shrines in Punjab: Dreams, Memories, Territoriality |date=April 24, 2019 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780429515637 |chapter=Table 2.2: Fairs and festivals in the 'memory of pirs' held in Ferozepur district of Punjab (including Muktsar and Moga) in the year 1961}}</ref> It is believed that offering salt at the shrine cures warts.<ref name=":0" /> There is a one-day ''[[Melā|mela]]'' festival held in Chugawan during the month of ''[[Chet (month)|Chet]]'' (March-April) dedicated to the saint.<ref name=":0" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Photograph of a local park located within Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Green Park
File:Photograph of a traditional meeting-place under an old tree in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Traditional meeting-place (known as a ''sath'') under an old tree
File:Photograph of an Udasi-affiliated religious compound located in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|[[Udasi]]-affiliated religious compound
File:Photograph of the Dargah of Baba Sayyad Kabir located in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Dargah of Baba Sayyad Kabir
File:Photograph of the grave of Baba Sayyad Kabir within his dargah located in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Grave of Baba Sayyad Kabir within his dargah
File:Photograph of a Punjabi folk religion shrine located on the outskirts of Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|[[Punjabi folk religion]] shrine of Baba Buta located on the outskirts of Chugawan village
File:Photograph of a Punjabi folk religion shrine in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Punjabi folk religion shrine of Baba Sidh in Chugawan village
File:Photograph of an idol located within a Punjabi folk religion shrine in Chugawan village, Moga district, Punjab, India, April 2023.jpg|Idol of Baba Sidh located within a Punjabi folk religion shrine in Chugawan village
</gallery>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Moga district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Buddhism and caste

2025-09-26T01:39:08Z

JoanneMoffit: basic rework intro based on references and cleaned formatting per sources

{{Short description|none}}

{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
[[Buddhism]] arose in the Indian subcontinent in the 5th century BC, when the predominant religion in the region was [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanism]], a predecessor of modern-day [[Hinduism]]. Hinduism supported a religiously and socially motivated [[Caste system in India|caste system]], which continues to play a significant role in the society of India today. Due to differing [[Buddhist cosmology|metaphysical]] and [[Buddhist ethics|ethical]] doctrines, '''Buddhist attitudes towards caste''' have historically diverged from and rejected those of casteism in several ways.<ref name=JS>{{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/iij/63/2/article-p128_2.xml?language=en&ebody=pdf-63199|title=Indian Buddhist Attitudes toward Outcastes|first=Jonathan|last=Silk|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|date=2020|volume=63 |issue=2 |pages=128–187 |doi=10.1163/15728536-06302003 |s2cid=225688259 |doi-access=free|hdl=1887/138378|hdl-access=free}}</ref>{{rp|p=128}}

Buddhism is integrated into the [[Newar caste system]] among the [[Newar people]] of [[Nepal]], just north of India.

There has been much debate about the extent to which Buddhism has been ideologically opposed to the caste system in India. The teachings of the Buddha have been described as fundamentally anti-caste.<ref name=JS />{{rp|p=128}} However, there is also evidence of complacency towards caste discrimination in early Buddhist literature,<ref name=JS />{{rp|p=129}} and it is unclear whether members of "untouchable" castes were treated as having the same potential for enlightenment as others.<ref name=JS />{{rp|p=137}}

==Background==
The Hindu caste system is structured around two key concepts through which members of society are categorized, {{transliteration|sa|[[varṇa]]}} ({{lang|sa|वर्ण}}) and {{transliteration|sa|[[jāti]]}} ({{lang|sa|जाति}}). Jati refers to countless [[endogamous]] groups defined by [[career|occupation]], social status, shared [[ancestry]], and locality, while varna divides society into a hierarchy of (usually four) broad social classes. The social hierarchy between jati is determined by their relationship to the more general hierarchy of varnas. From least to most privileged, the traditional varnas and their associated occupational classes are [[Shudras]] (manual laborers), [[Vaishyas]] (Farmers, landlords, Merchants), [[Kshatriyas]] (warriors and rulers), and [[Brahmins]] (the priestly class).<ref name=ST>{{cite book |last1=Tenhunen |first1=Sirpa |last2=Säävälä |first2=Minna |title=An Introduction to Changing India: Culture, Politics and Development |date=2012 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-0-85728-805-9 |pages=33–34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hIHJEJxnVcC |access-date=20 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

As with jati, varnas are linked to occupation, endogamy, and inherited status. However, varna is also related to Hindu religion and myth, and concepts of relative spiritual purity. [[Vaivasvata Manu#Descendants|The myth of Manu]] describes the four varnas originating from different parts of the body of the original man. Unlike the European system of the [[estates of the realm]], varna was also defined by ritual purity. It was believed that ritual impurity could be transmitted to a member of a higher varna by direct or indirect contact with a member of a lower one.<ref name=ST /> According to some traditions, all varnas but shudra could claim [[dvija]] status, admitting the study of religious texts. It was also thought that the soul could move between varnas between rebirths, but that a person was stuck within their birth caste for life. Those who were not counted as members of any varna ({{transliteration|sa|avarṇa}}) were either so-called "tribal" or [[Adivasi]] people, or untouchable [[Dalits]] given the most stigmatized work in the community. Though negative caste-based discrimination has been illegal in India since 1948,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-06-28/struggle-to-challenge-indias-caste-system/101185772 | title='I would tell the other girls at school that I was Brahmin': The struggle to challenge India's caste system | newspaper=ABC News | date=27 June 2022 }}</ref> it still has serious effects in parts of the country.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-35650616|title=What is India's caste system?|date=25 February 2016|work=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Discussion of caste in Buddhist sources==
Buddhist sources contain discussion of the origins and nature of the Indian caste system, as well as some arguments against caste discrimination in both religious and everyday contexts. Hindu and Buddhist scriptures are both preoccupied by the four-varna system, while the distinctions between jati have held more importance in recent history. Further, the caste system was scarcely as pervasive or consistent in the Indian subcontinent as it is idealised to be in scriptural sources, due to varied geography, cultural differences between regions, and changing conditions throughout history.<ref name=ST /> In as much as Buddhist sources have less ideological investment in the caste system than Brahmanical sources, they may provide historians with a less exaggerated account of the role of caste in the economy and society of ancient India.<ref name=UC>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/21781975|title=Towards a Historical Sociology of Stratification in Ancient India: Evidence From Buddhist Sources|first=Uma|last=Chakravarti|year=1984|journal=Economic and Political Weekly}}</ref>{{rp|p=356}} Many Buddhist texts suggest that ancient Indian society was effectively operating on much vaguer distinction between "high" ({{lang|pi|ukkaṭṭha}}) and "low" ({{lang|pi|hīna}}) occupations, as opposed to an idealised varna system.<ref name=UC />{{rp|p=357}} Furthermore, Buddhist scriptures deny superiority based on birth, but accept the four classes as an inevitable part of society. In contrast to Hindu sources, the warrior usually comes before the brahmin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofindiant0001unse_j5i5_2 |title=Sources of Indian tradition |date=1988 |publisher=New York : Columbia University Press |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-231-06650-1 |pages=98}}</ref>

===Social as opposed to intrinsic determination of caste===
A key difference from the Brahmanical understanding of caste has been observed in early Buddhist literature relating to the Buddhist distinction between the real and the [[nominalism|nominal]]. Two early Buddhist texts, the {{transliteration|sa|Kalpadrumāvadānamālā}} and the {{transliteration|sa|Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna}} refer to enforced social distinctions such as the four varnas as [[Samjna (concept)|{{transliteration|sa|sañjñā(māntra)}}]], {{lit|(mere) nominal designations}}. In general, early Buddhist philosophical sources conclude that caste distinctions are mainly imperceptible, and only the result of social conventions, determining nothing about the inner essence of the people they refer to.<ref name=EV>{{cite book|last1=Eltschinger|first1=Vincent|title=Caste and Buddhist Philosophy|date=2012}}</ref>{{rp|pp=1–3}}<ref name=JS />{{rp|p=129}} The {{transliteration|sa|Śārdūlakarṇāvadāna}} illustrates the nominality of the four varnas using the following allegory:<ref name=EV />{{rp|p=4}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Divyāvadānam|chapter=śārdūlakarṇāvadānam|url=https://suttacentral.net/divy33/san/vaidya?reference=none&highlight=false|language=sa}}</ref>
{{blockquote|Just as sand does not become food simply because a child says so when young children playing on a main road build sand pies and give them names, saying “This one is milk, this one is meat, and this one is curd,” so it is with the four classes [{{transliteration|sa|varṇās}}], as you, the Brahmin, describe them.}}
While Buddhist philosophy tends to deny the four varnas any inherent reality, the social processes behind their development are considered in some texts. For example, the {{transliteration|pi|[[Aggañña Sutta]]}} describes the first Kshatriya arising from a primordial, unstratified society due to the need for the community to enact punishment ({{transliteration|pi|daṇḍa}}) against the original crime of theft. It describes the origin of the other three varnas through similar myths focussed on human drama.<ref name=EV />{{rp|pp=6–8}}

In the {{transliteration|pi|Vasala Sutta}} of the {{transliteration|pi|[[Sutta Nipāta]]}}, the Buddha is on his alms round and encounters a Brahmin, who calls him an outcaste ({{transliteration|pi|vasalaka}}) and demands that he does not enter his home. The Buddha responds by reprimanding the Brahmin's understanding of caste and redefining {{transliteration|pi|vasala}} and {{transliteration|pi|brāhmaṇa}} respectively in terms of bad and good Buddhist conduct. He concludes that "not by birth is one an outcast; not by birth is one a brahman. By deed one becomes an outcast, by deed one becomes an brahman."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.1.07.piya.html|chapter=Vasala Sutta: Discourse on Outcasts|title=Sutta Nipāta}}</ref> The idea that Brahminhood is determined by actions rather than birth appears frequently in Buddhist literature. Though this position rejects the typical birth-based caste hierarchy in favour of a deed-based view of social status, it does not strictly deny the validity of caste distinctions. Its purpose may simply be to defend the central role of action ({{transliteration|sa|karma}}) in determining one's status, in line with Buddhist doctrine, rather than to advocate for a radical egalitarian restructuring of caste society.<ref name=JS />{{rp|p=140}}

==Caste and Buddhist practice==
===Varna in the {{transliteration|pi|saṅgha}}===
In the [[Divyavadana|{{transliteration|sa|Divyāvadāna}}]], the Buddhist king [[Asoka]] is questioned by one of his ministers for "bow[ing] down to renunciants who come from all castes." The king responds that "at the time of a wedding, a marriage, one [rightly] considers caste, but not at the time of teaching the Dharma. For the causes of the practice of the Teaching are good qualities; good qualities do not pay attention to caste."<ref name="JS" />{{rp|pp=133}} This is both a denial of the relevance of caste after ordination into the sangha,<ref name="JS" />{{rp|pp=131}} and an affirmation of its validity in the social affair of marriage.<ref name="JS" />{{rp|pp=135}} The same position is repeated in the [[Da zhidu lun|{{transliteration|sa|Mahāprajñāpāramitopadeśa}}]].<ref name="JS" />{{rp|pp=147}} In practice, the majority of the early Sangha came from the upper Brahmin and Kshyatriya castes.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://web.uni-frankfurt.de/irenik/relkultur50.pdf|title=Buddhism: An Atheistic and Anti-Caste Religion?|year=2001|journal=Journal of Religious Culture|first=Edmund|last=Weber}}</ref>

==The Buddha's own caste==
[[File:Great Departure - Schist - ca 2nd Century CE - Gandhara - Loriyan Tangai - ACCN 5043 - Indian Museum - Kolkata 2016-03-06 1480.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35 |Prince Siddhārtha leaving the palace on a horse during the [[Great Renunciation]].]]
The Buddha was born as Prince Siddhārtha into the {{transliteration|pi|[[Kshatriya|Khattiya]]}} warrior caste of the {{transliteration|pi|[[Shakya|Sakaya]]}} clan.<ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{cite book |last1=Hirakawa |first1=Akira |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030 |title=A History of Indian Buddhism: From Śākyamuni to Early Mahāyāna |date=1990 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |page=21 |hdl=10125/23030 |access-date=2023-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308145824/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/23030 |archive-date=2021-03-08 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> However, the Sakaya clan existed on the northern periphery of India, and they did not uphold the four-varna system common elsewhere in India, instead dividing society into and aristocratic caste of {{transliteration|pi|khattiya}}, and a slave caste of {{transliteration|pi|suddas}}. Other scholars have stated that the Buddha did not follow the four fold Aryan Caste System for it was not part of his ethnic heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Levman |first=Bryan |date=January 2014 |title=Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276914202 |website=ResearchGate}}</ref>

==Buddhism and untouchability outside of India==
[[File:Hinin indou no kirikami talisman.png|thumb|Example of a talisman used in Sōtō Zen on the corpse and home of a deceased Buraku for "negating relations to parents, family, and other humans in all directions," as part of rites meant to sever karmic links to the community, who might otherwise be haunted for mistreating them.<ref name="WB" />]]
Far beyond the range of Hindu practice and the caste system of India, [[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism|Buddhism eventually spread]] into east Asian regions including China, Korea, and Japan. Each of these regions has its own indigenous religions with which Buddhism iteracted. Some of these interactions relate to non-Indian forms of [[untouchability]].<ref name="HP" />

===Japan===
In Japan, the predominant religion of [[Shinto]]ism emphasised a system of [[harae|ritual purity]] and [[kegare|defilement]]. Though in India, Buddhism presented a form of rejection of Hindu ideas of irremediable defilement, Buddhist doctrines had different effects in the Japanese context. Various acts prohibited as immoral in Buddhism, particularly involving the slaughter of animals and consumption of meat, combined with pre-existing Shinto ideas, leading to a set of occupations being labelled as defiled or untouchable. This began with occupations relating to handling dirt and animal and human corpses, but spread to encompass a few other menial tasks including basket and sandal making. The people who performed these occupations became a segregated untouchable caste within Japanese society.<ref name="HP">{{cite journal|first=Herbert |last=Passin |title=Untouchability in the Far East |year=1955 |journal=Monumenta Nipponica|volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=247–267 |doi=10.2307/2382914 |jstor=2382914 }}</ref>{{rp|pp=32–33}} This group of people were originally referred to as the {{transliteration|ja|eta}} ({{lang|ja|穢多}}, {{lit|greatly defiled}}). An additional class of occupations that were considered outside social norms, including travelling actors, prostitutes, and beggars, later formed a second outcaste group called the {{transliteration|ja|hinin}} ({{lang|ja|非人}} {{lit|inhuman}}).<ref name="HP" />{{rp|pp=33–34}} The specific membership of these groups has not been constant throughout history, but a generalised untouchable group called the {{transliteration|ja|Burakumin}} ({{lang|ja|部落民}}, {{lit|hamlet people}}) was enforced during the [[Tokugawa period]], discrimination relating to {{transliteration|ja|Buraku}} status continues to be an issue in present-day Japan.<ref name="LA">{{cite journal|title=The ''Burakumin'': The Complicity of Japanese Buddhism in Oppression and an Opportunity for Liberation|url=http://kusala.online-dhamma.net/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%20Theravada%20Buddhism%20E-Library/054%20%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C%20Magazine/Journal%20of%20Buddhist%20Ethics/JBE/www.jbe.gold.ac.uk/7/alldritt001.html#39|first=Leslie|last=Alldritt|journal=Journal of Buddhist Ethics|year=2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526141208/http://kusala.online-dhamma.net/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99/%E5%8D%97%E5%82%B3%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8%20Theravada%20Buddhism%20E-Library/054%20%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C%20Magazine/Journal%20of%20Buddhist%20Ethics/JBE/www.jbe.gold.ac.uk/7/alldritt001.html#39 |archive-date= May 26, 2023 }}</ref><ref name="WB">{{cite journal|title=Zen and the Art of Religious Prejudice|url=http://enlight.lib.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-MAG/mag51762.pdf|first=William|last=Bodiford|journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies|year=1996|volume=23 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.18874/jjrs.23.1-2.1996.1-27 }}</ref>

==Newar caste system==
[[File:Vajracharya_priest.jpg|thumb|A Newar Buddhist priest of the Vajracharya caste]]
{{main article|Newar caste system}}
Among the Newar people of Nepal, [[Newar Buddhists]] are a minority, representing 10.74% of the Newar population in 2011, compared to majority of [[Newar Hindus]], representing 87.38%.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |title=Population Monograph of Nepal |date=2014 |isbn=978-9937-2-8972-6 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |series=Volume II |access-date=2020-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918043750/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/Population%20Monograph%20of%20Nepal%202014/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf |archive-date=2017-09-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Despite this, the Newar caste system inteleves separate castes for Hindus and Buddhists, spanning all levels of the social hierarchy.

The existence and influence of [[Buddhist]] "ex-monks" from ancient times in the Kathmandu Valley added a "double-headed" element to the Newar caste system. While [[Rajopadhyaya|Rājopādhyāya]] Brahmins (or Déva-bhāju) occupied the highest social position in the Hindu side, the [[Vajracharya]] (or Guru/Gu-bhāju) formed the head among the Buddhists. For Hindu Newars, Brahmans had formal precedence with Kshatriyas, which included the royal family and the various groups now known as [[Shresthas|Srēṣṭha]] who ran the administration of the Malla courts. For Buddhist Newars, the non-celibate ([[Grihastha|gr̥hastha]]) priestly [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] class [[Vajracharya]]s and [[Shakyas]] (who are collectively called "Bañdā" or "Baré") were provided with the highest position. In Kathmandu, they were followed by a lay patron Buddhist caste of [[Uray (caste group)|Urāy]], or [[Upāsaka and Upāsikā|Upasakas]], who specialized in the trade with Tibet.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Nepal|last1=Whelpton|first1=John|date=2005|page=31|publisher=Cambridge Univ Press |isbn=9780521804707 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnepal00whel}}</ref> Therefore, the Hindu Rajopadhyaya [[Brahmins]] and Buddhist [[Vajracharya]]s occupy the highest position in Newar society.<ref name="Bista">People of Nepal - Dor Bahadur Bista</ref> This is followed by the Hindu [[Kshatriya]] nobility (Chatharīya Srēṣṭha) and the [[Vaishya]] merchant and traders castes. The Newar ''varna'' logic as stratified from the Hindu Brahmanic perspective place Shakya-Baré, [[Uray (caste group)|Urāy]] among the Buddhists, and [[Shresthas#Sr.C4.93.E1.B9.A3.E1.B9.ADha sub-caste groups|Pāncthariya Srēṣṭha]], and other groups above the Jyapus among the Hindus among the ''[[dvija|dwija]]'' twice-born status as the core [[Vaishya]] castes of Newars who are highly specialized in trade and commerce.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mesocosm: Hinduism and the Organization of a Traditional Newar City in Nepal|last1=Levy|first1=Robert I.|date=1990|url=http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft6k4007rd/ |publisher=UC Press E-Books Collection, 1982-2004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122013946/http://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft6k4007rd&brand=ucpress |archive-date= Jan 22, 2022 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Buddhism and society|caste]]
[[Category:Caste]]

List of Sarsanghchalaks of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh

2025-09-01T17:24:32Z

JoanneMoffit: Article enhanced with better details

#REDIRECT [[List of leaders of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh#Sarsanghchalak]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Kokila Devi

2025-07-13T20:56:31Z

JoanneMoffit: new new bio

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
'''Kokila Devi''' (1896-1936) was an Indian writer in [[Odia language]], known for her work titled ''[[Bilasini]]'', based on widow remarriage.<ref name=Naik2021>{{cite journal |last1=Naik |first1=Raghumani |title=Foremost Women Litterateurs: The Torch Bearers of Freedom Struggle in Odisha |journal=IJCRT |date=9 September 2021 |volume=9 |issue=9 |url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2109346.pdf |issn=2320-2882}}</ref><ref name=Mohanty2005>{{cite book |last1=Mohanty |first1=Sachidananda |editor1-last=Mohanty |editor1-first=Sachidananda |title=Early Women's Writings in Orissa, 1898-1950: A Lost Tradition |date=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=0-7619-3308-5 |pages=93–98 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAicQsB1jkgC&pg=PA93 |language=en |chapter=5. Kokila Devi}}</ref>

==Works==
*{{cite journal |last1=Devi |first1=Kokila |last2=Mohanty |first2=Sachidananda |title=Bilasini |journal=Indian Literature |date=2000 |volume=44 |issue=2 (196) |pages=19–22 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23342773?typeAccessWorkflow=login |issn=0019-5804}} (translated from Odia)

==See also==
*[[List of Odia writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Bhadrak]]

Languages of the 8th Schedule to the Indian constitution

2025-05-23T20:47:09Z

JoanneMoffit: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Languages with official recognition in India#Scheduled languages of the Indian Constitution]]

{{R to section}}

RadioJoyAlukkas.com

2025-03-23T21:18:44Z

JoanneMoffit:

{{short description|Internet radio website in Malayalam language}}
'''RadioJoyAlukkas.com''' was an [[internet radio]] website in [[Malayalam language]], operated by the [[Joy Alukkas|Joy Alukkas group]]. The website started functioning from November 6, 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/11/03/stories/2007110352271500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104113725/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2007/11/03/stories/2007110352271500.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=January 4, 2008 |title=Internet Radio |publisher=The Hindu Online, India's National Newspaper}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trivandrum.co.in/0711.html |title=Joy Alukkas group launches Internet radio |publisher=Trivandrum, Calendar of Events, November 2007}}</ref>

The radio had [[24/7]] entertainment, live [[breaking news]] times, interviews with [[celebrities]], shows anchored by [[film]] and [[television]] stars besides [[comedy]] shows hosted by [[Comedian]]s. Good Morning Kerala, open the day's proceedings and follow with news time. 'Hello Joy Alukkas' was the popular program in the channel anchored by [[Ashalatha (singer)|Asha Latha]] and Balakrishnan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Everyone's Ashachechi|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/entertainment/music/290917/everyones-ashachechi.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> It was one of the front line [[internet radio]] in [[Malayalam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Metro Plus Thiruvananthapuram, Internet Radio |publisher=The Hindu Online, India's National Newspaper | location=Chennai, India |date=November 3, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tune into the great duo of radio|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/feb/13/tune-into-the-greatduo-of-radio-2263229.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The radio brings songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] as well.

The RadioJoyAlukkas operated its service from [[Dubai Media City]]. It was registered under [[Joyalukkas]], [[Dubai]], a company dealing in the [[wholesale]] and [[retail]] marketing of [[Diamonds]] and [[Gold]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIjewellers/Middle_East/%20Joy_%20Alukkas_Group/index%20.htm |title=Joy Alukkas Group |publisher=NRI Internet news}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|Radio}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Malayalam journalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radiojoyalukkas.Com}}
[[Category:Internet radio in India]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Radio stations established in 2007]]

{{Internet-bcast-stub}}