https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Joann47Q9259 2026-08-17T09:03:28Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tiruvadanai_Assembly_constituency&diff=541547 2026-05-07T15:51:06Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made a stub w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Tiruvadanai<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 210<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Tiruvadanai.svg<br /> | mla = [[Rajeev]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency|Ramanathapuram]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam }}<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | electors = 283,864 <br /> }}<br /> '''Tiruvadanai''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Ramanathapuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 22 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India. It is a component of [[Ramanathapuram Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | Chelladurai<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| [[KR. RM. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[P. R. Shanmugam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[KR. RM. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[S. Anguchamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[K. Sornalingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| [[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[Suba. Thangavelan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[Karunas]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[R. M. Karumanikam]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22210.htm?ac=210 | title=Election Commission of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | Rajeev<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|39.33}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|41.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|39.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}|61.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.92}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|35.56}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.80}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.96}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.32}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|52.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Swatantra Party}}|59.88}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|30.50}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22210.htm&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rajeev (politician)|Rajeev]] |party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= 69551|percentage= 31.57%|change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=RM. Karumanickam|party=Indian National Congress|votes= 67038|percentage=30.43%|change=-8.9% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Keerthika |party=AIADMK|votes= 63879|percentage=29.00% |change=-3.46%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= N. Premnath|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=13389 |percentage=6.08% |change=-2.10%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=354 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,513 |percentage=1.14% |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= 220278|percentage=78.08% |change=+8.7%}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 282121|change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Indian National Congress |swing=2513 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tiruvadanai Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a210|access-date= 2 Jul 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. M. Karumanikam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=79,364 |percentage=39.33% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Animuthu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,512 |percentage=32.46% |change=-8.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. D. N. Anandh |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,426 |percentage=16.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jawahar |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=16,501 |percentage=8.18% |change=+6.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sathyaraj |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=2,208 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,852 |percentage=6.86% |change= 2.20% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=201,815 |percentage=69.37% |change= 1.16% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=502|percentage=0.25% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,943 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Karunas|Karunas (Mukkulathor Pulippadai)]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=76,786 |percentage=41.14% |change= ''New'' |Party-name=Mukkulathor Pulippadai}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. P. Thivakaran|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=68,090|percentage=36.48%|change=-4.63}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Dhevanathan Yadav|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,842|percentage=6.34%|change=+4.02}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[B. John Pandian]]|party=Tamizhaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam|votes=9,597|percentage=5.14%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Manimaran|party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|votes=4,913|percentage=2.63%|change=-37.89}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohamed Shariff Sate|party=Social Democratic Party of India|votes=4,728|percentage=2.53%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajiv Gandhi|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes=3,739|percentage=2.00%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,696 |percentage=4.66% |change= 4.07% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=186,649|percentage=68.21%|change=-3.40%}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 273,644 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Suba Thangavelan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,165 |percentage=41.11% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Mujupur Rahman |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=63,238 |percentage=40.52% |change=+35.34 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Pandivelu |party=Independent politician |votes=6,667 |percentage=4.27% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paulin Tharsis |party=IDP (disambiguation) |votes=3,919 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. Karuppaiah |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=3,871 |percentage=2.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahalingam Siva |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,632 |percentage=2.33% |change=+0.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,201 |percentage=1.41% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. S. Balakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,448 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kasbar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,390 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Shahul Hameed |party=Independent politician |votes=1,252 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Senthil Ramu |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=986 |percentage=0.63% |change=-0.63 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=927 |percentage=0.59% |change= -3.87% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=156,072 |percentage=71.61% |change= 5.89% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 217,955 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -5.82% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=55,198 |percentage=46.94% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Animuthu |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,945 |percentage=42.47% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thiruvengadam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,091 |percentage=5.18% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Erulaiya |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,064 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subramanian |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,485 |percentage=1.26% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Liyakath Ali |party=Independent politician |votes=1,444 |percentage=1.23% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rowthar Nainar Mohamed |party=Independent politician |votes=739 |percentage=0.63% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Siva |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=639 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,253 |percentage=4.47% |change= 2.40% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=117,605 |percentage=65.71% |change= 5.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,964 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 7.82% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=43,536 |percentage=39.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jones Russo |party=Independent politician |votes=41,232 |percentage=37.05% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajendran |party=MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,392 |percentage=20.12% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. Mohamed Musthafa |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,866 |percentage=2.58% |change=-3.64 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Pandiyarajan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation |votes=751 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,304 |percentage=2.07% |change= -44.05% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=111,294 |percentage=59.86% |change= -1.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,083 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= -22.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Ramasamy (politician)|K. R. Ramasamy]] |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=68,837 |percentage=61.77% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sakthivel |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,437 |percentage=15.65% |change=-47.27 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Karunanithi |party=Independent politician |votes=13,767 |percentage=12.35% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Mangaleswaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,926 |percentage=6.22% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Ramadoss |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=2,697 |percentage=2.42% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Simson |party=Independent politician |votes=684 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=51,400 |percentage=46.13% |change= 16.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=111,436 |percentage=61.20% |change= 0.99% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 189,680 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.14% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ramasamy Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,723 |percentage=62.92% |change=+27.36 }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Sornalingam |party=Janata Dal |votes=35,187 |percentage=33.68% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppiah |party=Independent politician |votes=1,976 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Namachivayam |party= |votes=1,005 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=30,536 |percentage=29.23% |change= 27.51% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=104,461 |percentage=60.20% |change= -6.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 180,875 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 27.36% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Eramasamy Ambalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=38,161 |percentage=35.56% |change=-12.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Murugappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,311 |percentage=33.84% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sornalignam |party=Independent politician |votes=18,444 |percentage=17.19% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[M. Thennavan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=13,475 |percentage=12.56% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,850 |percentage=1.72% |change= -17.17% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=107,314 |percentage=66.78% |change= -5.68% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,820 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.24% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sornalingam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,618 |percentage=47.80% |change=+12.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Gnanaprakasam |party=Independent politician |votes=28,801 |percentage=28.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Maliappan |party=Independent politician |votes=18,835 |percentage=18.91% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. K. Haja Najumuddn |party=Independent politician |votes=3,574 |percentage=3.59% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Alagu |party=Independent politician |votes=787 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,817 |percentage=18.89% |change= 16.70% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=99,615 |percentage=72.46% |change= 5.58% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,152 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 9.84% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anguchamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,392 |percentage=37.96% |change=+5.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. T. M. Ramanathan Thevara |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,406 |percentage=35.77% |change=-0.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=16,578 |percentage=18.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.W. Savarimuthi Udayair |party=Janata Party |votes=7,225 |percentage=7.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,986 |percentage=2.19% |change= -2.05% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=90,601 |percentage=66.88% |change= -0.71% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,737 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 1.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kr. Rm. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,386 |percentage=36.75% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Anguchamy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,650 |percentage=32.51% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. W. Savarimuthi Udayair |party=Janata Party |votes=16,126 |percentage=18.30% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kamalam Sellathurai |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=10,964 |percentage=12.44% |change=-41.88 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,736 |percentage=4.24% |change= -5.12% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=88,126 |percentage=67.60% |change= -6.51% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,813 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -17.57% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Shanmugham |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,417 |percentage=54.32% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kr. Rm. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=33,457 |percentage=44.97% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Somasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=527 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,960 |percentage=9.35% |change= 3.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=74,401 |percentage=74.10% |change= -4.01% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,818 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= 2.11% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Ambalam |party=Swatantra Party |votes=37,556 |percentage=52.21% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Arunachalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,587 |percentage=46.69% |change=+10.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. L. Nagasundaram |party=Independent politician |votes=792 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,969 |percentage=5.52% |change= -17.73% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=71,935 |percentage=78.12% |change= 6.51% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,849 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Swatantra Party |swing= -7.67% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kr. Rm. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]] |party=Swatantra Party |votes=37,612 |percentage=59.88% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramakrishna Thevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,011 |percentage=36.64% |change=+16.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanuja Josiar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,187 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,601 |percentage=23.25% |change= 13.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=62,810 |percentage=71.61% |change= 17.98% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,297 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Swatantra Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 29.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Tiruvadanai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kr. Rm. Kariya Manickam Ambalam]] |party=Independent politician |votes=13,633 |percentage=30.50% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramakrishnathevar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,186 |percentage=20.55% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vellayan |party=Independent politician |votes=8,237 |percentage=18.43% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. L. Pichaikutti Udayar |party=Independent politician |votes=7,837 |percentage=17.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Natarasathvar |party=Independent politician |votes=5,807 |percentage=12.99% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,447 |percentage=9.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,700 |percentage=53.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,346 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|9|46|57.65|N|78|54|49.19|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Ramanathapuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vihaan_Samat&diff=544355 2026-05-07T09:19:15Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made a stub first draft!</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{Short description|Indian Actor}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox actor<br /> | name = Vihaan Samat<br /> | image = Vihaan Samat at the Call Me Bae Premiere.jpg<br /> | caption = Samat in 2024<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|03|9|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal]], India<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | alma_mater = [[Tisch School of the Arts]]<br /> | years_active = 2020–present<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Vihaan Samat''' (born 9 March 1996) is an Indian actor who works in [[Hindi]]-language films and series. He is best known for playing the lead part in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Eternally Confused and Eager for Love]]'' (2022) and a supporting part in the Netflix romantic comedy series ''[[Mismatched]]'' (2020–present).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pardiwalla |first1=Tanzim |title=Exclusive: Vihaan Samat on Mismatched, manifesting his dream roles and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-vihaan-samat-on-mismatched-manifesting-his-dream-roles-and-more-56462.html |website=filmfare.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Vihaan Samat was born into a [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] family&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mazumdar |first=Ankita |date=12 September 2024 |title=Ananya, Vihaan And Kamiya Talk About The Delights Of Sindhi Food |url=https://curlytales.com/ananya-vihaan-and-kamiya-talk-about-the-delights-of-sindhi-food/ |website=Curly Tales}}&lt;/ref&gt; on 9 March 1996 in [[Calcutta]] and raised in [[Mumbai]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |title=In Bed With Vihaan Samat: &quot;Communication can fix most things. For the rest, there's hugs.&quot; |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/brunch/in-bed-with-vihaan-samat-communication-can-fix-most-things-for-the-rest-there-s-hugs-101666376653183.html |website=Hindustan Times |publisher=HT Media Limited |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en |date=21 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He attended the Arya Vidya Mandir School and the [[Dhirubhai Ambani International School]]. He graduated from the [[New York University]]'s [[Tisch School of the Arts]] in 2018 after studying method acting and returned to India the following year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Vinay MR |title=Vihaan Samat on getting facing rejections before Mismatched: Initially I would let things affect me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/vihaan-samat-on-getting-facing-rejections-before-mismatched-initially-i-would-let-things-affect-me-101661072451645.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2022 |publisher=HT Media Group |access-date=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chowdhury |first1=Titas |title=Vihaan opens up on his journey from USA to Mumbai |url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/ht-city/20220405/281603833987424 |website=Pressreader |publisher=HT Media Limited |access-date=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He began his career with a supporting role in the feature film ''[[Worth (film)|Worth]]'' starring [[Michael Keaton]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Manjusha |title=Indian actor Vihaan Samat on overcoming growing pains in 'Eternally Confused And Eager For Love' |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/indian-actor-vihaan-samat-on-overcoming-growing-pains-in-eternally-confused-and-eager-for-love-1.86839907 |website=gulfnews.com |date=30 March 2022 |publisher=GN Media |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He then essayed the role of Harsh Agarwal in the Netflix television show, ''Mismatched''. The show was produced by RSVP. On the show, Suchin Mehrotra of Film Companion commented: &quot;The show remains an appealing, easy watch due to its charming cast. As Harsh, Vihaan <br /> , armed with his impressive American accent is given a lot more to do this time around. And the show does well to navigate the Harsh-Dimple-Rishi love triangle with a touching sensitivity.&quot;<br /> <br /> He then played the lead role of an anxiety-stricken young man called Ray in the Netflix series ''[[Eternally Confused and Eager for Love]].''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Netflix announces new series Eternally Confused and Eager for Love |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/days-of-growing-up-370927 |website=The Tribune |publisher=The Tribune Trust |access-date=18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Eternally Confused and Eager for Love |url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81197473 |website=Netflix |access-date=18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show was produced by [[Tiger Baby Films]] and directed by Rahul Nair. On his performance, Sanchita Jhunjhunwala wrote: &quot;Vihaan as Ray puts together a great performance and you enjoy watching him take on this journey. While he does manage to make you feel sorry for him, there are times when you also find the crossroads he's at, relatable (in different ways, for different people of course). He does fit into the character pretty fine and there aren't any two ways about it, even though it was a pretty surprising cast, but well, that's where the acting stands out&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Jhunjhunwala |first1=Sanchita |title=Review: Eternally Confused and Eager for Love is relatable in bits and makes for a breezy binge |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/review-eternally-confused-and-eager-for-love-is-relatable-in-bits-and-makes-for-a-breezy-binge_185288 |website=India Forums |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has appeared in multiple brand endorsements like [[Mamaearth]] with [[Sara Ali Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Mamaearth launches new TVC with Sara Ali Khan |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/brandwagon/mamaearth-launches-new-tvc-with-sara-ali-khan/2555956/ |website=Financial Express |date=10 June 2022 |publisher=India Express Group |access-date=18 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his first audio debut with [[Audible (service)|Audible]] India's Hindi adaptation of [[Marvel's Wastelanders]] as Jordan Temple, alongside [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as the Black Widow and [[Masaba Gupta]] as Lisa Cartwright.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mugdh |first1=Mantra |title=Brace yourselves for Black Widow's epic comeback in the third season of the Hindi Audible Original podcast series - Marvel’s Wastelanders! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cx-jIEPoivI/?igshid=MzRlODBiNWFlZA%3D%3D |website=Instagram |publisher=Audible India |access-date=23 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=ANI |title=This is what Kareena has to say about playing Black Widow in Marvel's 'Wastelanders' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/this-is-what-kareena-has-to-say-about-playing-black-widow-in-marvels-wastelanders/1837448/ |website=ThePrint |publisher=Printline Media Pvt. Ltd. |access-date=11 November 2023 |date=8 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has mentioned he has an interest in working in biopics, science fiction films and investigative thrillers. He has mentioned he would like to work on &quot;stories with a soul&quot; and things that would last &quot;long after I’m gone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pardiwalla |first1=Tanzim |title=Exclusive: Vihaan Samat on Mismatched, manifesting his dream roles and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-vihaan-samat-on-mismatched-manifesting-his-dream-roles-and-more-56462.html |website=filmfare.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He frequently performs theatre with ''[[Mismatched]]'' directors [[Akarsh Khurana]] and Adhaar Khurana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Shende |first1=Neha |title=Vihaan Samat Interview |url=https://www.mumbaitheatreguide.com/dramas/interviews/vihaan-samat-interview.asp# |website=mumbaitheatreguide.com |date=23 August 2022 |publisher=Fifth Quarter Infomedia Put Ltd |access-date=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mishra |first1=Vinay MR |title=Vihaan Samat on getting facing rejections before Mismatched: Initially I would let things affect me |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/vihaan-samat-on-getting-facing-rejections-before-mismatched-initially-i-would-let-things-affect-me-101661072451645.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=21 August 2022 |publisher=HT Media Group |access-date=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2024, he appeared opposite [[Ananya Panday]] in the [[Amazon Prime Video]] comedy series ''[[Call Me Bae]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ahuja |first1=Sanjeev K |date=10 June 2023 |title=Real-life Korean businessman bags role in Amazon Web Series &quot;Call Me Bae&quot; |url=https://www.asiancommunitynews.com/real-life-korean-businessman-bags-role-in-amazon-original-web-series-call-me-bae/ |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Asian Community News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Raut |first1=Rahul |date=11 January 2019 |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Ananya Pandey's debut series 'Call Me Bae' set to roll; Vir Das, Gurfateh Pirzada &amp; others join the cast |url=https://peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/69213/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Ananya-Pandeys-debut-series-Call-Me-Bae-set-to-roll-Vir-Das-Gurfateh-Pirzada-others-join-the-cast.html |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=Peepingmoon |publisher=Clapping Hands Private Limited |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in [[Vikramaditya Motwane]]'s cyber thriller ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' on [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=19 January 2023 |title=Photos: Ananya Panday, Vihaan Samat and Vikramaditya Motwane snapped in Versova {{!}} Parties &amp; Events - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-ananya-panday-vihaan-samat-vikramaditya-motwane-snapped-versova/ |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=That's a Wrap! Mismatched star Vihaan Samat wraps his next Untitled Cyber-Thriller Film opposite Ananya Panday directed by Vikram Aditya Motwane |url=https://www.bollywoodbubble.com/bollywood-news/vihaan-samat-wraps-his-next-opposite-ananya-panday-directed-by-vikram-aditya-motwane/ |access-date=18 April 2023 |website=Bollywood Bubble |publisher=www.bollywoodbubble.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He will reportedly be seen in a web series produced by Applause Entertainment with [[Ileana D'Cruz]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |title=From Ileana D'Cruz's Diwali Celebrations On A Beach. See Pics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-ileana-d-cruz-s-diwali-celebrations-with-anya-singh-vihaan-samat-and-other-friends-on-beach-3465961 |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=NDTV.com |publisher=AMG Media Networks Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> <br /> === Television ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2020–2024 || ''[[Mismatched]]'' || Harsh Agarwal || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pardiwalla |first1=Tanzim |title=Exclusive: Vihaan Samat on Mismatched, manifesting his dream roles and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-vihaan-samat-on-mismatched-manifesting-his-dream-roles-and-more-56462.html |website=filmfare.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pardiwalla |first1=Tanzim |title=Exclusive: Vihaan Samat on Mismatched, manifesting his dream roles and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-vihaan-samat-on-mismatched-manifesting-his-dream-roles-and-more-56462.html |access-date=21 February 2023 |website=filmfare.com |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022 || [[Eternally Confused and Eager for Love|''Eternally Confused and Eager For Love'']] || Ray || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Pardiwalla |first1=Tanzim |title=Exclusive: Vihaan Samat on Mismatched, manifesting his dream roles and more |url=https://www.filmfare.com/interviews/exclusive-vihaan-samat-on-mismatched-manifesting-his-dream-roles-and-more-56462.html |website=filmfare.com |publisher=The Times of India |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || ''[[Call Me Bae]]'' || Agastya Choudhary || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Raut |first1=Rahul |title=PeepingMoon Exclusive: Ananya Pandey's debut series 'Call Me Bae' set to roll; Vir Das, Gurfateh Pirzada &amp; others join the cast |url=https://peepingmoon.com/exclusive-news/news/69213/PeepingMoon-Exclusive-Ananya-Pandeys-debut-series-Call-Me-Bae-set-to-roll-Vir-Das-Gurfateh-Pirzada-others-join-the-cast.html |website=Peepingmoon |publisher=Clapping Hands Private Limited |access-date=4 July 2023 |language=en |date=11 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2025 || ''[[The Royals (2025 TV series)|The Royals]]'' || Yuvaraj Digvijay &quot;Diggy&quot; Singh||<br /> |-<br /> | TBA || Untitled series || TBA || Filming ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Chaubey |first1=Pranita |title=From Ileana D'Cruz's Diwali Celebrations On A Beach. See Pics |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/inside-ileana-d-cruz-s-diwali-celebrations-with-anya-singh-vihaan-samat-and-other-friends-on-beach-3465961 |website=NDTV.com |publisher=AMG Media Networks Limited |access-date=21 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> |-<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 2020 || ''Worth'' || Patel || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Radhakrishnan |first1=Manjusha |title=Indian actor Vihaan Samat on overcoming growing pains in 'Eternally Confused And Eager For Love' |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/indian-actor-vihaan-samat-on-overcoming-growing-pains-in-eternally-confused-and-eager-for-love-1.86839907 |website=gulfnews.com |date=30 March 2022 |publisher=GN Media |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || ''[[CTRL (film)|CTRL]]'' || Joe Mascarenhas || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Photos: Ananya Panday, Vihaan Samat and Vikramaditya Motwane snapped in Versova {{!}} Parties &amp; Events - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/photos-ananya-panday-vihaan-samat-vikramaditya-motwane-snapped-versova/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=21 February 2023 |language=en |date=19 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Samat, Vihaan}}<br /> [[Category:Indian actors]]<br /> [[Category:1996 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Sindhi male actors]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulsan_Mullick&diff=501379 2026-05-06T16:38:44Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Adding Info.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Gulsan Mullick''' (born 1958)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gulsan Mullick(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- PANCHLA(HOWRAH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=680 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Panchla Assembly constituency]] in [[Howrah district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Panchla, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/panchla-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797255-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Mullick is from [[Panchla]], Howrah district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Yunus Mullick. He studied Class 12 at [[Prabhu Jagatbandhu College|Prabhu Jagabandhu College]], [[Andul, Howrah|Andul Howrah]], which is affiliated with [[University of Calcutta]] and passed the pre university course examinations in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Mullick won from Panchla Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 104,572 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mohit Lal Ghanti of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 32,751 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panchla Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Panchla Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-panchla-constituency-175.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He first became an MLA winning the [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Indian National Congress]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panchla Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/panchla-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=resultuniversity.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later shifted to the All India Trinamool Congress party and won three consecutive terms in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]], [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panchla Assembly Election Results 2021 - Panchla Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/panchla-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016 Assembly election, he defeated Doli Roy of AIFB by a margin of 31,927 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Panchla Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Gulsan Mullick of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/panchla-election-result-2021-live-updates-panchla-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694679.html |access-date=2025-03-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Panchla Assembly Constituency 2021 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/panchla-688229736 |access-date=4 March 2025 |website=Hinidustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mullick, Gulsan}}<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:People from Howrah district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aroor_Assembly_constituency&diff=487535 2026-05-05T07:16:06Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Creating Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Aroor<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]<br /> | state = Kerala<br /> | constituency_no = 102<br /> | map_image = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = Sunrise Beauty of Nature.jpg<br /> | photo2a = Aroorseafood.jpg<br /> | spacing = 1<br /> | color_border = black<br /> | color = white<br /> | size = 200<br /> }}<br /> | map_caption = '''Top to Bottom''':&lt;br&gt;sunrise from Aroor Bridge, seafood export processing plant at [[Aroor]].<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = 1,91,898 (2019)<br /> | mla = [[Shanimol Osman]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | district = [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]<br /> }} <br /> '''Aroor State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = https://alappuzha.nic.in/legislative-assembly-constituencies<br /> |website = alappuzha.nic.in<br /> |title = State Assembly Constituencies in Alappuzha district, Kerala<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Daleema|Daleema Jojo]] of [[CPI(M)]].<br /> <br /> ==Local self-governed segments==<br /> Aroor Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/alappuzha.html<br /> |website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in<br /> |title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Alappuzha District<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{srn}}<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash&quot;<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; | Name<br /> ! width=&quot;130px&quot; | Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[Arookutty]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aroor]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Pallippuram, Alappuzha|Chennam - Pallippuram]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ezhupunna]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kodamthuruth]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kuthiathode]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Panavally]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Perumbalam]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thaikattussery|Thycattussery]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |-<br /> | [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]]<br /> | Grama panchayat<br /> | Cherthala<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Aroor Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/aroor-assembly-constituency-map.html<br /> |website = www.mapsofindia.com<br /> |title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Aroor<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Travancore - Cochin Legislative Assembly''' <br /> <br /> [[1952 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1952]]- Avira Tharakan<br /> <br /> [[1954 Travancore-Cochin Legislative Assembly election|1954]]- Avira Tharakan<br /> <br /> '''Key'''<br /> <br /> {{Party index link|Communist Party of India}} {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} {{Party index link|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}} {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Election<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Niyama&lt;br&gt;Sabha<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Member<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; |Tenure<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | 1st <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[P. S. Karthikeyan]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> | 1957–1960<br /> |-<br /> | [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]<br /> | 2nd<br /> | 1960–1965<br /> |-<br /> |[[1965 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1965]]<br /> | -<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[K. R. Gowri Amma]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | 3rd<br /> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br /> | 1967–1970<br /> |-<br /> | [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]<br /> | 4th<br /> | 1970–1977<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | 5th<br /> | [[P. S. Sreenivasan]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> | 1977–1980<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | 6th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |K. R. Gowri Amma<br /> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}<br /> | 1980–1982<br /> |-<br /> | [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> | 7th<br /> | 1982–1987<br /> |-<br /> | [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> | 8th<br /> | 1987–1991<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | 9th<br /> | 1991–1996<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | 10th<br /> | {{Party name with color|Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|rowspan=2}}<br /> | 1996–2001<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | 11th <br /> | 2001–2006<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | 12th<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[A. M. Ariff]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}<br /> | 2006–2011<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | 13th<br /> | 2011–2016<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |14th<br /> | 2016–2019<br /> |-<br /> | [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019*]]<br /> | [[Shanimol Usman]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 2019-2021<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |15th<br /> |[[Daleema]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |2021-2026<br /> |-<br /> |[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |16th<br /> | [[Shanimol Usman]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | 2026 – present <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aroor}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = [[Shanimol Usman]]<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage =<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) <br /> |candidate = [[Daleema]]<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena <br /> |candidate = Adv. P. S. Jyothis<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Dravida Party<br /> |candidate = Vayalar Rajeevan<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)<br /> |candidate = N. K. Sasikumar<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = Vipin<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = <br /> |percentage = 83.35<br /> |change = {{up}}1.11<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> There were 2,00,005 registered voters in Aroor Constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aroor}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) <br /> |candidate = [[Daleema]]<br /> |votes = 75,617<br /> |percentage = 45.98<br /> |change = {{up}}2.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress <br /> |candidate = [[Shanimol Usman]]<br /> |votes = 68,604<br /> |percentage = 41.71<br /> |change = {{down}}3.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bharath Dharma Jana Sena <br /> |candidate = T. Aniyappan<br /> |votes = 17,479<br /> |percentage = 10.63<br /> |change = {{up}}0.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 846<br /> |percentage = 0.51<br /> |change = {{down}}0.03<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Rugma Prasad<br /> |votes = 682<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Democratic Social Justice Party<br /> |candidate = Ambika K. N.<br /> |votes = 682<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist) <br /> |candidate = K. Prathapan<br /> |votes = 374<br /> |percentage = 0.23<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = Vayalar Rajeevan<br /> |votes = 164<br /> |percentage = 0.10<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = Pramod Perumpuzha<br /> |votes = 161<br /> |percentage = 0.10<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = Chandran <br /> |votes = 89<br /> |percentage = 0.05<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 7,013<br /> |percentage = 4.26<br /> |change = {{up}}2.92<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,64,491<br /> |percentage = 82.24<br /> |change = {{up}}1.77<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = {{up}}2.44<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2019 by-election===<br /> Due to the election of the sitting MLA, [[A. M. Ariff]], as the [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency]], Aroor Assembly constituency held a by-election in 2019. There were 1,91,898 registered voters in Aroor Constituency for this election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://results.eci.gov.in/ACBYEOCT2019/ConstituencywiseS11102.htm?ac=102<br /> |website = results.eci.gov.in<br /> |title = Aroor Niyamasabha Constituency Byelection Results, Election Commission of India.<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Aroor]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Shanimol Usman]]<br /> |votes = 69,356 <br /> |percentage = 44.88%<br /> |change = {{gain}}16.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Manu C. Pulikkal<br /> |votes = 67,277 <br /> |percentage = 43.54%<br /> |change = {{loss}}8.80<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = K. P. Prakash Babu<br /> |votes = 16,289<br /> |percentage = 10.54%<br /> |change = {{down}}6.60<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |candidate = None of the above<br /> |votes = 840 <br /> |percentage = 0.54%<br /> |change = {{gain}}0.09<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Geetha Asokan<br /> |votes = 352 <br /> |percentage = 0.23%<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = K. B. Sunil Kumar<br /> |votes = 278 <br /> |percentage = 0.18%<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Alleppy Sugunan<br /> |votes = 142<br /> |percentage = 0.09%<br /> |change = ''N/A''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 2,079<br /> |percentage = 1.34%<br /> |change = {{loss}}22.46<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,54,534<br /> |percentage = 80.47%<br /> |change = {{loss}}5.35<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = {{gain}}16.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> There were 1,88,615 registered voters in Aroor Constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016<br /> |website = eci.gov.in<br /> |title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Aroor]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. M. Ariff]]|votes=84,720|percentage=52.34%|change={{increase}}0.06}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=C. R. Jayaprakash|votes=46,201|percentage=28.54%|change={{decrease}}12.25}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=T. Aniyappan|votes=27,753|percentage=17.14%|change={{up}}12.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=Mohan Chacko|votes=761|percentage=0.47%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=736|percentage=0.45%|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. Prathapan|votes=556|percentage=0.34%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Liyakath Ali|votes=434|percentage=0.27%|change={{decrease}}0.05}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Faizal|votes=433|percentage=0.27%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Thuravoor Rajasekharan|votes=281|percentage=0.17%|change=}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 38,519<br /> |percentage = 23.80%<br /> |change ={{increase}}12.31 <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,61,875|percentage=85.82%|change={{increase}}1.59}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing ={{increase}}0.06 <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> There were 1,74,130 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Aroor]]}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. M. Ariff]]|votes=76,675|percentage=52.28|change={{up}}2.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=A. A. Shukoor|votes=59,823|percentage=40.79|change={{down}}4.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=T. Sajeev Lal|votes=7,486|percentage=5.10|change={{up}}2.17 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=V. Lenin|votes=787|percentage=0.54|change={{up}}0.19 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Suresh Babu|votes=776|percentage=0.53|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jayaprakash|votes=476|percentage=0.32|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=S. Sarath|votes=378|percentage=0.26|change=-}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=T. P. Radhakrishnan|votes=275|percentage=0.19|change=-}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 16,852<br /> |percentage = 11.49<br /> |change = {{up}}7.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,46,676|percentage=84.23|change={{up}}5.98 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = {{up}}2.73<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> There were 1,31,411 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aroor}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist) <br /> |candidate = [[A. M. Ariff]]<br /> |votes = 58,218<br /> |percentage = 49.55<br /> |change = {{up}}9.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy<br /> |candidate = [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]<br /> |votes = 53,465<br /> |percentage = 45.51<br /> |change = {{down}}4.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = BJP<br /> |candidate = N. V. Prakashan<br /> |votes = 3,437<br /> |percentage = 2.93<br /> |change = {{down}}0.79<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Gowri<br /> |votes = 1,063<br /> |percentage = 0.90<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = K. Prathapan<br /> |votes = 707<br /> |percentage = 0.60<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Thuravoor Suresh<br /> |votes = 407<br /> |percentage = 0.35<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = K. C. Kochappan<br /> |votes = 186<br /> |percentage = 0.16<br /> |change = -<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 4,753<br /> |percentage = 4.04<br /> |change = {{down}}6.06<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,17,483<br /> |percentage = 78.25<br /> |change = {{down}}0.61<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = CPI(M)<br /> |loser = Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy <br /> |swing = {{up}}9.67<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> There were 1,54,969 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aroor}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy<br /> |candidate = [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]<br /> |votes = 61,073<br /> |percentage = 49.99<br /> |change = {{down}}5.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = CPI(M)<br /> |candidate = K. V. Devadas<br /> |votes = 48,731<br /> |percentage = 39.88<br /> |change = {{down}}0.62<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = K. Rajeevan<br /> |votes = 5,521<br /> |percentage = 4.52<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = BJP<br /> |candidate = R. Viswakumar<br /> |votes = 4,545<br /> |percentage = 3.72<br /> |change = {{up}}0.12<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = K. S. Devadas<br /> |votes = 878<br /> |percentage = 0.72<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = K. Sabu Dinesh<br /> |votes = 496<br /> |percentage = 0.41<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Sebastin J. Thankiyil<br /> |votes = 447<br /> |percentage = 0.37<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = M. K. Sasikumar<br /> |votes = 429<br /> |percentage = 0.35<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 12,342<br /> |percentage = 10.10<br /> |change = {{down}}4.1<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,22,204<br /> |percentage = 78.86<br /> |change = {{up}}3.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy<br /> |swing = {{down}}5.21<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> There were 1,41,555 registered voters in the constituency for the 1996 election.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aroor}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy<br /> |candidate = [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]<br /> |votes = 61,972<br /> |percentage = 55.2<br /> |change = {{up}}8.5<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = CPI(M)<br /> |candidate = B. Vinod <br /> |votes = 45,439<br /> |percentage = 40.5<br /> |change = {{down}}9.4<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = BJP<br /> |candidate = H. Jayakumar <br /> |votes = 4,004<br /> |percentage = 3.6<br /> |change = {{up}}0.6<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = T. S. Balakrishnan<br /> |votes = 528<br /> |percentage = 0.5.<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = T. K. Vasu<br /> |votes = 232<br /> |percentage = 0.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Prabhakaran Vava<br /> |votes = 156<br /> |percentage = 0.1<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 16,533<br /> |percentage = 14.2<br /> |change = {{up}}11.0<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,16,406<br /> |percentage = 82.2<br /> |change = {{down}}2.1<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy<br /> |loser = CPI(M)<br /> |swing = {{up}}8.5<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> There were 1,34,671 registered voters in the constituency for the 1991 election.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Aroor}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |party = CPI(M)<br /> |candidate = [[K. R. Gowri Amma]]<br /> |votes = 56,230<br /> |percentage = 49.9<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = P. J. Francis <br /> |votes = 52,613<br /> |percentage = 46.7<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = BJP<br /> |candidate = V. Padmanabhan <br /> |votes = 3,357<br /> |percentage = 3.0<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |party = Independent <br /> |candidate = Chellappan Pillai <br /> |votes = 405<br /> |percentage = 0.4<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 3,617<br /> |percentage = 3.2<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,13,512<br /> |percentage = 84.3<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = CPI(M)<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Aroor]]<br /> * [[Alappuzha district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}<br /> {{coords|9.87|76.31|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:State assembly constituencies in Alappuzha district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balkunje&diff=489359 2026-05-03T08:56:15Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Creating New Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Balkunje<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = Karnataka <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname =<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt =<br /> | image_caption =<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 12<br /> | pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt =<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.1181|N|74.8430|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Seal of Karnataka.svg|Emblem of Karnataka}} [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = Region<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Dakshina Kannada]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Tulunaad]] ([[South Canara]])<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date =<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for =<br /> | government_type =<br /> | governing_body =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes =<br /> | area_rank =<br /> | area_total_km2 =<br /> | elevation_footnotes =<br /> | elevation_m = 24<br /> | population_total = 1551&lt;ref&gt;https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/41251&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank =<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym =<br /> | population_footnotes =<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Regional<br /> | demographics1_info2 =[[kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]]<br /> <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> 574154<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA]]<br /> | registration_plate = KA-19<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Mangaluru]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dakshina Kannada Lok Sabha constituency|Dakshina Kannada]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = [[Moodabidri Assembly constituency|Moodabidri]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Balkunje''' is a [[panchayat town]] located at [[Mangalore taluk]] in [[Dakshina Kannada district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]]. It is on the banks of [[Shambhavi River]]. It is next to the small village of [[Kavathar]], [[Karnire]]. Its nearest town is [[Palimar]] in [[Udupi District]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Balkunje, positioned along the [[Shambhavi River]] in the [[Tulu Nadu]] region of coastal Karnataka, owes its early settlement to the fertile alluvial soils suitable for [[paddy field|Paddy]] and [[coconut]] cultivation, characteristic of riverine villages in Dakshina Kannada. Historical patterns in the area suggest habitation by [[Tulu language|Tulu]]-speaking communities, including agrarian tribes like the Billavas and [[Bunt (community)|Bunts]], who established villages for farming and seasonal trade during the medieval period under local dynasties. The proximity to ancient ports like Barkur, a capital of the [[Alupa kingdom]] from the 8th to 14th centuries, contributed to regional stability and land grants that encouraged permanent agrarian communities in Tulu Nadu.<br /> Religious foundations in early Balkunje reflected the indigenous Tulu traditions of bhuta aradhane, involving worship of ancestral spirits and gramadevatas (village deities) through rituals like [[Buta Kola]], which served as communal safeguards against misfortune and emphasized causal links between natural forces and human affairs. These practices predated widespread Hindu temple construction but integrated with Shaivite influences, as seen in regional temples dedicated to Shiva lingas erected under Alupa patronage around the 11th century. <br /> Jainism also left traces in Tulu Nadu through merchant settlements and basadis (Jain temples), though specific evidence in Balkunje remains sparse, with epigraphical records from nearby sites attesting to early medieval religious pluralism.<br /> The transition to formalized [[Christianity]] occurred later amid Portuguese colonial influence in the 16th century, but organized institutions emerged in the 20th century. St. Paul's Church was established on January 1, 1915, as a chapel detached from Kirem and [[Kinnigoli]] parishes to better serve local Catholics, growing to encompass 220 families and 860 parishioners by the early 21st century. This development paralleled the 1930 founding of Providence Convent by the Bethany Sisters, focusing on education and healthcare, marking a shift toward institutional Christianity alongside enduring traditional practices<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> It has an average elevation of 24 metres.<br /> It is in the [[Kanara|Karavalli]] region of [[karnataka]], where it is suitable for agriculture and building factories. It is next to the River Shambhavi, which originates from [[kudremukh]] and ends at mulki with the [[Arabian Sea]].<br /> <br /> ==Agriculture==<br /> The major crops grown are paddy and sugar cane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1121864|title=Mangaluru: Balkunje supplies sugarcane for Ganesh Chaturthi to both DK, Udupi districts|website=daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> The town is well connected by roads to [[Palimar]], [[Padubidri]], [[Bajpe]], [[Kateel]],[[Karnire]] and [[Kinnigoli]] by district road. But due to aging structure of the bridge between Balkunje and Palimar, it is closed for heavy vehicles and private buses. Buses used to ply from Balkunje to Palimar and Padubidri and Adve. But due to bridge closing towards Palimar buses ply from Balkunje or either Karnire to towns like Kinnigoli and Kateel.<br /> <br /> The nearest airport to this town is [[Mangalore International Airport]], which is around 30&amp;nbsp;km from the village.<br /> <br /> Although the nearest railway station is [[Nandikoor railway station|Nandikur railway station]], people prefer to go at [[Mulki railway station]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/konkan-railway-announce-running-of-special-trains/articleshow/109538300.cms|title=Konkan Railway announce running of special trains|work=The Times of India |date=23 April 2024|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; as it is the nearest station for people to go to various big cities like [[Mumbai]], [[Murudeshwar]], and [[Mangalore]] while Nandikur does not provide access to these cities.<br /> <br /> ==Proposed KIABD industrial area ==<br /> There was a proposal for building an industrial area. But people protested against this action.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=967898|title=Mangaluru: Balkunje, Kollur, Ullepady villagers in distress over land acquisition by KIADB|website=daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the government decided not to build the industrial area.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/karnataka-budget-has-skipped-it-park-new-industrial-area-for-mangaluru-kcci/article66521599.ece|title=Karnataka Budget has skipped IT park, new industrial area for Mangaluru: KCCI |first= |last= |work=The Hindu |date=17 February 2023 |via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Importance inline|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Udupi]]<br /> *[[Mulki (disambiguation)|Mulki]]<br /> *[[Konkan railway]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Dakshina Kannada district]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aizawl_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481394 2026-05-01T13:01:56Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made some info w/ refs...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Local civic body in Aizawl, Mizoram, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Aizawl Municipal Corporation<br /> | native_name = <br /> | transcription_name = <br /> | legislature = <br /> | coa_pic = AMC Building.png<br /> | coa_res = <br /> | coa_alt = <br /> | house_type = Municipal Corporation<br /> | body = <br /> | term_limits = 5 years<br /> | houses = <br /> | leader1_type = Mayor<br /> | leader1 = H Lalremtluanga<br /> | party1 = [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]<br /> | leader2_type = Deputy Mayor<br /> | leader2 = R. Lalawmpuii<br /> | party2 = [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]<br /> | election1 = <br /> | members = 19<br /> | house1 = <br /> | house2 = <br /> | structure1 = <br /> | structure1_res = 250px<br /> | political_groups1 = '''Government (17)'''<br /> * {{Color box|{{party color|Zoram People's Movement}}}} [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] (17) <br /> '''Opposition (2)'''<br /> * {{Color box|{{party color|Mizo National Front}}}} [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] (1)<br /> * {{Color box|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (1)<br /> | political_groups2 = <br /> | committees1 = <br /> | committees2 = <br /> | joint_committees = <br /> | voting_system1 = <br /> | voting_system2 = <br /> | last_election1 = 2026<br /> | next_election1 = 2031<br /> | session_room = <br /> | session_res = <br /> | session_alt = <br /> | meeting_place = <br /> | website = https://amcmizoram.com/<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | Language = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Aizawl Municipal Corporation''' is a [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal body]] that governs the [[Aizawl]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[Mizoram]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> In 2010, the Aizawl Municipal council was upgraded to Aizawl Municipal Corporation under the Mizoram Municipalities Act, 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khojol |first=Henry L. |date=2021-01-22 |title=Aizawl Municipal Corporation election to be held on February 16 |url=http://www.eastmojo.com/news/2021/01/22/aizawl-municipal-corporation-election-to-be-held-on-february-16/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=EastMojo |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> The corporation consists of 19 seats, of which 6 seats- Ward -III, VIII, X, XIV, XVI and XIX are reserved for women.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/article/pti-stories/p-c-lalhmingthanga-sworn-in-as-first-mayor-of-amc-115121000954_1.html|title=P C Lalhmingthanga sworn in as first Mayor of AMC|access-date=30 Jun 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Elections==<br /> <br /> === 2026 Aizawl Municipal Corporation election ===<br /> In the 2021 election, the [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] had won majority with 17 seats. [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won 1 seat each.&lt;ref name=&quot;News18_2026&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=ZPM Secures Landslide Victory In Aizawl Municipal Corporation Polls |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/mizoram-zpm-secures-landslide-victory-in-aizawl-municipal-corporation-polls-ws-e-10060175.html |access-date=2026-04-28 |work=News18 |date=2026-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2021 Aizawl Municipal Corporation election ===<br /> In the 2021 election, the [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] had won majority with 11 seats. [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]] came second with 6 seats and [[Indian National Congress|INC]] won 2 seats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=The Assam |date=2021-02-18 |title=Mizo National Front wins Aizawl civic polls |url=https://assamtribune.com/mnf-wins-aizawl-civic-polls/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2015 Aizawl Municipal Corporation election ===<br /> In the 2015 election, the [[Mizo National Front|MNF]] had won majority with 11 seats. [[Indian National Congress|INC]] came second with 7 seats and [[Mizoram People's Conference|MPC]] won 1 seat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-12-08 |title=Mizoram govt appoints administrator for Aizawl civic body |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/mizoram-govt-appoints-administrator-for-aizawl-civic-body/ |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Northeast Live|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Government of Mizoram| ]]<br /> [[Category:Aizawl]]<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Mizoram]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oru_Naal_Koothu&diff=523172 2026-05-01T03:22:48Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: starting new article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2016 Indian film by Nelson Venkatesan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Oru Naal Koothu<br /> | image = Oru Naal Koothu.jpg<br /> | alt = &lt;!-- see WP:ALT --&gt;<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Nelson Venkatesan]]<br /> | producer = J. Selvakumar<br /> | writer = Sankar Dass&lt;br&gt;Nelson Venkatesan<br /> | starring = [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Miya (actress)|Miya]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nivetha Pethuraj]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dev Ramnath]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Riythvika]]<br /> | music = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br /> | cinematography = Gokul Benoy<br /> | editing = [[V. J. Sabu Joseph]]<br /> | studio = [[Kenanya Films]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|2016|06|09|}}<br /> | runtime = 141 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = &lt;!-- Add with a Reliable source --&gt;<br /> | gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|4 [[crore]]}}<br /> }}<br /> '''''Oru Naal Koothu''''' ({{translation|One Day's Ado}}) is a 2016 Indian Tamil-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Nelson Venkatesan]] written by Sankardass and Nelson Venkatesan and produced by J. Selva Kumar, featuring [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]], [[Miya (actress)|Miya]], [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] (in her debut role), [[Dev Ramnath]], and [[Riythvika]] in lead roles. Lingesh, [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]], [[Ramesh Thilak]], [[Bala Saravanan]], and [[Nagineedu]] play supporting roles.<br /> <br /> The title references the fuss over the wedding day of an Indian marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Miss India UAE girl for 'Attakathi' Dinesh |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/miss-india-uae-girl-for-attakathi-dinesh-news-tamil-pf1oB3idadbch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528011855/http://www.sify.com/movies/miss-india-uae-girl-for-attakathi-dinesh-news-tamil-pf1oB3idadbch.html |archive-date=28 May 2015 |access-date=2015-08-15 |website=Sify}}&lt;/ref&gt; The story is based on the experiences of Nelson Venkatesan himself.<br /> <br /> The music was composed by [[Justin Prabhakaran]] with cinematography by Gokul Benoy and editing by [[V J Sabu Joseph]]. The film released on 9 June 2016 to positive reviews from critics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=Oru Naal Koothu movie review roundup critics give thumbs up to the flick |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/oru-naal-koothu-movie-review-roundup-critics-give-thumbs-flick-681966 |access-date=2016-06-10 |website=ibtimes}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Three women face different challenges in their process of getting married, which are very typical of Indian society.<br /> <br /> Rajkumar, who is in love with his colleague Kavya, is reluctant to marry her, since he is insecure about her coming from a wealthier background, so much so that he delays any discussion about their marriage and asks her to wait till he makes something of himself. This causes a strain in their relationship, and they ultimately break up, with Kavya agreeing to marry a guy of her father's choice.<br /> <br /> Lakshmi is visited by several suitors, and every one of them is rejected by her father, as he is too greedy to settle for a middle-class son-in-law. One such suitor named Mukundan really likes her, but his family rejects the match, citing Lakshmi's economic status. In spite of that, Mukundan convinces Lakshmi to come to his place so that they can get married. She does so, but in the bus depot of his town, Mukundan's family spots both of them together and drags Mukundan back home, taunting and insulting the mortified Lakshmi. With a heavy heart, she boards another bus to get back home.<br /> <br /> Susheela's family has been trying to get her married for the past few years, but none of them seem interested in her, citing her looks, her unconventional job, etc. as their reason. These experiences make her vexed and withdrawn from her social life. The only person who understands her is her colleague, Sathish. One of her prospective suitors, named Bhaskar, agrees to marry Susheela, but he gets cold feet and ends up canceling the marriage at the last moment. Then he tries to avoid Susheela and insults her every time she demands an explanation for calling off the wedding. Finally, Susheela's brother Raghavendran convinces Bhaskar to marry Susheela, but she rejects the proposal as she realises that she is in love with Sathish.<br /> <br /> Kavya's wedding is fixed with the guy of her father's choice. On the day before her marriage, Raj, who travels along with Shoulder in a car to the venue, avoids crashing into Lakshmi's bus, diverts the car, and a relative of Kavya's fiancée (who travels in the same road in another car) crashes and dies instantly. Due to this, Kavya is labeled as bad luck, and her marriage is called off. Raj arrives on time at the venue, but before that, her parents ask her to call Raj and ask for his hand in marriage but she refuses, as she guesses that would make him feel like being used as a second option. So Kavya chooses Sathish (one of her relatives) as her partner and marries him.<br /> <br /> In the end, we see Raj getting engaged to Lakshmi after a year, depicting the irony of the whole arranged marriage system, that is so deeply rooted in the Indian society.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]] as Rajkumar<br /> * [[Miya (actress)|Miya]] as Lakshmi <br /> * [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] as Kavya<br /> * [[Dev Ramnath]] as Mukundan<br /> * [[Riythvika]] as Susheela<br /> * [[Lingesh]] as Bhaskar<br /> * [[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] as Raghavendran<br /> * [[Ramesh Thilak]] as Sathish<br /> * [[Bala Saravanan]] as Shoulder<br /> * [[Nagineedu]] as Lakshmi's father<br /> * [[Charle]] as Benjamin<br /> * Usha Elizabeth as Raghavendran and Susheela's mother<br /> * Vishalini as Lakshmi's sister<br /> * [[Ramdoss]] as Ganesan<br /> * [[Swaminathan]]<br /> * [[E. Ramdoss]]<br /> * [[Pradeep K Vijayan]] as RJ Head<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The production house agreed to finance the film, after gaining profits while working on Dinesh's previous film, ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' (2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=KENANYA FILMS J SELVAKUMAR PRODUCTIONS DIRECTOR NELSON'S MAIDEN DEBUT ATTAKATHI DINESH – MIA GEORGE STARRER 'ORU NAAL KOOTHU' GOES ON FLOORS - CineShutter.com |url=http://cineshutter.com/kenanya-films-j-selvakumar-productions-director-nelsons-maiden-debut-attakathi-dinesh-mia-george-starrer-oru-naal-koothu-goes-on-floors/ |access-date=2015-08-15 |website=CineShutter.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film began production in March 2015 in [[Dindigul]], where scenes involving Mia George were shot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com is temporarily unavailable |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Dinesh-Mia-George-to-team-up/articleshow/46675598.cms |access-date=2015-08-15 |website=indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nivetha Pethuraj, a former beauty contestant winner from UAE, was selected to portray another leading female role in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Only Kollywood |date=27 May 2015 |title=Attakathi Dinesh to romance Miss India UAE Nivetha Pethuraj |url=http://www.onlykollywood.com/attakathi-dinesh-to-romance-miss-india-uae-nivetha-pethuraj/ |access-date=2015-08-15 |website=Only Kollywood}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music and soundtracks were composed by ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' fame [[Justin Prabhakaran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Oru Naal Koothu movie review |url=http://liveagle.in/oru-naal-koothu-2016-movie-review-rating-dinesh-mia-george-nivetha-pethuraj/ |access-date=9 June 2016 |archive-date=18 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018221815/http://liveagle.in/oru-naal-koothu-2016-movie-review-rating-dinesh-mia-george-nivetha-pethuraj/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The soundtrack features five songs, the lyrics for which are written by [[Madhan Karky]], [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]], Veera, Sankar Dass and Gopalakrishna Bharathi. Behindwoods rated the album 3 out of 5 and called it &quot;Justin delivers a soothing album.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 October 2015 |title=Oru Naal Koothu (Aka) Oru Naal Kootthu songs review |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/oru-naal-koothu/oru-naal-koothu-songs-review.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Oru Naal Koothu<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | longtype =<br /> | artist = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2016<br /> | recorded =<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio =<br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 25:28<br /> | language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | label = [[Think Music India]]<br /> | producer = [[Justin Prabhakaran]]<br /> | prev_title = [[Kunjiramayanam]]<br /> | prev_year = 2015<br /> | next_title = [[Raja Manthiri]]<br /> | next_year = 2016<br /> }}<br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 25:28<br /> <br /> | title1 = Adiyae Azhagae <br /> | extra1 = [[Sean Roldan]] &amp; [[Padmalatha]]<br /> | length1 = 4:50<br /> | title2 = Maangalyamae <br /> | extra2 = Richard, Gnana, [[Anthony Daasan]] &amp; Dr. Narayanan<br /> | length2 = 4:18<br /> | title3 = Patta Podunga Ji <br /> | extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Padmalatha &amp; Nelson Venkatesan<br /> | length3 = 5:10<br /> | title4 = Yaeli Yaeli <br /> | extra4 = [[Sathya Prakash]] &amp; [[Shweta Mohan]]<br /> | length4 = 4:41<br /> | title5 = Eppo Varuvaaro<br /> | extra5 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | length5 = 6:29<br /> |lyrics_credits=|music_credits=|note1=|writer1=|note2=|writer2=|note3=|writer3=|note4=|writer4=}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> {{Nelson Venkatesan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2016 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2016 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Nelson Venkatesan]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Justin Prabhakaran]]<br /> [[Category:Hyperlink films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kashmir_(disambiguation)&diff=508812 2026-04-26T05:24:55Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: done!</p> <hr /> <div>{{wiktionary|Kashmir}}<br /> '''[[Kashmir]]''' mainly refers to the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent claimed by China, India, and Pakistan.<br /> <br /> '''Kashmir''' may also refer to:<br /> {{tocright}}<br /> <br /> == Kashmir region ==<br /> * [[Kashmir Valley]], the largest valley in Jammu and Kashmir<br /> * [[Kashmir Division]], is a revenue and administrative division containing the Kashmir Valley region of Jammu and Kashmir.<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)]], former princely state in British India from 1846 to 1952.<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)]], former state in India from 1952 to 2019, divided into two union territories in 2019.<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]], a union territory in India after 2019, part of Indian-administered Kashmir<br /> * [[Ladakh]], a union territory in India after 2019, part of Indian-administered Kashmir<br /> * [[Azad Kashmir]], a nominally self-governing province in Pakistan, part of Pakistani-administered Kashmir<br /> * [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], an administrative territory in Pakistan, part of Pakistani-administered Kashmir<br /> * [[Aksai Chin]], region administered partly as Xinjiang province and partly as Tibet, part of Chinese-administered Kashmir<br /> * [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]], region administered as a part of Xinjiang, part of Chinese-administered Kashmir<br /> <br /> == Other places ==<br /> * [[Kashmir, Iran]], a village in Hormozgan province, Iran (not to be confused with [[Kashmar]], a city in Razavi Khorasan Province)<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> * [[Kshmr]], born Niles Hollowell-Dhar, Kashmiri-American DJ and record producer (formerly of The Cataracs)<br /> * [[Kashmir (Danish band)]], rock band from Denmark<br /> * [[Kashmir (Pakistani band)]], rock band from Karachi, Pakistan<br /> * [[Kashmir (song)|&quot;Kashmir&quot; (song)]], 1975 song by rock band Led Zeppelin <br /> * ''[[Kashmir: Symphonic Led Zeppelin]]'', tribute album to Led Zeppelin<br /> * &quot;Kashmir&quot;, instrumental track by Scooter from ''[[Back to the Heavyweight Jam]]''<br /> <br /> ==Other uses==<br /> * [[Kashmir (horse)]], a thoroughbred racehorse<br /> * [[HMS Kashmir (F12)|HMS ''Kashmir'' (F12)]], World War 2, Royal Navy destroyer<br /> * ''[[Kashmeeram]]'' (Kashmir), a 1994 Indian Malayalam-language action by Rajiv Anchal<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * {{intitle|Kashmir}}<br /> * [[Jammu and Kashmir (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Kasmir (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Cashmere (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Kashmiri (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Kashmore (disambiguation)]]<br /> * [[Kasmira Kingdom]], a kingdom mentioned in ancient Indian literature<br /> <br /> {{disambiguation|geo}}</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maharaj_(film)&diff=514774 2026-04-21T07:12:27Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Indian film by Siddharth P. Malhotra}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Maharaja (2024 film)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | alt = <br /> | image = Maharaj poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Official release poster <br /> | director = [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]]<br /> | writer = [[Vipul Mehta (director)|Vipul Mehta]]&lt;br /&gt;Sneha Desai<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]<br /> | starring = {{Plain list|<br /> * [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]]<br /> * [[Jaideep Ahlawat]]<br /> * [[Shalini Pandey]]<br /> * [[Sharvari]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]<br /> | editing = Shweta Venkat Mathew<br /> | music = '''Songs:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[Sohail Sen]]&lt;br/&gt;Alap Desai&lt;br /&gt;'''Score:'''&lt;br /&gt; [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]<br /> | studio = [[Yash Raj Films#YRF Entertainment|YRF Entertainment]]<br /> | distributor = [[Netflix]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|06|21}}<br /> | runtime = 131 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maharaj-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymzy3 |title=''Maharaj'' (15) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=22 June 2024 |access-date=22 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622163432/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/maharaj-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiymzy3 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Maharaj''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[historical drama]] film directed by [[Siddharth P. Malhotra]] and produced by [[Yash Raj Films#YRF Entertainment|YRF Entertainment]]. It stars [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] in his lead film debut with [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], [[Shalini Pandey]] and [[Sharvari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/try-this/move/jaideep-ahlawat-transforms-body-shows-abs-in-gym-pic-on-instagram-for-junaid-khans-debut-maharaj-on-netflix/cid/2029557|title=Check out Jaideep Ahlawat's insane physical transformation}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is based on the [[Maharaj Libel Case]] of 1862 and Saurabh Shah's novel about the case.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shalini-pandey-details-how-shooting-the-horrific-charan-seva-scene-in-maharaj-affected-her-101719569336163.html|title=Shalini Pandey details how shooting the horrific 'charan seva' scene in Maharaj affected her|access-date=1 July 2024|archive-date=1 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701160235/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/shalini-pandey-details-how-shooting-the-horrific-charan-seva-scene-in-maharaj-affected-her-101719569336163.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Initially scheduled to release on 14 June 2024, the [[Gujarat High Court]] stayed the release of the film, based on a [[Hindu]] group's plea that claimed the film could incite violence against followers of [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya]] (a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Krishna]] sect).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Court stays release of 'Maharaj', here's everything you need to know about Maharaj Libel Case of 1862 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/court-stays-release-of-maharaj-here-s-everything-you-need-to-know-about-maharaj-libel-case-of-1862-2024-06-13-936828}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=dkbj |date=2024-06-06 |title=Junaid Khan-starrer 'Maharaj' went through 30 writing drafts, 100-plus narrations » Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India &amp; World |url=https://yespunjab.com/junaid-khan-starrer-maharaj-went-through-30-writing-drafts-100-plus-narrations/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India &amp; World |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614031653/https://yespunjab.com/junaid-khan-starrer-maharaj-went-through-30-writing-drafts-100-plus-narrations/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2024-06-21 |title=Gujarat HC lifts stay on release of 'Maharaj,' debut film of Aamir Khan's son |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gujarat-hc-lifts-stay-on-release-of-maharaj-debut-film-of-aamir-khans-son/article68316320.ece |access-date=2024-06-22 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=22 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622073609/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/gujarat-hc-lifts-stay-on-release-of-maharaj-debut-film-of-aamir-khans-son/article68316320.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was finally released on 21 June 2024 for streaming on [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ira-khan-s-new-insta-entry-is-all-about-brother-junaid-khans-debut-film-maharaj-5944236|title=Ira Khan, Kiran Rao Form Junaid's Cheer Squad After Release Of His Debut Film Maharaj|access-date=22 June 2024|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622152458/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/ira-khan-s-new-insta-entry-is-all-about-brother-junaid-khans-debut-film-maharaj-5944236|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> In pre-independent Bombay, Karsan and his fiancée, Kishori, are members of the ''haveli'' led by Maharaj &quot;JJ&quot;. When Kishori is chosen to perform ''charan seva'', a supposed &quot;ritual&quot; that is just JJ indulging in sexual acts with girls, Karsan is upset, though Kishori feels that she did nothing wrong. Karsan breaks off their engagement, and is exiled by his family. When she sees JJ preying on her younger sister Devi, Kishori realizes the error of JJ's beliefs, but feels she has lost Karsan forever. Before Karsan can tell her that he's going to give her a second chance, Kishori takes her own life. Devi gives Kishori's final message to Karsan, asking him to expose JJ's evil to the world.<br /> <br /> Karsan sets out to expose JJ's actions, but encounters several obstacles from JJ and his followers. However, he gains the support of Viraaj, who helps him gain followers and publish JJ's wrongdoings in his own newspaper that begins to change followers' opinions. Livid, JJ threatens Karsan's father to make him stop publishing, but Karsan refuses to give up. Eventually, JJ files a defamation suit against Karsan. Despite the little support he gets, Viraaj encourages Karsan to push forward for women like herself, who were forced to perform ''charan seva'' and did not have a voice to speak up.<br /> <br /> Despite JJ discrediting Karsan's witnesses, Karsan takes the stand and brings light to JJ's misinterpretations of scripture, and his exploitation of women and girls. As he speaks of the importance of not needing a bridge like JJ in order to reach god, ''haveli'' followers in the courtroom take Karsan's side and testify against JJ, proving that claims Karsan published are true. Karsan is acquitted of the charges of defamation. JJ loses his followers, while Karsan is applauded by the people.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast list|<br /> * [[Junaid Khan (Indian actor)|Junaid Khan]] as [[Karsandas Mulji]], a progressive thinker and statesman<br /> * [[Jaideep Ahlawat]] as Maharaj Jadunath Brijratan &quot;JJ&quot;<br /> * [[Shalini Pandey]] as Kishori, Mulji's ex-fiancee<br /> * [[Sharvari]] as Viraaj, Mulji's employee, comrade and friend<br /> * [[Viraf Patel]] as Sorabji, Mulji's friend and confidant <br /> * Sunil Gupta as [[Dadabhai Naoroji]]<br /> * [[Vaibhav Tatwawadi]] as Dr. [[Bhau Daji]] Lad<br /> * [[Meher Vij]] as Vahuji, JJ's wife<br /> * Jay Upadhyay as Giridhar Khawas, JJ's right hand man<br /> * [[Ananya Agarwal]] as Devi, Kishori's sister<br /> * [[Priyal Gor]] as Leelavati<br /> * Sandeep Mehta as Mulji, Karsan's father<br /> * Sneha Desai as Bhabhu, Karsan's aunt<br /> * [[Sanjeev Seth]] as Karsan's maternal uncle<br /> * [[Jaya Ojha]] as Karsan's maternal aunt<br /> * Utkarsh Mazumdar as Lalvanji Maharaj<br /> * [[Jamie Alter]] as Defense Attorney Arnesty<br /> * Mark Bennington as Prosecutor Bailey<br /> * [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as Justice Matthew Richard Sausse<br /> * [[Sanjay Goradia]] as Nanubhai<br /> * [[Sharad Kelkar]] as Narrator<br /> * [[Kamlesh Oza]] as Shaamji, Leelavati's brother<br /> * [[Hemant Choudhary]] as Shraddhalu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film began [[pre-production]] in November 2020 and went on floors in February 2021. Suffering shooting halts, the production [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped up]] in October 2023.<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Maharaj <br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Sohail Sen]], Alap Desai, [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 24 June 2024<br /> | recorded = 2022–23<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 21:00<br /> | label = [[YRF Music]]<br /> | language = Hindi&lt;!--Do not link per WP:OL--&gt;<br /> | producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The film's music was composed by [[Sohail Sen]], Alap Desai and [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara]] while the lyrics were written by [[Kausar Munir]] and Sneha Desai.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track Listing<br /> | total_length = 21:00<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = [[Achutam Keshavam]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Osman Mir<br /> | music1 = [[Sohail Sen]]<br /> | lyrics1 = Traditional <br /> | length1 = 4:35 <br /> | title2 = Holi Ke Rang Ma<br /> | extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Osman Mir, Sohail Sen <br /> | music2 = Sohail Sen <br /> | lyrics2 = [[Kausar Munir]]<br /> | length2 = 5:07<br /> | title3 = Haan Ke Haan <br /> | extra3 = [[Monali Thakur]]<br /> | music3 = Sohail Sen <br /> | lyrics3 = Kausar Munir <br /> | length3 = 4:01<br /> | title4 = Gurujan <br /> | extra4 = Sangeeta Labadiya <br /> | music4 = Alap Desai<br /> | lyrics4 = Sneha Desai<br /> | length4 = 1:50<br /> | title5 = The Love Ballad Theme <br /> | music5 = [[Sanchit Balhara and Ankit Balhara|Sanchit Balhara-Ankit Balhara]]<br /> | length5 =2:47<br /> | title6 = Viraj's Theme <br /> | music6 = Sanchit Balhara-Ankit Balhara<br /> | length6 = 1:30<br /> | title7 = The Face-off Theme: Karsan VS Maharaj <br /> | music7 = Sanchit Balhara-Ankit Balhara<br /> | length7 = 2:30<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 29% of 14 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4.9/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Maharaj {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/maharaj |access-date=2025-01-29 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote &quot;Maharaj makes an important comment. The protests and legal issues will further increase its viewership.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Maharaj Movie Review: MAHARAJ makes an important comment.|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maharaj/critic-review/maharaj-movie-review/maharaj-makes-an-important-comment/|magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 June 2024|access-date=24 June 2024|archive-date=24 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240624023642/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/maharaj/critic-review/maharaj-movie-review/maharaj-makes-an-important-comment/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' rated this film 2 stars out of 5 and said, &quot;For all the elements that work in Maharaj, there is a whole bunch of others that don't. A period drama that has so much to say has never felt so inert and ineffectual&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Saibal|last=Chatterjee|title=Maharaj Review: Junaid Khan Tries Gamely To Rise Above The Tameness Of The Script|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maharaj-review-junaid-khan-tries-gamely-to-rise-above-the-tameness-of-the-script-2-stars-5943494|access-date=2024-06-22|website=[[NDTV]]|archive-date=23 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623015243/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/maharaj-review-junaid-khan-tries-gamely-to-rise-above-the-tameness-of-the-script-2-stars-5943494|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also gave 2 stars out 5 and stated, &quot;The only one who is completely in sync with the film’s tonality is Jaideep Ahlawat, who has given us a 'dharm ka thekedar' to beat all 'dharm ke thekedars'.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Maharaj movie review: Junaid Khan and his debut are both strictly passable|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/maharaj-movie-review-junaid-khan-and-his-debut-are-both-strictly-passable-9407114.|access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=22 June 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated this film 2 stars out of 5 and observes that &quot;Maharaj's mediocre social drama lacks the spine and spunk to recreate the relevance of revolutionary decisions in the face of religious fanaticism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Sukanya|last=Verma|title=Maharaj Review: Much Ado About Nothing|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/maharaj-review/20240622.htm|access-date=2024-06-22|website=[[rediff.com]]|archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622172418/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/maharaj-review/20240622.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sana Farzeen of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, &quot;Junaid Khan, as a first-timer, looks confident and at ease on screen. 'Maharaj' is an unconventional and brave debut choice, and Khan captures your attention. As expected, Jaideep Ahlawat once again gives a flawless performance. He is as effortless as JJ&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Sana|last=Farzeen|title='Maharaj' Review: Junaid Khan's debut deserves more attention than controversy|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maharaj-review-junaid-khan-debut-deserves-more-attention-netflix-release-2556388-2024-06-21|access-date=2024-06-22|website=[[India Today]]|date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622114042/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/maharaj-review-junaid-khan-debut-deserves-more-attention-netflix-release-2556388-2024-06-21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said, &quot;Though Maharaj is set in the pre-independence era, the story and the fight against 'bhakt culture' holds relevance in today's times&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Monika Rawal|last=Kukreja|title=Maharaj review: Junaid Khan's debut has powerful storytelling but lacks impact; Jaideep Ahlawat is terrific|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/maharaj-review-junaid-khans-debut-has-powerful-storytelling-but-lacks-impact-jaideep-ahlawat-is-terrific-101719053874007.html|access-date=2024-06-22|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-date=23 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623020140/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/maharaj-review-junaid-khans-debut-has-powerful-storytelling-but-lacks-impact-jaideep-ahlawat-is-terrific-101719053874007.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Renuka Vyavahare ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 2.5 stars out of 5 and stated &quot;Based on a true story, unlike the impression given, the film isn’t a courtroom thriller. It’s a historical drama retelling the events that led to the court case fought in the British court of Bombay&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Renuka|last=Vyavahare|title=MAHARAJ REVIEW : JUNAID KHAN MAKES A PROMISING DEBUT IN A SLUGGISH HISTORICAL DRAMA|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/maharaj/ottmoviereview/111172237.cms|access-date=2024-06-21|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=23 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623020541/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/maharaj/ottmoviereview/111172237.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observes that &quot;If not for the touchiness of our times, a film as simple, sedate and self-congratulatory like 'Maharaj' would likely slip under the radar&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=Shilajit|last=Mitra|title='Maharaj' movie review: Junaid Khan's debut film means well, runs dull|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/maharaj-movie-review-junaid-khans-debut-film-means-well-runs-dull/article68318044.ece|access-date=2024-06-22 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nandini Ramnath writes for ''[[Scroll.in]]'', &quot;The film is barely convincing as a period production. The makers are equally unable to depict the sensitivity of religious feeling or the monumentality of Karsan’s decision to take on a powerful sect. It’s hard to critique cultish behaviour when there’s no curiosity behind the sentiment that leads to such behaviour&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Nandini|last=Ramnath|title='Maharaj' review: A royal slog|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1068811/maharaj-review-a-royal-slog|access-date=2024-06-22|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=21 June 2024 |archive-date=22 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240622182653/https://scroll.in/reel/1068811/maharaj-review-a-royal-slog|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> On 13 June 2024, the Gujarat High Court issued an interim stay on the release of ''Maharaj''. This decision was in response to a petition by members of the Pushtimarg sect, who argued that the film, based on the Maharaj Libel Case of 1862, contained content that could incite violence and offend religious sentiments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Web |first=Statesman |date=2024-06-21 |title=Gujarat HC gives the green light to Junaid Khan's film ‘Maharaj’ |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/ott/gujarat-hc-gives-the-green-light-to-junaid-khans-film-maharaj-1503312460.html |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=Gujarat HC allows release of 'Maharaj', says film does not target any sect |url=https://theprint.in/feature/gujarat-hc-allows-release-of-maharaj-says-film-does-not-target-any-sect/2141739/ |access-date=2026-04-21 |website=[[The Print]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, after reviewing the film, Justice Sangeeta K. Vishen lifted the stay, stating that the film did not target the sect and had been appropriately certified by the Central Board of Film Certification. Consequently, the film was allowed to stream on Netflix from June 21, 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title='Maharaj': Gujarat Court Lifts Stay On Release Of Junaid Khan's Film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/maharaj-gujarat-court-lifts-stay-on-release-of-junaid-khans-film |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-06-21 |title=Gujarat court lifts stay on 'Maharaj', Junaid Khan film streaming on Netflix |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/junaid-khan-maharaj-streaming-netflix-after-gujarat-high-court-lifts-stay-jaideep-ahlawat-yrf-2556302-2024-06-21 |access-date=2024-06-30 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=30 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630172349/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/junaid-khan-maharaj-streaming-netflix-after-gujarat-high-court-lifts-stay-jaideep-ahlawat-yrf-2556302-2024-06-21 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt4501268}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Netflix original films]]<br /> [[Category:Films involved in defamation lawsuits]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in 1862]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martam_Assembly_constituency&diff=516576 2026-04-19T20:23:04Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Added Some Details Needs Work...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Martam<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = Sikkim<br /> | established = 1979<br /> | abolished = 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=19 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219182705/https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/03_representation%20of%20the%20people%20act%2C%201950.pdf|title=THE REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT, 1950}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | electors = 9,316<br /> | mla = Dorjee Tshering Lepcha<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Democratic Front}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> '''Martam Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India|Indian]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]].<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || Samten Tshering || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Chamla Tshering Bhutia || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | [[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === Assembly election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tshering Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,668 |percentage=74.44% |change={{increase}}12.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sonam Tshering Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,946 |percentage=25.56% |change={{increase}}24.13 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,722 |percentage=48.88% |change= {{increase}}22.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,614 |percentage=81.73% |change= {{increase}}2.04 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,316 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.46 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}12.18 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dorjee Tshering Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,262 |percentage=62.26% |change={{increase}}34.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nuk Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,485 |percentage=36.30% |change={{decrease}}13.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naku Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=98 |percentage=1.43% |change={{decrease}}20.00 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,777 |percentage=25.96% |change= {{increase}}3.84 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,845 |percentage=81.44% |change= {{decrease}}1.61 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,589 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.09 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}12.29 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Dorjee Tshering Lepcha]] |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,955 |percentage=49.97% |change={{increase}}3.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samten Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,647 |percentage=27.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchen Topden |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,267 |percentage=21.43% |change={{decrease}}4.91 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,308 |percentage=22.12% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=5,913 |percentage=82.98% |change= {{increase}}2.76 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,273 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamla Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=1,968 |percentage=46.36% |change={{decrease}}27.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samten Tshering |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,118 |percentage=26.34% |change={{increase}}3.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rinchen Topden |party=Independent politician |votes=692 |percentage=16.30% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phigu Thakpa |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=137 |percentage=3.23% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naku Lepcha |party=Independent politician |votes=46 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chung Chung Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=25 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=850 |percentage=20.02% |change= {{decrease}}31.07 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=4,245 |percentage=73.75% |change= {{increase}}8.34 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,405 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}27.24 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chamla Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,113 |percentage=73.60% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palden Wangchun |party=Indian National Congress |votes=646 |percentage=22.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dugo Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=84 |percentage=2.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruth Karthak Lapchani |party=Independent politician |votes=28 |percentage=0.98% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,467 |percentage=51.10% |change= {{increase}}44.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,871 |percentage=71.32% |change= {{increase}}15.01 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,090 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= {{increase}}36.66 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly election 1979 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Martam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samten Tshering |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=731 |percentage=36.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rapzang Lama |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=597 |percentage=30.17% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Palden Wangchun |party=Janata Party |votes=359 |percentage=18.14% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsewang Gyamtso Bhutia |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=177 |percentage=8.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ruth Karthak Lepchani |party=Independent politician |votes=82 |percentage=4.14% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tseten Gyatso Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=33 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=134 |percentage=6.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,979 |percentage=57.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,586 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dondi_Lohara_Assembly_constituency&diff=497567 2026-04-19T19:20:38Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Adding Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Chhattisgarh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Dondi Lohara<br /> | mla = [[Anila Bhediya]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> | preceded_by = Neelima Singh Tekam<br /> | state = [[Chhattisgarh]]<br /> | district = [[Balod district|Balod]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Kanker (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanker]]<br /> | established = 2003<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:221829}}&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2029|1}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 60<br /> | map_image = Dondi Lohara Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> }}<br /> '''Dondi Lohara''' is one of the 90 [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Chhattisgarh]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies Order – 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ceomap&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceochhattisgarh.nic.in/en/new-maps-assembly-constituency |title=New Maps of Assembly Constituency |website=ceochhattisgarh.nic.in| access-date=1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is in [[Balod district|Balod]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chhattisgarh 2013|url=http://www.myneta.info/chhattisgarh2013/|website=myneta.info|publisher=National Election Watch|accessdate=25 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Members of Legislative Assembly==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=4 |''Prior to 1956: Constituency did not exist''<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Jhamit Kunwar<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |rowspan=5 |Jhumuk Lal Bhediya<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |Janak Lal Thakur<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<br /> |Jhumuk Lal Bhediya<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |Janak Lal Thakur<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Chhattisgarh Mukti Morcha}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |Domendra Bhendiya<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=4|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<br /> |Lal Mahendra Singh Tekam<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2008 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> |Neelima Singh Tekam<br /> |-<br /> |[[2013 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Anila Bhediya]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]&lt;ref name=election2018/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===2023===<br /> {{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dondi Lohara&lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[Anila Bhediya]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 102,762<br /> |percentage = 56.43<br /> |change = +15.97<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Devlal Halwa Thakur<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 67,183<br /> |percentage = 36.89<br /> |change = +16.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = Girwar Singh Thakur<br /> |party = Hamar Raj Party<br /> |votes = 7,793<br /> |percentage = 4.28<br /> |change = ''New''<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 3,126<br /> |percentage = 1.72<br /> |change = -1.18<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> |votes = 35,579<br /> |percentage = 19.54<br /> |change = -0.32<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> |votes = 182,104<br /> |percentage = 82.09<br /> |change = +1.17<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly election|Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Dondi Lohara&lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9643-statistical-data-of-general-election-to-chhatisgarh-assembly/ |title=State Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly Of Chhattisgarh |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 1 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[Anila Bhediya]]<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = 67,448<br /> |percentage = 40.46<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Lal Mahendra Singh Tekam<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = 34,345<br /> |percentage = 20.60<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Dev Lal Thakur<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 21,360<br /> |percentage = 12.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Janak Lal Thakur<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 19,242<br /> |percentage = 11.54<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Rajesh Churendra<br /> |party = Janta Congress Chhattisgarh<br /> |votes = 13,929<br /> |percentage = 8.36<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Hiteshwari Kothari<br /> |party = Independent politician<br /> |votes = 1,902<br /> |percentage = 1.14<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the Above]]<br /> |party = None of the above<br /> |votes = 4,842<br /> |percentage = 2.90<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 33,103<br /> |percentage = 19.86<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 166,703<br /> |percentage = 80.92<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[List of constituencies of the Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> *[[Balod district]]<br /> * [[Raipur]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|20.79|81.05|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Balod district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:2003 establishments in Chhattisgarh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2003]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Worldmark_Aerocity&diff=545860 2026-04-16T07:08:52Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made first place first draft!</p> <hr /> <div><br /> {{short description|Indian real estate project}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox urban development project<br /> | name = Worldmark Aerocity<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_caption = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = Worldmark Aerocity<br /> | location = Aerocity, [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | status = Phase 1 complete, Phase 2 under construction<br /> | groundbreaking = 2019<br /> | est_completion = 2027<br /> | use = Mixed use: offices, retail, restaurants<br /> | website = {{URL|https://bhartirealestate.com/}}<br /> | architect = PLP Architecture, ARCOP Associates and Benoy&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;<br /> | engineer = <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | developer = Bharti Realty Ltd<br /> | owner = <br /> | cost = <br /> | buildings = Worldmark 1, Worldmark 2, Worldmark 3, Worldmark 4, Worldmark 5, Worldmark 6, Worldmark 7<br /> | size = <br /> | gross_leasable_area = {{convert|7000000|sqft|m2}}&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Worldmark Aerocity''' is a mixed used real estate project located in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. Phase 1 of the project includes 3 towers which are complete. Phase 2 which includes 4 more towers and India’s largest [[shopping mall]] is currently under construction and is expected to be completed in 2027.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> In 2019, [[Bharti Group|Bharti Realty]] won development rights next to Delhi airport in the aerocity area next to the [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]].&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Modasiya |first1=Nausad |title=Worldmark – A Homegrown Brand Placing India On The Global Stage |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/worldmark-a-homegrown-brand-placing-india-on-the-global-stage |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Free Press Journal |date=28 August 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Funding==<br /> <br /> [[Brookfield Corporation|Brookfield India Real Estate Trust]] (BIRET) acquired Bharti's 50% stake in four properties, including Worldmark Aerocity in 2024. As a part of this deal, Bharti got an 8.53% stake in BIRET as consideration for the sale. The deal also gives BIRET a first right of refusal on the balance 50% stake after April 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;g&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shah |first1=Sneha |last2=Nandy |first2=Madhurima |title=Brookfield India REIT to acquire Bharti Enterprises' stake in top realty assets |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/brookfield-india-reit-to-acquire-bharti-enterprises-stake-in-realty-assets-11715830685871.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=livemint |date=16 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;h&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Brookfield trust to acquire 50% stake in four Bharti Enterprises assets |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/real-estate/story/brookfield-trust-to-acquire-50-stake-in-four-bharti-enterprises-assets-429813-2024-05-16 |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Business Today |date=16 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Phased expansion==<br /> <br /> * Worldmark-1-2-3: The Worldmark project by Bharti Realty at the site is roughly a 1.4 million sq ft office, plus retail project spread across several towers, Worldmark 1, 2 and 3 spread over 7.6 acres.&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> ** Worldmark-1 - operational: Worldmark-1 comprises around 900,000 sq ft office space, tenants include [[Ernst &amp; Young]], [[Airbus]], Goods and Service Tax Network, [[Credit Agricole]] and [[Industrial Bank of Korea]].&lt;ref name=&quot;b&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Doley |first1=Kunal |title=Delhi Aerocity: National capital's own mixed use realty project |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/industry-delhi-aerocity-national-capitals-own-mixed-use-realty-project-638350/ |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Financialexpress |date=23 April 2017 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bharti Realty has set up a 50,000 sq. ft. food court called Food Capital, which has restaurants and outlets including international chains [[Subway (restaurant)|Subway]] and [[Pizza Hut]] as well as outlets of local chains [[Bikanervala]] and [[Karim's]].&lt;ref name=&quot;c&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bailay |first1=Rasul |title=Bharti Realty to set up food court at Delhi Aerocity soon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/bharti-realty-to-set-up-food-court-at-delhi-aerocity-soon/articleshow/57028905.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=8 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ** Worldmark-2 complete in 2025.&lt;ref name=wm1&gt;[https://www.maritimegateway.com/aerocity-to-emerge-as-indias-premier-multimodal-transport-hub/ Aerocity to emerge as India’s premier multimodal transport hub], maritimegateway.com, 24 Oct 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ** Worldmark-3 completion in 2027.&lt;ref name=wm1/&gt;<br /> <br /> * Worldmark-4-5-6-7: Bharti Real Estate announced the expansion of Worldmark in 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;d&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Haidar |first1=Faizan |title=Bharti Realty plans to invest over Rs 6,595 crore in Global Business Hub |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/bharti-realty-plans-to-invest-over-rs-6595-crore-in-global-business-hub/articleshow/102889937.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; This phase comprising Worldmark 4, 5, 6 and 7 together form the commercial precinct with approximately 3.5 million sq. ft. of office space and about 3 million sq. ft. of retail space spread over 40 acres. This will include India’s largest shopping mall and is expected to be completed in 2027.&lt;ref name=&quot;e&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=India's 1st aerotropolis in Delhi to get the country's largest mall in IGI Airport's Aerocity! Top 10 things to know |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indias-1st-aerotropolis-in-delhi-to-get-the-countrys-largest-mall-in-igi-airports-aerocity-top-10-things-to-know/articleshow/110038041.cms |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=11 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;i&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bharti Realty to build 17 mn sq ft of office, retail space in Delhi's Aerocity to tap rising demand |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/property-/-cstruction/bharti-realty-to-build-17-mn-sq-ft-of-office-retail-space-in-delhis-aerocity-to-tap-rising-demand/articleshow/108040726.cms?from=mdr |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Economic Times |agency=PTI |date=27 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;j&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Bharti Real Estate announces expansion of Worldmark Aerocity project |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/bharti-real-estate-announces-expansion-of-worldmark-aerocity-project/article67858077.ece |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=17 February 2024 |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; This development is part of a $2.5 billion expansion project called Worldmark Aerocity. The project has been dubbed as India's first [[aerotropolis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;f&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abhijeet |first1=Kumar |title=India's biggest mall to come up at Delhi airport's Aerocity by 2027 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/india-s-biggest-mall-to-come-up-at-delhi-airport-s-aerocity-by-2027-124050900932_1.html |access-date=25 November 2024 |work=Business Standard |date=9 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It will feature high-street experiences, [[luxury goods|luxury]] and mid segment brands, a food court, a 10-screen multiplex, a banquet hall, and an indoor entertainment center.&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ** Worldmark-4 completion in TBD.<br /> ** Worldmark-5 completion in TBD.<br /> ** Worldmark-6 completion in TBD.<br /> ** Worldmark-6 completion in TBD.<br /> <br /> ==Connectivity==<br /> <br /> * Airport<br /> ** [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Delhi Airport]]: Worldmark sits between T1 and T2/T3.<br /> <br /> * Rail<br /> ** Delhi Metro Orange [[Airport Express Line (Delhi Metro)|Airport Express Line]] has [[Delhi Aerocity metro station]] and [[IGI Airport metro station]] T2/T3.<br /> <br /> ** [[Golden Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Metro Gold Line]] has [[Delhi Aerocity metro station]] and [[Terminal 1 IGI Airport metro station]].<br /> <br /> ** [[Delhi–Alwar Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi–Alwar RRTS]] will have station at Aerocity<br /> <br /> ** [[Bijwasan railway station]] is few km west and 2 metro stations away by Delhi Metro Orange Line. <br /> <br /> * Bus<br /> ** [[Inter-State_Bus_Terminals#Delhi|Aerocity ISBT]] is planned to be built next to [[Delhi Aerocity metro station]]. <br /> <br /> ==Present status==<br /> <br /> * '''2025 Oct''': Worldmark-1 is already operational, Worldmark-2 is nearing completion, Worldmark Mall-3 completion is scheduled for 2027, Worldmark Mall-4 completion is scheduled for 2032.&lt;ref name=wm1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Haryana Orbital Rail Corridor]]<br /> * [[Hindon Airport]]<br /> * [[Noida Airport]]<br /> * [[Hisar Airport]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Delhi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Shopping malls in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:South West Delhi district]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saikot_Assembly_constituency&diff=531925 2026-04-16T04:42:31Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made some details more to come!</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}{{expand list|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Saikot<br /> | state = [[Manipur]]<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | district = [[Churachandpur district|Churachandpur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Outer Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Outer Manipur]]<br /> | established = 1974<br /> | reservation = ST<br /> | mla = [[Paolienlal Haokip]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:62613}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2027|6}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Saikot''' is one of the 60 [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Manipur]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saikot constituency election results|url=https://elections.traceall.in/vidhan-sabha-assembly-election-results/Saikot-in-Manipur}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is part of [[Churachandpur district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[T. N. Haokip]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]&lt;ref name=results2017/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br /> | [[Paolienlal Haokip]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|35.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.25}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|51.84}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|29.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|30.65}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}|34.36}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|36.11}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|28.30}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Kuki National Assembly}}|27.91}}<br /> }}<br /> === Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Paolienlal Haokip]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,457 |percentage=35.10% |change=1.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaipao Haokip |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=12,586 |percentage=23.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,250 |percentage=19.49% |change=-28.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karong Onkholer |party=Independent politician |votes=5,169 |percentage=9.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=George T. Haokip |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,796 |percentage=9.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joshua Thiek |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=837 |percentage=1.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,871 |percentage=11.16% |change=-3.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,590 |percentage=83.99% |change= 17.39% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,613 |change =23.04% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -13.16% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot&lt;ref name=results2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,354 |percentage=48.25% |change=2.66% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paokholal Haokip |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,253 |percentage=33.20% |change=16.86% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Holkholun Lhungdim |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=6,096 |percentage=17.99% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=189 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,101 |percentage=15.05% |change=-12.13% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=33,892 |percentage=66.60% |change= 0.99% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,889 |change =11.26% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 2.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,684 |percentage=45.60% |change=9.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lunkholal |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=5,527 |percentage=18.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chungkhosei Haokip |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,905 |percentage=16.34% |change=15.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalthalien |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,864 |percentage=16.21% |change=-9.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. William Vaiphei |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=900 |percentage=3.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,157 |percentage=27.18% |change=16.98% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=30,010 |percentage=65.61% |change= -20.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,739 |change =10.10% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 9.38% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,010 |percentage=36.22% |change=-15.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalthalien |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,347 |percentage=26.02% |change=-11.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chungkhosei Haokip |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=9,092 |percentage=25.31% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Jainson Haokip |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,983 |percentage=11.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngamkholun |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=347 |percentage=0.97% |change=-1.34% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,663 |percentage=10.20% |change=-4.50% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=35,919 |percentage=86.46% |change= -6.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,543 |change =18.15% }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -15.62% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 2002 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,699 |percentage=51.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chungkhosei Haokip |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=11,966 |percentage=37.15% |change=21.25% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Albert Gen Goukhup Mate |party=Samata Party |votes=2,001 |percentage=6.21% |change=1.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Selkai Hrangchal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=742 |percentage=2.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lalkhopao Kom |party=Independent politician |votes=438 |percentage=1.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. Jangkhongam |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=366 |percentage=1.14% |change=-2.87% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,733 |percentage=14.69% |change=8.05% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=32,212 |percentage=92.59% |change= 3.42% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 35,162 |change =1.43% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= 21.20% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 2000 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Chungkhosei Haokip |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=9,286 |percentage=29.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=7,174 |percentage=22.57% |change=-8.08% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Ngaium |party=Independent politician |votes=6,788 |percentage=21.35% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gengoukhup Mate |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=5,054 |percentage=15.90% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngukholun Haokip |party=Samata Party |votes=1,373 |percentage=4.32% |change=0.22% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hathoi Buansing |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,274 |percentage=4.01% |change=-3.43% }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,112 |percentage=6.64% |change=2.05% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=31,787 |percentage=92.64% |change= 3.47% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,666 |change =4.91% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -1.43% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 1995 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=8,938 |percentage=30.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkhohao Lhungdim |party=Janata Dal |votes=7,599 |percentage=26.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kholly |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=7,347 |percentage=25.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhenkhup |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,168 |percentage=7.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khailam |party=Samata Party |votes=1,197 |percentage=4.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalhmingthanga |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,082 |percentage=3.71% |change=-22.38% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Henjakhup |party=Independent politician |votes=487 |percentage=1.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalkhopao Kom |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=329 |percentage=1.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,339 |percentage=4.59% |change=-2.49% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=29,166 |percentage=89.18% |change= -2.48% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,045 |change =40.56% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Kuki National Assembly |swing= -3.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[T. N. Haokip]] |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=7,267 |percentage=34.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vanlainghak F. Tusing |party=Janata Dal |votes=5,770 |percentage=27.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkhohao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,518 |percentage=26.09% |change=-2.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Songboi |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=2,274 |percentage=10.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaikholam |party=Manipur Hill People'S Council |votes=318 |percentage=1.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,497 |percentage=7.08% |change=6.00% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=21,147 |percentage=91.66% |change= -0.70% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,509 |change =53.35% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Kuki National Assembly |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -1.74% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 1984 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkhohao |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=5,005 |percentage=36.11% |change=34.39% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lala Khobung |party=Independent politician |votes=4,856 |percentage=35.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lalkhopaokom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,000 |percentage=28.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=149 |percentage=1.07% |change=-5.81% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,861 |percentage=92.36% |change= 8.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,330 |change =-4.94% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= 7.81% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 1980 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkhohau |party=Independent politician |votes=3,719 |percentage=28.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kholly |party=Independent politician |votes=2,814 |percentage=21.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhosei Haokip |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=2,335 |percentage=17.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. T. Lala |party=Independent politician |votes=1,678 |percentage=12.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lalkhopao Kom |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,055 |percentage=8.03% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jangkhosei Mante |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=922 |percentage=7.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangkhanpao |party=Janata Party |votes=332 |percentage=2.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Meiteiton |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=226 |percentage=1.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=905 |percentage=6.89% |change=1.25% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,142 |percentage=83.51% |change= -12.23% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,126 |change =30.69% }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Kuki National Assembly |swing= 0.39% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> === Assembly Election 1974 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Saikot}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ngulkhohao |party=Kuki National Assembly |votes=3,245 |percentage=27.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Kholly |party=Independent politician |votes=2,590 |percentage=22.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lhingjaneng |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,121 |percentage=18.24% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kishemzhang Kom |party=Independent politician |votes=1,759 |percentage=15.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. T. Laila |party=Independent politician |votes=1,494 |percentage=12.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nengzasoi |party=Independent politician |votes=381 |percentage=3.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=655 |percentage=5.63% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,628 |percentage=95.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,339 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Kuki National Assembly |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Churachandpur district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}<br /> {{coord|24.33|93.73|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Churachandpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]<br /> [[Category:1974 establishments in Manipur]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brokpa,_Drokpa,_Dard_and_Shin&diff=492423 2026-04-12T20:24:47Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Adding Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Group of Tribes}}<br /> {{Distinguish|text=the [[Brokpa]] (ethnic group in Ladakh )}}<br /> <br /> {{Multiple issues|{{notability|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{unreliable sources|date=December 2022}}}}<br /> [[File:Map of Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and shin (schedule Tribe of india).png|thumb|Population map of Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin (Schedule Tribes of India) in 2001|302x302px]]<br /> '''Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin''' is a category of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] under the [[Constitution of India|Indian constitution]].<br /> <br /> The category contains tribes who speak [[Dardic languages]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title= Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST|url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html?m=1 |quote=Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin is a group of tribes that speak the Dardic languages}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the regions of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], these tribes are mostly found in the [[Kargil district|Kargil]] and [[Baramulla district|Baramulla]] districts and few of them are found in [[Leh]]. They are predominantly [[Muslims|Muslim]] and a few are [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] and [[Hindus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html |access-date=2022-12-08 |language=en-GB}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Tajuddin |first=Muhammad |date=2021 |title=Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir: Recognition to Rights |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2582-2691.2021.00009.2 |journal=Political Discourse |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=113–130 |doi=10.5958/2582-2691.2021.00009.2 |s2cid=246744276 |issn=2395-2229|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Thomas Blom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pk9W2W6LCpIC&amp;pg=PA374 |title=States of Imagination: Ethnographic Explorations of the Postcolonial State |last2=Stepputat |first2=Finn |date=2001-12-12 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-8127-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the Census of India, the demographic numbers of the &quot;Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, and Shin&quot; Tribes are added together. Dards is the collective name for this group.&lt;ref name=&quot;thematicsjournals.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title= Login &amp;#124; History Research Journal|url=https://thematicsjournals.org/index.php/hrj/article/download/9247/5076}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following are the Tribes under the category:<br /> <br /> #In Baramullah <br /> ## Dards of Baramulla, they are known as [[Shina people]].<br /> #In Ladakh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhasin |first=Veena |date=2005-07-01 |title=Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |journal=Studies of Tribes and Tribals |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=5 |doi=10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |s2cid=74145441 |issn=0972-639X|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> ## The Dards of [[Dras|Drass]] valley. They are known as [[Shina people]].<br /> ## Brokpa, the Dards of [[Aryan Valley|Dha hanu]] region, they are known as [[Brokpa|Minaro]] people.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> In the Census of India, the demographic numbers of the &quot;Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard, and Shin&quot; Tribes are added together. Dards is the collective name for this group.&lt;ref name=&quot;thematicsjournals.org&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[2001 Census of India]] counted 51,957 people in these tribes. Of these, 26,066 people lived in Baramulla, 23,418 in Kargil, 1,002 in Leh and 1,199 in Srinagar. Of the 48,400 counted in 2011, 45,100 were Muslim, 3,144 were Buddhist and 133 were Hindu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dards of Baramulla ==<br /> {{Main article|Shina people}}<br /> <br /> The Dard-Shin tribe or [[Shina people]] is found in [[Gurez]] and [[Tulail Valley|Tulail]] in [[Baramulla district|Baramullah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Benanav |first=Michael |date=2018-09-17 |title=A Journey to Kashmir's Gurez Valley |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/travel/kashmir-gurez-valley.html |access-date=2022-11-30 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gurez valley is home to a distinct Shina-speaking Dard tribe who have been cut off from their mainland Astore, Gilgit, and Chilas by the Line of Control.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Skinder |first1=Safiya |last2=Shah |first2=Shamim Ahmad |last3=Dar |first3=Sajad Nabi |date=2022-08-01 |title=Analysis of educational disparities in border areas of India: a study of Gurez Valley |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10398-2 |journal=GeoJournal |language=en |volume=87 |issue=4 |pages=2739–2752 |doi=10.1007/s10708-021-10398-2 |bibcode=2022GeoJo..87.2739S |s2cid=233828077 |issn=1572-9893 |quote=The valley houses a unique Shina-speaking tribe of Dards who have been cut off from their mainland Astore, Gilgit, and Chilas across the Line of Control ( from their mainland Astore, Gilgit, and Chilas across the Line of Control .|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; They speak the Astori dialect of [[Shina language|Shina]] language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.6 - Gurezi |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gure1252 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=glottolog.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chowdhary |first=Rekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSGBDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=drass+shina+speaking&amp;pg=PT34 |title=Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism |date=2019-01-25 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5328-232-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhat |first=Rooh |date=2022-03-24 |title=Dard-Shins of Gurez |url=https://kashmirrootstock.com/2022/03/24/dard-shins-of-gurez/ |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Kashmir RootStock |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Dards of Drass valley ==<br /> {{Main article|Shina people}}<br /> <br /> '''Drokpa (Shin) Tribe''' in Drass valley in Kargil: They are Muslim Dards known as Drokpa or Shin which is found in the Drass region of [[Kargil district|Kargil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Kalla |first1=Aloke Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDdjLiITmUQC&amp;dq=brokpa+of+baltistan&amp;pg=PA138 |title=Tribal Health and Medicines |last2=Joshi |first2=P. C. |date=2004 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-139-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhasin |first=Veena |date=2005-07-01 |title=Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |journal=Studies of Tribes and Tribals |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |s2cid=74145441 |issn=0972-639X |quote=Drokpa (Scheduled Tribe): Drokpas are Dard Muslims who inhabit the cold, bleak Dras valley. They are also called ‘Shin’ on the basis of their language ‘Shinna’ which belongs to the Dard group of languages in the non-Sanskritic IndoEuropean family.|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; They are also known as the 'Shin' because of their language, '[[Shina language|Shinna]],' which is part of the Dard group of languages in the non-Sanskritic Indo European family.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhasin |first=Veena |date=2005-07-01 |title=Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |journal=Studies of Tribes and Tribals |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |s2cid=74145441 |issn=0972-639X |quote=Drokpas are Dard Muslims who inhabit the cold, bleak Dras valley. They are also called ‘Shin’ on the basis of their language ‘Shinna’ which belongs to the Dard group of languages in the non-Sanskritic Indo European family.|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; They are also believed to have come from the Dardistan. Despite professing the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] faith, they maintain certain customs brought with them from their original home.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhasin |first=Veena |date=2005-07-01 |title=Ecology and Health: A Study Among Tribals of Ladakh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |journal=Studies of Tribes and Tribals |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1080/0972639X.2005.11886514 |s2cid=74145441 |issn=0972-639X |quote=Although professing the Sunni faith they are still clinging on to certain customs which they brought with them from their original home.|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; They speak the Astori dialect of [[Shina language|Shina]] language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Glottolog 4.6 - Dras |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/dras1242 |access-date=2022-12-01 |website=glottolog.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chowdhary |first=Rekha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSGBDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=drass+shina+speaking&amp;pg=PT34 |title=Jammu and Kashmir: 1990 and Beyond: Competitive Politics in the Shadow of Separatism |date=2019-01-25 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-5328-232-5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dards of Dha Hanu ==<br /> {{Main article|Brokpa}}<br /> '''Brokpa or Minaro:'''<br /> Brokpa or Minaro are Buddhist Dards and they speak [[Brokskat]] language. They are found in the [[Aryan valley]] region. They call themselves &quot;Minaro&quot;, while [[Ladakhis]] call them Brokpa or Dokhpa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRhCAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA101 |title=Indian Antiquary |date=1905 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=93–101 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5BsoAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA94-IA3 |title=Indian Antiquary |date=1905 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |pages=93–100 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[1991 Census of India|1991 census of India]], there were 1,920 Brokpa. They speak the [[Brokskat]] or Minaro language&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribal Health and Medicines&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Kalla |first1=Aloke Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDdjLiITmUQC&amp;pg=PA138 |title=Tribal Health and Medicines |last2=Joshi |first2=P. C. |date=2004 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-139-3 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which comes under the Eastern Dardic language group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribal Health and Medicines&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Brokskat |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bkk |access-date=2022-11-30 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minaro practise two religions; one is their traditional &quot;Minaro&quot; religion (spirit worship). The other is Tibetan Buddhism.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Bhasin |first=Veena |date=2008-07-01 |title=Social Change, Religion and Medicine among Brokpas of Ladakh |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09735070.2008.11886318 |journal=Studies on Ethno-Medicine |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=77–102 |doi=10.1080/09735070.2008.11886318 |s2cid=45537714 |issn=0973-5070|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Name ==<br /> <br /> These Scheduled Tribes are called a &quot;group of Dardic Tribes&quot; under [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, there are other non-tribal Dardic people in the state, such as the Kashmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2021-08-02 |title=Kashmiri Language: Indo-Aryan vis-a-vis Dardic Perspective |journal=Edu-Ling: Journal of English Education and Linguistics |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=81 |doi=10.32663/edu-ling.v4i2 |issn=2621-5128|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the most recent research, the term &quot;Dardic&quot; is not linguistic nor ethnic; it is only a suitable geographical expression used to officially choose the [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian language]] that retains the archaic characteristics that are spoken in the [[Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows|north-western Himalayas]] and in the [[Hindu Kush]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Clark |first=Graham E. |title=Who were the Dards? A review of the ethnographic literature of the north western Himalayan |url=https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/kailash/pdf/kailash_05_04_04.pdf&amp;ved=2ahUKEwix0s6Zp9r7AhWCgWMGHdzeD9MQFnoECDUQAQ&amp;usg=AOvVaw2 |access-date= |website=himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is no ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages. The languages also cannot be traced to a single linguistic tree model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtCPAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA822 |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79711-9 |pages=822 |language=en |quote=The designation &quot;Dardic&quot; implies neither ethnic unity among the speakers of these languages nor that they can all be traced to a single stammbaum-model node.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Verbeke |first=Saartje |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoJ1DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA2 |title=Argument structure in Kashmiri: Form and function of pronominal suffixation |date=20 November 2017 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-34678-9 |pages=2 |language=en |quote=Nowadays, the term &quot;Dardic&quot; is used as an areal term that refers to a number of Indo-Aryan languages, without claiming anything specific about their mutual relatedness.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mockandoneil.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dards, Dardistan, and Dardic: an Ethnographic, Geographic, and Linguistic Conundrum |url=http://www.mockandoneil.com/dard.htm |access-date=25 February 2022 |website=www.mockandoneil.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Strand |first=Richard F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EwL0vwEACAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia of Islam - Three 2013-4 |date=13 December 2013 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-25269-1 |editor-last=Fleet |editor-first=Kate |pages=101–103 |language=en |chapter=Dardic and Nūristānī languages |quote=The seventeen Dardic languages constitute a geographic group of the northwestern-most Indo-Aryan languages. They fall into several small phylogenetic groups of Indo-Aryan, but together they show no common phonological innovations that demonstrate that they share any phylogenetic unity as a &quot;Dardic branch&quot; of the Indo-Aryan languages. |editor-last2=Krämer |editor-first2=Gudrun |editor-last3=Matringe |editor-first3=Denis |editor-last4=Nawas |editor-first4=John Abdallah |editor-last5=Rowson |editor-first5=Everett}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]<br /> [[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Jammu and Kashmir]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahodiya&diff=515085 2026-04-06T08:41:51Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Added A Pg Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Village in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Mahodiya<br /> | population_total = 1919<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|23|12|N|77|05|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type2 = State<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = District<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Sehore district|Sehore]]<br /> }}<br /> '''Mahodiya''' is a village located in the [[Sehore district]] of the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/panchayat-phulera-not-uttar-pradesh-discover-the-real-location-of-web-series-panchayats-phulera-village-8772515|title=Not Uttar Pradesh, Discover The Real Location Of Web Series Panchayat's Phulera Village}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/was-panchayat-shot-in-rajasthans-phulera-the-answer-is-5822054|title=Was Panchayat Shot In Rajasthan's Phulera? The Answer Is...}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is about 10 kilometers from the district headquarters [[Sehore]], and about 50 kilometers from the state capital [[Bhopal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Demographics ==<br /> As per the 2011 census, it has a population of 1919, in 375 households.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/749/download/2633/DH_2011_2328_PART_B_DCHB_SEHORE.pdf |title=Census of India 2011 - Madhya Pradesh - Series 24 - Part XII B - District Census Handbook, Sehore |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Madhya Pradesh |year=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> == In popular culture ==<br /> * The TV show [[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat]] was filmed here.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sikdar |first=Shubhomoy |date=2022-06-19 |title=In M.P.’s Mahodiya, location of Panchayat web series, real and reel life are not that far apart |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-madhya-pradeshs-mahodiya-location-of-panchayat-web-series-real-and-reel-life-are-not-that-far-apart/article65543045.ece |access-date=2025-06-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Sehore district]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia&diff=498935 2026-04-04T11:16:49Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Adding Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian princely title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}<br /> '''Farzand-i-Khas-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia''' ({{lit|Favourite son of the English Government}}) was a [[title]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Roper |url=http://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethuoft |title=The golden book of India, a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire |date=1893 |publisher=London Macmillan |others=Robarts - University of Toronto |pages=xx}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used by the [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]] and [[Patiala State|Patiala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> [[Narinder Singh of Patiala|Narinder Singh]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]], for his conspicuous service to the [[East India Company]] during the rebellion of 1857, was first granted the title of ''Farzand-i-Khas'' on 2 June 1858, to which the words ''Daulat-i-Inglishia'' were added by the British on 14 January 1860.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=R. V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Bond |first2=J. W. |date=2006 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |pages=234 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35395 |title=Memoranda On Native States In India, 1911 |date=1911 |pages=290}}&lt;/ref&gt; When the [[Delhi Durbar]] was held on 1 January 1877 to proclaim [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] the [[Empress of India]], [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]], the [[Maharaja]] of [[Baroda State|Baroda]], who was attending it, was conferred this title there.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gowda |first=M. Sankar Linge |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Economic_Political_Life_in_H_H_the_Gaekw/SgrGAAAAMAAJ |title=Economic &amp; Political Life in H.H. the Gaekwad's Dominions: (Baroda Or Bhagyanagar Raj in Western India) |date=1944 |publisher=S.L. Gowda |pages=v |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35689 |title=Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1907 |date=1908 |pages=158}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was granted the [[Deed#Sanad|sanad]] confirming this by [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]], the then [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Viceroy and Governor-General of India]], on 21 July 1887.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proceedings_of_the_Session/LxO2AAAAIAAJ |title=Proceedings of the ... Session |date=1971 |publisher=The Commission |pages=296 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Farzand-i-Dilband Rasikh-al-Iqtidad-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]<br /> * [[Farzand-i-Saadat-i-Nishan-i-Hazrat-i-Kaiser-i-Hind]]<br /> * [[Farzand-i-Dilpazir-i-Daulat-i-Inglishia]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> [[Category:Maharajas]]<br /> [[Category:Monarchy]]<br /> [[Category:Royal titles]]<br /> [[Category:Noble titles]]<br /> [[Category:Titles in India]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baraulia&diff=489784 2026-03-26T15:57:01Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Creating Post</p> <hr /> <div>{{distinguish|Barauliya, Mainpuri}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Baraulia<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Barauliya<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = Jamo block map.png<br /> | map_caption = Map showing Baraulia (#088) in Jamo CD block<br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.286675|N|81.613381|E|display=inline,title}}&lt;ref name=&quot;GeoNames&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/ |website=Do a radial search using these coordinates here |title=Geonames Search}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of India|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Faizabad division]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = [[Amethi district|Amethi]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 6.112<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 3878<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Baraulia''' is a village in [[Jamo, Uttar Pradesh|Jamo]] block of [[Amethi district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Uttar Pradesh District Census Handbook - Sultanpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory) |pages=147–63 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/09/0948_PART_A_DCHB_SULTANPUR.pdf |website=Census 2011 India|access-date=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2011, it has a population of 3,878 people, in 691 households.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt; It has one primary school and no healthcare facilities and it hosts both a regular market and a weekly [[haat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 2011&quot;/&gt; It belongs to the [[nyaya panchayat]] of [[Hardo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Baraulia was historically the seat of a [[taluqdar]]i estate that was established as a cadet branch of the [[Jamo, Uttar Pradesh|Jamo]] estate in the sixth generation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer 1903&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Sultanpur: A Gazetteer, Being Volume XLVI Of The District Gazetteers Of The United Provinces Of Agra And Oudh |date=1903 |publisher=Government Press |location=Allahabad |pages=99, 177 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113213 |access-date=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the turn of the 20th century, the Baraulia taluqdar held 13 villages in the [[pargana]] of [[Gaura Jamun]], making him one of the primary landowners in the pargana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gazetteer 1903&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1951 Census of India|1951 census]] recorded Baraulia as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 1,703 people (902 male and 801 female), in 377 households and 349 physical houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1951&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census of India, 1951: District Census Handbook Uttar Pradesh (49 - Rae Bareli District) |date=1955 |location=Allahabad |pages=126–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/843/1/52301_1951_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area of the village was given as 1,481 [[acre]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1951&quot;/&gt; 45 residents were literate, 42 male and 3 female.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1951&quot;/&gt; The village was listed as belonging to the pargana of Gaura Jamo and the [[thana]] of [[Gauriganj, India|Gauriganj]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1951&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1961 Census of India|1961 census]] recorded Baraulia as comprising 10 hamlets, with a total population of 1,957 people (990 male and 967 female), in 423 households and 391 physical houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1961&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census 1961: District Census Handbook, Uttar Pradesh (44 - Sultanpur District) |date=1965 |location=Lucknow |pages=xviii-xix |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1035/1/22847_1961_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The area of the village was given as 1,481 acres.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1961&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1981 Census of India|1981 census]] recorded Baraulia as having a population of 2,481 people, in 570 households, and having an area of 599.36 [[hectare]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1981&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census 1981 Uttar Pradesh: District Census Handbook Part XIII-A: Village &amp; Town Directory, District Rae Bareli |date=1982 |pages=46–7 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1311/1/28684_1981_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main staple foods were listed as wheat and rice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1981&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[1991 Census of India|1991 census]] recorded Baraulia (as &quot;Barauliya&quot;) as having a total population of 2,622 people (1,390 male and 1,232 female), in 633 households and 625 physical houses.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Census 1991 Series-25 Uttar Pradesh Part-XII B Village &amp; Townwise Primary Census Abstract District Census Handbook District Raebareli |date=1992 |pages=xxiv-xxviii, 90–1 |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1413/1/37121_1991_SUL.pdf |access-date=17 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Members of the 0-6 age group numbered 458, or 17% of the total; this group was 54% male (246) and 46% female (212).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;/&gt; Members of [[scheduled caste]]s numbered 852, or 32.5% of the village's total population, while no members of [[scheduled tribes]] were recorded.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;/&gt; The [[literacy rate]] of the village was 20% (382 men and 55 women, counting only people age 7 and up).&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;/&gt; 917 people were classified as main workers (776 men and 141 women), while 206 people were classified as marginal workers (2 men and 204 women); the remaining 1,499 residents were non-workers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;/&gt; The breakdown of main workers by employment category was as follows: 726 cultivators (i.e. people who owned or leased their own land); 172 agricultural labourers (i.e. people who worked someone else's land in return for payment); 0 workers in livestock, forestry, fishing, hunting, plantations, orchards, etc.; 0 in mining and quarrying; 1 household industry worker; 1 worker employed in other [[manufacturing]], processing, service, and repair roles; 0 [[construction worker]]s; 1 employed in trade and commerce; 1 employed in transport, storage, and communications; and 15 in other services.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census 1991&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Amethi district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Amethi district]]<br /> [[Category:Zamindari estates in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdul_Hamid_Khan_Bhashani&diff=459069 2026-03-26T15:36:12Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bangladeshi political leader (1880–1976)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific-prefix = [[Mawlānā|Maulana]]<br /> | name = Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani<br /> | native_name = আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী<br /> | native_name_lang = bn<br /> | image = File:Maulana Bhasani in Havana, Cuba.jpg<br /> | caption = Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani in 1965<br /> | office1 = 1st [[Awami League#President and general secretary of the AL, 1949–present|President of Awami League]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = General Secretary<br /> | 1namedata1 = {{ubl|[[Shamsul Huq]]|[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]]}}<br /> | predecessor1 = ''Office established''<br /> | successor1 = [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]<br /> | term_start1 = 1949<br /> | term_end1 = 1956<br /> | office2 = [[Parliament of Pakistan|Member of Parliament of Pakistan]]<br /> | term_start2 = 1954<br /> | term_end2 = 1955<br /> | office3 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start3 = 1936<br /> | term_end3 = 1946<br /> | constituency3 = [[Dhubri district|Dhubri (South)]]<br /> | successor3 = M. M. Abul Kasem<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1880|12|12|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sirajganj District|Sirajganj]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1976|11|17|1880|12|12|df=yes}}<br /> | death_place = [[Dhaka Medical College Hospital]], [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh<br /> | resting_place = [[Santosh, Bangladesh|Santosh]], [[Tangail District|Tangail]], Bangladesh&lt;ref name=bpedia&gt;{{cite Banglapedia |author=Haq, Enamul |article=Bhasani, Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | nationality = [[British Indian]] (1880–1947)&lt;br /&gt;[[Pakistani]] (1947–1971)&lt;br /&gt;[[Bangladeshi]] (1971–1976)<br /> | party = {{Plainlist|<br /> * [[Indian National Congress]] (1917–1923)<br /> * [[Swaraj Party]] (1923–1930)<br /> * [[All-India Muslim League]] (1930–1949)<br /> * [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] (1947–1949)<br /> * [[Awami League (Pakistan)|Awami League]] (1949–1957)<br /> * [[National Awami Party]] (1957–1967)<br /> }}<br /> | awards = [[Independence Award]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Ekushey Padak]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox religious biography | embed = yes<br /> | religion = [[Islam]]<br /> | denomination = [[Sunni]]<br /> | jurisprudence = [[Hanafi]]<br /> | movement = [[Deobandi]]<br /> | teachers = [[Abdul Bari Chishti]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]<br /> | disciple_of = Sayyid Nasir al-Din al-Baghdadi<br /> | influences = [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]]<br /> | module = {{Infobox Arabic name|embed=yes<br /> | ism = ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd&lt;br /&gt;عبد الحميد<br /> | nasab = ibn Sharāfat ibn Karāmat ʿAlī Khān &lt;br /&gt;إبن شرافة بن كرامة علي خان<br /> | laqab = Maẓlūm Jananetā&lt;br /&gt;مظلوم جننيتا<br /> | nisba = al-Bāshānī&lt;br /&gt;الباشاني}}}}<br /> | parents = Haji Sharafat Ali Khan (father)&lt;br /&gt;Mazirannesa Bibi (mother)<br /> | education = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Independence of Bangladesh}}<br /> '''Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani'''{{efn|{{langx|bn|আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী}}; {{IPA|bn|ˈabd̪ul ˈɦamid̪ 'kʰaˑn 'bʱaʃani}}}} (12 December 1880 – 17 November 1976), also known reverentially as '''Maulana Bhashani''',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=From Maulana To Mao-Lana And Beyond: Bhashani's Dream |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/13-Dec-2021/from-maulana-to-mao-lana-and-beyond-bhashani-s-dream |work=[[The Friday Times]] |date=13 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; was a Bangladeshi politician and statesman who was one of the founders of the [[Awami League]], the oldest political party in Bangladesh that played a pivotal role in the country's independence from [[Pakistan]].<br /> <br /> His political tenure spanned the [[British colonial India]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]] periods. Bhashani was popularly known by the honorary title '''''Mozlum Jananeta'''''{{efn|meaning: leader of the oppressed}} for his lifelong stance advocating for the poor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhashani's anniversary of death today |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bhasanis-41st-anniversary-death-today-1492483 |access-date=17 November 2016 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408094044/https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bhasanis-41st-anniversary-death-today-1492483 |archive-date=8 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; He gained nationwide mass popularity among the peasants and helped to build the [[East Pakistan|East Pakistan Peasant Association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Uphoff |first1=Norman Thomas |author-link=Norman Uphoff |url=https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy00upho/page/168 |title=The Political Economy of Development: Theoretical and Empirical Contributions |last2=Ilchman |first2=Warren Frederick |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1972 |isbn=978-05200-2062-7 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicaleconomy00upho/page/168 168] |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owing to his political leaning to the left, often dubbed [[Islamic Socialism]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Naveeda |title=Beyond Crisis: Re-evaluating Pakistan |date=2009 |publisher=Routledge |pages=255 |isbn=978-1-136-51758-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Chicago Press&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Iqtidar |first1=Humeira |year=2011 |title=Secularizing Islamists?: Jama'at-e-Islami and Jama'at-ud-Da'wa in Urban Pakistan |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226384702 |pages=81}}&lt;/ref&gt; he was also called 'The Red Maulana'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Uddin |first1=Layli |title=Maulana Bhashani: The Lessons of Freedom |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/maulana-bhashani-the-lessons-freedom-175531 |work=The Daily Star |date=20 November 2015 |access-date=12 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Khan |first1=Zeeshan |title=Take me to my leader |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/op-ed/2013/jun/09/take-me-my-leader |work=[[Dhaka Tribune]] |access-date=12 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is considered one of the main pillars of [[Bangladeshi independence]] (1971).<br /> <br /> An alumnus of [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] and participant in the [[Khilafat Movement]] protesting the [[dissolution of the Ottoman Empire]], he led the Muslims of Assam in a successful campaign during the [[1947 Sylhet Referendum]], through which Sylhet chose to become part of the Pakistan national project. He was the founder and president of the Pakistan Awami Muslim League (AML), which later became the [[Awami League]] (AL). Later, however, owing to differences with the right-leaning leaders in the AML, such as [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], on the issue of [[autonomy for East Pakistan]], he formed a new progressive party called the [[National Awami Party]] (NAP). Bhashani also differed with Suhrawardy when the latter, as Prime Minister of Pakistan, decided to join the US-led defence pacts [[CENTO]] and [[SEATO]]. He disagreed with Pakistan's growing ties with the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Rahman |first1=Syedur |year=2010 |title=Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh |publisher=Scarecrow Press |pages=51 |isbn=978-0-8108-7453-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The split of the left-wing camp into pro-Moscow and pro-Beijing factions eventually led to the break-up of NAP into two separate parties, the pro-Moscow faction being led by Muzaffar Ahmed. After [[Pakistan's 1965 war with India]], he showed some support for Field Marshal [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]]'s regime for its China-leaning foreign policy, but later he provided leadership to a mass uprising against the regime in 1968–69.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Building a Nation {{!}} 1958 - 1969 Personalities |url=https://storyofpakistan.com/personalities/building-a-nation-personalities/ |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=Story Of Pakistan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> American journalist Dan Coggin, writing for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', credited Bhashani, &quot;as much as any one man&quot;, for instigating the [[1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan]] that culminated in the collapse of the Ayub Khan regime&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot; /&gt; and the release of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] and the others accused in the [[Agartala conspiracy case]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Moiz Khan |date=15 December 2022 |title=Revisiting The Agartala Conspiracy |url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/15122022-revisiting-the-agartala-conspiracy-oped/ |access-date=10 May 2023 |website=Eurasia Review |type=OpEd}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to lay author S. Akhtar Ehtisham, Bhashani's decision to boycott the [[1970 Pakistan general elections]] effectively led to the electoral landslide by his erstwhile opponent [[Mujibur Rahman]]. The Awami League, without any viable opposition in East Pakistan, won 160 of the 162 seats in the province and thus gained a majority in the Pakistan National Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ehtisham |first1=S. Akhtar |year=2008 |title=A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents: A Pakistani View |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TNNMoORpiTcC&amp;pg=PG105 |publisher=Algora Publishing |page=105 |isbn=978-0-87586-635-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> <br /> Bhashani was born Mohammad Abdul Hamid Khan at Dhangara, a village in the Sirajganj ''[[mahakuma]]'' ({{lit|a subdistrict}}) of the [[Pabna District|Pabna district]] in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]] (present-day [[Sirajganj District]] in Bangladesh), to [[Hajji]] Mohammad Sharafat Khan and Mazirannesa Bibi in a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] family.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=30}} As Bhashani's early biographic details are not well recorded, his birth year is disputed between 1880 and 1885. According to his most prominent biographer, Syed Abul Maksud, 1885 is the best estimate.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=31}} Bhashani, nicknamed Chega Miah, was the second child of his parents; he had one elder brother, called Amir Ali Khan, one younger brother, called Ismail Khan, and a sister, called Kulsum Khanam.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=30}}<br /> <br /> Bhashani's father, Sharafat Khan, used to be a village grocer as well as a farmer. He was relatively better off than ordinary peasants. His surname, ''Khan'', and title, ''hajji'', bestowed upon Muslims who had performed the ''[[Hajj]]'' pilgrimage, suggest that he garnered considerable respect in his community; he died young, aged around 36 or 37.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=30}} Bhashani, still a child aged about 8 to 10, lost the remainder of his family, including his grandmother, in the Sirajganj [[cholera]] epidemic of 1894–1895.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=32}} As Bhashani lost his father while his grandfather was alive, he was not eligible to inherit his father's properties as per Muslim custom. His uncle, Ibrahim Khan, took custody.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=32}}&lt;ref name=inqi&gt;{{cite news |language=bn |script-title=bn:কিংবদন্তির মহানায়ক মওলানা ভাসানী |author=Nilu, Sheikh Shaukat Hossain |url=https://old.dailyinqilab.com/article/48355/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80- |work=[[Daily Inqilab]] |date=17 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Bengal, British India, land used to be owned by ''zamindars'' ({{lit|landowners}}) appointed by the British government by the [[Permanent Settlement]]. Most of the zamindars were oppressive, exacting unfair amounts of and unlawful taxes from the poor peasants. There were also village ''mahajans'' ({{lit|money lenders}}), to whom farmers often resorted for loans. Unbridled by law, mahajans used to exact high interests and commit forgeries. Exploitation often led to farmer revolts. A few years before Bhashani's birth, between 1872 and 1873, his native Pabna district had seen a historic peasant revolt. He experienced famines during his childhood and saw many of his close friends succumb to famine. Bhashani's milieu consisted of poor sharecropper peasants.<br /> <br /> Bhashani received his early education at his village ''paathshala'', a traditional primary school. He was also a student of Mawlana Abdul Bari Chishti at his madrasa (est. {{circa|1887}}) in Sirajganj.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |language=ar |title=البدور المضية في تراجم الحنفية |author=Kumillai, Muhammad Hifzur Rahman |publisher=Dar as-Salih |location=[[Cairo]] |year=2018 |chapter=٢٦٢٥ - الشيخ الفاضل مولانا عبد الباري الجشتي، رحمه الله تعالى}}&lt;/ref&gt; An orphaned Bhashani caught the attention of Syed Nasir ud-din Baghdadi, an Assam-based ''pir'' ({{lit|[[Pir (Sufism)|Sufi preacher]]}}) who was on a sojourn in Sirajganj. Baghdadi took Bhashani with him as a ''talib-e-ilm'' ({{lit|disciple}}) when he returned to his base in [[Jaleswar, Assam|Jaleswar]], a locality on the [[Brahmaputra river|Brahmaputra]] in the [[Goalpara district]] of [[Assam]], in 1904.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=34}} The Goalpara and [[Dhubri district|Dhubri]] regions, both situated on the braided river Brahmaputra, would later be the scene of Bhashani's youthful political activism, constituting an interface between Bengal and Assam provinces with a Bangla-speaking Muslim majority population. The region was mostly forests, freshly cultivated by migrant peasants from Bengal. In Jaleswar, Baghdadi gave Bhashani lessons in Arabic, Urdu, Quran, Hadith, and Fiqh. Baghdadi sent Bhashani to Maulana [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi|Mahmud Hasan]] in [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], an Islamic seminary in northern India, for higher studies in Islamic theology.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=35}}<br /> <br /> Bhashani spent two years, from 1907 to 1909, in Deoband.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=35}} He studied Quran and Hadith under Maulana [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]. Dar-ul-Uloom Deoband, one of the two Muslim education trends in British India, founded by anti-British Muslim clerics, at that time was a hotbed of anti-British ideals. The other trend, based in Aligarh, used to be pro-British rule. Bhashani travelled around northern India. Impatient by nature, Bhashani's interest in politics and the human condition overrode theology.<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> <br /> ===Early political activities===<br /> After returning from Deoband in 1909, Bhashani took work as a master at a primary school at Kagmaree in [[Tangail]], a place across the river Jamuna from Sirajganj. Rich with experience from his travels in Northern India and Assam, he became more politically conscious. Influenced by a youth from Brahmanbaria, whom he met during his visit to Kolkata shortly after his return from Deoband, Bhashani briefly joined one of the extremist anti-British organizations in Bengal. Having learned to use a gun, he took part in some raids against some oppressive zamindars. After spending a couple of years in Kagmaree, Hamid moved to Panchbibi in Bogura district (now [[Joypurhat District]]) in around 1911.<br /> <br /> Till then, Bhashani had been working more like an independent activist without any political affiliation. By 1913, he had cut ties with the extremist political line. His first meeting with [[Chittaranjan Das]], a prominent [[Indian National Congress]] leader, in October 1917 in Mymensingh inspired him to join direct politics. After performing his hajj the next year, he became a primary member of the Congress in 1919 and fully devoted himself to politics. Imprisoned in the same year, he met many famous politicians in prison.<br /> <br /> He participated in the Khilafat Movement like many Muslim youths. Influence of the Ali brothers: Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali. Joined the Swaraj Party of Chittaranjan Das (1922).<br /> <br /> During this period, Bhashani's vocal pro-peasant stance brought him into conflict with several zamindars in the Rajshahi-Tangail region, notably against the zamindar of Dhopghat in Rajshahi (known as the Astan Mollah revolt) and the zamindar of Santosh in Tangail. These conflicts kept him under constant move. The zamindar of Santosh had him ousted from Mymensingh district. In late 1926, the government of Bengal declared him ''persona non grata''. As a result, he left for Assam in 1926 and settled in Ghagmaree, later renamed Hamidabad in his honour, near Jaleswar.<br /> <br /> ===Assam===<br /> <br /> The British defeated the Burmese dynasty that ruled Assam in the [[First Anglo-Burmese War]] in 1826. As compensation for the war, Assam came under British rule, about seventy years after Bengal did. The British rulers adopted a different and more favorable land system for Assam, attracting peasants from Bengal seeking escape from their oppressive zamindars. The migrant peasants occupied the previously uninhabited regions and cultivated land, clearing forests. By the time Bhashani arrived in Assam, migrant peasants were experiencing deprivation and persecution by the native Assamese. The so-called ''line system'' forbade migrants from acquiring land outside a fixed boundary. Bhasani had been vocal about the rights of Bengali migrant peasants before even settling in Assam in 1926. Already popular among them, he organized a migrant farmers convention in 1924 at Bhasan Char, a braid bar on the river Brahmaputra, in Dhubri district. At the convention, he demanded the abolition of the line system. The convention earned him the ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisba]]'' (lit. toponym) ''Bhasani'' that he would carry for the rest of his life.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-11919 |title=Remembering Moulana Bhasani |date=17 November 2007 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |access-date=21 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also started gaining ''pir'' status at the same time.<br /> <br /> Bhasani would organize several farmer and peasant conventions in the coming years. In December 1932, he organized a mammoth peasant convention in Sirajganj. Held on Kauakhola Maidan, a freshly harvested paddy field beside the river Jamuna, the 3-day-long event attracted about 350,000 peasants. Inaugurated by [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy|Shaheed Suhrawardy]], a Kolkata-based Muslim League leader, the convention brought Bhasani nationwide fame. The convention also alarmed the British government about his rise.<br /> <br /> Left Congress and joined the Muslim League in 1937. He got elected from the South Dhubri constituency as a Muslim League candidate in the 1937 election.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.assamassembly.gov.in/ala-since-1937.html List of Members of Assam Legislative Assembly Since 1937] Government of India.&lt;/ref&gt; He made a speech in Bangla in the Assam assembly for the first time, breaking the tradition. The Assam provincial assembly was a patchwork of several provincial parties with no clear majority. In the next few years, house leadership passed between the Congress-led coalition, headed by Bordoloi, and the Muslim League-led one, headed by Sadullah, several times. Bhasani was disillusioned by both of them.<br /> <br /> In April 1944, he was elected president of the Assam Muslim League at its [[Barpeta]] session and thereafter devoted himself to the [[Pakistan Movement]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.muktadhara.net/page27.html |title=Biography of Bhashani |website=Muktadhara |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419155157/http://www.muktadhara.net/page27.html |archive-date=19 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; He worked as an activist in the Sylhet referendum that would decide whether Sylhet district belonged to India or Pakistan after partition. He was instrumental in bringing Sylhet into Pakistan. He advocated for similar referendums in other Muslim majority districts of Assam. Both the Indian and Pakistani leaders were at odds with Bhasani. Released from imprisonment, he was ousted from Assam by the Assam provincial government in 1948 with his family still in Assam. Retained a life-long bond with Assam.<br /> <br /> ===Activitues during Pakistan days===<br /> [[File:Rally on 21Feb1954 Abdul Hamid and Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani with [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]], marching barefoot to pay tribute at [[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka|Shaheed Minar]] (Martyrs' monument) in Dhaka on 21 February 1954.]]<br /> [[File:21feb1956 Shaheed Minar Dhaka.png|thumb|Maulana Bhashani after the foundation stone laying program for Shaheed Minar on 21 February 1956.]]<br /> After the establishment of India and [[Pakistan]] in 1947, following the exit of the British, Bhashani planned his anti-establishment course of action. On 23 June 1949, he founded the East Pakistan Awami Muslim League.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=31. Pakistan/East Pakistan/Bangladesh (1947-1971) |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/home/research-projects/dadm-project/asiapacific-region/pakistanbangladesh-1947-1971/ |access-date=16 August 2023 |website=uca.edu |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhasani was elected its president, with [[Shamsul Huq]] as its general secretary. On 24 July 1949, he organised the first meeting of the [[All Pakistan Awami Muslim League|Awami Muslim League]] at [[Armanitola]], [[Dhaka]], during which [[Yar Mohammad Khan]] contributed and finally established the party in Dhaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Awami League marks 75th founding anniversary - |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=477734 |work=The Daily Observer |date=22 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 31 January 1952, he formed the &quot;All Party Language Movement Committee&quot; at the Dhaka Bar Library. He campaigned for the recognition of Bangla as a national language in Pakistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tirmizi |first1=Farooq |title=The sad history of International Mother Tongue Day |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/121515/the-sad-history-of-international-mother-tongue-day/ |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=24 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The National Democratic Front was established under his leadership on 4 December 1953. He renamed the [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]] as the [[Awami League]] by removing &quot;Muslim&quot; from its official name in the council session of the Awami League held on 21–23 October 1955.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2023 |title=Bangladesh: The Paramount Achievement of Awami League on its Journey so far |url=https://albd.org/articles/news/36694/Bangladesh:-Awami-League's-Glorious-Achievement-on-its-Journey-so-far |website=Bangladesh Awami League}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- According to Awami League's official website the meeting happened in 1955 --&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] government, both in the centre and in the province of East Pakistan, lost considerable popularity after the [[Bengali language movement|Language Movement]] of 1952. It was seen as not being capable or interested in protecting the interests of [[East Pakistan]]. With an election to be held in the province in 1954, a new political party emerged to challenge the Muslim League. It was called the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] and comprised the party led by Bhashani and the [[Krishak Sramik Party]] led by [[A. K. Fazlul Huq]], former Prime Minister of [[Bengal]]. The Awami League, under [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]], also joined the alliance. The United Front won the provincial election in East Pakistan by defeating the Muslim League.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Haque |first1=Syed Badrul |title=Remembering Sher-e-Bangla |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/remembering-sher-e-bangla-47536 |work=The Daily Star |date=26 October 2014 |access-date=11 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 1954, Bhashani went to [[Stockholm]]. He was barred from returning to [[East Bengal]] by the government of [[Iskander Mirza]] and branded a [[communist]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hossain |first1=Mokerrom |year=2010 |title=From Protest to Freedom: A Book for the New Generation: the Birth of Bangladesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vt3KxEBYk0C&amp;pg=PA127 |publisher=Shahitya Prakash |pages=127 |isbn=978-0-615-48695-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 7 and 23 May 1956, Bhashani went on a hunger strike to demand food for famine affected people.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}<br /> <br /> During the Kagmaree Conference of the Awami League, held on 7–8 February 1957, Bhashani left the [[West Pakistani]] authority, which had acted negatively against East Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bangladesh: Past and Present&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ahmed |first1=Salahuddin |year=2004 |title=Bangladesh: Past and Present |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=9788176484695}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 24–25 July 1957, Bhashani convened the conference of All-Pakistan Democratic Activists. On 25 July he formed the [[National Awami Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=PAKISTAN'S PREMIER IS BACKED BY PARTY |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1957/06/15/archives/pakistans-premier-is-backed-by-party.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=15 June 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bhashani was elected the president with Mahmudul Huq Osmani as general secretary.<br /> <br /> According to [[Ehtisham ul Haq Thanvi|Ehtisham]], Bhashani played a crucial role in the opposition's decision to nominate Fatima Jinnah as a candidate in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election]], instead of [[Azam Khan (general)|Azam Khan]]. Fatima Jinnah was initially scornful of an opposition attempt to nominate her; however, on Bhashani's personal intervention, she agreed to be their joint candidate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Ehtisham |first=S. Akhtar |date=2008 |title=A Medical Doctor Examines Life on Three Continents: A Pakistani View |publisher=Algora Publishing |page=66 |isbn=978-0-87586-634-5 |quote=Bhashani proposed the name of Miss Fatima Jinnah ... But she despised the opposition leaders ... and summarily dismissed them, telling them that if they had not perversely and ineptly dragged the country to the current deplorable state, they would not be begging her at her age to contest an election ... Bhashani ... was perhaps the only person in the ranks of the opposition for whom she had some respect. He went to see Miss Jinnah alone ... He played on the elderly lady's heart strings, telling her ... your brother made Pakistan, it is up to you to save it ... Miss Jinnah agreed to don the mantle of the savior.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=From the past pages of dawn: 1965: Fifty years ago: Bhashani's plea |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1218267 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=8 November 2015 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Despite this pledged support for [[Fatima Jinnah]], Bhashani was controversially alleged to have become inactive during the opposition's presidential campaign ostensibly because of [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]]'s pro-China leanings; [[Sherbaz Khan Mazari]] later alleged that Bhashani was bribed by [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Mazari |first=Sherbaz Khan |author-link=Sherbaz Khan Mazari |date=1999 |title=A Journey to Disillusionment |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Karachi |page=150 |isbn=978-0-19-579076-4 |quote=&quot;Bashani was the first to back out on Miss Jinnah. His excuse at that time was that as China (his party's overseas mentor) had friendly relations with Ayub Khan's regime, he was not in a position to oppose Ayub Khan. Later, however it became an open secret that Bhutto ... bribed Bashani with Rs 500,000 to ensure withdrawal of his support from the COP. Some years later I confronted Bashani with this accusation. The Maulana did not bother to deny it.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1969 Bhashani launched a movement for the withdrawal of the [[Agartala Conspiracy Case]] and the release of [[Sheikh Mujib]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ahsan |first=Syed Badrul |date=17 November 2021 |title=Moulana Bhashani in Bangladesh's history |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/moulana-bhashani-bangladeshs-history-330796 |website=The Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; American journalist Dan Coggin, writing for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', credited Bhashani, &quot;as much as any one man&quot;, for instigating the [[1969 Mass uprising in East Pakistan]] that culminated in the collapse of the Ayub Khan regime.&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last=Coggin |first=Dan |date=18 April 1969 |title=Prophet of Violence |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844753-1,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930203937/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,844753-1,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 September 2007 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |page=41 |url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1970 Bhashani called for the independence of East Pakistan consistent with the 1940 [[Lahore Resolution]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Jalal |first1=Ayesha |year=2014 |title=The Struggle for Pakistan: A Muslim Homeland and Global Politics |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9780674744998 |pages=158}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhashani, with his National Awami Party,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=From The Past Pages Of Dawn: 1970: Fifty Years Ago: Bhashani: nationalise wealth |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1542836 |work=Dawn|location=Pakistan |date=22 March 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; had organised an International Kisan conference from 23 to 25 March 1970 in [[Toba Tek Singh District]]. During the conference, he asked the [[Government of Pakistan]] to hold a referendum asking the population if they wanted [[Islamic socialism]]. He warned that there might be guerrilla warfare if the military government failed to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Chicago Press&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Army's Rule Cut in East Pakistan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/03/10/archives/armys-rule-cut-in-east-pakistan-nationalists-gain-control-as.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=10 March 1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the Pakistan Goverbement's poor response to the [[1970 Bhola Cyclone]] which left over 500,000 people dead, an enraged Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani who had previously led multiple rebellion against the [[British Raj]] was the first ever Bengali to declare independence of East Pakistan in a massive public rally on 23 November 1970 but it was not officially recognized.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Maulana Bhashani was the first to declare 'Independence' of East Pakistan - Sindh Courier | date=29 September 2022 | url=https://sindhcourier.com/maulana-bhashani-was-the-first-to-declare-independence-of-east-pakistan/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Dr. Shibli Ahmed |date=19 October 2025 |title=Bangladesh’s Independence: The Forgotten Declaration of 4 December |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/post/780477 |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Daily Sun |language=en |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==War of Independence 1971==<br /> During the March 1971 crackdown, aged about 86, Bhashani was staying at his home in Santosh, Tangail. Following the crackdown, he left his home and crossed Jamuna for Sirajganj, and he met rival NAP (Mozaffar) faction workers Saiful Islam and Moraduzzaman in Sirajganj. Shortly after his departure, his house in Santosh was burnt by the Pakistani occupation army. Unaware of the Mujibnagar government, he planned to reach London and set up a provisional government himself. Accompanied by the two, he started upstream on the river Jamuna from Sirajganj by boat and headed for Assam, following his familiar river route.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=মওলানা ভাসানী মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সময় ভারতে কেমন ছিলেন? |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/articles/c514ppvv58ko |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |date=25 March 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Both Bhasani's past ties with Assam and his pro-Chinese affiliation caused anxiety among the Indian authorities. He was made the chairman of Sorbodoliyo Songram Parisad. Bhashani asked China to aid Bangladesh in its liberation war. His request was not answered by China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ahsan |first1=Syed Badrul |title=March 26, 1971 ... and after |url=http://opinion.bdnews24.com/2015/03/26/march-26-1971-and-after/ |work=bdnews24.com |type=Opinion |date=26 March 2015 |access-date=24 January 2016 |archive-date=28 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228065659/https://opinion.bdnews24.com/2015/03/26/march-26-1971-and-after/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career in independent Bangladesh==<br /> Following independence, Bhashani wanted to play the role of a responsible opposition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Moulana Bhashani...forty years after 1976 |url=https://bdnews24.com/opinion/moulana-bhashani-forty-years-after-1976 |work=[[bdnews24.com]] |date=17 November 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The progressive forces quickly gathered around him and strengthened the [[National Awami Party]] with [[Kazi Zafar Ahmed]] as its general secretary. But soon factional differences among the progressive forces emerged and weakened Bhashani's position.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=26 March 2015 |title=The War of Liberation and Maulana Bhashani |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/independence-day-special-2015/the-war-liberation-and-maulana-bhashani-73746 |work=The Dailystar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhashani was highly critical of the authoritarian style of the Awami League and [[BAKSAL]] government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=P. Sukumaran |year=2008 |title=Indo-Bangladesh Relations |publisher=APH Publishing |pages=54 |isbn=9788131304082}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also warned Sheikh Mujibur Rahman against the ever-rising corruption and political chaos in his own government happening unbeknownst to him. Bhashani was deeply shocked at the killing of Mujib, for whom he had a lot of fatherly affection, and his family members. The person who conveyed the news of Mujib's demise described how Bhashani cried and then went to his prayer room to offer prayer.<br /> <br /> In May 1976, he led a [[Farakka Long March|massive Long March]] demanding the demolition of the [[Farakka Barrage]] constructed by India to divert the flow of the [[Ganges]] waters inside its territory, triggering the drying up of the river [[Padma]] and [[desertification]] of Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bhasani.com/ |title=Bhasani's Farakka Long March |website=Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani by Enamul Haq |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910120251/http://www.bhasani.com/ |archive-date=10 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=15 May 2006 |title=30th Anniversary of Farakka Long March |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/05/15/d60515061387.htm |newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |location=Dhaka |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211034640/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2006/05/15/d60515061387.htm |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the time, the government of Bangladesh unofficially supported Bhashani's Farakka Long March. Navy Chief Rear Admiral [[M. H. Khan]] was in charge of providing logistics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reza |first1=Shameem |title=Historic Farakka Long March Day today |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/historic-farakka-long-march-day-today |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=16 May 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hundreds of thousands of people from all walks of life from all over the country gathered in [[Rajshahi]] to participate in the Long March.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ফারাক্কা: মাওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানীর ৯০ বছর বয়সে এক লংমার্চে নেতৃত্ব দেয়ার গল্প |url=https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-54090289 |work=[[BBC Bangla]] |date=16 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528101247/https://www.bbc.com/bengali/news-54090289 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Historic Farakka Day today |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=472643 |work=The Daily Observer |date=16 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the morning of 16 March 1976, Bhashani addressed a gathering of people at the Madrash Maidan in [[Rajshahi]], from where the Long March commenced.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Protect 54 common rivers taking lessons from Farakka Long March: IFC |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/environment/protect-54-common-rivers-taking-lessons-farakka-long-march-ifc-852166 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=15 May 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hundreds of thousands of people walked more than 100 kilometres on foot for days. The march continued to Kansat, a place near the India-Bangladesh border, close to the Farakka Barrage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Historic 'Farakka Long-March Day' today |url=https://en.samakal.com/bangladesh/170819723/historic-%E2%80%98farakka-longmarch-day%E2%80%99-today |work=Samakal |date=16 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhashani's Farakka Long March was the first popular movement against India by Bangladeshi people who demanded a rightful distribution of the Ganges' water.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=16 May 2010 |title=Farakka Day Today |newspaper=[[The New Nation]] |location=Dhaka |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-226773672.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220150906/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-226773672.html |archive-date=20 February 2016 |quote=The Long March was the first popular movement against India demanding a rightful distribution of the water of Ganges. |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since then the Farakka Long March Day has been observed on 16 May every year in Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Farakka Long March Day observed |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/689767/Farakka-Long-March-Day-observed |work=Daily Sun |date=17 May 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political philosophy==<br /> <br /> In the early 1950s, he felt that an integrated Pakistan was no longer maintainable due to the hegemony of [[West Pakistan]]. At the Kagmari Conference, he bade farewell to West Pakistan by saying ''[[As-salamu alaykum]]'' which soon became a reference quote.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bangladesh: Past and Present&quot;/&gt; He declined to participate in the national election of 1970, saying that it would only help perpetuate rule by West Pakistan. From 1969 his favourite slogans were ''Swadhin Bangla Zindabad'' and ''Azad Bangla Zindabad''. His dream of an independent Bengal came true when Bangladesh was established as an independent nation-state in 1971. He advocated for the separation of state and religion. He was a pious Muslim who was in favour of socialism. He spoke out against [[Bangladesh Jamaat-e-Islami]] and its politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=McDermott |first1=Rachel Fell |year=2014 |title=Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh |publisher=Columbia University Press |pages=883 |isbn=978-0-231-51092-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Journalism==<br /> <br /> ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'' has been the most popular [[Bengali language|Bengali]] newspaper in Bangladesh since the early 1970s. However, its precursor was the ''Weekly Ittefaq''. After the British left South Asia in 1947, the [[Muslim League (Pakistan)|Muslim League]] emerged as the governing political party. Soon opposition movements started, and a political party named [[Bangladesh Awami League|Awami Muslim League]] was founded with Bhashani as one of the central figures. Against this backdrop, Bhashani and [[Yar Mohammad Khan]] started publishing the ''Weekly Ittefaq'' in 1949. The popular weekly publication was a critique of the Muslim League government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Anwar |first=M Tawhidul |year=2012 |chapter=Press and Politics |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Press_and_Politics |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The journalist [[Tofazzal Hossain Manik Miah]] worked as its editor. Manik Miah took over the paper as its editor and publisher on 14 August 1951.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jahangir |first1=Muhammad |title=Manik Miah: A Legendary Journalist |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/op-ed/manik-miah-legendary-journalist-97522 |work=The Daily Star |type=Op-ed |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=23 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 25 February 1972, Bhashani started publishing a weekly, ''Haq Katha'', and it soon achieved wide circulation. It was outspoken about the irregularities and misrule of the Awami League government established after the independence of Bangladesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Maolana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/maolana-abdul-hamid-khan-bhashani |work=The Daily Star |date=22 November 2013 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was a pro-Chinese and socialist weekly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Basu |first1=Subho |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Derek |year=2001 |title=Bangladesh |encyclopedia=Censorship: A World Encyclopedia |volume=I |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers |page=176 |isbn=1-57958-135-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzisCQAAQBAJ&amp;q=Weekly+Haq+Katha&amp;pg=PT863 |access-date=23 January 2016 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was edited by Irfanul Bari, Bhashani's subordinate. The weekly was subsequently banned by Sheikh Mujib.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The politics and contradictions of Maulana Bhashani |url=https://en.banglatribune.com/opinion/opinion/84653/The-politics-and-contradictions-of-Maulana |work=[[Bangla Tribune]] |date=17 November 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:মাওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানীর মাজার.JPG|thumb|[[Mazar (mausoleum)]] of Bhashani and his wife.]]<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> <br /> Bhashani had three wives. During his stay at Panchbibi in around 1911, a young and energetic Hamid caught the attention of the local zamindar, Shamsuddin Chowdhury (aka Shakiruddin Chowdhury). Chowdhury appointed Hamid as a trusted assistant. Later, in late 1925, before moving to Assam, Hamid married Chowdhury's daughter, Alema Khatun.{{sfn|Maksud|2014|p=52}} Khatun remained his principal wife. Khatun inherited her father's estates and donated them entirely to Bhashani's Haqqul Ebad Mission. They had two daughters and two sons. His third wife, Hamida Khanom (1918–1964), was the daughter of Qasimuddin Sarkar, the Zamindar of [[Adamdighi Upazila|Kanchanpur]] affiliated with the peasant's movement in Bogra. They had one son and two daughters together.&lt;ref name=inqi/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> [[File:Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani.jpg|thumb|alt= the shrine of Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani and his wife Alema Khatun in Santosh, Dhaka.|The shrine of Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani and his wife Alema Khatun in [[Santosh, Bangladesh|Santosh]], [[Dhaka Division|Dhaka]].]]<br /> Bhashani died on 17 November 1976 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, aged 96, and was buried at [[Santosh, Bangladesh|Santosh]], Tangail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Abdul Bhashani, Bengali Leader And Moslem Guru, Is Dead at 97 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/18/archives/abdul-bhashani-bengali-leader-and-moslem-guru-is-dead-at-97-a.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=18 November 1976 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712001752/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/11/18/archives/abdul-bhashani-bengali-leader-and-moslem-guru-is-dead-at-97-a.html |archive-date=12 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bhashani's 39th death anniversary observed |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2015/nov/18/bhashanis-39th-death-anniversary-observed |work=Dhaka Tribune}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> Bhashani is regarded as the proponent of anti-imperialist, non-communal, and left-leaning politics by his admirers in present-day Bangladesh and beyond.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.petercusters.nl/index.php?topic=bangladesh |title=Essays and Reports on Bangladesh |website=Peter Custers on Bhashani |date=3 July 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 August 2014 |title=Who Said What After August 15 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/who-said-what-after-august-15-37449 |access-date=20 June 2020 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, the Awami League Government of Bangladesh reduced his presence in school curricula.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Alamgir |first=Mohiuddin |date=14 January 2013 |title=Bhashani dropped from Bangla textbooks |url=http://old-archives.newagebd.net/detail.php?date=2013-01-14&amp;nid=36725 |newspaper=New Age |location=Dhaka |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211003431/http://old-archives.newagebd.net/detail.php?date=2013-01-14&amp;nid=36725 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, Bhashani was ranked number 8 in BBC's poll of the [[Greatest Bengali of all time]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ISB1&quot;&gt;—{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3623345.stm |title=Listeners name 'greatest Bengali' |date=14 April 2004 |access-date=16 April 2018 |publisher=BBC}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm |title=International : Mujib, Tagore, Bose among 'greatest Bengalis of all time' |date=17 April 2004 |last1=Habib |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |first1=Haroon |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011708/https://www.thehindu.com/2004/04/17/stories/2004041703001700.htm |archive-date=25 December 2018}}&lt;br /&gt;—{{Cite news |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |title=Bangabandhu judged greatest Bangali of all time |work=The Daily Star |date=16 April 2004 |access-date=25 June 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225011711/http://archive.thedailystar.net/2004/04/16/d4041601066.htm |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> '''Footnotes'''<br /> {{Notelist}}<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> '''Citations'''<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{Cite book |edition=3rd |script-title=bn:স্বাধীনতা ভাসানী ভারত |trans-title=Independence Bhasani India |last=Islam |first=Saiful |year=1998 |publisher=বর্তমান সময় |location=Dhaka |language=bn |orig-date=First published February 1987 |isbn=}}<br /> * {{Cite book |edition=2nd |script-title=bn:মওলানা আব্দুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী |trans-title=Maulana Abdul Hamid Khan Bhasani |last=Maksud |first=Syed Abul |year=2014 |author-link=Syed Abul Maksud |publisher=Agamee Prakashani |location=Dhaka |language=bn |orig-date=First published May 1994 |isbn=978-984-0416-41-7}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090806094216/http://geocities.com/bengali_poems/almahmud1.html Bhasani – Reminiscence of a missing mountain], poem by [[Al Mahmud]] (archived)<br /> {{Subject bar<br /> | commons = y<br /> | d = y<br /> | q = y<br /> |portal1=Biography|portal2=Bangladesh|portal3=Politics}}<br /> {{Presidents of Awami League}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhashani, Abdul Hamid Khan}}<br /> [[Category:Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani| ]]<br /> [[Category:1880 births]]<br /> [[Category:1976 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sirajganj]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi Sunni Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:Darul Uloom Deoband alumni]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Former Awami League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Independence Award]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistan Movement activists from Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:National Awami Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of the Awami League]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 1937–1946]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1955–1958]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi political party founders]]<br /> [[Category:Muslim socialists]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic socialism]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh independence activists]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladeshi anti-fascists]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halka_Don&diff=501901 2026-03-24T18:57:39Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Halka Don<br /> | image = Halka Don.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Promotional poster<br /> | director = Chala<br /> | producer = K. P. Sreekanth<br /> | writer = Chala<br /> | starring = {{plain list|<br /> * [[Pramod Panju]]<br /> * [[Amrutha Iyengar]]<br /> * [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Satya Hegde]]<br /> | editing = Arjun Kittu<br /> | studio = Venus Enterrtainers<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|04|14}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | language = Kannada &lt;br&gt; Telugu<br /> | country = India<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Halka Don''''' is an upcoming 2026 Indian Kannada‑Telugu bilingual [[action comedy]] film written and directed by Chala, and produced under the Venus Enterrtainers banner by K.P. Sreekanth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kannada.timesnownews.com/entertainment/halka-don-film-title-teaser-released-which-is-being-made-in-kannada-and-telugu-video-153046427|title=ಕನ್ನಡ ಮತ್ತು ತೆಲುಗಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣವಾಗುತ್ತಿರುವ ಹಲ್ಕಾ ಡಾನ್ ಚಿತ್ರದ ಟೈಟಲ್ ಟೀಸರ್ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ|work=Times Now News|date=24 October 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bcinemas.in/kp-srikanths-new-movie-halka-don/|title=ಕೆಪಿ‌ ಶ್ರೀಕಾಂತ್ ಹೊಸ ಸಿನಿಮಾ 'ಹಲ್ಕಾ ಡಾನ್' - BCinemas|work=Bcinemas|date=24 October 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Pramod Panju]] and [[Amrutha Iyengar]] in the lead roles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://udayavani.com/sandalwood-news/Halka-Don-Movie-227086?lang=kn|title=Halka Don Movie: ಪ್ರಮೋದ್‌ ಗೆ ಜೋಡಿಯಾದ ಅಮೃತಾ|work=Udayavani|date=25 October 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; alongside [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]], Jyothi Poorvaj, and Ramesh Indira in pivotal supporting roles.<br /> <br /> The cinematography is handled by [[Satya Hegde]], the editing by Arjun Kittu, and music is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. The official title teaser was released on October 24, 2025, via D Beats’ YouTube channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/a-star-studded-muhurtha-for-amrutha-and-pramods-next/articleshow/124803264.cms|title=A star-studded muhurtha for Amrutha and Pramod's next|work=The Times of India|date=26 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is set for 14 April 2026 theatrical release, simultaneously in Kannada and Telugu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/pramod-panju-acted-halka-don-sai-kumar-fan-movie-shooting-updates-rvj-ach-2238742.html|title=Halka Don: 'ಹಲ್ಕಾ ಡಾನ್' ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಶುರು; ಶಿವಣ್ಣನ ಫ್ಯಾನ್ ಈ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಪ್ರೊಡ್ಯೂಸರ್!|work=News18|date=25 November 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Premises ==<br /> The film follows Don (Pramod Panju), a charismatic but unsuspecting protagonist who gets embroiled in local underworld rivalries when he unwittingly becomes the face of a powerful gang. Forced into a frenzy of face‑offs and comedic chaos, Don must rely on his street smarts, unexpected alliances, and a key accomplice—Amrutha's character—to outwit rival dons and reclaim his peace.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Castlist|<br /> * [[Pramod Panju]] as Don<br /> * [[Amrutha Iyengar]]<br /> * [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]]<br /> * Ramesh Indira<br /> * Jyothi Poorvaj<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> Following a successful collaboration on previous mass‑action films, the team of Chala and K. P. Sreekanth conceived ''Halka Don'' as a bilingual entertainer designed for pan‑South appeal. With [[Sai Kumar (Kannada actor)|Sai Kumar]] in a major role marking his 50th year in cinema, the project aimed to merge nostalgia and novelty. The script blends underworld action with broad comedy, targeting New Year audiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/vk-gallery/cinema/in-pics-actor-sai-kumar-completes-50-years-in-the-film-industry-and-he-was-felicitated-at-muhurat-ceremony-of-halka-don-movie/photoshow/124784896.cms|title=ಚಿತ್ರರಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ 50 ವರ್ಷ ಪೂರೈಸಿದ ಸಾಯಿಕುಮಾರ್‌ಗೆ 'ಹಲ್ಕಾ ಡಾನ್' ಟೀಮ್‌ನಿಂದ ಸ್ಪೆಷಲ್ ಗೌರವ|work=Vijay Karnataka|date=24 October 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Marketing ===<br /> The project launched with a star-studded muhurat event featuring [[Shivarajkumar]], [[Sudeepa]], [[Duniya Vijay]], [[Vinay Rajkumar]], [[R. Chandru]] and [[Rachita Ram]], generating buzz through widespread Kannada media coverage on October 24, 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Oct/25/kannadanews2025oct24halka-don-gets-a-star-studded-launch|title=Halka Don gets a star-studded launch|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; The title teaser released on October 24, 2025, by D Beats Music, showcased the first look and character reveal, highlighting V. Harikrishna's music score and a stylized tone aimed at attracting broad audiences.<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> [[V. Harikrishna]] has composed the score and soundtrack for the film.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | total_length = <br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = <br /> | extra1 = <br /> | lyrics1 = <br /> | length1 = <br /> | title2 = <br /> | extra2 = <br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | length2 = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film is set for a January 14, 2026 theatrical release, simultaneously in Kannada and Telugu.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/movies/halka-don.html Halka Don page in Filmibeat]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2026 films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nayarambalam&diff=474787 2026-03-17T15:11:36Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: enhance article after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=May 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Nayarambalam<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = suburb<br /> | image_skyline = BhagavathyTempleNblm.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Nayarambalam Bhagavathy Temple<br /> | pushpin_map = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10.071|N|76.212|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | leader_title = Panchayath President<br /> | leader_name = Mrs. Neehu Binodh<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_total_ha = 1219<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 2.83<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_total = 24127<br /> | population_as_of = 2011 Census<br /> | population_density_km2 = 1783<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 682509<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 0484<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = Temperature Range: 22&amp;nbsp;°C – 31&amp;nbsp;°C<br /> }}<br /> '''Nayarambalam''' is a suburb of [[Kochi]] city and coastal village on [[Vypin]] island in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<br /> <br /> The village is surrounded by [[Edavanakkad]] [[Gram panchayat]] to the north, [[Narakkal]] Gram Panchayat to the south, the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west and [[Veeranpuzha]] to the east. Nayarambalam lies almost at the center of Vypin Island. Agriculture and fishing were traditionally the main sources of income for the people, but now most of the people depend on [[Kochi]] city, the nearest city on the [[mainland]]. There are still many [[paddy field]]s and fish ponds especially in the eastern and western areas of the village.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> These details are taken from the official website of the Kerala Government.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Demographic<br /> ! Value<br /> |-<br /> | Area in ha&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.<br /> | 1219 hectares<br /> |-<br /> | Wards<br /> | 16<br /> |-<br /> | Occupied residential houses<br /> | 4240<br /> |-<br /> | Households<br /> | 4240<br /> |-<br /> | Male population<br /> | 11313<br /> |-<br /> | Female population<br /> | 11853<br /> |-<br /> | Total population<br /> | 23166<br /> |-<br /> | Density of population per km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | 1783<br /> |-<br /> | Sex ratio (females per 1000 males)<br /> | 1047<br /> |-<br /> | Effective literacy rate (male)<br /> | 97.26<br /> |-<br /> | Effective literacy rate (female)<br /> | 92.26<br /> |-<br /> | Effective literacy rate (total)<br /> | 94.69<br /> |}&lt;ref&gt;Based on Department of Economics &amp; Statistics, Kerala (Panchayat Level Statistics 2001, Eranakulam District)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> <br /> Nayarambalam, the name originated from Nakar (serpant) and Ambalam ( temple). The Nagaraja Temple then became Nakarambalam,later evolved into Nayarambalam.<br /> <br /> == Local administration ==<br /> Address:&lt;br&gt;<br /> Nayarambalam Grama Panchayat,&lt;br&gt;<br /> Nayarambalam – 682 509&lt;br&gt;<br /> Office phone: 0484–2493339<br /> <br /> ==Elected members of Nayarambalam Panchayat==<br /> Nayarambalam Grama Panchayat: October 2015 election results:&lt;ref name=&quot;2015 Election Details&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/election/candidateDetails.php?year=2015&amp;lb=660&amp;ln=en |title=Govt of Kerala Local Self Government Department }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;lsgkerala.gov.in&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Local Self Government Department<br /> |url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/660<br /> |website=lsgkerala.gov.in<br /> |access-date=June 20, 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> |-<br /> ! #<br /> ! Ward name<br /> ! Elected Member<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Reservation<br /> |-<br /> | 1<br /> | Puthen Kadappuram<br /> | Jithin P A<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#ffce93;&quot; | BJP<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> | Temple West<br /> | Jinsha Balaji<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fe0000;&quot; | LDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> | Mangalya<br /> | Vijila Radhakrishnan<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman SC<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> | Thayyezhuthu<br /> | Sumesh M S<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fe0000;&quot; | LDF<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 5<br /> | Vadakke Nedungad<br /> | Shibu N P<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fe0000;&quot; | LDF<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 6<br /> | Nedungad Central<br /> | Mevis Bibin<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |-<br /> | 7<br /> | Thekke Nedungad<br /> | Remya Brijesh<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |-<br /> | 8<br /> | Manattuparambu East<br /> | Seena Antony<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |-<br /> | 9<br /> | Kadekkurishu<br /> | Hena Vijayaraghavan<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman SC<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> | Bhagavathi Temple South<br /> | Madhu V R<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fe0000;&quot; | LDF<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 11<br /> | Vadel Church<br /> | Jainy Xavier<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |-<br /> | 12<br /> | Vadel East<br /> | Joby Varghese<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 13<br /> | Ramankulangara<br /> | Nijo Joseph<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 14<br /> | Manattuparambu West<br /> | Jithin Lal<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fcff2f;&quot; | IND<br /> | General<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> | Kudungassery<br /> | Gireeshan N R<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | SC<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> | Kochambalam<br /> | Suma Venu<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#fe0000;&quot; | LDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |-<br /> | 17<br /> | Gurumandiram<br /> | Jisha Sreeraj<br /> | Member<br /> | style=&quot;background-color:#34ff34;&quot; | UDF<br /> | Woman<br /> |}<br /> <br /> This information was updated on 18 October 2017 based on Election Results of Local Body Election 2015 published by the Kerla State Election Commission.<br /> <br /> == Places of interest ==<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=May 2016}}<br /> * [[Cherai Beach]] is 8&amp;nbsp;km away from Nayarambalam.<br /> * In the east border of Nayarambalam is Vembanad lake which is known as [[Veeranpuzha]].<br /> * Nayarambalam has a good beach with very few visitors. Many people come here for [[angling]].<br /> * Bhagavathy Temple is one of the main Hindu temples in Nayarambalam, situated in the middle of the village facing the main Vypin-Munambam Road. The temple is maintained by Nayarambalam Nair Karayogam. The festival in the temple is observed every year during the 15th to 20th of the Malayalam month of Makaram (the last week of January to the first week of February). During the festivity period a variety of South Indian classical dance dramas and performing arts like Kathakali, Ottanthullal, Thayambaka, Panchavadyam, and Chendamelam are performed by renowned artists and performers.<br /> * Badhra Bhagavathi Temple is another temple situated near Vypin Munambam Road. It faces the north and is believed to be very powerful. It warms the devotees with the goddess' divine grace and grants them their wishes. It is maintained by Pallathupadi Trust.<br /> <br /> == Roads ==<br /> [[Vypeen]]-[[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallipuram]] State Highway 63 (SH 63) passes through Nayarambalam.<br /> <br /> == Hospitals ==<br /> [[File:Vet Hosp Nblm.jpg|thumb|Veterinary hospital]]<br /> The 25 bedded Govt. Ayurveda Hospital is owned by the public health department of the State Government of Kerala. The Public Health Center is situated in the beach area (Puthen Kadappuram). As part of the Aardram programme in 2017–18, Nayarambalam Primary Health Center was upgraded to a Family Health Centre (FHC). This was part of a larger initiative that saw 13 other primary health centers in the district similarly transformed.&lt;ref name = &quot;AARDRAM | Ernakulam District Website&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Aardram<br /> |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/scheme/aardram/<br /> |website=ernakulam.nic.in<br /> |access-date=June 20, 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are two medical centers in private sector also functioning here; one is Sarada Hospital (formerly Sarada Nursing Home),established in 1979,a dedicated multi speciality hospital which has been in patient care sector for the past 5 decades which includes general medicine, infertility, family medicine, neurology, cardiology, diabetology, dermatology, psychiatry and physiotherapy pioneered by Dr. K R Ramachandra Menon and Dr. Vanaja Menon with a vision of specialty medical care in the rural areas of Vypin. <br /> <br /> The other center is Nayarambalam Medical Centre. There are also several allopathic and homoeopathic clinics. In the speciality clinic, there is a small [[Otolaryngology|ENT]] clinic, Trinity, run by Dr. Thomas W Menacherry. A [[Periodontics|periodontic]] center, Smyle, run by Dr. Biniraj, is located just outside the Nayarambalam-Narakkal boundary.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}<br /> <br /> == Churches and temples ==<br /> [[File:SanjopuramChurch.jpg|thumb|Sanjopuram Church]]<br /> Nayarambalam is blessed with many churches and temples. Nayarambalam Bhagavathy Temple, Sankara Narayana Temple, Kochambalam Sri Subrahmania Temple, and Mahavishnu Temple Veliyethamparambu, Mannateswari Bhagavathy temple are some of the prominent Hindu temples in Nayarmabmalam.<br /> <br /> Major Christian churches include St. George Church (Wadel), established in the 1844, Sacred Heart Church (Manattuparambu) (both are under Verapoli Arch Diocese) St. Joseph's Church (Sanjopuram), and St. Augustine's Church (Nedungadu). In addition there are many small temples and chapels scattered around the village. A Muslim temple (mosque) is situated at the extreme north frontier of the village. There is also a Sri Sathya Sai Seva Samithi, which is active in the field of social service.<br /> <br /> == Educational institutions ==<br /> There are two high schools and many primary schools in Nayarambalam. These include Nayarambalam Bhagavathy Vilasom Higher Secondary School, Lobelia English Medium Higher Secondary School, Devi Vilasom Upper Primary School, and Vadel Lower Primary School.<br /> <br /> == Schools ==<br /> <br /> ===Lower primary schools===<br /> There are three LP schools in Nayarambalam.<br /> *St. George LP School, Nayarambalam (Aided School): one of the oldest schools in Nayarambalam, managed by St. George Church, Wadel Nayarambalam<br /> *Sacred Heart LP School, Nedungad, Nayarambalam<br /> <br /> ===Upper primary schools===<br /> *Devi Vilasam UP School, Nayarambalam: Managed by Bhagavathy Temple Karayogam, Nayarambalam. School is located at Veliyathamparambu adjacent to the State Highway. Medium of instruction is Malayalam. Classes are held from Standard 6 to Standard 7.<br /> *Union UP School, Thekke Nedungad<br /> <br /> ===Higher Secondary schools===<br /> *Bhagavathy Vilasam Higher Secondary School &lt;ref name = &quot;schools.org.in&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=BVHSS NAYARAMBALAM - Nayarambalam District Ernakulam (Kerala)<br /> |url=https://schools.org.in/ernakulam/32081400203/bvhss-nayarambalam.html<br /> |website=schools.org.in<br /> |access-date=June 20, 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; (Aided School): One of the oldest high schools in Nayarambalam. Managed by Bhagavathy Temple Karayogam, Nayarambalam. Many Nayarambalam men received their high school education from this school. The same management runs another school, Devi Vilasam, in the lower primary level at Veliyathamparambu, Nayarambalam.<br /> <br /> ===Higher secondary schools===<br /> *Lobelia English Medium Higher Secondary School (private management): Lobelia is the first English medium school at Nayarambalam. Classes are held from Standard 1 to Standard 12 (Plus2). The school is located between Kochambalam and Kudungasserry, adjacent to the State Highway.<br /> <br /> ===Special schools===<br /> *Karuna Special School for Mentally Retarded Children: The school is managed by Sisters of St. George Carmel Convent. Located very near to St. George Church Wadel, Karuna School is the only special school in Vypeen Island. Official website: https://www.karunaspecialschool.com/<br /> <br /> ===Public schools===<br /> *St. George Carmel Public School (private management): The school is managed by Sisters of St. George Carmel Convent.<br /> <br /> == Colleges ==<br /> <br /> ===Prayaga College and Computer Academy===<br /> * Prayaga College, established in 1988, is the biggest parallel college-cum-tuition centre in the entire Vypeen Island. Approximately 1200 students are currently studying in this college. A wing of Prayaga, Prayaga Computer Academy (PCA), provides professional computer education in the island. The current principal and director is P. T. Prakasan.<br /> <br /> ==Agriculture==<br /> [[File:PokkaliKkathir.jpg|thumb|The Pokkali cyclic paddy cultivation method was widely used in Nayarambalam until recently.]]<br /> <br /> An Agricultural office&lt;ref name = &quot;ernakulam.nic.in&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Agriculture <br /> |url=https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/agriculture/<br /> |website=ernakulam.nic.in<br /> |access-date=June 20, 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; (Krishi Bhavan) is functioning near to the Panchayath Building. <br /> <br /> Nayarambalam historically practiced the Pokkali cyclic paddy cultivation method.Wiki Citation&lt;ref name = &quot;The Hindu : No takers for organic Pokkali paddy&quot;&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=No takers for organic Pokkali paddy <br /> |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/10/stories/2002101000920100.htm<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021104162655/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/10/stories/2002101000920100.htm<br /> |archive-date=4 November 2002<br /> |website=www.hinduonnet.com<br /> |access-date=June 20, 2025<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; After the harvest, the decaying stubble of the paddy serves as food for the [[prawn]]s and likewise the prawn excreta make the field fertile. No pesticides or fertilizers are used in the fields, in contrast to other prevalent farming practices.<br /> <br /> As in other areas of Kerala, paddy fields are widely being reclaimed in Nayarambalam. Pokkali paddy-cum-prawn farming (cyclic farming method) was the traditional practice for farming. The Pokkali farming method is an [[eco-friendly]] farming practice.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> [[File:PanchayathOffice.jpg|thumb|Nayarambalam Panchayath office]]<br /> [[File:Treasury Nblm.jpg|thumb|Treasury building]]<br /> [[File:DeviVilasamUPS.jpg|thumb|Devi Vilasam UPS is managed by NSS Karayogam, Nayarambalam. It is located at Veliyathamparambu Bus Stop.]]<br /> [[File:Nblm BVHS.jpg|thumb|Bhagavathy Vilasam High school is one of the oldest high schools in Vypeen Island.]]<br /> [[File:Lobelia Higher Secondary School, Nayarambalam, Kerala.jpg|thumb|LEMHS is the first English medium School at Nayarambalam and is thought to be the first English medium school in Vypin Island. School Manager is Madhavan Pillai.]]<br /> [[File:KarunaSpecialSchool4MR.jpg|thumb|Karuna Special School, run by [[Carmelite]] Sisters]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * http://nayarambalam.blogspot.com<br /> * http://www.nayarambalambhagavathy.com/home.htm (presently inactive)<br /> * http://bhagavathytemple.blogspot.com<br /> * http://veeranpuzha.blogspot.com<br /> * {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20021104162655/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/10/stories/2002101000920100.htm Article Title]}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Ernakulam district]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iravan&diff=471373 2026-03-17T01:38:26Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: fixed details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Minor character from the Hindu epic Mahabharata}}<br /> {{distinguish|Yerevan|Ravana}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox deity<br /> | type = Hindu<br /> | image = Sri Aravan.jpg<br /> | alt = A big moustached male head, with big eyes, big ears and thick eyebrows. Fangs protrude from the sides of his mouth. The head wears a conical crown, with a cobra hood at the top. A floral garland and gold necklace are seen around the neck.<br /> | caption = Aravan worshipped at [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore]]. A cobra hood is sheltering Aravan's head.<br /> | name = Iravan <br /> | Devanagari = इरावान्<br /> | Sanskrit_transliteration = Irāvāṇ<br /> | script_name = Tamil<br /> | script = அரவான்<br /> | affiliation = [[Nāga]]<br /> | weapon = [[Sword]], Bow and Arrows<br /> | consort = [[Krishna]] in his [[Mohini]] form (in folk traditions)<br /> | parents = [[Ulupi]] (mother) &lt;br/&gt; [[Arjuna]] (father)<br /> }}<br /> '''Iravan''' also known as '''Iravat'''&lt;ref&gt;Sörensen (1902) p. 345 indexes the name as Irāvat.&lt;/ref&gt; and '''Iravant''', is a minor character from the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Hindu epic|epic]] ''[[Mahabharata]]''. The son of [[Pandava]] prince [[Arjuna]] (one of the main heroes of the ''Mahabharata'') and the [[Nāga|Naga]] princess [[Ulupi]], Iravan is the central deity of the [[Cult (religious practice)|cult]] of '''Kuttantavar''' ('''Kuttandavar''') which is also the name commonly given to him in that tradition—and plays a major role in the sect of [[Draupadi]]. Both these sects are of Tamil origin, from a region of the country where he is worshipped as a [[Village deities of Tamil Nadu|village deity]] and is known as '''Aravan'''. He is also a patron god of well-known [[transgender]] communities called ''Ali''s (also ''Aravani'' in Tamil, and ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]'' throughout South Asia).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Somasundaram O|first1=S|date=Jan–Mar 2009|title=Transgenderism: Facts and fictions|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|pmid=19742192|volume=51|issue=1|pmc=2738402|pages=73–75|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.44917|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Mahabharata'' portrays Iravan as dying a heroic death on the 8th day of the 18-day [[Kurukshetra War]] (''Mahabharata'' war), the epic's main subject. However, the South Indian traditions have a supplementary practice of honouring Aravan's self-sacrifice to the goddess [[Kali]] to ensure her favour and the victory of the Pandavas in the war. The Kuttantavar tradition focuses on one of the three boons granted to Aravan by the god [[Krishna]] in honour of this self-sacrifice. Aravan requested that he be married before his death. Krishna satisfied this boon in his female form, [[Mohini]]. In [[Koovagam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], this incident is re-enacted in an 18-day festival, first by a ceremonial marriage of Aravan to Alis ([[Hijra (South Asia)|hijra]]) and male villagers (who have taken vows to Aravan) and then by their widowhood after ritual re-enactment of Aravan's sacrifice.<br /> <br /> The [[Draupati Amman|Draupadi tradition]] emphasises another boon: Krishna allows Aravan to witness the entire duration of the ''Mahabharata'' war through the eyes of his severed head. In another 18-day festival, the ceremonial head of Aravan is hoisted on a post to witness the ritual re-enactment of the ''Mahabharata'' war. The head of Aravan is a common motif in Draupadi temples. Often it is a portable wooden head; sometimes it even has its own shrine in the temple complex or is placed on the corners of temple roofs as a guardian against spirits. Aravan is worshipped in the form of his severed head and is believed to cure disease and induce pregnancy in childless women.<br /> <br /> Iravan is also known in Indonesia (where his name is spelled '''Irawan'''). An independent set of traditions have developed around Irawan on the main island of [[Java]] where, for example, he loses his association with the Naga. Separate Javanese traditions present a dramatic marriage of Irawan to Titisari, daughter of Krishna, and a death resulting from a case of mistaken identity. These stories are told through the medium of traditional Javanese theatre (''[[Wayang]]''), especially in shadow-puppet plays known as ''[[Wayang kulit|Wayang Kulit]]''.<br /> <br /> == Etymology and other names ==<br /> <br /> According to the [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] Sanskrit–English Dictionary (1899), the name Iravan ({{langx|sa|इरावान्}}, {{IAST|Irāvān}}), also spelt ''Irawan'', is formed from the root Iravat (इरावत्, {{IAST|Irāvat}}), also spelt ''Irawat''.&lt;ref&gt;by [[sandhi]] with the onomastic suffix आन्. Iravan is the masculine nominative singular of the root form Iravat.&lt;/ref&gt; In turn, the root Iravat is derived from ''Irā'' (इरा)—closely linked with ''Iḍā'' (इडा)—meaning &quot;possessing food&quot;, &quot;endowed with provisions&quot; or, by extension, &quot;comfortable&quot; (as used in the ''Mahabharata'' and the [[Rigveda|''Rig'']] and [[Atharva Veda|''Atharva'' vedic]] scriptures).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/monier/serveimg.pl?file=/scans/MWScan/MWScanjpg/mw0168-imaka.jpg|title=Monier Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary|last=Monier-Williams|year=2008|page=168|access-date=7 May 2010|orig-year =1899|publisher=[[University of Cologne|Universität zu Köln]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alf Hiltebeitel, [[George Washington University]] professor of religion,&lt;ref&gt;See {{cite web|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~religion/faculty/index.cfm#beitel|title=Religion Department |work=Official site of GWU|publisher=[[The George Washington University]] (GWU)|access-date=22 March 2010}} for Alf Hiltebeitel's profile.&lt;/ref&gt; suggests that the Sanskrit name Iravan or Iravant is derived from Iḍā-vant, &quot;one who possessed ''Iḍā''&quot;. The French Indologist [[Madeleine Biardeau]] describes religious use of the word Iḍā as reference to an &quot;oblatory substance consumed by the participants from which comes all fecundity of the sacrifice&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilt320&quot; /&gt; Based on this definition, Biardeau concludes that Iravant means sacrificial victim in the ''Mahabharata''. ''Iḍā'' is also used elsewhere to denote a substance that [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]] (gods) and [[Asura]]s (demons) vie for.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilt320&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 320, Madeleine Biardeau is quoted on the page.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Iravan is generally known as Aravan ({{lang|ta|அரவான்}}, Aravāṇ), also spelt as ''Aravaan'' in South India. He is revered as a deity in two southern Indian Hindu cults: the Kuttantavar cult (dedicated solely to Aravan), and the cult of Draupadi (Aravan's stepmother and Arjuna's wife). In his own cult, Aravan is also known as Kuttantavar (கூத்தாண்டவர்), originating from the legend of Kuttantavar killing the demon Kuttacuran. This name is sometimes spelled as ''Kuttandar'', ''Khoothandavar'' or ''Koothandavar''.&lt;ref name=&quot;H455ff&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The South Indian, Tamil name, Aravan, is popularly believed to be derived from the word ''aravam'' (அரவம்) (snake). Aravan's association with snakes is also apparent in his iconography.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hilt320&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Iconography ==<br /> <br /> [[File:Aravan head.jpg|thumb|Iravan's head, [[Asian Civilizations Museum]], Singapore|alt=A crowned male wooden head with big eyes and ears, a Vaishnava tilak and bushy brows and large moustache. He has reddish skin, and two large canine teeth that hang down lower than his bottom lip. His eyes are wide open and he has large S-shaped ears that reach down to his chin. In the dark background, images are displayed on the back wall under lighting.]]<br /> <br /> Aravan is always worshipped in temples in the form of his severed head. He is usually depicted with a moustache, pronounced eyes and large ears. Typically, he also wears a conical crown, a [[Vaishnava]] ''[[Urdhva Pundra|tilak]]'' mark on his forehead and earrings. Aravan is often depicted with a cobra hood over his crown, cobra heads sprouting through the crown, or a snake emerging from behind the crown.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 309&lt;/ref&gt; Even the chief Koovagam icon features a serpent on Aravan's crown asserting his mother Ulupi's naga lineage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koovagam photos&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Another distinctive feature of Aravan's iconography is the presence of demonic canine teeth. Although the central Koovagam icon does not feature such demonic teeth, they are a regular feature of most Draupadi cult images, where Aravan's demonic features are emphasised.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1998) p. 147&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aravan-head icons are either painted or unpainted portable ones for processions; they are housed together in the temples of his shrines. Koovagam, Kothadai, Kothattai and Pillaiyarkuppam have icons painted with a red face and multi-coloured ornamentation. Unpainted black stone images of the Aravan-head are seen in Kothattai, Madhukarai and Pillaiyarkuppam.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koovagam photos&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1998) pp. 152, 160, 162, 165 for Koovagam images&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madukarai&quot;&gt;See Madurai's temple photos at {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/Madukarai# |title=Madukarai |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picasa Web Albums |access-date=27 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107060811/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/Madukarai |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kothadai&quot;&gt;See Kothadai's temple's photos at {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/Kothadai# |title=Kothadai |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picasa Web Albums |access-date=27 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107061152/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/Kothadai |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Pillaiyar Kuppam&quot;&gt;See Pillaiyar-Kuppam's photos at {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/PillaiyarKuppam# |title=Pillaiyar Kuppam |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picassa Web Albums |access-date=27 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107061241/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/PillaiyarKuppam |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Devanampattinam&quot;&gt;See Devanampattinam's photos at {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/Devanampattinam# |title=Devanampattinam |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picasa Web Albums |access-date=27 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107061125/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/Devanampattinam |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kotthattai&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/dilipm/sets/72157605195647564/|title=Kothattai Aravaan Festival |year=2008|work=Flickr|publisher=Dilip Muralidaran|access-date=27 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some paintings also depict the sacrifice of Aravan. In these scenes, he is often depicted bowing to Kali, while his head is about to be severed; or, as in one [[Sowcarpet]] painting, a self-decapitated Aravan holds both a sword and his own severed head, offering the latter to the goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;Draupadi photos&quot;&gt;See Hiltebeitel (1991) pp. 254–56, 268; Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 249 for Draupadi cult images.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&amp;sl=fr&amp;tl=en&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indereunion.net%2FIREV%2Fnarayanin%2Fbarldon7.htm|title=ARAVAN KADABALI|language=fr|access-date=27 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == Historical development ==<br /> <br /> Iravan first appears as a minor character in the ''Mahabharata'' as the son of Arjuna, the chief hero of the epic. The background to the ''Mahabharata'' infers a date that is &quot;after the very early [[Vedic period]]&quot; and before &quot;the first Indian 'empire' was to rise in the third century B.C.&quot;, so &quot;somewhere in the eighth or ninth century&quot;.&lt;ref name=vanB73&gt;Buitenen (1973) pp. xxiv–xxv&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally agreed, however, that &quot;Unlike the Vedas, which have to be preserved letter-perfect, the epic was a popular work whose reciters would inevitably conform to changes in language and style.&quot;&lt;ref name=vanB73/&gt; The earliest surviving components of this dynamic text are believed to be no older than the earliest external references to the epic, which may include an allusion in [[Pāṇini|Panini]]'s 4th-century grammar manual ''Ashtadhyayi'' (4:2:56).&lt;ref name=vanB73/&gt;&lt;ref name=Brockington&gt;Brockington (1998) p. 26&lt;/ref&gt; It is estimated that the Sanskrit text probably reached something of a &quot;final form&quot; by the early [[Gupta Empire|Gupta period]] (about the 4th century CE).&lt;ref name=vanB73 /&gt; The editor of the first great critical edition of the ''Mahabharata'' commented: &quot;It is useless to think of reconstructing a fluid text in a literally original shape, on the basis of an archetype and a ''stemma codicum''. What then is possible? Our objective can only be to reconstruct ''the oldest form of the text which it is possible to reach'' on the basis of the manuscript material available.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Sukthankar (1933) &quot;Prolegomena&quot; p. lxxxvi. Emphasis is original.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Sri Aravan ஸ்ரீ அரவான் at Maha Mariamman Koyil Singapore (2023) - img 02.jpg|thumb|left|upright|A portable wooden Aravan head in [[Sri Mariamman Temple, Singapore]]|alt=A crowned male wooden head with big eyes and ears, a Vaishnava tilak and bushy brows and moustache. A garland is seen around the neck and on the crown. He has pink skin, and two large canine teeth that hang down lower than his bottom lip. His eyes are wide open and he has large S-shaped ears.]]<br /> <br /> Iravan is also mentioned, as the son of Arjuna and Ulupi, in passing references in two ''[[Purana]]s'' (&quot;sacred texts&quot;) known as the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]'' (4:20:12)—also with a text history from the late Vedic through the Gupta periods—and the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' (9:22:32)—traditionally dated to the Vedic period but dated by modern scholars to the 9th or 10th&amp;nbsp;century CE.&lt;ref&gt;For ''Viṣṇu Purana'' 4:20:49 and article on Irāvat, see Dikshitar (1951) p. 199.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Vishnu Purana]] 4:20:12 translation at {{cite web|url=http://salmun.cwahi.net/wrel/rhindu/scrip/vp/vp.htm|title=The Vishnu Purana|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|year=1840|work=Yahshuan Archives|access-date=20 March 2010|author-link=Horace Hayman Wilson|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304170056/http://salmun.cwahi.net/wrel/rhindu/scrip/vp/vp.htm|archive-date=4 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.srimadbhagavatam.org/canto9/chapter22.html|title=Bhāgavata Purana 9:22:32|last=Aadhar|first=Anand|access-date=20 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the original Sanskrit version of the ''Mahabharata'' records Iravan's (Sanskrit name) death during the 18-day ''Mahabharata'' war, the Tamil versions discuss Aravan's (Tamil name) ritual self-sacrifice to Kali before the war. Hiltebeitel relates this to the South Indian glorification of &quot;heroic&quot; [[self-mutilation]] and self-decapitation before a goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;H318ff&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) pp. 318–20&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;H284&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 284&lt;/ref&gt; He takes particular note of a scene towards the end of a puranic text, ''[[Devi Mahatmyam]]'', in interpreting old Tamil sculptures depicting a warrior king spilling his own blood, as in the ''Purana'', in adoration of a goddess of victory.&lt;ref name=&quot;H318ff&quot; /&gt; In the Tamil sculptures, the goddess is [[Korravai]], who became associated with [[Durga]] and hence Kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;H318ff&quot; /&gt; He also finds parallels in the [[Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] legend of the sacrifice of [[Barbarika]]&lt;ref&gt;Barbarika is described as the son of Iravan's cousin, [[Ghatotkacha]] in the Mahabharata.&lt;/ref&gt;—another ''Mahabharata'' character—and its variants in [[Rajasthan]] (see also: [[Khatushyamji]]), [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], [[Kurukshetra]], [[Bundelkhand]] and [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. Most notable among the similarities between Aravan and Barbarika is the boon to witness the entire duration of the ''Mahabharata'' war—through the eyes of the severed head, despite the sacrifice.&lt;ref&gt;See Hiltebeitel (1999) for parallels with Barbarika's story&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) pp. 317–18&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first account of Aravan's sacrifice is found in ''Parata Venpa''—the earliest surviving Tamil version of the ''Mahabharata''—by Peruntevanar (9th&amp;nbsp;century). The tale is later retold by Villiputuralvar in his 14th-century ''Makaparatam'' and by Nallapillai in the 18th&amp;nbsp;century.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 318&lt;/ref&gt; The legend is also mentioned in the text ''[[Purana#Sthala Puranas|Khoothanvar Sthala Purana]]'', associated with the shrine of Kuttantavar.&lt;ref&gt;Pattanaik (2000) p. 37&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another source of Aravan traditions is the folk-theatre of Tamil Nadu, called ''[[koothu]]''. ''Aravan Kalappali'' (or ''Aravan Kalabali''), &quot;Aravan's Battlefield Sacrifice&quot;, is a popular theme of the traditional ''[[Terukkuttu|Terukuttu]]'' (&quot;street theatre&quot;). ''Aravan Kalappali'' tells the story of Aravan's pre-battle self-sacrifice to the goddess [[Kali]] to win her support, guaranteeing victory for the Pandavas (Arjuna and his brothers) in the ''Mahabharata'' war. ''Aravan Kalappali'' is staged annually in the villages of [[Melattur, Tamil Nadu|Melattur]], Kodukizhi and Yervadi, according to various forms of the ''koothu'' folk-theatre. In Karambai, ''Aravan Kalappali'' is performed as part of the cult of Draupadi, on the 18th&amp;nbsp;day of an annual festival (April–May), to please the goddess.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/0917035f.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104064550/http://www.hindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/0917035f.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|title=Symbol of sacrifice |last=Santhanam|first=Kausalya |date=17 August 2001|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=7 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In modern interpretations, Aravan's head symbolises not only self-sacrifice but also regeneration and continuity, because of his ability to see the war after his sacrifice.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 332&lt;/ref&gt; For example, Iramacamippulavar's ''Merkolvilakka Kkatai Akaravaricai'' (1963)—which narrates the tale of Aravan—ends with the conclusion that Aravan continues to live on as a folk hero in Tamil Nadu, because he embodies &quot;the ideal of self-sacrifice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Shulman (1978) p. 132. Iramacamippulavar, Merkolvilakka kkatai akaravaricai (Madras, 1963), 1:40–44.&lt;/ref&gt; Aravan is considered to be a representation of the cost of war; he evokes the &quot;countless innocent&quot; reluctantly sent by their mothers &quot;to be consumed by the insatiable Goddess of War&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;hindu&quot; /&gt; Indologist [[David Dean Shulman|David Shulman]], on the other hand, considers Aravan's sacrifice to be a reworking of the serpent sacrifice in the Tamil epic tradition.&lt;ref&gt;Shulman (1978) p. 131&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> == ''Mahabharata'' ==<br /> <br /> [[File:The center of battle of Kurukshetra.jpg|thumb|A scene from the Mahabharata war, [[Angkor Wat]] relief|alt=A black stone relief depicting a number of men wearing a crown and a dhoti, fighting with spears, swords and bows. A chariot with half the horse out of the frame – is seen in the middle.]]<br /> <br /> While the marriage of Iravan's parents is mentioned in the first book of the ''Mahabharata'', [[Adi Parva]] (the Book of Beginnings), both the birth and death of Iravan are mentioned later, in the sixth book, [[Bhishma Parva]] (the Book of Bhishma).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel 1995 p. 448&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) p. 448&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sörensen|1902|loc=p. 345.}} Index notes references to Irāvat in Mahabharata book 6, chapters 45, 56, 75, 81, 83, 90, 91, and 96 of the Bombay edition.&lt;/ref&gt; In this sixth book of the epic, Arjuna, the third Pandava brother, is exiled from [[Indraprastha]] (the capital city of the Pandava kingdom) to go on a 12-year pilgrimage as a penance for violating the terms of his marriage to Draupadi, the Pandava brothers' common wife. Arjuna reaches the north-east region of present-day India and falls in love with Ulupi, a widowed Naga princess. The two get married and have a son named Iravan; later, Arjuna proceeds with his pilgrimage, leaving Iravan and Ulupi behind in [[Nagaloka]], the abode of the Nagas.&lt;ref&gt;For Iravan article, see Mani (1975) pp. 331–32.&lt;/ref&gt; Iravan is described as being born ''parakshetre'', literally &quot;in a region belonging to another person&quot;, interpreted by Hiltebeitel as &quot;upon the wife of another&quot;. Iravan grew up in Nagaloka, protected by his mother, but was rejected by his maternal uncle because of the latter's hatred of Arjuna. After reaching maturity, Iravan, hoping to be reunited with his father, departs for [[Svarga|Indraloka]], the abode of the god [[Indra]], who is also Arjuna's father. Upon meeting his adult son, Arjuna requests his assistance in the Kurukshetra War.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel 1995 p. 448&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vogel&quot;&gt;Vogel (1995) pp. 75–76&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus Iravan finally reaches the battlefield of Kurukshetra to assist his father and Pandavas against their cousins and opponents, the [[Kauravas]] and slays many enemy warriors. On the first day of war, Iravan fights a duel with Srutayush, a [[Kshatriya]] king who had been a ''[[daitya]]'' (demon) called Krodhavasa in a [[Reincarnation|prior incarnation]]. Srutayush is later killed by Arjuna.&lt;ref&gt;Mani (1975) p. 743 (Mahabharata—[[Bhishma Parva]] 45:69)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last =Ganguli | title=The Mahabharata Book 6: Bhishma Parva | chapter=XLV | url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06045.htm|year =1883–1896|access-date=7 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the seventh day of war, Iravan also defeats Vinda and Anuvinda, the princes of [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]], who are later killed by Arjuna.&lt;ref&gt;For Vinda and Anuvinda, Mani (1975) (Mahabharata—Bhishma Parva 83:18–22) pp. 45, 857&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last =Ganguli| title=The Mahabharata Book 6: Bhishma Parva | chapter=LXXXIV | url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06084.htm|year =1883–1896|access-date=7 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the eighth day of the war, Iravan combats the princes of [[Gandhara]], sons of king Suvala, and the younger brothers of [[Shakuni]], the treacherous maternal uncle of the Kauravas. The brothers Gaya, Gavaksha, Vrishava, Charmavat, Arjava, and Suka attack Iravan, supported by the whole Kaurava army, but Iravan's army of Nagas slay all the soldiers, leaving the Gandhara princes for Iravan. Iravan, then gets down from his chariot and slays five of the Gandhara princes in a sword fight; Vrishava alone escapes death.&lt;ref name=&quot;xci&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last =Ganguli| title=The Mahabharata Book 6: Bhishma Parva | chapter=Section XCI |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06091.htm#fr_438|year =1883–1896|access-date=7 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For sons of Subala, Mani (1975) pp. 90, 178, 217, 287, 758, 881. For Iravan, Mani (1975) pp. 331–32 (Mahabharata—Bhishma Parva 90:27–46)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Agitated by this reversal, the eldest Kaurava, [[Duryodhana]], orders the ''[[rakshasa]]'' (giant) [[List of characters in the Mahabharata#Alambusha|Alamvusha]] (or Alambusha), son of [[Rishyasringa]], to kill Iravan. This time Alambusha, as well as Iravan, uses illusion in combat. Alambusha attacks Iravan with a bow, but Iravan counters, breaking Alambusha's bow and slicing the giant into several pieces. Alambusha's body, however, reconstitutes itself. Then Iravan assumes the form of the serpent [[Shesha]] (Ananta), and his serpent army surrounds him to protect him. Alambusha counters this by assuming the form of [[Garuda]] (the eagle-man), the eternal foe of the serpents, and devours the serpent army. Ultimately, Alambusha catches Iravan by surprise and kills him by cutting off his head, though Iravan is later avenged when [[Ghatotkacha]], his cousin, finally kills Alambusha during the night war on the fourteenth day and restrucess him.&lt;ref name=&quot;vogel&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;xci&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;For Almabusha, Mani (1975) p. 24. For Iravan, Mani (1975) pp. 331–32 (Bhishma Parva 90:56–76)&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tamil traditions ==<br /> <br /> === Selection as sacrificial victim ===<br /> The earliest source of Tamil traditions regarding Aravan is found in Peruntevanar's ''Parata Venpa'', a 9th-century Tamil version of the ''Mahabharata''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel452&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) p. 452&lt;/ref&gt; One of the features of this work is its reference to a rite it calls ''kalappali'' (&quot;sacrifice to the battlefield&quot;), a term found only in Tamil versions of the ''Mahabharata''. This is a ritual performed before battle to ensure victory. In Peruntevanar's narrative, just before the ''Mahabharata'' war, Duryodhana—the leader of the Kauravas and opponent of the Pandavas—learns from the Pandava's expert astrologer, [[Sahadeva]], that the [[amavasya|day of the new moon]], indeed the very next day, would be the most auspicious time for a ''kalappali''. Consequently, Duryodhana approaches and convinces Aravan to be the sacrificial victim for the ''kalappali''.&lt;ref name=&quot;H284&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:The_Hindu_Goddess_Kali_LACMA_M.83.48_(7_of_9).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Aravan's ritual self-sacrifice was offered to the goddess [[Kali]] (pictured), to ensure her favour and victory in war for his father, [[Arjuna]], and uncles—the [[Pandava]]s.|alt=A reddish bronze statue of a four-armed topless woman wearing a short pant sari, standing on a pedestal. She wears a flaming crown and various ornaments. She carries in her hands a goad, a noose, a bowl and a small broken trident.]]<br /> The god Krishna, who is a close friend of and advisor to the Pandavas, hears of Duryodhana's plan, and devises one of his own, to ensure that Aravan will give himself as a sacrifice on behalf of the Pandavas rather than the Kauravas. Krishna first discusses the issue with [[Yudhishthira]] ([[Dharma]] or Dharmaraja), the eldest of the Pandavas, recommending the sacrifice to Kali as a part of an ''ayudha-[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (&quot;worship of the weapons&quot;). Krishna establishes that there are four candidates most suited to being offered as the victim: [[Shalya]], who is on the side of Kauravas; Arjuna, the commander of the Pandavas; Aravan; and Krishna himself. From this shortlist, Krishna finally narrows the best choice down to Aravan. Aravan agrees to undergo the ''kalappali'' on behalf of the Pandavas but mentions his prior commitment to Duryodhana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel322+&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) pp. 322–24&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel284+&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) pp. 284–85&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Later Tamil sources provide variants to Peruntevanar's version. In Villiputuralvar's 14th-century version, Krishna first offers himself as the sacrificial victim, but Aravan volunteers to replace him. There is no mention of Duryodhana in this version of the legend.&lt;ref name=&quot;Villiputuralvar&quot;&gt;Makaparatam of Villiputtiralvar (Villiputuralvar) 2659–2667 (kalappali. 1–8). Shulman (1978) p. 131&lt;/ref&gt; In other accounts, Aravan is sacrificed in order to counteract the Kauravas' sacrifice of a white elephant.&lt;ref name=&quot;Villiputuralvar&quot; /&gt; In the traditions of the village of Neppattur, in the [[Thanjavur district]], Aravan is described as being so strong that he could slay all the Duryodhanas at once, thus preventing any war from happening. So Krishna prescribes the human sacrifice of Aravan in order that &quot;the greater sacrifice of the war can take place&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Shulman (1978) p. 133&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In ''terukkuttu'' performances, at the time of Aravan's sacrifice, he is often compared to [[King Puru|Puru]] and [[Bhishma]], characters in the ''Mahabharata'' who gave up their youth and sexual fulfilment for the sake of their respective fathers, [[Yayati]] and [[Santanu]]. In the drama, after acquiring Aravan's approval, Krishna approaches Aravan's mother, Ulupi—Nagakanni or Nakakanni (&quot;Serpent maiden&quot;) in Tamil, for her consent. At first she strongly opposes her son's proposed sacrifice but finally relents when Aravan appeals to her, explaining that he belongs to Kali alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel322+&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Finally, in all versions of the tale, Krishna tricks the gods [[Surya]] (the Sun) and [[Chandra]] (the Moon) to co-ordinate their movements so that the day of the new moon will fall one day earlier—the current day. This allows Aravan to make the initial sacrifice of flesh on behalf of the Pandavas, only making the rest-offering on behalf of Duryodhana the following day, yet fulfilling his promise to Duryodhana by doing so.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel452&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel322+&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel284+&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Three boons ===<br /> <br /> In ''Parata Venpa'', Aravan asks Krishna to grant him the boon of a heroic death on the battlefield at the hands of a great hero. Although ''Parata Venpa'' mentions only one boon, the overall Tamil tradition preserves a total of three distinct boons associated with Aravan. The single boon of ''Parata Venpa'', according to Hiltebeitel, indicates an early (9th-century) effort to harmonise the Tamil tradition of Aravan's pre-battle sacrifice with the original Sanskrit account of his death during the battle at the hands of Alambusha (Alampucan in Tamil).&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel452&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In both the Kuttantavar and Draupadi cults, Aravan is believed to have been granted a second boon—to see the entire 18-day war. A second boon is indeed found in Villiputuralvar's 14th-century version of the ''Mahabharata''. In this version, Aravan is granted boons of watching the battle for a &quot;few days&quot; and of dying gloriously after killing many enemies, though Villiputuralvar does not actually specify whether Aravan's head survives to see the complete battle after his bodily death on the eighth day.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel453&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) p. 453&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Mohini in Belur temple.jpg|thumb|upright|In folk tradition, Krishna is believed to have assumed the form of Mohini (pictured) and married Aravan.|alt=A black stone sculpture of a young topless, standing woman, wearing a conical crown with a halo and various ornaments around her waist, necklaces, bangles, bracelets, earrings, anklets as well as the sacred thread. Her arms are broken. Two small attendants stand with folded hands near her feet.]]<br /> The third boon is found only in the folk rituals. This third boon provides for Aravan to be married before the sacrifice, entitling him to the right of cremation and funerary offerings (bachelors were buried). However, no woman wanted to marry Aravan, fearing the inevitable doom of widowhood (see also ''[[sati (practice)|sati]]''). In the Kuttantavar cult version, Krishna solves this dilemma by taking on his female form, [[Mohini]] the enchantress, marrying Aravan, and spending that night with him. The Koovagam version additionally relates Krishna's mourning as a widow after Aravan's sacrifice the next day, after which he returns to his original masculine form for the duration of the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel452&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel322+&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel284+&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;P87&quot;&gt;Pattanaik (2002) p. 87&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''terukuttu'' performance presents a stylised wedding ceremony followed by Mohini's abrupt departure, which is taken to signify that the marriage is unconsummated.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 324&lt;/ref&gt; Another version, popular with trans people, cites the reason behind Aravan's wish to be &quot;coital bliss&quot; and tells explicitly about consummation of the marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/05/25/stories/2003052500600500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606124222/http://www.hinduonnet.com/mag/2003/05/25/stories/2003052500600500.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|title=Lessons in transformation|last=Doshi|first=Tishani|date=25 May 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=usurped|access-date=19 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;G388&quot;&gt;Goldman (1993) p. 388&lt;/ref&gt; This third marriage boon is not, however, uniform across all the folk traditions. In other legends, Krishna arranges some other pre-war marriages. In Thanjavur, the marriage of Aravan and Mohini is unknown; instead it depicts Aravan as married to Paravanacciyal, the daughter of Krishna's younger cousin-brother [[Satyaki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel286&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 286&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hiltebeitel theorises that both the first (heroic-death) and third (marriage) boons originated with the Kuttantavar cult, while the second boon originated with the Draupadi cult. The Kuttantavar cult ritualises both the heroic death and the marriage ceremony—enacted by ''Alis'' (officially, &quot;eunuchs&quot; in Tamil Nadu). Whereas, in the Draupadi cult it is the clay head of Aravan, fixed on a posta and witnessing the re-enactment of the 18-day war, that is prominently ritualised. Additionally, Draupadi-cult texts from Thajavur concentrate only on this second boon, omitting the other two.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel325&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 325&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 285&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The pre-battle sacrifice is incompatible with the first and second boons, but the cults have their own explanations. The self-sacrifice prior to the war is incompatible with dying a heroic death during the war and both are incompatible with living to see the full duration of the war. The Kuttantavar cult resolves the first dilemma, holding that Aravan's body reconfigured itself after the sacrifice and that Aravan went on to die a heroic death on the eighth day of the war. The Kuttantavar cult are not overly concerned about the second boon of Aravan's continued observation of the war. On the other hand, the Draupadi cult are not overly concerned about the first boon of the heroic death; they resolve the second dilemma, regarding Aravan's continued observation of the war, holding that Aravan was able to watch the entire war through the eyes of his severed head. A third view harmonises all the boons, holding that Aravan's body reconstituted after the sacrifice; he then fought heroically until being decapitated on the eighth day, observing the remainder of the war through the eyes of his severed head.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel325&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In any case, the pre-battle sacrifice is the common element in the Tamil traditions. After Aravan requested and was granted his boons, he was ready for the sacrifice. He proceeds to the Kurukshetra battlefield. While Yudhishthira is worshipping Kali in his &quot;hall of weapons&quot;, Aravan removes his epaulettes and chest plate. He then cuts his body into 32&amp;nbsp;pieces—one cut for each of his 32 bodily perfections—which are offered by Yudhishthira to Kali. In a ''terukuttu'' performance, this is depicted by covering the actor playing Aravan with a white cloth from the neck down. It is also believed that Aravan's spirit may possess the actor at this point. Sometimes a chicken is sacrificed on stage in a ''terukuttu'' performance to signify the sacrifice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel286&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 326&lt;/ref&gt; In Villiputuralvar's retelling, an elephant is sacrificed to the goddess, complementing Aravan's own self-sacrifice.&lt;ref name=&quot;Villiputuralvar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Aravan, after being stripped of his flesh, has only his head and skeleton remaining. Krishna advises him to pray to the Naga, Adi-Shesha, his grandfather, and father of Ulupi. Adi-Shesha coils himself around Aravan, becomes his flesh and restores his body.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 329&lt;/ref&gt; To fulfil the second boon, Krishna orchestrates the heroic death by making one of the enemy strong enough to defeat the mighty Aravan. Krishna selects Alambusha. Then, depending on the version of the story, Krishna either advises Alambusha to assume the form of Garuda via a heavenly voice, or he sends the true Garuda to assist Alambusha. At the sight of Garuda—his perennial &quot;eagle&quot; adversary—Shesha uncoils in fear, leaving Aravan unprotected and leading ultimately to Alambusha beheading the weakened Aravan.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 331&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Aravan to Kuttantavar ===<br /> <br /> A traditional story local to Koovagam describes how Aravan came to be known as Kuttantavar. After the war, while the Pandavas are boasting about vanquishing the Kauravas, Krishna asks Aravan—the sole witness of the entire war, &quot;who was truly responsible for winning this war?&quot; Aravan replies that he saw two things: Krishna's discus decapitating the enemy, and his conch shell collecting their blood. This reply is understood to give all the credit for the victory to Krishna.&lt;ref name=&quot;H455ff&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) pp. 455–56&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aravan's opinion enrages the proud and quick-tempered Bhima, whose influence in deciding the outcome of the battle is covered at great length in the ''Mahabharata''. However, before Bhima can wound Aravan, Krishna orders Aravan's head to be dropped in the river Caraparika, where he assumes the form of a child, and is eventually found by the king of Chandragiri, a city on the river bank. The child cries &quot;Kuva Kuva&quot;, when picked up by the king, who therefore names the location Kuvakkam (Koovagam). The king also names the child Carapalan (&quot;reed-child&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;H455ff&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The tradition goes on to relate that Carapalan grew up, going on to kill the demon Kuttacuran, who had wounded his adopted father in battle. Draupadi—identified in this tradition with the [[Mahadevi|Supreme Goddess]]—blesses Carapalan with the new name Kuttantavar—the slayer of Kuttacuran—and grants him a temple in Koovagam.&lt;ref name=&quot;H455ff&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There are variants within this tradition. Some versions give the credit for finding the child to Queen Kirupanci of Chandragiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;H455ff&quot; /&gt; Others omit mention of the king of Chandragiri altogether, and omit reference to the Koovagam temple. Instead they focus on the demon Kuttacuran and an apparently impossible boon granted to him that he will be killed by a person having only a head and who was born from water. Vishnu, incarnated as Krishna, informs the gods that Aravan will kill this demon. With this in mind, the head of Aravan is consigned to the river and is transformed into a child called Kuttan (&quot;born from water&quot;), who kills the demon.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) pp. 464–65&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Worship ==<br /> <br /> === Following and temples ===<br /> Hiltebeitel argues that the Kuttantavar cult might represent the original Tamil tradition regarding Aravan,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;This Aravan-Kuttantavar cult may well be older than the Draupadi cult and was almost certainly originally independent of it, as it still largely is today.&quot; Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 320&lt;/ref&gt; however it is no longer the only tradition that venerates Aravan. The Draupadi cult has developed traditions and rituals of its own.<br /> <br /> Most Kuttantavar devotees reside in the Tamil Nadu districts of [[Cuddalore District|Cuddalore]], [[Thiruvannamalai District|Thiruvannamalai]], [[Vellore District|Vellore]] and [[Villupuram District|Villupuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;arcot&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel refers to the [[North Arcot|North]] and [[South Arcot]] districts. In 1989, North Arcot was split into two districts—Tiruvannamalai and Vellore; and in 1993, South Arcot was also split into two districts—Cuddalore and Villupuram. The towns in the following table are grouped according to their current district names ([[taluk]]s are noted as provided by Hiltebeitel.)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See for overview of districts (Please follow links for specific details): {{cite web|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/districts.html|title=Districts of Tamil Nadu|work=Official Govt. site|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|access-date=1 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Draupadi's devotees have also spread across these districts, as well as into the [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]] (former [[Chengalpattu|Chingleput]]) district. Her temples can also be seen in the [[Thanjavur district]] and beyond, to the southern districts of the states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The temples of Kuttantavar are fewer than the Draupadi temples and are restricted to a belt running from the Cuddalore and Villupuram districts through to Coimbatore. Thirty-two of these temples are particularly prominent; [[Koovagam]] is the foremost. The 32&amp;nbsp;temples are:&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) p. 448. For a map dedicating location of the 32 temples see p. 449.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Col-begin|width=100%}}<br /> {{Col-1-of-4}}<br /> <br /> [[Coimbatore district]]<br /> * [[Singanallur]] (Cinkanallur, Singanallur-Neelikonampalyam)<br /> * Kancappalli<br /> * Kumaramankalam<br /> * [[Kurichi]]<br /> * [[Annur]]<br /> * Tutiyalur (Thudiyalur)<br /> <br /> Cuddalore District&lt;ref name=&quot;arcot&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Kotthattai&lt;ref name=&quot;Kotthattai&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Puvanakiri<br /> * Tevanampattanam<br /> * Tiruvetkalam<br /> <br /> {{Col-2-of-4}}<br /> [[Erode district]]&lt;ref&gt;Until 1996, Erode district was called Periyar district.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Kalarikiyam<br /> <br /> [[Salem district]]<br /> * Palaiyacuramankalam<br /> * Panaimatal<br /> * Pelur<br /> * Tetavur<br /> <br /> Thiruvannamalai district&lt;ref name=&quot;arcot&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Cerppapattu<br /> * Kilvanampati<br /> * Tevanur<br /> * Vedanthavadi - www.vedanthavadi.com<br /> * Viranantal<br /> <br /> {{Col-3-of-4}}<br /> Vellore District&lt;ref name=&quot;arcot&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Colavaram<br /> * Otukkattur<br /> * Pulimetu<br /> * Putur<br /> * Vellayampati<br /> <br /> Villupuram District&lt;ref name=&quot;arcot&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Konalur<br /> * Koovagam (Kuvakkam)<br /> * Pennaivalam<br /> * Tailapuram<br /> <br /> {{Col-4-of-4}}<br /> [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] Union territory<br /> * Madukarai&lt;ref name=&quot;Madukarai&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Pillaiyarkuppam&lt;ref name=&quot;Pillaiyar Kuppam&quot; /&gt;<br /> * Varichikudy, Karaikal<br /> {{Col-end}}<br /> <br /> The severed head of Aravan is a common motif in Draupadi's temples. Often it is a portable wooden head; sometimes this even has its own shrine in the temple complex.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 327&lt;/ref&gt; Icons of Aravan's head are also often placed on the corners and edges of Draupadi temple roofs. As a ''pey'' or ''[[bhoot (ghost)|bhuta]]'' (spirit), Aravan acts as a guardian against other spirits, for the temple itself, and also for the Patukalam ceremony.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 298&lt;/ref&gt; Patukalam, in the Draupadi cult, is the symbolic ground on which the ''Mahabharata'' war is ritually re-enacted. In the ''[[Tehsil|taluk]]s'' of Thajavur, Kumbhakonam and Pattukkotai, Aravan's head is enshrined permanently in a ''[[mandapa]]'' or within a temple [[Niche (architecture)|niche]]. The largest known Aravan head is found at the Hajiyar Teru temple in [[Kumbakonam|Kumbhakonam]].&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 314&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Kuttantavar tradition ===<br /> <br /> Aravan is known as Kuttantavar in the cult which bears his name, and in which he is the chief deity. His main temple is in Koovagam,&lt;ref&gt;Koovagam is variously spelt as Kuvagam, Kuvvakkam, Koovakkam, Kuvakkam, Kuvnakkam etc.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tamil Nadu]]. Here, the marriage of Aravan and Mohini, Krishna's female form, and her widowhood and mourning, after Aravan's sacrifice, forms the central theme of an 18-day annual festival either side of the night of the full moon in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Chaitra|Cittirai]] (April–May). The day of the full moon is the central day of the festival, when Aravan's sacrifice is ritually re-enacted.&lt;ref name=&quot;G388&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GURUNG&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2007/03/18/stories/2007031800220100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080326191521/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2007/03/18/stories/2007031800220100.htm|archive-date=26 March 2008|title=Journey of possibilities|last=Gurung|first=Madhu|date=18 March 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=usurped|access-date=19 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kuvagam Kuttantavar.jpg|thumb|left|Aravan as Kuttantavar: here being paraded around Koovagam, prior to ritual re-enactment of his sacrifice|alt=A huge sculpture of an armoured warrior man, with a moustache and red face. He is adorned with many floral garlands, which also cover his arms. Male priests surround him.]]<br /> <br /> ''Aravani''s, who call themselves ''Ali''s in this geographic area, take part in the Koovagam festival by re-enacting the marriage of Aravan and Mohini. The ''Aravanis'' participate in similar Kuttantavar festivals, of smaller scale, in other villages like Tevanampattanam, Tiruvetkalam, Adivarahanattum—{{convert|5|mi|km|0}} north-west of [[Chidambaram]]—and Kotthatai (all in Tamil Nadu) and also in Pillaiyarkuppam, in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Niklas&quot;&gt;See Niklas (2003) p. 14 for the account of the 10-day Pillaiyarkuppam festival, which is similar to the Koovagam description.&lt;/ref&gt; Although local ''Aravani''s have been part of this festival for many years, since the 1960s, a large number of ''Aravani''s have come to the festival from further afield: from throughout Tamil Nadu, from the whole of India, and even from as far away as Singapore.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hiltebeitel453&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Elmore (2003) p. 18&lt;/ref&gt; About 25,000 Transgender followers, including the ''Aravani''s, visit the festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Varuna|last=Verma|title=Celebrating the third sex|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070429/asp/7days/story_7705455.asp|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20090201033150/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070429/asp/7days/story_7705455.asp|archive-date=1 February 2009|work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]|location =[[Kolkata]]|date=29 April 2007|url-status=dead|access-date=14 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis's account of 1906 records men dressed as women, from [[Vanniyar]] and other castes, becoming part of the festival—a &quot;popular feast, but there is no explicit mention of ''Aravani''s. It also records that the ritual marriage of the men to Kuttantavar and their widowhood occurred on the last day of the festival, unlike the present form of the festival, which has the marriage ceremony on the 14th day, and the widowhood ceremony on the 16th day.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) p. 454&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the first six days of the Kuttantavar festival, Aravan's head (''cami'') is &quot;danced&quot; around the streets of Kuvagam, with music and fireworks accompanying it. Each household offers a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (a kind of devotional ceremony) to Aravan, with lamp-waving, coconut-offerings and other rituals. Traditionally, goats and chickens are sacrificed. On the 13th&amp;nbsp;day, Aravan's &quot;soul&quot; is ritually transferred from his head to a pot, and the head is repainted. On the evening of the 14th&amp;nbsp;day, a {{convert|20|ft|m|adj=on}} high post is erected on a processional chariot. The post will support Aravan's head and body later in the festival. After the post-setting ceremony (''kampam niruttatal''), young and middle-aged men (farmers and traders from Koovagam and surrounding villages) who have vowed to marry Aravan purchase ''[[Mangalsutra|thali]]''s—the traditional mark of a married woman, in this case a pendant with a piece of [[turmeric]] at its centre. The priest, representing Aravan, ties the ''thali''s around their necks in the [[Garbhagriha|inner sanctum]] of the temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuvgam&quot;&gt;See:<br /> * Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 301<br /> * Hiltebeitel (1995) pp. 457–64<br /> * Pattanaik (2002) p. 87<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;This tying of the thali is the central rite of a Tamil marriage, marking the entry of the wife into her husband's life and home.&lt;/ref&gt; Even married men and men afflicted with diseases, all dressed as women, are described as ritually &quot;marrying&quot; Aravan in the festival, to please the deity.&lt;ref name=&quot;Edgar&quot;&gt;Thurston (2001) pp. 10–12&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Aravani''s arrive in increasing numbers from the 14th through the 16th&amp;nbsp;day. Late on the 15th&amp;nbsp;night, they dance with the flower-crown (''karakam'') of Aravan, which is believed to possess his power.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuvgam&quot; /&gt; After this dance, the priest marries the ''Aravani''s to Aravan through the traditional ''thali''-tying ceremony. The ''Aravani''s then conduct sex work, symbolic of consummating their ritual marriage. A &quot;night of wild revelry and sexual promiscuity&quot; follows for the ''Aravani''s.&lt;ref name=&quot;G388&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GURUNG&quot; /&gt; However, the villagers who married Aravan are not described as having sex in any of the accounts. While ''Aravani''s wear women's clothes and jewellery, villagers marrying Aravan on account of wish-fulfilment vows made to him retain their ordinary men's clothes.&lt;ref&gt;See photos of the marriage ceremony at {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/KoovagamMarriageToAravan# |title=Koovagam:Marriage to Aravan |access-date=26 March 2010 |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picassa Web Albums |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107060825/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/KoovagamMarriageToAravan |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kuvagam hijras.jpg|thumb|''Aravani''s—the &quot;brides of Aravan&quot;—mourn his death|alt=A group of seated transvestite men and/or eunuchs dressed in saris mourn.]]<br /> <br /> Early on the 16th&amp;nbsp;day, the &quot;soul&quot; of Aravan is transferred back to his repainted head and the ''cuvami tirukkan tirattal'' (&quot;opening of the god's holy eyes&quot;) ceremony is performed with painting of the pupils. The head is then paraded around the village on a portable platform called a ''ketayam''. The ''ketayam'' is accompanied by two other platform-chariots, one holding the chest plate and epaulettes of Aravan—without which the festival is considered incomplete; the other carries his flower-crown. The ceremony ends with a sacrificial offering of [[rooster]]s. Aravan's head is fixed on the post, with his large epaulettes and chest plate fixed to his body, which is made of straw and surrounded by a garland. The image is then paraded across the village in preparation for his ''kalappali'' and ritual re-enactment of his death on the eighth day of the war. At noon his chariot turns north, a symbolic gesture representing his ''kalappali'' and then he is turned to face the ceremonial Kurukshetra battlefield, symbolising his entry onto the battlefield to die at the hands of Alambusha. On arrival in Kurukshetra, the garlands are removed, indicating the removal of his flesh and his defeat on the eighth day of war.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuvgam&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Returning from the battlefield, the chariot turns towards the location prepared for the ceremonial mourning rituals, the &quot;weeping ground&quot; (''alukalam''). The &quot;widowed&quot; ''Aravani''s, with their hair dishevelled, lament the death of their &quot;husband&quot; as he performs the ''kalappali''. The garlands from Aravan's image are thrown at devotees one by one, symbolising his gradual loss of vitality. At this &quot;weeping ground&quot;, the ''Aravani''s mourn Aravan's death by breaking their bangles, beating their breasts and discarding their bridal finery, like the legendary Mohini-Krishna. They cut their ''thali''s, which are flung at a post erected for the ceremony (''vellikkal''). After bathing, they put on white [[sari]]s as a mark of their widowhood. The ''Aravani''s bear these signs of widowhood for a month before re-adorning themselves with bangles and coloured saris again.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuvgam&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> At mid-afternoon, as the chariot reaches ''alukalam'', Aravan is stripped to his skeletal straw body. Most ''Aravani''s have left and men wedded to Aravan also break their ''thali''s and bangles and perform all the rites of widowhood (the ''vellikkal'' rites) before the image of Aravan. Meanwhile, a ''paratiyar'' (''Mahabharata''-reciter) tells the story of the culmination of the war, symbolic of Aravan fulfilling his wish of seeing the war. Hiltebeitel suggests that while the ''Aravani''s weep for Aravan's ''kalappali'', the villagers weep for the death of an ancestor, as life leaves Aravan's head at the end of the war.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuvgam&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Also at the ''alukalam'', a symbolic sacrifice of cooked &quot;blood rice&quot; is distributed in honour of the deceased Aravan. This rice is believed to make childless women conceive. After the death rites at dusk, the chariot is now considered a &quot;house of death&quot;, and the lifeless head is removed from the frame of its skeletal body, then covered by a cloth, and finally paraded around the village as though at a funeral. The head is taken to the temple of Kali, where is it &quot;revived&quot;. In a ceremony called ''vitaiyatti'' (&quot;the return dance&quot;), the head is once more danced around the village, right up until early morning on the 17th&amp;nbsp;day. On the 18th and final day, the head is decorated and paraded around the village a final time. In the evening, the ''pujari'' (&quot;priest&quot;) as Yudhishthira (Dharmaraja) crowns Aravan's head in a coronation ceremony held in the inner sanctum of his temple.&lt;ref name=&quot;kuvgam&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See photos of the ceremony of dancing of Aravan's head and the procession at {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/KoovagamProcessionOfAravan# |title=Koovagam: Procession of Aravan |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picassa Web Albums |access-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107060849/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/KoovagamProcessionOfAravan |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }} and {{cite web|url=http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/KoovagamWidowhood# |title=Koovagam: Widowhood |last=n.g3nd3r |date=2 July 2008 |publisher=Picassa Web Albums |access-date=26 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107061226/http://picasaweb.google.com/n.g3nd3r/KoovagamWidowhood |archive-date= 7 November 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Coimbatore district, [[Aravan Festival in Coimbatore|''Aravan Thiruvizha'']] (The festival of Aravan)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=17 November 2013|title=A Koothandavar fest without TGs in Coimbatore|newspaper=The New Indian Express|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2013/nov/17/a-koothandavar-fest-without-tgs-in-coimbatore-538361.html |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; is celebrated in seven places in [[Coimbatore]] city such as [[Vellalore]], [[Thudiyalur]], [[Kurichi]], [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], [[Annur]], [[Vadavalli]] and Kattampatti.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=9 November 2016|title=Aravan festival in the city of Coimbatore|newspaper=The Hindu Tamil|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/spirituals/86563-.html |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The festival at Singanallur, celebrated in the Tamil month of [[Kārtika (month)|Karthigai]], is the largest of the seven festivals. It is termed as &quot;Saathi Nallinakka Thiruvizha&quot; involving the share of over eight communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=28 December 2016|title=Aravan Festival in Singanallur|newspaper=Dinamaalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=86312 |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=25 April 2018|title=Aravan Festival in Singanallur|newspaper=Daily Thanthi|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Others/Devotional/2018/04/25114957/transgender--may-Kuttantavar-festival.vpf |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=10 May 2017|title=Aravan Festival in Tamilnadu|newspaper=Maalaimalar|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2017/05/10112848/1084526/koovagam-koothandavar-temple-villupuram.vpf|access-date=23 January 2022|archive-date=23 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423082857/https://www.maalaimalar.com/devotional/devotionaltopnews/2017/05/10112848/1084526/koovagam-koothandavar-temple-villupuram.vpf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The festival is celebrated in the month of [[Pausha|Thai]] in Annur,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=17 November 2019|title=Aravan Festival in Annur|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/margazhi/detail.php?id=102065|access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Thudiyalur]] in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Purattasi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=2313|title= Aravan Festival in Thudiyalur}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kurichi]] in the month of [[Ashvin (month)|Aiipasi]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=28 December 2016|title=Aravan festival in Kurichi|newspaper=Dinamaalar|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/news_detail.php?id=118980 |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kattampatti in the month of Thai and [[Vadavalli]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=26 February 2013|title=Aravan Festival in Kattampatti|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/655237 |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the month of [[Phalguna|Panguni]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=17 November 2019|title=Aravan Festival in Vadavalli|newspaper=Dinamalar|url=https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-coimbatore/news/2413428 |access-date=23 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Draupadi cult rituals ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Nallaravan.jpg|thumb|An Aravan head, {{convert|13|ft|m}} high, in the [[Draupati Amman|Draupadi Amman]] temple in [[Ayyampettai (Thanjavur district)|Ayyampettai]]. A cobra hood is seen on his crown, while another five-headed cobra is emerging from behind the crown.|alt=A big wooden male head with a moustache, bushy brows, Vaishnava tilak, fangs protruding from the end of the mouth, big eyes and ears and wearing a conical crown with a cobra on its front and another five-headed cobra is emerging from behind]]<br /> <br /> Devotees of Draupadi commemorate the ''Mahabharata'' war by conducting an annual festival known as ''patukalam''. This festival usually begins with a ''kuttu'' (&quot;drama&quot;) re-enacting Draupadi's wedding.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1988) p. 145&lt;/ref&gt; During the festival, the actor playing the part of Draupadi (and other women participating in the public ceremonies) lament the death of Aravan and the other heroes of the war.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1995) p. 462&lt;/ref&gt; There is some variation in the length of the ''patukalam'' festival and in the day allocated to performing the ''kuttu'' of &quot;Aravan's sacrifice&quot; (''kalappali''), but wherever the ritual ''kalappali'' is performed, that place is declared to be, symbolically, the battlefield of Kurukshetra.&lt;ref name=&quot;H288&quot;&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 288&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Irunkal, Tamil Nadu, this ''kuttu'' is usually performed 16&amp;nbsp;days before &quot;''patukalam'' day&quot;, the last day of an 18-day festival. In Singapore, however, the ''kuttu'' is performed on the day of the new moon in the Tamil month of Purattaci (September–October).&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 287&lt;/ref&gt; In shorter 10- to 12-day festivals, the ''kuttu'' and ritualisation of Aravan's ''kalappali'' are performed on the concluding night of the festival, as can be observed in Bangalore and in and around Chennai—at Sowcarpet, Alantur and Punamalli.&lt;ref name=&quot;H288&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> There is also variation in how Aravan is represented in the festivities. While permanent wooden Aravan heads are used in temples in Chennai and Puducherry, in rural areas the head and body of Aravan are made of clay; both are destroyed at the end of the festival.&lt;ref name=&quot;H288&quot; /&gt; At Tindivanam, a headless clay and bamboo body of Aravan is modelled, showing him in a heroic position, kneeling on his left knee and holding a bow. A clay head is then ceremoniously fixed, making the effigy about {{convert|7|ft|m}} tall. The officiating priest first takes a sword, striking pieces from the head. Then, a pumpkin is sliced into 32&amp;nbsp;pieces, symbolising 32&amp;nbsp;pieces of Aravan's sacrificed body. Next, Aravan is fed his own &quot;blood&quot;, represented by the blood of goat, sacrificed to Aravan beforehand. Aravan's body from the neck downwards is then covered with a bloodstained white cloth. Finally, blood-soaked rice is sprinkled on Aravan's face. Devotees, as in the Kuttantavar cult, believe eating this rice from Aravan's face, recovered after the ceremony, can induce pregnancy.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) pp. 289–93&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In Cattiram Karuppur, near Kumbhakonam, a {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Aravan is constructed horizontally and placed on the ground. Aravan's story is then re-enacted; one of the actors, believed to be possessed by Kali, kills a rooster over the statue's neck, symbolising the sacrifice. Again, blood-soaked rice is distributed to devotees, especially childless women.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) pp. 294–96&lt;/ref&gt; Similar rituals associated with a symbolic sacrifice and blood-soaked rice are performed in Melaccari,&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) pp. 292–93&lt;/ref&gt; Alantur, Punamalli and Villupuram. At Alantur and Punamalli, a goat is sacrificed, in Cuddalore, Patirikkuppam and Villupuram, a cock is sacrificed.&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) pp. 296–97&lt;/ref&gt; In the districts of Cuddalore, Thanjavur and Villupuram, Aravan's head is hoisted to an elevated position to watch over the ''patukalam'' and the symbolic re-enactment of the ''Mahabharata'' war.&lt;ref name=&quot;arcot&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hiltebeitel (1991) p. 294&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Javanese traditions ==<br /> The Indonesian island of Java, run by the [[Srivijaya]] dynasty of [[Sumatra]] from the 7th&amp;nbsp;century, partly practised [[Hinduism in Java|Hinduism]]. This included transmission and adoption of the ''Mahabharata'' traditions. &quot;The earliest evidence of the penetration of the Sanskrit epics into rural areas is found in the [[Sangsang]] copper plate inscription issued in the name of King [[Balitung]] in AD&amp;nbsp;907.&quot;&lt;ref name=Supomo&gt;Supomo (1995)&lt;/ref&gt; A &quot;rendering of the Mahābhārata (IAST original) into Javanese was undertaken under the patronage of King [[Dharmawangśa]] Tĕguh (AD 990–1016)&quot;,&lt;ref name=Supomo /&gt; culminating in &quot;a recital of the [[Virata Parva|Wirāṭaparwa]] for 'one month minus one evening'—commencing on 14 October and ending on 12 November 996.&quot;&lt;ref name=Supomo /&gt; This first translation into Javanese was &quot;abbreviated&quot; and in &quot;prose&quot;.&lt;ref name=Supomo /&gt; However, [[East Java]]nese poets later started producing native metered ''[[kakawin]]'', expanding on themes from the ''parva''s (&quot;books&quot; or &quot;chapters&quot;) of the ''Mahabharata'', and freely importing these into Javanese settings.&lt;ref name=Supomo /&gt; [[Petrus Josephus Zoetmulder]] commented: &quot;These men and women with their Indian names are essentially Javanese, acting like Javanese, thinking like Javanese and living in a Javanese environment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Zoetmulder (1974) pp. 187–188&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Houten wajangpop voorstellende Irawan TMnr 4283-38.jpg|thumb|''Bambang'' Irawan ''wayang golek'' wooden puppet]]<br /> <br /> The stories of Iravan, usually spelled Irawan in Java, along with others from the Javanese version of the ''Mahabharata'', are told in traditional Javanese theatre (''[[wayang]]''), as well as shadow-puppet plays known as ''wayang kulit''. As in India, Irawan is described as a son of Ardjuna (Arjuna) and Ulupi. While in India, Irawan's mother Ulupi is a Naga (serpent), in Javanese legends she is the daughter of the sage Kanwa (Jayawilapa in puppetry) of the Yasarata hermitage. Irawan is born and brought up in the hermitage under the care of his mother and grandfather, away from his father.&lt;ref name=&quot;S551ff&quot;&gt;For Ulupi: Sudibyoprono (1991) pp. 551–52&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;S237&quot; /&gt; Irawan and his stepbrother Abhimanju ([[Abhimanyu]]) or Angkawijaya are the protagonists of more than 40&amp;nbsp;''lakon''s (&quot;scenes&quot;, &quot;dramas&quot; or &quot;plays&quot;) set in the Amarta Period, the era of the Pandawas (Pandavas).&lt;ref&gt;Brandon (1993) p. 13&lt;/ref&gt; In these ''lakon''s, Irawan is depicted as a ''lijepan'' character—&quot;a small, extremely refined, controlled character, whose manner is modest&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Brandon (1993) p. 49&lt;/ref&gt; In the ''wayang kulit'', he is referred to as a ''bambang'' (&quot;refined knight&quot;), depicted with a white face and dubbed with a light, floating voice.&lt;ref&gt;Mrázek (2005) pp. 274–75&lt;/ref&gt; Irawan is also described as determined and calm.&lt;ref name=&quot;S237&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Irawan Rabi<br /> A popular ''lakon'' named ''Irawan Rabi'' (&quot;Irawan's wedding&quot;) tells about the love of Irawan and Titisari, a daughter of Kresna (Krishna).&lt;ref&gt;Day, A., &quot;Reading ''Irawan Rabi'' (Irawan's Wedding)&quot;, ''Asian Studies Review'', Vol.5, No.1, pp.17–18&lt;/ref&gt; While Titisari is engaged to Irawan, Baladewa ([[Balarama|Baladeva]]), Kresna's brother and an ally of the Kurawas (Kauravas), wants her to marry [[Laxman Kumara|Lesmana Mandrakumara]], the son of Durjudana (Duryodhana), initiating a dramatic conflict. The conflict that ensues ends up being three-sided, among the Pandawas, Kurawas and the ogre-kingdom, whose evil ogre-king Barandjana plans to kidnap Titisari. The confusion that follows results in the outwitting and humiliation of the Kurawas. Siti Sendari, the eldest daughter of Kresna and the estranged wife of Abhimanju, takes advantage of the situation and schemes to bring Irawan and Titisari together, while also mending her relationships with her husband.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandon70ff&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Alkire|first1=Stephen R.|last2=Guritno|first2=Pandam|others=English version by James R. Brandon|year=1993|orig-year=1970|pages=171–268|chapter=Irawan's Wedding (Irawan Rabi)|title=On Thrones of Gold: Three Javanese Shadow Plays|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-8248-1425-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though officially Irawan and Titisari are the hero and heroine of the ''lakon'', in reality they are mere spectators, not the movers, in the play.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandon70ff&quot; /&gt; Brandon describes Irawan as a minor character.&lt;ref&gt;Brandon (1993) p. 75&lt;/ref&gt; Irawan is also depicted as unassertive and manipulated by others, which is common in South Asian theatre.&lt;ref name=&quot;Brandon70ff&quot;&gt;Brandon (1993) pp. 70–71&lt;/ref&gt; Another ''lakon'' called ''Serat Lampahan Pregiwa Pregiwati'' also relates a tale about the love of Irawan and Titisari.&lt;ref&gt;Florida (2000) p. 309&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Serat Gambiranom<br /> [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangpop voorstellende Irawan of Gambir Anom TMnr 4833-41.jpg|thumb|Irawan as Gambiranom ''wayang kulit'' shadow puppet]]<br /> In a ''lakon'' called ''Serat Gambiranom'', written in ''[[macapat]]'' verse by [[Mangkunegara&amp;nbsp;IV]]'s [[court poet]] R. M. Ng. Wiryakusuma in 1883,&lt;ref&gt;Florida (1995) p. 34&lt;/ref&gt; and embellished by anonymous later poets, Irawan becomes the king of Ngrancang Kencana and earns the title Prabu Gambiranom.&lt;ref&gt;Florida (2000) p. 312&lt;/ref&gt; Yet another ''lakon'', ''Irawan Maling'', discusses a duel between Irawan and Angkawijaya.&lt;ref&gt;Florida (2000) p. 435&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Irawan(an)taka<br /> The ''kakawin'' text ''Irawan(an)taka'' (&quot;Death of Irawan&quot;), also known as ''Parthawijaya'' (&quot;Arjuna's Victory&quot;), describes Irawan's death in the Bharatayuddha (''Mahabharata'' war).&lt;ref&gt;Creese (1999) p. 78&lt;/ref&gt; At the beginning of the Bharatayuddha, Irawan advances to the battlefield along with his brothers. Together, they kill many Kurawas. Later, the demon (''ditya'') Kalasrenggi encounters Irawan. Kalasrenggi, whose father was killed by Ardjuna, mistakes Irawan for Ardjuna because of the similarity of their appearance and kills him.&lt;ref name=&quot;S237&quot; /&gt; Arjuna then kills Kalasrenggi to avenge Irawan's death. The death of Irawan is placed at the very beginning of the war in the Javanese version of the ''Mahabharata''.&lt;ref&gt;For Bharatayuddha: Sudibyoprono (1991) p. 88&lt;/ref&gt; The puppetry version of the story places this encounter between Irawan and Kalasrenggi even before Irawan's meeting with his father, ahead of the Bharatayuddha.&lt;ref name=&quot;S237&quot;&gt;For Irawan article: Sudibyoprono (1991) p. 237&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!-- Although the links to snippets to Google books are given, the snippets may not have the referenced page --&gt;<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{cite book|title=On thrones of gold: three Javanese shadow plays|editor=Brandon, James R.|publisher=[[University of Hawaii]] Press|year=1993|isbn=0-8248-1425-8|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Brockington|first=John|title=The Sanskrit Epics|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=1998|series=Handbook of Oriental Studies (Handbuch Der Orientalistik part 2)|volume=11|isbn=0-19-565025-5|ref=none}} [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24663438 Reviewed] by Alf Hiltebeitel in ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' '''43''' (2000): 161–169.<br /> * {{cite book|last=Buitenen|first=Johannes Adrianus Bernadus van|title=The Mahābhārata|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=1973|volume=1|isbn=0-226-84663-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7QBbkhaxp0C|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Creese|first=Helen|year=1999|title=The Balinese kakawin tradition; A preliminary description and inventory|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde|publisher=KITLV journals|volume=155|issue=1|pages=45–96|doi=10.1163/22134379-90003880|url=http://www.kitlv-journals.nl/|ref=none|doi-access=free}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Dikshitar|first=V. A. Ramachandra|title=The Purāṇa Index|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ|location=Delhi|year=1951|volume=1|isbn=81-208-1273-5|author-link = V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | author=Elmore, Wilber Theodore | title=Dravidian Gods in Modern Hinduism; A Study of the Local and Village Deities of Southern India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s21S-Cmq03UC&amp;q=Aravan&amp;pg=PA18 | page=18 | publisher=Kessinger Publishing | year=2003 | orig-year=January 1915 | isbn=978-0-7661-3871-1 | ref=none }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Florida|first=Nancy K.|title=Writing the past, inscribing the future: history as prophesy in colonial Java|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|year=1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JtXWqGzfzGgC|isbn=0-8223-1622-6|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Florida|first=Nancy K.|title=Javanese Literature in Surakarta Manuscripts|publisher=[[Cornell University Southeast Asia Program]]|year=2000|volume=2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Id4dj7txArMC|isbn=0-87727-604-8|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book| author = Ganguli, Kisari Mohan| author-link = Kisari Mohan Ganguli| title = Mahabharata| publisher = The Internet Sacred Texts Archive&lt;!-- The translation is in Public domain --&gt;| year = 1883–1896| url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm| access-date = 7 May 2010| ref = none}}<br /> * {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/605387|last=Goldman|first=Robert P.|date=Jul–Sep 1993|title=Transsexualism, Gender, and Anxiety in Traditional India|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|publisher=American Oriental Society|volume=113|issue=3|pages=374–401|jstor=605387|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | last= Hiltebeitel | first= Alf | title= The cult of Draupadi: Mythologies: from Gingee to Kuruksetra | chapter= Chapter 15: Aravan's Sacrifice | chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ui5gju8MwDUC&amp;pg=PA317 | volume= 1 | year= 1988 | publisher= University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-34046-3 | author-link= Alf Hiltebeitel | ref= none }}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Hiltebeitel | first=Alf | title=The cult of Draupadi: On Hindu ritual and the goddess | chapter=Chapter 9: Aravan's battlefield sacrifice to Kali | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5waGURCi1QC&amp;pg=PA283 | year=1991 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=978-0-226-34048-7 | volume=2 | ref=none }}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Hiltebeitel | first=Alf |date=May 1995| title=Dying Before the Mahabharata War: Martial and Transsexual Body-Building for Aravan|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|publisher=Association for Asian Studies|volume=54|issue=2|pages=447–473 |jstor=2058746|doi=10.2307/2058746| s2cid=161561834 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Hiltebeitel | first=Alf | title= Hair: its power and meaning in Asian cultures | chapter = Chapter 7: Hair Like Snakes and Mustached Brides: Crossed Gender in an Indian Folk Cult |year = 1998 | publisher= SUNY Press | isbn = 0-7914-3741-8 |editor = Hiltebeitel, Alf |editor2=Miller, Barbara D|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | last=Hiltebeitel | first=Alf | title=Rethinking India's oral and classical epics: Draupadī among Rajputs, Muslims, and Dalits | chapter=Chapter 12: Barbarīka, Arāvaṇ, Kūttāṇṭavar: Furthering the Case of the Severed Head | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&amp;pg=PA414 | year=1999 | publisher=University of Chicago Press | isbn=978-0-226-34051-7 | ref=none }}<br /> * {{cite book | author = Mani, Vettam | title = Puranic Encyclopaedia: A Comprehensive Dictionary With Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | year = 1975 | location = Delhi | isbn = 0-8426-0822-2 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Mrázek|first=Jan|title=Phenomenology of a puppet theatre: contemplations on the art of Javanese wayang kulit|publisher=KITLV Press|location=Leidan, The Netherlands|year=2005|isbn=90-6718-252-4|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite encyclopedia|author= Niklas, Ulrike|editor1= Mills, Margaret Ann|editor2= Claus, Peter J.|editor3= Diamond, Sarah|encyclopedia= South Asian folklore: an encyclopaedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|title= Aravani festival|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&amp;q=Shulman+%22Aravan%22&amp;pg=PA14|access-date= 13 May 2009|year= 2003|publisher= Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn= 0-415-93919-4|ref= none}}<br /> * {{cite book | author=Pattanaik, Devdutt | title=The goddess in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjL3ogbdJNkC&amp;q=Aravan&amp;pg=PA37 | publisher=Inner Traditions / Bear &amp; Co | year=2000 | isbn=0-89281-807-7 | location=Vermont | ref=none }}<br /> * {{cite book | author=Pattanaik, Devdutt | title=The Man who was a Woman and Other Queer Tales of Hindu Lore | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Odsk9xfOp6oC&amp;q=Aravan&amp;pg=PA87 | page=87 | publisher=The Haworth Press, Inc | year=2002 | isbn=1-56023-180-7 | ref=none }}<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Shulman| first= David |author-link =David Dean Shulman|date=November 1978| title=The Serpent and the Sacrifice: An Anthill Myth from Tiruvārūr|journal=History of Religions|publisher = The University of Chicago Press|volume=18|issue=2|pages=107–137| jstor=1062582|doi=10.1086/462810| s2cid= 161216108 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | last = Sörensen | first = S. | title = An Index to the Names in the Mahābhārata| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd|year = 1902 | location = Delhi | isbn =81-208-2011-8 |edition = 1963 Reprint }}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sudibyoprono|first=R. Rio|title=Ensiklopedi wayang purwa|publisher=[[Balai Pustaka]]|location=Jakarta|year=1991|edition=1|isbn=979-407-341-5 |language=id|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Sukthankar|first=Vishnu S.|title=Mahabharata|publisher=[[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]]|location=[[Pune]]|date=1927–1959|isbn = &lt;!-- no isbn printed on hard copy --&gt;|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book|last=Supomo|first=S|title=The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives|editor=Peter S. Bellwood|editor2=JJ Fox|editor3=DT Tryon|publisher=Conference proceedings, Comparative Austronesian Project|location=Canberra|year=1995|chapter=Chapter 15: Indic Transformation: The Sanskritization of Jawa and the Javanization of the Bharata|doi=10.22459/A.09.2006|doi-access=free|isbn=978-0-7315-2132-6|url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/austronesians/austronesians/mobile_devices/ch15s07.html|access-date=7 May 2010|display-editors=etal|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | author=[[Edgar Thurston|Thurston, Edgar]]|author2=[[K. Rangachari]]| title = [[Castes and Tribes of Southern India]]&lt;!-- | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Erin3nkU3ZUC&amp;dq=Aravan+Iravan&amp;pg=PA10 --&gt;|year = 2001| orig-year = 1909|edition = 4|publisher = Asian Educational Services|volume = 6 | isbn=978-81-206-0288-5|ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book| author=Vogel, Jean Philippe| title=Indian serpent-lore, or the Nāgas in Hindu Legend and Art| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU8JRyvXWnYC&amp;q=Iravant| publisher=Kessinger Publishing| year=2005| chapter=The Nāgas in the great epic| orig-year=1926| isbn=0-7661-9240-7| ref=none}} available at {{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/IndianSerpentLoreOrTheNagasInHinduLegendAndArt|title=Indian Serpent-Lore Or The Nagas In Hindu Legend And Art (1926)|year=1926 |publisher=Internet archive|ref=none}}&lt;!-- Book is in Public domain --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last=Zoetmulder|first=Petrus Josephus|title=Kalangwan: a survey of Old Javanese literature|publisher=[[Martinus Nijhoff]]|location=[[The Hague]]|year=1974|series=Translation series (Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde (Netherlands)) |isbn=90-247-1674-8|ref=none}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite journal|last=Bolle|first=Kees W. |author-link=Kees W. Bolle|date=August 1983|title=A World of Sacrifice|journal=[[History of Religions (journal)|History of Religions]]|publisher=The University of Chicago Press|volume=23|issue=1|pages=37–63 |jstor=1062317|doi=10.1086/462935|s2cid=162224286 |ref=none}}<br /> * {{cite book | author = Mutaliyār, Cūḷai Municāmi |title = Aravān kaḷapali nāṭakam | publisher = Caṇmukam Piras |year = 1907 | location = Cennai |language = ta|ref=none}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Irāvān}}<br /> * [http://kshetrapuranas.wordpress.com/2009/02/14/the-koothandavar-spectacle-koovagam/ Koovagam festival]<br /> * [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/2975727.stm BBC coverage of the Koovagam festival]<br /> {{Mahābhārata}}<br /> {{HinduMythology}}<br /> {{Featured article}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]<br /> [[Category:Nāgas]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil deities|Aravan]]<br /> [[Category:Transgender topics and religion]]<br /> [[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu folk deities]]<br /> [[Category:LGBTQ and Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:People of the Kurukshetra War]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prema_Dhanraj&diff=526681 2026-03-15T03:54:41Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: starting info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian plastic and reconstructive surgeon and Padma Shri awardee}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Prema Dhanraj<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = <br /> | occupation = Plastic and reconstructive surgeon<br /> | known_for = Burns surgery, free reconstructive operations for burn victims<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2024)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Dr. Prema Dhanraj''' is an Indian plastic and reconstructive surgeon, known for her work with burn victims. A survivor of severe burn injuries herself, she dedicated her life to helping others with similar trauma, performing over 25,000 free surgeries.&lt;ref name=&quot;padmaawards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2024 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202450.pdf |website=Padma Awards Portal |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; In recognition of her contributions to medicine and social service, she was conferred the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian award, in 2024.&lt;ref name=&quot;et&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Shri awardee Dr Prema Dhanraj narrates burn injury horror of childhood |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/india/padmashri-awardee-dr-prema-dhanraj-narrates-burn-injury-horror-of-childhood/videoshow/107191565.cms |website=Economic Times |date=27 January 2024 |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Dr. Dhanraj holds degrees in plastic surgery and has worked extensively in the area of reconstructive surgery for burn victims. She has served as a professor and head of department at several medical institutions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=From burns victim to burns doctor |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/29/padma-awardee-turned-from-burns-victim-to-burns-doctor |website=The New Indian Express |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Her work has not only focused on medical treatment but also on psychological rehabilitation and social reintegration of survivors. Dr. Dhanraj has operated across India, including in tribal areas and underprivileged communities, often without charging a fee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Shri to Prema Dhanraj: A burn survivor who rose to be a pioneer in reconstructive surgery |url=https://www.sarkaritel.com/padma-shri-to-prema-dhanraj-a-burn-survivor-who-rose-to-be-a-pioneer-in-reconstructive-surgery/ |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Dr. Prema Dhanraj gets Padma Shri award for free surgeries on 25,000 burn victims |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zee-hindustan/national/dr-prema-dhanraj-gets-padma-shri-award-for-free-surgeries-on-25000-burn-victim-biography-struggle-story/2079183 |website=Zee News |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recognition==<br /> Dr. Dhanraj's life and achievements have been widely covered by Indian media for her resilience and humanitarian approach. Her story has been highlighted as a symbol of overcoming adversity and empowering others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title='Looks don't matter, life is precious': Padma Shri awardee Dr Prema Dhanraj |url=https://www.ndtv.com/video/looks-don-t-matter-life-is-precious-padmashri-awardee-dr-prema-dhanraj-756739 |website=NDTV |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Burns victim turned surgeon among 9 selected for Padma awards in Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/26/burns-victim-turned-surgeon-among-9-selected-for-padma-awards-in-karnataka |website=The New Indian Express |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> She is credited with transforming the landscape of burn care in India and mentoring several generations of reconstructive surgeons. Her work continues to inspire medical professionals and social workers alike.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Crusader for tribal rights, plastic surgeon who made a mission out of personal tragedy in Padma Awards list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/crusader-for-tribal-rights-plastic-surgeon-who-made-a-mission-out-of-personal-tragedy-in-padma-awards-list/article67777661.ece |website=The Hindu |date=25 January 2024 |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Burn survivor to saviour for over 25,000 people |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/karnataka/padma-shri-for-dr-prema-dhanraj-burn-victim-to-saviour-for-over-25000-people-2419053 |website=News9Live |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=23 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Padma Shri]]<br /> * [[Reconstructive surgery]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pandiarajan&diff=456049 2026-03-12T15:48:52Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: added info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{About||Tamil director|Pandiraj}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Pandiarajan<br /> | image = Actor R Pandiarajan at the Sathuranga Vettai Audio Launch (cropped).jpg<br /> | caption = Pandiarajan in 2015<br /> | birth_name = Pandiarajan Rathnam<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1959|10|02}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Saidapet]], [[Madras]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<br /> | occupation = [[actor]], [[film director|director]]<br /> | yearsactive = 1981–present<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|Vasuki|1986}}<br /> | children = 3, including [[Prithvi Rajan]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''R. Pandiarajan''' is an Indian [[actor]], [[Film director|director]] and [[comedian]] who has played leading roles in many humorous [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] and plays supporting and comedy roles.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Pandiarajan was born to Sulochana in [[Saidapet]], [[Chennai]] in a lower-middle-class family. He has two sisters, Maheshwari and Geetha.<br /> <br /> In 1986, he married Vasuki, daughter of the director, producer, and poet Avinasi Mani. They have three sons, [[Prithvi Rajan]], Pallava Rajan and Prem Rajan.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> During his early career, Pandiarajan aspired to become an actor but faced challenges due to his height and appearance. As a result, he decided to start his journey in the film industry as an assistant director. His interest in music led him to earn a diploma as “Isai Selvam” in 1977 from Thamizisai College. While working as an office assistant for writer Thooyavan, he crossed paths with director [[K. Bhagyaraj]] and eventually became his associate director. His journey led him in three of his film, ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'' (1981), ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochu]]'' (1982) and ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'' (1982). His first venture as a director and lead actor ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' (1985) was a massive success at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-film-kanni-rasi-completes-38-years-of-release-know-more-7099477.html|title = Tamil Film Kanni Rasi Completes 38 Years of Release; Know More| date=16 February 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He has co-starred with [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in ''[[Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu]]'' (1986) and ''[[Muthukkal Moondru]]'' (1987). Actors [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[S. J. Suryah]], [[Mayilsamy]], [[Kollangudi Karuppayee]] and Bengali actress [[Debashree Roy]] were introduced by him to Tamil cinema and so was [[Srikanth Deva]] as music director.<br /> <br /> Pandiarajan is also an accomplished director and has directed several hit films including ''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]'' (1994), ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' (1996), ''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]'' (2000), and ''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' (2006).<br /> <br /> He played leading roles like ''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]'' (1995), ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' (1996) and ''[[Purushan Pondatti]]'' (1996) were hits. <br /> <br /> He acted in the TV serial ''[[Mama Maaple]]'' on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article932378.ece |title=New series on Sun TV |work=The Hindu |date=2010-12-05 |accessdate=2019-10-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The laughter continues...|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/The-laughter-continues%E2%80%A6/article15511660.ece|last=Rangarajan|first=Malathi|date=8 January 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=16 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He directed his first short film, ''Magan'' in 2004. It was selected for screening at the [[International Children's Film Festival India|International Children Film Festival]] held in [[Hyderabad]]. The film dealt with the issues of child labour. In 2006, he directed another short film, ''Iru Thuligal'', on polio awareness. Two years later, in 2009, he made one more film on organ donation. Titled ''Azhagu'', acclaimed cinematographer [[Ravi Varman]] produced the film and also cranked the camera.&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/May/19/a-short-film-every-year-pandiarajan-254344.html|title = A short film every year: Pandiarajan| date=16 May 2012|work=The New Indian Express }}&lt;/ref&gt; His short film in English, ''[[Help (2011 film)|Help]]'', was nominated at the ArtDeco Film Festival 2011, at [[São Paulo]] in [[Brazil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/13/stories/2011051350590200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109112457/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/05/13/stories/2011051350590200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-09 |title=Friday Review Chennai / Cinema : Scoring with Help |date=2011-05-13 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> ===Actor===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year !! Film !! Role !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes<br /> |-<br /> | 1981 || ''[[Andha 7 Naatkal]]'' || Flower seller in the temple || Uncredited role <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1982 || ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochu]]'' || Mridangam artist in &quot;Yen Soga Kadhaiye&quot; || Uncredited role<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Darling, Darling, Darling]]'' || New Watchman || Uncredited role<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1985 || ''[[Kanni Rasi]]'' || Person praying || Cameo appearance&lt;br /&gt;Also Director<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' || Chinna Paandi || Debut as actor Also director <br /> |-<br /> | 1986 || ''[[Thaaiku Oru Thaalaattu]]'' || Kannan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|1987 || ''[[Manaivi Ready]]'' || Radha || Also Director<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Muthukkal Moondru]]'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Yettiki Potti'' || Balasubramaniam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan]]'' || Rajan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vaazhga Valarga'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Meendum Mahaan'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aayusu Nooru]]'' || Doctor Rathnam ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 1988 ||''[[Oorai Therinjikitten (film)|Oorai Therinjikitten]]'' || Pandian / Rajan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Katha Nayagan (1988 film)|Katha Nayagan]]'' || Mani || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]'' || Selvam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jadikketha Moodi'' || Viswanathan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot;|1989 || ''Kakka Kadi'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thalaippu Seithigal'' || Chitti Babu / Sabapathy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaai Kozhuppu]]'' || Vasu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ellame En Thangachi'' || Raja ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nethiyadi]]'' ||Venu|| Debut as music director<br /> |-<br /> | ''Dilli Babu'' || Dilli Babu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Sariyana Jodi'' || Raja ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pudhu Mappillai'' || Pandian || Also writer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chinna Chinna Aasaigal]]'' || Vasu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1990 || ''[[Pachai Kodi]]'' || Balu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Manasukketha Maapillai'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pudhu Varisu]]'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1992 || ''[[Oor Panchayathu]]'' || Siva ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Purushan Enakku Arasan]]'' || Seenu ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1993 || ''[[Aadhityan]]'' || Chinna Paandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Poranthalum Ambalaiya Porakka Koodathu]]'' || Lakshmi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 1994 || ''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]'' || Velayudham || <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Killadi Mappillai]]'' || Rajaram ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pandianin Rajyathil'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 1995 || ''[[Valli Vara Pora]]'' || Chinna Paandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Padikkara Vayasula'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Neela Kuyil]]'' || Muthusamy ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|1996 || ''[[Summa Irunga Machan]]'' || Subramani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mappillai Manasu Poopola]]'' || Manikkam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' || Muthupandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Purushan Pondatti]]'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' || Gopalakrishnan,&lt;br /&gt;Usha's grandfather || Dual roles<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1997 || ''[[Nalla Manusukkaran]]'' || Chinna Paandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Adrasakkai Adrasakkai'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1998 || ''[[Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara]]'' || Janakiraman ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kumbakonam Gopalu]]'' || Gopal ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999 || ''[[Manaivikku Mariyadhai]]'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]'' || Subramani ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Suyamvaram]]'' || Pallavan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2000 || ''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]'' || Ganesh ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kannula Kaasa Kattappa'' || Kannan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2001 || ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]'' || Paandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[En Iniya Ponnilave]]'' || Shiva ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' || Michael || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Andipatti Arasampatti]]'' || Andipatti ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2003 || ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]'' || Thirunavukkarasu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaseegara]]'' || Photographer || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Anbu Thollai]]'' || Singamuthu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Military (film)|Military]]'' || || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]'' || Ganapathy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vadakku Vaasal'' || Ramakrishna ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Adhaanda Idhaanda'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;10&quot;|2004 || ''[[Engal Anna]]'' || Cheenu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jairam]]'' || Sachin Undulkar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aarumugaswamy'' || Arumugam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pethi Solla Thattathea'' || Sombu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jollyman'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Settai'' || Chinnasamy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Devaki's potential bridegroom ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''En Purushan Ethir Veetu Ponnu'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kathavasheshan]]'' || Kathavarayan || [[Malayalam]] film<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mani (film)|Sollattuma]]'' || Paandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2005 || ''[[London (2005 Tamil film)|London]]'' || Kathir ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maayavi]]'' || A film director ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Vairavan'' || Ganesan ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Thiru Thiru'' || Vathiyar ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2006 || ''Iyappa Saamy'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' || Kandhasamy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]'' || Ganesan ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]'' || Singampuli ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2008 || ''[[Anjathe]]'' || Logu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ponmagal Vandhaal'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pudhupaandi'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nayagan (2008 film)|Nayagan]]'' || Konjumani ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Thoranai]]'' || Walter Vetrivel ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2010 || ''[[Thairiyam]]'' || Dancer || Guest appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kola Kolaya Mundhirika]]'' || Madan ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2011 || ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2011 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || Duraisingam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Velayudham]]'' || Head Constable ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2012 || ''[[Vinmeengal]]'' || Panchu ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Gaantham'' || Rajesh ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mirattal]]'' || Babloo's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mannaru]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance <br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thiruthani (film)|Thiruthani]]'' || Mohanraj ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2013 || ''Kurumbukara Pasanga'' || Sasi's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kolagalam]]'' || Venkatesh ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2014 || ''Rettai Kadhir'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah]]'' || Roshan Kumar ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' || Health Minister Sundaralingam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Pani Vizhum Nilavu'' || Ruthramoorthy ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aaivu Koodam'' || Martin Leo ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2015 || ''Miss Pannidatheenga Appuram Varuthapaduveenga'' || Pavithra's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kadhal Agadhi]]'' || Meenakshi's husband ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2016 || ''[[Mapla Singam]]'' || District Collector ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Salaiyoram]]'' || J. G. ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ilamai Oonjal]]'' || Raja Paandi ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Ner Mugam'' || Police officer ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;| 2017 || ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Cameo appearance<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'' || Pillai, Senior News Editor of Zen One TV ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aarambamae Attakasam'' || Jeeva's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Tubelight (2017 Tamil film)|Tubelight]]'' || Mouli ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Adhagappattathu Magajanangalay]]'' || Anand's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Guru Uchaththula Irukkaru]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2018 || ''[[Street Lights (film)|Street Lights]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Panjumittai]]'' || Psychiatrist ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2019 || ''[[Natpe Thunai]]''|| Sridhar's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Jaikka Povadhu Yaaru''|| M. P ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Dhanusu Raasi Neyargale]]''|| Thirumandha ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2020 || ''[[Taana (film)|Taana]]'' || Shakthi's father ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naan Sirithal]]'' || Psychiatrist Veerabadhran||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ponmagal Vandhal]]'' || Karpooram ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kanni Raasi]]'' || Thiruvengadam ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kombu (2020)|Kombu]]'' ||Karthick's Uncle||<br /> |-<br /> | 2021 || ''[[Annaatthe]]''|| Idithangi || Extended Cameo appearance<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2022 || ''Riya - The Haunted House''|| ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Super Senior Heroes]]''|| Captain ||Direct release on Sun TV<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2023 || ''[[Deiva Machan]]'' || Paramanandham ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Partner (2023 film)|Partner]]'' || Scientist Prathap ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''Paatti Sollai Thattathe'' || Pandian ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Sooragan]]'' || Chidambaram ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2024 || ''[[Ippadiku Kadhal]]'' || Harish Nair ||<br /> |-<br /> |''[[PT Sir]]'' || K. Selvaraj ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| 2026 || ''[[Pookie (film)|Pookie]]'' || ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===As director===<br /> ==== Feature films ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 1985 || ''[[Kanni Rasi]]'' || Debut film as director<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' || Debut film as actor<br /> |-<br /> | 1987 || ''[[Manaivi Ready]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1988 || ''[[Nethiyadi]]'' ||Also music composer<br /> |-<br /> | 1994 || ''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 1996 || ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2000 || ''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 ||''[[Kabadi Kabadi (2001 film)|Kabadi Kabadi]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 ||''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]'' || His son [[Prithvi Rajan]]'s debut film as hero<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Short films ====<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Notes <br /> ! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2004 ||''Magan'' ||<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;N&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''Iru Thuligal'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''Azhagu'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Help (2011 film)|Help]]'' || [[English language|English]] film<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;H&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Man Paanai'' |||| &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sending-out-a-strong-message/articleshow/19736362.cms|title=Sending out a strong message!|date=26 May 2013|first=V.|last=Lakshmi|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel <br /> |-<br /> |2010–2011 || ''[[Mama Maaple]]'' || Rajapaandi || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2015–2016 || ''[[En Thangai (TV series)|En Thangai]]'' || Pandian || [[Raj TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2015 || ''[[Koffee with DD|Koffee With DD]]'' || Guest || [[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2019–2020 || ''Lolluppa''|| Host || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> |-<br /> |2020–2021 ||''[[Baakiyalakshmi]]'' || Sundaram || [[Star Vijay]]<br /> |- <br /> |2022 || ''[[Maari (2022 TV series)|Maari]]'' || Rajan (Cameo Appearance) || [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |2025 || ''[[Veera (Tamil TV series)|Veera]]'' || Judge (Cameo Appearance) || [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |-<br /> |2025 || ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe (TV series)|Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' || Locker Masilamani (Cameo Appearance) || [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|1532619}}<br /> <br /> {{Pandiarajan}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br /> [[Category:1959 births]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaul&diff=471105 2026-03-09T03:34:05Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Kashmiri surname}}<br /> {{About|the surname|other uses|Kaul (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{redirect|Koul|other uses|Koul (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2009}}<br /> <br /> '''Kaul''' (also spelled '''Koul'''; {{langx|ks|𑆑𑆿𑆬 &lt;small&gt;([[Sharada script|Sharada]])&lt;/small&gt;, कौल &lt;small&gt;([[Devanagari]])&lt;/small&gt;, كۄال &lt;small&gt;([[Nastaliq|Nasta'liq]])&lt;/small&gt;|lit=well born|translit=Kọ̄l}}) is a [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]] surname that is used by the [[Kashmiri Pandit]] community in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Kumar Suresh Singh|author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|title=People of India: Delhi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99c-AQAAIAAJ |accessdate=18 March 2012|year=1996|publisher=Manohar Publishers for [[Anthropological Survey of India]]|isbn= 978-8173040962|page=324 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Victoria |last=Schofield |author-link=Victoria Schofield|title=Kashmir in conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&amp;pg=PA118|accessdate=25 June 2012|year=2003 |publisher=I.B. Tauris &amp; Co |isbn= 1860648983 |page=4}}, ''...looms rose to 24,000 by 1813. Despite the religious oppression that many hindus were subjected , they were however, useful to the Afghans because of their administrative experience. Kashmiri Pandits were not prevented into entering into government service &amp; there were some families whose names consistently appear in public service - the Dhars, Kauls, Tikkus &amp; Saprus.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=nyt&gt;{{cite news |title=The Kauls are Everywhere |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/02/us/washington-talk-briefing-the-kauls-are-everywhere.html |work=nytimes.com |first=Wayne King |last=Irvin Molotsky |date=2 September 1986 |accessdate=8 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The word ''Kaul'', meaning ''well born'', is derived from ''Kula'', the [[Sanskrit]] term for family or clan.<br /> <br /> ==Origins==<br /> There are several theories regarding the origins of Kaul as a surname.<br /> <br /> ===Koul from Mahakoul===<br /> <br /> One says that it is associated with the word ''Mahakaul'' ({{langx|sa|महाकौल|translit=Mahākaula}}), an [[epithet]] for [[Shiva]]. ''Shiva'' followers were thus called ''[[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]]''.&lt;ref name=BhatKaulDhar2&gt;{{cite book|first1=S. |last1=Bhat |first2=J. N. |last2=Koal |first3=B. B. |last3=Dhar |first4=Arun |last4=Shalia|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge &amp; World Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&amp;pg=PA134 |accessdate=18 March 2012|year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-313-0402-0 |pages=131}}&lt;/ref&gt; Koul therefore means a devotee of Shiva.&lt;ref name=RamK&gt;{{cite book|first=Ram Krishen |last=Kaul|title=Sociology of Names and Nicknames of India, with special reference to ''Kas'mira'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWcbAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=kaul |accessdate=7 July 2012|year=1982|publisher=Utpal Publications |location=New Delhi|page=98}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Koul/Kaul from Shakta worship ===<br /> <br /> Another states that since the [[Saraswat Brahmin|Saraswat Brahmins of Kashmira]] were believers in [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism|Shakta]], the peak of [[Kashmir Shaivism|Shaivism in Kashmir]] around the 9th–12th century gave rise to use of the name.&lt;ref name=&quot;BhatKaulDhar&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=S. |last1=Bhat |first2=J. N. |last2=Kaul |first3=B. B. |last3=Dhar |first4=Arun |last4=Shalia|title=Kashmiri Scholars Contribution to Knowledge &amp; World Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=It1LePnN2LsC&amp;pg=PA134 |accessdate=18 March 2012|year=2008|publisher=APH Publishing |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-81-313-0402-0 |pages=130–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; This has led many scholars to believe that almost all [[Kashmiri Pandits]] were Kauls/Kouls and they were later subdivided into different nicknames, then with the passage of time these nicknames became surnames. In recent years the use of the nicknames is being progressively discarded and the surname ''Kaul/Koul'' is being adopted by almost all such people. The word ''Kaul/Koul'' is associated with being an ''[[Aghoreshwar]]'' ({{langx|sa|अघोरेश्वर|lit=enlightened|translit=aghōrēśvara}}). The ''[[Sādhaka|Sādhakas]]'' ({{langx|sa|साधक|lit=practitioners|translit=sādhaka}}) of the ''[[Tantra]]'', associated with ''[[Shakti]]'' worship, are believed to reach the top of the spiritual ladder, and thus become a ''Kaul/Koul''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BhatKaulDhar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RamK1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Ram Krishen |last=Koal|title=Sociology of Names and Nicknames of India, with special reference to ''Kas'mira'' |year=1982|publisher=Utpal Publications |location=New Delhi|page=161}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Notable people with Kaul surname==<br /> [[File:Portrait of Radha Krishan Kaul, Pahari-Sikh; attributed to Chhajju, from the family of Nainsukh of Guler, ca.1840.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Radha Krishan Kaul]], an astrologer of the [[Sikh Empire]]. Pahari-Sikh; attributed to [[Chhaju Ram]], from the family of [[Nainsukh]] of [[Guler chieftaincy|Guler]], ca.1840]]&lt;!-- Alphabetically placed --&gt;<br /> <br /> * [[Anita Kaul]] (1954–2016), [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer<br /> * [[Bansi Kaul]] (born 1949), Indian writer and theatre director<br /> * [[Bharat Kaul]], Bengali actor<br /> * [[Brij Mohan Kaul]] (1912–1972), commanded the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian forces]] in the [[Sino-Indian War]]<br /> * [[Ekta Kaul]] (born 1987), Indian television actress<br /> * [[Hari Kishan Kaul]] (1869–1942), Kashmiri politician and author<br /> * [[Josh Kaul]] (born 1980), [[List of Wisconsin attorneys general|45th Attorney General of Wisconsin]]<br /> * [[Kailas Nath Kaul]] (1905–1983), Indian botanist and agricultural scientist, brother of [[Kamala Nehru|Kamala]]<br /> * [[Kamala Nehru|Kamala Kaul Nehru]] (1899–1936), [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian freedom fighter]] and wife of first [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> * [[Kanchi Kaul]] (born 1982), Indian TV actress and model<br /> * [[KRSNA (rapper)|Krishna Kaul]] (born 1989), Indian rapper, known as KR$NA, and formerly as Prozpekt<br /> * [[Mahendra Kaul]] (1922–2018), British [[BBC]] broadcaster and television presenter<br /> * [[Manav Kaul]] (born 1986), Indian theatre director, playwright, actor and film-maker<br /> * [[Mani Kaul]] (1944–2011), Indian film director<br /> * [[Manohar Kaul]] (1925–1999), Indian painter<br /> * [[Matthias Kaul]] (1949–2020), German musician<br /> * [[Niklas Kaul]] (born 1998), German athlete specializing in the decathlon<br /> * [[P. K. Kaul|Pratap Kishen Kaul]] (1929–2007), [[List of ambassadors of India to the United States|ambassador of India to the United States]] (1986–1989)<br /> * [[Rajni Kaul]], British [[BBC Hindi]] broadcaster and radio presenter, wife of [[Mahendra Kaul|Mahendra]]<br /> * [[Raj Kaul]], Indian [[Sanskrit]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] scholar and [[Nehru–Gandhi family|Nehru family]] patriarch<br /> * [[Sheila Kaul]] (1915–2015), Indian politician, cabinet minister<br /> * [[Siddarth Kaul]] (born 1990), Indian cricketer, medium pace bowler<br /> * [[S. K. Kaul|Swaroop Krishna Kaul]] (born 1934), [[Air chief marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] of the [[Indian Air Force]], [[Chief of the Air Staff (India)]] (1993–1995)<br /> * [[Sanjay Kaul]] (born 1962), Indian businessman and founder of the [[University of Petroleum and Energy Studies]]<br /> * [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul]] (born 1958), [[Chief Justice of India|Judge]], [[Supreme Court of India]] and former lawyer<br /> * [[Triloki Nath Kaul]] (1913–2000), Indian diplomat, [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Indian Foreign Secretar]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Foreign Secretary (India)|y]] (1967–1972)<br /> * [[V. N. Kaul|Vijayendra Nath Kaul]] (born 1943), Indian civil servant, [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] (2002–2008)<br /> <br /> == Notable people with Koul surname ==<br /> <br /> * [[Anil Koul]] (born 1972), Indian pharmacologist<br /> * [[Omkar Nath Koul]] (1941–2018), Indian linguist<br /> * [[Scaachi Koul]] (born 1991), Canadian journalist and writer<br /> * [[Shadi Lal Koul]] (1954–2020), Kashmiri actor<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|40em}}<br /> <br /> {{Kashmiri families}}<br /> {{surname|Kaul}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Surnames]]<br /> [[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]<br /> [[Category:Surnames of Hindu origin]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri tribes]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri-language surnames]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurdwara_Gyan_Godri_Sahib&diff=501492 2026-03-08T16:39:01Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Adding Entry.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ancient religious site in Uttarakhand, India}}<br /> {{Orphan|date=December 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | name = Gurdwara Gyan Godri Sahib<br /> | native_name = ਗੁਰਦੁਆਰਾ ਗਿਆਨ ਗੋਦੜੀ ਸਾਹਿਬ<br /> | native_name_lang = pa<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | caption = <br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Sikhism]]<br /> | location = [[Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar]]<br /> | state = [[Uttarakhand]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | map_type = India Uttarakhand#India#Asia<br /> | map_size = 200<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|29.955830|N|78.170586|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | year_completed = 1935<br /> | groundbreaking = 1866<br /> | website = {{url|https://gyangodrigurudwara.org}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Gurdwara Gyan Godri Sahib''', also known as '''Gurdwara Sri Gyan Godri Sahib''' (meaning &quot;treasure of knowledge&quot;) was a [[gurdwara]] (Sikh temple) at [[Har Ki Pauri, Haridwar]] in the state of Uttarakhand, India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/2019/01/21/gurdwara-gyan-godri-sahib-issue-bjp-government-apathy-continues/|title=Gurdwara Gyan Godri Sahib|date=2019-01-21|website=Sikh Siyasat News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Haridwar Municipal Corporation|Municipal Corporation Haridwar]] records of 1935, it was on the site that became [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides]] office at the market in Subhash Ghat of Har Ki Pauri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/dm-rawat-meets-protesters-of-gyan-godri-construction.html|title=DM Rawat meets protesters of Gyan Godri construction|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Evidence of gurdwara in Haridwar, says DSGMC | website=The Tribune | date=2017-09-15 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/evidence-of-gurdwara-in-haridwar-says-dsgmc/467282.html | access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Guru Nanak's visit==<br /> In 1504–1505, the Sikh founder [[Guru Nanak]] visited [[Haridwar]] during his first proselytising journey (''[[udasi]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/special/guru-nanaks-odysseys/20191112.htm|title=Guru Nanak's Odysseys|website=Rediff|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is said that when he saw [[Brahmin]]s (Hindu priests) in the river [[Ganges]] facing east at sunrise offering water, intended to reach the spirits of their dead ancestors, to the sun god [[Surya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1clDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=guru+nanak+%22haridwar%22+water+kartarpur&amp;pg=PT39|title=On World Religions: Diversity, Not Dissension|last=Balslev|first=Anindita N.|author-link=Anindita Balslev|date=2014-04-08|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351504054|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2019/11/12/Jasmeet-Kaur-PasrichaSikhism-arguably-the-youngest-of-the-major-world-religions-was-initiated-by-Guru-Nanak-and-is-based-on-his-revelatory-experience-Born-in-1469-on-the-eve-of-the-age-of-discove.html|title=550th birth celebration of Sri Guru Nanak Dev Ji|website=The Sangai Express|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; he started throwing water in the opposite direction. When the Brahmins asked why, Guru Nanak said he was watering his crops at [[Kartarpur, Pakistan|Kartarpur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn1JpxIrWJgC&amp;dq=guru+nanak+%22haridwar%22+water+kartarpur&amp;pg=PA62|title=Amazing Concepts in Value Education|publisher=Pitambar Publishing|isbn=9788120910201|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History and demolition ==<br /> A small building of Gurudwara Gyan Godri Sahib existed till 1975 at [[Landhaura|Landhaura House]] area in Har Ki Pauri of Haridwar where a tenant, Ram Piari, used to pray before a copy of the [[Guru Granth Sahib]]. After [[Kumbh Mela]] stampede of 1966, Haridwar administration acquired Landhora House to widen Har Ki Pauri in 1979&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/10yrold-report-said-no-gurdwara-at-contentious-site/1040168/|title=10-yr-old report said no gurdwara at contentious site|website=Indian Express|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/opinion/10999-my-radar-india-will-counter-jhootistan|title=On My Radar: India will counter Jhootistan|website=The Sunday Guardian Live|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; and demolished the Gurudwara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sikh-body-to-take-out-nagar-kirtan-to-reclaim-land-for-haridwar-gurdwara-119110701221_1.html|title=Sikh body to take out 'nagar kirtan' to reclaim land for Haridwar gurdwara|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2019-11-07|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sikhs were not allowed to reconstruct Gurudwara again. Also, An ancient Gurudwara Nanakwara was located 200 metres from the said spot. Currently the office The Bharat Scouts and Guides where Gurudwara Gyan Godri once existed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Will reclaim gurdwara land in Haridwar: Takht | website=The Tribune | date=2017-05-07 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/community/will-reclaim-gurdwara-land-in-haridwar-takht/403392.html | access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Efforts for reconstruction==<br /> [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] and [[DSGMC]] unsuccessfully tried to get back the land and reconstruct it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/state-editions/sad-rakes-up-issue-of-haridwars-gurdwara-gian-godri.html|title=SAD rakes up issue of Haridwar's Gurdwara Gian Godri|last=Pioneer|first=The|website=The Pioneer|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sgpc-dsgmc-join-hands-to-rebuild-gurdwara-gyan-godri/articleshow/58505142.cms|title=SGPC, DSGMC join hands to rebuild Gurdwara Gyan Godri|last=N|first=TN|website=The Times of India|date=4 May 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gurcharan Singh Babbar's All India Sikh Conference (AISC) is also working to rebuild Gurudwara again which was demolished in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Sikh activists restart movement to reclaim Haridwar gurdwara | website=The Tribune | date=2019-07-27 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/sikh-activists-restart-movement-to-reclaim-haridwar-gurdwara/808356.html | access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Professor [[Pandit Rao Dharennavar]] recited ''[[Japji Sahib]]'' on [[Guru Nanak Gurpurab]] at Har Ki Pauri for the cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sikhsiyasat.net/2014/11/08/prof-panditrao-dharennavar-recites-jap-ji-sahib-on-hari-ki-paudi-haridwar/|title=Prof. Panditrao Dharennavar recites Jap Ji Sahib on &quot;Hari Ki Paudi&quot;, Haridwar|date=2014-11-08|website=Sikh Siyasat News|language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/kannadiga-prof-to-pay-people-to-learn-punjabi-in-haridwar/articleshow/61497552.cms|title=Kannadiga professor to pay people to learn Punjabi in Haridwar|last=N|first=TN|website=The Times of India|date=4 November 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> * [[Gurdwara Lal Khoohi]]<br /> * [[List of Gurudwaras]]<br /> * [[Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur]]<br /> * [[Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib]]<br /> * [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]<br /> * [[Takht Sri Patna Sahib]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://gyangodrigurudwara.org/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304092933/https://gyangodrigurudwara.org/ |date=4 March 2020 }}<br /> <br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1504]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures with domes]]<br /> [[Category:Religious tourism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 1979]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjun_Balu&diff=487451 2026-03-08T11:13:19Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian motorsports driver}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> <br /> '''Arjun Balu''' (18 January 1975) is an Indian motorsports driver. After starting as a road racing driver in 1992, he took part in the [[Indian National Rally Championship]] for 17 years. He won 11 Championships, all in road racing and is currently racing in the Indian Touring Car (ITC) class in the MRF MMSC [[FMSCI|fmsci]] Indian National Car Racing Championship 2023. He is the reigning National champion in the ITC class (2022).<br /> <br /> Four of Arjun Balu's title victories were won before the championship got the Indian National status. He won events in both rallying and road racing.<br /> <br /> == Early career ==<br /> <br /> Born in [[Coimbatore]], Arjun Balu began his motorsports career as a teenager in 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=Shahan Ali Mohsin wins MRF F1600 |url=https://sportsaction.in/shahan-ali-mohsin-wins-mrf-f1600 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=SportsAction.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; with JK Tyre and shifted to rallying in 1995 as a team member of [[MRF (company)|MRF]], one of the premier rally teams in the [[Indian National Rally Championship]] (INRC). He represented the team for 17 years till he retired from Rallying in 2011 at the [[Coffee Day rally]] at Chikmagalur.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-26 |title=Quietly leaving the rally scene |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/207546/quietly-leaving-rally-scene.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Motorsports career ==<br /> <br /> Arjun Balu began as a racing driver 1992&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-06-25 |title=I have always enjoyed racing more than rallying, says Arjun Balu on his comeback |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/i-have-always-enjoyed-racing-more-than-rallying-says-arjun-balu-on-his-comeback/articleshow/64733690.cms |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the Indian Grand Prix at Irungattukottai track. He raced for JK Tyre team along with his brother Sanjay Balu in 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_INlAAAAIBAJ&amp;dq=%22Arjun+Balu%22&amp;pg=PA15&amp;article_id=466,920536 |title=The Indian Express |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; After making his rally debut in the INRC in 1994 at the home rally, he was roped in by MRF as one of their top two drivers in 1995. Despite many victories, the National Rally Championship title eluded him and he retired from rallying after 17 years in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-02-02 |title=Salem's Sai Sanjay wins Indian National Car Racing Championship |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/salems-sai-sanjay-wins-indian-national-car-racing-championship-1503151929.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; But he made a comeback for road racing Nationals, taking part in touring car races at Coimbatore in 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2012-07-28 |title=Classy Balu leaves field cold in national racing |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/motorsports/classy-balu-leaves-field-cold-in-national-racing |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; and continued in 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Periasamy |first=M |date=23 June 2013 |title=MMSC-FMSCI NATIONAL RACING CHAMPIONSHIP |url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=144106726&amp;highlights=BALU |access-date=25 July 2023 |website=www.thehinduimages.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arjun Balu's three-decade&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Balu, Ghorpade win in MRF National Car Racing Championship Round 2 |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/balu-ghorpade-win-in-mrf-national-car-racing-championship-round-2-422939 |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Autocar India}}&lt;/ref&gt; long career saw him win five titles in FISSME (Formula India Single Seater Maruti Engine) races, popularly known as [[Formula Maruti]] India. Then he won [[Formula Ford]] 1600cc and along with one Esteem class National title and four ITC titles, he is credited with 11 Indian National Championship victories.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Balu wins 11th national title, Sanjay crowned MRF F2000 champion |url=https://www.autocarindia.com/motor-sports-news/balu-wins-11th-national-title-sanjay-crowned-mrf-f2000-champion-427137 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Autocar India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After a gap of five years, Race Concepts Motorsports team principal Joel Joseph offered to prepare a car for Balu, if he is willing to make another comeback. Balu returned to circuit racing in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Garrett Helps Boost India Racing Champ Arjun Balu Out of Retirement Back into Winner's Circle |url=https://www.garrettmotion.com/news/newsroom/article/garrett-helps-boost-india-racing-champ-arjun-balu-out-of-retirement-back-into-winners-circle/ |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Garrett Motion |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-22 |title=MRF MMSC FMSCI Indian National Racing Championship 2018 |url=https://www.theautomotiveindia.com/forums/threads/mrf-mmsc-fmsci-indian-national-racing-championship-2018.34195/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Automotive India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his third attempt after the comeback, he won the ITC National title in 2020&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-29 |title=4W Indian National Championship: Balu wins ITC title |url=https://www.siasat.com/4w-indian-national-championship-balu-wins-itc-title-2034408/ |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and went on to add two more Championship victories in 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-11-29 |title=4W Indian National Championship: Balu wins ITC title |url=https://www.dtnext.in/sports/2020/11/29/4w-indian-national-championship-balu-wins-itc-title |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2023-02-02 |title=Salem's Sai Sanjay wins Indian National Car Racing Championship |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/salems-sai-sanjay-wins-indian-national-car-racing-championship-1503151929.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He took part in the MRF [[Formula 600|Formula 1600]] in 2010 and 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Driver: Arjun Balu {{!}} Driver Database |url=https://www.driverdb.com/drivers/arjun-balu |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.driverdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and became the National Champion in the Indian Touring Car championship in 2012. Then after a five-year hiatus, Arjun Balu came back to circuit racing in 2018 taking part in the Nationals as part of [[Race Concepts Motorsports]] team.<br /> <br /> As a rally driver, Arjun Balu won in 1999 the famous South India Rally (SIR),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shacki |title=Arjun Balu - rally profile eWRC-results.com |url=https://www.ewrc-results.com/profile/12292-arjun-balu/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=eWRC-results.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; the third round of INRC, along with co-driver Kumar Ramaswamy in an Esteem and took another victory at Hyderabad in December winning the Deccan Rally, the last round of the INRC 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shacki |title=Season 1999 rally - eWRC-results |url=https://www.ewrc-results.com/season/1999/101-india/ |access-date=2023-08-12 |website=eWRC-results.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He won in Goa in 2003&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Arjun Balu wins Rallye de Goa |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/nov/02rally.htm |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and came second in the MRF Taj Challenge Rally at the then Calcutta in June 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=6th national crown for Naren Kumar |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/6th-national-crown-for-naren-kumar/cid/1037863 |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Naren wins MRF Taj Challenge |url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2003/jun/09rally.htm |access-date=2023-11-14 |website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, he won the popular [[K1000 rally]] along with Sujith Kumar BS as navigator and took Indian cricket player Mahendra Singh Dhoni, who attended the rally as a Chief Guest, on a spin on the Super Special Stage track before receiving the trophy from the cricketer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-08-23 |title=Arjun Balu clinches K-1000 rally title |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/motorsport/Arjun-Balu-clinches-K-1000-rally-title/article16876320.ece |access-date=2023-07-24 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-24 |title=Balu-Sujith combine emerges triumphant |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/21262/balu-sujith-combine-emerges-triumphant.html |access-date=2023-07-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Arjun Balu remained as the driver for the second team of MRF which deprived him of many results.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-11-26 |title=Quietly leaving the rally scene |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/207546/quietly-leaving-rally-scene.html |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His first international rally victory came in 2001 in Changchun, China where he won the [[Asia Zone Rally Championship]] (AZRC), the precursor to the [[Asia-Pacific Rally Championship|Asia Pacific Rally Championship]] (APRC).<br /> <br /> Balu has also volunteered to mentor women athletes to promote FIA Women in Motorsports concept.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Women in Motorsport – FMSCI |url=https://www.fmsci.co.in/wim/ |access-date=2023-11-14 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Balu, Arjun}}<br /> [[Category:1975 births]]<br /> [[Category:Indian racing drivers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Racing League drivers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian rally drivers]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fashion_Designer_s/o_Ladies_Tailor&diff=464613 2026-03-06T06:19:47Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: update details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Film by Vamsy}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor<br /> | image = Fashion Designer so Ladies Tailor.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Vamsy]]<br /> | producer = [[Madhura Sreedhar Reddy]]<br /> | writer = Vamsy<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Sumanth Ashwin]]<br /> *[[Anisha Ambrose]]<br /> *Manali Rathod<br /> *Manasa Himavarsha<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Mani Sharma]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Nagesh Banell]]<br /> | editing = Basva Paidireddy<br /> | studio = Madhura Entertainments<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|6|2}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Vamsy]] and starring [[Sumanth Ashwin]], [[Anisha Ambrose]], Manali Rathod, and Manasa Himavarsh. The film is a sequel to the director's own ''[[Ladies Tailor]]'' (1986).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=kavirayani |first=suresh |date=8 April 2017 |title=First look of 'Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor' evokes no controversy |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080417/first-look-of-fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-evokes-no-controversy.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107050723/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/080417/first-look-of-fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-evokes-no-controversy.html |archive-date=7 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{no plot|date=November 2020}}<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Sumanth Ashwin]] as Gopalam<br /> *[[Anisha Ambrose]] as Mahalakshmi<br /> *Manali Rathod as Ammulu<br /> *Manasa Himavarsha as Gedela Rani<br /> *[[Krishna Bhagavan]]<br /> *[[Krishnudu]]<br /> *[[Ravi Varma Adduri]]<br /> *Lakadi<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that &quot;Neither funny nor interesting, it is just a story stuck in a time warp&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chowdhary |first=Y. Sunita |date=2 June 2017 |title=Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor: What the stars foretell |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-review-what-the-stars-foretell/article18707750.ece |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107050733/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-review-what-the-stars-foretell/article18707750.ece |archive-date=7 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film a three out of five stars and wrote, &quot;A loose-fitting film that lacks an engaging narration.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sowmya Sruthi |first=Ch |date=2 June 2017 |title=Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/fashion-designer-s/o-ladies-tailor/movie-review/58960147.cms |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107050723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/fashion-designer-s/o-ladies-tailor/movie-review/58960147.cms |archive-date=7 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''123 Telugu'' gave the film a rating of two-and-three-quarter out of five and wrote, &quot;On the whole, ''Fashion Designer'' is a film which has the glimpse of trademark Vamsy in only a strict few scenes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 June 2017 |title=Review : Fashion Designer S/o Ladies Tailor – Fun here and there |url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-telugu-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107050724/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=123telugu}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' said, &quot;Though the comedy and narration is in old style, this movie is better among Vamsy's recent movies.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2017 |title=Fashion Designer s/o Ladies Tailor Review: Old Style narration |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-review-old-style-narration-review-telugu-rgdtcujdbgfjb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107050725/https://www.sify.com/movies/fashion-designer-so-ladies-tailor-review-old-style-narration-review-telugu-rgdtcujdbgfjb.html |archive-date=7 November 2020 |access-date=7 November 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{IMDb title|7842012}}<br /> <br /> {{Vamsy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]] <br /> [[Category:2017 romantic comedy films]] <br /> [[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Vamsy]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasu_Varma&diff=543781 2026-03-04T08:18:14Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian film director}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> [[File:Vasu Varma2.png|thumb|Varma in 2009]]<br /> '''Vasu Varma''' is an Indian film director who works in [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu cinema]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-vasu-varma-denies-involvement-in-recent-drug-case-arrest-watch-video/articleshow/103958398.cms |title=Director Vasu Varma denies involvement in recent drug case arrest; watch video |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 September 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/josh-movie-director-clarification-about-drug-case-news-on-him/0210/123177952 |title=Vasu Varma: డ్రగ్స్‌ కేసులో అరెస్ట్‌ అయింది నేను కాదు: 'జోష్‌' దర్శకుడు |website=EENADU}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Vasu started his career as an apprentice in direction for the movie [[Sakutumba Saparivaara Sametam]] directed by S.V.Krishna Reddy. Later, he started assisting [[V. V. Vinayak]] from his first film [[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadhi]] as an Associate Director and later became a co-director. Right from the first movie of [[Sri Venkateswara Creations|Dil Raju Productions]] ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'', Varma has given his support and acted as a backbone to [[Dil Raju]]'s direction department and has continued to do so. In 2009, [[Dil Raju]] gave the first direction opportunity to Varma, to launch a [[Naga Chaitanya]] (son of [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]]) in ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]''. He also launched another [[Karthika Nair]] (daughter of yesteryears star actress [[Radha (actress)|Radha]]) in the same movie. With Josh, he became one of the rare directors who launched two star kids in one movie.<br /> <br /> After Josh, Varma got another chance from Raju for his second movie, [[Krishnashtami]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/sunil-josh-vasu-varma-film-from-august-malayalam-news-108734 |title=Sunil – 'Josh' Vasu Varma film from August – Malayalam News |date=9 June 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class =&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of film credits<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class =&quot;unsortable&quot; | Role<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Aadi (2002 film)|Aadhi]]''|| Associate director <br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Dil (2003 film)|Dil]]'' || Chief Associate Director <br /> |-<br /> | 2004 || ''[[Samba (2004 film)|Samba]]'' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Co-director<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Bunny (2005 film)|Bunny]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Bommarillu]]''|| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Script Consultant <br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || ''[[Parugu]]'' <br /> |-<br /> | 2009 || ''[[Josh (2009 Telugu film)|Josh]]'' || Story, Screenplay, Dialogues, Direction<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Brindavanam (2010 film)|Brindavanam]]'' || Script Consultant <br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Krishnashtami]]'' || Screenplay, Dialogues, Direction<br /> |-<br /> | 2017 || ''[[Katamarayudu]]'' || Screenplay <br /> |-<br /> | 2024 || data-sort-value=&quot;Family Star, The&quot; | ''[[The Family Star]]'' || Creative producer<br /> |}&lt;!-- Do not add future projects until filming has begun as verified by a reliable source per WP:FILMOGRAPHY --&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|3598831}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Varma, Vasu}}<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amar_Prem&diff=485805 2026-03-03T23:35:11Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Creating Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{for|the 1989 Bengali film|Amar Prem (1989 film)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Short description|1972 romantic drama film by Shakti Samanta}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Amar Prem<br /> | image = amar prem.jpg<br /> | director = [[Shakti Samanta]]<br /> | producer = Shakti Samanta<br /> | based_on = {{based on |''Hinger Kochuri'' |[[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]] and ''[[Nishi Padma]] (Bengali Film)''}}<br /> | screenplay = [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay|Arabinda Mukherjee]]&lt;br /&gt;Ramesh Pant &lt;small&gt;(dialogue)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Sharmila Tagore]]|[[Rajesh Khanna]]}}<br /> | music = [[R. D. Burman]]<br /> | cinematography = Aloke Dasgupta<br /> | editing = Govind Dalwadi<br /> | studio = Shakti Films<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|1972|01|28}}<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | country = India<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Amar Prem''''' ({{translation|Immortal Love}}) is a [[List of Hindi films of 1972|1972]] Indian Hindi [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Shakti Samanta]]. It is a remake of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Nishi Padma]]'' (1970),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ganguly |first=Ruman |date=27 November 2019 |title=Remakes of Bengali films: What's new in this trend? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/remakes-of-bengali-films-whats-new-in-this-trend/articleshow/72241437.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay|Arabinda Mukherjee]], who wrote screenplay for both the films based on the Bengali short story ''Hinger Kochuri'' by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]]. The film portrays the decline of human values and relationships and contrasts it by presenting an illustrious example of a boy's innocent love for a neighbourhood [[tawaif]] (courtesan).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://passionforcinema.com/amar-prem-juxtaposing-legend-and-contemporary-subtext/ |title=AMAR PREM : Juxtaposing legend and contemporary subtext |access-date=27 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207015841/http://passionforcinema.com/amar-prem-juxtaposing-legend-and-contemporary-subtext/ |archive-date=7 February 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie is about a school boy, who is ill-treated by his step mother, and becomes friends with a courtesan neighbour.&lt;ref name=exp12 /&gt; The film stars [[Sharmila Tagore]] playing a [[courtesan with a heart of gold]], with [[Rajesh Khanna]] in the role of a lonely businessman and [[Vinod Mehra]] as adult Nandu, the young child, who they both come to care for.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/interviews/sharmila-tagore-shattering-stereotypes-for-over-60-years |title=Sharmila Tagore: Shattering Stereotypes for Over 60 Years}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/Amar-Prem-1972/article14410332.ece |title=Amar Prem (1972)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film is noted for its music by [[R. D. Burman]]; numbers sung by playback singers like [[Kishore Kumar]], R.D. Burman's father [[S.D. Burman]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]]; lyrics were by [[Anand Bakshi]]. The songs and soundtrack written by Anand Bakshi and sung by Kishore Kumar were well-received, with ''Chingaari Koi Bhadke'' topping at 5th position on the year-end chart [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1972]].<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Pushpa is expelled from her house by her husband and his new wife. When she refuses to leave, her husband beats her and throws her out. She goes to her mother for help, but her mother too disowns her. When she tries to commit suicide, she is sold to a kotha (brothel) in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] by her village-uncle, Nepal Babu. On her audition at the kotha, Anand Babu, a businessman seeking love, is attracted by her singing. Anand Babu is unhappily married and lonely and becomes her regular and exclusive visitor as love blossoms.<br /> <br /> Later, a widowed man with his family, from the same village as her, moves in close to Pushpa's place. The new neighbour's son, Nandu, does not get any love at home, as his father works all the time and his stepmother does not care about him. Nandu's father learns about Pushpa's new life and forbids her from interacting with him and his family as he fears what people would say. However, Pushpa starts treating Nandu as her own son when she realises that he is mistreated at home, and often goes hungry. Nandu also comes to love Pushpa and starts to regard her as his mother. He visits her every day and comes upon Anand Babu, who also becomes fond of him becoming a father figure, calling him Pushpa's son, seeing the way Pushpa loves the child.<br /> <br /> One day, Anand Babu's brother-in-law comes to see Pushpa and demands that she tell Anand Babu to stop visiting her. With great reluctance, Pushpa agrees and she turns Anand Babu away when he comes to see her. It is then that the businessman realises that he is in love with Pushpa. When Nandu suffers from fever and his treatment is too expensive, Pushpa asks Anand Babu for help and he secretly finances the treatment and does not let anybody know. When the doctor asks him why is he so keen on helping Nandu, he replies some relationships have no names. However, when Nandu's father asks the doctor who paid for the treatment, the doctor says that his mother did. Then Nandu's father discovers that it was Pushpa who saved her son's life and he thanks her and gives her the sari that he had bought for his wife, telling her that it was a gift from a brother to a sister. A touched Pushpa accepts.<br /> <br /> Nandu's family has to move to the village and Nandu plants a sapling of [[Nyctanthes arbor-tristis|night-flowering jasmine]] (''Harsingaar'' or ''Parijat'') at Pushpa's home, making her promise to always take care of it. Pushpa cries and agrees.<br /> <br /> Several years later, Nandu grows up to become a government engineer posted in the same town. Anand Babu meets Pushpa, now working as a maidservant who is ill-treated and they both reconcile. Nandu unsuccessfully searches for her and gives up after inquiring in the neighbourhood. Nandu's son gets sick and they go to the same doctor. Meanwhile, having met Pushpa, Anand Babu decides to catch up with all his old friends and meets the doctor. During the conversation, he reveals that he has stopped drinking and visiting brothels once he left Pushpa. He also tells him that he is now divorced/separated due to his wife's partying ways, but is finally at peace and is happy with Pushpa's love and affection in his heart. They talk about Nandu and the Doctor informs him that Nandu is in town. Nandu meets Anand Babu when he comes to meet the doctor to ask regarding the medicine, who takes him to meet Pushpa. Both of them, unable to see Pushpa ill-treated, stand up for her and in the end Nandu takes Pushpa home with him, like a son who is reunited with his long lost mother with Anand Babu looking on, crying happily.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{div col|colwidth=25em}}<br /> * [[Sharmila Tagore]] as Pushpa<br /> * [[Rajesh Khanna]] as Anand <br /> * [[Vinod Mehra]] as Nandkishore Sharma &quot;Nandu&quot;<br /> * [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Dr. Ghosh<br /> * [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Vijay<br /> * [[Madan Puri]] as Nepali Babu<br /> * [[Sujit Kumar]] as Mahesh Sharma<br /> * [[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Kamla Sharma<br /> * [[Farida Jalal]] as Nandu's wife<br /> * [[Om Prakash]] as Natwarlal<br /> * Master Bobby as Young Nandkishore Sharma &quot;Nandu&quot; <br /> * [[Master Raju]] as Nandu's younger brother<br /> * [[Leela Mishra]] as Mausi<br /> * [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as Chandar<br /> * [[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as Ram Ratan <br /> * [[Rakesh Pandey (actor)|Rakesh Pandey]] as Anand's Brother-in-law<br /> * [[Hiralal (actor)|Hiralal]] as Hostel Supervisor<br /> * [[Moolchand]] as Pan Shop Owner<br /> * [[Jankidas]] as Priest {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Script ===<br /> After making entertainers like ''China Town'' (1962), ''Ek Raaz'' (1963), ''[[Kashmir Ki Kali]]'' (1964), ''[[Sawan Ki Ghata]]'' (1966) and ''[[An Evening in Paris]]'' (1967) through the 1960s, with ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1969) and ''[[Kati Patang]]'' (1971), Samanta had entered the phase of emotional dramas in his career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bollywood will miss wizard of entertainment Shakti Samanta|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200904101732.htm|work=The Hindu|date=10 April 2009 |access-date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Nishi Padma]]'' (Night Flower, 1970), for night-flowering-jasmine, was made by Arabinda Mukherjee with [[Uttam Kumar]] and [[Sabitri Chatterjee]] as leads. When Samanta saw the film, he was so impressed by the performance of Uttam Kumar, that he decided to remake it. However, he decided to make some changes in the script.&lt;ref name=rediff12&gt;{{cite web |title='He wanted Amar Prem to be Rajesh Khanna's best performance'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-shakti-samanta-the-director-with-a-keen-ear-for-music/20120626.htm#4|date=26 June 2016|publisher=Rediff Movies |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original film was based on the Bengali short story ''Hinger Kochuri'', written by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]],. The title derives its name from a typical Bengali late afternoon snack, ''[[kachori]]'', made with fried dough stuffed with lentils, and hing ([[asafoetida]]).&lt;ref name=bha /&gt;<br /> <br /> The story was first published in Bandopadhyay's short story collection, ''Galpa Panchashat'' (Fifty Stories, 1956).&lt;ref&gt;[[#Su|Chattopadhyay, p. 96]]&lt;/ref&gt; His stories had previously been adapted by [[Satyajit Ray]] as ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (1955) and the [[Apu Trilogy]]. Shakti Samanta asked Mukherjee who also wrote ''Nishi Padma''{{'}}s screenplay to write a Hindi version, with Ramesh Pant, a longtime-collaborator with Samanta penning the Hindi dialogues.&lt;ref name=exp12&gt;{{cite news |title=It's All About Love|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/it-s-all-about-love/953992/0 |work=The Indian Express|date= 26 May 2012 |access-date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The famous dialogue, &quot;Pushpa, I hate tears&quot; though also there in the original, was merely part of a dialogue, Samanta decided to use it to great effect, delivered in Rajesh Khanna's trademark style.&lt;ref name=rediff12 /&gt; Later, both the writers of the film won Filmfare Awards in their respective categories.<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Once the script was ready, Samanta approached Sharmila Tagore, with whom he had done a string of films, like ''Kashmir Ki Kali'' (1964), ''An Evening in Paris'' (1967) and most recently ''Aradhana'' (1969), with Rajesh Khanna. Tagore found her character &quot;Pushpa&quot;, &quot;a very strong role in the iconic mould of ''[[Mother India]]''&quot; and instantly agreed, thus it was one of the first films she signed on after the birth of her son [[Saif Ali Khan]]. For the role Anand, actor [[Raaj Kumar]] was Samanta's first choice, as he believed Khanna who had become a super star after the hit ''Aradhana'', wouldn't be interested in doing a film that focussed on the female lead. However, Khanna convinced Samanta that would do justice to the role. However, Khanna changed the character's name from Ananta to Anand to draw connection to his character in [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s critically acclaimed ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971).&lt;ref name=exp12 /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> The film was shot in [[Eastmancolor]], entirely at Natraj Studios in Mumbai, including the famous song, ''Chingari koi bhadke'', which was set on a boat on the [[Hooghly River]], with [[Howrah Bridge]] of [[Kolkata]] in the background. Earlier authorities in Kolkata didn't give the film crew permission to shoot under the bridge, as it would be a crowd problem. Thus the song was shot in a water tank in the studio, with the crew filming in knee-deep water.&lt;ref name=exp12 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Familiar turn |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/familiar-turn/article3680371.ece |work=The Hindu|date=25 July 2012 |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samanta has been using music directors like [[O. P. Nayyar]] and [[Shankar-Jaikishen]], but chose [[R. D. Burman]] once again after ''[[Kati Patang]]'' (1971), who also laboured to produce one of his best scores; later in an interview Samanta recalled: &quot;Pancham (R. D. Burman) would go into his room and work from 9 o'clock in the morning till 9 o'clock in the night for Amar Prem.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/specials/2009/apr/120409-Shakti-Samanta-bollywood-filmmakers-sad-demise-Aaradhana-Kashmir-Ki-Kali-Mumbai-Play.htm|title=Shakti Samanta his Aradhana came true|date=11 April 2009|publisher=MiD DAY|author=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=4 May 2013|author-link=Dinesh Raheja}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Themes and allusions ==<br /> ''Amar Prem'' takes forward the popular genre of self-sacrificing mother or woman prevalent in the decade as seen in ''Aradhana'' (1969) and ''Kati Patang'' (1971), though seen as early as in 1957 in ''[[Mother India]]'', though here it places a wronged wife Pushpa in the narrative. When her husband marries the second time, due to her apparent infertility, she is kicked out of her home, her mother and community both abandon her, subsequently she is tricked into prostitution.&lt;ref name=cha /&gt;&lt;ref name=bu /&gt; Thus the [[fallen women]] ends up as [[courtesan]], with a [[prostitute with a heart of gold|heart of gold]]; though the original version ''Nishi Padma'' (1970), clearly portrays her as a common prostitute, in Samanta's version she is a ''[[tawaif]]'' who sings to her customers for a living.&lt;ref name=sa&gt;[[#Sa|Sahni, p. 294]]&lt;/ref&gt; As Pushpa is introduced to the audience singing a genteel mystic [[Meera Bai]]-like [[bhajan]], ''Raina Beeti Jai, Shyam Na Aaye'' (Night is passing, Shyam (Krishna) hasn't arrived), calling on to Krishna; however in many part of the film she is treated by her environment as common prostitute. This blurring in representation of a courtesan and a common prostitute has been a recurrent feature in mainstream Bollywood cinema, just as the theme of the fallen woman is.&lt;ref name=sa /&gt;&lt;ref name=si /&gt;&lt;ref name=dec12 /&gt; However, things were changing rapidly, only a few years later, Sharmila Tagore herself portrayed a far more realistic and feisty prostitute in ''[[Gulzar]]''-directed, ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'' (1975),&lt;ref name=si&gt;[[#Si|Singh, p. 368]]&lt;/ref&gt; meanwhile, [[B.R. Ishara]] had already made the bold film ''[[Chetna]]'' (1970), with [[Rehana Sultan]], clearly ringing in the end of monochromatic filmi-version of prostitutes and courtesans, which was seen in films like [[Bimal Roy]]'s ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955), [[B. R. Chopra]]'s ''Sadhna'' (1958) and even in [[Guru Dutt]]'s classic ''[[Pyaasa]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Chingaris of Bollywood |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-life/the-chingaris-of-bollywood/article1758852.ece?ref=archive |publisher=Business Line |date=3 March 2006 |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mandi or Market, going where the role calls!|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Mandi-or-Market-going-where-the-role-calls/articleshow/2198706.cms |work=The Times of India|date= 13 July 2007|access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As the film evolves, Pushpa is no longer the fallen woman; she is not just redeemed&amp;nbsp;— Anand Babu tells her, ''Tumne is kamre ko mandir bana diya'' (You have turned this room into a temple) – but in the end is [[wikt:deify|deified]], as she chooses to relinquish her profession and makes a living washing utensils, quietly suffering societal and psychological abuses all through the film, instead of fighting back or standing up for herself. This is also conveyed with the use of symbolism like the handful of mud being taken from Pushpa's brothel grounds to make goddess [[Durga]] idols prior to the annual [[Durga Puja]] festival, a popular festival of goddess worship. Further towards the end of the film, her purity is compared with that of the Ganges itself by Anand Babu, when she finally visits the banks of Hooghly river, a distributary of the sacred [[Ganges River]] to break her bangles after her ill-treating husband dies; and in the very end, the juxtaposition of the home-coming of [[Durga]] idols used in [[Durga Puja]] festival just as Nandu is taking Pushpa home. This makes her a veritable model for womanhood, although conservative and affirming patriarchal traditions. The fallen woman, solely longs to marry the man, but in vain, Pushpa too is reunited with Anand Babu in the end, however this is only a momentary meeting, and Anand Babu suggests she goes home with her foster son, Nandu as a mother.&lt;ref name=sa /&gt; This genre was in direct contrast with similar maternal melodrama of 1930s Hollywood, where the abandoned mother often disappeared into oblivion and destitution; it continued in Hindi cinema for another decade, before the &quot;avenging heroine&quot; marked her entry and the women narratives began to change.&lt;ref name=cha&gt;[[#Cha|Chakravarty, p. 295]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bu&gt;[[#Bu|Burfoot, p. 254]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film also deals with the theme of urban melancholy, of the ''[[bhadralok]]'', the gentlefolk, through Anand Babu, a businessman trapped in a bad marriage, whose wife is constantly busy in beauty-parlours and parties, and seeks company in Pushpa and alcohol. Pushpa, herself lonely, fulfills her maternal instincts through Nandu, a young boy in the neighbourhood, often ill-treated by his step mother. Thus three lonely people become surrogates for each other and create their own family unit, even though briefly, as Anand Babu defines it, &quot;Koi agar apna na hoke bhi bahut apna ho, toh ise kya kehte hain? Bahut pyara rishta, na?&quot; (If someone is bound to you in spite of not being related to you, isn't that a lovely relationship?)&lt;ref name=exp12 /&gt;&lt;ref name=dec12&gt;{{cite news |title='Amar Prem': A neglected gem|author=Pradeep Sebastian|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/269215/amar-prem-neglected-gem.html |work=Deccan Herald|date=5 August 2012 |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#Pa|Patel, p. 178]]&lt;/ref&gt; Also through his song, ''Kuch To Log Kahenge'', Anand Babu mocks society's moral judgement and hypocrisy, as he consoles a despondent Pushpa by singing, &quot;Sita bhi yahan badnaam hui&quot; (Even [[Sita]] (King [[Rama]]'s wife in ''[[Ramayana]]'') was insulted here) relating to an episode in epic, where in Sita having returned from captivity of demon king [[Ravana]], she had to prove her purity, and even then was [[Sita#Second exile|banished by Rama]] to the forest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/16dinesh.htm|title=The Magic of Rajesh Khanna, Sharmila nnd ''Amar Prem''|publisher=Rediff Movies|author=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=9 May 2013|author-link=Dinesh Raheja}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Amar Prem<br /> | type = soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[R. D. Burman]]<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 1972<br /> | recorded = <br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | label = [[Saregama]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = [[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]<br /> | prev_year = 1972<br /> | next_title = [[Apna Desh]]<br /> | next_year = 1972<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The soundtrack was melody based, which gave Lata Mangeshkar her finest classical solo of the decade, ''Raina Beti Jaaye'', set in an unusual blend of two [[Raga]]s, [[Todi (raga)|Todi]] in mukhara or the opening verse and [[Khamaj]] in the ''[[Antara (music)|antara]]''. Burman had heard his father, music composer [[S. D. Burman]] sing, ''Bela Boye Jaye'', which he said was on his mind, while composing the song. Bakshi's lyrics, created a Meera bhajan-like idiom for the song, employing the [[Krishna]]-[[Radha]] motif.&lt;ref name=bha&gt;[[#Bha|Bhattacharjee, p. 56]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dec12 /&gt;<br /> <br /> However, when it came to &quot;Bada Natkhat hai Re Krishna Kanhaiyya&quot;, things took a different turn when his father, veteran music director, S. D. Burman intervened and asked Burman to redo the tune. Burman was given the brief of &quot;usual [[bhajan]] situation&quot; by Samanta, later as he was giving final touches to the tune, his father heard the tune, and asked for the precise description of situation. On listening to the situation, he expressed his dismay as not doing justice to the situation,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema|publisher=India Book House Publishers|year=1996|isbn=8175080078|page=119|author=Dinesh Raheja|author2=Jitendra Kothari|author-link=Dinesh Raheja}}&lt;/ref&gt; as R.D. Burman recounted in a later interview, &quot;But where's the composer in you in this tune, Pancham (Burman's nickname)?&quot; and went on to explain: &quot;..For Sharmila here is something more than the nautch-girl she plays. Her motherly instincts have been aroused by that kid. Your tune therefore must communicate all the agony of the nautch-girl wanting to be the mother she can never be. Do it again, your way, but with the moving human situation in mind.&quot;&lt;ref name=panch /&gt; Thus R.D. Burman made a tune in Raga [[Khamaj]], which Lata Mangeshkar too sang with marked emotional clarity and abandon, who is usually prone let her technical dexterity outshine. The song became a classic,&lt;ref name=bha /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[#An|Anantharaman, p. 156]]&lt;/ref&gt; and later Burman called it his &quot;best lesson in music&quot; from his father.&lt;ref name=panch&gt;{{cite web |title=The Sound of RD's Music |author= Raju Bharatan|url=http://www.panchamonline.com/articles/tribute.htm |year=1994|publisher=panchamonline, (original The Times of India, 1994)|access-date=9 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Finally, Burman roped in his father, S. D. Burman to sing &quot;Doli Mein Bithai Ke Kahaar&quot; in his typical bardic voice, and the song which appears twice in the film, was to become one of the most memorable songs of his career as a playback singer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The soulful Burman|url=http://www.livemint.com/Opinion/N3JkPsHjZB594UfwpTv9mM/The-soulful-Burman.html|author=Shubha Mudgal |publisher= Mint|date=14 May 2010|access-date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The song &quot;Kuchh Toh Log Kahenge&quot; is considered to be one of the most loved ''[[filmi]]'' songs of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2013-08-31 |title=Top 32: Most loved Bollywood songs of all time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/top-32-most-loved-bollywood-songs-of-all-time/story-Oy5PxR4xslOx82xB6cmVkI.html |access-date=2021-04-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer<br /> | all_lyrics = [[Anand Bakshi]]<br /> | all_music = [[R. D. Burman]]<br /> | title1 = Chingari Koi Bhadke (Raga Bhairavi)<br /> | length1 = 05:38<br /> | extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]<br /> | title2 = Kuchh Toh Log Kahenge (Raga Khamaj)<br /> | length2 = 04:56<br /> | extra2 = Kishore Kumar<br /> | title3 = Yeh Kya Hua (Raga Khamaj)<br /> | length3 = 04:33<br /> | extra3 = Kishore Kumar<br /> | title4 = Doli Mein Bithai Ke<br /> | length4 = 05:43<br /> | extra4 = [[S. D. Burman]]<br /> | title5 = Raina Beeti Jaye (Raga Todi)<br /> | length5 = 05:20<br /> | extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]<br /> | title6 = Bada Natkhat Hai Yeh (Raga Khamaj)<br /> | length6 = 04:53<br /> | extra6 = Lata Mangeshkar<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> <br /> === Release ===<br /> Prior to the release of the film, a special show was organised in Delhi, where Gen [[Sam Manekshaw]] invited the cast, however the next day a [[Blackout (wartime)|blackout]] was declared, as the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] had begun.&lt;ref name=htsam&gt;{{cite news |title=Last goodbye from Pushpa as Bollywood loses Rajesh Khanna |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Last-goodbye-from-Pushpa-as-Bollywood-loses-Rajesh-Khanna/Article1-891563.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719034901/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Last-goodbye-from-Pushpa-as-Bollywood-loses-Rajesh-Khanna/Article1-891563.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2012 |work=Hindustan Times|date=19 July 2012 |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Response ===<br /> Though 1972 was a year of the big films ''[[Pakeezah]]'', ''Dushman'' and ''Beimaan'',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Pakeezah one of a kind|author=Rajiv Vijayakar |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakeezah-one-of-a-kind/921240/0 |work=The Indian Express|date=9 March 2012 |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; upon its release, ''Amar Prem'' was eighth amongst Khanna's top releases in the year.&lt;ref name=pat77&gt;[[#Pa|Patel, p. 177]]&lt;/ref&gt; Samanta achieved a hat-trick of hits with [[Rajesh Khanna]], which started with ''[[Aradhana (1969 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1969) and ''[[Kati Patang]]'' (1971).&lt;ref name=toisam /&gt; The music by R. D. Burman proved one of the best scores of his career,&lt;ref name=toisam&gt;{{cite news |title=Noted filmmaker Shakti Samanta passes away|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Noted-filmmaker-Shakti-Samanta-passes-away/articleshow/4381783.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004220740/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-10/india/28010487_1_rajesh-khanna-bhojpuri-film-shakti-samanta |url-status=live |archive-date=4 October 2013 |quote=smash hits, 'Kati Patang' (1970) and 'Amar Prem' (1972). |date=10 April 2009 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date= 7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; with hits like &quot;Chingaari Koi Bhadke&quot;, &quot;Kuchh Toh Log Kahenge&quot;, &quot;Yeh Kya Hua&quot; sung by Kishore Kumar and &quot;Raina beeti jaaye&quot; by Lata Mangheskar.<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> <br /> ; [[20th Filmfare Awards]]&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Won'''<br /> <br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] – [[Arabinda Mukhopadhyay|Arabinda Mukherjee]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] – Ramesh Pant<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]] – Jehangir Nowrojee<br /> <br /> '''Nominated'''<br /> <br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Rajesh Khanna]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Sharmila Tagore]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – [[R. D. Burman]]<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Anand Bakshi]] for &quot;Chingari Koi Bhadke&quot;<br /> * [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]] – [[Kishore Kumar]] for &quot;Chingari Koi Bhadke&quot;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> After the film's success, the Rajesh Khanna–Sharmila Tagore pair, which had already achieved success in ''Aradhana'' (1969), worked again in [[Yash Chopra]]'s ''[[Daag: A Poem of Love|Daag]]'' (1973) and [[Basu Bhattacharya]]'s ''[[Avishkaar]]'' (1974), besides films like ''[[Chhoti Bahu]]'' (1971), ''[[Maalik (1972 film)|Maalik]]'' (1972) and ''[[Raja Rani (1973 film)|Raja Rani]]'' (1973).&lt;ref name=htsam /&gt; Today, they are still considered one of the leading on-screen romantic couples in the 100 years of India cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bollywood-turns-100-love-that-lasted/Article1-1054098.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503195211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bollywood-turns-100-love-that-lasted/Article1-1054098.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 May 2013|title=Bollywood turns 100: love that lasted|date=3 May 2013|work=Hindustan Times|author=Dinesh Raheja|access-date=4 May 2013|author-link=Dinesh Raheja}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Top 10 most romantic on-screen couples of all time |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/top-lists/Top-10-most-romantic-on-screen-couples-of-all-time/videols/19911395.cms |work=The Times of India|date=7 May 2013 |access-date=7 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajesh Khanna's dialogue &quot;Pushpa, I hate tears&quot;, which appeared five times in the film, was not only parodied over the years,&lt;ref name=exp12 /&gt; but also went on to become one of the epic dialogues of Indian cinema.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How Indian cinema evolved over the years |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/How-Indian-cinema-evolved-over-the-years/Article1-1053750.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503045925/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/How-Indian-cinema-evolved-over-the-years/Article1-1053750.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 May 2013 |work=Hindustan Times|date=2 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from her work with Satyajit Ray, lead actress Tagore's films with Samanta including ''Amar Prem'', defined her screen image for her career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=100 years, 100 great movie memories: Part 8|author=Nandini Ramnath |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/t5K2WoDFVF7qal0u3y6wrM/100-years-100-great-movie-memories--Part-8.html |publisher=Mint |date=4 May 2013 |access-date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's success also affected the fashion trends of the time, the puff-sleeved blouses, which were first seen on [[Devika Rani]] in the 1950s were revived again after Tagore's character Pushpa wore them through the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Fashion Reader|author= Linda Welters|author2=Abby Lillethun |publisher=Berg|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84788-589-0 |page=552 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yx0C4U9bjxoC&amp;q=%22Amar+Prem%22&amp;pg=PA552 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2009, after Samanta's death in April of the same year, ''Amar Prem'' was the inaugural film of a retrospective on Shakti Samanta Films organised in Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ambika Soni inaugurates retrospective of Shakti Samanta films |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/ambika-soni-inaugurates-retrospective-of-shakti-samanta-films/28653 |date= 10 July 2009|publisher=Business of Cinema|access-date=4 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> * {{cite book |title=National Identity in Indian Popular Cinema: 1947–1987|author=Sumita S. Chakravarty |publisher=University of Texas Press |year=1993|isbn=0-292-78985-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8T0uwJtMxkC&amp;q=Amar+Prem&amp;pg=PA295 |ref=Cha }}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of women biography: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Vol. 3 |editor= Nagendra Kr Singh |publisher=A.P.H. Pub |year=2001|isbn=8176482617 |ref=Si }}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Killing Women: The Visual Culture of Gender And Violence |author= Annette Burfoot |author2= Susan Lord |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press |year=2006|isbn=0-88920-497-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kTjzsIhpqbMC&amp;q=Amar+Prem&amp;pg=PA294 |ref= Bu}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Prostitution and Beyond: An Analysis of Sex Workers in India |author=Rohini Sahni |author2=V. Kalyan Shankar |author3=Hemant Apte |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2008|isbn=978-0-7619-3638-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQgiIxbifjkC&amp;q=%22Amar+Prem%22&amp;pg=PA294 |ref= Sa}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Sunil Kumar Chattopadhyay|title=Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyaya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp8WZ5a34NQC&amp;pg=PA96|year=1994|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-578-7|ref=Su}}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song |author= Ganesh Anantharaman|publisher=Penguin Books India|year=2008|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&amp;q=Amar+Prem&amp;pg=PA68 |ref=An }}<br /> * {{cite book |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|chapter=Rajesh Khanna|author= Bhaichand Patel |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2012|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&amp;q=Amar+Prem&amp;pg=PA177 |ref=Pa }}<br /> * {{cite book |title=R. D. Burman: The Man, The Music|author= Anirudha Bhattacharjee|author2=Balaji Vittal|publisher=Harper Collins India|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg49WV0j0IAC&amp;pg=PT56|isbn=978-93-5029-236-5 |ref=Bha }}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=0066758}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> * {{BH movie|amar-prem-4&lt;!-- id# 538779 --&gt;}}<br /> * [http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/16dinesh.htm &quot;The Magic of Rajesh Khanna, Sharmila and Amar Prem&quot;] at ''[[Rediff.com]]''<br /> <br /> {{Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1972 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:1972 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1972 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1972 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Shakti Samanta]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on works by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ottesi_Cheputunna&diff=523224 2026-03-03T18:10:24Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: starting a article</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2003 Indian Telugu film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ottesi Cheputunna<br /> | image = Ottesi Cheputunna poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = DVD cover<br /> | director = E. Satthi Babu<br /> | story = Uday Raj<br /> | screenplay = E. Satthi Babu<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogues by<br /> | data1 = [[Chintapalli Ramana]]<br /> }}<br /> | producer = K. Anil Kumar<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]]<br /> * [[Kaniha]] <br /> * [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]]<br /> * [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ramprasad]]<br /> | editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]<br /> | music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br /> | studio = Sri Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|2003|04|11|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 156 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ottesi Cheputunna''''' ({{translation|I swear and tell that}}) is a 2003 [[India]]n [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[comedy-drama film]] directed by E. Satthi Babu. The film stars [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]], [[Kaniha]] (credited as Sravanthi), [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] and [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]].<br /> <br /> The film has music composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and editing by [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]. ''Ottesi Cheputunna'' was released on 11 April 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2003-04-11|title=Telugu Cinema - Review - Ottesi Cheputunna - Srikanth, Sivaji - E Sathi Babu - Vidya Sagar - Anil|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ottesi.html|access-date=|website=Idlebrain.com|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127033654/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-ottesi.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Surya is the only child of two loving parents. He considers himself unlucky because he tends to lose whatever he wished for. Later, Surya loses both his parents in a car accident and is sent to an orphanage.<br /> <br /> Surya grows to become an assistant manager in [[Corporation Bank]]. His childhood friend Nela Baludu joins the same bank as a peon. One day, Nela Baludu informs Surya that he was selected to be promoted as a manager, but it does not happen. Unhappy with his fate, a drunken Surya reaches his house to find a letter with a photo of an unknown girl. The letter asks for a reply. A careless Surya tears the letter into pieces. The following day, Surya wakes up and finds the girl to be beautiful. He reaches his office and learns that he has been promoted to manager. Surya considers the girl to be his lucky charm, but Nela Baludu brushes it off as a coincidence. Later, they see the girl on TV, and Surya anticipates that something good would happen to him. As expected, he receives a favorable judgement in his family's property dispute.<br /> <br /> Surya is determined to find and marry the girl and offers Nela Baludu his flat if he helps him with it. They search all over [[Hyderabad]] and finally trace her address in [[Gachibowli]] thanks to a clue in the photo. They find out that the girl is Divya, and Surya manages to move into her penthouse by joining as Dileep's roommate. Divya, however, is already in love with Dileep for the past four years, but Dileep's unemployment acts as a hindrance to their marriage. Divya, who regards Surya highly, asks for his help to find Dileep a job so that they can marry. Surya unwillingly obliges but challenges God to marry Divya. To get rid of Dileep, Surya finds him a job in Dubai. Dileep politely rejects the offer saying that he wants to be in India with Divya. Divya gets angry at Dileep for rejecting the job but copes up with it nonetheless, vowing to marry him. Surya realizes that Divya is genuinely in love with Dileep and decides to sacrifice his love.<br /> <br /> Nela Baludu is furious that Surya has given up on Divya for the sake of Dileep. He tries to badmouth Dileep, but all his efforts go in vain. It turns out that Dileep is in love with another girl, Rani, because she is rich. Nela Baludu tries to expose Dileep after knowing this, but Surya shuns him for lying. Meanwhile, Divya's parents propose Surya to marry Divya. Surya rejects the same by telling them about Dileep and Divya's love. Surya backs Dileep to get a job and convinces Divya's parents about their marriage.<br /> <br /> Rani, on the other hand, asks Dileep to elope with her, leaving her property. Without property, Dileep chooses Divya over Rani. Still, he lies to Rani that he is ready to marry her. Divya and Dileep's wedding is fixed, and Divya accidentally meets Rani while distributing wedding cards. Divya invites Rani for her wedding, and they are surprised that both their fiances are named Dileep. Later, Rani arrives at Divya's wedding. Sensing the danger, Dileep diverts her by lying that he met with an accident with the help of his friend Venkat. Nala Baludu, nonetheless, gets hold of Rani. They expose Dileep on the wedding stage where Divya realizes Surya's love and the sacrifices he made for her. Divya and Surya unite.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> * [[Srikanth (Telugu actor)|Srikanth]] as Surya <br /> ** [[Teja Sajja|Master Teja]] as young Surya<br /> * [[Kaniha]] as Divya<br /> * [[Sivaji (Telugu actor)|Sivaji]] as Dileep<br /> * [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Nela Baludu &quot;Month&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news232.html|title=Srikanth's new movie details|date=20 January 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Anitha Patel as Rani<br /> * [[Brahmanandam]]<br /> * [[Ali (actor)|Ali]]<br /> * [[M. S. Narayana]] as Reddy &quot;Rena&quot; Naidu <br /> * [[L. B. Sriram]] as Rules Ranga Rao<br /> * [[Babu Mohan]]<br /> * [[Rajeev Kanakala]] as Venkat<br /> * [[Banerjee (actor)|Banarjee]] as Surya's father<br /> * [[Shanoor Sana]] as Surya's mother<br /> * [[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Divya's mother <br /> * [[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as Veera Vankara Reddy<br /> * [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Bank Clerk<br /> * [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Lawyer<br /> * [[Kovai Sarala]] <br /> * [[Kallu Chidambaram]] as the man asking for a loan in the bank.<br /> * [[Krishna Bhagavaan]]<br /> * [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]]<br /> * [[Gautam Raju]]<br /> * Jr. Relangi<br /> * [[Asha Saini]] (special appearance in the song &quot;Yelo Yelo Eluroda&quot;)<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> The soundtrack album consists of six singles composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]] and released on [[Aditya Music]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 March 2003|title=Audio Function of Ottesi Cheputunna|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/ottesicheputunnaaudio.html|website=Idlebrain.com|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127012027/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/ottesicheputunnaaudio.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Ottesi Cheputhuna by Vidyasagar|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ottesi-cheputhuna/BHCHNmKxn3k_|publisher=Jio Saavn|access-date=2022-01-30|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130104112/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/ottesi-cheputhuna/BHCHNmKxn3k_|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lyrics are written by [[Veturi]], [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]], [[Bhuvana Chandra]], and [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-06-04|title=పదం పలికింది – పాట నిలిచింది|url=https://www.saakshi.com/news/family/ottesi-cheputunna-movie-song-lyrics-1082614|website=Sakshi|language=te|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130104112/https://www.saakshi.com/news/family/ottesi-cheputunna-movie-song-lyrics-1082614|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song &quot;Yelo Yelo&quot; was reused from &quot;Vaadi Vaadi Naattu Katta&quot; from ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' (2001).<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | length3 = 4:14<br /> | lyrics6 = <br /> | extra6 = [[Debashish]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> | title6 = Padaharella<br /> | length5 = 4:27<br /> | lyrics5 = <br /> | extra5 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]<br /> | title5 = Yelo Yelo<br /> | length4 = 5:01<br /> | lyrics4 = <br /> | extra4 = Gopal, Sreenidhi<br /> | title4 = Otesi Cheputhunna<br /> | lyrics3 = <br /> | total_length = 28:35<br /> | extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Swarnalatha]]<br /> | title3 = Bandar Lanti<br /> | length2 = 5:10<br /> | lyrics2 = <br /> | extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br /> | title2 = Kannathalli<br /> | length1 = 5:14<br /> | lyrics1 = <br /> | extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]<br /> | title1 = Vennello<br /> | headline = ''Ottesi Cheputunna'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<br /> | length6 = 4:29<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Writing for ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'', Griddaluru Gopalrao appreciated the screenplay. He stated that Sathhi Babu brought novelty to the story written by Uday Raj.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gopalrao|first=Griddaluru|date=9 May 2003|title=ఒట్టేసి చెపుతున్నా! ఫర్వాలేదు|language=te|trans-title=Ottesi Cheputunna! It's alright|page=9,11|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2003/May/9-May-2003.pdf|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=20 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220142721/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/2003/May/9-May-2003.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reviewing the performances, Gudipoodi Srihari of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, &quot;Srikanth, of late, is getting more opportunities to play lighter vein roles and this is one of them. Srikanth performs well. Debutante Sravanti is comfortable on screen. Sivaji has a slightly difficult role. His transformation into a villain is quite smooth,&quot; while appreciating the Vidyasagar's score and soundtrack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Srihari|first=Gudipoodi|date=2003-04-15|title=Simple story|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/simple-story/article28405487.ece|issn=0971-751X|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127033914/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/simple-story/article28405487.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' called ''Ottesi Cheputunna'' a &quot;sweet and watchable comedy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 April 2003|title=Ottesi Cheputunna|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/ottesi-cheputunna-review-telugu-pclu1ehacebce.html|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=30 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035952/https://www.sify.com/movies/ottesi-cheputunna-review-telugu-pclu1ehacebce.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb title|1579849}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2003 films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2003 romantic comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by E. Satti Babu]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kanabadutaledu&diff=508047 2026-03-03T09:16:45Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: started</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kanabadutaledu<br /> | image = Kanabadutaledu poster.jpeg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Balaraju M<br /> | writer = Balaraju M<br /> | producer = Prasad Machanuru&lt;br/&gt;Srinivas Kishan Anapu&lt;br /&gt;Deviprasad Balivada&lt;br/&gt;Satish Raju&lt;br/&gt;Dileep Kurapati<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Sukranth Veerella|Vaishali Raj|[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]}}<br /> | cinematography = Sandeep Baddula<br /> | editing = Raviteja Kurmana<br /> | music = Madhu Ponnas<br /> | studio = SS Films&lt;br /&gt;Shade Studios&lt;br /&gt;Sree Padha Creations<br /> | distributor = Silly Monks Entertainment<br /> | released = {{Film date|2021|8|19|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 115 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Kanabadutaledu''''' ({{translation|Missing}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller]] film written and directed by Balaraju M. The film stars [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Detective Rama Krishna whilst Vaishali Raj, Sukranth Veerella, [[Himaja]], [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]], [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]], and [[Kireeti Damaraju]] play pivotal roles. Initially scheduled to release on 14 April 2021, the film was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. ''Kanabadutaledu'' was theatrically released on 19 August 2021.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> In Visakhapatnam, the dead body of a man brutally murdered is found in a dump. Although all outer identity markers have been burnt off by the murderer, a metal plate in the body's leg allows the authorities to identify the man, named Michael, and they get his friend to testify as a witness in exchange for a pardon. Meanwhile, in Hyderabad, Aditya bemoans his lifeless marriage with Sashida. One day, though, Sashida makes her first request for him: to go to Vizag and kill Surya, her ex that she had been trying to contact. Craving for her attention, he accepts and asks her why on the way. After a flashback to her whirlwind romance with Surya, a delivery driver, and her family's opposition to their love, she reveals that she tried to elope but Surya ditched her at the train station with a mocking SMS stating her property wasn't coming along. She came back home and agreed soon afterward to an arranged marriage with Aditya, but couldn't forget Surya and still tried to contact him, so she wants to kill him to eradicate his presence in her life. When they arrive, however, they discover that Surya is missing and presumed dead. They decide to stay with her family and try to find him. Meanwhile, Chief Inspector Victor Raju, a lecherous officer who abuses his power to sexually harass women that happens to be in charge of the murder case as well as upholding a construction ban on a less-than-honest company, is killed by a shadowy figure. Sashida decides to contact Rama Krishna, a local detective with out-of-the-box thinking, to find Surya.<br /> <br /> Through his investigation, Rama Krishna finds Surya's best friend and fellow driver, an older man nicknamed &quot;Mavayya&quot; (Uncle), who says that Surya was committed to the elopement and had even sent him away to avoid trouble, making him suspect something happened to Surya that caused him disappearance. He suspects three people: Michael, who Surya had fought with when he attacked Sashida and her friend who had just broken up with him; Nikhil, Sashida's brother who held a grudge against Surya after they had fought over his love, and Aditya, who had known Sashida and fell in love with her before the marriage and was enraged when he learned about Surya. Rama Krishna continues, but nearly loses his life after an attack by an unknown assailant. Realizing that something is quite wrong with the case, he pursues Michael's friend, who after a brief chase reveals he had lied to the police under Victor Raju's prerogative. Michael had in fact attacked Surya on the day of the elopement but kept him alive for weeks in tortuous conditions for money. After Michael was killed, Victor Raju led him to lie that Surya killed Michael. After pondering this, Rama Krishna has a realization. One day, he invites Nikhil's wife for questioning and unveils her past. As a child, she had committed several violent acts and showed a bloodthirsty shade. Enraged by Surya's treatment of her husband, she paid Michael to attack him, but he blackmailed her, so she killed him. Raju's investigation did lead him to her, but he covered up the murder in exchange for trying to get sexual favors form her, so she killed him as well. She tries to kill Rama Krishna and claims he will never find Surya; however, he reveals that they found him alive and she is arrested. In the hospital, Sashida and Surya reunite and Aditya pays Rama Krishna the fees, stating that he wanted to show her that she should stay with someone she loves.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * Sukranth Veerella as Surya, Sashi's lover<br /> *Vaishali Raj as Sashidha<br /> *Yug Ram as Aditya, Sashi's husband<br /> *[[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Detective Rama Krishna<br /> * [[Himaja]] as Sashi's Sister-in-law<br /> *[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Nikhil<br /> *[[Kireeti Damaraju]]<br /> * [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]<br /> * [[Kancharapalem Raju|Kancharapalem Subbarao]] as Mavayya<br /> * Kishore Kumar Polimera as C.I. Victor Raju<br /> * Sashith Kona<br /> * Neelima Palishetty<br /> * Soumya Shetty<br /> * Uma Maheswara Rao<br /> * Kancharapalem Shyam<br /> *Santhosh singuru <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | lyrics6 = <br /> | total_length = <br /> | length10 = <br /> | title10 = <br /> | length9 = <br /> | title9 = <br /> | length8 = <br /> | title8 = <br /> | all_writing = <br /> | length7 = <br /> | extra7 = <br /> | lyrics7 = <br /> | title7 = <br /> | length6 = <br /> | extra6 = <br /> | title6 = <br /> | title1 = Tholisari Nene<br /> | length2 = 4:18<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Haricharan]]<br /> | length1 = 4:42<br /> | title2 = Ammamo Em Ammayo<br /> | lyrics2 = Madhu Nandan B.<br /> | extra2 = Gold Devaraj<br /> | title3 = Mama Mama<br /> | length4 = 4:09<br /> | lyrics3 = Madhu Nandan B.<br /> | extra3 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]<br /> | length3 = 4:05<br /> | title4 = Yedakemai Untunde<br /> | lyrics4 = Purna Chary<br /> | extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]<br /> | all_music = Madhu Ponnas<br /> | title5 = Premey Ledhu<br /> | length5 = 4:41<br /> | lyrics5 = Madhu Nandan B.<br /> | extra5 = [[Rahul Sipligunj]], Ravi Prakash Chodimalla<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was initially scheduled to release on 14 April 2021 but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Samba Siva |date=31 March 2021 |title=April Release Movies: ఏప్రిల్ నెలలో రిలీజ్ కాబోతున్న సినిమాలు ఇవే.. |url=https://www.hmtvlive.com/movies/tollywood-movies-release-in-2021-april-62554 |publisher=[[HMTV]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release date was rescheduled as 13 August 2021 but was postponed to 19 August 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title='Kanabadutaledu': Release date postponed |url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/kanabadutaledu-release-date-postponed/ |publisher=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |access-date=9 September 2021 |archive-date=25 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925002116/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/kanabadutaledu-release-date-postponed/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Sravan Vanaparthy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 stars out of 5 and called it a &quot;crime thriller minus thrills.&quot; Vanaparthy wrote that: &quot;While the story seems strong on paper, with the plot points even raking interest, the execution falters making for a passable watch.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vanaparthy |first=Sravan |date=19 August 2021 |title=Kanabadutaledu Movie Review : A crime thriller minus thrills |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/kanabadutaledu/movie-review/85454265.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''[[Eenadu]]'' appreciated the performances of Sunil and Vaishali Raj but criticized the storyline and screenplay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 August 2021 |title=కనబడుటలేదు మూవీ రివ్యూ |trans-title=Kanabadutaledu Movie Review |url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/telugu-news-kanabadutaledu-sunil-telugu-movie-review/0203/121170266 |access-date= |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Asianet News Network]]'' critic Surya Kumar Joshyula felt that Sunil was underutilized in the film. Joshyula added that while the direction was impressive in parts, overall the narration style dragged the film down.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshyula |first=Surya Prakash |date=19 August 2021 |title=సునీల్ 'కనబడుటలేదు' రివ్యూ! |trans-title=Sunil's Kanabadutaledu review |url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/sunil-kanabadutaledu-movie-review-qy30wb |website=[[Asianet News Network]] |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Mallemala Entertainments|123telugu.com]]'' concluded its review by stating: &quot;On the whole, ''Kanabadutaledu'' is a film that has a good plot but is spoilt by some disappointing execution and worse dubbing. Sunil makes some sense in the second half but that is not enough to save the film from sinking.&quot;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt14091214}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2021 crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2021 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarigamapadani&diff=533222 2026-03-03T04:55:34Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made some data added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{More plot|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Sarigamapadani.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster<br /> | director = [[R. Parthiban]]<br /> | producer = [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]<br /> | writer = R. Parthiban<br /> | starring = {{ubl|R. Parthiban|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]}}<br /> | music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br /> | cinematography = [[V. Manikandan]]<br /> | editing = P. Saisuresh<br /> | distributor = <br /> | studio = Abhi Creations<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|08|24}}<br /> | runtime = 140 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Sarigamapadani''''' is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[R. Parthiban]] and produced by [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]. The film stars Parthiban, [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]], with [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]], [[Vinu Chakravarthy]], [[Chinni Jayanth]] and [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] playing supporting roles. It was released on 10 February 1994, and failed at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Best of 1997 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/98/Jan/winners/best1997.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119102008/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/98/Jan/winners/best1997.htm |archive-date=19 November 2015 |access-date=2016-10-14 |website=Indolink}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=9 October 2020 |title=&quot;மீனா மிரட்டினாங்க... ரோஜா, குஷ்பு பயம் காட்டிட்டாங்க!&quot; - பார்த்திபன் தொடர் - 19 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/-19-parthiban-shares-his-experince-with-popular-heroines-meena-roja-and-kushbu |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230310150734/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/-19-parthiban-shares-his-experince-with-popular-heroines-meena-roja-and-kushbu |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=27 April 2022 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> <br /> Kulasekaran is a liquor shop owner and he likes to spend time in college. Kulasekaran is also a modern [[Don Juan]] : a seducer of women. His father Kabali is a drunkard and he was involved in smuggling illegal liquor, while his mother is a soft-spoken person.<br /> <br /> During a wedding function, Kulasekaran falls under the spell of the shy young woman Sangita. He talks to Sangita and he tries to seduce her. Sangita really likes his funny way of talking, she eventually falls in love with him and they even talk about their marriage. When Kulasekaran tries to kiss her, she pushes him away. Disappointed by his behaviour, she runs away from the wedding hall.<br /> <br /> Later, Kulasekaran falls in love with Archana. Archana is an arrogant college student and she is the daughter of a [[district collector]]. Kulasekaran tries to seduce her but without success. One day, she finally accepts his love, unfortunately, the happiness was short-lived, she says that it was just a joke. The whole pattern repeats itself many times, Kulasekaran quickly sinks into alcoholism and depression. Archana openly states that she wants to see Kulasekaran going mad. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> <br /> *[[R. Parthiban]] as Kulasekaran<br /> *[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Archana<br /> *[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Sangita<br /> *[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Archana's father<br /> *[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Kulasekaran's mother<br /> *[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Kabali<br /> *[[Chinni Jayanth]] as Kulasekaran's friend<br /> *[[Periya Karuppu Thevar]] as Kulasekaran grandfather<br /> *Vaithi as Headmaster<br /> *Prasanna Kumar as lawyer<br /> *[[Thalapathy Dinesh]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> <br /> The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics written by [[Pulamaipithan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sarigamapathanee |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sarigamapathanee/-4JcAKw8HfU_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315090356/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sarigamapathanee/-4JcAKw8HfU_ |archive-date=15 March 2022 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;College Thorandhudichi&quot; || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:57<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Hey Kala Kala&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[R. Parthiepan]] || 5:07<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Sarigamapadani&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Deva || 4:03<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Aye Vadi Chi Poya&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:18<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Paithiyam Paithiyam&quot; || [[Sangeetha Sajith]] || 1:23<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Jinthapath Jinthapath&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, R. Parthiepan || 4:12<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Poovumilai Pottumilai&quot; || [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] || 2:52<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Ding Dang&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra || 4:51<br /> |-<br /> | &quot;Gilli Adichavana&quot; || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:33<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Release and reception==<br /> ''Sarigamapadani'' was released on 24 August 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=sarigamapadhanee ( 1994 ) |url=http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=sarigamapadhanee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029133245/http://cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=sarigamapadhanee |archive-date=2006-10-29 |access-date=2016-10-14 |website=Cinesouth}}&lt;/ref&gt; R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' found Manikandan's cinematography as the only positive of the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=2 October 1994 |title=சரிகமபதநீ..... |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-10-02/page/n19/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230308074932/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-10-02/page/n19/mode/2up |archive-date=8 March 2023 |access-date=12 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=19 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film became a box-office failure.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sitaraman |first=Sandya |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review(Cont.) |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/DkYZjPTDnMU |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230212044913/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1996-01-09 |title=Tamil Movie News--1995 Review |url=https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409053619/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/fwLpyN6aWTk/m/R4FfCjmQ3AsJ |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=[[Google Groups]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{R. Parthiban}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:1994 romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by R. Parthiban]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liar%27s_Dice_(film)&diff=471513 2026-03-02T10:01:41Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: slightly rework intro for accuracy</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2013 Indian film}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Liar's Dice<br /> | image = Liars Dice Hindi Film Poster.jpg<br /> | caption = Official film poster<br /> | director = [[Geetu Mohandas]]<br /> | producer = {{plainlist|<br /> * Alan McAlex<br /> * Ajay Rai<br /> }}<br /> | writer = Geetu Mohandas<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Geetanjali Thapa]]<br /> * [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]]<br /> * Manya Gupta<br /> * Vikram Bhagra<br /> * Murari Kumar<br /> }}<br /> | music = John Bosters<br /> | cinematography = [[Rajeev Ravi]]<br /> | editing = [[B. Ajithkumar]]<br /> | studio = [[Jar Pictures]]<br /> | distributor =<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Hindi]]<br /> | released = {{film date|df=y|2013|10|5|[[Mumbai Film Festival|MAMI]]|2014|1|16|[[Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]}}<br /> | runtime = 104 minutes<br /> | budget =<br /> | gross =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Liar's Dice''''' is a 2013 Indian [[Hindi film|Hindi-language]] [[road movie]] written and directed by [[Geetu Mohandas]] and starring [[Geetanjali Thapa]] and [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://starblockbuster.com/nawazuddin%E2%80%99s-liar%E2%80%99s-dice-sundance-film-festival|title=Nawazuddin's Liar's Dice in Sundance Film Festival - Starblockbuster&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film tells the story of a young mother from a remote village who, going in search of her missing husband, goes missing herself. The film examines the human cost of migration to cities and the exploitation of migrant workers.<br /> <br /> The production is Mohandas' feature film debut; she had previously made the short film ''Kelkkunndo'' in 2008, which received wide acclaim.&lt;ref name=var&gt;{{cite web | title = 'Liar's Dice' Review: Geeta Mohandas' Quietly Effective Debut|publisher=Variety|author=Dennis Harvey| url = https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/sundance-film-review-liars-dice-1201064136/|date=18 January 2014| accessdate = 18 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Liar's Dice'' had its world premiere at the [[Mumbai Film Festival]] in October 2013, where it took part in the Indian competition section.&lt;ref name=mint&gt;{{cite web| title = Mumbai Film Festival Preview: Liar's Dice |publisher=Livemint| url = http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/xh1SIPCnd46EIdyWNzmQqM/Films--Game-of-choices.html |date= 5 October 2013| accessdate = 18 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2014, the film was screened at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] and the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]].&lt;ref name=red&gt;{{cite web | title = Sundance selection has changed everything for me |publisher=Rediff.com Movies| url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-sundance-selection-has-changed-everything-for-me-south/20140121.htm#1 |date=21 January 2014| accessdate = 18 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It won a special jury award at the [[Sofia International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-wins-special-jury-award-sofia-international-film-festival/1922|title=Liar's Dice wins Special Jury award at Sofia International Film Festival|work=DearCinema.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321145527/http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-wins-special-jury-award-sofia-international-film-festival/1922|archivedate=21 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/top-10-small-budget-independent-films-set-to-release-in-2015/15898169|title=Top 10 small-budget independent films set to release in 2015|date=9 January 2015|work=mid-day}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Liar's Dice'' went on to receive two awards at the [[61st National Film Awards]]: [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] for Geetanjali Thapa, and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] for Rajeev Ravi. The film was [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's official entry]] at the [[87th Academy Awards]] for [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]], but was not nominated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Geethu Mohandas' 'Liar's Dice' is India's official entry to the Oscars|work=CNN-IBN| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/geethu-mohandas-liars-dice-is-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars/501199-8-66.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140924102713/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/geethu-mohandas-liars-dice-is-indias-official-entry-to-the-oscars/501199-8-66.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 24 September 2014|date=23 September 2014| accessdate = 19 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IndiaHWR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-india-selects-liars-dice-734967 |title=Oscars: India Selects 'Liar's Dice' for Foreign-Language Category |accessdate=23 September 2014 |work=Hollywood Reporter|date=23 September 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Art director [[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Ajay Sharma]], who had worked on movies such as ''[[Happy Journey (2014 Marathi film)|Happy Journey]]'' (2014), won the Best Art Director Award at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]].<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> The canvas of the film stretches from a small village in the mountains called [[Chitkul]] on the border with China, to the big city of Delhi. Kamala, a young mother from a tribal community, her three-year-old daughter, and her daughter's pet goat, embark on a journey to find her husband who has been missing for the last five months. Along the way, they meet an army deserter, Nawazuddin, who accompanies them. They travel together until they reach the house of Kamala's husband's boss, but he is away. Kamala and Nawazuddin quarrel and part ways. She decides to go to Delhi to search for her husband and runs into Nawazuddin at the train station. He decides to accompany her and her daughter once more, in order to keep them safe. They arrive in Delhi together and a series of mishaps ensues. Kamala keeps trying to call her husband's phone and finally hears a ringtone. The ringing appears to be coming from Nawazuddin's bag, however. Kamala opens the bag and finds her husband's wallet, his watch, and his belongings.<br /> At the end of the film, Nawazuddin is seen working in construction and Kamala is back in her village.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]] as Nawazuddin<br /> * [[Geetanjali Thapa]] as Kamala<br /> * Manya Gupta as Manya<br /> * Vikram Bhagra as Hotel owner<br /> * Murari Kumar as Hotel boy<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> Director Geetu Mohandas is a noted actress in [[Malayalam cinema]]. She wrote the script to the film in 2007, before her debut short ''Kelkkunndo'' (Are You Listening) in 2008. However, she was unable to get the film financed due to the unusual storyline and a relatively unknown cast. Nevertheless, after the critical success received at the [[International Film Festival Rotterdam]] (IFFR) for her short film, she managed to get a project development grant of €10,000 (around Rs.8.45 lakh now) from the IFFR's Hubert Bals Fund.&lt;ref name=mint/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Liar's Dice: The tale behind india's official entry to the oscars |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/liar-s-dice-the-tale-behind-india-s-official-entry-to-the-oscars/article1-1277042.aspx |author=Ramesh Babu |date=19 October 2014 |accessdate=19 October 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019121018/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/liar-s-dice-the-tale-behind-india-s-official-entry-to-the-oscars/article1-1277042.aspx |archivedate=19 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film faced difficulties in raising funds before Alan McAlex and Ajay G. Rai, producers from [[Jar Pictures]], stepped in.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Jar Pictures funded India's official entry to Oscar 'Liar's Dice'| url = http://www.joinfilms.com/true-facts/jar-pictures-funded-india-official-entry-to-oscar-liars-dice| url-status = dead| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141125114957/http://www.joinfilms.com/true-facts/jar-pictures-funded-india-official-entry-to-oscar-liars-dice| archivedate = 25 November 2014| df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The final project was co-produced with Mohandas' own production company, Unplugged.<br /> <br /> ''Liar's Dice'' was shot on a low budget using a small crew in under a month in March 2012.&lt;ref name=mint/&gt; It was filmed on location in the village of [[Chitkul]] in Kinnaur district, [[Shimla]], and various locations in Delhi, including the [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2343621/locations?ref_=tt_dt_dt|title=Liar's Dice (2014)|work=IMDb}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title = Liar's Dice being Geethu's film made no difference to me: Rajeev Ravi | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news-and-interviews/Liars-Dice-being-Geethus-film-made-no-difference-to-me-Rajeev-Ravi/articleshow/33866596.cms |date=18 April 2014| accessdate = 18 April 2014 | work = The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cinematography was done by Mohandas' husband, [[Rajeev Ravi]], who had previously worked on movies such as ''[[Dev.D]]'' (2009) and ''[[Gangs of Wasseypur]]'' (2012).&lt;ref name=red/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' called the film a &quot;quietly effective debut&quot;.&lt;ref name=var/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * [[61st National Film Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards Announced: Live Update|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/and-more/61st-national-film-awards-announced-live-update_153657.html|publisher=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=16 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=61st National Film Awards For 2013 |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf# |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |date=16 April 2014 |accessdate=16 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] - [[Geetanjali Thapa]]<br /> ** [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] - [[Rajeev Ravi]]<br /> * [[Sofia International Film Festival]], 2014<br /> ** Won Special Jury Award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://siff.bg/index.php?page=prizes&amp;id=&amp;lang=en |publisher=SIFF |title=Международен София Филм Фест 7-17-28 Март, 2019 |access-date=13 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930182954/http://siff.bg/index.php?page=prizes&amp;id=&amp;lang=en |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[New York Indian Film Festival|NYIFF]] 2014<br /> ** Won Best Actress&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Awards - New York Indian Film Festival 2014 | url = http://www.iaac.us/nyiff2014/awards.htm |publisher=IAAC }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Won Best Film Award in international competition&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Liar's Dice named Best Film at New York Indian Film Festival |url=http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-named-best-film-new-york-indian-film-festival/1458 |publisher=Dear Cinema |date=12 May 2014 |accessdate=12 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514095533/http://dearcinema.com/news/liars-dice-named-best-film-new-york-indian-film-festival/1458 |archivedate=14 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Pesaro International Film Festival, 2014<br /> ** Won Lino Micciche Award for Best Film&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Liar's Dice wins Micciche | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Liars-Dice-wins-Micciche-Award/articleshow/37707895.cms |publisher=Times of India | date= 3 July 2014|accessdate = 3 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Cines del Sur|Granada Cines del Sur Film Festival]]<br /> ** Won Bronce Alhambra award&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/culturaydeporte/cinesurgranada/?p=2478&amp;lang=en | date= 8 June 2014|accessdate = 8 June 2014| title= Consejería de Cultura - Junta de Andalucía}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of submissions to the 87th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]<br /> * [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]<br /> * [[Liar's dice]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|2343621|Liar's Dice}}<br /> {{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]<br /> [[Category:2010s drama road movies]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama road movies]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:Films about travel]]<br /> [[Category:Indian road movies]]<br /> [[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]<br /> [[Category:Works about human migration]]<br /> [[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]<br /> [[Category:2013 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Gurgaon]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Geetu Mohandas]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayant_Pathak&diff=451415 2026-02-23T14:57:36Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian poet and literary critic (1920–2003)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox writer <br /> | name = Jayant Pathak<br /> | image = JayantPathakPic.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = જયંત હિંમતલાલ પાઠક<br /> | native_name_lang = gu<br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = Jayant Himmatlal Pathak<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1920|10|20}}<br /> | birth_place = Goth village, Rajgadh, [[Panchmahal district]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2003|9|1|1920|10|20}}<br /> | death_place = Nanpura, [[Surat]], Gujarat, India<br /> | occupation = Poet, literary critic<br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | education = [[Master of Arts|M. A.]], Ph. D.<br /> | alma_mater = M.T.B Arts College, Surat<br /> | period = Modern [[Gujarati literature]]<br /> | genres = <br /> | subject = <br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = {{plainlist|<br /> * ''Vananchal'' (1967)<br /> * ''Anunaya'' (1978)<br /> * ''Mrugaya'' (1983)}}<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (1957)<br /> * [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1964)<br /> * [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1976)<br /> * [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1980) }}<br /> | signature = Jayant Pathak signature.png<br /> | years_active = <br /> }}<br /> '''Jayant Himmatlal Pathak''' (20 October 1920&amp;nbsp;– 1 September 2003) was a Gujarati poet and literary critic from [[Gujarat]], India. He was the president of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] from 1990&amp;nbsp;– 1991. He received several awards, including the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], the [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]], the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]], the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] and the [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]]. The Jayant Pathak Poetry Award is named after him.<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Pathak was born into a [[Gauda Brahmins]] family on 20 October 1920, at Goth, a village now in the Rajgadh taluka of [[Panchmahal district]], Gujarat, India, to Ichchhaba and Himmatram Joitaram Pathak. &quot;Bachudo&quot; (Lit. Small Child) was his childhood nickname. Pathak was raised by his grandfather Joitaram, because his father Himmatram died when he was about ten years old. He completed his preschool education in Rajgadh. Then, he moved to Motabahen's (a.k.a. Pushpabahen) home in [[Kalol (Panchmahal)|Kalol]] in 1930, and joined the N.G.S. High School in Kalol and completed [[matriculation]] there in 1938. He completed a Bachelor of Arts from M.T.B Arts College in 1943 and a Master of Arts in Gujarati and [[Sanskrit]] subjects from [[Vadodara]] college in 1945. He received a Ph.D. in 1960, under [[Vishnuprasad Trivedi]], for his research thesis, ''1920 Pachhini Gujarati Kavitani Sanskrutik Bhoomika: Paribalo Ane Siddhi''. He married Bhanubahen.&lt;ref name=&quot;jp&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis|last=Patel|first=Darshana|title=Anugandhiyugni Prakurti Kavita : Ek Abhyas|date=6 October 2015|publisher=Veer Narmad South Gujarat University|chapter-url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50289/10/10_chapter%205.pdf|language=gu|type=Ph.D|chapter=Chapter 5: Jayant Pathakni Prakruti Kavita|access-date=10 March 2017|hdl=10603/50289}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> From 1943 to 1945, he served as a teacher at different schools including the New Era School in Vadodara, the Katapitiya School, and a school at [[Karjan]] village. From 1948 to 1953, he lived in Mumbai, Pune, and Delhi, and worked in different fields, including journalism. He joined the MTB Arts College in Surat in 1953 as a professor and retired from there in 1980. He was appointed president of the [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] from 1989 to 1991. He also served as the president of the Narmad Sahitya Sabha in 1992 and of the Kavi Narmad Yugavarta Trust in 1992. His literary works had been published in ''Gujaratmitra'', ''Loksatta'', ''[[Kumar (magazine)|Kumar]]'', ''[[Buddhiprakash]]'', ''Granth'', ''Vishwa Manav'', ''Kavita'' and ''[[Kavilok]]''.&lt;ref name=jp/&gt;<br /> <br /> He died on 1 September 2003 at his home in Nanpura, [[Surat]].&lt;ref name=jp/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Works ==<br /> The ambiance of his birthplace, Panchamahal, a tribal forest region of Gujarat, strongly influenced his poetry. He was also acquainted with literary personalities and was influenced by them when he was young. This included first, his cousin [[Ushnas]], who later became a renowned Gujarati poet, and his school teacher, Pranshankar Bhatt. He was also influenced by the Gujarati poets [[Umashankar Joshi]] and [[Tribhuvandas Luhar|Sundaram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gujaratilexicon.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Beyond The Beaten Track | website=Gujaratilexicon.com | url=http://www.gujaratilexicon.com/poems/view/23 | language=gu | access-date=2017-03-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Marmar'', is his first collection of poems, published in 1954,&lt;ref name=&quot;Das1991&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Sisir Kumar Das|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911-1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&amp;pg=PA545|year=1991|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-798-9|pages=545–}}&lt;/ref&gt; followed by ''Sanket'' (1960), ''Vismay'' (1964), ''Sarga'' (1969), ''Antariksha'' (1975), ''Anunaya'' (1978), ''Mrugaya'' (1983), ''Shooli Upar Sej'' (1988), ''Be Akshar Anandna'' (1992), and ''Drutvilambit'' (2003).&lt;ref name=jp/&gt; His poems are characterized by [[nostalgia]] for his lost childhood spent in his village, as he finds city life uneasy and unbearable.&lt;ref name=&quot;George1992&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&amp;pg=PA138|access-date=10 March 2017|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=138}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Anunaya'', a collection of his poems was translated and published by Brajendra Tripathi in 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rao2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=D. S. Rao|title=Five Decades: The National Academy of Letters, India : a Short History of Sahitya Akademi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JDsBBDoMccC&amp;pg=PA61|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-2060-7|pages=61–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> His critical works are: ''Aadhunik Kavita Pravah'' (1963), ''Aalok'' (1966), ''Tunki Varta: Swaroop ane Sahitya'' (1968), ''Jhaverchand Meghani: Jivaan ane Sahitya'' (1968), ''Ramnarayan V. Pathak'' (1970), ''Kavyalok'' (1974), ''Arthat'' (1997), and ''Tunki Varta ane Bija Lekho'' (2000).&lt;ref name=jp/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Recognition ==<br /> He received the [[Narmad Suvarna Chandrak]] (1964) for his book ''Vananchal'', the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1980) for ''Anunaya'', the [[Uma-Snehrashmi Prize]] (1982 - 1983) for ''Mrugaya'', and the [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] for ''Shooli Upar Sej''. He is also a recipient of the [[Kumar Suvarna Chandrak]] (1957) and the [[Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]] (1976). The [[Jayant Pathak Poetry Award]] is named after him.&lt;ref name=jp/&gt; He shared the [[Premanand Suvarna Chandrak]] (2001) with [[Raghuveer Chaudhari]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |title=Kshan Vismay Ke (Hindi translation of poems written by Jayant Pathak) |language=hi |last=Pathak |first=Jayant |translator=[[Daksha Vyas|Vyas, Daksha]] |year=2015 |publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi|Hindi Sahitya Akademi]] |location=Gandhinagar |isbn=978-93-83317-49-3}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Gbooks-author|Jayanta Himmatalāla Pāṭhaka}}<br /> * {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br /> {{Sahitya Akademi Award for Gujarati}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pathak, Jayant}}<br /> [[Category:1920 births]]<br /> [[Category:2003 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati writers]]<br /> [[Category:Journalists from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:People from Panchmahal district]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Gujarati]]<br /> [[Category:Presidents of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Don_Bosco_School,_Park_Circus&diff=461428 2026-02-23T06:40:08Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Don Bosco School, Park Circus<br /> | native_name =<br /> | logo = Don Bosco School, Park Circus Emblem.jpg<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | motto = {{Langx|la|Virtus et Scientia}}<br /> | motto_translation = Virtue and Knowledge<br /> | address = 23 Darga Road, Park Circus<br /> | city = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | postal_code = 700017<br /> | country = India<br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|22.544217|88.371500|type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br /> | other_name = &lt;!-- or | other_names = --&gt;<br /> | former_name = &lt;!-- or | former_names = --&gt;<br /> | type = [[Private school]]<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]<br /> | established = {{Start date and age|1958}}<br /> | founder = &lt;!-- or | founders = --&gt;<br /> | closed = <br /> | school_board = [[Indian Certificate of Secondary Education|ICSE]] (year 10)&lt;br/&gt;[[Indian School Certificate|ISC]] (year 12)<br /> | affiliation = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]]<br /> | oversight = [[Salesians of Don Bosco]]<br /> | principal = V.C George&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web <br /> |title=Principal's Message |url=https://www.donboscoparkcircus.org/school-message-desk.aspx |website=Don Bosco School, Park Circus |access-date=28 June 2019}}<br /> Rector-fr joy parapilly<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | staff = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | grades = LKG–12<br /> | gender = [[Single-sex education|Boys]]<br /> | age_range = <br /> | enrolment = <br /> | language = [[English-medium education|English]]<br /> | campus_size = <br /> | campus_type = <br /> | houses = {{Unbulleted list|{{Color box|Blue}} Bosco|{{Color box|Green}} Rua|{{Color box|Red}} Savio|{{Color box|Yellow}} Francis}}<br /> | colours = White and Blue {{Color box|White}}{{Color box|Blue}}<br /> | accreditation = &lt;!-- or | accreditations = --&gt;<br /> | publication = <br /> | newspaper = <br /> | yearbook = <br /> | website = {{URL|www.donboscoparkcircus.org}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Don Bosco School, Park Circus''' is a [[Private school|private]], [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]], [[English-medium education|English-medium]] school for [[Single-sex education|boys]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India. It was established in 1958 and is part of the [[Salesians of Don Bosco]]. It is affiliated to the [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The Catholic order of [[Salesians of Don Bosco]] first came to Calcutta in 1925. In early 1955, the order acquired two large plots of land in the Circus Park area of the city on which to build a school. In September of that year work began on constructing the new school. In November 1957, with the building's completion in sight, Charles Dyer was appointed the first rector and principal of Don Bosco Park Circus. The school officially opened on 15 January 1958 with an intake of 460 boys. The school now has an enrollment of 3000 students. It celebrated its golden jubilee in 2008, the culmination of a year of festivities which began in March 2007.&lt;ref&gt;[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|''Calcutta Telegraph'']] (21 March 2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150601180012/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070321/asp/calcutta/story_7539901.asp &quot;Golden jubilee gala at school&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Don Bosco School, Park Circus. [http://web.donboscoparkcircus.org/HISTORY_OF_DON%20BOSCO History of Don Bosco] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030072320/http://web.donboscoparkcircus.org/HISTORY_OF_DON%20BOSCO |date=30 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Traditions and houses ==<br /> The school's patron saint is [[Dominic Savio]], a pupil of [[John Bosco]], who died at the age of fourteen and was made a saint on the basis of his having displayed &quot;[[heroic virtue]]&quot; in his everyday life.&lt;ref&gt;Mousolfe, A. J. M. &amp; J. K. (1986). [https://books.google.com/books?id=dnSDWuSTKrEC&amp;dq=dominic+savio+heroic+virtue&amp;pg=PA164 ''Saint Companions For Each Day''], pp. 163-164. St Pauls BYB&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Campus ==<br /> The campus is dominated by the H-shaped four-storey main school building which has an outer courtyard with the statue of Mary, mother of Jesus Christ, along with statues of other animals, such as lions and giraffes, and an inner courtyard with a bust of John Bosco. In 2013, the school's new library block with further laboratories and classrooms was inaugurated. The campus also has special air-conditioned halls for conducting board examinations seamlessly.&lt;ref&gt;BIS (information service of the Salesians of Don Bosco in South Asia) (1 February 2013). [http://donboscoindia.com/english/bis/default_ms.php?proid=6.0&amp;newsid=6262 &quot;New Library Block Inaugurated And Blessed At Don Bosco, Park Circus&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Events ==<br /> [[File:Rabindra Jayanti.JPG|thumb|Rabindra Jayanti celebration, 2012]]<br /> [[File:The Stage with the Lamp.jpg|thumb|Bosco Fest 2012 with the theme &quot;Passion. Innovation. Exhilaration&quot;]]<br /> In addition to its annual celebration of ''Rabindra Jayanti'' (the birthday of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]), the school hosts several interschool events in Kolkata, the most prominent of which is Bosco Fest. One of Kolkata's oldest inter-school festivals, it is held annually in late July or early August.&lt;ref&gt;''[[Times of India]]'' (10 August 2009). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202190055/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-10/kolkata/28178074_1_school-fest-inter-school-mp-birla-foundation &quot;Fest celebrates spirit of youth&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; The fest initially began with just two events—Bosco Beat (an inter-school band event) and Jubilee Quiz (an Inter-school quizzing event). Since then the fest has changed completely and there are now more than 20 events, which are organized by several action groups. Some of the events include Bosco Tango, Bosco Raag, Bosco Beat and Bosco Jukebox. The fest has its own website and mobile app. Other events also take place throughout the year such as Bosco MUN (Model United Nations)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.boscomun2018.com/ |title=Bosco Model United Nations |access-date=14 August 2018 |archive-date=14 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232733/http://www.boscomun2018.com/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Twinning and exchange programmes ==<br /> Since 2009, the school has established links with the [[Salesian School, Chertsey]], close to [[London]]. Thereafter, students from the UK have been visiting Don Bosco School, Park Circus every year.&lt;ref&gt;''Don Bosco Today'' (Summer 2011). [http://www.donbosco.co.uk/dbt/dbt1107/dbt1107.pdf &quot;Chertsey Goes to India&quot;], pp. 14-15&lt;/ref&gt; The school has also signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the [[Goethe Institut]] for greater collaboration and the teaching of German in school. This has allowed students to visit Germany for Inter-cultural language programmes since 2010, under the {{lang|de|Schulen: Partner der Zukunft}} (Schools: Partners for the Future) initiative of the Goethe Institut and the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Indian Express]]'' (14 September 2009). [http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-students-wake-up-with-guten-morgen/516713/ &quot;Kolkata students wake up with Guten Morgen&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni ==<br /> * [[Samit Basu]], novelist and filmmaker&lt;ref&gt;Narayanan, Nandini (29 May 2009). [https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090608-calcutta-boys-739924-2009-05-31 &quot;Calcutta Boys&quot;]. ''[[India Today]]''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Rakesh Gangwal]], American billionaire businessman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Zweigenhaft|first1=Richard L.|last2=Domhoff|first2=G. William|title=The New CEOs: Women, African American, Latino, and Asian American Leaders of Fortune 500 Companies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SiV_HXPaodcC&amp;pg=PA149|year=2011|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-0767-7|page=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is one of the founders of [[IndiGo]].<br /> * [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]], an Indian English-language writer based in London.<br /> * [[Jayant Kripalani]], Indian actor &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet the quintessential Kolkata boy Jayant Kripalani at MAYA adda today |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/meet-the-quintessential-kolkata-boy-jayant-kripalani-at-maya-adda-today#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=Get Bengal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Shayan Munshi]], an Indian actor<br /> * [[Anish John]], Musician<br /> * [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]], Music Composer, Singer, Lyricist, Producer, famed in the [[Cinema of India]]<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;<br /> Bust solodbpc.JPG|Bust of John Bosco in the inner courtyard<br /> Dbpc roofview.JPG|View of the main building and outer courtyard<br /> dbpc field.JPG|School playing field<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of schools in Kolkata]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.donboscoparkcircus.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{Salesians|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Private schools in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Primary schools in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Category:Boys' schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Salesian secondary schools]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1958]]<br /> [[Category:1958 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya,_Kannur&diff=472320 2026-02-22T11:44:25Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: improved article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public school in Kerala, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kannur<br /> | image = [[File:Jnv-kannur.jpg|center|250px|JNV Kannur campus]]<br /> | caption = JNV Kannur Campus<br /> | logo =<br /> | motto = ''[[Mahāvākyas|Prajñānam Brahma]]''<br /> | motto_translation = &quot;Insight is [[Brahman]]&quot;<br /> | established = 1986–87<br /> | type = Public<br /> | affiliation = [[Central Board for Secondary Education|C.B.S.E.]]<br /> | grades = Class 6 – 12<br /> | president = <br /> | principal = K M Sasi<br /> | head_of_school = <br /> | dean = <br /> | faculty = <br /> | staff = <br /> | enrollment = <br /> | houses = {{Color box|yellow|border=darkgray}} [[Udaygiri Caves|Udayagiri]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|red|border=darkgray}} [[Sivalik Hills|Shivalik]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}} [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]]&lt;br /&gt;{{Color box|green|border=darkgray}} [[Nilgiri mountains|Nilgiri]]<br /> | campus_type = Rural<br /> | campus_size = <br /> | location = [[Kannur, Kerala]], India<br /> | information = <br /> | website = {{URL|www.jnvkannur.nic.in}} <br /> }}<br /> '''Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Kannur''' is a residential school in Kannur District in the state of [[Kerala]], established in 1986–87. It comes under the Hyderabad Region of Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS).<br /> <br /> [[Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya]]s are Indian residential schools for talented children that follow CBSE Curriculum with the three-language formula (English, Hindi, and Regional Language (Malayalam)). They form a part of the system of [[gifted education]]. The objectives of the scheme were to provide good quality modern education to talented children predominantly from the rural areas, without regard to their family's socio-economic condition.<br /> <br /> The Vidyalaya is about {{cvt|4|km}} east of Pathippalam, Near Chendayad Village in Thalassery Taluk, It is located on a hillock called Bhagavad Padapuri, North of Chendayad, West of Cheruvancherry village, and East of Valliyayi Desam. The entire area is made up of laterite rock. No major vegetation is found except a few cashew trees. Yet the site is apt for the functioning of the school. The approach road is from Valliyayi Desam about {{cvt|2|km}} down the hill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=JNV Kannur – About Us |url=http://jnvkannur.nic.in/about_us.htm |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403181703/http://jnvkannur.nic.in/about_us.htm |archivedate=2012-04-03 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Admissions==<br /> Students are admitted to the VIth Standard through a test called Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test (JNVST). Only those students who are currently studying in Vth standard in Government/Aided Schools and Government Recognized Schools are eligible to apply for the test. Another test called Lateral Entry Selection Test (LEST) for admissions to IXth standard is also conducted by the CBSE to accommodate students who wish to join Navodaya Schools, subject to the availability of vacant seats in IXth standard. Lateral Entry is also made for class XI admission.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed&gt;<br /> File:Statue of Pazhassi Raja JNV Kannur.jpg|Statue of Pazhassi Raja JNV Kannur<br /> File:JNV Kannur (9).jpg|A sculpture in front of the school office building<br /> File:JNV Kannur Academic block.jpg|School Academic Block<br /> File:Dormitory facility.jpg|Dormitory facility<br /> [[File:JNV Kannur Gate.jpg|thumb|]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|11|47|52|N|75|35|53|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Kannur district]]<br /> [[Category:1986 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1986]]<br /> <br /> {{Kerala-school-stub}}</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Goa&diff=502928 2026-02-17T21:14:33Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: stub!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=June 2013}}<br /> {{Part of History of India}}<br /> <br /> The present-day [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Goa]] was established in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peOqBgAAQBAJ&amp;q=Goa+was+made+India%27s+twenty-fifth+state&amp;pg=PA454|title=Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures – Continental Europe and its Empires|last=Poddar|first=Prem|date=2008-07-02|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748630271|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goa is [[List of states and union territories of India by area|India's smallest state by area]]. It shares a lot of similarities with [[Indian history]], especially with regard to [[Colonial India|colonial influences]] and a [[Multiculturalism in India|multi-cultural aesthetic]].<br /> <br /> The [[Usgalimal rock engravings]], belonging to the [[Upper Paleolithic]] or [[Mesolithic]] periods, exhibit some of the earliest traces of human settlement in India. The [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] and [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] Empires ruled modern-day Goa during the Iron Age.{{Cn|date=February 2025}} It was ruled by the Kadambha dynasty from the 2nd century CE to 1312 and by the Deccan from 1312 to 1367. The city was then annexed by the Kingdom of Vijayanagara and was later conquered by the Bahmanī sultanate, which founded Old Goa on the island in 1440.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Goa - History {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Goa/History |access-date=2022-05-08 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Portuguese [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|invaded Goa in 1510]], defeated the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur Sultanate]]. The Portuguese rule lasted for about 450 years, and heavily influenced Goan [[Culture of Goa|culture]], [[Goan cuisine|cuisine]], and architecture. In 1961, India took control over Goa after a 36-hour battle and integrated it into India. The area of Goa was incorporated into [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], which included the [[Damaon territory]] in the north of the [[Konkan region]]. In 1987, following the [[Konkani language agitation]] Goa was granted statehood. Goa has one of the highest [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]] and [[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] among Indian states.&lt;ref name=&quot;report&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Earliest history ==<br /> There is evidence of the [[Tectonics|tectonic]] origins of Goa dating back to 10,000 BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;vedic&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=http://purl.pt/17211|title=An historical and archaeological sketch of the city of Goa : preceded by a short statistical account of the territory of Goa|last=Fonseca|first=José Nicolau da|publisher=Thacker &amp; Co.|year=1878|location=Bombay|pages=115}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, evidence of human occupation of Goa dates back at least to the [[Lower Paleolithic|Lower Paleolithic Age]], indicated by the archaeological findings of [[Acheulean]] [[Hand axe|bifaces]] in the [[Mandovi River|Mandovi]]-[[Zuari River|Zuari]] basin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Goudeller|first1=Luther D|last2=Korisettar|first2=Ravi|date=1993|title=The first discovery of Acheulian bifaces in Goa: implications for the archaeology of the west coast of India|journal=Man and Environment|volume=18|issue=1|pages=35–42}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, evidence suggesting the region's ancient foundation is obscured by the [[Foundation myth|legend]] of Goa's creation by the [[Rishi|Hindu sage]] [[Parashurama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;vedic&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Geological origins ===<br /> Some parts of present-day Goa appear to have been [[Tectonic uplift|uplifted]] from the sea due to geological tectonic plate movement. There is evidence to support this theory as indicated by the presence of [[Fossil|marine fossils]], buried seashells, and other features of reclaimed [[topography]] in the coastal belt.&lt;ref name=&quot;vedic&quot; /&gt; fossilized branches have been found later in many villages on the foothills of the [[Sahyadri]] dating back more than 10,000 BC. Thus the geologists concluded that Goa has risen from the seabed as a result of violent [[Tectonics|tectonic movements]]. At the decline of the intensity of ''[[pluvial|population]]'' in the last ''Pleistocene age'' around 10000 BC, the bottom of [[Deccan Plateau]] was lifted up and out of sea-waters by the tectonic movements, formed the West-coast of India, Goa being a part thereof.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhume5&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|year=1986|pages=355 pages (see pages 9–25)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Prehistory==<br /> <br /> ===Paleolithic and Mesolithic era===<br /> Until 1993 the existence of [[human]]s in Goa during the [[Paleolithic]] and [[Mesolithic]] period was highly debated. The discovery of [[rock art]] engravings on lateritic platforms and granite boulders from ''Usgalimal'' on the banks of west-flowing river in [[Kushavati]], has shed light on the [[prehistory]] of Goa.&lt;ref name=usgal&gt;{{cite book|author1=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty |author2=Robert G. Bednarik |author3=Indirā Gāndhī Rāshṭrīya Mānava Saṅgrahālaya|title=Indian rock art and its global context|year=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 9788120814646|pages=228 pages (see page 34)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rock shelter at Usgalimal has enough space for 25 to 30 people. The perennial stream in the vicinity which might have served [[Stone Age]] man for centuries as a source of water.&lt;ref name=us2&gt;{{cite book |title=Goa in the Indian sub-continent: seminar papers |year=2001 |publisher=Directorate of Archives and Archaeology, Govt. of Goa |location=Goa |pages=211 pages (see page 24)}}&lt;/ref&gt; An [[anthropomorphic]] figure of [[Mother goddess]] and tectiforms resembling tree-like motifs have been found.&lt;ref name=us2 /&gt; This site was discovered by [[Prakashchandra Pandurang Shirodkar|Dr P.P.Shirodkar]]. Exploration of several Mesolithic sites of the [[Mandovi]]-[[Zuari]] basin, at other sites such as [[Keri]], [[Thane]], [[Anjuna]], ''Mauxim'', ''Kazur'' in [[Quepem]], ''Virdi'', has led to the discovery of several scrapers, points, bores, cones, etc. A [[hand axe]] has also been found at [[Usgalimal rock engravings|Usgalimal]].&lt;ref name=axe&gt;{{cite book|author1=C. R. Srinivasan |author2=K. V. Ramesh |author3=S. Subramonia Iyer |title=Śrī puṣpāñjali: recent researches in prehistory, protohistory, art, architecture, numismatics, iconography, and epigraphy : Dr. C.R. Srinivasan commemoration volume, Volume 1|year=2004|publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan|isbn= 9788180900563|pages=469 pages (see page4)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further ''unifacial'' choppers were recovered on a flat-based pebble of quartzite from a pebble conglomerate at ''Shigaon'' on the [[Dudhsagar Falls|Dudhsagar River]].&lt;ref name=chopper&gt;{{cite book |author=Shantaram Bhalchandra Deo, K. Paddayya |others=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute |title=Recent advances in Indian archaeology: proceedings of the seminar held in Poona in 1983 |year=1985 |publisher=Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute |pages=115 pages (see page 33)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shirodakar made a detailed study of the rock engravings and dated them to [[Upper Paleolithic]] and Mesolithic phases, or to 20,000–30,000 BC.&lt;ref name=axe /&gt; These discoveries have demonstrated that the region had been supporting a population of hunter-gatherers well before the advent of agriculture. Evidence of Palaeolithic cave existence can be seen at Dabolim, Adkon, Shigaon, Fatorpa, Arli, Maulinguinim, Diwar, Sanguem, Pilerne, Aquem-Margaon et cetera. Difficulty in [[carbon dating]] the laterite rock compounds has posed a problem in determining the exact time period.&lt;ref name=NIO&gt;{{cite web|last=Sakhardande|first=Prajal|title=7th National Conference on Marine Archaeology of Indian Ocean Countries : Session V|url=http://www.nio.org/index.php?option=com_eventdisplay&amp;task=view&amp;tid=4&amp;eid=32|work=Heritage and history of Goa|publisher=NIO Goa|access-date=30 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ====Kushavati Shamanic culture====<br /> The prehistoric engravings at Usgalimal were discovered by PP Shirodkar in the early 1990s and subsequently studied by the Institute of Oceanography in Goa.&lt;ref&gt;[https://picasaweb.google.com/Nandkamat/PrehistoricGoanShamanismTheKushavatiRockArtGalleryGoaIndia#5469611125567591026 Kushavati Shamanic culture in Goa]&lt;/ref&gt; More than 125 forms were found scattered on the banks of river [[Kushavati]] in south-eastern Goa. According to Kamat, these are evidence of a prehistoric Goan [[Shamanism|shamanistic]] practice.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prehistoric Goan Shamanism {{!}} iGoa |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142019/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism |archive-date=2011-08-07 |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=www.navhindtimes.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; For hundreds of years, the Kushavati rock art of Goa was known locally as ''goravarakhnyachi chitram,'' or pictures made by cowherds. But people did not know how ancient the works were, nor could anyone interpret them. After thorough study of these forms, scholars have concluded that these petroglyphs differ from those found elsewhere in Goa. Deeper studies and analysis over a period of ten years showed these petroglyphs were an exquisitely carved ''ocular [[labyrinth]]'', one of the best in India and Asia. Its ocular nature added to the evidence of prehistoric shamanism.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The studies have shown that the Kushavati culture was a [[hunter-gatherer]] culture with deep knowledge of local natural resources and processes – water, fish, plants, game, animal breeding cycles, seasons and natural calamities. The Kushavati culture was greatly concerned with [[water security]], so they set up camps near the streams. The Kushavati found food security in the jungle near the streams. Like every culture, its members confronted the mysteries of illness, death and birth. Kamat believes that this culture dated to 6,000 to 8,000 years ago. On basis of recent DNA-based work on human migration, Dr. [[Nandkumar Kamat]] has ruled out the possibility of Kushavati shamans belonging to the first wave of humans to arrive in Goa. They were not negritoes or austrics. Most probably they were the earliest [[Mediterranean race|Mediterraneans]] who had descended the [[Western Ghats]], probably in their search for sea salt on Goa's coast. As the Kushavati transitioned into a Neolithic society, they began the domestication of animals and were in the last phase of using stone tools. The entire realm of shamanism underwent a radical transition. Today evidence of the metamorphosis in masked dance drama ''Perni jagor'' can be seen in the same cultural region.<br /> <br /> ===Neolithic period===<br /> [[File:Usgal1.jpg|alt=|thumb|One of the [[Usgalimal rock engravings]], belonging to the [[upper Paleolithic]] or [[Mesolithic]] periods. These are some of the earliest traces of human settlement in India.]]Archaeological evidence in the form of polished stone axes, suggest the first settlements of Neolithic man in Goa.&lt;ref name=axe2&gt;{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Goa to me|year=1994|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn= 9788170225041|pages=176 pages (see page 33)}}&lt;/ref&gt; These axes have been found in [[Goa Velha]].&lt;ref name=velha&gt;{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1 Gazetteer of India Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: District Gazetteer, Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu|location=Goa|pages=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; During this period tribes of [[Austric]] origin such as the ''Kols'', ''Mundaris'' and ''Kharvis'' may have settled Goa, living on hunting, fishing and a primitive form of agriculture since 3500 BC.&lt;ref name=axe2/&gt; According to Goan historian Anant Ramakrishna Dhume, the [[Gauda and Kunbi]] and other such castes are modern descendants of ancient Mundari tribes. Dhume notes several words of Mundari origin in the [[Konkani language]]. He describes the deities worshipped by the ancient tribes, their customs, methods of farming, and its overall effect on modern-day Goan culture.&lt;ref name=dhume&gt;{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 53, 94, 83, 95)}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Negroid race|Negroids]] were in a Neolithic stage of primitive culture and were food-gatherers. Traces of Negroid physical characteristics can be found in parts of Goa, up to at least the middle of the first millennium.&lt;ref name=dhume /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Proto-Australoid]] tribe known as the ''Konkas'', from whom is derived the name of the region, ''Kongvan or [[Konkan]],'' with the other mentioned tribes, reportedly made up the earliest settlers in the territory.&lt;ref name=gomes&gt;{{cite book|last=Gomes|first=Olivinho|title=Village Goa: A Study of Goan Social Structure and Change|year=1987|publisher=S. Chand|pages=426 pages}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agriculture had not fully developed at this stage and was being developed. The Kol and Mundari may have been using stone and wood implements, as iron implements were used by the [[megalithic]] tribes as late as 1200 BC. The Kol tribe is believed to have migrated from [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;kamat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|title=Prehistoric Goan Shamanism|last=Kamat|first=Nandkumar|work=The navahind times|access-date=30 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807142019/http://www.navhindtimes.in/panorama/prehistoric-goan-shamanism|archive-date=7 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During this period, the people began worship of a mother goddess in the form of [[anthill]] or ''Santer''. The Anthill is called ''Roen''([[Konkani language|Konkani]]:रोयण), which is derived from the Austric word ''Rono,'' meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated into Prakrit ''Santara''. They also worshipped the mother earth by the name of ''Bhumika'' in Prakrit. Anthill worship still continues in Goa.&lt;ref name=&quot;dhume&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Iron Age (from 16th century BCE) ==<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=January 2018}}<br /> <br /> ===The Formations of Gaumkaris and the self rule===<br /> <br /> {{main|Comunidade}}<br /> The theocratic democracy of Sumer was transformed into the [[oligarchic]] democracy of village-administration in Goa known as ''[[Comunidade|Gaumkari]]'', when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers, they had right to auction the land, this rent was used for development, and the remainder was distributed amongst the ''Gaukars''. Sumerians view that the village land must belong to the village god or goddess, this was the main feature of the ''Gaumkari'' system where the village's preeminent deity's temple was the centre of all the activities.&lt;ref name=dhume2&gt;{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–150)}}&lt;/ref&gt; It consisted of definite boundaries of land from village to village with its topographic detail, its management and social, religious and cultural interaction. Gaumkari thus were in existence long before constitution of the state of Goa itself.&lt;ref name=ccom&gt;{{cite web|last=De Souza |first=Savio |title=THE COMUNIDADES OF GOA |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/comunidades/ |access-date=31 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719060326/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/comunidades/ |archive-date=19 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Thus even before any king ruled the territory, oligarchic democracy in the form of Gaumkari existed in Goa. This form of village-administration was called as ''Gaumponn'' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]:गांवपण), and despite the periodic change of sovereigns, the Gaumponn always remained, hence the attachment and fidelity of the Goans to their village has always surpassed their loyalty to their rulers (most of them were extraterritorial).&lt;ref name=gav&gt;{{cite book|last=Saradesāya|first=Manohararāya|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=Delhi|isbn= 9788172016647|pages=317 pages (see pages 6 and 7)}}&lt;/ref&gt; This system for governance became further systematised and fortified, and it has continued to exist ever since. Even today 223 comunidades are still functioning in Goa, though not in the true sense.&lt;ref name=ccom/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The later migrations===<br /> The second wave of migrants arrived sometime between 1700 and 1400 BC. This second wave migration was accompanied by southern Indians from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] people moved to [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilization which thrived on sea-trade.&lt;ref name=kamat /&gt; With the admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in early Goan society.&lt;ref name=dhume24&gt;{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Maurya Empire ===<br /> <br /> [[Chandragupta Maurya]] incorporated the west coast of India in his province of [[Aparanta]], and the impact of [[Magadhi|Magadhan Prakrit]], the official language of the Mauryan Empire, on the local dialects resulted in the formation of early [[Konkani language|Konkani]], as was the case with other Aryan vernaculars. During this era [[Buddhism]] was introduced to Goa. Similarly a native Goan named Purna, also known as Punna in [[Pali]], who traveled to [[Sarnath]] is considered a direct disciple of [[Buddha]], who popularised Buddhism in Goa in the 5th century BC.&lt;ref name=maurya /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Satavahanas (c. 2nd century BCE to 2nd CE)===<br /> {{main|Satavahana}}<br /> <br /> The Satavahana dynasty ruled Goa through their coastal vassals, the [[Chutu]]s of [[Karwar]]. This period is estimated to have lasted from around the 2nd century BC to 100 AD. The Satavahanas had established maritime power and their contacts with [[Roman Empire]] from the coastal trade from [[Sindh]] to [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], from [[Bharuch]] to Sopara to Goa, where [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and Roman ships would halt during voyages. The Bhojas fortified themselves after the end of Satavahana Empire.&lt;ref name=sat&gt;{{cite book|last=Motichandra|title=Sartavaha Ancient indian trade routes|year=1982|publisher=Sahitya academy|location=New Delhi|pages=144–148}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the fall of the Satavahanas, the lucrative seaborne trade declined.&lt;ref name=sattr&gt;{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu, 1979|location=panajim Goa|pages=(see page 70)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Many Greek converts to Buddhism settled in Goa during this period. Buddha statues in Greek styles have been found in Goa.&lt;ref&gt;(see Pius Melkandathil,''Martitime activities of Goa and the Indian ocean''.)&lt;/ref&gt; It can be seen that they ruled a very small part of Goa. [[Maharashtri]] ''prakrit'' was their language of administration, which influenced medieval Konkani to a great extent.&lt;ref name=maharashtri&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Konkani language|url=http://www.goakonkaniakademi.org/message.htm|publisher=Goa Konkani akademi|access-date=30 March 2011|archive-date=23 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090223191207/http://goakonkaniakademi.org/message.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Goa under the Western Kshatrapas<br /> In the year 150AD, [[Vashishtiputra Satakarni]] was defeated by his son-in-law, the [[Western Kshatrapas|Kshatrapa]] King [[Rudradaman I]] who established his rule over Goa.&lt;ref name=rudra&gt;{{cite book|last=Yadzani|first=G|title=The early history of the deccan (Girnar inscription of Mahakshatrapa Rudradaman)|year=1960|publisher=Oxford university Press|location=London|pages=97}}&lt;/ref&gt; This dynasty ruled the territory until 249AD. Thereafter the dynasty's power seems to have been weakened by their generals, the [[Abhiras]]&lt;ref name=shat&gt;{{cite book|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu|location=Goa|pages=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Mauryas of Puri===<br /> {{main|Mauryas of Puri}}<br /> <br /> The history of the Mauryas is almost non-existent. The existing records disclose the names of only three of the dynasty's kings, namely ''Suketavarman'', who ruled some time in the 4th or 5th centuries, ''Chandravarman'' in the 6th century, and ''Ajitavarman'' in the 7th century, who ruled from ''Kumardvipa'' or modern ''Kumarjuve'', but beyond that the records provide no clue as to their mutual relationship. These dates were determined by comparing the style of the [[Nagari script]] in which these records are written with the evolution of this script, which may be dated fairly accurately. It is possible to infer from the places mentioned in these records and their discovery locations that at its zenith, the Western Maurya Kingdom comprised the Lata or South Gujarat, coastal Maharashtra, Goa, and approximately half of the North Kanara district. After the Maurya Empire had passed its meridian in the 2nd century BC its satrap in Aparanta made himself independent. A scion of the imperial Mauryas, he founded a dynasty that ruled over the west coast for nearly four centuries from its capital ''Shurparaka'' or modern [[Sopara]]. This dynasty was known as the ''Konkan Mauryas''. Goa was called ''Sunaparant'' by the Mauryas.&lt;ref name=maurya&gt;{{cite web|last=Moraes|first=Prof. George|title=PRE-PORTUGUESE CULTURE OF GOA|url=http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|work=Published in the Proceedings of the International Goan Convention|access-date=28 March 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006190744/http://www.goacom.com/community/associations/goaont/convention/moraes.htm|archive-date=6 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bhojas (c. 2nd century BCE to 4th CE)===<br /> {{main|Bhojas of Goa}}<br /> <br /> First existing as vassals of the Mauryas and later as an independent kingdom, the [[Bhojas of Goa|Bhojas]] ruled Goa for more than 500 years, annexing the entirety of Goa. The earliest known record of the Bhojas from Goa dates from the 4th century, it was found in the town of [[Shiroda, Goa|Shiroda]] in Goa. According to Puranik, by tradition the Bhojas belonged to the clan of [[Yadavas]], who may have migrated to Goa via [[Dvārakā|Dwaraka]] after the [[Mahabharata war]].&lt;ref name=nyak&gt;{{cite book|last=Nayak|first=K.D|title=Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan(in Marathi)|year=1968|publisher=Gomant Vidya Niketan|location=Margao|pages=37–42}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two Bhoja [[Indian copper plate inscriptions|copperplates]] grants dating back to the 3rd century BC were unearthed from [[Bandora, India|Bandora]] village, written by King Prithvimallavarman. Ancient ''Chandrapur'', modern day [[Chandor]], was the capital of the Bhoja Empire.<br /> <br /> From the Bhoja inscriptions found in Goa and Konkan, it is evidenced that the Bhojas used [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] for administration.<br /> According to Vithal Raghavendra Mitragotri, many [[Brahmin]]s and [[Vaishya]]s arrived with Kshatriyas Bhojas from the north.&lt;ref&gt;(see ''A socio-cultural history of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara'')&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kshatriya]] Bhojas patronised [[Buddhism]] and employed many Buddhist converts of [[Greeks|Greek]] and [[Persian people|Persian]] origin.&lt;ref name=bus&gt;{{cite book|last=Satoskar|first=Ba.Da|title=Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II, in Marathi|year=1982|publisher=Shubhda publishers|location=Pune|pages=106}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Kingdoms to Late Medieval period (1st century CE to 16th) ==<br /> ===Table of dynasties (to 16th century)===<br /> Goa was ruled by several dynasties of various origins from circa the beginning of the common era to 1500.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} Since Goa had been under the sway of several dynasties, there was no organised judicial or policing system in those days, except for traditional arrangements governed by absolute rulers and local chieftains. There may have been more order under Muslim rule.&lt;ref name=dyn&gt;{{cite book|last=D. Banerjea|title=Criminal Justice India Series: Goa, 2002|year=2005|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn= 9788177645170|pages=see page 3}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> During this time, Goa was not ruled as a singular kingdom. Parts of this territory were ruled by several different kingdoms. The boundaries of these kingdoms were not clearly defined and the kings were content to consider their dominions as extending over many villages, which paid tribute and owed them allegiance.&lt;ref name=early&gt;{{cite book|last=Sakshena|first=R.N.|title=Goa: Into the Mainstream|year=2003|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn= 9788170170051|pages=156 pages(see page 20–21)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;88&quot;<br /> |+ Dynasties controlling Goa from the 1st century BC to 1500 AD<br /> ! Name of the ruler !! Reign<br /> |-<br /> | [[Indo-Parthians]] || 2nd–4th centuries AD<br /> |-<br /> | [[Abhir]]as, Batapuras, [[Bhoja]]s || 4th–6th centuries<br /> |-<br /> | [[Chalukyas]] of Badami || 6th–8th centuries<br /> |-<br /> | [[Rashtrakutas]] of [[Malkhed]], [[Shilahara]]s || 8th–10th centuries<br /> |-|-<br /> | [[Kadambas]] || 1006–1356<br /> |-<br /> | [[Yadavas of Devagiri]] ||12th and 13th centuries<br /> |-|-<br /> |[[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] || 14th and 15th centuries<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bahmani Sultanate]] || 15th century<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Shilaharas (755 – 1000)===<br /> The [[Shilahara]]s of South Konkan ruled Goa from 755 until 1000 AD. Sannaphulla, the founder of the dynasty, was a vassal of the [[Rashtrakuta]]s. Their copper-plate inscriptions suggest that they ruled from Vallipattana (there is no unanimity amongst the scholars regarding identification of Vallipattana, some identify it with Balli in Goa, or it may either be Banda or Kharepatan in the modern-day state of [[Maharashtra]]), [[Chandor|Chandrapura]] and [[Gopakapattana]].&lt;ref name=shilahara&gt;{{cite book|last1=De Souza|first1=Teotonio R.|title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history, Volume 2|date=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=8170222591|pages=125–127}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was a tumultuous period in Goan history. As the Goa Shilahara power waned during the 11th century, the Arab traders gained increasing control of the overseas trade. They enjoyed autonomy from the Shilaharas. In order to control this decline, Kadamba King Guhalladeva I, ruling from [[Chandor]], established secular, political, and economic partnerships with these Arab states. After the Chalukyas defeated the Rashtrakutas, exploiting this situation to their advantage, the Kadamba King, Shashthadeva II, firmly established his rule in Goa.&lt;ref name=shilahara /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Kadambas (10th century to 14th)===<br /> {{Main|Kadambas of Goa}}<br /> <br /> The Kadambas ruled Goa between the 10th and 14th centuries. In the beginning, the Kadambas ruled only [[Salcette|Sashti]] present day Salcette, a small part of Konkan. They ruled from [[Chandor]], over a large part of Goa, but the port of [[Gopakapattana]] was not included in the early years.&lt;ref name=kadamb&gt;{{cite book|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history|year=1990|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn= 9788170222590|pages=312 pages (see pages11-15)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Port of Gopakapattana (10th century to 1345)====<br /> Later King Shashthadeva conquered the island of Goa, including the ports of Gopakapattana and Kapardikadvipa, and annexed a large part of South Konkan to his kingdom. He made Gopakapattana as his secondary capital. His successor, King Jayakeshi I'','' expanded the Goan kingdom. The Sanskrit Jain text ''Dvayashraya'' mentions the extent of his capital. Port Gopakapattana had trade contacts with [[Zanzibar]], [[Bengal]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Sri Lanka]] (mentioned as Zaguva, Gauda, Gurjara, and Simhala in the Sanskrit texts). The city has been described in the contemporary records not only as aesthetically pleasing, but spiritually cleansing as well. Because it was a trading city, Gopakapattana was influenced by many cultures, and its architecture and decorative works showed this cosmopolitan effect. The capital was served by an important highway called Rajvithi or Rajpath, which linked it with [[Old Goa|Ela]], the ruins of which can still be seen. For more than 300 years, it remained a centre for intra-coastal and trans-oceanic trade from Africa to Malaya. Later in the 14th century, the port was looted by the [[Khalji dynasty|Khalji]] general [[Malik Kafur]]. The capital was transferred to Chandor and then back to Gopakapattana because of [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'s attack on Chandor.&lt;ref name=kadamb/&gt;<br /> [[File:Spiritual_Nature.jpg|thumb|The [[Mahadev Temple, Tambdi Surla|Mahadeva Temple at Tambdi Surla]], built during the 12th century CE is one of the few surviving medieval temples in Goa.]]<br /> Guhalladeva III, Jayakeshi II, Shivachitta Paramadideva, Vinshuchitta II and Jayakeshi III dominated Goa's political scene in the 12th century. During the rule of Kadambas, the name and fame of Goapuri had reached it zenith. Goa's religion, culture, trade and arts flourished under the rule of these kings. The Kings and their queens built many [[Shiva]] temples as they were devout [[Shaivites]]. They assumed titles like Konkanadhipati, Saptakotisha Ladbha Varaveera, Gopakapura varadhishva, Konkanmahacharavarti and Panchamahashabda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Gune|first=Vithal Trimbak|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu|publisher=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept|year=1979|volume=I|pages=794}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Kings had matrimonial relationships with the Kings of Saurashtra, and even the local chieftains. The Kings patronised [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] and performed major fire sacrifices like ''the horse sacrifice'' or [[Ashvamedha]]. They are also known for patronising [[Jainism]] in Goa.<br /> <br /> Though their language of administration was [[Sanskrit]] and [[Kannada]], Konkani and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] were also prevalent. They introduced Kannada language to Goa, which had a very profound influence on the local tongue. [[Nagari script]], [[Kadamba script]], [[Halekannada|Halekannada script]] and [[Goykanadi|Goykanadi scripts]] were very popular. Kadamba Tribhuvanamalla, inscribed a record, dated saka 1028 or AD 1106, that he established a Brahmapuri at Gopaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu : district gazetteer / edited by V.T. Gune|series=Gazetteer of India|year=1979|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000644033|access-date=8 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brahmapuris were ancient universities run by the Brahmins where the Vedas, astrology, philosophy, medicine, and other subjects were studied. Such Brahampuris were found in many places in Goa such as Savoi verem and Gauli moula.<br /> <br /> Kadambas ruled Goa for more than 400 years. On 16 October 1345&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwYDPnEjTb4C&amp;q=panjanakhani&amp;pg=PA129|title=Goa Through the Ages: An economic history, Volume 2|last=De Souza|first=Teotonio R.|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1990|isbn=9788170222590|pages=129}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goa Kadamba King Suriya Deva was assassinated by Muslim invaders.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Bahmani Sultanate (1350–1370, 1469–1492) ===<br /> From 1350 to 1370, Goa was ruled by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]]. In 1469 Goa was again conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]] of [[Gulbarga]]. This Sultanate broke up in 1492.<br /> <br /> ===Vijayanagara Empire (14th century to 15th)===<br /> In 1370, the [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] had reconquered Goa. Vijayanagara was a resurgent Hindu state controlling much of south India; its capital was located at modern day [[Hampi]], in [[Karnataka]]. The Vijayanagara rulers then held Goa for nearly a century. During that time its harbours were important ports of arrival for [[Arabian horse]]s destined for the Vijayanagara cavalry.<br /> <br /> === Bijapur Sultanate (1492–1510) ===<br /> In 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's [[Bijapur Sultanate]], which established [[Goa Velha]] as its second capital. The former Secretariat building in Panaji is a former Adil Shahi palace. It functioned for the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] as the official residence of their [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroys]].<br /> <br /> == Portuguese rule (1510–1961) ==<br /> {{Main|Portuguese India}}<br /> <br /> ===Portuguese arrival===<br /> [[File:Oda Nobunaga swivel breech loading gun.jpg|thumb|A [[breech-loading swivel gun]] thought to have been constructed in the 16th century in Goa. It was exported to Japan and used in the time of [[Oda Nobunaga]].]] [[Vasco da Gama]] commanded the first circumnavigation of Africa, relying on stories and maps from earlier Portuguese voyages. His fleet of four ships set off from Lisbon in 1497. After island stops at [[Tenerife]] and Cape Verde, the ships made landfall on the West African coast. They then steered southwest into the vast South Atlantic Ocean. Near Brazil, by making an eastward turn, they headed toward the southern cape of Africa which they rounded. After passing by the Rio do Infante described earlier by a fellow explorer, a northward course was set. The ships stopped at the East African ports of Mozambique, Mombasa and Malinda. An Arab pilot, or an Indian, then guided their remaining course across the Arabian Sea. A year out from Lisbon, da Gama's fleet landed in Calicut, India. Their arrival signalled the end of Muslim monopoly over the region's maritime trade.<br /> <br /> Before the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] ships came to India, the [[Greater India|seas to the east]] had been dominated by the [[thalassocratic]] [[Chola Empire]] of the [[Tamils]], followed by their [[Shailendra dynasty]] successors and other Indianized seafaring states of [[Java]] and [[Sumatra]]. &quot;Indian ship-building had a high reputation at the time&quot;. Yet &quot;by the fifteenth century the navigation of Indian waters was in the hands of the [[Arabs]]&quot; both toward the east and westward toward the [[Persian Gulf|Gulf]] and the [[Red Sea]].&lt;ref&gt;Panikkar (4th 1964), pp. 107-108, 195-198, 195 quote re ships, 197 quote re Arabs. India became &quot;the sole supplier of cotton cloth&quot; to the &quot;Middle East, Burma, Malaya, Java, etc.&quot; (p.195 quote). Cf. per the southeast: pp. 77-84, 104-108.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Afonso de Albuquerque===<br /> {{Further|Portuguese conquest of Goa}}<br /> [[File:Afonso de Albuquerque (with Santiago cloak).jpg|thumb|The governor of India Afonso de Albuquerque.]]<br /> When [[Francisco de Almeida]] arrived to serve as the first [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Portuguese viceroy]] of the East (1505-1509), already there was a [[6th Portuguese India Armada (Albergaria, 1504)|regional war]] on the [[Malabar coast]]. In 1505 the [[Estado da India]] was established there, in [[Cochin]] considerably south of Goa.&lt;ref&gt;Geneviève Bouchon, &quot;Beginnings of the ''Carreira da India''&quot;, pp. 40-54, at 47, in de Souza (1985).&lt;/ref&gt; Almeida ended his tenure with a [[Battle of Diu (1509)|naval victory fought off Diu]], far to the north in [[Gujarat]].<br /> <br /> The admiral [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] became second viceroy (1509-1515). In 1510 [[Timoji]] requested the Portuguese to take over Goa. The offer was welcomed. The city then was quickly seized from [[Ismail Adil Shah]], ruler of the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], but as quickly lost. Albuquerque, however, returned in force on 25 November.&lt;ref&gt;Winius Diffie, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580'', p. 253. He returned with a renovated fleet.&lt;/ref&gt; In a day the gunnery of the Portuguese ships, and armed parties landing on shore, regained possession. Ismail Adil Shah and his [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Egyptian Mamluk]] allies formally surrendered Goa on 10 December. An estimate held that 6,000 of the 9,000 Muslim defenders died, in the battle on the streets or trying to flee.&lt;ref&gt;Kerr, Robert (1824).&lt;/ref&gt; Albuquerque gained direct support from the Hindu people, which frustrated Timoji. He had expected to take autocratic command of the city. Albuquerque appointed him instead chief [[Alguacil|Aguazil]], an administrative office whose role included being the Hindu representative. Timoji was a learned interpreter of local customs.&lt;ref&gt;Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry and Charles J. Borges, ''Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763'', p. 34-36.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By eliminating the [[jizya tax]], Albuquerque secured his victory. &quot;Most of the population of Goa were [[Konkani language|Konkani-speaking]] Hindus [and] Albuquerque had the good sense to cut their taxes in half&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), p.137 quote.&lt;/ref&gt; In spite of frequent attacks by raiders, Goa became the centre of Portuguese India. The conquest drew deference from several neighboring kingdoms: the [[Sultan of Gujarat]] and the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut dispatched embassies, offering alliances and local concessions, e.g., to build fortifications.<br /> <br /> Albuquerque started a Portuguese [[Mint (coin)|mint]] in Goa. Local merchants and Timoji had complained about the scarcity of currency. The new coin served to announce the recent conquests.&lt;ref&gt;Teotonio R. De Souza, ''Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History,'' pp. 220-221, Issue 6, Goa University publication series, {{ISBN|81-7022-226-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its value was pegged to existing coins.&lt;ref&gt;The [[Portuguese Indian rupia]] had a cross on one side and on the reverse the design of an [[armillary sphere]] (a type of [[astrolabe]]). The armillary sphere was the badge of King [[Manuel I of Portugal]]. Eventually, gold, silver, and bronze coins were issued: gold ''cruzados'' or ''manueis'', ''esperas'' and ''alf-esperas'', and ''leais''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Commentarios do grande Afonso Dalboquerque'', p. 157.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=zOufgbY8TbsC&amp;dq=bibliogroup%3A%22Gloss%C3%A1rio%20luso-asi%C3%A1tico%22&amp;pg=PA1 Sebastião Rodolfo Dalgado, Joseph M. Piel, ''Glossário luso-asiático, Parte 1,''], p. 382.&lt;/ref&gt; An additional mint was built in Portuguese [[Malacca]].<br /> <br /> [[File:&quot;Gestus et habitus tam civium quam militum Lusitanorum in oriente agentium&quot; (26277720302).jpg|thumb|The Portuguese in Asia, in ''Itinerario'', by [[Jan Huyghen van Linschoten|Jan Huygen van Linschoten]].]]<br /> <br /> Albuquerque and his successors left the customs and constitutions of the thirty village communities on the island almost untouched, abolishing only the rite of ''[[Sati (practice)|sati]]'', in which widows were burned on their husband's funeral pyre. A register of these customs (''Foral de usos e costumes'') was published in 1526; it is among the most valuable historical documents pertaining to Goan customs.&lt;ref&gt;An abstract of it is given in R. S. Whiteway's ''Rise of the Portuguese Empire in India'' (London, 1898).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Goa was the base for Albuquerque's conquest of [[Malacca]] in 1511 and [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] in 1515. Albuquerque intended it to be a colony and a naval base, distinct from the fortified factories established in certain Indian seaports. Goa was made capital of the Portuguese Vice-Kingdom in Asia, and the other Portuguese possessions in India, [[Malacca]] and other bases in [[Indonesia]], [[East Timor]], the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Macau]] in China and trade bases in Japan were under the suzerainty of its [[Viceroy]]. By mid-16th century, the area under occupation had expanded to most of present-day limits.<br /> <br /> ===The new Goan polity===<br /> {{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> ====Civil government and jurisdiction====<br /> An initial aim of the rulers of Goa was military security, especially from the threat posed by the [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Bijapur sultanate]]. Goa's head of state, often titled the [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy]], was appointed directly by the Portuguese King. The viceroy might consult the finance council, the captain of the armed forces, the [[Fidalgo|''fidalgos'']], the [[Archbishop of Goa]], the chief of judiciary, the ''Vereador da Fazenda'' (superintendent of finance), the merchants, and others in informal councils. Commercial success was a primary objective, the purchase in quantity of fine spices to carry back to Europe. Ancillary objectives were creation of a spice-trade monopoly with control over merchant competitors, and levying duties on the cargoes of merchant vessels. Scores of commercial posts and stations were established, not only throughout India, but from [[Island of Mozambique|Mozambique]] (Africa) and [[Hormuz Island|Hormuz]] (the Gulf) to [[Malacca]] (Malaya) and [[Macau]] (China).&lt;ref&gt;Chaudhuri (1985, 1989), pp. 69-71.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman and Christian Indian.jpg|thumb|Christian maidens of Goa meeting a Portuguese nobleman seeking a wife, circa 1540]]<br /> <br /> [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule in Goa]] endured for four and a half centuries. Its Senate or municipal chamber maintained direct communications with the [[Portuguese royalty|King]] and paid a special representative to attend to its interests at Court. In 1563 the Governor proposed to make Goa the seat of a parliament representing all parts of the Portuguese east, but this was rejected by the King. Eventually Goa was granted the same civic privileges as [[Lisbon]].&lt;ref&gt;See below, section ''Estado da India''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Portuguese rulers in Goa were either [[List of colonial heads of Portuguese India|Viceroys or Governors]]. Their original jurisdiction included those [[Portuguese Empire|possessions of the Portuguese]] from east Africa to south Asia and east Asia. The first viceroy to serve located himself in [[Kochi]] to the south of Goa on the [[Malabar coast]]; in 1510 this Portuguese seat of government was then established at [[Velha Goa]].<br /> <br /> ====Control of navigation====<br /> [[File:Carrack 1565.jpg|thumb|1565 illustration of a Portuguese carrack.]]<br /> Chief among the rivals of Portuguese Goa were the traders of the [[Zamorin]], ruler of [[Calicut]] (Kozhikode) on the [[Malabar coast]] (northern [[Kerala]]). The Zamorin's merchant ships regularly sailed on the [[Arabian Sea]], also venturing in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. Other formidable sea traders were of [[Gujarat]] to the north. Opponents of the Portuguese in India could then effectively convert their merchant vessels into warships. Early naval battles were [[Battle of Chaul (1508)|Chaul]] (1508), and a decisive one off [[Battle of Diu (1509)|Diu]] (1509) won by the Portuguese.&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1969), p.46: Chau, and Diu in 1509.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Naval combat worked to decide the status of the rivals. The distinct advantage of the Portuguese was the [[Naval cannon|cannon]] mounted on their ships. Vasco de Gama's flagship ''San Gabriel'' alone carried twenty guns of quality manufacture. Their mostly Muslim antagonists, lacking ship cannon, could not compete in the [[Sailing ship tactics|sea battles]].&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), p.135: naval guns.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cf., ship cannon: [[Portuguese India Armadas]], at 2.4 &quot;Artillery&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cf., ship cannon: [[Naval artillery]], at 2.1 &quot;Transition&quot; under &quot;Age of Sail&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Au contraire'', Panikkar (1929, 2016), at pp. 69-71, states that Egyptian gunnery was more than a match for that of the Portuguese in 1508 off Chaul.&lt;/ref&gt; Although [[Babur]]'s invasion of India in 1526 used cannon, their use &quot;on ships at sea was not known&quot; before the Portuguese. Further, the well-made sailing ships of India had hulls sewn together not nailed, better in some weather, but unable to absorb the recoil from discharge of onboard cannon. &quot;India was, on most criteria, one of the advanced countries of the world.&quot; Yet regarding naval cannon, gunnery, ship design, and nautical skill, the Portuguese had the edge.&lt;ref&gt;Pearson (1989), pp. 56-60 (ship cannon &quot;not known&quot; quote, sewn hulls and recoil, &quot;advanced&quot; quote).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1969), pp. 44, 207, 209 (naval artillery, ship construction, seamanship).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turks]] also disputed control of the Indian Ocean. At [[Suez]] overland by camel they transported Mediterranean [[galley]]s in pieces for reassembly on the [[Red Sea]], to reinforce their naval forces. From 1538 to 1553 the Turks sent [[Ottoman naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean|battle fleets against the Portuguese]]. In several key engagements, however, the transoceanic [[caravel]]s and [[galleon]]s outmaneuvered the Turkish galleys.&lt;ref&gt;Toussaint (1966), pp. 106-107. The [[age of sail]] had put paid to that of the oar, although the oar-driven galleys had their final act at [[Battle of Lepanto|Lepanto]] in 1571.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hence, from Goa the Portuguese were able to [[command of the sea|command]] the Indian Ocean. They instituted a system to tax its trade. Portuguese [[cartaz]]es (permits for navigation) were issued to owners of merchant vessels. The ''cartaza'' obliged the captain to keep to his ship's declared route and stop at the named Portuguese fort to pay duties on merchandise. &quot;Any ship sailing without their ''cartas'' was treated as a pirate and was liable to capture and confiscation. . . . The Arab sea trade with India... passed into the hands of the Portuguese.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Panikkar (4th 1964), p.199, ''cartas'' quote.&lt;/ref&gt; During the sixteenth century &quot;some eight hundred Portuguese [[galleon]]s&quot; sailed in Indian waters, which became &quot;virtually a Portuguese monopoly.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 135 (galleons), 136 (monopoly).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Spice trade====<br /> [[File:Rua Direita na Cidade de Goa.jpg|thumb|right|450px|[[Joannes van Doetecum the Elder|Johannes van Doetecum]]'s &quot;[[Market of Goa (Van Doetecum)|Market of Goa]]&quot;, from [[Jan Huygen van Linschoten|Jan Huygen]]'s 1596 ''Itinerario'']]<br /> <br /> Portuguese control of the waters off South Asia enabled them to master the lucrative spice trade during the 16th century.<br /> They coordinated and consolidated their operations from their base at Goa. At first their merchants, called [[factor (agent)|factors]], were unfamiliar with the local produce markets, and with appraising the quality of different spices. They learned how not to overpay for poor quality. For storage until seasonal ships left for Portugal, they set up warehouses called factories. At strategic positions on many coasts of the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese established well-guarded, [[fortified]] factories.&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), p.136.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the [[bazaar]]s of Goa, goods from all parts of the East were displayed. Separate streets were designated for the sale of different classes of goods: [[Bahrain]] pearls and coral, Chinese porcelain and silk, Portuguese velvet and piece-goods, and drugs and spices from the [[Malay Archipelago]]. Fine peppers came from the nearby Malabar coast. Goa was then called ''Goa Dourada'', i.e., ''Golden Goa''.<br /> <br /> Especially the Portuguese enjoyed the great rewards to be made by shipping spice cargoes around Africa to Lisbon. The ever increasing demand of Europe meant ready buyers willing to pay top prices. &quot;Arab and Venetian merchants remained in the spice trade throughout the century of Portuguese power in Asia&quot; but the &quot;trade has shifted dramatically&quot;. The middle-merchant carriers had been short-circuited by the ships direct to Lisbon.&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), p.138, quotes.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Image:&quot;Plan de Goa&quot;, in Histoire générale des voyages,1750.jpg|thumb|Map of Goa, in ''Histoire générale des Voyages'', de la Harpe, 1750.]]<br /> <br /> ====Life in Goa====<br /> In 1542, St. [[Francis Xavier]] mentions the architectural splendour of the city. Goa reached the height of its prosperity between 1575 and 1625. Travellers marvelled at ''Goa Dourada'', i.e., ''Golden Goa''. A Portuguese proverb said, &quot;He who has seen Goa need not see [[Lisbon]].&quot; The houses of the rich were surrounded by gardens and [[Palm tree|palm]] groves; they were built of stone and painted red or white. Instead of glass, their balconied windows had thin polished oyster-shells set in lattice-work. The social life of Goa's rulers befitted the capitol of the viceregal court, the army and navy, and the church; luxury and ostentation became a byword before the end of the 16th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia Britannica&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Prizeman|first1=Matthew|title=The Encyclopedia Britannica|date=1903|publisher=The Encyclopedia Britannica Company|location=New York|page=160|edition=11|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gYkAQAAIAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nonetheless, according to Portuguese records there was a Cholera epidemic in 1543, &quot;It is said that deaths from the disposal of the disease were so numerous that the disposal of bodies was a formidable task&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:&quot;Hoz habitu, qui e Lusitanis nobilitate aut dignitate clariores in India ... obequitant&quot; (26344165136).jpg|thumb|Portuguese nobleman in Goa accompanied by a retinue.]]<br /> <br /> In the main street, African and Indian slaves were sold by auction. Almost all manual labour was performed by slaves. The common soldiers assumed high-sounding titles, and even the poor noblemen who congregated in boarding-houses subscribed for a few silken cloaks, a silken umbrella and a common man-servant, so that each could take his turn to promenade the streets, fashionably attired and with a proper escort.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Encyclopedia Britannica&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1583, Christian missionary activity in the village of [[Cuncolim]] led to conflicts, culminating in the [[Cuncolim Revolt]]. The first massacre happened when [[kshatriya]] villagers killed five Catholic priests (including an Italian nobleman) and fourteen native Christians. The Portuguese authorities then destroyed orchards and attacked the Hindu villagers. Cuncolim village had sixteen chieftains, one for each ward or ''vado'' of the village. The sixteen were called to Assolna Fort, ostensibly to discuss a peace pact. At the fort the Portuguese executed the chieftains, except for one who jumped into the Assolna River and presumably swam to [[Karwar]]. The Hindus of Cuncolim then refused to pay taxes, and the Portuguese confiscated their land. In 1560 the [[Goa Inquisition]] began, ending in 1812. The Hindu villagers who did not want to become Christian then left their villages with their idols before their temples were demolished. Most of these Hindus then settled in the neighbouring areas that were ruled by Bijapur, and again had to pay the jizya tax.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> ====Printing press and medical college====<br /> In 1556 a [[printing press]] was first installed India at [[Saint Paul's College, Goa|Saint Paul's College]] in Goa. Through publications made on the printing press, Goa opened a window on the knowledge and customs of Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite conference |conference=Asia-Pacific Economic and Business History Conference |date=2012 |location=Canberra, Australia |url=https://www.academia.edu/1366156 |title=An exploration of the role of Portugal in the economic integration of Asia and Europe with a focus on the pepper market |last1=Barrett |first1=Greg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14 | title=Goa Museum – Government of Goa | access-date=20 April 2013 | archive-date=1 August 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801155422/http://goamuseum.gov.in/collections.html?group=14 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goaprintingpress.gov.in/about-us Goa Printing Press]&lt;/ref&gt; The Jesuits brought this European-style, metal [[movable type]] technology to [[Macau]] in China in 1588 and to Japan in 1590.&lt;ref&gt;A. J. R. Russell-Wood, ''The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move'', p.204.&lt;/ref&gt; The Jesuits also founded the [[University of Santo Tomas]] in the Philippines, the oldest existing European-style university in the Far East.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php/history.html |title=History |access-date=2012-02-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222000856/http://www.ust.edu.ph/index.php/history.html |archive-date=22 December 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same period, [[Goa Medical College]] was established as the first European medical college in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.gmcmec.gov.in/ | title=Medicaleducation Cell-GMC- Bambolim Goa}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Garcia da Orta]] (1501-1568) wrote in Goa a treatise in Portuguese on the medicinal plants of India, [[Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India]].&lt;ref&gt;Cf., Panikkar (4th 1964), p.200: da Orta's book, the Goa printing press.&lt;/ref&gt; It was published in 1563 in Goa on the new printing press, which contained many errors in its type-setting. The author was a physician, an herbalist, a pioneer in [[pharmacognosy]], and originally a [[Sephardic Jew]]. As a ''Cristão Novo'' ([[New Christian]]) he had escaped the [[Inquisition]]; but one of his sisters was not as fortunate.&lt;ref&gt;C. R. Boxer, [https://archive.org/details/b20457248/page/8/mode/2up ''Two pioneers of tropical medicine: Garcia d'Orta and Nicolás Monardes''] (London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library 1963), by ship to Goa in 1534 (p.8), as physician in India (9); publication and contents of his book (12-18), written in Portuguese (14); his sister Catarina in 1569 (11). Accessed 20 October 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Christianity in Goa===<br /> [[Image:Churcholdgoa (64).JPG|thumb|right|Chapel of St. Catherine, built during the Portuguese occupation in [[Old Goa]]. &lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot;&gt;Not to be confused with the [[Se Cathedral|Cathedral of Santa Catarina]], also in Old Goa.&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> {{Further|History of Goan Catholics|Goa Inquisition|Hinduism in Goa}}<br /> The Crown in Lisbon undertook to finance missionary activity; missionaries and priests converted large numbers of people in all spheres of society, especially in Goa.&lt;ref&gt;''Pilgrims to the Light: Encounters in a Shared Destiny'', edited by Valson Thampu. Har-Anand Publications, 2000. p. 131 ({{ISBN|8124106436}}, 9788124106433).&lt;/ref&gt; St Francis Xavier in Goa, pioneered the establishment of a seminary, called [[Saint Paul's College, Goa|Saint Paul's College]]. It was the first Jesuit headquarters in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;''The Jesuits: Cultures, Sciences, and the Arts, 1540-1773'', edited by John W. O'Malley, p. 480&lt;/ref&gt; St Francis founded the college to train Jesuit missionaries. He went to the Far East, traveling towards China. Missionaries of the Jesuit Order spread out through India, going as far north as the court of the great Mughal Emperor Jallaluddin [[Akbar]]. Having heard about the Jesuits, he invited them to come and teach him and his children about Christianity.&lt;ref&gt;''Pilgrims to the Light: Encounters in a Shared Destiny'', edited by Valson Thampu. Har-Anand Publications (2000). p. 132 ({{ISBN|8124106436}}, 9788124106433).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> From Goa, the [[Jesuit order]] was able to set up base almost anywhere in Asia for evangelistic missions, including the founding of [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] colleges, universities and faculties of education. Jesuits are known for their work in education, intellectual research, and cultural pursuits, and for their missionary efforts. Jesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and parishes, and promote social justice and ecumenical dialogue.;{{citation needed|date=March 2018}} Saint Paul's College Goa was a base for their evangelisation of Macau, and then for their important missionary campaigns into China and Japan. Macau eventually superseded St Paul's College, Goa. They built [[St. Paul's College, Macau|St Paul College]] in 1594 (now the University of Macau), known in Latin as the college of ''Mater Dei''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunez&quot;&gt;''Macao's Church of Saint Paul: A Glimmer of the Baroque in China'' By César Guillén Nuñez. Hong Kong University Press. (2009). p. 70. ({{ISBN|962209922X}}, 9789622099227)&lt;/ref&gt; Due to his personal enmity with the Jesuits, the [[Marques de Pombal|Marquês de Pombal]] expelled the order from Portuguese territories in 1762.&lt;ref&gt;''Education and Society in Hong Kong and Macao:Comparative Perspectives on Continuity and Change;'' Volume 7 of CERC Studies in Comparative Education. By M. Bray, Ramsey Koo ({{ISBN|1402034059}}, 9781402034053) p. 113.114&lt;/ref&gt; The Macau university combined evangelisation with education.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nunez&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the year 1600 [[António de Andrade]] made the long voyage from [[Lisbon]] to Goa, where he pursued his higher studies at St. Paul's College and was ordained a Jesuit priest. He eventually became rector of the same college. He made a landmark missionary expedition from Goa, across the length of India and into Tibet. He overcame incredible hardships in the journey as the first European to cross the [[Himalaya mountains]] into Tibet.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/a/andrade-antonio-de.php Antonio de Andrade] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520081349/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/a/andrade-antonio-de.php |date=20 May 2013 }}, BDCC Online&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jesuitsources.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&amp;products_id=114 |title=Tibet: The Jesuit Century &amp;#91;978-1-880810-29-8&amp;#93; - $16.75 : Zen Cart!, the Art of E-commerce |access-date=2013-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411044903/http://www.jesuitsources.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&amp;products_id=114 |archive-date=11 April 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There he founded churches and a mission in 1625.&lt;ref&gt;''The Christian Discovery of Tibet'' by Joseph Abdo ({{ISBN|9729985839}})&lt;/ref&gt; The body of the co-founder of the Society of Jesus, [[Francis Xavier]], whose example many Goan missionaries tried to emulate by engaging in evangelizing work in Asia, was shipped to Goa on 11 December 1553. Goa has also produced its own saints: the [[martyrs of Cuncolim]]; St. [[Joseph Vaz]], whose missionary exploits in Sri Lanka are remembered with gratitude in that country; and the Venerable [[Agnelo de Souza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/zpoupindia.htm |title=Challenge of Witnessing the Faith in Indian Cultures |website=ewtn.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121122854/http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/zpoupindia.htm |archive-date=2008-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 16th-century monument, the cathedral or Sé, was constructed during Portugal's Golden Age, and is the largest church in Asia, as well as larger than any church in Portugal. The church is 250&amp;nbsp;ft in length and 181&amp;nbsp;ft in breadth. The frontispiece stands 115&amp;nbsp;ft high. The cathedral is dedicated to [[St. Catherine of Alexandria]] and is also known as St. Catherine's Cathedral.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=63 |title=Monuments - Se´ Cathedral - Culture and Heritage - Know India: National Portal of India |access-date=2013-04-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121214080901/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/culture_heritage.php?id=63 |archive-date=14 December 2012 }}, Know India&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goatourism.gov.in/destinations/churches/134-se-cathedral Se Cathedral], Goa Tourism&lt;/ref&gt; It was on her feast day in 1510 that Afonso de Albuquerque defeated the Muslim army and took possession of the city of Goa.<br /> [[File:The procession of the Inquisition in Goa entering th Wellcome V0041645.jpg|thumb|The [[Auto-da-fé]] procession of the [[Goa Inquisition|Inquisition at Goa]]. The Goa Inquisition, which was established in 1560 and abolished in 1820, persecuted [[Hindus]], [[Muslims]], and other religious minorities]]<br /> The [[Goa Inquisition]] was the office of the Inquisition acting within the Indian state of Goa and the rest of the Portuguese empire in Asia. It was established in 1560, briefly suppressed from 1774 to 1778, and finally abolished in 1812. Based on the records that survive, H. P. Salomon and I. S. D. Sassoon state that between the Inquisition's beginning in 1561 and its temporary abolition in 1774, some 16,202 persons were brought to trial. Of this number, only 57 were sentenced to death and executed; another 64 were burned in effigy. Most were subjected to lesser punishments or penances.<br /> <br /> The Inquisition was established to punish [[New Christians]] who continued practicing their ancestral religion in secret. Many Sephardic Jews (as falsely-converted Catholics) had immigrated to Goa from the Iberian peninsula. Due to persecution by the Inquisition, most left and migrated to [[Fort St. George]] (later [[Madras]]/Chennai) and [[Cochin]], where the English and the Dutch allowed them to be openly Jewish.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saraiva&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Starr-LeBeau |first1=Gretchen |last2=Saraiva |first2=António José |last3=Salomon |first3=H. P. |last4=Sassoon |first4=I. S. D. |title=The Marrano Factory: The Portuguese Inquisition and Its New Christians, 1536-1765 |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |date=1 October 2003 |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=827 |doi=10.2307/20061561 |jstor=20061561 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In Goa the Inquisition also scrutinised Indian converts from Hinduism or Islam who were thought to have returned to their original ways.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} It prosecuted non-converts who broke prohibitions against the observance of Hindu or Muslim rites, or interfered with Portuguese attempts to convert non-Christians to Catholicism.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} Goan Inquisition was abolished in 1812.<br /> <br /> ===Relations with neighboring powers===<br /> ;Bijapur<br /> {{see also|Adil Shahi-Portuguese conflicts}}<br /> [[File:Portuguese Goa 1620 - Manuel Godinho de Herédia.png|thumb|1620 map of Goa]]When the Portuguese arrived in Goa, they encountered the established regime of the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]] under [[Yusuf Adil Shah]] (1450-1510). The Adil Shah (written ''Hidalcão'' by the Portuguese) controlled Goa (and significant territory of the Sultanate) from his distant, inland capital. Led by [[Afonso de Albuquerque]], in alliance with Timoji, their 1510 attack ended in Portuguese victory. Bijapur lost Goa, but continued as a large, local power.&lt;ref&gt;See above section on Albuquerque.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;De Souza (1979, 2d 2009), pp. 10-13.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1565 Bijapur and other [[Deccan Sultanates]] in a [[jihad]] [[Battle of Talikota|destroyed the capital]] of the Hindu Empire [[Vijayanagar]]a, an ally of the Portuguese. From the spoils Bijapur doubled its size.&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 138-139. In 1686 Bijapur itself was absorbed into the Mughal Empire by [[Aurangzeb]] (p.167).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Davies (2d 1949), pp. 44-47 (Maps 21 &amp; 22).&lt;/ref&gt; In 1571 Bijapur in an alliance of mostly Muslim sultanates ([[Sultanate of Ahmadnagar|Ahmadnagar]], [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Bijapur]], [[Zamorin of Calicut|Calicut]], [[Sultanate of Aceh|Aceh]]) launched [[War of the League of the Indies|determined attacks]] on Goa, which failed. The defeat of this siege of Goa proved decisive.&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1969), pp. 58-59: siege of Goa in 1571.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pearson (1987), p.57: Muslims unite to attack Goa.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 167: In 1686 Bijapur itself was absorbed into the Mughal Empire by [[Aurangzeb]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Kanara<br /> The [[Kanara]] coastal regions lay immediately south of Goa. Many small principalities, largely autonomous, were under Vijayanagara, then Bijapur. [[Timoji]], who played a role in the 1510 capture of Goa, was from Kanara, e.g., [[Honavar]]. Goa traded with various Kanara rulers, which was an important source of rice for domestic consumption; other goods were pepper for export and timber for ships building. The Portuguese had built a fort and ran a factory in Kanara, and were often in effective local control. The [[Nayak (caste)|Nayak]] rulers of the Keladi ruling family, however, began to dispute with Goa over the prices paid for trade goods, and other issues. Goa was not able to pay the increases demanded. A series of treaties were nonetheless negotiated. Then hostile Dutch influence increased and Arabs from [[Muscat]] began to compete with Goa for the Kanara trade.&lt;ref&gt;De Souza (1979, 2d 2009), pp. 13-16.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pearson (1987), p.20, Map 2: Honavar, [[Bhatkal]].&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Mughal<br /> When [[Akbar]] (r. 1555–1605) ruled the [[Mughal Empire]], he endeavored to harmonize the empire's conflicting religions. At Akbar's court, rival Muslim clerics had heated debates. At his new capital [[Fatehpur Sikri]], meetings at his [[Ibadat Khana]] [''House of Worship''] more variously included &quot;Muslim scholars, Hindu [[pandit]]s, Parsi [[mobed]]s, and Jain [[sadhu]]s&quot;. Akbar &quot;invited Jesuits from Goa&quot; but no Buddhists were in proximity. Conferring privately with Jesuits, Akbar discussed Christianity and Abrahamic theology.&lt;ref&gt;De Souza (1979, 2d 2009) at p.7, writes that Akbar's &quot;pretensions were so well disguised that it took even the wise Jesuits some time to realize that the Mughal emperor was playing a political game.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; In 1682 Akbar promulgated a syncretic [[Din-i-Ilahi]] [''Divine Faith''].&lt;ref&gt;Or alternatively ''Tawhid-i-Ilahi'' [&quot;Divine Monotheism&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The crucial question about Akbar's religious activity is whether he established a new religion or new spiritual order.&quot; Either way, his efforts came to nought.&lt;ref&gt;Ikram (1964), pp. 160 (''Ibadat'' quote), 161 (&quot;crucial&quot; quote), 151-161 (Akbar's 'religious biography'), 158-159 ('Infallibility Decree'), 160-165 (Akbar remained a Muslim), 164 (did not claim to be a prophet).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith (3d ed. 1958), ''au contraire'', pp. 350 (promulgation), 149-50 &amp; 157-158 (Akbar rejected Islam), 347-348 (first Jesuit Mission), 357-359 (Akbar's religious biography), 358, n1 (no Buddhists at ''Ibadat''). Akbar's eyes were &quot;vibrant like the sea in sunshine&quot; remarked a Jesuit (p.356).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cf., Vincent Smith, ''Akbar the Great Mogul'' (Oxford, Clarendon 1917).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Goa enjoyed a flourishing trade with [[Gujarat]], when Akbar annexed it in 1573. Agreeable relations were worked out, however, allowing the Portuguese at [[Diu, India|Diu]] to continue to issue [[cartaz]]es and collect duties on the sea trade. In 1602 the English arrived in Asia and pirated a loaded Portuguese merchant ship off [[Malacca]]. In 1608 with 25,000 pieces of gold an English captain arranged for rights at [[Surat]], the Mughal Empire's principle trading port. This led to a two-year war between the Mughals and the Portuguese, ending with a feckless treaty in 1615. The Mughals, then dominate in India but weak at sea, began to play the Europeans off against each other. Under Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] (r. 1658–1707), the Mughals became frustrated by their war against the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]s. Goa remained neutral, but once praised [[Shivaji]]'s valor.&lt;ref&gt;De Souza (1969, 2d 2009), pp. 7-9.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pearson (1987), pp. 51-56.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), 163-167: Shivaji.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Goa and the Maratha: see herein below.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Dutch<br /> [[File:Battle at Goa.jpg|thumb|Naval battle at Goa between Dutch and Portuguese warships in 1639.|324x324px]]<br /> In 1595 there first appeared in Indian waters ships of the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[Dutch East India Company|United East India Company]] (Dutch: ''Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC'').&lt;ref&gt;Krishna Ayyar (1966), p.99.&lt;/ref&gt; Until then, for almost a century, the Portuguese had managed to keep secret their &quot;more detailed information about India,&quot; especially their &quot;priceless Portuguese navigation maps&quot;. Yet [[Jan Huygen van Linschoten]], who had worked in Goa, in 1592 came away with the coveted knowledge which &quot;taught the Dutch how to use the monsoon winds to their best advantage.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), p.141, map quotes.&lt;/ref&gt; Also unfortunately for Portugal, Spain had initiated the [[Iberian Union]], which united the two countries. Additionally, the Dutch and the Spanish were then fighting their [[Eighty Years' War]]. In 1600 against Goa the Dutch allied with regional Muslim forces (the [[Sultanate of Bijapur]]); then the Dutch [[Dutch-Portuguese War|made war on Goa]]. The long-term result of these hostilities was the undoing of [[Portuguese presence in Asia|Portuguese naval dominion in the Indian Ocean]] and a loss of [[Portuguese India Armadas|its preeminence in sea trade]].&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1069), pp. 106-111. Fighting between Dutch and Portuguese lasted from 1602 to 1663; the stakes included the East Indies, Africa, and the West Indies. In the east, it pitted Portuguese Goa against the Dutch in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (since 1619, what is now [[Jakarta]] in Indonesia). The prosperous Dutch, who drew on soldiers from Germany and Sweden, greatly outnumbered the Portuguese. Cf., pp. 113-127.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1603 and 1639, the city was blockaded by Dutch fleets, though never captured. The Dutch East India Company were defeated at the [[Travancore–Dutch War]], which stifled their influence in the region.<br /> <br /> ;Vijayanagara<br /> The [[Vijayanagar Empire|Vijayanagara Empire]] (1336-1646) ruled vast lands in [[South India]] when the Portuguese arrived in Goa. The empire's rise as a great power was said to encompass a &quot;mission of upholding the Hindu cause against Islam.&quot; Vijayanagara had earlier governed Goa; its ruler [[Viranarasimha Raya|Vira Narasimha Raya]] (r. 1505–1509) contemplated retaking it, but soon died. [[Krishnadeva Raya|Krishna Deva Raya]] (r. 1509–1529) then succeeded as ruler, said to be the empire's best. The Portuguese then were aggressively establishing control of maritime trade routes and coastal ports in [[Kochi|Cochin]] and Goa. The regional political rivalries developed so that Vijayanagara and Goa remained aligned as friendly powers. The Portuguese supplied Vijayanagara with Persian horses.&lt;ref&gt;Panikkar (4th 2004), p.201: Persian horses.&lt;/ref&gt; A Portuguese engineer improved irrigation for lands of Krishna Deva Raya.&lt;ref&gt;Sastri (4th ed. 1975), pp. 215 (mission quote), 250 ([[Tuluva dynasty]]), 252 (friends), 258 (irrigation).&lt;/ref&gt; Vijayanagara was [[Battle of Talikota|ultimately defeated]] in 1646 by an alliance of [[Deccan sultanates]]. So vital was this alliance to Goa, that Goa lost much of its importance after the fall of Vijayanagara.&lt;ref&gt;Smith (3d ed. 1958), p.332.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shastri (4th ed. 1975), p.256: &quot;Goa rose and fell simultaneously with the rise and fall of the [[Tuluva dynasty|third Vijayanagar dynasty]].&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), pp. 138-139 (Vijayanagar-Goa diplomacy and trade, horses).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;De Souza (2009), pp. 6, 13, 27, 50, 66, 77.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There began a gradual drop in Goa's prosperity. In 1635 Goa was ravaged by an [[epidemic]].{{Vague|date=September 2024}}{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} [[Jean de Thévenot]] in 1666, [[Philip Balde|Baldaeus]] in 1672, and Fryer in 1675 described Goa in decline.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> ;Maratha<br /> {{Further|Maratha–Portuguese War (1683–1684)}}<br /> [[File:The_Basilica_of_Goa.jpg|alt=|right|thumb|[[Basilica of Bom Jesus]], 2010]]The [[Maratha Empire]] (1674-1818) to the north grew steadily in strength, far surpassing that of the Mughal Empire, let alone Goa. After his escape from [[Aurangzeb]] in [[Agra]], the Maratha ruler Chhatrapati [[Shivaji]] (1627-1680) started a counterattack to recoup lands lost to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] through the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)]]. Against Goa, Chhatrapati Shivaji mounted an invasion that subdued the region adjoining the Old Conquestas. He captured [[Pernem]], [[Bicholim]], [[Sattari]], [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Sanguem]], [[Quepem]] and [[Canacona]] from the Portuguese. Sawantwadi Bhonsale and Saudekar Rajas became his vassals.<br /> <br /> The Maratha Chhatrapati [[Sambhaji]] (1657-1689), the son of C. Shivaji, tried in 1683 to conquer all of Goa. Chh. Sambhaji almost ousted the remaining Portuguese, but suddenly a [[Army of the Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] appeared which prevented the Maratha from completing their conquest, resulting in the culmination of the [[Deccan wars]]. In 1739-1740 the territory of [[Bardez]] in north Goa was attacked by the Marathas, in order to pressure the Portuguese at [[Vasai]]. The plan of conquest, however, was forestalled with &quot;the payment of a large war indemnity.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1969), p.136 (1683 Mughal army, 1740 payment quote).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Another version of 1740 had the conquest forestalled because of the unexpected arrival of the new Viceroy with a Portuguese fleet.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 1756 a Maratha Army invading Goa killed in action Luís Mascarenhas, Count of Alva (Conde de Alva), the Portuguese Viceroy. The Marathas, however faced an invasion from [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]], resulting in their defeat at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] (1761). The Maratha [[Peshwa]]'s overall control slackened throughout India.&lt;ref&gt;Smith (3d ed. 1958), pp. 488-490 (Panipat).&lt;/ref&gt; The Portuguese then defeated the regional Rajas of [[Sawantwadi]] and the Raja of Sunda to reconquer an area from Pernem to Canacona. This territory formed the Novas Conquistas, within the boundaries of present-day Goa. Following the Battle of Panipat, the Mughals retained their friendly relationship with the Portuguese.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}<br /> <br /> ;English<br /> The long Dutch war described above led Portugal to seek an alliance with the English, which proved costly. The Dutch war did finally end in 1663.&lt;ref&gt;Compare: three naval wars: [[First Anglo-Dutch War]] (1652-1654) and the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] (1665-1667) and the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]] (1672-1674).&lt;/ref&gt; In 1665 the English demanded in payment the cession of [[Bombay]]. Officially it was part of the dowry of [[Catherine of Braganza]] on her ill-starred marriage to [[Charles II of England|Charles II]]. Though at first active rivals in India after the [[English East India Company]] arrived in 1601,&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1969), p.146 (the Marathas refrained from taking Goa, preferring it as a counterweight to the English).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Smith (3d ed. 1958), p. 367-368 ([[Jahangir]] &quot;perceived that the English could now be used as a counterpoise to the Portuguese&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; the two latter attempted to coordinate against common enemies. The Maratha-derived &quot;pirate&quot; fleet led by the independent [[Kanhoji Angre]] inspired such an uneasy alliance. The 1721 Anglo-Portuguese naval attack on Culaba, the Angria stronghold, was repulsed. It was a fiasco that then embittered the partnership.&lt;ref&gt;Boxer (1969), pp. 111 (rivalry); 136, 137 (Bombay); 136-137 (naval fiasco).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ;Ragusan<br /> [[File:Croatian_India_-_Location_of_São_Braz_in_Goa.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Map of &quot;[[Colonial India#Croatia|Sao Braz]]&quot; in [[Goa]], 1630]]<br /> The [[Republic of Ragusa]], part of the modern-day [[Dalmatia|Dalmatian coast]] of [[Croatia]], was permitted to establish a small colonial settlement in [[Goa]] by the Portuguese between 1530 and 1535.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why this Goan village will root for Croatia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/why-this-goan-village-will-root-for-croatia/articleshow/64983827.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tomas |first=Lora |date=2014-05-19 |title=Distant liaisons |url=https://www.himalmag.com/distant-liaisons/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[Himal Southasian]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Named after the patron saint of [[Dubrovnik]], settlers established [[Colonial India#Croatia|Sao Braz]], a Ragusan colony in the modern-day village of [[Gandaulim (Ilhas)|Gandaulim]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:222&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why this Goan village will root for Croatia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/why-this-goan-village-will-root-for-croatia/articleshow/64983827.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Andrijanić |first=Ivan |date=26 February 2018 |title=Hrvatska i Indija: Kulturno-povijesne i gospodarsko-političke veze |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/196110?lang=en |journal=Zbornik sveučilišta Libertas |language=hr |location=Zagreb, Croatia |publisher=Libertas international university |volume=3 |page=351 |issn=2584-6167 |quote=U Goi, na zapadnoj obali indijskoga potkontinenta, trgovci iz Dubrovnika bogato su uresili crkvu Sv. Vlaha (São Braz). Na temelju toga svjedočanstva, koje navodi Jakov Lukarević (1605),[21] neki su istraživači pretpostavili postojanje dubrovačke kolonije São Braz u blizini Goe, ali za potvrdu te tvrdnje za sad nema dovoljno dokaza (Bašić, 1999: 85–93). |number=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ragusan settlers collaborated closely with the Portuguese, who purportedly saw them as master shipbuilders or seasoned traders in [[Southeast Europe]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=D'Souza |first=Clinton |date=16 July 2024 |title=Unveiling a 400-yr-old bond: Historical connection between Croatia &amp; Goa |url=https://www.thegoan.net/tg-life-sunday/unveiling-a-400yrold-bond-historical-connection-between-croatia-goa/116030.html |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=The Goan |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goese historian Gomes Catão documented the town to have a population of 12,000 settlers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tomas |first=Lora |date=2014-05-19 |title=Distant liaisons |url=https://www.himalmag.com/distant-liaisons/ |access-date=2021-09-20 |website=[[Himal Southasian]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[1667 Dubrovnik earthquake]] destroyed the city of Dubrovnik which left the Ragusan Republic financially strained.&lt;ref name=&quot;:223&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |title=Why this Goan village will root for Croatia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/why-this-goan-village-will-root-for-croatia/articleshow/64983827.cms |access-date=2025-03-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trading disputes with Portuguese merchants and declining trade with Goans forced the Republic of Ragusa to [[Colonial India#Croatia|surrender their colony]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Fernandes |first=Paul |date=2021-11-15 |title=Croatian documentary team's visit stirs up Gandaulim's historic past |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/croatian-documentary-teams-visit-stirs-up-gandaulims-historic-past/articleshow/87705040.cms |access-date=2026-01-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Estado da India: 18th and 19th centuries===<br /> In 1757, King [[Joseph I of Portugal]] issued a decree, developed by his minister [[Marques de Pombal|Marquês de Pombal]], granting Portuguese citizenship to all subjects in the Portuguese Indies, with the right to be represented in the Portuguese Parliament. Pombal (1699-1782), an anti-Catholic [[Freemason]], served the King as the ''de facto'' leader of Portugal, 1750–1777.&lt;ref&gt;In 1759 the [[Expulsion of the Jesuits|Jesuits were expelled]] from Portugal and the [[Távora affair]] reduced aristocratic power, both benefiting Pombal. Critics also denounced his [[enlightened absolutism]].&lt;/ref&gt; The enclaves of Goa, [[Damão]], [[Diu, India|Diu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] became collectively known as the ''Estado da Índia Portuguesa''. The first election was held in Goa on 14 January 1822. Three local citizens were elected as members of the Portuguese parliament.&lt;ref&gt;Charles J. Borges, Hannes Stubbe, ''Goa and Portugal: history and development''.&lt;/ref&gt; From their first arrival, the Portuguese intermarried among the converted natives of Goa. They produced Luso-Indian offspring, who were also Catholic.&lt;ref&gt;Chaudhuri (1985, 1989), p.73.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wolpert (7th 2004), p.138. Intermarriages were &quot;officially encouraged&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1787, some disgruntled priests attempted a rebellion against Portuguese rule. It was known as the [[Conspiracy of the Pintos]]. Goa was peacefully [[British occupation of Goa|occupied by the British]] between 1812 and 1815 in line with the [[Anglo-Portuguese Alliance]] during the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<br /> <br /> The viceroy transferred his residence from the vicinity of Goa city to New Goa (in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''Nova Goa''), today's [[Panaji]]. In 1843 this was made the official seat of government; it completed a move that had been discussed as early as 1684. [[Old Goa]] city's population fell steeply during the 18th century as Europeans moved to the new city. Old Goa has been designated a [[World Heritage Site]] by UNESCO because of its history and architecture.&lt;ref&gt;[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/234 &quot;World Heritage Sites&quot;], UNESCO&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Goa civil code]] was introduced in 1869 after Portuguese Goa and Damaon were elevated from being mere Portuguese colonies to the status of a [[Província Ultramarina]] (Overseas possession).<br /> <br /> ===Second World War===<br /> {{further|Operation Creek}}<br /> Goa was neutral during the conflict like Portugal. As a result, at the outbreak of hostilities a number of Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchants ships, the ''Ehrenfels'', the ''Drachenfels'' and the ''Braunfels'', as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of [[Mormugao]]. The ''Ehrenfels'' began transmitting Allied ship movements to the [[U-boat]]s operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that was extremely damaging to Allied shipping.<br /> <br /> But the British [[Royal Navy]] was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of [[Special Operations Executive|SOE]] backed a covert raid using members from the [[Calcutta Light Horse]], a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat, the ''Phoebe'', and sailed round India to Goa, where they sunk the ''Ehrenfels''. The British then sent a decrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces.<br /> <br /> The raid was covered in the book ''Boarding Party'' by [[James Leasor]]. Due to the potential political ramifications of the fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last =Leasor | first =J. | title =Boarding Party | publisher =Heinemann | year =1978 | location =London | url =http://www.jamesleasor.com/boarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves/ | oclc =4191743 | isbn =0-434-41026-8 | access-date =4 November 2011 | archive-date =7 August 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20200807210000/http://www.jamesleasor.com/boarding-party-filmed-and-republished-in-paperback-as-the-sea-wolves/ | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1980 the story was made into the film, ''[[The Sea Wolves]]'', starring [[Gregory Peck]], [[David Niven]] and [[Roger Moore]].<br /> <br /> ===Independence Movement===<br /> {{more citations needed section|date=August 2011}}<br /> {{See also|Goan independence movement}}<br /> &lt;!-- This section is linked from [[Annexation]] --&gt;<br /> [[Image:Goa 1955 invasion.ogg|thumb|In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis, demonstrated against Portugal. At least twenty-two of them were killed by Portuguese gunfire.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}]]<br /> <br /> When India became independent in 1947, Goa remained under Portuguese control. The Indian government of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] demanded that Goa, along with a few other minor Portuguese holdings, be turned over to India. However, Portugal refused due to Goa being an integral part of Portugal since 1510. By contrast, France, which also had small enclaves in India (most notably [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]), surrendered all its [[French India|Indian possessions]] relatively quickly.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Asian recorder|1962|p=4371|Ref=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Asian recorder|1962|p=4440|Ref=as}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1954, a horde of armed Indians flooded into and took over the tiny land-locked enclaves of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]. This incident led the Portuguese to lodge a complaint against India in the [[International Court of Justice]] at [[The Hague]]. The final judgement on this case, given in 1960, held that the Portuguese had a right to the enclaves, but that India equally had a right to deny Portugal access to the enclaves over Indian territory.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> In 1955 a group of unarmed civilians, the Satyagrahis, demonstrated against Portugal. At least twenty-two of them were killed by Portuguese gunfire.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> Later the same year, these non-Goan Satyagrahis took over a fort at Tiracol and hoisted the Indian flag. They were driven out of Goa by the Portuguese with a number of casualties. On 1 September 1955, the Indian consulate in Goa was closed using this incident as an excuse; Nehru declared that his government would not tolerate the Portuguese presence in Goa. India then instituted a blockade against Goa, Damão, and Diu in an effort to force a Portuguese departure. Goa was then given its own airline by the Portuguese, the [[Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa]], to overcome the blockade.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}<br /> <br /> == Indian liberation of Goa ==<br /> {{Main|Liberation of Goa}}<br /> <br /> On 27 February 1950, the Government of India asked the Portuguese government to open negotiations about the future of Portuguese colonies in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Operação Vijay 18 a 19/12/1961 |url=http://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226040732/https://www.supergoa.com/pt/40anos/vijay.asp |archive-date=26 February 2008 |language=pt}}&lt;/ref&gt; Portugal asserted that its territory on the Indian subcontinent was not a colony but part of metropolitan Portugal and hence its transfer was non-negotiable, and that India had no rights to this territory because the Republic of India did not exist at the time when Goa came under Portuguese rule.&lt;ref&gt;Goa was first recognised as equal to the metropolis in the Royal Charter of 1518, and affirmed in subsequent legislation. The term 'province' was first used in 1576, and the term 'overseas provinces' used in virtually all legislation and constitutions thereafter, e.g. Art.1–3 &amp; Art. 162-64 of 1822 Constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const822.html online], 1826 constitution [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/carta826.html online], Art. I &amp; Title X of the constitution of 1838 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const838.html online], Title V of the Republican constitution of 1911 [http://www.arqnet.pt/portal/portugal/liberalismo/const911.html online] and the 1932 Constitution of the Estado Novo.&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 December 1961, Indian troops crossed the border into [[Liberation of Goa|Goa and liberated it]]. Operation Vijay involved sustained land, sea and air strikes for more than thirty-six hours; it resulted in the unconditional surrender of Portuguese forces on 19 December 1961 by [[Manuel António Vassalo e Silva]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Major K C Praval&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Praval |first=Major K.C. |title=Indian Army after Independence |publisher=Lancer |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-935501-10-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=214}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2011-12-13 |title=Goa to honour Operation Vijay heroes |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/14/goanews/goa-news-goa-honour-operation-vijay-heroes/ |access-date=2024-08-26 |website=The Navhind Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Faleiro |first=Valmiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYLyEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=panjim+brigadier+gurbux+singh&amp;pg=PT154 |title=Goa, 1961: The Complete Story of Nationalism and Integration |date=2023-07-24 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-5708-175-7 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A United Nations resolution condemning the invasion was proposed by the United States and the United Kingdom in the [[United Nations Security Council]], but it was vetoed by the [[USSR]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal<br /> |title=International Reactions to Indian Attack on Goa – Soviet Veto of Western Cease-fire Resolution in Security Council<br /> |journal=Keesing's Record of World Events<br /> |volume=8<br /> |date=March 1962<br /> |publisher=Keesing's Worldwide, LLC<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Goa celebrates Liberation Day on 19 December every year, which is also a state holiday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-12-23|title=Explained: Goa Liberation Day and PM Narendra Modi's visit|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-goa-liberation-day-pm-modi-7679860/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Post-Liberation (1961–present) ==<br /> <br /> === As a Union Territory (1961–1987) ===<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2025}}{{Main|Goa, Daman and Diu}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|1967 Goa status referendum}}<br /> {{See also|Konkani language agitation}}<br /> [[File:Shubhankar_Shah_-_Goa_University_Library_-_8_March_2018-1.jpg|thumb|The [[Goa University]] was established in 1985]]The territory of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] was a [[union territory]] of [[India]] from 19 December 1961 to 30 May 1987. Its official language was declared to be [[Marathi language|Marathi]], much to the anger of the majority of the native Goans.{{According to whom|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> After a brief period of military rule, on 8 June 1962, military rule was replaced by civilian government when the [[List of governors of Goa|Lieutenant Governor]] [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth]] nominated an informal [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Consultative Council]] of 29 nominated members to assist him in the administration of the territory. [[Dayanand Bandodkar]] of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] was elected as the first Chief Minister of Goa, Daman and Diu. He attempted to merge Goa with Maharashtra by importing Marathi immigrants from the neighbouring state{{Cn|date=February 2025}} (Goa's population increased by almost 35% in the 1960s due to heavy immigration of Marathi people), but his plans were foiled by the [[Goa Opinion Poll]].{{According to whom|date=February 2025}}<br /> <br /> === State of Goa (1987–present) ===<br /> In February 1987, the Indian government finally recognized [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as the official language of Goa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=Goa Statehood Day 2025: Know why we celebrate it on May 30, the history, significance, and celebrations |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/when-is/goa-statehood-day-2025-date-history-significance-celebrations-10037664/ |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Goa was later admitted to Indian statehood in May 1987. [[Pratapsingh Rane]], who had previously served as Chief Minister of [[Goa, Daman and Diu]], was elected as the first Chief Minister of the newly formed state.<br /> <br /> Goa has a high [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP per capita|GDP per capita]] and [[Human Development Index]] compared to [[List of Indian states and union territories by Human Development Index|most Indian states]].&lt;ref name=&quot;report&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Reports of the finance commissions of India: First Finance Commission to the Twelfth Finance Commission: the complete report|publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2005|page=268|isbn=978-81-7188-474-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Sister project links|Goa|v=no}}<br /> * [[Portuguese conquest of Goa]]<br /> * [[Goa Inquisition]]<br /> * [[Goan Catholics under the British Indian Empire]]<br /> * [[Sackings of Goa and Bombay-Bassein]]<br /> * [[History of Goan Catholics]]<br /> * [[Timeline of Goan history]]<br /> * [[Battle of Goa (1638)]]<br /> * [[Annexation of Goa]]<br /> * [[List of peers and fidalgos in Portuguese India]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> * Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979) ''Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa'' (Goa)<br /> * Nayak, K.D (1968) ''Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan'' [in Marathi] (Margao: Gomant Vidya Niketan)<br /> <br /> ==Footnotes==<br /> {{Reflist|group=&quot;note&quot;}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book |ref=as |title=Asia Recorder |date=1962 |publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press}}<br /> * Banerjea, D., ''Goa, 2002'' (Allied Publishers 2005) Criminal Justice India Series {{ISBN|9788177645170}}.<br /> * Bhagamandala Seetharama Shastry &amp; Charles J. Borges, ''Goa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498-1763''<br /> * De Souza, Teotonio R., ''Goa Through the Ages: An economic history'', vol. 2. (Concept Publishing Co. 1990)<br /> * De Souza, Teotonio R., ''Medieval Goa. A socio-economic history'' (Goa: Goa,1556 1979, 2d ed. 2009)<br /> * Krishna Ayyar, K. V., ''A short history of Kerala'' (Ernakulam: Pai &amp; Co. 1966)<br /> * Nayak, K. D., ''Gomantakachi sanskrutic ghadan'' ['''Marathi'''] (Margao: Gomant Vidya Niketan 1968)<br /> * Panikkar, K. M., ''Malabar and the Portuguese'' (1929; reprint New Delhi: Voice of India 2016)<br /> * Pearson, M. N., ''The Portuguese in India'' (Cambridge University 1988)<br /> * Priolkar, Anant, ''The Goa Inquisition, Being a Quatercentenary Commemoration Study of the Inquisition in India'' (Bombay University Press)<br /> * Rao, R. P., ''Portuguese rule in Goa: 1510-1961'' (Bombay: Asia Publishing House 1963)<br /> * Sakshena, R. N., ''Goa: Into the Mainstream'' (Abhinav Publications 2003) {{ISBN|9788170170051}}.<br /> * Satoskar, Ba. Da, ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskuti, khand II'' ['''Marathi'''] (Pune: Shubhda publishers 1982)<br /> ** De Souza, Teotonio R., editor, ''Indo-Portuguese History. Old issues, new questions'' (Delhi: Naurang Rai Concept 1985)<br /> ;Articles<br /> * {{cite journal| doi =10.1177/0376983613499680 | volume=40 | title=History of Goa with Special Reference to its Feudal Features | year=2013 | journal=Indian Historical Review | pages=249–266 | last1 = Bhat | first1 = N. S.| issue=2 | s2cid=145048379 }}<br /> * Boxer, C.R. &quot;Golden Goa 1510-1954.&quot; ''History Today'' (Nov 1954) 4#11 pp 754–763.<br /> * Gune, Vithal Trimbak (1979) ''Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: Goa'' (Goa)<br /> ;Secondary<br /> * Boxer, C. R., ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825'' (New York: Knopf 1969)<br /> * Chaudhuri, K. N., ''Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean'' (Cambridge University 1985)<br /> * Davies, C. Collin, ''An Historical Atlas of the Indian Peninsula'' (Oxford University 2d ed. 1949)<br /> * De Mendonça, Délio. ''Conversions and Citizenry: Goa under Portugal, 1510-1610'' (2002) [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mh3kKf0VSfQC&amp;dq=Goa+history&amp;pg=PR5 online].<br /> * Diffie and Winius, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580'' (University of Minnesota 1977)<br /> * Henn, Alexander. ''Hindu-Catholic encounters in Goa: Religion, colonialism, and modernity'' (Indiana University Press, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?id=cFZ_BAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Goa+history&amp;pg=PP1 online].<br /> * Ikram, A. J., ''Muslim civilization in India'' (New York: Columbia University 1964)<br /> * Jayasuriya, Shihan de Silva. ''The Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire'' (2008)<br /> * Panikkar, K. M., ''A survey of Indian History'' (New York: Asia Publishing House 1947, 4th ed. 1964)<br /> * Russell-Wood, A. J. R., ''The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808: A World on the Move''<br /> * Sarker, Himansu Bhusan, ''Trade and commercial activities of Southern India in the Malayo-Indonesian world'' (Calcutta: Firma KLM 1986)<br /> * Sastri, K. A. Nilakanta, ''A History of South India. From prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagara'' (1947; New Delhi: Oxford University 4th ed. 1975)<br /> * Smith, Vincent, ''Oxford History of India'' (3d ed. 1958), edited by Percival Spear.<br /> * Subrahmanyam, Sanjay, ''The Portuguese empire in Asia, 1500-1700: A political and economic history'' (2012)<br /> * Wolpert, Stanley, ''A New History of India'' (Oxford University 1977, 7th ed. 2004)<br /> {{Clear}}<br /> {{Portuguese overseas empire}}<br /> {{History of India by State}}<br /> {{Goa topics}}{{Portal bar|India|Religion}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:History of Goa}}<br /> [[Category:History of Goa| ]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Concert_for_Bangladesh&diff=455776 2026-02-14T19:09:59Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1971 benefit concert organised by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar}}<br /> {{About|the concerts|the album|The Concert for Bangladesh (album){{!}}''The Concert for Bangladesh'' (album)|the film|The Concert for Bangladesh (film){{!}}''The Concert for Bangladesh'' (film)}}<br /> {{Good article}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use British English |date=October 2012}}<br /> {{Infobox music festival<br /> | image = MSG box-office sign for Concert for Bangladesh.jpg<br /> | caption = Poster outside the Madison Square Garden box office, July 1971<br /> | founders = [[George Harrison]], [[Ravi Shankar]]<br /> | location = [[Madison Square Garden]], New York City, US<br /> | dates = 1 August 1971<br /> | genre = [[Rock music|Rock]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''The Concert for Bangladesh''' (or Bangla Desh, as the country's name was originally spelled)&lt;ref name=&quot;Harry p 135&quot;&gt;Harry, p. 135.&lt;/ref&gt; was a pair of [[benefit concert]]s organised by former [[Beatles]] guitarist [[George Harrison]] and the Indian [[sitar]] player [[Ravi Shankar]]. The shows were held at 2:30 and 8:00{{nbsp}}pm on Sunday, 1 August 1971, at [[Madison Square Garden]] in New York City, to raise international awareness of, and fund relief for refugees from [[East Pakistan]], following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]]-related [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|genocide]] and the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]]. The concerts were followed by a bestselling [[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|live album]], a boxed three-record set, and [[Apple Films]]' [[The Concert for Bangladesh (film)|concert documentary]], which opened in cinemas in the spring of 1972.<br /> <br /> The event was the first-ever benefit of such magnitude,&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 43&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt; and featured a [[Supergroup (music)|supergroup]] of performers that included Harrison, fellow ex-Beatle [[Ringo Starr]], [[Bob Dylan]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Billy Preston]], [[Leon Russell]] and the band [[Badfinger]]. In addition, Shankar and [[Ali Akbar Khan]] – both of whom had ancestral roots in Bangladesh – performed an opening set of [[Indian classical music]]. The concerts were attended by a total of 40,000 people, and the initial gate receipts raised close to $250,000 for Bangladesh relief, which was administered by [[UNICEF]].<br /> <br /> After collecting the musicians easily, Harrison found it extremely difficult to get the recording industry to release the rights for performers to share the stage, and millions of dollars raised from the album and film were tied up in IRS tax escrow accounts for years, but the concert has been recognised as a highly successful and influential humanitarian aid project, generating both awareness and considerable funds as well as providing valuable lessons and inspiration for projects that followed, such as [[Live Aid]].&lt;ref name=&quot;RS Encyclopedia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CFBD Revisited Lyons &amp; Annan&quot;&gt;Interviews with Charles J. Lyons and Kofi Annan, in ''The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez p 51&quot;&gt;Rodriguez, p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 1985, through revenue raised from the ''Concert for Bangladesh'' live album and film, an estimated $12 million had been sent to Bangladesh,&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston/LA Times&quot; /&gt; and sales of the live album and DVD release of the film continue to benefit the George Harrison Fund for UNICEF. Decades later, Shankar would say of the overwhelming success of the event: &quot;In one day, the whole world knew the name of Bangladesh. It was a fantastic occasion.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Olivia p 286&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> [[File:1970 Bhola cyclone track.png|thumb|left|[[Bhola cyclone]] track during the second week of November 1970]]<br /> As [[East Pakistan]] struggled to become the separate state of [[Bangladesh]] during the 1971 [[Bangladesh Liberation War]], the political and military turmoil and [[1971 Bangladesh atrocities|associated atrocities]] led to a massive [[refugee]] problem,&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 186–87.&lt;/ref&gt; with almost 10 million displaced people pouring into neighbouring [[India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot;&gt;Schaffner, p. 146.&lt;/ref&gt; East Pakistan had recently in 1970, endured devastation as a result of the [[Bhola cyclone]], and the [[Bengalis]]' desperate plight increased in March that year when torrential rains and floods arrived in the region,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 187&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 187.&lt;/ref&gt; threatening a humanitarian disaster.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 42&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 42.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 308&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 308.&lt;/ref&gt; Quoting figures available at the time, a ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' feature claimed that up to half a million Bengalis had been killed by the cyclone in November 1970 and that the Pakistani army's subsequent campaign of slaughter under [[Operation Searchlight]] accounted for at least 250,000 civilians, &quot;by the most conservative estimates&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 123.&lt;/ref&gt; Following the mass exodus to [[Calcutta]], a new threat arrived as the refugees faced starvation and the outbreak of diseases such as [[cholera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Greene p 186&quot;&gt;Greene, p. 186.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Liner notes, booklet accompanying ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangladesh]]'' reissue (Sony BMG, 2005; produced by George Harrison &amp; Phil Spector), p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box |quote=I was in a very sad mood, having read all this news, and I said, &quot;George, this is the situation, I know it doesn't concern you, I know you can't possibly identify.&quot; But while I talked to George he was very deeply moved&amp;nbsp;... and he said, &quot;Yes, I think I'll be able to do something.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt; |source=– Ravi Shankar, 1971 |width=25% |align=right |style=padding:8px;}}<br /> Appalled at the situation affecting his homeland and relatives,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 187&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 42&quot; /&gt; Bengali musician [[Ravi Shankar]] first brought the issue to the attention of his friend [[George Harrison]] in the early months of 1971, over dinner at [[Friar Park]], according to [[Klaus Voormann]]'s recollection.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 111&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 111.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot;&gt;James Sullivan, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20130620075346/http://www.spinner.com/2011/08/01/george-harrison-concert-for-bangladesh/ &quot;George Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh Featured Drug Trouble for Eric Clapton, Stage Fright for Bob Dylan&quot;]}}, spinner.com, 1 August 2011 (archived version retrieved: 12 October 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; By April, Shankar and Harrison were in Los Angeles working on the soundtrack to the film ''[[Raga (film)|Raga]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 187&quot; /&gt; during which Harrison wrote the song &quot;[[Miss O'Dell]]&quot;, commenting on corruption among the Indian authorities as aid shipments of rice from the West kept &quot;''going astray on [their] way to Bombay''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;George Harrison, pp. 220, 248.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 317&quot; /&gt; After returning to England to produce [[Badfinger]]'s ''[[Straight Up (Badfinger album)|Straight Up]]'' album and take part in sessions for [[John Lennon]]'s ''[[Imagine (John Lennon album)|Imagine]]''&lt;ref&gt;Badman, pp. 37–38.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Leng, pp. 108, 110.&lt;/ref&gt; – all the while, being kept abreast of developments by Shankar,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 188&quot;/&gt; via newspaper and magazine cuttings&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 59&quot;&gt;George Harrison, p. 59.&lt;/ref&gt; – Harrison was back in Los Angeles to finish the ''Raga'' album in late June.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 308&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 240&quot;&gt;Spizer, p. 240.&lt;/ref&gt; By then, the ''[[Sunday Times]]'' in London had just published an influential article by Pakistani journalist [[Anthony Mascarenhas]], which exposed the full horror of the Bangladesh atrocities,&lt;ref name=&quot;Dummett&quot;&gt;Mark Dummett, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16207201 &quot;Bangladesh war: The article that changed history&quot;], [[BBC News Online]], 16 December 2011 (retrieved 4 September 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haider&quot;&gt;Zahrah Haider, [http://www.thedailystar.net/lifestyle/spotlight/media-coverage-and-the-war-1971-187237 &quot;Media coverage and the War of 1971&quot;], ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]'', 15 December 2015 (retrieved 13 January 2016).&lt;/ref&gt; and a distraught Shankar approached Harrison for help in trying to alleviate the suffering.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Greene, p. 185.&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison later talked of spending &quot;three months&quot; on the phone organising the Concert for Bangladesh, implying that efforts were under way from late April onwards;&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 60&quot;&gt;George Harrison, p. 60.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 309&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 309.&lt;/ref&gt; it is now widely acknowledged that the project began in earnest during the last week of June 1971, however, five or six weeks before the event took place on 1 August.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 111&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris Mojo&quot;&gt;John Harris, &quot;A Quiet Storm&quot;, ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'', July 2001, p. 74.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Preparation==<br /> {{See also|Bangla Desh (song)}}<br /> Shankar's original hope was to raise $25,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Greene p 186&quot; /&gt; through a benefit concert of his own, [[Compere (host)|compere]]d perhaps by actor [[Peter Sellers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 59&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 309&quot; /&gt; With Harrison's commitment, and the record and film outlets available to him through [[the Beatles]]' [[Apple Corps]] organisation, the idea soon grew to become a star-studded musical event,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 188&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 435&quot;&gt;Madinger &amp; Easter, p. 435.&lt;/ref&gt; mixing Western rock with [[Indian classical music]], and it was to be held at the most prestigious venue in America: [[Madison Square Garden]], in New York City.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 308&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Leng, pp. 111, 115.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Chris O'Dell, a music-business administrator and former Apple employee, Harrison got off the phone with Shankar once the concept had been finalised, and started enthusing with his wife, [[Pattie Boyd]], about possible performers.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell pp 195–96&quot;&gt;O'Dell, pp. 195–96.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ringo Starr]], Lennon, [[Eric Clapton]], [[Leon Russell]], [[Jim Keltner]], Voormann, [[Billy Preston]] and Badfinger were all mentioned during this initial brainstorming.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell pp 195–96&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box |quote=The Concert For Bangladesh happened because of my relationship with Ravi&amp;nbsp;... I said, &quot;If you want me to be involved, I think I'd better be really involved,&quot; so I started recruiting all these people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Super70s words&quot;&gt;[http://www.superseventies.com/ssgeorgeharrison.html George Harrison – In His Own Words], superseventies.com (retrieved 15 March 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; |source=– George Harrison, 1992 |width=25% |align=left |style=padding:8px;}}<br /> O'Dell set about contacting local musicians from the Harrisons' rented house in [[Nichols Canyon]],&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell pp 196–97&quot;&gt;O'Dell, pp. 196–97.&lt;/ref&gt; as Harrison took the long-distance calls, hoping more than anything to secure [[Bob Dylan]]'s participation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez p 50&quot;&gt;Rodriguez, p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', pp. 42, 123.&lt;/ref&gt; Almost all of Harrison's first-choice names signed on immediately,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 309&quot; /&gt; while a day spent boating with [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] musician [[Don Nix]] resulted in the latter agreeing to organise a group of backing singers.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 197&quot;&gt;O'Dell, p 197.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;George Harrison, plate XXXI, p. 399.&lt;/ref&gt; A local Indian [[astrologer]] had advised early August as a good time in which to stage the concert,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 188&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 188.&lt;/ref&gt; and as things transpired, the first day of that month, a Sunday, was the only day that Madison Square Garden was available at such short notice.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 60&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:George Harrison - Bangla Desh.png|thumb|right|150px|Trade ad for Harrison's &quot;Bangla Desh&quot; single, August 1971]]<br /> By the first week of July,&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 38&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison was in a Los Angeles studio recording his purpose-written song, &quot;[[Bangla Desh (song)|Bangla Desh]]&quot;, with co-producer [[Phil Spector]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 112&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 112.&lt;/ref&gt; The song's opening verse documents Shankar's plea to Harrison for assistance,&lt;ref&gt;George Harrison, p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt; and the lyrics &quot;''My friend came to me with sadness in his eyes / Told me that he wanted help before his country dies''&quot; provided an enduring image for what [[United Nations Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] later recognised as the basic human aspect behind the cause.&lt;ref&gt;Interview with Kofi Annan, in ''The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Harrison then met with Badfinger in London to explain that he would have to abandon work on ''Straight Up'',&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 435&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 114&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 114.&lt;/ref&gt; before flying to New York on 13 July to see Lennon.&lt;ref&gt;Badman, pp. 39–40.&lt;/ref&gt; During the middle of July also,&lt;ref name=&quot;Castleman &amp; Podrazik p 103&quot;&gt;Castleman &amp; Podrazik, p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt; once back in Los Angeles, Harrison produced Shankar's Bangladesh benefit record, an [[EP]] titled ''[[Joi Bangla]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 190&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 190.&lt;/ref&gt; The latter featured contributions from East Bengal-born [[Ali Akbar Khan]], on [[sarod]],&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 51, 190.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[tabla]] player [[Alla Rakha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 112&quot; /&gt; As with Harrison's &quot;Bangla Desh&quot;, all profits from this recording would go to the newly established George Harrison–Ravi Shankar Special Emergency Relief Fund, to be distributed by [[UNICEF]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt;{{refn |group=nb|Around this time, a phone call went out to [[Mick Jagger]], who was forced to turn down Harrison's invitation to perform, due to [[the Rolling Stones]]' precarious situation as [[tax exile]]s in France.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 309&quot; /&gt;}} Also around the middle of July, the upcoming concert by &quot;George Harrison and Friends&quot; was announced &quot;via a minuscule ad buried in the back pages of the ''[[New York Times]]''&quot;, author [[Nicholas Schaffner]] wrote in 1977.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt; Tickets sold out in no time, leading to the announcement of a second show.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tillery p 98&quot;&gt;Tillery, p. 98.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 310&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Towards the end of the month, when all parties were due to meet in New York for rehearsals,&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 114&quot; /&gt; Harrison had the commitment of a backing band comprising Preston on keyboards, the four members of Badfinger on acoustic rhythm guitars and tambourine, Voormann and Keltner, on bass and drums, respectively, and saxophonist [[Jim Horn]]'s so-called &quot;Hollywood Horns&quot;, which included [[Chuck Findley]], [[Jackie Kelso]] and Lou McCreary.&lt;ref&gt;Clayson, pp. 309, 310.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 116&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 116.&lt;/ref&gt; Of the established stars, Leon Russell had committed also, but on the proviso that he be supported by members of his tour band.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 197&quot; /&gt; Eric Clapton insisted that he too would be there, even though O'Dell and other insiders, knowing of the guitarist's incapacity due to severe heroin addiction,&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 240&quot; /&gt; were surprised that Harrison had considered him for the occasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 309&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell pp 195–96&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among Harrison's former bandmates, Lennon initially agreed to take part in the concert without his wife and musical partner [[Yoko Ono]], as Harrison had apparently stipulated.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 42&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clayson, pp. 308–09.&lt;/ref&gt; Lennon then allegedly had an argument with Ono as a result of this agreement&lt;ref name=&quot;Alpert&quot; /&gt; and left New York in a rage two days before the concerts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 311&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 311.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Yoko Ono, [https://www.flickr.com/photos/yokoonoofficial/3385752173/ &quot;New York City&quot;], booklet accompanying ''[[John Lennon Anthology]]'' box set (EMI Records, 1998; produced by Yoko Ono &amp; Rob Stevens).&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|Lennon soon offered a different version of events, blaming manager [[Allen Klein]] for spreading false rumours, yet coming up with a story of his own that seemed to make a more damning case against himself: &quot;I just didn't feel like it. We were in the [[Virgin Islands]] and I certainly wasn't going to be rehearsing in New York, then going back to the Virgin Islands, then coming back up to New York and singing.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 45&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt;}} Starr's commitment had never been in question,&lt;ref name=&quot;Greene p 186&quot; /&gt; and he interrupted the filming of his movie ''[[Blindman]]'' in [[Almeria]], Spain, in order to attend.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 308&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tillery, p. 97.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Paul McCartney]] declined to take part, however, citing the bad feelings caused by the Beatles' legal problems on their break-up.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 308&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Woffinden p 49&quot;&gt;Woffinden, p. 49.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|In a November 1971 interview with [[Chris Charlesworth]] of ''[[Melody Maker]]'', McCartney said that his decision had been based partly on Klein's involvement. According to McCartney, a Beatles reunion would have been &quot;an historical event&quot;, for which &quot;Klein would have taken the credit&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 54&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Rehearsals==<br /> The Harrisons decamped to the Park Lane Hotel in New York City,&lt;ref name=&quot;Greene p 187&quot;&gt;Greene, p. 187.&lt;/ref&gt; and the first rehearsal took place on Monday, 26 July, at Nola Studios on [[West 57th Street]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 310&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 310.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 43&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 43.&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison had written a possible [[setlist]] for the concert while sketching design ideas for Shankar's ''Joi Bangla'' picture sleeve.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olivia p 288&quot;&gt;Olivia Harrison, p. 288.&lt;/ref&gt; As well as the songs he would go on to perform on 1 August, Harrison's list included his own compositions &quot;[[All Things Must Pass (song)|All Things Must Pass]]&quot; – &quot;with Leon [Russell]&quot;, apparently – &quot;[[Art of Dying (song)|Art of Dying]]&quot; and the just-recorded [[B-side]] &quot;[[Deep Blue (song)|Deep Blue]]&quot;; Clapton's song &quot;[[Let It Rain (Eric Clapton song)|Let It Rain]]&quot; appeared also, while the suggestions for Dylan's set were &quot;[[If Not for You]]&quot;, &quot;[[Watching the River Flow]]&quot; (his recent, Leon Russell-produced single)&lt;ref&gt;Heylin, p. 327.&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;[[Blowin' in the Wind]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olivia p 288&quot; /&gt; Only Harrison, Voormann, the six-piece horn section, and Badfinger's [[Pete Ham]], [[Joey Molland]], [[Tom Evans (musician)|Tom Evans]] and [[Mike Gibbins]] were at Nola Studios on that first day,&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 435&quot; /&gt; and subsequent rehearsals were similarly carried out in &quot;dribs and drabs&quot;, as Harrison put it.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 61&quot;&gt;George Harrison, p. 61.&lt;/ref&gt; Only the final run-through, on the night before the concert, resembled a complete band rehearsal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 241&quot;&gt;Spizer, p. 241.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|One such informal rehearsal took place in Harrison's hotel room, where he and guitarist [[Peter Frampton]] ran through the entire set – a measure, Frampton later realised, taken by Harrison to cover for the increasing likelihood of Clapton's non-attendance at the event.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mcapozzolijr.com/peterframpton.html |title=Peter Frampton |website=Interviews of Recording Artists |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120906031204/http://www.mcapozzolijr.com/peterframpton.html |archive-date=6 September 2012 |url-status=usurped |access-date=16 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Madison Square Garden 2011.jpg|thumb|left|The Madison Square Garden marquee, pictured in 2011]]<br /> On Tuesday, 27 July, Harrison and Shankar, accompanied by a pipe-smoking [[Allen Klein]], held a press conference to promote the two shows;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 43&quot; /&gt; notoriously performance-shy, Harrison said &quot;Just thinking about it makes me shake.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 122&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 122.&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;Bangla Desh&quot; charity single was issued in America on 28 July, with a UK release following two days later.&lt;ref name=&quot;Castleman &amp; Podrazik p 103&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 43&quot; /&gt; Ringo Starr arrived on the Thursday,&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt; and by Friday, 30 July, Russell was in town, interrupting his US tour.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 435&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 43&quot; /&gt; Russell's band members [[Claudia Lennear]] and [[Don Preston (guitarist)|Don Preston]] were added to Don Nix's choir of backing singers;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng pp 111–12&quot;&gt;Leng, pp. 111–12.&lt;/ref&gt; Preston would switch to lead guitar for Russell's solo spot during the shows, just as bassist [[Carl Radle]] would replace Voormann temporarily.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 311&quot; /&gt; By this point, Clapton's participation was gravely in doubt,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 309&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harry, p. 133.&lt;/ref&gt; and Harrison had drafted in [[Jesse Ed Davis]] as a probable replacement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris Mojo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Spizer, pp. 240–41.&lt;/ref&gt; The ex-[[Taj Mahal (musician)|Taj Mahal]] guitarist received last-minute coaching from Voormann,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 311&quot; /&gt; who was more than familiar with Harrison's songs, as well as those by Billy Preston and Starr.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 116&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klaus/Scorsese&quot;&gt;Klaus Voormann interview, in ''[[George Harrison: Living in the Material World]]'' DVD, 2011 (directed by Martin Scorsese; produced by Olivia Harrison, Nigel Sinclair &amp; Martin Scorsese).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The final rehearsal, the first for some of the participants, was combined with the concert [[soundcheck]], at Madison Square Garden, late on 31 July.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 43&quot; /&gt; Both Dylan and Clapton finally appeared at the soundcheck that night.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 199&quot;&gt;O'Dell, p. 199.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 119&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 119.&lt;/ref&gt; Even then, Clapton was in the early stages of [[Heroin#Withdrawal|heroin withdrawal]] – only a cameraman supplying him with some [[methadone]] would result in the English guitarist taking the stage the following day, after his then-girlfriend [[Alice Ormsby-Gore]] had been unsuccessful in purchasing uncut heroin for him on the street.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harris Mojo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tillery p 98&quot; /&gt; To Harrison's frustration, Dylan was having severe doubts about performing in such a big-event atmosphere&lt;ref&gt;Clayson, pp. 310, 311.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Leng, pp. 118, 120.&lt;/ref&gt; and still would not commit to playing.&lt;ref&gt;Greene, pp. 188, 191.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Look, it's not my scene, either,&quot; Harrison countered. &quot;At least you've played on your own in front of a crowd before. I've never done that.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 146&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 146.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Through Harrison's friendship with [[the Band]], [[Jonathan Taplin]] served as production manager, while [[Chip Monck]] was in charge of lighting.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 60&quot; /&gt; [[Gary Kellgren]] from the nearby [[Record Plant]] was brought in to record the concerts, overseen by Spector,&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 42&quot; /&gt; and &quot;Klein's people&quot;, led by director [[Saul Swimmer]], would handle the filming of the event.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 60&quot; /&gt; The official concert photographers were [[Tom Wilkes]] and [[Barry Feinstein]],&lt;ref&gt;Matt Hurwitz, &quot;Interview with Tom Wilkes&quot;, ''[[Goldmine Magazine|Goldmine]]'', 12 November 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; the pair responsible for the artwork on Harrison's acclaimed 1970 triple album, ''[[All Things Must Pass]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Spizer, pp. 226, 245.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|Wilkes also designed the picture sleeve for the &quot;Bangla Desh&quot; single, the front of which consisted of a collage of newspaper headlines relating to Bangladesh's thwarted efforts to gain international recognition.&lt;ref&gt;Spizer, pp. 235–36.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Stephen Stills]], having proceeded to sell out Madison Square Garden two days before the concert on 30 July, in support of his album, ''[[Stephen Stills 2]]'', allowed Harrison to use his stage, sound, lighting system and production manager but was upset when Harrison &quot;neglected to invite him to perform, mention his name, or say thank you&quot;. Stills then spent the show drunk in Ringo Starr's dressing room, &quot;barking at everyone&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1971/08/01/archives/stephen-stills-plays-at-garden-in-his-first-solo-concert-here.html|title=Stephen Stills Plays at Garden In His First Solo Concert Here|last=Jahn|first=Mike|date=1 August 1971|work=The New York Times|access-date=13 August 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZBKDgAAQBAJ&amp;q=stephen+stills+horn+dave+zimmer&amp;pg=PT244|title=Crosby, Stills &amp; Nash: The Biography|last=Zimmer|first=Dave|year=1984|isbn=0-7867-2611-3|pages=52–53|publisher=Hachette Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Concert programme==<br /> <br /> ===Afternoon show===<br /> Except for brief support roles in December 1969 for both the [[Delaney &amp; Bonnie and Friends]] band and Lennon's [[Plastic Ono Band]], the Concert for Bangladesh was Harrison's first live appearance before a paying audience since [[the Beatles]] had quit touring in August 1966.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 115&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 115.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Doggett, p. 173.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|In his interview for [[Martin Scorsese]]'s 2011 documentary ''[[George Harrison: Living in the Material World|Living in the Material World]]'', [[Klaus Voormann]] talks about the magnitude of Harrison's ordeal that day, facing the first full house of 20,000 concert-goers: &quot;He actually went up there and talked to an audience – I think that must've been about the first time he's ever done this&amp;nbsp;... he knew it's going to be filmed, it's going to be used. To talk to an audience, it's very, very difficult&amp;nbsp;...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klaus/Scorsese&quot; /&gt;}} Dylan had stopped touring that same year, although he had made a moderately successful comeback in August 1969 at the [[Isle of Wight Festival 1969|Isle of Wight Festival]],&lt;ref&gt;Heylin, pp. 308–09.&lt;/ref&gt; his most recent live performance at this point.&lt;ref&gt;Sounes, pp. 266–67.&lt;/ref&gt; Speaking in 2005, ''Rolling Stone'' founder [[Jann Wenner]] described the &quot;buzz&quot; preceding the first Concert for Bangladesh show as being at a level unexperienced in New York since the Beatles' 1966 visit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wenner/CFBD Revisited interviews&quot;&gt;Interview with Jann Wenner, in ''The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Ravi Shankar.jpg|thumb|135px|left|Ravi Shankar (pictured in 1969)]]<br /> In his role as master of ceremonies, Harrison began the afternoon show by asking the audience to &quot;try to get into&quot; the opening, [[Indian music]] portion of the programme.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tillery p 98&quot; /&gt; He then introduced [[Ravi Shankar]] and the latter's fellow musicians – [[sarod]]ya [[Ali Akbar Khan]], [[tabla]] player [[Alla Rakha]], and [[Kamala Chakravarty]] on [[Tanpura (instrument)|tamboura]].&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 190–91.&lt;/ref&gt; Shankar first explained the reason for the concerts, after which the four musicians performed a traditional [[dhun]], in the format of a [[khyal]] rather than a standard [[raga]], titled &quot;Bangla Dhun&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 191.&lt;/ref&gt; Their set included a second piece, authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter suggest, citing Harrison's own description that each show's Indian music segment lasted for three-quarters of an hour, whereas only seventeen minutes of music appears on the ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|Concert for Bangladesh]]'' live album.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 436&quot; /&gt;{{refn |group=nb|Similarly, in his concert review for ''[[The New York Times]]'', [[Mike Jahn]] wrote of &quot;two selections of Indian music&quot; performed by Shankar and Khan: &quot;an afternoon raga and a composition&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Mike Jahn, &quot;George Harrison et al.: Concert for Bangla Desh, Madison Square Garden, New York NY&quot;, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 2 August 1971; available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-et-al-concert-for-bangla-desh-madison-square-garden-new-york-ny Rock's Backpages] (''subscription required''; retrieved 20 March 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;}} The recital was afforded a &quot;fidgety respect&quot; from fans eager to discover the identity of Harrison's advertised &quot;Friends&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 312&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 312.&lt;/ref&gt; although the audience's goodwill was more than evident.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 311&quot; /&gt; A short intermission ensued while the stage was cleared and a Dutch TV film was shown,&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 436&quot;&gt;Madinger &amp; Easter, p. 436.&lt;/ref&gt; displaying footage of the atrocities and natural tragedies taking place in former East Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 122&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box |quote=It was magical. That's the only way to describe it, because nobody had ever seen anything like that before, that amount of star power&amp;nbsp;... all in two hours onstage at one time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Olivia p 286&quot;&gt;Olivia Harrison, p. 286.&lt;/ref&gt; |source=– Phil Spector, 2011 |width=25% |align=left |style=padding:8px;}}<br /> To thunderous applause from the New York crowd,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 312&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 192&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 192.&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison appeared on stage along with his temporary band, comprising [[Ringo Starr]], a very sick&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt; [[Eric Clapton]], [[Leon Russell]], [[Billy Preston]], Klaus Voormann, [[Jim Keltner]] and eighteen others.&lt;ref&gt;Castleman &amp; Podrazik, pp. 195–96.&lt;/ref&gt; Backed by this &quot;full [[Phil Spector]]/''All Things Must Pass'' rock orchestra&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 147&quot; /&gt; Harrison began the Western portion of the concert with &quot;[[Wah-Wah (song)|Wah-Wah]]&quot;, followed by his Beatles hit song' &quot;[[Something (Beatles song)|Something]]&quot; and the [[Gospel music|gospel]]-rocker &quot;[[Awaiting on You All]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 436&quot; /&gt; Harrison then handed the spotlight over to Preston, who performed his only sizeable hit (thus far), &quot;[[That's the Way God Planned It (song)|That's the Way God Planned It]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 313&quot; /&gt; followed by Starr, whose song &quot;[[It Don't Come Easy]]&quot; had recently established the drummer as a solo artist.&lt;ref&gt;Woffinden, pp. 45, 47.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez pp 29, 42&quot;&gt;Rodriguez, pp. 29, 42.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|Beatles authors note that &quot;It Don't Come Easy&quot; outperformed singles by Starr's former bandmates during this period&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez pp 29, 42&quot; /&gt; – namely, Lennon's &quot;[[Power to the People (song)|Power to the People]]&quot;, Harrison's &quot;Bangla Desh&quot; and McCartney's &quot;[[Another Day (Paul McCartney song)|Another Day]]&quot; and &quot;[[The Back Seat of My Car]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Schaffner, p. 140.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Woffinden, p. 45.&lt;/ref&gt; Like &quot;That's the Way God Planned It&quot;, Starr's hit song was originally produced by Harrison in London.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 243&quot;&gt;Spizer, p. 243.&lt;/ref&gt;}} Nicholas Schaffner was in the audience for this first show and later described Starr's turn as having received the &quot;biggest ovation&quot; of the afternoon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:BANGLADESHconcert1971LipackOWNER (cropped 2).jpg|right|thumb|230px|Scene from the concert]]<br /> Next up was Harrison's &quot;[[Beware of Darkness (song)|Beware of Darkness]]&quot;, with guest vocals on the third verse by Russell, who covered the song on his concurrent album, ''[[Leon Russell and the Shelter People]]'' (1971).&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 243&quot; /&gt; After pausing to introduce the band, Harrison followed this with one of the best-received moments in both the shows – a charging version of the [[White Album]] track &quot;[[While My Guitar Gently Weeps]]&quot;, featuring him and Clapton &quot;duelling&quot; on lead guitar during the long instrumental playout.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 313&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 313.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Leng, pp. 117–18.&lt;/ref&gt; Both the band introduction and &quot;While My Guitar Gently Weeps&quot; are among the few selections from the afternoon show that were included on the album and in the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 243&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 438&quot;&gt;Madinger &amp; Easter, p. 438.&lt;/ref&gt; Another one was Leon Russell's medley of [[the Rolling Stones]]' &quot;[[Jumpin' Jack Flash]]&quot; and [[the Coasters]]' &quot;[[Young Blood (The Coasters song)|Young Blood]]&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter p 438&quot; /&gt; which was also a highlight of Russell's live shows at the time.&lt;ref&gt;Bruce Eder, [{{Allmusic |class=album |id=r17175/review |pure_url=yes}} &quot;Leon Russell ''Leon Live''&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 20 May 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; With [[Don Preston (guitarist)|Don Preston]] crossing the stage to play lead guitar with Harrison, there were now temporarily four electric guitarists in the line-up.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 313&quot; /&gt; Don Preston, Harrison and [[Claudia Lennear]] supplied supporting vocals behind Russell.<br /> <br /> In an effective change of pace,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 192&quot; /&gt; Harrison picked up his acoustic guitar, now alone on the stage save for [[Pete Ham]] on a second acoustic,&lt;ref name=&quot;Matovina p 143&quot;&gt;Matovina, p. 143.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Don Nix]]'s gospel choir, off to stage-left.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 119&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 314&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 314.&lt;/ref&gt; The ensuing &quot;[[Here Comes the Sun]]&quot; – the first live performance of the song – was also warmly received.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 43&quot; /&gt;{{refn |group=nb|In a subsequent interview, Ham stated that Harrison only approached him about performing &quot;Here Comes the Sun&quot; the day before the concerts, and that the two guitarists never rehearsed the song together.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matovina p 143&quot; /&gt;}} At this point, Harrison switched back to his white [[Fender Stratocaster]] electric guitar and, as recounted to [[Anthony DeCurtis]] in 1987, he looked down at the setlist taped to the body of the guitar and saw the word &quot;Bob&quot; followed by a question mark.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 146&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 314&quot; /&gt; &quot;And I looked around,&quot; Harrison recalled of [[Bob Dylan]]'s entrance, &quot;and ''he'' was so nervous – he had his guitar on and his shades – he was sort of coming on, coming ''[pumps his arms and shoulders]'' ... It was only at that moment that I knew for sure he was going to do it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 146&quot; /&gt; Among the audience, Schaffner wrote, there was &quot;total astonishment&quot; at this new arrival.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 146&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> As Harrison had envisaged,&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 121&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; Dylan's mini-set was the crowning glory of the Concert for Bangladesh for many observers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 314&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Heylin, p. 329.&lt;/ref&gt; Backed by just Harrison, Russell (now playing Voormann's [[Fender Precision]] bass) and Starr on tambourine, Dylan played five of his decade-defining songs from the 1960s:&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', pp. 122–23.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall]]&quot;, &quot;[[Blowin' in the Wind]]&quot;, &quot;[[It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry]]&quot;, &quot;[[Love Minus Zero/No Limit]]&quot; and &quot;[[Just Like a Woman]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 147&quot;&gt;Schaffner, p. 147.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Harrison and the band then returned to perform a final segment, consisting of &quot;[[Hear Me Lord]]&quot; and his recent international number one hit, &quot;[[My Sweet Lord]]&quot;, followed by the song of the moment – &quot;[[Bangla Desh (song)|Bangla Desh]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 312&quot; /&gt;<br /> {{-}}<br /> <br /> ===Evening show===<br /> Harrison was reportedly delighted with the outcome of the first show, as was Dylan, who accompanied him back to the Park Lane Hotel afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 200&quot;&gt;O'Dell, p. 200.&lt;/ref&gt; They discussed possible changes to the [[setlist]] for the evening performance,&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 200&quot; /&gt; beginning at 8&amp;nbsp;pm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 241&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The songs played and their sequence differed slightly between the first and second shows, most noticeably with Harrison's opening and closing mini-sets.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter pp 436-37&quot;&gt;Madinger &amp; Easter, pp. 436–37.&lt;/ref&gt; After &quot;Wah-Wah&quot;, he brought &quot;My Sweet Lord&quot; forward in the order, followed by &quot;Awaiting on You All&quot;, before handing it over to Billy Preston.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 147&quot; /&gt; The afternoon's &quot;creaky&quot; &quot;Hear Me Lord&quot; was dropped,&lt;ref&gt;Clayson, pp. 312–13.&lt;/ref&gt; so that the post-Dylan band segment consisted of only two numbers: &quot;Something&quot;, to close the show, and a particularly passionate reading of &quot;Bangla Desh&quot;, as an [[encore]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 118&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 118.&lt;/ref&gt; Dylan likewise made some changes, swapping &quot;Blowin' in the Wind&quot; and &quot;It Takes a Lot to Laugh&quot; in the order, and then playing a well-received &quot;[[Mr. Tambourine Man]]&quot; in place of &quot;Love Minus Zero&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter pp 436-37&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The second show was widely acknowledged as superior to the afternoon performance,&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 60&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', pp. 121–22.&lt;/ref&gt; although ''[[Village Voice]]'' reviewer Don Heckman noted that many in the audience reacted to the Shankar–Khan opening set with a lack of respect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heckman&quot;&gt;Don Heckman, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101225135947/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2010/12/george_harrison_1.php &quot;The Event Wound Up as a Love Feast&quot;] , ''[[Village Voice]]'', 5 August 1971 (retrieved 14 May 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; Not aiding the Indian musicians was the failure of a microphone on Rakha's hand drums, Heckman observed, so denying the crowd a vital element of the musical interplay between [[sitar]] and sarod.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heckman&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Billy Preston perforning in 1971.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|Billy Preston, pictured in 1971]]<br /> During the Western portion of the show, Harrison's voice was more confident this time around, the music &quot;perhaps slightly more lustrous&quot;, according to ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', pp. 121, 122.&lt;/ref&gt; Towards the end of &quot;That's the Way God Planned It&quot;, Preston felt compelled to get up from behind his [[Hammond organ]] and take a show-stealing boogie across the front of the stage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 313&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Heckman&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Dylan's walk-on was again the show's &quot;real cortex-snapping moment&quot;, Heckman opined.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heckman&quot; /&gt; Dylan finished his final song, &quot;Just Like a Woman&quot;, with a victorious salute – &quot;holding up both fists like a [[strongman]]&quot;, ''Rolling Stone''{{'}}s reviewer remarked shortly afterwards.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt; Following Dylan's set, Harrison introduced the band,&lt;ref name=&quot;Madinger &amp; Easter pp 436-37&quot; /&gt; before taking the show &quot;to yet another peak&quot; with &quot;Something&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt; Watching from the wings, [[Pattie Harrison]] described her husband's performance throughout that evening as &quot;magnificent&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 202&quot;&gt;O'Dell, p. 202.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote box |quote=What happened is now history: it was one of the most moving and intense musical experiences of the century.&lt;ref&gt;Ravi Shankar's introduction, booklet accompanying ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangladesh]]'' reissue (Sony BMG, 2005; produced by George Harrison &amp; Phil Spector), p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt; |source=– Ravi Shankar, 2005 |width=25% |align=right |style=padding:8px;}}<br /> Following the two sellout concerts, all the participants attended a celebratory party in a basement club known as Ungano's.&lt;ref name=&quot;O'Dell p 202&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 44&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 44.&lt;/ref&gt; Dylan was so elated, Harrison recalled 16 years later, &quot;He picked me up and hugged me and he said, 'God! If only we'd done ''three'' shows!'&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 146&quot; /&gt; Like Harrison, the experience of playing at Madison Square that day did not lead to Dylan immediately re-embracing the concert stage;&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp. 192–93.&lt;/ref&gt; only a brief guest appearance with [[the Band]] on [[New Year's Eve]] 1971–72 and sitting in during a [[John Prine]] club gig eventuated before he returned to touring in January 1974.&lt;ref&gt;Heylin, pp. 330, 335.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=nb|Dylan made a brief return to writing [[protest song]]s, however, for the first time since 1963–64, with the non-album single &quot;[[George Jackson (song)|George Jackson]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;''The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock &amp; Roll'', p. 291.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CSM/Mojo&quot;&gt;Charles Shaar Murray, &quot;George Harrison et al: ''Concert for Bangla Desh''&quot;, ''[[Mojo (magazine)|Mojo]]'', March 2002; available at [http://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison-et-al-iconcert-for-bangla-deshi Rock's Backpages] (''subscription required''; retrieved 10 June 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; He recorded this song in New York in November 1971, again with Russell.&lt;ref&gt;Heylin, pp. 330–31.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The post-concert party featured live performances from Harrison and Preston, after which a &quot;roaring drunk&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 314&quot; /&gt; Phil Spector played a &quot;unique&quot; version of &quot;[[Da Doo Ron Ron]]&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 44&quot; /&gt; The celebrations broke up in the early hours once [[Keith Moon]] of [[the Who]] began smashing up the drum kit, which actually belonged to Badfinger's [[Mike Gibbins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 44&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 154&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 154.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{-}}<br /> <br /> ==Reviews==<br /> Harrison's manager, [[Allen Klein]], immediately boasted of the entirely peaceful nature of the event: &quot;There was no rioting. Not one policeman was allowed in there&amp;nbsp;... Zero!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 44&quot; /&gt; In fact, as reported in ''The Village Voice'' on 12 August, midway through the evening show, a crowd of 200 non-ticket-holders charged and broke through the doors of Madison Square Garden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenbaum&quot;&gt;Ron Rosenbaum, [https://web.archive.org/web/20101226164642/http://blogs.villagevoice.com/runninscared/2010/12/wavy_gravy_gets.php &quot;Who Clubbed the Clown?&quot;] , ''[[The Village Voice]]'', 12 August 1971 (retrieved 14 May 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|A force of 100 security guards and [[New York City police]] then [[Baton (law enforcement)|clubbed]] the crowd, during which [[counterculture]] figure [[Wavy Gravy]], who was seriously ill, was allegedly hit from behind after showing the officers that he did indeed have a valid ticket.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenbaum&quot; /&gt;}} Aside from this episode, press reports concerning the Concert for Bangladesh shows were overwhelmingly positive.<br /> <br /> The appearance of Bob Dylan on the same stage as two former Beatles caused a sensation,&lt;ref&gt;Sounes, p. 267.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 148&quot;&gt;Schaffner, p. 148.&lt;/ref&gt; and lavish praise was bestowed on George Harrison.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez p 51&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Woffinden, pp. 51, 52.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[Beatlemania]] Sweeps a City!&quot; was a typical headline,&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 327&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 327.&lt;/ref&gt; and in Britain the ''[[NME]]'' declared the concerts &quot;The Greatest Rock Spectacle of the Decade!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 45&quot; /&gt; ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'' described the artists' performances as &quot;their best music ever&quot; and commented on the likelihood of a live album from the concerts: &quot;there is no politics involved. What is involved is starving children and for once, relief through 35 musicians who should represent the feeling of anyone who loves their music.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Bob Glassenberg, [https://books.google.com/books?id=bEUEAAAAMBAJ&amp;q=bangla &quot;Harrison &amp; Friends Dish Out Super Concert for Pakistan Aid&quot;], ''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'', 14 August 1971, p. 18 (retrieved 31 October 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dylan's choice of songs, particularly the &quot;apocalyptic&quot; &quot;A Hard Rain's A-Gonna Fall&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 118&quot; /&gt; were found to have a new relevance in the context of the early 1970s&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 244&quot;&gt;Spizer, p. 244.&lt;/ref&gt; – the words made &quot;the more chilling for the passage of years&quot;, opined ''Rolling Stone''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 121&quot;&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', p. 121.&lt;/ref&gt; The same publication stated of Starr's contribution: &quot;Seeing Ringo Starr drumming and singing on stage has a joy in it that is one of the happiest feelings on earth still.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 148&quot; /&gt; Ravi Shankar's role as concert instigator and the true conscience of the UNICEF shows was also noted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 123&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 44&quot; /&gt; Musically, ''The Village Voice'' observed, the pairing of Shankar and Ali Akbar Khan was &quot;almost as unique as the mix of Dylan and Harrison&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heckman&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In the wider [[counterculture of the 1960s|countercultural]] context of the time, with disillusion increasingly rife with each post-[[Woodstock]] rock event,&lt;ref name=&quot;Heckman&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 148&quot; /&gt; commentators viewed the concerts as, in the words of ''Rolling Stone'', &quot;a brief incandescent revival of all that was best about the Sixties&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', pp. 121, 154.&lt;/ref&gt; Writing in 1981, ''NME'' critic [[Bob Woffinden]] likened it to a &quot;rediscovery of faith&quot;, adding: &quot;Harrison had put rock music back on course.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Woffinden p 51&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Among Harrison's biographers, [[Alan Clayson]] describes the 1971–72 period covering the concerts and their associated releases as &quot;the George Harrison Moment&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Clayson, p. 318.&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Gary Tillery]] states: &quot;The Concert for Bangladesh sealed Harrison's stature as something more than just a major celebrity&amp;nbsp;... He changed the perception of recording artists, making it clear they could be good world citizens too – willing to set aside their egos and paychecks in order to help people who were suffering.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tillery, p. 100.&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[Niaz Alam]], writing in the ''[[Dhaka Tribune]]'', &quot;On artistic merit alone, as encapsulated in the film and LP, the Concert for Bangladesh perhaps holds up better than Woodstock in showcasing the best of its era in terms of music, optimism, and goodwill.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alam/DhakaTribune&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath==<br /> <br /> {{See also|The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|The Concert for Bangladesh (film)|The Day the World Gets 'Round}}<br /> {{quote box |quote=The money we raised was secondary. The main thing was, we spread the word and helped get the war ended&amp;nbsp;... What we did show was that musicians and people are more humane than politicians.&lt;ref&gt;Greene, pp. 193–94.&lt;/ref&gt; |source=– George Harrison, 1992 |width=25% |align=left |style=padding:8px;}}<br /> Politically, as Bangladeshi historian [[Farida Majid]] would note, the &quot;warmth, care and goodwill&quot; of the August 1971 concerts &quot;echoed all over the world&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 119&quot; /&gt; inspiring volunteers to approach UNICEF and offer their assistance, as well as eliciting private donations to the Bangladesh disaster fund.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 317&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 317.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 194.&lt;/ref&gt; Although the altruistic spirit would soon wane once more, the Concert for Bangladesh is invariably seen as the inspiration and model for subsequent rock charity benefits, from 1985's [[Live Aid]] and [[Farm Aid]] to [[the Concert for New York City]] and [[Live 8]] in the twenty-first century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 43&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez p 51&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alpert&quot;&gt;Neal Alpert, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120303010643/http://www.gadflyonline.com/12-3-01/music-georgeharrison.html &quot;George Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh&quot;]}}, [[Gadfly Online]], 3 December 2001 (archived from [http://www.gadflyonline.com/12-3-01/music-georgeharrison.html the original] on 3 March 2012, retrieved 14 May 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike those later concerts, which benefitted from continuous media coverage of the causes they supported, the Harrison–Shankar project was responsible for identifying the problem and establishing Bangladesh's plight in the minds of mainstream Western society.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 111&quot; /&gt; According to Gary Tillery: &quot;Because of its positioning as a humanitarian effort, all descriptions of the show included a summary of the catastrophe in South Asia. Overnight, because of their fascination with rock stars, masses of people became educated about geopolitical events they had not even been aware of the week before. The tragedy in Bangladesh moved to the fore as an international issue.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tillery p 99&quot;&gt;Tillery, p. 99.&lt;/ref&gt; One of these revelations was that America was supplying weaponry and financial aid to the Pakistani army, led by [[General Yahya Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;Lavezzoli, pp 189, 194.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:geldofsigning.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.75|[[Bob Geldof]] (pictured at a promotional event for [[Live 8]]) acknowledged the Concert for Bangladesh as his inspiration for staging [[Live Aid]] in 1985.]]<br /> Harrison's musical biographer, Simon Leng, identifies friendship as the key factor behind the success of the two UNICEF shows, both in bringing all the participants together on the stage and in the affection with which the audience and music critics viewed the event.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leng p 120&quot;&gt;Leng, p. 120.&lt;/ref&gt; Klaus Voormann, a close friend of Harrison's since 1960, has often cited this quality as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sullivan&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Klaus/Scorsese&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Friendship played out through the next, significantly more lucrative stages of the Bangladesh relief project,&lt;ref name=&quot;Woffinden p 51&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 315&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 315.&lt;/ref&gt; as the associated [[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|live album]] and [[The Concert for Bangladesh (film)|concert film]] were prepared for release.&lt;ref name=&quot;Spizer p 241&quot; /&gt; Harrison had assured all the main performers that their appearance would be removed from these releases if the event turned out &quot;lousy&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 79&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; to save anyone having to risk possible embarrassment.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 61&quot; /&gt; Having sent out personalised letters of thanks to all the participants on 1 September,&lt;ref&gt;Olivia Harrison, p. 294.&lt;/ref&gt; he expressed his gratitude further by guesting on Billy Preston's [[I Wrote a Simple Song|first album]] on [[A&amp;M Records]] that autumn and donating a [[Sue Me, Sue You Blues|new song]] to Jesse Ed Davis.&lt;ref&gt;Castleman &amp; Podrazik, pp. 106, 112.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Rodriguez, p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Around the same time, there were rumours of a possible repeat of the New York concerts, to be held at London's [[Wembley Stadium]] in early October.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 45&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 316&quot;&gt;Clayson, p. 316.&lt;/ref&gt; Harrison and Klein quashed the idea, but an English version of the Concert for Bangladesh did take place, at [[The Oval]] in south London on 18 September.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 45&quot; /&gt; Titled &quot;Goodbye to Summer – a rock concert in aid of famine relief of Bangla Desh&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Alam/DhakaTribune&quot; /&gt; it included performances by [[the Who]], [[the Faces]], [[Mott the Hoople]], [[America (band)|America]], [[Lindisfarne (band)|Lindisfarne]] and [[Quintessence (English band)|Quintessence]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 45&quot; /&gt;{{refn|group=nb|The event attracted close to 40,000 fans and raised £15,000 for the cause.&lt;ref&gt;Martin Williamson, [https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22902896/the-oval-drugs-rocknroll &quot;The Oval, Drugs and Rock'n'Roll&quot;], ''[[ESPNcricinfo]]'', 5 October 2007 (retrieved 20 December 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;}} Bangladesh refugees were also one of several charitable causes supported at the [[Weeley Festival]], held near Clacton-on-Sea in Essex in late August.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alam/DhakaTribune&quot;&gt;Niaz Alam, [https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/2019/11/28/all-the-concert-s-for-bangladesh &quot;All the Concert(s) for Bangladesh&quot;], ''[[Dhaka Tribune]]'', 28 November 2019 (retrieved 1 February 2021).&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 September, George and Pattie Harrison arrived home in the UK, with mixing having been completed on the upcoming live album, and Harrison due to meet with [[Patrick Jenkin]] of the British [[HM Treasury|Treasury]], to deal with the unforeseen obstacle of [[purchase tax]] being levied on the album.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 316&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Badman, pp. 49, 50.&lt;/ref&gt; This was one of a number of problems that hindered Harrison's Bangladesh project following the Madison Square Garden shows,&lt;ref&gt;Woffinden, pp. 51–52.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Clayson, pp. 315–16.&lt;/ref&gt; and the British politician would allegedly tell him: &quot;Sorry! It is all very well for your high ideals, but Britain equally needs the money!&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 50&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 50.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|An Australian version of the Concert for Bangladesh was held at the [[Myer Music Bowl]] in Melbourne on 20 April 1975. The acts included [[Daddy Cool (band)|Daddy Cool]], [[Ayers Rock (band)|Ayers Rock]], [[Phil Manning (musician)|Phil Manning]] and [[AC/DC]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.onlymelbourne.com.au/ac-dc &quot;AC/DC&quot;], Only Melbourne (retrieved 20 December 2019).&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[File:George Harrison Sculpture at Shadhinotar Shangram Triangle.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|George Harrison sculpture in [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh]]<br /> On 5 June 1972, in recognition of their &quot;pioneering&quot; fundraising efforts for the refugees of Bangladesh, George Harrison, Ravi Shankar and Allen Klein were jointly honoured by UNICEF with its &quot;Child Is the Father of the Man&quot; award.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 74&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 74.&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2008, seven years after Harrison's death, the [[BBC]] reported that moves were under way in the Bangladeshi High Court to have Harrison officially recognised and honoured as a hero for his role during the troubled birth of the nation.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7777680.stm &quot;Bangladesh 'Beatle Hero' Move&quot;], [[BBC News Online]], 11 December 2008 (retrieved 14 May 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Writing in 2003, author [[Bill Harry]] bemoaned the lack of recognition afforded Harrison in the [[UK honours system]] for his staging of the Concert for Bangladesh. Harry said that, given the influence of the event and Harrison's other charitable activities, and also how his company [[HandMade Films]] &quot;virtually revived the British film industry&quot;, it was &quot;difficult to equate&quot; his [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|MBE]] status (which he gained in 1965 as a member of the Beatles) with the knighthoods or other higher orders lavished on the likes of [[Bob Geldof]], comedians, pop stars and other figures in the music business.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harry p 135&quot; /&gt;{{refn|group=nb|[[Geoffrey Cannon]], in a 2019 update accompanying the re-publication at [[Rock's Backpages]] of his 1972 ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'' review of the ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|Concert for Bangladesh]]'' live album, said this lack of state recognition for Harrison was &quot;inexplicable&quot;, given that McCartney was knighted in 1997 and Shankar was awarded the Indian equivalent in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Geoffrey Cannon, &quot;George Harrison &amp; Friends: ''The Concert for Bangladesh'' (Apple)&quot;, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 4 January 1972; available at [https://rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/george-harrison--friends-ithe-concert-for-bangladeshi-apple Rock's Backpages] (subscription required).&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> ==Funds and controversy==<br /> &lt;!--[[File:Concert For Bangladesh Cover.jpg|thumbnail|left|160px|Cover of the 2005 reissue of the ''Concert for Bangladesh'' DVD]]--&gt;<br /> The two Madison Square Garden shows raised US$243,418.50, which was given to [[UNICEF]] to administer on 12 August 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 45&quot; /&gt; By December, [[Capitol Records]] presented a cheque to [[Apple Corps]] for around $3,750,000 for advance sales of the ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (album)|Concert for Bangladesh]]'' live album.&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 58&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 58.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harry, p. 136.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Aside from complaints regarding the high retail price for the three-record set, particularly in Britain&lt;ref&gt;Carr &amp; Tyler, p. 99.&lt;/ref&gt; – a result of the government's refusal to waive its tax surcharge – controversy soon surrounded the project's fundraising.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 43&quot; /&gt; Most importantly, Klein had failed to register the event as a UNICEF benefit beforehand,&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 193&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Soocher, pp. xii, 200.&lt;/ref&gt; and it was subsequently denied [[tax-exempt]] status by the US Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson p 316&quot; /&gt; As a result, most of the money was held in an [[Internal Revenue Service]] [[escrow]] account for ten years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lavezzoli p 193&quot;&gt;Lavezzoli, p. 193.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Woffinden p 52&quot;&gt;Woffinden, p. 52.&lt;/ref&gt; In an interview with [[Derek Taylor]] for his [[I, Me, Mine|autobiography]] in the late 1970s, Harrison put this figure at between $8&amp;nbsp;million and $10&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref name=&quot;IMM p 61&quot; /&gt; Before then, in early 1972, ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine reported that some of the proceeds remained unaccounted for and had found their way into Klein's accounts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaffner p 148&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Woffinden p 51&quot; /&gt; Klein responded by suing the magazine for $150&amp;nbsp;million in damages,&lt;ref&gt;Jay Cocks, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071001004315/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,944505,00.html &quot;Sweet Sounds&quot;]}}, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 17 April 1972 (retrieved 12 December 2006).&lt;/ref&gt; and although the suit was later withdrawn, the accusations attracted unwelcome scrutiny at a time when questions were also being asked about Klein's mismanagement of the Beatles' finances.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clayson pp 332−33&quot;&gt;Clayson, pp. 332–33.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Badman p 72&quot;&gt;Badman, p. 72.&lt;/ref&gt; That year, an estimated $2&amp;nbsp;million had gone to the refugees via UNICEF before the IRS audit of Apple got under way; finally, in 1981, $8.8&amp;nbsp;million was added to that total following the audit.&lt;ref name=&quot;RS Encyclopedia&quot;&gt;''The New Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock &amp; Roll'', p. 419.&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn|group=nb|Klein's handling of the Bangladesh project, and the suspicion of financial impropriety on his part,&lt;ref&gt;Rodriguez, p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt; was one of the main reasons that Harrison, Lennon and Starr chose not to renew his management contract in March 1973.&lt;ref&gt;Doggett, pp. 192–93.&lt;/ref&gt; In their lawsuit against Klein in November that year, they cited his failure to prearrange official charity status for the event, among several other complaints.&lt;ref&gt;Doggett, p. 212.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> By June 1985, according to an article in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', nearly $12&amp;nbsp;million had been sent to Bangladesh for relief.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston/LA Times&quot;&gt;David Johnston, &quot;Bangladesh: The Benefit That Almost Wasn't&quot;, ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 2 June 1985, p. R3.&lt;/ref&gt; Around this time, according to music journalist [[Mikal Gilmore]], Harrison gave Geldof &quot;meticulous advice&quot; to ensure that Live Aid's estimated £50&amp;nbsp;million found its way, as intended, to victims of the [[1984–1985 famine in Ethiopia|Ethiopian famine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Eds of RS p 43&quot; /&gt; In an interview to promote the 1991 CD release of ''The Concert for Bangladesh'', Harrison said that $13.5&amp;nbsp;million had been raised in the early 1970s, from the concert and the accompanying album and film. He added that, while this figure paled in comparison to ventures such as Live Aid, &quot;you have to remember, that was at a time when nobody was really aware of this kind of benefit concert, certainly there hadn't been anything like that, and, of course, $13.5&amp;nbsp;million back then was probably much more than it's worth now.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Harry, p. 137.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Speaking in the 1990s, Harrison said of the Bangladesh relief effort: &quot;Now it's all settled and the UN own the rights to it themselves, and I think there's been about 45 million dollars made.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Huntley, p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt; Sales of the DVD and CD of the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh continue to benefit the cause,&lt;ref&gt;Ingham, p. 133.&lt;/ref&gt; now known as the George Harrison Fund for UNICEF.&lt;ref name=&quot;Friends&quot;&gt;''The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GH Fund4UNICEF&quot;&gt;[http://www.unicefusa.org/news/news-from-the-field/the-george-harrison-fund-for-u.html &quot;The George Harrison Fund for UNICEF asks 'Help us save some lives': Concert for Bangladesh 40th Anniversary&quot;], [[UNICEF]], 13 October 2011 (retrieved 30 October 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> The Concert for Bangladesh was satirised in two episodes of ''[[The Simpsons]]'': &quot;[[Like Father, Like Clown]]&quot; and &quot;[[I'm with Cupid]]&quot;. In the former, [[Krusty]] plays the album while a visitor at the Simpsons household.&lt;ref&gt;Richmond &amp; Coffman, p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt; In &quot;I'm with Cupid&quot;, [[Apu Nahasapeemapetilon|Apu]]'s record collection contains ''The Concert Against Bangladesh'', which features a picture of a mushroom cloud on the cover,&lt;ref&gt;Harry, p. 344.&lt;/ref&gt; reflecting contemporary Indian−Pakistani nuclear rivalry in the region.&lt;ref&gt;Benjamin Robinson, {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20000816013825/http://www.snpp.com/episodes/AABF11 &quot;I'm With Cupid/AABF11&quot;]}}, The Simpsons Archive, 21 September 1999 (archived version retrieved 5 December 2015).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The July 1974 (&quot;Dessert&quot;) issue of ''[[National Lampoon (magazine)|National Lampoon]]'' magazine satirised [[Tom Wilkes]]' original cover design for ''The Concert for Bangladesh'', by using a chocolate version of the starving child, the head of which has had a bite taken out of it.&lt;ref&gt;Mark Simonson, [http://www.marksverylarge.com/issues/7407.html &quot;''National Lampoon'' Issue #52 – Dessert&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723175648/http://www.marksverylarge.com/issues/7407.html |date=23 July 2008 }}, marksverylarge.com (retrieved 15 October 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; Two years before this, the National Lampoon team spoofed Harrison's humanitarian role on record, in their track &quot;The Concert in Bangla Desh&quot; on the ''[[Radio Dinner]]'' album.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez pp 96-97&quot;&gt;Rodriguez, pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt; In the sketch, two Bangladeshi stand-up comedians (played by [[Tony Hendra]] and [[Christopher Guest]]) perform to starving refugees in an attempt to collect a bowlful of rice so that &quot;George Harrison&quot; can mount a [[hunger strike]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rodriguez pp 96-97&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Mark Simonson, [http://www.marksverylarge.com/recordings/radiodinner.html &quot;''National Lampoon Radio Dinner'' (1972)&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125175408/http://marksverylarge.com/recordings/radiodinner.html |date=25 November 2010 }}, marksverylarge.com (retrieved 21 October 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Crowd noises from the Concert for Bangladesh were put into [[Aerosmith]]'s cover of &quot;[[Train Kept A-Rollin']]&quot; by producer [[Jack Douglas (record producer)|Jack Douglas]].&lt;ref&gt;Greg Prato, [http://www.allmusic.com/song/the-train-kept-a-rollin-mt0005989550 &quot;Aerosmith 'Train Kept A-Rollin'&quot;], [[AllMusic]] (retrieved 15 October 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; Some of stills photographer [[Barry Feinstein]]'s shots from the 1971 concerts were used on the covers of subsequent albums by the participating artists, notably the compilations ''[[Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II]]'' and ''[[The History of Eric Clapton]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woffinden p 51&quot;&gt;Woffinden, p. 51.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Interview with Barry Feinstein, in ''The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Harrison himself sent up the benefit-show concept on film, in the 1985 HandMade comedy ''[[Water (1985 film)|Water]]''.&lt;ref&gt;Badman, p. 351.&lt;/ref&gt; At the so-called Concert for Cascara, he, Starr, Clapton, [[Jon Lord]] and others make a surprise appearance on stage, supposedly before the [[United Nations General Assembly]], performing the song &quot;Freedom&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Leng, p. 239.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of highest-grossing benefit concerts]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|30em|group=nb}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin|25em}}<br /> * Keith Badman, ''The Beatles Diary Volume 2: After the Break-Up 1970–2001'', Omnibus Press (London, 2001; {{ISBN|0-7119-8307-0}}).<br /> * Roy Carr &amp; Tony Tyler, ''The Beatles: An Illustrated Record'', Trewin Copplestone Publishing (London, 1978; {{ISBN|0-450-04170-0}}).<br /> * Harry Castleman &amp; Walter J. Podrazik, ''All Together Now: The First Complete Beatles Discography 1961–1975'', Ballantine Books (New York, NY, 1976; {{ISBN|0-345-25680-8}}).<br /> * Alan Clayson, ''George Harrison'', Sanctuary (London, 2003; {{ISBN|1-86074-489-3}}).<br /> * ''[[The Concert for Bangladesh (film)#Home media|The Concert for Bangladesh Revisited with George Harrison and Friends]]'' DVD, Apple Corps, 2005 (directed by Claire Ferguson; produced by Olivia Harrison, Jonathan Clyde &amp; Jo Human).<br /> * Peter Doggett, ''You Never Give Me Your Money: The Beatles After the Breakup'', It Books (New York, NY, 2011; {{ISBN|978-0-06-177418-8}}).<br /> * The Editors of ''Rolling Stone'', ''Harrison'', Rolling Stone Press/Simon &amp; Schuster (New York, NY, 2002; {{ISBN|0-7432-3581-9}}).<br /> * Joshua M. Greene, ''Here Comes the Sun: The Spiritual and Musical Journey of George Harrison'', John Wiley &amp; Sons (Hoboken, NJ, 2006; {{ISBN|978-0-470-12780-3}}).<br /> * George Harrison, ''I Me Mine'', Chronicle Books (San Francisco, CA, 2002; {{ISBN|0-8118-3793-9}}).<br /> * Olivia Harrison, ''George Harrison: Living in the Material World'', Abrams (New York, NY, 2011; {{ISBN|978-1-4197-0220-4}}).<br /> * Bill Harry, ''The George Harrison Encyclopedia'', Virgin Books (London, 2003; {{ISBN|978-0753508220}}).<br /> * Clinton Heylin, ''Bob Dylan: Behind the Shades (20th Anniversary Edition)'', Faber and Faber (London, 2011; {{ISBN|978-0-571-27240-2}}).<br /> * Elliot J. Huntley, ''Mystical One: George Harrison – After the Break-up of the Beatles'', Guernica Editions (Toronto, ON, 2006; {{ISBN|1-55071-197-0}}).<br /> * Chris Ingham, ''The Rough Guide to the Beatles'', Rough Guides/Penguin (London, 2006; 2nd edn; {{ISBN|978-1-84836-525-4}}).<br /> * Peter Lavezzoli, ''The Dawn of Indian Music in the West'', Continuum (New York, NY, 2006; {{ISBN|0-8264-2819-3}}).<br /> * Simon Leng, ''While My Guitar Gently Weeps: The Music of George Harrison'', Hal Leonard (Milwaukee, WI, 2006; {{ISBN|1-4234-0609-5}}).<br /> * Chip Madinger &amp; Mark Easter, ''Eight Arms to Hold You: The Solo Beatles Compendium'', 44.1 Productions (Chesterfield, MO, 2000; {{ISBN|0-615-11724-4}}).<br /> * Dan Matovina, ''Without You: The Tragic Story of Badfinger'', Frances Glover Books (2000; {{ISBN|0-9657122-2-2}}).<br /> * Chris O'Dell with Katherine Ketcham, ''Miss O'Dell: My Hard Days and Long Nights with The Beatles, The Stones, Bob Dylan, Eric Clapton, and the Women They Loved'', Touchstone (New York, NY, 2009; {{ISBN|978-1-4165-9093-4}}).<br /> * Ray Richmond &amp; Antonia Coffman (eds), ''[[The Simpsons: A Complete Guide to Our Favorite Family]]'', HarperPerennial (New York, NY, 1997; {{ISBN|978-0-00-638898-2}}).<br /> * Robert Rodriguez, ''Fab Four FAQ 2.0: The Beatles' Solo Years, 1970–1980'', Backbeat Books (Milwaukee, WI, 2010; {{ISBN|978-1-4165-9093-4}}).<br /> * Nicholas Schaffner, ''The Beatles Forever'', McGraw-Hill (New York, NY, 1978; {{ISBN|0-07-055087-5}}).<br /> * Stan Soocher, ''Baby You're a Rich Man: Suing the Beatles for Fun and Profit'', University Press of New England (Lebanon, NH, 2015; {{ISBN|978-1-61168-380-6}}).<br /> * Howard Sounes, ''Down the Highway: The Life of Bob Dylan'', Doubleday (London, 2001; {{ISBN|0-385-60125-5}}).<br /> * [[Bruce Spizer]], ''The Beatles Solo on Apple Records'', 498 Productions (New Orleans, LA, 2005; {{ISBN|0-9662649-5-9}}).<br /> * Gary Tillery, ''Working Class Mystic: A Spiritual Biography of George Harrison'', Quest Books (Wheaton, IL, 2011; {{ISBN|978-0-8356-0900-5}}).<br /> * Bob Woffinden, ''The Beatles Apart'', Proteus (London, 1981; {{ISBN|0-906071-89-5}}).<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [http://www.theconcertforbangladesh.com/ Official site]<br /> <br /> {{George Harrison}}<br /> {{Ravi Shankar}}<br /> {{Bob Dylan}}<br /> {{Billy Preston}}<br /> {{Leon Russell}}<br /> {{Ringo Starr}}<br /> {{Eric Clapton}}<br /> {{1971 Bangladesh genocide}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Concert For Bangladesh, The}}<br /> [[Category:1971 concerts]]<br /> [[Category:1971 in New York City]]<br /> [[Category:1971 controversies in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:August 1971 in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:1970s in Manhattan]]<br /> [[Category:Music festivals in New York City]]<br /> [[Category:Musical advocacy groups]]<br /> [[Category:Benefit concerts in the United States]]<br /> [[Category:George Harrison]]<br /> [[Category:Bob Dylan]]<br /> [[Category:Eric Clapton]]<br /> [[Category:Ringo Starr]]<br /> [[Category:Reactions to the Bangladesh Liberation War]]<br /> [[Category:Internal Revenue Service]]<br /> [[Category:Ravi Shankar]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_works_by_Roopa_Ganguly&diff=513328 2026-02-08T07:59:32Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Added Initial Stub Needs Work...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox filmography list<br /> | name = Roopa Ganguly<br /> | image = The actress Roopa Ganguli at a Press Conference at 36th International Film Festival of India – 2005 in Panaji, Goa on November 30, 2005.jpg<br /> | image_upright =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = Ganguli in 2005<br /> | film = 70+<br /> | television_series = 40+<br /> | web_series =<br /> | television_show =<br /> | radio_show = 1<br /> | documentary =<br /> | hosting =<br /> | music_videos = 1<br /> | narrating =<br /> | theatre =<br /> | advertising =<br /> | others =<br /> |television_film=20+<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Roopa Ganguly]] is an Indian actress and playback singer and politician. She made acting debut with Bijoy Chatterjee's Hindi telefilm ''Nirupama'' (1986) based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s Bengali short story ''Dena Paona''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Remember Roopa Ganguly who played 'Draupadi' in Mahabharata? Worked with Ranbir Kapoor, Priyanka Chopra, Anil Kapoor, 34 years later she is now... |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/remember-roopa-ganguly-who-played-draupadi-in-mahabharata-worked-with-ranbir-kapoor-priyanka-chopra-anil-kapoor-34-years-later-she-is-movie-star-7797214/ |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She rose to wider fame for her role as Mrinal in [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]'s directorial venture ''Stree Ki Patra'' (1986) which was also based on Tagore's Bengali short story ''Streer Patra''.<br /> <br /> ==Films==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Key<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br /> | Denotes films that have not yet been released<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===English films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> ! ''[[Bow Barracks Forever]]''<br /> |[[Anjan Dutt]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/bow-barracks-forever/235303 |title=Bow Barracks Forever |website=outlookindia.com |access-date=9 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> !''[[Chaurahen]]''<br /> |[[Rajshree Ojha]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Italian film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> !Role<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> ! ''Vrindavan Film Studios''<br /> |Annapurna<br /> |Lamberto Lambertini<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 February 2023 |title=Vrindavan Film Studios (película 1995) - Tráiler. resumen, reparto y dónde ver. Dirigida por Lamberto Lambertini |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/peliculas-series/peliculas/vrindavan-film-studios-704472 |access-date=8 February 2023 |website=La Vanguardia |language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Hindi films ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1989<br /> ! ''[[Ek Din Achanak]]''<br /> | [[Mrinal Sen]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Kamla Ki Maut]]''<br /> | [[Basu Chatterjee]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> !''[[Bahaar Aane Tak]]''<br /> | Tariq Shah<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|1991<br /> ! ''[[Inspector Dhanush]]''<br /> |[[Tulsi Ramsay]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shyam Ramsay]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Meena Bazar''<br /> |P. Chandrakumar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Pyar Ka Devta]]''<br /> | [[K. Bapayya]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pyar Ka Devta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/pyar-ka-devta/movieshow/61241522.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=9 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Saugandh (1991 film)|Saugandh]]''<br /> |[[Raj Sippy]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1992<br /> ! ''[[Nishchaiy]]''<br /> | [[Esmayeel Shroff]]<br /> | {{Small|Special appearance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Virodhi (1992 film)|Virodhi]]''<br /> | [[Rajkumar Kohli]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> ! ''Gopalaa''<br /> | Akash Jain<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> !''[[Dashavatar (2008 film)|Dashavatar]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> ! ''[[Luck (2009 film)|Luck]]''<br /> | [[Dhillin Mehta]]<br /> | {{Small|Special appearance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2012<br /> !''[[Barfi!]]''<br /> | [[Anurag Basu]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> !''[[Mahabharat Aur Barbareek]]''<br /> |[[Dharmesh Tiwari]]<br /> |{{Small|Played [[Draupadi]]}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Mahabharat Aur Barbareek |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/mahabharat-aur-barbareek/movieshow/61241229.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427023147/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/mahabharat-aur-barbareek/movieshow/61241229.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 April 2019 |access-date=5 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2014<br /> !''[[Children of War (2014 film)|Children of War]]''<br /> |Mrityunjay Devrat<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Kuku Mathur Ki Jhand Ho Gayi]]''<br /> |Aman Sachdeva<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> !''[[Ek Adbhut Dakshina Guru Dakshina]]''<br /> |Kiran Phadnis<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |website=The Times of India |title=Ek Adbhut Dakshina...Guru Dakshina |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/ek-adbhut-dakshina-guru-dakshina/movieshow/62537826.cms |date=17 April 2015 |access-date=18 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2016<br /> ! ''[[Aman Ke Farishtey]]''<br /> | Kader Kashmiri<br /> | {{Small|Delayed release}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> !''[[Main Khudiram Bose Hun]]''<br /> |Manoj Giri<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;|''Sonagachi'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br /> | Sudipto Chattopadhyay<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Sudipto-to-shoot-in-Kolkata/articleshow/4640581.cms |title=Sudipto to shoot in Kolkata |website=The Times of India |date=11 January 2017 |language=en |access-date=9 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Bengali films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | 1988<br /> ! ''Pratik''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Prabhat Roy]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1989<br /> ! ''Agnitrishna''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Amanat''<br /> | Shantanu Bhowmik<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Tufan''<br /> | Biresh Chatterjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1990<br /> ! ''Agnikanya''<br /> | Gopal Gupta<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Garmil''<br /> | Dilip Roy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Manasi''<br /> | Amal Ray Ghatak<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> ! ''Sadharan Meye''<br /> | [[Shamit Bhanja]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1992<br /> ! ''Dharma Yuddha''<br /> | [[Shamit Bhanja]]<br /> |{{Small|Special appearance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Pitrireen''<br /> | Sukanta Ray<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/apr/26tagore.htm |title=Tagore on celluloid |date=26 April 2000 |first=Shoma A |last=Chatterji |work=Rediff.com |access-date=12 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Padma Nadir Majhi]]''<br /> | [[Goutam Ghose]]<br /> |[[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Surer Bhubane''<br /> | Prabir Mitra<br /> | {{Small|Special appearance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1993<br /> ! ''[[Janani (1993 film)|Janani]]''<br /> | Sanat Dasgupta<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Prithibir Shesh Station''<br /> | Lalit Mukherjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1994<br /> ! ''[[Rajar Raja]]''<br /> |[[Shamit Bhanja]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> ! ''Ujan''<br /> | Amal Ray Ghatak<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 1996<br /> ! ''[[Yugant]]''<br /> |[[Aparna Sen]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Yugant |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/yugant/movieshow/66119939.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=13 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2000<br /> ! ''[[Bariwali]]''<br /> |[[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Bastir Meye Radha''<br /> |[[Chiranjeet Chakraborty]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Rupasi Dohai Tomar''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2001<br /> ! ''[[Dekha]]''<br /> | [[Goutam Ghose]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/yugant/movieshow/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/dekha/movieshow/66181040.cms |title=Dekha |website=The Times of India |access-date=13 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Shesh Bichar''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002<br /> ! ''Anamni Angana''<br /> | Dr Swapan Saha<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Bangali Babu''<br /> |[[Anjan Chowdhury]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2003<br /> ! ''[[Abar Aranye]]''<br /> |[[Goutom Ghosh]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2004<br /> ! ''[[Mahulbanir Sereng]]''<br /> |[[Sekhar Das]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |2005<br /> !''Abiswashi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Antarmahal]]''<br /> |[[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Krantikaal]]''<br /> |[[Sekhar Das]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Mayer Raja''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Nagordola''<br /> |Raj Mukherjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Shunyo E Buke]]''<br /> |[[Kaushik Ganguly]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Ek Mutho Chabi|Tarpor Bhalobasa]]''<br /> |[[Anjan Dutt]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2007<br /> !''Chirosakha He''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Bidhatar Lekha''<br /> | Raja Mukerji<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Jara Bristite Bhijechhilo]]''<br /> |Anjan Das<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Ratbhor''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2008<br /> ! ''[[Khela]]''<br /> |[[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br /> |{{Small|Special appearance}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2009<br /> !''Chowrasta - Crossroads of Love''<br /> |[[Anjan Dutt]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Kaaler Rakhal''<br /> |[[Sekhar Das]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2010<br /> !''Rahmat Ali''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2011<br /> !''[[Jaani Dyakha Hawbe]]''<br /> |Birsa Dasgupta<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Jaani Dyakha Hawbe Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/jaani-dyakha-hawbe/movie-review/10928759.cms |access-date=14 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |2012<br /> !''[[Abosheshey]]''<br /> | Aditi Roy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Dutta Vs Dutta]]''<br /> |[[Anjan Dutt]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Hemlock Society (film)|Hemlock Society]]''<br /> | Srijit Mukherjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Mayabazaar''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Na Hannyate]]''<br /> | Ringo Banerjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Nobel Chor''<br /> | Suman Ghosh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2013<br /> !''Aashbo Arek din''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/abhijit-dasgupta-s-second-outing/cid/470493 |title=Abhijit Dasgupta's second outing |last=Datta |first=Sneha |date=14 December 2011 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en |access-date=16 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Half Serious]]''<br /> | Utsav Mukherjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Namte Namte]]''<br /> | Rana Basu<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Shantiniketane''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2014<br /> !''[[Bonku Babu]]''<br /> |Anindya Bikash Dutta<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Nayanchapar Dinratri''<br /> |[[Sekhar Das]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Piyalir Password''<br /> |Raj Basu<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/piyalir-password-bengali-cerebral-thriller/ |title=Piyalir Password |date=18 April 2014 |website=The Indian Express |language=en-US |access-date=10 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Punascha''<br /> | Shouvik Mitra<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2015<br /> ! ''[[Natoker Moto - Like a Play]]''<br /> |[[Debesh Chattopadhyay]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Aro Ekbar''<br /> |Ariziet Halder<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |website=The Times of India |title=Aro Ekbar Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/aro-ekbar/movie-review/49152883.cms |access-date=9 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! ''[[Arshinagar]]''<br /> |[[Aparna Sen]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> !''Onyo Opalaa''<br /> |Satarupa Sanyal<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Amol-Palekar/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/onyo-opalaa/movieshow/61244129.cms |title=Onyo Opalaa Movie Review |website=The Times of India |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=17 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> !''[[Golmaal (2017 film)|Golmaal]]''<br /> |Narayan Roy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> ! ''[[Raghu Dakat (film)|Raghu Dakat]]''<br /> |Dhruba Banerjee<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2025-02-02 |title=দেবের 'রঘু ডাকাত'-এ নতুন চমক! থাকছেন অনির্বাণ ভট্টাচার্য ও রূপা গঙ্গোপাধ্যায় |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/anirban-bhattacharya-and-roopa-ganguly-joined-in-dev-raghu-dakat-svf-entertainment-news-bollywood-1118436 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;|''[[Coffee Houser Sei Addata#In popular culture|Coffee Houser Sei Addata]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> !style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;|''Pratyabartan'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br /> |Samarpan Sengupta<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Anjan Rupa New Movie: ৩১ বছর পর ফের জুটিতে অঞ্জন, রূপা! সমাজের কঠিন সত্যি ফুটে উঠবে গল্পে |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/anjan-dutta-rupa-ganguly-reunites-in-big-screen-after-31-years-new-bengali-movie-pratyabartan-strong-casting-soc-1338894-2026-01-30 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=AajTak Bangla |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |{{TBA}}<br /> !style=&quot;background:#ffc;&quot;|''Kaancher Dewal'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}<br /> |Anindya Sarkar<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Adil-Hussain-dubs-for-Tolly-film-in-Kolkata/articleshow/19722683.cms |title=Adil Hussain Dubs for Tolly Film in Kolkata |website=The Times of India |date=11 January 2017 |access-date=27 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Odia Film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1995<br /> !''Rana Bhumi''<br /> | Pranab Das<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Telugu films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1990<br /> !''Sasirekha Sapadham''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Sasirekha Sapadham (1990) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sasirekha-sapadham-1990-telugu-movie |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 1991<br /> ! ''Naa Ille Naa Swargam''<br /> | K. R. Reddy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> ! ''Inspector Bhavani''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Kannada films===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1991<br /> ! ''[[Police Matthu Dada]]''<br /> | [[Tulsi Ramsay]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Shyam Ramsay]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''Kadana''<br /> | K V Raju<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ! ''CBI Vijay''<br /> | V. Uma Shankar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|1993<br /> ! ''Bahaddur Hennu''<br /> | A. V. Sheshagiri Rao<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Malayalam film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> !''Agnishalabhangal''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Assamese film===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> !''Ranangini''<br /> | Chandra Mudoi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Telefilms ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1986<br /> !''Nirupama''<br /> |Bijoy Chatterjee<br /> |{{Small|Telefilm based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s Bengali short story ''Dena Paona''}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='What troubles me most is how unsafe Bengal has become for women under Trinamul' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/what-troubles-me-most-is-how-unsafe-bengal-has-become-for-women-under-trinamul/cid/1314220 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416091125/https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/what-troubles-me-most-is-how-unsafe-bengal-has-become-for-women-under-trinamul/cid/1314220 |archive-date=2023-04-16 |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''Stree Ki Patra''<br /> |[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]<br /> |{{Small|Telefilm based on [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s Bengali short story ''Streer Patra''}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=U. |date=2020-11-15 |title=Soumitra Chatterjee, the thinker's hero: A career compendium of a legendary artiste |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/2020/Nov/15/soumitra-chatterjee-the-thinkershero-a-career-compendium-on-the-bhadralok-everyman-29609.html |access-date=2025-02-16 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''Manjulika''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> !''Obhinoy''<br /> |[[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bangla |first=TV9 |date=31 August 2021 |title=ঋতুদার মধ্যে সেইসব শৈল্পিক গুণ ছিল, যেগুলো থাকলে তুলি দিয়ে আঁকার মতো করে চরিত্র তৈরি করা যায়: সুদীপ্তা চক্রবর্তী |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/tollywood/sudipta-chakraborty-remembers-rituparno-ghosh-on-his-birthday-407894.html |access-date=7 May 2023 |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> !''Ushnotar Jonyo''<br /> |[[Kaushik Ganguly]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Abhinetri''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Dui Bon''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==TV series==<br /> {{Incomplete list|date=October 2018}}<br /> <br /> ===Hindi TV series===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1988<br /> !''[[Ganadevta]]''<br /> |Durga<br /> |[[P. Kumar Vasudev]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1989-90<br /> !''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''<br /> |[[Draupadi]]<br /> |[[Ravi Chopra]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> !''Krishnakant Ka Vasiyatnama''<br /> |Rohini<br /> |[[Shyamanand Jalan]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|1995<br /> !''[[Kanoon (1993 TV series)|Kanoon]]''<br /> |Mrs. Mathur<br /> |rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|[[BR Chopra]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Amit |title=B.R. Chopra back on TV with courtroom drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19931215-b-r-chopra-back-on-tv-with-courtroom-drama-811942-1993-12-15 |access-date=21 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=15 December 1993 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Chandrakanta (1994 TV series)|Chandrakanta]]''<br /> |Damini<br /> |Nirja Guleri<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Parampara''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Parivartan''<br /> |<br /> |Bharat Rungachary<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''Virasat''<br /> |<br /> |Rakesh Chowdhary<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Virasat |url=https://www.samvaad.com/tv-production/virasat.htm |access-date=2025-02-28 |website=www.samvaad.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> !''[[Mahabharat Katha]]''<br /> |[[Draupadi]]<br /> |[[Ravi Chopra]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> !''Tarkash''<br /> |Geeta<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2000-01<br /> !''Jai Ganesha''<br /> |[[Parvati]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> !''[[Sahib Biwi Gulam]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Rituparno Ghosh]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> !''Krishnakali''<br /> |<br /> |[[Amol Palekar]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Preity on the move |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/preity-on-the-move/cid/1002173 |access-date=17 January 2020 |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=12 July 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007<br /> !''[[Karam Apnaa Apnaa]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Love Story (SAB TV series)|Love Story]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2008<br /> !''[[Waqt Batayega Kaun Apna Kaun Paraya]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2009<br /> !''Heroine''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Kasturi (2007 TV series)|Kasturi]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Sacch Ka Saamna]]''<br /> | Guest<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Agle Janam Mohe Bitiya Hi Kijo]]''<br /> | Sumitra Singh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> !''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> !''[[Kahani Chandrakanta Ki]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2014<br /> !''Khamosh Sa Afsana''<br /> |Vaani's mother<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Rupa Ganguly does not want to work in mythological shows |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rupa-ganguly-does-not-want-to-work-in-mythological-shows/articleshow/45347336.cms |access-date=21 May 2021 |website=The Times of India |date=3 December 2014 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''[[Yeh Dil Sun Raha Hai]]''<br /> |<br /> |Ramesh Pandey<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> !''[[Kuch Toh Hai Tere Mere Darmiyaan]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> !''[[Badho Bahu]]''<br /> | Payal<br /> |Sumit Sodani<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> !''[[Class of 2017]]''<br /> |<br /> |Suyash Vadhavkar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Bengali TV series===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Role<br /> ! Director<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1986<br /> !''Muktabandha''<br /> |<br /> |[[Ramaprasad Banik]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Parashuramer Galpo''<br /> |<br /> |Ashok Mukherjee<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1988<br /> !''Gora''<br /> |Sucharita<br /> |Mrinmoy Chakraborty<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=দূরদর্শন |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VWVzgwT1VlMGpGTGo0WXJuWmRlOXU4QjllZW9RUENfTi13TlJxMEVDMGpCc0E%5FZT1BNDFoR0o&amp;cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&amp;id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21se5d0bc55d21e4b318f862b9d975ef6ef&amp;parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%211318&amp;o=OneUp |journal=Manorama |language=Bn |issue=November 1988 |pages=103}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''Jiban Jerakam''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=টিভি গাইড |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VUcXlmbDk0VWRWS3FjaW92WGI2c3FvQi1SVWdobzRuYkdITGYzUzFBVXZHSnc%5FZT1ndlg4SzA&amp;cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&amp;id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21s5f7eb23a51784ad5a9c8a8bd76fab2aa&amp;parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21169&amp;o=OneUp |journal=Television |language=Bn |issue=September 1988 |pages=10 |access-date=30 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''Jodi Emon Hoto''<br /> |<br /> |[[Basu Chatterjee]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1989<br /> !''Bharat Premkatha''<br /> |<br /> |[[Svaha]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=এই কি বাংলার রামায়ণ মহাভারতের নমুনা |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VXd1hlc1hHVVhkS241cFh3WndubUFRQlRDMGc1R2pJd2hDTEZYUEY3ZzBUcWc%5FZT1YNFVaOVA&amp;cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&amp;id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21sc57a176c51c64a779f9a57c19c279804&amp;parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21169&amp;o=OneUp |journal=Aajkaal Television |language=Bn |publisher=[[Aajkaal]] |issue=March 1989 |pages=66}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !''Paliye''<br /> |<br /> |[[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1992<br /> !''Muktabandha 2''<br /> |<br /> |Ramaprasad Banik<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1993<br /> !''Shubhoratri''<br /> |Ratri Roy<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |year=1993 |title=শুভরাত্রি |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VWQzdnLW1QaEFGS256Tm1TNzBtZW5VQlFiSHdfT2NxNm1rQjZsMzVOWmNOY3c%5FZT1Tc1JBU20&amp;cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&amp;id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21se983bb50848f4a019f33664bbd267a75&amp;parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21169&amp;o=OneUp |journal=টেলিভিশন |language=Bn |issue=October 1993 |pages=77}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Jatak Kanya''<br /> |<br /> |Amal Sur<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Ogo Priyotama''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1997<br /> !''Janmabhoomi''<br /> |Piyaribai<br /> |[[Inder Sen]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Guha |first1=Samarjit |title=Sudden-death sign on marathon soap |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sudden-death-sign-on-marathon-soap/cid/1254641 |access-date=11 January 2020 |work=The Telegraph (India) |date=24 August 2002 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |1999<br /> !''Draupadi''<br /> | [[Draupadi]]<br /> |Abhijit Dasgupta<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 January 2022 |title='এযুগের উত্তম' হয়েও শিকার হন বৈষম্যের, জীবনের দৌড়েও অকালেই থেমে যান কুণাল মিত্র {{!}} TheWall |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/actor-kunal-mitra-lost-his-life-too-early/ |access-date=14 February 2023 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Jhora Samayer Upokatha''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Chena Mukher Sari''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Sonar Bangla''<br /> |[[Rani Bhabani]]<br /> |[[Inder Sen]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Pratibimba''<br /> |Kaberi Singh<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Ingeet''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Srot''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Tithir Atithi''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Kari Diye Kinlam''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> !''[[Kanakanjali]]''<br /> |<br /> |Arindam Ganguly<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2023<br /> !''Meyebela''<br /> |Bithika Mitra<br /> |<br /> |Later Replaced by [[Anushree Das]]<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Music video==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Title<br /> !Note<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> !''Dekha Hobe Ei Banglay''<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Bengal's theme song: Dekha Hobe Ei Banglay |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bangla/bengals-theme-song-dekha-hobe-ei-banglay/videoshow/21799963.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 March 2025|issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Music albums==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Album<br /> ! Label<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |1989<br /> !''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Aamare Bhulona Priyo''<br /> |Megaphone Calcutta<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Aamare Bhulo Na Priyo |url=https://gaana.com/album/aamare-bhulo-na-priyo |website=gaana.com |access-date=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Anek diyechho Nath''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|Bhavna Records<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Ektuku Chhonya Lage''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Hridoy Majhe''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> !''Natun Kore Pabo Bole''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> !''Abosheshey''<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Radio programme==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Title<br /> ! Radio station<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |2009<br /> !''Hello Roopa Bolchi''<br /> |[[Friends FM]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=আমার চরিত্রটা মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের নয় - Anandabazar |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9F-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%AA-%E0%A6%A7-%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%9F-1.67988 |access-date=16 March 2020 |work=Anandabazar Patrika |date=12 September 2014 |language=bn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of works|Ganguly, Roopa]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nrupatunga_Nagara_Sarige&diff=522569 2026-01-28T03:28:15Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: starting new entry...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public bus service in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox bus transit<br /> | name = Nrupatunga Nagara Sarige&lt;br/&gt;ನೃಪತುಂಗ ನಾಗರ ಸರಿಗೆ<br /> | logo = <br /> | logo_size = <br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | company_slogan = <br /> | founded = 18 October 2012<br /> | headquarters = <br /> | locale = [[Kalaburagi]]<br /> | service_area = <br /> | service_type = Urban<br /> | fleet = <br /> | ridership = <br /> | parent = [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]]<br /> | operator = [[Government of Karnataka]]<br /> | website = [https://kkrtc.karnataka.gov.in/english KKRTC Main Website]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nrupatunga Nagara Sarige''' is a city [[public transport]] [[bus]] [[Public transport bus service|service]] in [[Kalaburagi]], in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=More Nrupatunga buses for Gulbarga|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/more-nruputunga-buses-for-gulbarga/article5253056.ece|date=20 October 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|accessdate=6 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ನಗರದೆಲ್ಲೆಡೆ ನೃಪತುಂಗ ಹೈಟೆಕ್ ಬಸ್ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ|url=http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2013/02/10/150693.html|publisher=www.prajavani.net ,9 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It is operated by the [[Kalyana Karnataka Road Transport Corporation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆ ಮೇಲೆ 'ನೃಪತುಂಗ' ನಗರ ಸಂಚಾರ|url=http://www.prajavani.net/news/article/2016/05/28/412467.html|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=www.prajavani.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The service was introduced by the KKRTC on 18 October 2012 with 17 buses and 290 schedules, and covering a distance of 53.4 km.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nrupatunga history|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/more-nruputunga-buses-for-gulbarga/article5253056.ece|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=www.thehindu.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rashtrakuta Sarige==<br /> KKRTC started the service between [[Sedam]] and Kalaburagi, under the name Rashtrakuta service, as [[Malkheda|Malkhed]] in Sedam Taluk was the capital of the [[Rashtrakuta dynasty|Rashtrakuta]] Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=More Nrupatunga buses for Gulbarga|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/more-nruputunga-buses-for-gulbarga/article5253056.ece|accessdate=9 October 2017|publisher=www.thehindu.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> [[List of bus depots in Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> [[List of bus stations in Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-hover&quot; heights=&quot;160&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Jewargi Road.jpg|Nrupatunga Nagara Sarige<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> *<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Metropolitan transport agencies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Bus transport in Karnataka]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=E-aksharayan&diff=497981 2026-01-24T04:26:08Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Adding A Post.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox software<br /> | name = e-Aksharayan<br /> | logo = <br /> | released = <br /> | latest release version = <br /> | latest release date = {{Start date and age|2007}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://ocr.tdil-dc.gov.in/ e-Aksharayan home page]&lt;/ref&gt;{{fact}}<br /> | programming language = [[C++]]<br /> | operating system = [[Linux]] (32 &amp; 64-bit), [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]] (32-bit)<br /> | platform = <br /> | language = Interface: [[English language|English]] &lt;br /&gt; Recognition:<br /> [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bodo language|Bodo]], [[Devanagari language|Devanagari]], [[Kannada]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Gurumukhi]], [[Odia language|Oriya]], [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Meitei language|Meitei]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tibetan languages|Tibetan]] and [[Urdu]]<br /> | genre = [[Optical character recognition]]<br /> | website = {{url|http://ocr.tdil-dc.gov.in}}<br /> }}<br /> [[File:Bangla typos.png|thumb|Bangla typos]]<br /> <br /> '''e-Aksharayan''' is an [[optical character recognition]] engine for Indian languages. Some of research work from e-Aksharayan has been published in different conferences and journals.&lt;ref name=&quot;paper2&quot;&gt;[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6628736 Greedy Search for Active Learning of OCR] Greedy Search for Active Learning of OCR&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paper1&quot;&gt;[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2505393 Text graphic separation in Indian newspapers] Text graphic separation in Indian newspapers&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paper4&quot;&gt;[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6776228 An OCR System for the Meetei Mayek Script] An OCR System for the Meetei Mayek Script&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;paper5&quot;&gt;[http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2034628 Experiences of Integration and Performance Testing of Multilingual OCR for Printed Indian Scripts] Experiences of Integration and Performance Testing of Multilingual OCR for Printed Indian Scripts&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Screenshots ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> In35.png|OCR output for Devanagari<br /> In39.png|OCR output for Devanagari OCR output for Devanagari, sync between image and output<br /> In49.png|OCR output for Devanagari OCR output for Devanagari, spell checker<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *{{Official website|http://ocr.tdil-dc.gov.in/}}<br /> <br /> {{OCR}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Optical character recognition]]<br /> [[Category:Software programmed in C++]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{software-stub}}</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keziekie_Ward&diff=509423 2026-01-18T00:33:11Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Municipal ward in Nagaland, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> &lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;<br /> | name = Keziekie Ward<br /> | other_name = North Block<br /> | settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]] under [[Kohima]]<br /> | established_title = Incorporated<br /> | established_date = <br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | imagesize = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | image_map = <br /> | mapsize = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Nagaland<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nagaland, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.677488|N|94.109652|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Nagaland]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of urban centres in Nagaland|City]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Kohima]]<br /> | parts_type = <br /> | parts_style = para<br /> | p1 = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | leader_title = Chairman<br /> | leader_name = <br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_density_km2 = <br /> | blank_name_sec1 = <br /> | blank_info_sec1 = <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Keziekie Ward''' is a ward located under [[Nagaland]]'s capital city, [[Kohima]]. The ward falls under the designated Ward No. 3 of the [[Kohima Municipal Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|title=Map of Kohima/ wards and colonies|publisher=[[Kohima Municipal Council]]|access-date=1 December 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728210828/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> '''Educational Institutions in Keziekie Ward:'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%203%20-%20North%20Block%20Ward|title=Schools in Ward 3|date=10 May 2018|website=Study 4 Sure|access-date=2 December 2021|archive-date=2 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202083609/https://study4sure.com/institutes/schools/nagaland/kohima/school.php?place=Ward%203%20-%20North%20Block%20Ward|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Schools ===<br /> * Keziekie Government Primary School<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Municipal Wards of Kohima]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map3.html Map of Kohima Ward No. 3] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016075444/https://kmc.nagaland.gov.in/map3.html |date=16 October 2021 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kohima]]<br /> [[Category:Wards of Kohima]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-geo-stub}}</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prabodh_Chandra_Bhardwaj&diff=474436 2025-12-25T19:21:40Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: quick update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Recipient of Shaurya Chakra}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=October 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox military person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]<br /> | name = P. C. Bhardwaj<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | image = The Vice Chief of Army Staff, Lt Gen. P.C. Bhardwaj, paying homage, at Amar Jawan Jyoti on the occasion of Infantry Day, in New Delhi on October 27, 2010 (cropped).jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br /> | branch = {{army|India}}<br /> | serviceyears = 1970 – 2010<br /> | rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|22px]] [[Lieutenant General]]<br /> | servicenumber = IC-24178P&lt;ref name=&quot;colonel&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Republic Day Gallantry and other Defence Decorations NOT TO BE PUBLISHED/BROADCAST BEFORE 26 JAN 2009 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=46977}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | unit = [[Para (Special Forces)|1 Para (SF)]]<br /> | commands = [[File:IA_Northern_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Army]]&lt;br&gt;[[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]&lt;br&gt;17 Mountain Division&lt;br&gt;[[Para (Special Forces)|1 Para (SF)]]<br /> | battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] &lt;br&gt; [[Operation Pawan]] &lt;br&gt; [[Kargil War]]<br /> | battles_label = <br /> | awards = [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] &lt;br&gt; [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] &lt;br&gt; [[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|20px]] [[Vir Chakra]] &lt;br&gt; [[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Shaurya Chakra]] &lt;br&gt; [[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]] '''Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vir Chakra|VrC]], [[Shaurya Chakra|SC]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a former [[General Officer]] of the [[Indian Army]]. He last served as the [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]], having assumed office on 1 October 2009 following the retirement of Lieutenant General Noble Thamburaj.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lt Gen P C Bhardwaj to take over as Army Vice Chief on Oct 1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-gen-p-c-bhardwaj-to-take-over-as-army-vice-chief-on-oct-1-57649-2009-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also served as the [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]. He is one of the most decorated officers of the Indian Army, with a war-time gallantry award and a peace-time gallantry award to his name.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Lt Gen PC Bhardwaj, takes over as Vice Army Chief |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=52927}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Lieutenant General PC Bhardwaj was commissioned into 1st battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (India)|Parachute Regiment]] on 14 June 1970. He is an alumnus of [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy]], [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Defence Services Staff College|Defence Services Staff College, Wellington]] and [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]].<br /> <br /> A specialist in Special Operations, he was the first person from the Indian Army to undergo the rigorous Commando Divers Course at Naval Diving School. He excelled on the course, qualifying as an instructor. He has also attended the Special Forces Officers Course at [[Fort Bragg]] in the US and earned an instructor rating.<br /> <br /> He commanded his battalion, 1 Para (Commando), in counter-insurgency operations along India's eastern border with [[China]] and [[Myanmar]], and later commanded counter-insurgency Force Delta in Doda/Kishtwar. He commanded a mountain brigade in [[Nagaland]] and also the elite [[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50th Parachute Brigade]]. As a brigadier, he commanded an infantry brigade and was the deputy director general at the Directorate General of Military Operations, Army Headquarters. He was appointed as the [[Military attaché|Defence Attache]] at Embassy of India at [[Yangon]] in [[Myanmar]] from 1994 to 1997. <br /> As a [[Major General]], he was the General Officer Commanding Delhi Area where he was awarded the [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] for distinguished service. Upon promotion to the rank of [[Lieutenant General]], he commanded [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]], responsible for the vast areas of [[Ladakh]] and the [[Siachen Glacier]] before assuming command of [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] on 1 March 2008. Upon being awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2009, he became the most decorated soldier in the Indian Army.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Lt Gen Bhardwaj is Army's Northern Command's new chief |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lt-gen-bhardwaj-is-armys-northern-commands-new-chief_427671.html | date=1 March 2008 | publisher=Zee News | access-date=24 January 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Post-military career==<br /> Lt. Gen Bhardwaj is a board member of the [[Welham Boys' School]] and also on the governing council of the Raphael Ryder Cheshire International Centre, both in Dehradun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Welham Boys' School - Board of Governors |url=http://www.welhamboys.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=32&amp;Itemid=122}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Governing Council |url=http://www.raphael-ryder-cheshire.org/about/governing-council/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112032403/http://www.raphael-ryder-cheshire.org/about/governing-council/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=12 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours and decorations==<br /> <br /> ===Vir Chakra Citation===<br /> As a Second Lieutenant, Bhardwaj was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for operations during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. His Vir Chakra citation reads as follows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=2/LT Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj|url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/prabodh-chandra-bhardwaj}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|{{center|'''CITATION'''&lt;br&gt;'''SECOND LIEUTENANT PRABODH CHANDRA BHARDWAJ'''}}<br /> <br /> On the night of 16 December 1971, Second Lieutenant Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj, a platoon commander in a battalion of the Parachute Regiment, formed part of the company which was assigned the task of capturing an enemy position in the Ferozepore Sector. This position was held in strength by the enemy and protected by mines and obstacles. During the assault, his platoon came under the effective fire of an enemy machine gun firing from a bunker. Second Lieutenant Bhardwaj, with utter disregard for his safety, charged the bunker, lobbed a grenade inside and immediately thereafter, rushing inside the bunker, he bayoneted the personnel and captured the medium machine gun. In this process he was injured by a bullet in the forehead. Undeterred by his injury, he pressed on with the assault and charged another machine gun bunker. Here again, he followed up his grenade attack with the bayonet and succeeded in capturing the second machine gun.<br /> <br /> In this action, Second Lieutenant Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj displayed gallantry, determination and leadership of a high order.}}<br /> <br /> ===Shaurya Chakra Citation===<br /> As a Colonel, Bhardwaj was also awarded the [[Shaurya Chakra]] for a rescue operation where tourists who were stranded in a cable car were rescued in a joint operation conducted by 1 Para (Commando) and the [[Indian Air Force]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=COL PRABODH CHANDRA BHARDWAJ, VrC, SHAURYA CHAKRA |url=http://gallantryawards.gov.in/Awardee/prabodh-chandra-bhardwaj-vrc}}&lt;/ref&gt; His Shaurya Chakra citation reads as follows:<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|{{center|'''CITATION'''&lt;br&gt;'''COLONEL PRABODH CHANDRA BHARDWAJ'''}}<br /> <br /> On 13th October 92 at 1930 hours, Commanding Officer 1 Para (Commando) was informed that 10 passengers were stranded in a cable car due to snapping of a haulage. The cable car was suspended in mid air at a height of 1300 feet, about 500 from the terminus at Timber Trail, Parwanoo in Himachal Pradesh. He was asked to move to the site and launch a special rescue mission. Within a short time, a team of five trained officers and personnel was selected for this purpose. Major Ivan Joseph Crasto was asked to lead the team. Over the next one hour, the Commanding Officer assembled the team, discussed the various options and collected the diverse equipment which could be utilised for heliborne as well as ground based rescue operations. At 0930 hours on 14 October 92 the Commanding Officer and Major Ivan Joseph Crasto carried out detailed aerial recce with the pilots. At 1630 hours, the Mi-17 mission was launched. The Commanding Officer personally accompanied Major Crasto to supervise the landing on the stranded cable car and to deal with emergencies. This attempt failed because of a number of problems. After several attempts Major Crasto could be lowered and he landed on the top of the cable car. Colonel Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj accompanied each sortie to supervise the rescue operation, on the 14th and 15th October 92. In conducting the overall heli-rescue operation, Colonel Bhardwaj displayed high order of planning, organising and risk-taking capabilities. Even though he faced several odds and he knew that the operation was extremely hazardous, he did not give up and ensured that the operation was a success. In this operation, he displayed confidence, courage, resoluteness of purpose, determination and valour.<br /> <br /> Colonel Prabodh Chandra Bhardwaj, VrC has thus displayed exemplary courage, bravery, determination, technical skill and professional competence in making a task, full of hazards, completely successful.}}<br /> <br /> {| style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |<br /> |[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:Vir Chakra ribbon bar.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:Shaurya Chakra ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:Wound Medal-India.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Paschimi Star Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Operation Vijay star.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND Siachen Glacier Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Sangram Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[File:IND 25th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:1em auto; text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] <br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[Vir Chakra]] <br /> |[[Shaurya Chakra]] <br /> |[[Vishisht Seva Medal]] <br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Wound Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Samanya Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Paschimi Star]]<br /> |[[Operation Vijay Star]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Siachen Glacier Medal]]<br /> |[[Sangram Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Vijay Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Operation Parakram Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Sainya Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Videsh Seva Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|25th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Dates of rank==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background:white&quot;<br /> ! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:2nd_Lieutenant_Indian_Army.gif|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 14 June 1970&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1209 |date=16 October 1971 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 14 June 1972&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1448 |date=30 September 1972 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 14 June 1976&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1662 |date=4 December 1976 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 14 June 1983<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 November 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1374 |date=24 July 1993 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 February 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;colonel&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=939 |date=14 May 1994 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 18 June 1999&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=20 |date=3 January 2004 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general#India|Major General]] || Indian Army || 29 June 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1208 |date=2 September 2006 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 30 January 2007 (seniority from 1 October 2006)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1429 |date=15 September 2007 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}{{s-start}}<br /> <br /> {{s-mil}}{{Succession box<br /> | title = [[Vice Chief of Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]]<br /> | years = 1 October 2009 – 30 November 2010<br /> | before = Noble Thamburaj<br /> | after = Avtar Singh Lamba <br /> }}{{Succession box<br /> | title = [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]]<br /> | years = 1 March 2008 – 30 September 2009<br /> | before = [[Harcharanjit Singh Panag]]<br /> | after = Baljit Singh Jaswal <br /> }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bhardwaj, Prabodh Chandra}}<br /> [[Category:Vice chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Shaurya Chakra]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Vishisht Seva Medal]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Para Commandos]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:National Defence College, India alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Military attachés for India]]<br /> [[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alonzo_Money&diff=485706 2025-12-23T13:00:58Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Creating A Stub</p> <hr /> <div>'''Sir Alonzo Money''', [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]], [[Companion of the Order of the Bath|CB]] (21 January 1821 – 8 April 1900) was a British administrator in India and Egypt.<br /> <br /> The son of George Money, Accountant-General and Master of the Supreme Court, Calcutta, Alonzo Money was educated at [[East India Company College]], Haileybury, from where he was appointed to the [[Bengal Civil Service]] in 1843. He held various posts in Bengal, rising to become a member of the Revenue Board, and retired in 1878. During the [[Indian mutiny of 1857]], Money, with the aid of a few Europeans and about 100 Sikh soldiers, brought in seven [[Lakh|lakhs]] of treasure from Gya to Calcutta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=30 September 1857 |title=India |pages=10 |work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> In 1877, Money proceeded to Egypt to take up an appointment as the British director of the Daira Sanieh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=13 November 1877 |title=Money-Market and City Intelligence |pages=7 |work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; He held the position until 1880, when he was appointed British commissioner of the Egyptian [[Caisse de la Dette Publique]], in succession to [[Auckland Colvin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 June 1880 |title=News in Brief |pages=5 |work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 July 1880 |title=News in Brief |pages=8 |work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=9 April 1900 |title=Obituary |pages=6 |work=[[The Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath|CB]] in 1860 and [[Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George|KCMG]] in 1898. he also received the second class of the [[Order of Osmanieh]] and the Grand Cordon of the [[Order of the Medjidie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He married Eliza Maria Boddam, who died in 1883.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Money, Alonzo}}<br /> [[Category:1821 births]]<br /> [[Category:1900 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]]<br /> [[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]<br /> [[Category:British East India Company civil servants]]<br /> [[Category:Indian civil aircraft]]<br /> [[Category:British expatriates in Egypt]]<br /> [[Category:British people of the Indian Rebellion of 1857]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mankulam,_Idduki&diff=516151 2025-12-11T20:36:21Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Mankulam<br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = Hdr (213530865).jpeg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Southern area of Mankulam<br /> | pushpin_map = India Kerala#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|10|7|12|N|76|55|41|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 9595<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], <br /> English<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Minority<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Kerala |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10209/download/13321/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-3200.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 685565&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Mankulam Pin Code, Kerala |url=https://pincodearea.in/Mankulam-Pin-Code-685565 | access-date=23 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> ''' Mankulam ''' is a village in [[Idukki district]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://idukki.nic.in/revenue.htm|title=Idukki District of Kerala - An official website|work=idukki.nic.in|access-date=14 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/P|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 &amp; above|author=Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2008-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|archive-date=2008-12-08|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the first Grama Panchayat in Kerala which produces electricity on its own. It sells it to the Electricity board of Kerala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://m.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mankulam-the-first-panchayat-to-sell-electricity/article3404869.ece|title=Mankulam, the first panchayat to sell electricity|website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2016-09-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=UNIVERSITY ASSISTANT RANK FILE|publisher=Talent|year=2016|location=Trivandrum|pages=325}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Mankulam had a population of 9595, with 4863 males and 4732 females.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mankulam Village Population - Devikulam - Idukki, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628055-mankulam-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-11 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;censusindia&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Aanakkulam]]<br /> *[[Muppathi Moonu Waterfalls]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Idukki district}}<br /> {{commons category|Mankulam, Idduki}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Idukki district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Idukki-geo-stub}}</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mulla_Nasiruddin&diff=518949 2025-11-25T06:52:10Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Added New Pg Needs Work...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian television series}}<br /> {{Notability|date=May 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | director = [[Amal Allana]]<br /> | producer = <br /> | writer = S. M. Mehdi<br /> | starring = [[Raghubir Yadav]]<br /> | music = [[Louis Banks]]<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | first_aired = {{start date|1990}}<br /> | last_aired = <br /> | channel = [[DD National]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Mulla Nasruddin''''' was a television programme on [[Doordarshan]], which aired in 1990. The title role was played by [[Raghubir Yadav]].<br /> <br /> The episodes were based on stories of [[Nasreddin]] ([[Dastan-e-Nasruddin]] were credited in this show), a 13th-century wise man, whose wisdom can be found in folk tales from Turkey to China. The show was directed by [[Amal Allana|Amal]] Allana, with music by [[Louis Banks]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/media/story/19901031-coming-soon-on-the-small-screen-is-the-delightful-mullah-nasiruddin-813205-1990-10-30|title=Coming soon on the small screen is the delightful Mullah Nasiruddin|access-date=2016-06-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; and script by [[S. M. Mehdi|S.M. Mehdi]].<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Raghubir Yadav]] as Mullah Nasruddin<br /> * [[Zohra Sehgal]] as Story Teller<br /> * [[Manohar Singh]] as Mirza Lang <br /> * [[Saurabh Shukla]] as a spy<br /> * Vijay Kashyap as Amir<br /> *[[Samina Mishra]] as Guljaan<br /> * [[Mohd Ayub]] as Hasan<br /> * [[Yusuf Hussain]] as Deputy Prime Minister<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4fxAVvk8g8 Watch an episode of Mulla Nasiruddin] on YouTube<br /> <br /> [[Category:DD National original programming]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy television series]]<br /> [[Category:1990 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:1990 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Indian historical television series]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Turkey]]<br /> [[Category:Nasreddin]]<br /> [[Category:Television series set in the Middle East]]<br /> [[Category:Television series about Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Islam in popular culture]]<br /> [[Category:Fiction about Islam]]<br /> [[Category:Sufi fiction]]<br /> [[Category:Islamic comedy and humor]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods&diff=469318 2025-11-13T11:02:24Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{More citations needed|=August 2007|date=August 2020}}<br /> [[File:Potato and cross section.jpg|thumb|right|[[Potato]] (Aloo)]]<br /> [[File:Bright red tomato and cross section02.jpg|thumb|right|[[Tomato]] (Tamatar)]]<br /> [[File:Abelmoschus esculentus (cropped).jpg|thumb|right|[[Okra]] (Bhindi)]]<br /> [[File:Cauliflower.JPG|thumb|right|[[Cauliflower]] (Phool Gobhi)]]<br /> [[File:Colocasia esculenta dsc07801.jpg|thumb|right|[[Taro]] (Arbi)]]<br /> <br /> Most of the food items which define modern [[North Indian cuisine|North Indian]] and Subcontinental [[Indian cuisine|cooking]] have origins inside the [[Indian subcontinent]] though many foods that are now a part of them are based on fruits and vegetables that originated outside the Indian subcontinent.<br /> <br /> ==Vegetable origins==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Vegetable<br /> !Hindi name <br /> !Tamil name<br /> !Telugu name<br /> !Kannada name<br /> !Origin<br /> !Likely time of introduction<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Bitter Melon]]<br /> |karela<br /> |Paavarkai<br /> |Kaakara kaaya<br /> |Hāgalakāyi<br /> |Africa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Renner|first=Susanne S.|date=2020-10-06|title=Bitter gourd from Africa expanded to Southeast Asia and was domesticated there: A new insight from parallel studies|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=117|issue=40|pages=24630–24631|doi=10.1073/pnas.2014454117|doi-access=free |issn=0027-8424|pmc=7547224|pmid=32994347|bibcode=2020PNAS..11724630R }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Cabbage]] <br /> |Patta Gobhi<br /> |Muṭṭaikkōs<br /> |Ele koosu<br /> |Elekōsu<br /> |Possibly European<br /> |During colonial times&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dabholkar|first=A. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oxooQMXeYhcC&amp;pg=PA135|title=General Plant Breeding|date=2006|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-242-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Derived from Wild Mustard<br /> |-<br /> |[[Calabash]]<br /> |Lauki/Pankaj<br /> |Curaikkāy<br /> |Anapukaya,sorakaya<br /> |Sore kaayi<br /> |China/Japan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Erickson|first1=David L.|last2=Smith|first2=Bruce D.|last3=Clarke|first3=Andrew C.|last4=Sandweiss|first4=Daniel H.|last5=Tuross|first5=Noreen|date=2005-12-20|title=An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=102|issue=51|pages=18315–18320|doi=10.1073/pnas.0509279102|pmid=16352716|pmc=1311910|doi-access=free|bibcode=2005PNAS..10218315E }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Cauliflower]]<br /> |Phool Gobhi<br /> |<br /> |kosu puvvu<br /> |Hoo kosu<br /> |Cyprus&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fenwick|first1=G. Roger|last2=Heaney|first2=Robert K.|last3=Mullin|first3=W. John|last4=VanEtten|first4=Cecil H.|date=1983-01-01|title=Glucosinolates and their breakdown products in food and food plants|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361|journal=C R C Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition|volume=18|issue=2|pages=123–201|doi=10.1080/10408398209527361|issn=0099-0248|pmid=6337782|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cabbage Flowers for Food {{!}} Archives {{!}} Aggie Horticulture|url=https://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/archives/parsons/publications/vegetabletravelers/broccoli.html|access-date=2021-09-09|website=aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1822 CE&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gopalakrishnan|first=T. R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&amp;pg=PA209|title=Vegetable Crops|date=2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Chili pepper]]<br /> |Mirch<br /> |Miḷakāy<br /> |mirapakaya<br /> |Menasina kaayi<br /> |Mesoamerica &lt;ref name=&quot;ref72rocoh&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''.India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1550 CE&lt;ref name=&quot;ref72rocoh&quot;/&gt;<br /> |india<br /> |-<br /> |[[Coriander]]<br /> |Dhaniya<br /> |Kottamalli<br /> |kotthimeera<br /> |Kottambari soppu<br /> |North Africa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |last2=Hopf |first2=Maria |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Cultivated Plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |date=March 22, 2001 |publisher= Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=((0198503571)) |page=172 |edition=3rd |chapter=Condiments and Dyes}}&lt;/ref&gt; or Mediterranean <br /> |1000 AD &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cuisine and Diplomacy|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/in-focus-article.htm?23938/Cuisine+and+Diplomacy|access-date=2021-09-09|website=www.mea.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; by Arabs<br /> |Mentioned in ancient Egypt<br /> |-<br /> |Brinjal<br /> |Baingan<br /> |Kattirikkāy<br /> |vankaya<br /> |Badane kaayi<br /> |India/China&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Solanum melongena L. GRIN-Global|url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=101312|access-date=2021-09-09|website=npgsweb.ars-grin.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Fenugreek]]<br /> |Methi<br /> |Ventayam<br /> |menthi koora<br /> |Menthya<br /> |Near East &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first1=Daniel |last1=Zohary |first2=Maria |last2=Hopf |first3=Ehud |last3=Weiss |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |edition=4th |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2012 |page=122 }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |326 BC &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fennel, Fenugreek and Coriander: 3 Spices that You Thought Were Indian but Aren't|url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/fennel-fenugreek-and-coriander-3-spices-that-you-thought-were-indian-but-arent-769074|access-date=2021-09-09|website=NDTV Food|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Alexander's campaign to India<br /> |-<br /> |[[Garlic]]<br /> |Lahsoon<br /> |Pūṇṭu<br /> |Velluli/Elligadda<br /> |Belluli<br /> |possibly Middle East &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |title=Domestication of plants in the old world : the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia, Europe, and the Nile Valley |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-850357-6 |pages=197 |edition=3rd}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Unknown<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Lemon]]<br /> |Neembú<br /> |Elumiccai<br /> |nimmakaya<br /> |Nimbe hannu<br /> |South China or Northeastern India&lt;ref name=&quot;ref34pirec&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Cp3pAAAAMAAJ Indian Archaeology in Retrospect: Protohistory, archaeology of the Harappan civilization], Shadaksharappa Settar, Ravi Korisettar, Indian Council of Historical Research, 2002, {{ISBN|978-81-7304-320-8}}, ''... The only early archaeobotanical evidence for Citrus fruits comes from the Late Harappan (Bara phase) site of Sanghol in Punjab where seeds of lemon (C. limon (L.) Burm. f.) have been reported (Saraswat and Chanchala 1997). This is of great interest as these fruits are thought to have been domesticated somewhere in the area spanning from north-eastern India to south China and South-East Asia, although there remains no firm evidence for precisely where or when ... suggests that lemons diffused westwards, presumably along the Ganga Valley in the early second millennium BC. Further west, in South-West Asia, the citron (C. medical L.) occurs as early as c. 1200 BC, while the lemon arrives later in the first millennium AD ...''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |2000-1000 BC&lt;ref name=&quot;ref34pirec&quot;/&gt;<br /> |Lemon seeds found in the Harappan [[Bara culture]] excavations indicate time of spread&lt;ref name=&quot;ref34pirec&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Moringa oleifera|Moringa]]<br /> |<br /> |Muruṅkai<br /> |Munakkaada<br /> |Nugge kaayi<br /> |India<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Okra]]<br /> |Bhindi<br /> |Veṇṭaikkāy<br /> |Bendakaaya<br /> |Bende kaayi<br /> |Highlands of Ethiopia and india&lt;ref name=&quot;ref61rozif&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |100-500 [[Common Era|CE]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ref61rozif&quot; /&gt;<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Onion]]<br /> |Pyaaz<br /> |Veṅkāyam<br /> |Ulligadda,ullipaya,erragadda<br /> |Eerulli<br /> |India {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}<br /> |Unknown, but present by 500 BCE&lt;ref name=&quot;ref76mayac&quot;&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 84, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... In India, as early as the sixth century BC, the famous herbal treatise Charaka-Sanhita celebrates the onion as good for the heart, the eyes, and the joints ...''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Mentioned in the [[Charaka Samhita]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Potato]]<br /> |Aloo<br /> |Uruḷaikkiḻaṅku<br /> |Bangala Dumpa/Aloo Gadda<br /> |Aloo gadde<br /> |South America (Peru/Bolivia) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Finding rewrites the evolutionary history of the origin of potatoes|url=https://news.wisc.edu/finding-rewrites-the-evolutionary-history-of-the-origin-of-potatoes/|access-date=2021-09-10|website=news.wisc.edu|date=3 October 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1600 CE<br /> |Likely introduced by Portuguese traders<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sweet Potato]]<br /> |Shakarkand<br /> |Iṉippu uruḷaikkiḻaṅku<br /> |Chilagada dumpa<br /> |Sihi genasu<br /> |South America &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU3qxpHf4S4C&amp;q=Sweet+Potato+Peru+domesticated&amp;pg=PA21|title=Geneflow 2009|publisher=Bioversity International|isbn=978-92-9043-813-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1600 CE)<br /> |Via Portugal<br /> |-<br /> |[[Taro]]<br /> |Arbi / Arwi/ Guhiyaan<br /> |Seppankizhangu<br /> |Chaamadumpa, chaamagadda<br /> |Kesuvina Gadde/ Kesuvina Soppu<br /> |India, Polynesia or SE Asia<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Tomato]]<br /> |Tamatar<br /> |Takkāḷi<br /> |Tamata / rama phalam<br /> |Goode hannu<br /> |Latin America (Mexico to Peru) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Andrew F.|url=http://archive.org/details/tomatoinamericae00smit_0|title=The tomato in America : early history, culture, and cookery|date=1994|publisher=Columbia, S.C. : University of South Carolina Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-57003-000-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1600 CE<br /> |Likely introduced by Portuguese traders<br /> |-<br /> |[[Turnip]]<br /> |Shalgham<br /> |Ṭarṉip<br /> |<br /> |Gedde kosu<br /> |West Asia or Eastern Europe {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}<br /> |1500 BC<br /> |Very early presence in the [[South Asia]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[Yam (vegetable)|Yam]]<br /> |Zimikand/Suran/kachalu/banda<br /> |Karunai kizhangu<br /> |Kanda<br /> |Suvarna Gadde<br /> |Africa/Asia {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}<br /> |7000 BCE<br /> |Different types of yams by taste, colour, size, skin, acidity<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Fruit origins==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Fruit<br /> !Hindi Name<br /> |Telugu Name<br /> !Tamil Name <br /> !Origin<br /> !Likely time of introduction<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |[[Apple]]<br /> |Seb<br /> |<br /> |Āppiḷ<br /> |Central Asia (Kazakhstan) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Duan|first1=Naibin|last2=Bai|first2=Yang|last3=Sun|first3=Honghe|last4=Wang|first4=Nan|last5=Ma|first5=Yumin|last6=Li|first6=Mingjun|last7=Wang|first7=Xin|last8=Jiao|first8=Chen|last9=Legall|first9=Noah|last10=Mao|first10=Linyong|last11=Wan|first11=Sibao|date=August 2017|title=Genome re-sequencing reveals the history of apple and supports a two-stage model for fruit enlargement|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=249|doi=10.1038/s41467-017-00336-7|pmid=28811498|issn=2041-1723|pmc=5557836|bibcode=2017NatCo...8..249D}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |Unknown<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mango]]<br /> |Aam<br /> |Mamidi Pandu<br /> |Māṅkaṉi<br /> |India<br /> |Unknown<br /> |Mango is mentioned by Hendrik van Rheede, the Dutch commander of the Malabar region in his 1678 book<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mulberry]]<br /> |Shehtoot/Toot<br /> |<br /> |Malperi<br /> |China/Japan<br /> |Unknown<br /> |Its white type is toxic whereas red is very sweet<br /> |-<br /> |[[Orange (fruit)|Orange]]<br /> |Santara {{Citation needed|reason=Reliable source of assertion required|date=February 2017}}<br /> |Kamalapandu<br /> |Ārañcu<br /> |India<br /> |Unknown<br /> |A sweeter Indian variety was introduced by the Portuguese in Europe (ca. 15th century)<br /> |-<br /> |[[Plum]]<br /> |Aloo Bokhara <br /> |<br /> |Piḷam<br /> |Armenia<br /> |Unknown<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Tamarind<br /> |Hunase Hannu/ Imli<br /> |Chintakaya/Chintapandu<br /> |Puḷi<br /> |Africa<br /> |Unknown <br /> |Known for savourish taste, the fruit has mention since Harappan times <br /> |-<br /> |[[Tangerine]]<br /> |Narangi<br /> |Narinja Pandu<br /> |Ṭēṅkariṉ<br /> |China<br /> |Unknown<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{portal|India|Pakistan}}<br /> * [[Indian cuisine]]<br /> * [[North Indian cuisine]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * &quot;Domestication of plants in the Old World,&quot; Daniel Zohary and Maria Hopf, Oxford University Press, 2000.<br /> * &quot;History of Food,&quot; Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, Blackwell Publishing, 1994.<br /> * &quot;Culture and Cuisine: A Journey Through the History of Food,&quot; Jean François Revel, Doubleday, 1982.<br /> * &quot;The Agrarian History of England and Wales,&quot; Edward John T. Collins, Stuart Piggott, [[Joan Thirsk]], Cambridge University Press, 1981.<br /> <br /> {{Cuisines}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Origins Of North Indian Foods}}<br /> [[Category:History of Indian cuisine]]<br /> [[Category:History of Pakistani cuisine]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siddique_Ahmed_(Indian_politician)&diff=478261 2025-11-13T07:33:43Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: creating...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1962)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Siddeque Ahmed<br /> | image = Siddique Ahmed Assam minister.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 180<br /> | caption = Official portrait<br /> | office = [[Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Assam]]<br /> | termstart = 26 January 2015<br /> | termend = 24 May 2016<br /> | 1blankname = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata = [[Tarun Gogoi]]<br /> | 2blankname = Portfolios<br /> | 2namedata = {{bulleted list|Industries and Commerce|Power|Public Enterprises}}<br /> | predecessor = [[Tarun Gogoi]]<br /> | office1 = [[Minister of State|Minister of State (Independent Charge)]], [[Government of Assam]]<br /> | termstart1 = 30 May 2011<br /> | termend1 = 23 July 2014<br /> | 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Tarun Gogoi]]<br /> | 2blankname1 = Portfolios<br /> | 2namedata1 = {{bulleted list|Co-operation|Border Areas Development}}<br /> | office2 = [[Assam Legislative Assembly|Member, Assam Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | termstart2 = 2 May 2021<br /> | constituency2 = [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]]<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Aziz Ahmed Khan (politician)|Aziz Ahmed Khan]]<br /> | termstart3 = 2001<br /> | termend3 = 2016<br /> | predecessor3 = Abdul Muqtadir Choudhury<br /> | successor3 = Aziz Ahmed Khan<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | otherparty = [[Samata Party]]<br /> | children = <br /> | source = <br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> }}<br /> '''Siddeque Ahmed''' (born 1 October 1962) is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from Assam. He is the MLA of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] from [[Karimganj South Assembly constituency|Karimganj South]] constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/assam-assembly-election-2021-bjp-wins-two-seats-congress-one-in-morigaon-district-536614|title=Assam Assembly Election 2021: BJP wins two seats, Congress one in Morigaon district – Sentinelassam|first=Sentinel Digital|last=Desk|date=3 May 2021|website=www.sentinelassam.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/assam-bjp-draws-a-blank-in-all-migrant-muslim-seats/articleshow/82383191.cms|title=Assam: BJP draws a blank in all migrant Muslim seats &amp;#124; Guwahati News – Times of India|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2001–2006]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2006–2011]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2011–2016]]<br /> [[Category:Assam MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:People from Karimganj district]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]<br /> [[Category:Samata Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Assam-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taran_Svami&diff=539688 2025-11-06T21:25:25Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: made initial pg nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Jain monk and religious teacher}}<br /> {{use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox religious biography<br /> | religion = [[Jainism]]<br /> | sect = [[Digambar]]<br /> | birth_date = c. 15th century CE<br /> | birth_place = Central India<br /> | death_date = c. 16th century CE<br /> | death_place = Central India<br /> }}<br /> {{Jainism}}<br /> [[File:NisaiJiBina.jpg|thumb|Nisaiji; Samadhi of Taran Svami, built by Tarachand Mallusav, 1817{{snf| Cort|2006|p=285}}]]<br /> '''Taran Svami''', also spelled '''Taranswami''', was a [[Jain]] monk and religious teacher of the [[Digambar]] [[Jainism]], and the spiritual leader of the [[Taranpanthi|Taran Samaj]]. He lived in the 15th century central India. The traditional biographies consider him a ritual reformer for rejecting the authority of [[Bhattaraka]]s and his emphasis on [[aniconism]] and inner realization. He was celibate (ब्रह्मचारी) and was initiated as a [[Digambara monk|Digambar monk]] in his later life. He is credited for writing fourteen texts.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=16-17}}<br /> <br /> ==Biographies==<br /> There is no scholarly biography of Taran Svami available.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=264}} Taran Svami was celibate who got initiated as [[Digambar]] monk in his later life.{{sfn|Wiley|2009|p=16}}<br /> <br /> ;Biography by Phulcandra (1933)<br /> [[Digambara Terapanth]]i scholar Pandit Phulcandra Siddhanta Shastri wrote a biography in 1933 based on his studies but is not accepted as scholarly biography.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=264}}<br /> <br /> Phulcandra has argued that the full name of Taran Svami, as used in the texts attributed to him, was Jin Taran Taran, literally &quot;Jina Deliverer Deliverance.&quot; He also argued that the name indicates that he had liberated himself and can liberate others. The ''Thikanesara'' (&quot;The essence of what is authentic&quot;) texts address him as Svamiji, &quot;Reverend Master.&quot; He is commonly referred to as Taran Svami. There are no record of his birth name.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=264}}<br /> <br /> The ''Chadmastha Vani'', a composition attributed to Taran Svami, records that he died on 7th Dark Half of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]] month in [[Vikram Samvat]] 1572 which corresponds to 5 May 1515 CE. Based on various manuscripts of ''Thikanesara'' and ''Nirvana Hundi'' (copied in late 19th and early 20th century), Phulcandra calculated that he was born on 7th Bright Half of Agahan month in Vikram Samvat 1505 which corresponds to 2 December 1448. Based on these texts, it is learned that Virasiri/Virashri was his mother and Garha Saha/Gudha Sahu was his father. He was born in Pushpavati village and into the Parvar [[caste]], in the Vasalla ''[[gotra]]'' (clan) and Gaha ''mur'' (lineage). The village is identified with Bilhari near Katni in [[Jabalpur district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India by the followers and most authors.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=264}}<br /> <br /> An obscure passage of ''Chadmastha Vani'' is interpreted by Phulcandra, as accepted by the followers, which states that he started his studies when he was 11 years old and continued for ten years. He spent next nine years in spiritual practises and took ''vrata'' (lay vows) and became a celibate (''[[Brahmacharya|Brahmachari]]'') when he was 30 years old. He became a monk when he was sixty and died when sixty-six and half years old.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=265}}<br /> <br /> Phulcandra extrapolated the biography based on the history of medieval Jain Digambaras and the oral tradition of the followers. Phulcandra constructed that Taran Svami was taken to Garaula (or Garhaula), the village of his maternal uncle by his father when he was five years old. He was handed over to [[Bhattaraka]] Devendrakirti, heading the Canderi seat. Devendrakirti was the guru of the Parvar caste. He began studies under him. Shrutakirti, the author of Harivamsa Purana in 1495 CE, was either his fellow student or his teacher. At the age 21, he left his studies and went to Semarkheri, near Siroñj in [[Vidisha district]] where his maternal uncle lived. He spent another nine years there meditating and in religious practices. He overcame three spiritual obstacles, ''mithyatva'' (spiritual ignorance), ''maya'' (illusion) and ''nidana'' (seeking material benefit for religious practise) and took the ''vrata'' (vow) of a celibate (''Brahmachari'') at the age of thirty. Thus he is considered a partial renouncer. He continued his religious practise for another thirty years. He became a monk at the age of sixty on his own. He lived as a monk for more six-and-a-half years.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=265-266}}<br /> <br /> ;Biography by Nathuram Premi (1912–13)<br /> <br /> Digambar scholar Nathuram Premi published a multi-part article in ''Jain Hitaisi'', a [[Hindi language]] journal published from [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai) in 1912 and 1913. It was based on the oral tradition of other Digambara Jains of [[Bundelkhand]] and an unnamed &quot;old book&quot; given to him by a follower of Taran Svami. His biography proved controversial as it chiefly focused on his opposition to image-worship, his tales of use of magic and his Muslim followers. In subsequent part of the article, he defines him as a future [[Tirthankara]]. He connects him with king [[Shrenik]], [[Bhadrabahu]], [[Kundakunda]] as his past lives.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=276-277}} He places his birth in Pohapavati (Puspavati), a village near [[Delhi]]. He also states that his father worked in the court of an unnamed Muslim king. He stated that his second part is also based on the oral tradition. He further adds that his version unlikely as there were no historical presence of Parvars in Delhi and the lack of the name of the king.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=265-266}}<br /> <br /> ;Biography by Brahmachari Sitalprasad (1932)<br /> <br /> Digambar scholar Brahmachari Sitalprasad wrote a short biography in the introduction to his Modern Hindi rendition of Taran Svami's ''Shravakachara'' in 1932. It was based on the oral tradition of the followers in Sagar and the article of Premi.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=266}}<br /> <br /> According to him, Taran Svami was born at Puspavati; identified with Peshavar, a village near Delhi. His father was a wealthy merchant and worked for the [[Lodhi dynasty|Lodhi]] kings. He moved to Garaula, a village in [[Sagar district]] due to unknown reason. A Digambara monk suggested Taran Svami should study scriptures based on his body marks. So his father moved to Semarkheri where Taran Svami joined studies. Taran Svami never married and continued to his interest in religious practices and meditation for years. He finally left home and became a celibate or a monk. He settled in Malhargarh, a village now in [[Guna district]]. He travelled and preached there for years. Sitalprasad states that he converted 553,319 people to Jainism.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=266-267}}<br /> <br /> ;Biography by Kaluram Jain (1941)<br /> In 1941, Kaluram Jain of Semarkheri published a biography based on Premi's article, contemporary oral tradition and an unnamed hand-written manuscript. He cited the lack of prior research and stated that his short biography is just a discussion on of Taran Svami's life as well as on the development of the Taran Panth. He also asked for more research in these aspects.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=300}}<br /> <br /> ;Other late biographies<br /> Jaysagar (1990) has stated in his biography that Taran Svami must have been Mandalacharya based on ''Nama Mala'' but is considered unlikely as the title is used by Bhattarakas. He further stated that he had 1,100,000 direct followers and 4,200,000 had accepted his teachings. These figures are considered imaginative.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=299}}<br /> <br /> Brahmachari Jñananand, a modern Taran Panthi wrote a biography ''Taran Jivan Jyoti'' which is criticised for imaginative additions and contrary to tradition. Its publication was stopped in 1999.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=299}} Brahmachari Basant, a collaborator of Jñananand, has stated that Taran Svami was a Mandalacharya heading 151 Mandalas. He also states that he had seven monks (Hemanandi, Candragupta, Samantabhadra, Citragupta, Samadhigupta, Jayakirti, and Bhuvananda), 35 nuns, 231 Brahmacharini (female celibates), 60 Brahmachari (males celibates) and large number of laity totaling of 4,345,331 followers. These figures are also considered imaginative.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=299}}<br /> <br /> ===Evaluation of biographies===<br /> Phulcandra and Sitalprasad's biographies frame Taran Svami within Digambara mystic tradition in continuum of [[Umaswati]] and [[Kundakunda]]. It is dominant narrative within the community. It also bridges Taran Svami's teaching with [[Digambara Terapanth]]. Taran Svami is also seen as a ritual reformer who rejected the authority of Bhattarakas and the necessity of rituals. Instead his teaching put emphasis on study of texts such as of Kundakunda and practise of meditation and other religious exercises. He is also sometime put together with other saints of [[Bhakti Movement]] such as [[Kabir]] who rejected outer rituals and emphasized on inner realization. His teachings emphasized on [[aniconism]] and indifference to idol worship which is also seen in earlier Digambara mystic tradition also. These biographies places him within the Jain spiritual framework. Only Premi's writing place him as a future Tirthankara.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=267-273}}<br /> <br /> ;Legends of miracles<br /> These biographies also describes several magical incidents associated with him and his followers and even extending to his memorials. On such popular narrative is that, at Malhargadh, he was drowned in [[Betwa River]] three times by a boatman but he was miraculously saved each time. It was done in opposition to his teaching. It is also said that he can travel between places in minutes by powers. It is said that he used to attract people at fairs and later convert them to his teaching. One such magic included suspending texts in the air and then bringing them back to the earth. One story says that he had brought back burnt papers of his father, who working for the king, when he was a boy. He is also associated with [[juggler]]s (''nat'').{{snf| Cort|2006|p=273-274}}<br /> <br /> At Semarkheri, it is said that Taran Svami once met gypsies (''[[Banjara]]'') who had caravan of camels loaded with sugar. When asked by Taran Svami, they lied that it is salt as they suspected him as a thief. Later they found that the sugar had indeed turned into salt. They asked for forgiveness and the salt again turned into sugar. They later sold it in the city and built the temple at Semarkheri where there is a pillar commemorating its construction.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=273-274}}<br /> <br /> It is said that Taran Svami had Muslim followers too. Lukman Shah and Ruiya Rama, both Muslim followers, still has memorial shrines near Nisaiji. Taran Svami had Hindu followers too. Near Nisaiji, there is shrine dedicated to two Bundela Rajput brothers who are worshiped by Hindus and said to have protected Taran Svami during his oppression. Some tales also connects them with their devotion to Taran Svami.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=274-276}}<br /> <br /> The contemporary understanding of Taran Svami mostly rejects these legends.{{snf| Cort|2006|p=276}}<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> {{Jainism}}<br /> Taran Svami is credited with writing fourteen texts. Scholars have expressed doubts about his authorship of the ''Chadmastha Vani'' as it cites his death and of the ''Nama Mala'' as it contains names of his disciples. These texts are classified in five systems mentioned in one manuscript of ''Thikanesara'' (now at Khurai temple).{{snf| Cort|2006|p=277}}<br /> <br /> They are as follows:{{snf| Cort|2006|p=278}}<br /> <br /> * ''Vicara mata'' (Reflections)<br /> ** ''Malarohana'' (&quot;Garland offering&quot;)<br /> ** ''Pandita Puja'' (&quot;Wise worship&quot;)<br /> ** ''Kamala Battisi'' (&quot;Lotus thirty-two [verses]&quot;)<br /> * ''Acara mata'' (Conduct)<br /> ** ''Shravakacara'' (&quot;Lay conduct&quot;)<br /> * ''Sara mata'' (Essential teachings)<br /> ** ''Jñana Samuccaya Sara'' (&quot;Collected essence of knowledge&quot;)<br /> ** ''Tribhakgi Sara'' (&quot;Essence in triads&quot;)<br /> ** ''Upadesha Shuddha Sara'' (&quot;Pure essence of the teachings&quot;)<br /> * ''Mamala mata'' (Spiritual purity)<br /> ** ''Mamala Pahuda'' (&quot;Handbook on purity&quot;)<br /> ** ''Caubisa Thana'' (&quot;Twenty-four topics&quot;)<br /> * ''Kevala mata'' (Enlightenment)<br /> ** ''Chadmastha Vani'' (&quot;Sayings of the unliberated&quot;)<br /> ** ''Nama Mala'' (&quot;Garland of names&quot;)<br /> ** ''Khatika Vishesa'' (&quot;Special uprooter&quot;)<br /> ** ''Siddha Subhava'' (&quot;Nature of the perfected soul&quot;)<br /> ** ''Sunna Subhava'' (&quot;Nature of emptiness&quot;)<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist|23em}}<br /> <br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{citation|last=Cort|first=John E.|editor-last=Flügel |editor-first=Peter |editor-link=Peter Flügel |title=Studies in Jaina History and Culture: Disputes and Dialogues |url={{Google books|CIgqBgAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-23552-0 |chapter=A Fifteenth-century Digambar Jain Mystic and His Followers: Taran Taran Svami and the Taran Svami Panth|oclc=71148706|pages=263–311|language=en}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Wiley |first=Kristi L. |title=The A to Z of Jainism |url={{Google books|cIhCCwAAQBAJ|plainurl=yes}} |year=2009 | volume=38 |publisher=Scarecrow |isbn=978-0-8108-6337-8| language=en}}<br /> <br /> {{Jain Gurus}}<br /> {{Jainism Topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian Jain monks]]<br /> [[Category:People from Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century Indian Jains]]<br /> [[Category:15th-century educators]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian monks]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian writers]]<br /> [[Category:Jain reformers]]</div>

Joann47Q9259 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjan_Bajwa&diff=452132 2025-10-07T11:13:39Z

<p>Joann47Q9259: Revised and enhanced article content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1979)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arjan Bajwa<br /> | image = Arjan Bajwa 1.jpg<br /> | caption = Bajwa in 2018<br /> | other_names =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|3 September 1979}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Delhi]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = 1998–present<br /> | website = <br /> | signature = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arjan Bajwa''' (born 3 September 1979) is an Indian actor known for his work in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He made his debut with the Telugu film [[Sampangi]] (2001).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mulchandani |first=Amrita |date=4 September 2011 |title=Don't mind being called Deepak: Arjan Bajwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dont-mind-being-called-deepak-arjan-bajwa/articleshow/9859221.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205181040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dont-mind-being-called-deepak-arjan-bajwa/articleshow/9859221.cms |archive-date=5 December 2021 |access-date=23 February 2022 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; He transitioned to Hindi films with ''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]'' (2004) and gained recognition for supporting roles in ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' (2005), ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' (2007), [[Fashion (2008 film)|''Fashion'']] (2008), and [[Arundhati (2009 film)|''Arundhati'']] (2009).&lt;ref name=&quot;F&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 May 2021 |title=[EXCLUSIVE] Arjan Bajwa reveals Priyanka Chopra saw his audition in a parking lot: She said you were fantastic |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/article/exclusive-arjan-bajwa-reveals-priyanka-chopra-saw-his-audition-in-a-parking-lot-she-said-you-were-fantastic/759283 |website=www.timesnownews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also appeared in web series, including ''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]'' (2020) and [[Bestseller (TV series)|''Bestseller'']] (2022).<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Bajwa was born on 3 September 1979 in [[Delhi]], India in a [[Jat Sikh]] family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ex-डिप्टी मेयर का बेटा है ये एक्टर, एग्रीकल्चर की पढ़ाई कर ऐसे बना हीरो |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/ENT-CBA-bollywood-actor-arjan-bajwa-facts-5685485-PHO.html |access-date=6 March 2019 |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |date=3 September 2017 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Unnati |title=Arjan Bajwa: More than Dilli ki garmi, I like Dilli ki sardi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/arjan-bajwa-more-than-dilli-ki-garmi-i-like-dilli-ki-sardi/articleshow/91184459.cms |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=1 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sinha |first1=Seema |title=I don't have too many presumptions: Arjan Bajwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/i-dont-have-too-many-presumptions-arjan-bajwa/articleshow/10474755.cms |access-date=29 July 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=24 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father [[Surinder Singh Bajwa|Swinderjeet Singh Bajwa]] was a former deputy Mayor of [[Delhi]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lane&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Garima Sharma |date=15 June 2014|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Arjan-Bajwa-A-father-is-the-hero-in-every-mans-life/articleshow/36551669.cms|title=Arjan Bajwa: A father is the hero in every man's life |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Suryamurthy |first=R |date=28 May 2002 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020528/ncr1.htm |title='Defeat in MCD elections has shaken the BJP terribly' |work=Tribune |access-date=14 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bajwa holds a degree in architecture from Delhi and is a black belt in [[Taekwondo]].&lt;ref name=lane2&gt;{{cite news |last1=Das |first1=Soumitra |title=Ajay Devgan a big prankster: Arjan Bajwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ajay-devgan-a-big-prankster-arjan-bajwa/articleshow/11338985.cms |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=2 January 2012 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Before entering films Bajwa was a successful model having walked the ramp for several big fashion designers.&lt;ref name=lane3&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mid-day.com/videos/arjan-bajwa-walks-the-ramp/4134|title=Arjan Bajwa walks the ramp |newspaper=[[Mid-Day]] |date=22 August 2011|access-date=7 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Bajwa made his Telugu debut with ''[[Sampangi]]'' (2001) and played the lead in a couple of Telugu films including ''[[Premalo Pavani Kalyan]]'' (2002).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jeevi |last2=Aditya |title=Arjan Barjwa - Interview with Deepak |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/deepak.html |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=[[Idlebrain]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ogirala |first1=Mohan Rao |title=Celebrating 100 days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/hyderabad-times/celebrating-100-days/articleshow/42223182.cms |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=3 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; After making his Hindi debut in ''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]'', Bajwa's breakthrough role came in Hindi cinema, with director [[Mani Ratnam]]'s critically acclaimed film, ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kabir-singh-actor-arjan-bajwa-my-inclination-to-play-more-protagonist-roles-has-become-a-priority/articleshow/84670479.cms|title=Arjan Bajwa: My inclination to play more protagonist roles has become a priority|work=The Times of India |date=23 July 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, he played the male lead in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]’s ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''. Bajwa also starred in the Telugu movies ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' and ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2022/Feb/17/actor-arjan-bajwa-opens-up-about-his-upcoming-project-bestseller-39134.html|title=Actor Arjan Bajwa opens up about his upcoming project, Bestseller|first=Suchitra|last=Behara|date=17 February 2022|website=Indulgexpress}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bajwa then appeared in [[Ajay Devgn]]'s action comedy film ''[[Son of Sardaar]]'', where he played [[Sonakshi Sinha]]'s boyfriend.&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/arjan-bajwa-in-son-of-sardar/|title=Arjan Bajwa in Son Of Sardar : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=19 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also acted in the action thriller ''[[Crook (film)|Crook]]'' (2010) and ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]'' (2014).&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/on-the-sets-of-bobby-jasoos-5513.html|title=On the sets of Bobby Jasoos &amp;#124; Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has appeared in the film ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' (2016). In 2019, he was seen in [[Sandeep Vanga]]'s ''[[Kabir Singh]]'' where he played [[Shahid Kapoor]]'s brother. He was initially hesitant to play the male lead's older brother, but accepted at the insistence of Vanga, for whom he was the only choice to play the character.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kabir&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, Bajwa shot a song for his unreleased film ''Lucky One Gets a Second Chance'' alongside Myra Sareen, [[Tanishaa Mukerji]] and [[:ro:Iulia Vântur|Iulia Vântur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/date-par-chalega-kya-boyfriend-banega-kya-song-shoot-a-fun-filled-extravaganza-under-the-banner-of-atlas-movietime-and-kashish-khan-production20230908154224/|title=&quot;Date Par Chalega Kya, Boyfriend Banega Kya&quot; Song Shoot - A Fun-Filled Extravaganza under the banner of Atlas MovieTime and Kashish Khan Production|website=ANI News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language <br /> ! Notes !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> || 2001 || ''[[Sampangi]]'' || Abhishek <br /> |Telugu<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jafri |first1=Syed Amin |title=Telugu film taken off following Muslim protests |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2001/jul/30film.htm |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=Rediff.com |date=30 July 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2002 ||''[[Nee Thodu Kavali]]'' || Vasu <br /> |Telugu<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-neethodukavali.html|title= Movie review - Nee Thodu Kavali| work= [[idlebrain.com]]|accessdate= 17 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Kanulu Musina Neevaye'' || Sagar <br /> |Telugu<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/kmn/cast.html|title=Cast &amp; Crew - Telugu cinema - kanulu moosina neevaye - Deepak Archana - Manjula Naidu|website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2003 || ''[[Premalo Pavani Kalyan]]'' || Kalyan <br /> |Telugu<br /> | ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/premalo-pavani-kalyan-review-telugu-pcluybcjcgfae.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127003928/https://www.sify.com/movies/premalo-pavani-kalyan-review-telugu-pcluybcjcgfae.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 January 2022|title=Premalo Pavani Kalyan|website=[[Sify]]|date=21 April 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2004<br /> | ''[[Woh Tera Naam Tha]]'' || Akhtar || Hindi<br /> | ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Arjan Bajwa to star in web show Operation Terror: Black Tornado |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/17/arjan-bajwa-to-star-in-web-show-operation-terror-black-tornado-14972.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=17 October 2019 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2005 || ''[[Bhadra (2005 film)|Bhadra]]'' || Raja || Telugu <br /> | ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bhadra.html|title=Bhadra - Telugu cinema Review - Ravi teja, Meera Jasmine|access-date=15 September 2012|archive-date=12 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212055930/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-bhadra.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2007 || ''[[Guru (2007 film)|Guru]]'' ||Arzan Contractor<br /> |Hindi <br /> | ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Taneja |first1=Parina |title=5 times Arjan Bajwa proved he can get into the skin of any character! |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/5-times-arjan-bajwa-proved-he-can-get-into-the-skin-of-any-character-2022-02-07-758430 |access-date=14 March 2022 |work=India TV News |date=7 February 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Summer 2007]]'' ||Qateel <br /> |Hindi<br /> | ||&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/only-good-scripts-will-get-my-nod-arjan/articleshow/3093762.cms|title=Only good scripts will get my nod: Arjan|date=3 June 2008|work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| 2008 || ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]'' ||Maanav Bhasin<br /> |Hindi<br /> | Nominated{{emdash}}[[Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Male]] ||&lt;ref name=&quot;F&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/arjan-bajwa/awards/nominated/|title=Arjan Bajwa Awards &amp; Nominations - Bollywood Hungama|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=1 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati]]'' ||Rahul <br /> |Telugu<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;KA&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' ||Ajay<br /> |Telugu<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;KA&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2009 || ''[[Mitrudu]]'' ||Madhu<br /> |Telugu<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mitrudu.html|title=Mitrudu review - Telugu cinema Review - Bala Krishna &amp; Priyamani|website=www.idlebrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2010 || ''Hide N Seek'' ||Jaideep Mahajan<br /> |Hindi <br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/hide-seek/|title=Hide &amp; Seek|date=12 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Crook (film)|Crook]]'' || Samarth <br /> |Hindi<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;C&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/movies/crook-20101013-16jwz.html|title=Crook|first=Jake|last=Wilson|date=13 October 2010|website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2011 || ''[[Tell Me O Kkhuda]]'' || Jai Vishal Singh<br /> |Hindi<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/i-was-discouraged-from-doing-039-tell-me-o-kkhuda-039-arjan-bajwa-3104.html|title=I Was Discouraged From Doing 'Tell Me O Kkhuda' : Arjan Bajwa|first1=|last1=|first2=|last2=|date=24 October 2011|website=India TV News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Lanka (2011 film)|Lanka]]'' ||Chhote <br /> |Hindi<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lanka-movie-review/articleshow/11038634.cms|title=Lanka: Movie Review|work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2011|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2012 || ''[[Son Of Sardaar]]'' || Bobby <br /> |Hindi<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''Himmat Singh - The King of the Ring'' || Himmat Singh || Punjabi || || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/arjan-bajwa-in-punjabi-film-himmat-singh/|title=Arjan Bajwa in Punjabi film Himmat Singh|date=20 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movie-details/himmat-singh-the-king-of-the-ring/movieshow/61983326.cms|title=Himmat Singh - The King Of The Ring|work=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2014 || ''[[Bobby Jasoos]]'' ||Lala/Ali <br /> |Hindi<br /> | ||&lt;ref name=&quot;B&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2016 || ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]'' || Vikram Makhija <br /> |Hindi<br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/rustom-review-akshay-kumar-delivers-an-intriguing-courtroom-drama/story-fVOA03SglqLqnLJPYwkVoI.html|title=Rustom review: Akshay Kumar delivers an intriguing courtroom drama|work=Hindustan Times |date=12 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || 2017 || ''[[Chitrangada (film)|Chitrangada]]'' || Raja Ravi Varma || Telugu <br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/120317/chitrangada-movie-review-good-attempt-gone-wrong.html|title=Chitrangada movie review: Good attempt gone wrong &amp;#124; Chitrangada movie review: Good attempt gone wrong|first=suresh|last=kavirayani|date=12 March 2017|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2|2019<br /> |''[[Kabir Singh]]''||Karan Rajdheer Singh ||Hindi<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Kabir&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/what-made-arjan-bajwa-take-on-kabir-singh/articleshow/69379628.cms|title=What made Arjan Bajwa take on 'Kabir Singh'?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2019 |access-date=18 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> || ''[[Bigil]]'' || Samar || Tamil <br /> | || &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shahid-kapoor-gets-a-perfect-birthday-wish-from-bade-bhaiya-arjan-bajwa-in-kabir-singh-style-1650181-2020-02-26|title=Shahid Kapoor gets a perfect birthday wish from bade bhaiya Arjan Bajwa in Kabir Singh style|date=26 February 2020|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2025 || ''[[Demon Hunters (film)|Demon Hunters]]'' || {{TBA}} || Taiwanese Mandarin, Hindi, English, Yue Chinese<br /> | Post-production (Indian-Taiwanese film)||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |last1= Ramachandran |first1=Naman |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |date= 15 April 2024 |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/taiwan-india-demon-hunters-cannes-market-1235971323/ |title=Taiwan-India Action Comedy 'Demon Hunters' to Debut First Footage at Cannes Market (EXCLUSIVE) |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=16 April 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | {{refh}}<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> |''[[State Of Siege: 26/11 (series)|State Of Siege: 26/11]]''<br /> | Colonel Kunal Sahota<br /> |[[ZEE5]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/web-series/story/arjan-bajwa-on-state-of-seige-26-11-it-was-an-honour-to-play-real-life-superheroes-1657481-2020-03-19|title=Arjan Bajwa on State Of Siege 26/11: It was an honour to play real-life superheroes|date=19 March 2020|website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2022<br /> | ''[[Bestseller (Indian web series)|Bestseller]]''<br /> | Tahir Wazir<br /> | [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/arjan-bajwa-bestseller-fashion-films-journey-bollywood-7775119/|title=Arjan Bajwa reveals the most challenging part about Bestseller, says Fashion gave him 'that platform in films'|date=18 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Discography==<br /> <br /> * ''Ghar Aaja Sohneya'' Remix by Shazia Manzoor (1998) (cameo appearance)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/childhood-music-video-crushes/|title=We Took A Look At Our Childhood Music Video Crushes. 'Ho Gai Hai Mohabbat'… Phir Se|date=8 April 2019|website=ScoopWhoop}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name}}<br /> * {{Twitter|arjantalkin}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Arjan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1979 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male models]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male taekwondo practitioners]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]</div>

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