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Kavi Santokh Singh

2026-05-07T17:24:58Z

JillianCogburn: stub

{{Short description|Sikh historian, poet and writer (1787–1843/1844)}}
{{Infobox Biography
| honorific_prefix = Kavi Bhai
| name = Santokh Singh
| honorific_suffix = Ji Churamani<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of Sikh Gurus |date=1973 |publisher=U. C. Kapur |page=185}}</ref>
| image = Kavi Santokh Singh.jpg
| caption = Miniature painting of Kavi Santokh Singh seated on a terrace that was held by his descendants, circa 19th century
| birth_date = 8 October 1787
| birth_place = Sarai Nurdin, Punjab {{Small|(modern-day Kila Kavi Santokh Singh, Tarn Taran district, Punjab, India)}}
| death_date = 19 October 1843/1844 (aged 56 or 57)
| education =
| employer =
| known_for = Sikh historian, literati and poet
| title =
| term =
| spouse = Ram Kaur
| mother = Mai Rajadi
| father = Deva Singh
| awards = Village of Morthali (land grant gifted by the ruler of Kaithal state)
}}
{{Sikh literature}}
'''Kavi Santokh Singh''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: '''ਕਵੀ''' '''ਸੰਤੋਖ ਸਿੰਘ)''' (8 October 1787{{Snd}}19 October 1843/1844) was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] historian, poet and writer.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Harbans |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |date=1992–1998 |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |isbn=0-8364-2883-8 |volume=4, S-Z |location=Patiala |pages=51–52 |oclc=29703420}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Objects of Worship in South Asian Religions: Forms, Practices and Meanings |publisher=Routledge |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen, Mikael Aktor & Kristina Myrvold |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-315-77162-5 |series=Routledge Studies in Asian Religion and Philosophy; vol. 13 |location=London |oclc=891384284 |quote=In his Japji Sahib commentary, the nineteenth-century hagiographer Kavi Santokh Singh invokes the sword of Guru Gobind Singh alongside the one god and ten gurus.}}</ref> He was such a prolific writer that the Sikh Reference Library at [[Golden Temple|Darbar Sahib Amritsar]] was named after him, located within the Mahakavi Santokh Singh Hall.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.punlib.net/spl/ind/srl_amritsar.html | title=:::Welcome to Special Public Libraries | Amritsar::: }}</ref> In addition to "Great Poet" (Mahākavī) Santokh Singh was also referred to as the [[Ferdowsi]] of Punjabi literature, [[Ferdowsi]] wrote ~50,000 verses while Santokh Singh's [[Suraj Prakash]] totals ~52,000. <ref>''Gursevak Amritsar Magazine'', 1935 May, 15th edition.</ref> Other scholars have thought of Santokh Singh as akin to [[Vyasa]].<ref>Maha Kavi Bhai Santokh Singh (A Collection of Seminar Papers), Professor Harmeet Singh, 1991, page 94. </ref> [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner]] in 1883 wrote that, "Santokh Singh of Kantal in the Karnal District, has rendered his name immortal" through the production of his works.<ref>G. W. Leitner, ''History of Indigenous Education in Punjab''. (Patiala: Languages Department Punjab, 1971). Page 30</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===
Santokh Singh was born into a poor yet educated family of cloth-printers on 8 October 1787 in Nurdin village (also known as Sarai Nurdin) near [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]] to the northwest.<ref name=":1" /> His father was Deva Singh of the Karir subcaste of the [[Chhimba]] caste, and his mother was Mai Rajadi.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Sabinderjit Singh |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/sabinderjit-singh-sagar-historical-analysis-of-nanak-prakash-by-bhai-santokh-singh-169-pp-amritsar-guru-nanak-dev-university-1993-rs-80/1671E7C8B3C709BA94E32437B2141FAA |title=Historical Analysis of Nanak Prakash by Bhai Santokh Singh |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar |year=1993 |edition=1st |location=Amritsar, India |pages=10–20 |chapter=1. Bhai Santokh Singh and His Times|volume=61 |issue=1 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X00016165 }}</ref> He had an elder brother named Gurmukh Singh.<ref name=":3" /> He was associated with the [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sect]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Malhotra |first1=Anshu |title=Bhai Vir Singh (1872–1957): Religious and Literary Modernities in Colonial and Post-Colonial Indian Punjab |last2=Murphy |first2=Anne |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-032-26778-4 |series=Routledge Critical Sikh Studies |location=Abingdon, Oxon |oclc=1365386108 |quote=Despite certain differences with the Udasi sect, Nirmala scholars of the early to mid-nineteenth century such as Kavi Santokh Singh, Pandit Tara Singh Narotam, Giani Gian Singh, and Gulab Singh were equally inclined toward Vedantic interpretations of gurbani maintaining that gurbani was essentially an expression of ancient Vedic teachings in the current vernacular (Taran Singh 1980).}}</ref> His father, Deva Singh, had been well-educated in [[Gurbani]] and [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] philosophy.<ref name=":3" /> In his earliest years, his father was his mentor.<ref name=":3" /> After that, he was educated by his uncle, Ram Singh, at [[Amritsar]].<ref name=":3" /> Thereafter, he was instructed by the famous Giani Sant Singh in Amritsar after an encounter with the aforementioned.<ref name=":3" /> Until the end of the first decade of the 19th century, he had the personal ''bunga'' of his teacher, Giani Sant Singh, as his place of residence.''<ref name=":3" />'' He had a strong educational basis in [[Sanskrit]] but his command of [[Persian language|Persian]] was lacking.<ref name=":3" />

=== Association ===
According to Pashaura Singh (2003) Santokh Singh is regarded as the first recognized scholar of the [[Nirmala (sect)|Nirmala]] [[Sects of Sikhism|sect]] of [[Sikhism]], Pashaura doubts the Nirmala school was in existence during [[Guru Gobind Singh]]'s reign.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |title=The Guru Granth Sahib: Canon, Meaning and Authority |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780199087730 |chapter=5. Nirmala Pranali |quote=The origin of the Nirmala sect within the Panth is obscure, although there is some evidence that it existed during the Misal period in the late eighteenth century. There is no evidence to support the traditional claim that Guru Gobind Singh himself deputed five Sikhs to Kashi for Sanskritic learning. The first recognized Nirmala scholar was Kavi Santokh Singh, who wrote the celebrated works Nanak Prakash and Suraj Prakash in the first half of the nineteenth century. He also wrote a commentary on Japji, popularly known as Garbganjani Tika, 'A Commentary to Humble the Pride [of Udasi Anandghan].' Santokh Singh took strong exception to Anandghan's interpretation that Guru Nanak acknowledged six Gurus in a line from Japji. He was also strongly critical of the esoteric interpretation of gurbani presented in the Udasi work. It appears that the scriptural interpretation was one focus of conflict among various sects within the Panth in the nineteenth century. Like Udasis, however, the Nirmala scholars were equally inclined towards Vedantic interpretations of gurbani. They maintained that gurbani was essentially an expression of the Vedic teachings in the current vernacular language (bhakha). In his commentary on Japji, for instance, Santokh Singh frequently employed the Puranic myths and examples from the Vedas to make a point. Basically, he interpreted certain key Sikh doctrines from a brahminical perspective.}}</ref> This label however requires scrutiny, at no point in any of his writings does Santokh Singh claim himself to be a Nirmala, nor does he even ever mention Nirmalas.<ref>Gurbāṇī Dīān Viākhiā Praṇālīān, Taaran Singh, Panjabi University Patiala, 1997. Page 121</ref> [[Vir Singh (writer)]] also never associates Santokh Singh with Nirmalas.<ref>Vir Singh, Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granth Jilad Pahilī: Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granthāvalī Dī Prastāvanā. (Chandigarh: Bhasha Vibhaag, 1989).</ref> Rather, because of Santokh Singh's instruction from Giani Sant Singh, his association can be seen to fall under the Giānīan Bungā, a learning institution beginning from [[Bhai Mani Singh]].<ref>S.S. Padam, Sikhān Dī Bhagatmālā. (Amritsar: Singh Brothers, 2013). Page 61</ref> Giani Sant Singh (1768-1832), the head Giani of Amritsar, was a renowned scholars both inside and outside of Sikh circles.<ref>Philip Lutgendorf, The Life of a Text: Performing the Ramcaritmanas of Tulsidas. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
Velcheru Narayana Rao, David Dean Shulma Page 142</ref> Throughout all of Santokh Singh's works he includes invocations ([[Mangalacharana]]) directed at his teacher, Giani Sant Singh.<ref>Vir Singh, Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granth Jilad Pahilī: Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granthāvalī Dī Prastāvanā. (Chandigarh: Bhasha Vibhaag, 1989).</ref>

=== Later life ===
He married Ram Kaur from [[Jagadhri|Jagadhari]], who belonged to the Rohilla subcaste, in 1821.<ref name=":3" /> After his time spent in Amritsar, he found employment as a ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|katha]]'' (religious discourse) performer in the court of the chief of Dyalgarh, Bhagwant Singh, at the Buria estate, where he remained until 1823.<ref name=":3" /> In 1829, he came under the sponsorship of the ruler of [[Kaithal State]], Udai Singh.<ref name=":3" /> After being impressed by his work, the ruler bestowed a ''[[jagir]]'' grant, of the village of Morthali, to the author in 1834.<ref name=":3" /> He died on 19 October 1843 or 1844, shortly after completing his final work of literature, the Suraj Prakash, which he had presented to the Sikh clergy at the ''[[Akal Takht|Akal Bunga]]'' in Amritsar after completion.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

=== Scholarly accomplishments ===
[[File:Detail of a restored folio of a Sakhi Pothi (anecdote manuscript) attributed to Kavi Santokh Singh.jpg|thumb|Detail of a restored folio of a ''Sakhi Pothi'' (anecdote manuscript) attributed to Kavi Santokh Singh]]
He expounded the [[Sikh scriptures]] based on [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] and [[Brahmanical philosophy|Brahminical]] understandings.<ref name=":2" /> He wrote the ''Garab Ganjani'' ''Teeka'' to counter the interpretation of [[Guru Nanak]]'s [[Japji Sahib]] composition by the [[Udasi]] scholar [[Anandghan (Udasi)|Anandghan]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandair |first=Arvind |title=Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia |publisher=Routledge |others=Michael Nijhawan, Kelly Pemberton |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-203-88536-9 |series=Volume 11 of Routledge Studies in Religion |volume=11 |location=New York |pages=76 |oclc=1082242146}}</ref> His ''[[Masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' was the ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'', completed in 1843, a volumous poetic text which documents in-detail the lives of all the Sikh gurus in fourteen volumes, intended as a sequel to his earlier work, ''Nanak Parkash''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Sujit |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Longman |isbn=81-250-1453-5 |volume=1 |location=Hyderabad |pages=124 |oclc=42718918 |quote=Gurupratap Suraj (1843; Panjabi) of Bhai Santokh Singh: a lengthy verse-narrative telling the life-stories of the nine Sikh gurus who came after Nanak Dev. It is a sequel to this poet's earlier work on the first guru's life Sri Guru Nanak Prakash (1823). The language of the work is Brajbhasha, written in Gurmukhi script; consists of 51,829 couplets and took the poet ten years to complete.}}</ref> He was the first scholar to elaborate on the ''Dusht Daman'' [[incarnation]] of Guru Gobind Singh in a previous lifetime, connected to [[Gurudwara Shri Hemkund Sahib|Hemkunt]], a tale narrated by the guru in his ''[[Bachittar Natak]]'' composition.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Gurdwara In The Himalayas - Sri Hemkunt Sahib |publisher=Hemkunt Press |others=M.S. Siali, Suparna Rajguru |year=2001 |isbn=9788170103080 |pages=9–10}}</ref>

== Assessment and legacy ==
[[File:Photograph of Haveli Kavi Santokh Singh in Kaithal, taken by Vir Singh, ca.1920's.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Haveli Kavi Santokh Singh in Kaithal, taken by Vir Singh, ca.1920's. Re-discovered by Vir Singh, this haveli is where Santokh Singh wrote his ''Suraj Prakash''.]]
Later Sikh scholars, such as [[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh]], mention that Santokh Singh's works become the foundation for historical texts written in the late 19th and 20th centuries.<ref>Vir Singh, Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granth Jilad Pahilī: Srī Gur Pratāp Sūraj Granthāvalī Dī Prastāvanā. (Chandigarh: Bhasha Vibhaag, 1989).Page 80</ref> [[Vir Singh (writer)]] himself would reference and summarize Santokh Singh's work in his own works.<ref name=":5" /> Louis Fenech writes:
:"Santokh Singh’s massive Gur-Pratap Sūraj Granth, a text that still enjoys great currency among Sikh kathākars despite the fact that it has not been mined to the extent that it deserves by historians of Sikh tradition."<ref>Fenech, Louis E. 2021. The Cherished Five in Sikh History. Book, Whole. New York: Oxford University Press. Page 112</ref>

[[Bhai Vir Singh]]'s respect and admiration for Santokh Singh can be seen throughout his publication, within the introduction of the text or in the footnotes.<ref>Singh, Jvala. 2023. ‘Vir Singh’s Publication of the Gurpratāp Sūraj Granth’. In Bhai Vir Singh (1872-1957) : Religious and Literary Modernities in Colonial and Post-Colonial Indian Punjab. Routledge Critical Sikh Studies. New York: Routledge.</ref> One example includes context clarifying that Santokh Singh's devotional focus:
:“His writings were filled with such praise, faith and devotion to the Guru, in front of which no further proof is required that the Exalted Poet was a fully imbued Gursikh, an esteemed Sikh, and a Gurmukh who was drenched in the love of the Guru.”<ref>Suraj Prakash, Rut 5, chapter 50, verse 20 footnote.</ref>

Professor Ashanand Vohra, Member of Punjabi Board of Studies, Kurukshetra university, who Santokh Singh's ''Garab Ganjani'' ''Teeka'' (1829), comparing it with other Sanskrit and Brajbhasha alaṃkāraśāstras, writes:
:"The Great Poet Bhai Santokh Singh Ji, the emperor of poetry on the Gurus, the crown jewel of the world's community of poets - as a result of his stand alone poetic practice & Ganges like flow of wisdom, his name will forever remain written in Indian Literature with golden letters."<ref>Vohra, Asha Nanda, and Santokhasiṃha. Japujī dā ālaṅkārika saundaraya : Bhāratī alaṅkāra shāsatra ate “Japujī” ṭīkā “Garaba Gañjanī” te ādhārita wiwecanātamaka adhiaina. 1st ed. Rohataka: Jaina Buka Ḍipo, 1975. Print.
Page 288</ref>

Harjot Oberoi writes that Santokh Singh's [[Suraj Prakash]] "to this day is consulted by Sikh public and religious officiants for an explication of Sikh tenets and the life-stories of the gurus".<ref>Oberoi, Harjot. 1994. The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity, and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Page 134</ref> [[Karam Singh (historian)|Karam Singh]] was highly critical of Kavi Santokh Singh's works, specifically accusing him at taking sources at face value without questioning their historicity and veracity, such as in the case of the Bhai Bala janamsakhi tradition.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Global Sikhs: Histories, Practices and Identities |publisher=Taylor & Francis |others=Opinderjit Kaur Takhar, Doris R. Jakobsh |year=2023 |isbn=978-1-000-84732-1 |series=Routledge Critical Sikh Studies |location= |oclc=1373813226 |quote=Karam Singh was highly critical of Kavi Santokh Singh (1787-1843) and Giani Gian Singh (1822-1921), two prolific writers of Sikh histories. The former, Karam Singh argued had taken the Bala Janamsakhi at face value when he wrote his biography of Guru Nanak and the latter had uncritically accepted mythical narratives when he wrote his master narrative of Sikh history in the late nineteenth century. Both Kavi Santokh Singh and Giani Gian Singh are highly respected figures in Sikh historiography and for Karam Singh to question the veracity of their narratives was unprecedented. But in questioning founding figures, Karam Singh was driving home the point home that all historical knowledge is provisional and can be subjected to critique.}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==

# ''Naam Kosh'' (1819) - a translation of the Sanskrit dictionary, ''Amar Kosa'', into [[Braj Bhasha|Braj]]<ref name=":3" />
# ''Garab Ganjani'' ''Teeka'' (1829) - a translation of the [[Japji Sahib]] written in the [[Sadhukkadi|Sadhukari-language]]<ref name=":2" />
# ''Balmiki Ramyan'' (1834) - a translation of the [[Valmiki Ramayana]] into the [[Braj Bhasha|Braj-language]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kavi Santokh Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/ramayana_kavi_santokh_singh |title=Kavi Santokh Singh - Valmiki Ramayana (1834)}}</ref>
# ''Atam Purayan Teeka -'' a commentary on the ''Atam Puran'' of Vedantic philosophy (not extant)<ref name=":3" />
# ''Sri Guru Nanak Parkash'' (popularly known simply as the ''Nanak Prakash;'' 1823) - hagiographic text about Guru Nanak based on the [[Bhai Bala]] ''[[Janamsakhis|janamsakhi]]'' tradition<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhupender |title=Baba Nanak Shah Fakir |date=23 December 2022 |publisher=Blue Rose Publishers |isbn=9789357046602 |edition=1st |pages=23 |quote=6. Nanak Prakas by Santokh Singh: This work on Guru Nanak, written in AD 1823, is based on the janamsakhi ascribed to Bala Sandhu and suffers from the same disqualifications.}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />
# ''[[Suraj Prakash|Sri Gur Partap Suraj Granth]]'' (popularly known simply as the ''Suraj Prakash;'' 1843) - hagiographic text about all the Sikh Gurus in Braj<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2004 |title=Panjab Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xjtuAAAAMAAJ |journal=Panjab Past and Present |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University, Patiala |volume=35 |issue=69–70 |pages=vii}}</ref><ref name=":4" />

== See also ==

* [[Ratan Singh Bhangu]]
* [[Pundit Tara Singh|Pundit Tara Singh Narotam]]
* [[Giani Gian Singh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1787 births]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]
[[Category:1840s deaths]]

Vikram-class patrol vessel (1983)

2026-05-06T14:57:38Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Short description|Indian class of heavy patrol vessels}}
{{hatnote|This article is about the decommissioned Vikram-class offshore patrol vessel variant; see [[Vikram-class offshore patrol vessel (2017)]] for the newer variant.}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=February 2013}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}{{italic title|string=Vikram}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

{{Infobox ship 
|infobox_caption=''Vikram'' class
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = File_Picture_INCGS_Varuna.jpg
| image_caption = ICGS Varuna
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| builders = * [[Mazagon Dock Limited]]
* [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| operators = * {{coast guard|India}} (historical)
* {{navy|Sri Lanka}}
* {{coast guard|Sri Lanka}}
| class_before =
| class_after = {{sclass|Samar|offshore patrol vessel|4}}
| subclasses =
| built_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building =
| total_ships_planned =
| total_ships_completed = 9
| total_ships_canceled =
| total_ships_active = 2
| total_ships_laid_up =
| total_ships_lost =
| total_ships_retired = 7
| total_ships_scrapped =
| total_ships_preserved =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type =
| displacement = 1180 tonnes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/294_3_Ships.aspx# |title= Surface Units:Indian Coast Guard|website=www.indiancoastguard.gov.in |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729175758/http://www.indiancoastguard.gov.in/content/294_3_Ships.aspx |archive-date=29 July 2017}}</ref>
| length = {{convert|74.10|m|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|11.4|m|abbr=on}}
| draught = {{convert|3.2|m|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| power = 2 × SEMT-Pielstick 16 PA6 V280 diesel engines(4707KW each)
| propulsion = 2 × propellers 12800 bhp
| speed = {{convert|22|kn|abbr=on}}
| range = {{convert|8500|nmi|abbr=on}} at {{convert|16|kn|abbr=on}}
| complement = 10 officers and 98 sailors
| sensors = Radar : BEL make-1*Decca 1226 nav;BEL make-1*Decca 1230 nav
| EW =
| armament = *1 x 30mm 2A42
*2 x 12.7mm MG
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = 1 x [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''''Vikram''-class offshore patrol vessels''' are series of nine watercraft jointly built by [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] [[Mumbai]] and [[Goa Shipyard Limited]], [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]] for the [[Indian Coast Guard]].

==Introduction==
The vessels in this class are {{convert|74|m}} long with a beam of {{convert|11.4|m}} and are armed with a Mantra Defense Lynx optronic-directed 40mm 60 cal Bofors Mk3 AA gun or dual 30mm [[CRN 91 Naval Gun]]. They are powered by two SEMT-Pielstick 16 PA6 V280 diesel engines driving two propellers. The vessels are equipped with pollution control equipment, two [[fire monitor|firefighting monitor]]s, a four-tonne crane. They also carry diving equipment, two RIB inspection crafts, a grp{{clarify |reason=Define this term;|date=July 2013}} launch, and a hangar for a light helicopter. The ''Vikram''-class vessels have an air-conditioned accommodation for a crew of 11 officers and 85 enlisted sailors.

==List of vessels==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name||Pennant Number ||Builder ||Date of Launch ||Date of commission || Date of Decommission
!Status
!Homeport
|-
| ICGS ''Vikram''||33 || rowspan="7" |Mazagon Dock ||29 Sep 1981 ||26 Dec 1983 || 19 Jan 2012
| rowspan="3" |Decommissioned
|Vishakapatanam<ref>{{Cite news|title = Three Coast Guard ships decommissioned - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Three-Coast-Guard-ships-decommissioned/articleshow/11562392.cms|website = The Times of India| date=20 January 2012 |access-date = 2015-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170104042631/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Three-Coast-Guard-ships-decommissioned/articleshow/11562392.cms|archive-date = 4 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Vijaya''||34 || ||12 Apr 1985 ||23 Jan 2012
|Porbandar<ref>{{Citation|title=Tv9 Gujarat - Navy Bids farewell to ICGS Vijay at Decommissioning ceremony, Porbandar - YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekmEojnxq84|access-date=2015-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310091959/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ekmEojnxq84|archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Veera''||35 ||30 Jun 1984 ||3 May 1986 || 20 May 2013
|Tuticorin<ref>{{Cite web|title = ICGS Veera decommissioning {{!}} Facebook|url = https://www.facebook.com/events/668194136540938/|website = www.facebook.com|access-date = 2015-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035719/https://www.facebook.com/events/668194136540938/|archive-date = 9 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
| SLCGS ''Suraksha''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/921754071333089281|title=#BridgesofFriendship Ex-ICG ship Varuna that was gifted to Sri Lankan by India was re- christened as SURAKSHA & commissioned into Sri Lanka Coast Guard today at a ceremony in Colombo Port.The event reaffirms the strong maritime cooperation that exists between both countriespic.twitter.com/sp0nPDGFuR|last=SpokespersonNavy|date=21 October 2017|website=@indiannavy|language=en|access-date=2017-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529011700/https://twitter.com/indiannavy/status/921754071333089281|archive-date=29 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> (ex ICGS ''Varuna)''||36 ||1 Feb 1984 ||27 Feb 1988 || 23 August 2017
Transferred to [[Sri Lanka Coast Guard|SLCG]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/aug/24/icgs-varuna-sails-off-into-the-sunset-after-illustrious-voyage-1647460.html|title=ICGS Varuna sails off into the sunset after illustrious voyage|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-24}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/9009239_Coast-Guard-ship--Varuna--decommissioned.html|title=Coast Guard ship Varuna decommissioned|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824093802/http://www.ptinews.com/news/9009239_Coast-Guard-ship--Varuna--decommissioned.html|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
|Active
|(formerly, Kochi<ref>{{Cite news|title = ICGS Varuna rescues Indian, Maldivian crew from sinking vessel - Times of India|url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ICGS-Varuna-rescues-Indian-Maldivian-crew-from-sinking-vessel/articleshow/20561905.cms|website = The Times of India| date=12 June 2013 |access-date = 2015-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161113093808/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ICGS-Varuna-rescues-Indian-Maldivian-crew-from-sinking-vessel/articleshow/20561905.cms|archive-date = 13 November 2016}}</ref>)
|-
| ICGS Vajra||37 ||31 Jan 1987 ||22 Dec 1988 || 21 February 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/vajra-retires-from-service-210127|title=Vajra retires from service|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161631/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/odisha/vajra-retires-from-service-210127|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| rowspan="4" |Decommissioned
|Paradip<ref>{{Cite news|title = Coast Guard ship 'Vajra' rebased at Paradip port|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/coast-guard-ship-vajra-rebased-at-paradip-port/article4609007.ece|newspaper =The Hindu|date = 2013-04-12|access-date = 2015-12-28|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140831095743/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/coast-guard-ship-vajra-rebased-at-paradip-port/article4609007.ece|archive-date = 31 August 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Vivek''||38 ||5 Nov 1987 ||19 Aug 1989 || Sank on 23 March 2010
|Visakhapatnam<ref>{{Cite news|title = Rest easy, Vizag's coast is guarded|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-otherstates/rest-easy-vizags-coast-is-guarded/article355759.ece|newspaper =The Hindu|date = 2009-02-16|access-date = 2015-12-28|issn = 0971-751X|language = en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Vigraha''||39 ||1 Dec 1988 ||12 Apr 1990 || 16 May 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/its-end-of-sail-for-coast-guard-ship-vigraha-529782|title=It's end of SAIL for Coast Guard Ship Vigraha|date=16 May 2019 |access-date=16 May 2019}}</ref>
|Paradip<ref>{{Cite web|title = TN trawlers reach safety on AP coast|url = http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article313387.ece?service=print|website = www.newindianexpress.com|access-date = 2015-12-28|url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160113032338/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article313387.ece?service=print|archive-date = 13 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ICGS ''Varad'' || 40 || rowspan="2" |Goa Shipyard ||2 Sep 1989 ||19 Jul 1990 ||29 April 2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-decommissions-icgs-varad-after-27-years/articleshow/58431885.cms|title=Coast Guard decommissions ICGS Varad after 27 years - The Economic Times|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2017-04-29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035719/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/coast-guard-decommissions-icgs-varad-after-27-years/articleshow/58431885.cms|archive-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>
|Port Blair<ref>{{Cite web|title = 300 Kamorta students visit ICGS Varad|url = http://www.andamansheekha.com/2015/08/11/300-kamorta-students-visit-icgs-varad/|website = www.andamansheekha.com| date=11 August 2015 |access-date = 2015-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171009035719/http://www.andamansheekha.com/2015/08/11/300-kamorta-students-visit-icgs-varad/|archive-date = 9 October 2017}}</ref>
|-
|[[SLNS Sagara]] (ex ICGS ''Varaha)''||41 || ||11 Mar 1992 || Transferred to [[Sri Lanka Navy]]
|Active
|[[SLN Dockyard]], [[Trincomalee]]
(formerly, Chennai)<ref>{{Cite web|title = No opposition to donation of Indian Coast Guard ship to Sri Lanka|url = http://www.seithy.com/breifNews.php?newsID=146826&category=EnglishNews&language=english|website = Seithy - 24 Hours News Service|access-date = 2015-12-28|url-status=live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160119060441/http://www.seithy.com/breifNews.php?newsID=146826&category=EnglishNews&language=english|archive-date = 19 January 2016}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
*{{sclass|Jija Bai|patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass|Tara Bai|coastal patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass|Priyadarshini|patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass|Sarojini Naidu|extra-fast patrol vessel|1}}
*{{sclass|Samar|offshore patrol vessel}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vikram-class offshore patrol vessels (1983)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121031231713/http://indiancoastguard.nic.in/Indiancoastguard/force/force.html Indian Coastguard official page]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101029043426/http://www.goashipyard.co.in/products_history.aspx Goa Shipyard listing]
*[http://grosstonnage.com Gross Tonnage listing]
*[https://archive.today/20130216063426/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-20/hyderabad/30646975_1_vice-admiral-anil-chopra-vessels-pollution-response ICGS Vikram decommissioned]

{{Ship classes of the Indian Coast Guard}}

[[Category:Fast attack craft of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Patrol ship classes]]
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Coast Guard]]
[[Category:Ships of the Sri Lanka Coast Guard]]

Sarf-e-Khas

2026-04-30T14:26:00Z

JillianCogburn: Starting New Post Nd Citations

{{Short description|Crown lands across the princely state of Hyderabad belonging to the Nizam family}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2013}}
The '''Sarf-e-Khas''' are [[crown land]]s across the [[Hyderabad State|princely state of Hyderabad]] belonging to the [[Nizam|Nizam family]] covering 10,000 square miles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/aurangabad/CHAP04/TENANCY%20AND%20TENURES.htm |title=Tenancy and Tenures |website=cultural.maharashtra.gov.in |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130108094525/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/aurangabad/CHAP04/TENANCY%20AND%20TENURES.htm |archive-date=8 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mir Ayoob Ali Khan|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/hyderabad/35332942_1_chiran-palace-nazri-bagh-prince-mukarram-jah |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203054740/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-24/hyderabad/35332942_1_chiran-palace-nazri-bagh-prince-mukarram-jah |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-12-03 |title=Another twist in the Chiran tale |date=2012-11-24 |website=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref>
The [[Dar-ul-Shifa]] was the headquarters for Sarf-e-Khas during the reign of [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam II]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300030300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413071733/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-04-13 |title=Haven for healing |date=2003-12-03 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref> Sarf-e-Khas land revenue and the resources were used to serve the royalty exclusively, until the princely state's merger with [[Operation Polo|Indian Union]] in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Icc-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=lUwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6928,3438121&dq=sarf+e+khas&hl=en|title=The Indian Express – Google News Archive Search|website=News.google.com|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref> It was taken over by the Government of India after the accession and paid the last Nizam and his family a sum of one crore per annum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/docfragment/1528934/?formInput=sarf%20e%20khas |title=Late Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan vs Commissioner Of Wealth Tax, ... on 21 October, 1986 |website=Indiankanoon.org |date=1986-10-21 |accessdate=2014-02-03}}</ref> The Nizam had a private army known as the Sarf-e-Khas army.

==History==
Formerly the Diwani revenue officials were also responsible for the revenue collection of the Sarf-e-Khas lands within their jurisdiction, but during the time of His Highness [[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV|Nasir-ud-Dowla Bahadur]] some territories were detached from the Dewani and taken under his personal management. The reason for this was the great irregularity that used to occur in making payments from the treasury, which, owing to the system of revenue collection at the time, was never regular. The lands thus reserved by His Highness for his personal use were called Sarf-e-Khas. ''Sarf-e-Khas'' is a compound word of Arabic origin and means a personal or private expenditure.

==Area==
These are distinct from the Dewani or State lands. They cover an area of about 10,000 square miles consisting of an entire district of seven talukas known as the [[Atraf-i-Baldah]] (surrounding the city of Hyderabad) and eleven talukas in the mofusil distributed in the districts of [[Aurangabad]], [[Parbhani]], [[Bidar]], [[Beed|Bhir]], [[Gulburga]] and [[Osmanabad]] with a total population of about one lakh, the revenues of which, go into His Exalted Highnesses privy purse.

==Revenue==
The nature of the Sarf-i-Khas talukas is the same as that of crown lands of European sovereigns. Additions were also made from time to time. His Highness [[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV|Asaf Jah IV]] purchased some lands and added to these talukas. When Begums of the palace and relations of His Highness who had purchased makthas and held lands died without leaving any heir such property was also added to the talukas.

The Sarf-i-Khas territories thus formed yielding at present an annual revenue of a crore of rupees or more are administered by a special officer known as the ''Sadar-ul-Moham'', working directly under the orders of [[Exalted Highness|His Exalted Highness]]. The revenue receipts are not deposited in the Government Treasury nor are accounts submitted to the Accountant General. All the cash remittances from the districts on Sarf-i-khas account went to the Superintendent of the Sarf-i-Khas, a special Sarf-i-Khas official, who controls the disbursements under orders. The Sarf-i-khas stamps were separate and all Sarf-i-khas accounts are submitted through the Sarf-i-khas Secretary.

During the reigns of their Highnesses [[Nasir-ud-dawlah, Asaf Jah IV|Asaf Jah IV]] and [[Afzal ad-Dawlah, Asaf Jah V|Asaf Jah V]], the Sarf-i-khas talukas were under their immediate management. Amirs and other influential persons were appointed '''Taluqdars''' who received fixed proportions of revenue for supervision beside contingent charges. They deducted their dues from the revenues of the talukas and remitted the balance to the Sarf-i-khas Treasury. On the demise of His Highness Nawab Afzul-ud-Dowla Bahadur in 1869 Nawab Sir Salar Jung I the regent and the late Amir-i-Kabir, Nawab Rafee-uddin Khan Umdul-ul-Mulk Shams-ul-Umra Bahadur as co-regent, handed over the estates for management as a temporary measure to the Dewani officers. During this period two districts were formed out of the Sarf-e-khas talukas namely Atraf-i-Baldah surrounding the city of Hyderabad and Palam. Sir Salar Jung introduced in them the system which he had already established in the Dewani districts.

After His Highness [[Sir Mir Mahboob Ali Khan Bahadur]] ascension to the throne on 5 February 1884, His Highness issued orders to the Sarf-e-khas Secretary that papers connected with the Sarf-e-khas, which used to be submitted to the Prime Minister should be submitted for orders to himself as was the practice during the previous Nizams. A Sarf-e-Khas Board was formed on 10 October 1885 and His Highness became president on 26 December 1885. As His Highness was not only the President of the Board, but also the owner of the Sarf-e-khas estate, His Highness had power to sanction proposals submitted to the Board in their entirety or in a modified form or to reject them altogether. His Exalted Highness who was taking an increasing interest in the administration of the Dominions examines and revises the financial statements and personally supervises the administration of the Sarf-i-Khas districts.

==Administration==
For administrative purposes the Sarf-i-Khas Department is divided into two sections viz Receipts and Expenditure. Of these two sections, the Receipts, as already stated, is incorporated, to all intents and purposes, with the general administration of the country there being special officer only for the Atraf-i-Balda District.

The other section Expenditure is administrated by a special Sarf-e-Khas official, and it was this branch of the Sarf-i-Khas administration, that the late Sir Salar Jung I contemplated placing under a Board of which His Highness was to be chairman, the members being selected from among the principal nobles of the city.{{Citation needed|date=November 2018}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Real estate in India]]
[[Category:Nizams of Hyderabad]]

Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)

2026-04-29T10:33:04Z

JillianCogburn: New a pg

{{About|the lunar rover from [[Chandrayaan 2]]|the rover from [[Chandrayaan 3]]|Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)}}
{{Short description|Indian lunar rover}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = ''Pragyan''
| image = GSLV Mk III M1, Chandrayaan-2 - Pragyan rover mounted on the ramp of Vikram lander (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = ''Pragyan'' mounted on the ramp of ''Vikram'' lander
| mission_type = [[Lunar rover]]
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| mission_duration = 0 days (landing failure)
| manufacturer = [[ISRO]]
| landing_mass = {{cvt|27|kg}}
| dimensions = {{cvt|0.9|x|0.75|x|0.85|m|ft}}
| power = 50 W from [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar panels]]
| launch_date = {{start-date|22 July 2019}} 14:43:12 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] (09:13:12 [[UTC]])
| launch_rocket = [[LVM3]] M1, [[LVM3]] M4
| launch_site = [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|SDSC]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad|Second launch pad]]
| deployment_from = [[Chandrayaan-2#Vikram lander|''Vikram'']]
| deployment_date = 7 September 2019 (intended,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|title=Live media coverage of the landing of Chandrayaan-2 on lunar surface – ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-02|archive-date=2019-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902212259/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/02-sep-2019/live-media-coverage-of-landing-of-chandrayaan-2-lunar-surface|url-status=dead}}</ref> never deployed from destroyed lander)<ref name='L Update'>{{Cite web|title = Chandrayaan – 2 Latest Update|url = https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|date = September 7, 2019|access-date = September 11, 2019|website = isro.gov.in|archive-date = September 8, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908052939/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/07-sep-2019/chandrayaan-2-latest-update|url-status = dead}}</ref>
| launch_contractor = [[ISRO]]
| last_contact =
| declared =
| interplanetary = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = rover
|object = Lunar
|arrival_date = 6 September 2019, 20:00–21:00 UTC
|location = Attempted: 70.90267°S 22.78110°E<ref name="Amitabh2018">{{cite conference |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf |title=Potential Landing Sites for Chandrayaan-2 Lander in Southern Hemisphere of Moon |conference=49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 19–23 March 2018. The Woodlands, Texas. |first1=S. |last1=Amitabh |first2=T. P. |last2=Srinivasan |first3=K. |last3=Suresh |date=2018 |bibcode=2018LPI....49.1975A |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822054335/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2018/pdf/1975.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018}}</ref> (Intended) Crash landing at least 500m away from planned site. (Actual)
|distance = {{convert|500|m|ft|abbr=on}} (intended)
}}
| programme = [[Chandrayaan programme]]
| previous_mission =
| next_mission = [[Chandrayaan-3]]
}}

'''''Pragyan''''' (from {{langx|sa|प्रज्ञान|translit=prajñāna|lit=wisdom}})<ref name="Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft">{{cite web |title=Chandrayaan-2 Spacecraft |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |access-date=24 August 2019 |quote=Chandrayaan 2's Rover is a 6-wheeled robotic vehicle named Pragyan, which translates to 'wisdom' in Sanskrit. |archive-date=18 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718050818/https://www.isro.gov.in/chandrayaan2-spacecraft |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|title=A dictionary in Sanscrit and English|last=Wilson|first=Horace Hayman|publisher=Education Press|year=1832|location=Calcutta|page=561|access-date=2019-09-01|archive-date=2019-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209124234/https://sanskritlibrary.org/cologne/apidev/servepdf.php?dict=WIL&page=561|url-status=live}}</ref> is a [[lunar rover]] that forms part of [[Chandrayaan-2]], a lunar mission developed by the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|title=Isro: Chandrayaan-2 launch between July 9 and 16 | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=May 2019|access-date=2019-05-01|archive-date=2019-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518232417/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-launch-between-july-9-and-16-isro/articleshow/69132299.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The rover was launched as part of [[Chandrayaan-2]] on 22 July 2019 and was destroyed with its lander, ''[[Vikram (spacecraft)|Vikram]]'', when it crashed on the [[Moon]] on 6 September 2019.<ref name="L Update"/><ref name="Hard landing TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms Vikram lander located on lunar surface, wasn't a soft landing: Isro.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vikram-lander-located-did-not-soft-land-on-moon-isro/articleshow/71037009.cms |date=2020-11-12 }} ''Times of India''. 8 September 2019.</ref>

In July 2023, [[Chandrayaan-3]] launched, carrying new versions of ''Vikram'' and ''[[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)|Pragyan]]'',<ref name="scheduled launch">{{Cite news |title=ISRO to launch moon mission Chandrayaan-3 on July 14. Check details |date=2023-07-06 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-date=2023-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708231639/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chandrayaan3-to-be-launched-on-july-14-announces-isro-101688644208853.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which successfully landed near the [[lunar south pole]] on 23 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-06 |title=Chandrayaan-3 launch on 14 July, lunar landing on 23 or 24 August |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |access-date=2023-07-14 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2023-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230711031538/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/chandrayaan-3-launch-scheduled-for-july-14-at-235-pm/article67049236.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Overview==
''Pragyan'' has a mass of about {{cvt|27|kg|lb}} and dimensions of {{cvt|0.9|x|0.75|x|0.85|m|ft}}, with a power output of 50 [[watt]]s.<ref name="Launchkit_gl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|title=Launch Kit at a glance{{snd}}ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2019-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723232918/https://www.isro.gov.in/gslv-mk-iii-m1-chandrayaan-2-mission/launch-kit-glance|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is designed to operate on solar power.<ref name="ndtv20180829">{{cite news |url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |title=Chandrayaan-2 to Be Launched in January 2019, Says ISRO Chief |work=Gadgets360 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Press Trust of India |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=29 August 2018 |archive-date=29 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829225643/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/science/news/chandrayaan-2-to-be-launched-in-january-2019-says-isro-chief-1907969 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="idos20180828">{{Cite press release |title=ISRO to send first Indian into Space by 2022 as announced by PM, says Dr Jitendra Singh |date=28 August 2018 |publisher=[[Department of Space]] |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=183103 |access-date=29 August 2018}}</ref> The rover moves on six wheels and is intended to traverse {{convert|500|m|abbr=on}} on the lunar surface at the rate of {{cvt|1|cm}} per second, performing on-site analysis and sending the data to its lander for relay back to the Earth.<ref>{{Cite web| url=https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7| title=ISRO to Launch Chandrayaan 2 on July 15, Moon Landing by September 7| website=The Wire| access-date=2019-06-12| archive-date=2019-06-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613012659/https://thewire.in/space/isro-will-launch-chandrayaan-2-in-wee-hours-of-july-15-landing-by-september-7| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|title=Chandrayaan-2 will carry 14 payloads to moon, no foreign module this time|last=Singh|first=Surendra|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 May 2019|language=en|access-date=2019-05-11|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510162809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chandrayaan-2-will-carry-14-payloads-to-moon-no-foreign-module-this-time/articleshow/69265687.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="payload">{{cite press release |url=http://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |title=Payloads for Chandrayaan-2 Mission Finalised |publisher=Indian Space Research Organisation |date=30 August 2010 |access-date=4 January 2010 |archive-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513213938/https://www.isro.gov.in/update/30-aug-2010/payloads-chandrayaan-2-mission-finalised |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Economic">{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |title=Chandrayaan-2 to get closer to moon |work=The Economic Times |agency=Times News Network |date=2 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812045710/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-09-02/news/27621231_1_chandrayaan-2-chandrayaan-1-lunar-surface |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|title=Why Chandrayaan-2 is ISRO's 'most complex mission' so far|last=Ramesh|first=Sandhya|date=12 June 2019|work=ThePrint|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=11 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711103152/https://theprint.in/science/why-chandrayaan-2-is-isros-most-complex-mission-so-far/249252/|url-status=live}}</ref> For navigation, the rover is equipped with:

* Stereoscopic camera-based 3D vision: two 1-[[megapixel]], [[Monochrome|monochromatic]] NAVCAMs in front of the rover to provide the ground control team with a 3D view of the surrounding terrain, and help in path-planning by generating a [[digital elevation model]] of the terrain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Laxmiprasad |first1=A.S |last2=Sridhar Raja |first2=V.L.N |last3=Menon |first3=Surya |last4=Goswami |first4=Adwaita |last5=Rao |first5=M.V.H |last6=Lohar |first6=K.A |date=15 July 2013 |title=An in situ laser induced breakdown spectroscope (LIBS) for Chandrayaan-2 rover: Ablation kinetics and emissivity estimations |journal=[[Advances in Space Research]] |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=332–321 |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2013.03.021 |bibcode=2013AdSpR..52..332L }}</ref> [[IIT Kanpur]] contributed to the development of the subsystems for light-based map generation and motion planning for the rover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|title=With robot hands, IIT-K profs bring joy to paralytics|date=2019|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-10|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720235523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/with-robot-hands-iit-k-profs-bring-joy-to-paralytics/articleshow/70151178.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Control and motor dynamics: the rover design has a [[rocker-bogie]] suspension system and six wheels, each driven by independent [[brushless DC electric motor]]s. Steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels or skid steering.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc| title="Chandrayaan-2: Lunar Orbiter & Lander Mission", 10th IAA Symposium on The Future of Space Exploration: Towards the Moon Village and Beyond, Torin, Italy.| last1=Annadurai |first1=Mylswami |last2=Nagesh| first2=G.| date=28 June 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628213352/http://spaceexplor.iaaweb.org/?q=ipc|archive-date=28 June 2017| access-date=14 June 2019| quote=Mobility of the Rover in the unknown lunar terrain is accomplished by a Rocker bogie suspension system driven by six wheels. Brushless DC motors are used to drive the wheels to move along the desired path and steering is accomplished by differential speed of the wheels. The wheels are designed after extensive modelling of the wheel-soil interaction, considering the lunar soil properties, sinkage and slippage results from a single wheel test bed. The Rover's mobility has been tested in the Lunar test facility wherein the soil simulant, terrain and the gravity of the moon are simulated. The limitations w.r.t slope, obstacles, pits in view of slippage/sinkage have been experimentally verified with the analysis results.|last3=Vanitha|first3=Muthayaa}} [https://archive.org/details/IAAFSE170602Annadurai/page/n6 Alt URL]</ref>

The expected operating time of the rover is one lunar day or around 14 Earth days, as its electronics are not designed to endure the frigid lunar night. Its power system has a solar-powered sleep and wake-up cycle, which could result in a longer operation time than planned.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|title=Dr M Annadurai, Project director, Chandrayaan 1: 'Chandrayaan 2 logical extension of what we did in first mission'|date=2019-06-29|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-06-30|archive-date=2019-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629180634/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dr-m-annadurai-project-director-chandrayaan-1-chandrayaan-2-isro-moon-5805873/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| last1=Payyappilly| first1=Baiju| last2=Muthusamy| first2=Sankaran| date=17 January 2018| chapter=Design framework of a configurable electrical power system for lunar rover| chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524| title=2017 4th International Conference on Power, Control & Embedded Systems (ICPCES)| pages=1–6| doi=10.1109/ICPCES.2017.8117660| isbn=978-1-5090-4426-9| s2cid=38638820| access-date=5 August 2019| archive-date=20 July 2021| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720203342/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321408524_Design_framework_of_a_configurable_electrical_power_system_for_lunar_rover| url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{further|Chandrayaan-2}}
===Planned landing site ===
Two landing sites were selected in the [[Lunar south pole|lunar south polar]] region, each with a [[landing ellipse]] of {{cvt|32|x|11|km}}.<ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The prime landing site (PLS54) is at {{Coord|70.90267|S|22.78110|E|globe:Moon|display=inline}}, approximately {{cvt|350|km}} north of the rim of the [[South Pole–Aitken basin]].<ref name="Rishitosh 2019">[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf Geological Insights into Chandrayaan-2 Landing Site in the Southern High Latitudes of the Moon.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619200119/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1493.pdf |date=2020-06-19 }} Rishitosh K. Sinha, Vijayan Sivaprahasam, Megha Bhatt, Harish Nandal, Nandita Kumari, Neeraj Srivastava, Indhu Varatharajan, Dwijesh Ray, Christian Wöhler, and Anil Bhardwaj. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132).</ref><ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The alternative landing site (ALS01) is at {{Coord|67.87406|S|18.46947|W|globe:Moon|display=inline}}. The prime site is on a high plain between the craters [[Manzinus (crater)|Manzinus C]] and [[Simpelius (crater)|Simpelius N]],<ref>[https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html Chandrayaan-2: How 'Lander Vikram' will touchdown on the moon?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719070148/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/chandrayaan-2-how-lander-vikram-will-touchdown-on-the-moon-1563081825336.html |date=2019-07-19 }} Srishti Choudhary, ''Live Mint'' 14 July 2019.</ref><ref name='Rishitosh 2019'/> on the [[near side of the Moon]].<ref name="Amitabh2018"/> The criteria used to select the landing zones were a location in the south polar region and on the near side, a slope less than 15 degrees, with boulders less than {{cvt|50|cm|in}} in diameter, a crater and boulder distribution, being sunlit for at least 14 days, and with nearby ridges not shadowing the site for long durations.<ref name="Amitabh2018"/>

Both the planned site and the alternative site are located within the polar LQ30 [[List of quadrangles on the Moon|quadrangle]]. The surface likely consists of impact melt, possibly mantled by ejecta from the massive [[South Pole–Aitken basin]] and mixing by subsequent nearby impacts.<ref name='Mest 2015'>[https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2510.pdf Update on the Geologic Mapping of the Lunar South Pole Quadrangle (LQ-30): Evaluating Mare, Cryptomare and Impact Melt Deposits.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616045131/http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2015/pdf/2510.pdf |date=2022-06-16 }} S. C. Mest, D. C. Berman, N.E. Petro, and R. A. Yingst. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015).</ref> The nature of the melt is mostly [[mafic]],<ref name='Mest 2015'/> meaning it is rich in [[silicate mineral]]s, [[magnesium]], and [[iron]]. The region could also offer scientifically valuable rocks from the [[Internal structure of the Moon|lunar mantle]] if the basin impactor excavated all the way through the crust.<ref>[https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-india-prepares-for-another-moon-mission-here-is-what-makes-chandrayaan-2-special/262403/ As India prepares for another Moon mission, here is what makes Chandrayaan-2 special.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806145056/https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/as-india-prepares-for-another-moon-mission-here-is-what-makes-chandrayaan-2-special/262403/ |date=2019-08-06 }} Sandhya Ramesh, ''The Print''. 14 July 2019.</ref>

===Crash landing===
The lander ''Vikram'', carrying ''Pragyan'', separated from the [[Chandrayaan-2]] orbiter on 7 September 2019 and was scheduled to land on the Moon at around 1:50 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]. The initial descent was considered within mission parameters, passing critical braking procedures as planned. The descent and soft-landing was to be done by the onboard computers on ''Vikram'', with mission control unable to make corrections.<ref>[https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ Chandrayaan 2: Here's everything about ISRO Moon-landing its Vikram lander.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911214743/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/chandrayaan-2-heres-everything-about-isro-moon-landing-its-vikram-lander/1697029/ |date=2019-09-11 }} ''Financial Express''. Ribhu Mishra, 7 September 2019.</ref>

The lander's trajectory began to deviate at about 2.1 kilometers (1.3 mi; 6,900 ft) above the surface.<ref>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html India Just Found Its Lost Vikram Lander on the Moon, Still No Signal.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909045912/https://www.space.com/india-moon-lander-found-by-chandrayaan-2-orbiter.html |date=2019-09-09 }} Tariq Malik ,''Space''. 8 September 2019.</ref> The final [[telemetry]] readings during ISRO's live-stream show that ''Vikram''{{'s}} final vertical velocity was {{cvt|58|m/s|km/h mph}} at {{cvt|330|m}} above the surface, which according to the MIT ''Technology Review'' was "quite fast for a lunar landing".<ref name='Patel MIT'>{{cite web|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|title=India's Chandrayaan-2 lander likely crashed into the moon's surface.|author=Neel V. Patel|website=MIT Technology Review|date=6 September 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=6 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906222449/https://www.technologyreview.com/f/614280/india-s-chandrayaan-2-lander-likely-crashed-into-the-moons-surface/|url-status=live}}</ref> Initial reports suggested a crash,<ref name='Apparent crash'>[https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909041327/https://www.space.com/india-moon-mission-not-over-chandrayaan-2.html |date=2019-09-09 }} Mike Wall, ''Space''. 7 September 2019. Quote: "India's Moon Mission Continues Despite Apparent Lander Crash."</ref><ref name="planetary landing">{{Cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|title=India's Vikram Spacecraft Apparently Crash-Lands on Moon|website=www.planetary.org|language=en|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-date=10 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190910230719/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/vikram-apparently-crash-lands.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and were later confirmed by ISRO chairman K. Sivan, stating that the lander location had been found, and "it must had been a hard landing".<ref name="Hard landing TOI"/><ref name="landerspotted">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|title=Lander Vikram located: K Sivan|website=www.aninews.in|language=en|access-date=2019-09-08|archive-date=2019-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190908125712/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lander-vikram-located-k-sivan20190908141242/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html | title = India Says It Has Located Chandrayaan-2 Lander on Moon's Surface | first = Kai | last = Schultz | date = 8 September 2019 | access-date = 8 September 2019 | work = [[The New York Times]] | archive-date = 8 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908122008/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/world/asia/india-chandrayaan-2-lander-moon.html | url-status = live }}</ref> The [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] took images of the crash site, showing that the lander had been destroyed by the impact, creating an impact site and debris field spanning kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|title=India's crashed Vikram moon lander spotted on lunar surface|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]|date=December 3, 2019|website=the Guardian|access-date=October 5, 2021|archive-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006012535/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/dec/03/indias-crashed-vikram-moon-lander-spotted-on-lunar-surface|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)]]
* [[Artemis program]], NASA's lunar program
* [[Luna-Glob]], Russian lunar program
* [[Rover (space exploration)]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian space programme}}
{{Indian spacecraft}}
{{Lunar rovers}}
{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Solar System probes}}
{{Orbital launches in 2019}}

[[Category:Lunar rovers]]
[[Category:Space probes launched in 2019]]
[[Category:Indian lunar exploration programme]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by India in 2019]]
[[Category:ISRO space probes]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by LVM3 rockets]]
[[Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon]]
[[Category:Space probes decommissioned in 2019]]
[[Category:2019 on the Moon]]
[[Category:Indian missions to the Moon]]

Versova Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:37:02Z

JillianCogburn: Starting Some Stub W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Versova
| constituency_no = 164
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 164-Versova.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
| district = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)|Haroon Khan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Maha Vikas Aghadi}}
| electors = 286,744
}}
'''Versova Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) constituencies in [[Maharashtra]] state in western [[India]].<ref name=ceo>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |access-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archive-date=18 March 2010 }}</ref>

==Overview==
Versova (constituency number 164) is one of the 26 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref name=ceo/> The number of electors in 2009 was 251,940 (male 138,805, female 113,135).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=24 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110409033702/http://220.225.73.214/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=9 April 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Versova is part of [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies in Mumbai Suburban district, namely [[Dindoshi Assembly constituency|Dindoshi]], [[Goregaon Assembly constituency|Goregaon]], [[Jogeshwari East Assembly constituency|Jogeshwari East]], [[Andheri East Assembly constituency|Andheri East]] and [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]].<ref name=ceo/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 2009 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Baldev Khosa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Bharati Hemant Lavekar|Bharti Lavekar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)|Haroon Khan]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)}}" |
|[[Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray)|Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Versova<ref name="Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece|title=Maharashtra assembly to have 78 first-time MLAs|last1=The Hindu|date=29 November 2024|accessdate=29 November 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129133813/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-to-have-78-first-time-mlas/article68926011.ece|archivedate=29 November 2024|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Versova">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Versova |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13164.htm |access-date=27 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227070208/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13164.htm |archive-date=27 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Versova Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Versova Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/versova |access-date=27 December 2024 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227070215/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/versova |archive-date=27 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Haroon Khan (Maharashtra politician)|Haroon Rashid Khan]] |party=Shiv Sena (UBT) |votes = 65,396 |percentage = 44.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharati Lavekar|Dr. Bharati Hemant Lavekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 63,796 |percentage = 43.51% |change={{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raju Shripad Pednekar |party=Independent politician |votes = 6,752 |percentage = 4.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandesh Desai |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,037 |percentage = 3.44% |change={{decrease}}0.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Raiees Lashkaria |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 2,937 |percentage = 2.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 1,298 |percentage = 0.89% |change={{decrease}}1.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,600 |percentage = 1.09% |change= {{decrease}}3.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 147,928 |percentage = 51.59% |change= {{increase}}9.21 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,630}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 286,744|ref = |change= {{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena (UBT) |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}9.96 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Versova<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharati Lavekar|Dr. Bharati Hemant Lavekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,057 |percentage = 34.64% |change={{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,871 |percentage = 30.26% |change={{increase}}10.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rajul Suresh Patel |party=Independent politician |votes = 32,706 |percentage = 27.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sandesh Desai |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 5,037 |percentage = 4.25% |change={{decrease}}8.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Hamid Abdul Qayyum Shaik |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,577 |percentage = 2.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,294 |percentage = 1.94% |change={{decrease}}0.93 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,186 |percentage = 4.38% |change= {{decrease}}18.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 120,840 |percentage = 42.38% |change= {{increase}}4.57 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 118,526}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 285,116|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.50 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Versova<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Bharati Lavekar|Dr. Bharati Hemant Lavekar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,182 |percentage = 43.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,784 |percentage = 19.99% |change={{decrease}}24.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Hamid Shaikh |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes = 20,127 |percentage = 17.65% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Manish Dhuri |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 14,508 |percentage = 12.73% |change={{increase}}3.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Narendra Verma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,710 |percentage = 3.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 3,266 |percentage = 2.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=S. M. Khan |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,210 |percentage = 1.06% |change={{decrease}}9.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 26,398 |percentage = 23.16% |change= {{increase}}11.20 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,290 |percentage = 38.90% |change= {{decrease}}2.13 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 114,002}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 301,483|ref = |change= {{increase}}19.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Versova<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Baldev Khosa]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 44,814 |percentage = 44.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Yashodhar (Shailesh) P. Phanse |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 32,784 |percentage = 32.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Changez Multani |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 10,622 |percentage = 10.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dhuri Manish Suresh |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 9,659 |percentage = 9.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bharat Bharati |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 678 |percentage = 0.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Daulat Singh |party=Hindustani Swaraj Party |votes = 635 |percentage = 0.63% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,030 |percentage = 11.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 100,644 |percentage = 39.95% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 100,625}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 251,940|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Versova (disambiguation)]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Suburban district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coords|19.137|72.814|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Politics of Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kishtwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:27Z

JillianCogburn: data!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = [[Kishtwar]]
| mla = [[Shagun Parihar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| district = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur]]
| established = 1962
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 49
}}

'''Kishtwar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 constituencies in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] a north state of [[India]]. Kishtwar is also part of [[Udhampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12211-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-assamarunachal-pradesh-manipur-and-nagaland-notification-dated-06032020/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur and Nagaland - Notification dated 06.03.2020 - Delimitation - Election Commission of India |newspaper=eci.gov.in |accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13193-delimitation-of-constituencies-in-jammu-kashmir-notification-dated-03032021/ |title=Delimitation of Constituencies in Jammu-Kashmir - Notification dated 03.03.2021 - Presidential Orders/ Delimitation Commission Orders |website=Election Commission of India |date= 3 March 2021 |accessdate= 2021-06-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Kishtwar Assembly Constituency|url=https://www.elections.in/jammu-and-kashmir/assembly-constituencies/kishtwar.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Elections.in}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Syed Mir Badshah
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Ghulam Mustafa
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Pir Nizamuddin
|-
| [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Bashir Ahmad Kichloo
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference}}
|-
| [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Ghulam Hussain Arman
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan=2|Bashir Ahmad Kichloo
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| rowspan=2|Sajjad Ahmad Kichloo
|-
| [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kishtwar2">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kishtwar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0849.htm |accessdate=17 October 2024}}</ref>
| [[Shagun Parihar]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite news|last1=Election Commission of India|title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Bandipora|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|access-date=10 October 2024|date=8 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010072117/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0815.htm|archive-date=10 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shagun Parihar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,053 |percentage=48.00% |change={{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo|party=Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|votes=28,532|percentage=47.14%|change={{increase}}6.38}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Firdoos Ahmed Tak|party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party|votes=997|percentage=1.65%|change={{decrease}}8.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Roop Lal|party=Independent politician|votes=571|percentage=0.94%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sumit Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=441|percentage=0.73%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=615|percentage=1.02%|change={{increase}}0.56}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=521 |percentage=0.86% |change= {{decrease}}3.75 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,524|percentage=81.28%|change={{increase}}3.18}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,466 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jammu & Kashmir 2014 - Jammu & Kashmir - Election Commission of India |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613150235/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3797-jammu-kashmir-2014/ |archive-date=2019-06-13 |access-date= |website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=28,054 |percentage=45.37% |change={{increase}}12.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjad Ahmed Kichloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=25,202 |percentage=40.76% |change={{increase}}3.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firdous Ahmed Tak |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=6,432 |percentage=10.40% |change={{decrease}}9.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nek Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=782 |percentage=1.26% |change={{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=279 |percentage=0.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,852 |percentage=4.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=61,832 |percentage=78.10% |change= {{increase}}3.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 79,174 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}7.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjad Ahmad Kichloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=19,248 |percentage=37.48% |change={{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Jammu and Kashmir politician)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,783 |percentage=32.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Asgar Ali |party=Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party |votes=10,403 |percentage=20.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thakur Jugal Bhandari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,621 |percentage=3.16% |change={{decrease}}34.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Siddharth Metha |party=Jammu & Kashmir Democratic Party Nationalist |votes=883 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohammad Ashraf Giri |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=1.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurnam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=473 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,465 |percentage=4.80% |change= {{increase}}0.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=51,356 |percentage=74.46% |change= {{increase}}19.64 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,974 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}3.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2002 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sajjad Hussain |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=16,725 |percentage=41.32% |change={{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Haider Sheikh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,062 |percentage=37.21% |change={{increase}}33.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=6,551 |percentage=16.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=536 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=522 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Kumar |party=Shiv Sena |votes=471 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Desh Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=356 |percentage=0.88% |change={{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,663 |percentage=4.11% |change= {{decrease}}15.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,473 |percentage=54.82% |change= {{decrease}}13.14 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,838 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}9.28 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Kichloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=17,889 |percentage=50.61% |change={{decrease}}17.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,900 |percentage=30.84% |change={{increase}}18.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid Malik |party=Independent politician |votes=2,465 |percentage=6.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Gani |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,810 |percentage=5.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hussain Arman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,294 |percentage=3.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hans Raj |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=786 |percentage=2.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,989 |percentage=19.77% |change= {{decrease}}35.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=35,348 |percentage=68.49% |change= {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 52,016 |ref = |change= {{increase}}34.39 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}17.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Kichloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=18,044 |percentage=67.95% |change={{increase}}29.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Mohan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,309 |percentage=12.46% |change={{increase}}7.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wali Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=2,640 |percentage=9.94% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Krishan |party=Lokdal |votes=1,682 |percentage=6.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janki Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=2.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chuni Lal Wazer |party=Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party |votes=336 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,735 |percentage=55.49% |change= {{increase}}41.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=26,553 |percentage=69.85% |change= {{decrease}}2.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 38,706 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}16.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hussain Arman |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,213 |percentage=51.63% |change={{increase}}44.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Kichloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=9,004 |percentage=38.06% |change={{increase}}10.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Seva Ram Parihat |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,066 |percentage=4.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hamid |party=Independent politician |votes=515 |percentage=2.18% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Mohammed |party=Independent politician |votes=447 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,209 |percentage=13.56% |change= {{increase}}9.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,657 |percentage=72.20% |change= {{increase}}21.47 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 33,415 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{increase}}24.47 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashir Ahmed Kichloo |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=3,910 |percentage=27.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hussain Arman |party=Janata Party |votes=3,385 |percentage=23.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manmohan Pargal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,797 |percentage=12.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sewa Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,675 |percentage=11.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Majid |party=Independent politician |votes=1,636 |percentage=11.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pir Mizam Ud Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=975 |percentage=6.77% |change={{decrease}}53.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Riaz Ahmed |party=Independent politician |votes=448 |percentage=3.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=525 |percentage=3.65% |change= {{decrease}}32.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,399 |percentage=51.10% |change= {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,192 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}33.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083027/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalRep_JK_72.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Pir Nizam Ud Din |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,283 |percentage=60.51% |change={{decrease}}8.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ghulam Hussain Arman |party=Independent politician |votes=3,796 |percentage=24.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jia Lal Shan |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=2,054 |percentage=13.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hem Raj |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=209 |percentage=1.36% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,487 |percentage=35.76% |change= {{decrease}}2.38 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,342 |percentage=54.91% |change= {{increase}}12.62 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,347 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006052138/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report_Jk_1967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Mustafa |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,726 |percentage=69.07% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Nabi |party=Independent politician |votes=3,459 |percentage=30.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,267 |percentage=38.15% |change= {{decrease}}13.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,185 |percentage=44.82% |change= {{decrease}}30.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,950 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}1.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |swing= {{decrease}}6.85 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]] : Kishtwar<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006183842/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_JK_1962.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Syed Mir Badshah |party=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |votes=14,988 |percentage=75.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sewa Ram|party=Jammu Praja Parishad|votes=4,752|percentage=24.07%|change=''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,236 |percentage=51.85% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=20,532|percentage=74.94%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,397 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Jammu & Kashmir National Conference |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Kishtwar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{coord|33.32|75.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Kishtwar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]

Thums Up

2026-04-15T11:51:56Z

JillianCogburn: Starting First Data W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Indian brand of cola}}

{{Infobox beverage
| name = Thums Up
| image = Thumbs Up product in plastic bottle.png
| caption = Thums Up bottle
| type = [[Cola]]
| manufacturer = [[The Coca-Cola Company]]
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = {{start date and age|1977}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.coca-cola.com/in/en/brands/thums-up|coca-cola.com/thums-up}}
| related = [[Coca-Cola]], [[Pepsi]], [[Campa Cola]]
| logo = Thums_Up_logo.svg
| logo_alt =
| image_size = 60
| logo_size =
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}

'''Thums Up''' is a brand of [[cola]]. It was introduced in 1977 to offset the withdrawal of [[The Coca-Cola Company]] from India. The brand was later bought by Coca-Cola who re-launched it in order to compete against [[Pepsi]] to capture the market.

In 2018, Coca-Cola announced they would launch Thums Up in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balakrishnan |first=Ravi |date=2 February 2018 |title=Coca-Cola to take thumbs up globally; sees India among top 5 market |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/coca-cola-india-to-launch-thums-up-globally/articleshow/62754626.cms |access-date=2023-03-03 |website=Economic Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2021, the company became a billion-dollar brand in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandon |first=Suneera |date=2022-02-10 |title=Thums Up now a $1 bn brand |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/retail/thumps-up-now-a-1-bn-brand-11644508446066.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
Thums Up was created in 1977, after the American company Coca-Cola withdrew from India due to regulations requiring it to disclose its formula<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazmin |first=Amy |date=23 April 2015 |title=Coca-Cola forced to abandon India bottling plant plans |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9e7d36da-e8e5-11e4-87fe-00144feab7de |access-date=2018-09-17 |website=Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> and sell 60% of its equity to an Indian company under a government plan for foreign-owned companies to share stakes with domestic partners.<ref>{{cite book |last=Albaum |first=G. |title=International Marketing & Export Management |last2=Duerr |first2=E. |publisher=Pearson |year=2008 |edition=6th |page=265}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/20-years-later-a-look-back-at-cokes-dramatic-1993-return-to-india|title=A Look Back at Coke's Dramatic Return to India, 20 Years Later|work=The Coca-Cola Company|access-date=2018-09-17|language=en-US}}</ref> The Chauhan brothers owned part of the [[Parle Agro|Parle]] company and already had two other brands of soda, [[Limca]] and [[Gold Spot]], which were popular in India at the time. Thums Up quickly became the most popular cola brand in India and achieved a near-[[monopoly]] among cola products in India during the 1980s, standing above other cola products such as [[Campa Cola]], [[Double Seven (soft drink)|Double Seven]], Dukes and [[United Breweries Group]]'s McDowell's Crush.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-02 |title=Ever wondered why 'Thums Up' has a missing 'B'? |url=https://www.businessupturn.com/stories/ever-wondered-why-thums-up-has-a-missing-b/ |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Business Upturn |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ramesh Chauhan had developed the formula from scratch, experimenting with ingredients such as cinnamon, cardamom, and nutmeg. The company also wanted the drink to be fizzy, even when it was not ice-cold, so it could be sold by vendors. After much testing and experimentation, the Chauhan brothers and their research team created a cola that was fizzier and spicier than [[Coca-Cola]]. They originally planned to name the drink "Thumbs Up," but removed the "b" to make the name unique.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://daily.social/story-of-thums-up/ |title=The Story of Thums up: How Indians Came to Taste the Thunder |website=daily.social |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200741/https://daily.social/story-of-thums-up/ |archive-date=16 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1991, when the Indian government [[Economic liberalisation in India|opened the market]] to multinationals, [[Pepsi]] was the first to come in. Thums Up and Pepsi subsequently engaged in heavy competition for endorsements. Pepsi advertisements included major Indian movie stars like [[Juhi Chawla]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-24|title=These Vintage Ads Starring Bollywood Stars Will Make All '90s Kids Feel Very, Very Old|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/08/24/these-vintage-ads-starring-bollywood-stars-will-make-all-90s-kid_a_21457773/|access-date=2020-09-10|website=HuffPost India|language=en}}</ref> while Thums Up increased its spending on cricket sponsorship. Thums Up also introduced a larger {{Convert|300|ml|USfloz|abbr=on}} bottle, branded "MahaCola" (meaning 'great [in size] cola'; the original size was {{Convert|250|ml|USfloz|abbr=on}}). This nickname gained popularity in smaller towns where people would ask for "Maha Cola" instead of Thums Up.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.india.com/food-2/a-big-thums-up-to-indias-beloved-cola-a-brief-history-and-recipe-1058524/|title=A Big 'Thums Up' to India's Beloved Cola: A Brief History and Recipe|first=Soni|last=Satpathy-Singh|date=1 April 2016|website=India.com}}</ref>

In 1993, Coca-Cola re-entered the market, and the three companies competed intensely. Later in the year, Coca-Cola bought the Parle-owned drinks Gold Spot, Limca and Thums Up for $60 million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|60|2005|r=-1}} million in {{Inflation/year|US}}). When these were sold to Coca-Cola, Thums Up had a [[market share]] of 85 percent in India.<ref name=etf12>{{cite news|title=Will Coke's 200ml pack price cut cannibalise Thums Up?|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/news/31110875_1_thums-cola-category-coca-cola|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303011217/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-02-29/news/31110875_1_thums-cola-category-coca-cola|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 3, 2012|access-date=1 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=29 February 2012}}</ref>

===Relaunch===
Despite its strong overall equity, the brand was losing its popularity among the core cola-drinking age group of 12- to 25-year-olds, partly due to a lack of advertising. At first, Coca-Cola cut advertising and production for Thums Up to drive customers to their flagship brand,<ref name="outlookbiz">{{cite news |title=Thumbs Up, Forever |first=Meenakshi |last=Radhakrishnan-Swami |date=July 6, 2013 |work=Outlook Business |url=http://www.outlookbusiness.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=286425}}</ref> but they soon realised that Thums Up customers would turn to Pepsi instead of Coca-Cola if Thums Up withdrew from the market. Instead, Coca-Cola decided to use Thums Up as a rival brand to Pepsi. The Coca-Cola Company by this time had about 60.5% share of the Indian soft-drink market but found out that if it took out Thums Up, it would remain with only 28.7% of the market, hence Thums Up was re-launched, targeting 30- to 40-year-olds.

The brand was re-positioned as a "manly" drink, drawing on its strong taste qualities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-brand-that-refused-to-die.html/1/4179.html |title=The brand that refused to die|author=Shamni Pande|work=Business Today|publisher=Businesstoday.intoday.in |date=2009-05-18 |access-date=2010-09-18}}</ref> Thums Up started an advertising campaign directly attacking Pepsi's [[television advertisement|television commercials]], focusing on the strength of the drink hoping that the depiction of an "adult" drink would appeal to young consumers. "Grow up to Thums Up" was a successful campaign. The brand's market share and equity increased.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bob Page |url=http://www.mercurybrief.com/2009/10/thums-up-cola-of-india/ |title=How Thums Up became the ruling cola of India. |publisher=The Mercury Brief |access-date=2010-09-18}}</ref>

==Ingredients==
Thums Up contains [[carbonated water]], [[sugar]], acidity regulator ([[E338]]), and [[caffeine]], as well as natural colour (150d) and added flavours ("natural, nature identical and artificial flavouring substances").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thums Up |url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/brands/thums-up |access-date=2022-05-23 |website=coca-colaindia.com |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Logo and marketing==
[[File:Thum's Up (15124224444).jpg|thumb|A can and glass of Thums Up]]
The original Thums Up logo was a red [[thumbs up]] hand gesture with a slanted, white, sans-serif typeface. This would later be modified by Coca-Cola with blue strokes and a more modern-looking typeface.

The famous slogan until the early 1980s was "Happy days are here again", coined by copywriter [[Vasant Kumar (Copyrighter)|Vasant Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-11-21 |title=Thums Up Hill near Manmad {{!}} Blablawriting.com |url=https://blablawriting.net/thums-up-hill-near-manmad-essay |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=Bla Bla Writing |language=en}}</ref> The slogan later became "I want My Thunder", and subsequently "Taste the thunder!"

Product placement in films was used in the 1980s with Thums Up appearing in the background of many Hindi films.<ref name="outlookbiz"/>

Advertising campaigns from Thums Up build on its "strength" and its perception as a [[macho]] drink.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ormaxworld.com/case-studies.php |title=Thums Up- Case Studies - Ormax |publisher=Ormaxworld.com |access-date=2010-09-18}}</ref>

In February 2012, South Indian actor [[Mahesh Babu]] became a spokesperson for Thums Up.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mahesh-babu-is-national-brand-ambassador-for-thums-up.html|title=Mahesh Babu is national brand ambassador for Thums Up!|date=1 March 2012}}</ref> In October 2012, Coca-Cola India re-signed [[Salman Khan]] as the brand ambassador of Thums Up. The company also tied with Khan's movie ''[[Dabangg 2]]'' and his charitable organisation as part of the deal.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-12-22 |title=Thumps Up goes Dabangg |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/mam/thumps-up-goes-dabangg |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Indiantelevision.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Laghate|first=Gaurav|date=2013-01-29|title=Fevicol benefits most from association with Dabangg2|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/fevicol-benefits-most-from-association-with-dabangg2-113012900701_1.html|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref>

In 2022, the company launched its advertising campaign "Toofan" with Indian cricketer [[Jasprit Bumrah]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayanan |first=Chitra |date=2022-01-24 |title=On the campaign trail: The humour edition |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/catalyst/on-the-campaign-trail-the-humour-edition/article64935781.ece |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> A similar video ad was created showcasing fast bowler [[Mohammed Siraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Livemint |date=2021-09-03 |title=Coca-Cola partners Jasprit Bumrah for campaign ahead of ICC T20 World Cup |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/advertising/cocacola-partners-jasprit-bumrah-for-campaign-ahead-of-icc-t20-world-cup-11630661710835.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Bollywood actor [[Shah Rukh Khan]] became brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhushan |first=Ratna |title=Thums up picks Shah Rukh, sets stage for SRK-Salman showdown |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/thums-up-picks-shah-rukh-sets-stage-for-srk-salman-showdown/articleshow/89757821.cms |access-date=2022-05-09}}</ref> It also partnered with South Indian actor [[Vijay Deverakonda]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naidu |first=Ganta Manish |date=1 Feb 2022 |title=విజయ్ దేవరకొండ తన పేరుని Toofan గా ఎందుకు మార్చుకున్నారు? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/why-did-vijay-deverakonda-change-his-name-to-toofan-fea-ture/articleshow/89271626.cms |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=Samayam Telugu |language=te}}</ref>

===Sponsorship===

====Cricket====
Thums Up was a major sponsor of [[cricket]] matches and had a notable presence at [[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]] cricket matches.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Thums Up {{!}} Worldwide Partnership with Tokyo Olympic Games |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/indian-brands/indias-thums-up-tokyo-2020-olympics/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US}}</ref> In the early 1980s, it came out with several [[postcard]]s featuring [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and [[Imran Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Viswanathan |first=Ganapathy |title=Thums Up starts a new innings in cricket with Jasprit Bumrah's thunder |url=https://www.adgully.com/thums-up-starts-a-new-innings-in-cricket-with-jasprit-bumrah-s-thunder-113577.html |access-date=2022-05-21 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

====Indian motorsports====
Besides cricket, Parle's southern bottler was a major sponsor of Indian [[motorsport]] in the 1980s.<ref name=":1" /> In addition to sponsoring several Indian track drivers in Sholavaram races, they sponsored several regional car and bike rallies. They were also associated for several seasons with the [[Lakshmi Mills]] [[Super Speeds]] team.

====2020 Olympics====
[[File:BajrangPuniaLimitedEditionThumsUpSodaCan.jpg|alt=Thums Up Packaging with Olympic Athlete Bajrang Punia |thumb|200x200px|A can of Thums Up in 2020 Olympics packaging featuring Olympian [[Bajrang Punia]]]]
Thums Up announced a worldwide partnership with the [[2020 Summer Olympics]] in July 2021 to commemorate the 100th year of India's participation in the Olympic Games. The brand rolled out a special athlete packaging, featuring Indian Olympians [[Bajrang Punia]], [[Manu Bhaker]], [[Vikas Krishan Yadav]], [[Deepika Kumari]], and [[Atanu Das]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.coca-colaindia.com/newsroom/thums-up-celebrates-100-years-of-india-at-olympics|title=Thums Up celebrates 100 years of India at the Olympic Games|date=6 July 2021}}</ref>

==== Tokyo 2020 Paralympics ====
The company announced a worldwide partnership with the [[2020 Summer Paralympics|Tokyo 2020 Paralympics]] in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Thums Up pays a befitting tribute to the paralympic athletes who shattered the glass ceiling against all odds |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/thums-up-pays-a-befitting-tribute-to-the-paralympic-athletes-who-shattered-the-glass-ceiling-against-all-odds/articleshow/85797179.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-05-21}}</ref> The brand rolled out a special athlete packaging, featuring six athletes including [[Mariyappan Thangavelu]] (high jump), [[Sakina Khatun]] (powerlifting), [[Suyash Yadav]] (swimming), [[Navdeep Singh (Javelin thrower)|Navdeep Singh]] (javelin throw), [[Sumit Antil]] (javelin throw), and [[Avani Lekhara]] (shooting).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tewari |first=Saumya |date=2021-08-23 |title=Thums Up becomes official partner of Tokyo 2020 Paralympic Games |url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/olympics-news/thums-up-becomes-official-partner-of-tokyo-2020-paralympic-games-11629703572792.html |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
[[File:Thums Up. The Great Refresher. Roadside Stall. Himachel Pradesh, India. 2011.jpg|thumb|300px|Thums Up roadside stall in [[Himachal Pradesh]], India, in 2011]]
*According to the Brand Trust Report 2012 published by Trust Research Advisory, a brand analytics company, Thums Up was positioned 140th among India's most trusted brands.
*''[[The Economic Times]]'' ranked Thums Up at 21st place in its Most Trusted Brands report.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Most Trusted Brands 2012: Thums Up's journey of becoming a cola brand for the macho man |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/most-trusted-brands-2012-thums-ups-journey-of-becoming-a-cola-brand-for-the-macho-man/articleshow/17112238.cms?adcode=5 |access-date=2022-05-25}}</ref>
* In Brand Trust Report 2013, Thums Up was ranked 170th among the most trusted brands in India.<ref>{{Cite web |author=P. Naveen |date=Nov 8, 2017 |title='Thums Up' fined Rs 12 lakhs for 'misbranding' in Madhya Pradesh {{!}} Bhopal News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/thums-up-fined-rs-12-lakhs-for-misbranding-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/61562157.cms |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
* According to the Brand Trust Report 2014, Thums Up was at 66th position among India's most trusted brands.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.trustadvisory.info/syndicated-reports.htm|title = India's Most Trusted Brands}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* A peak in the [[Manmad]] hills has become known as the "Thums Up Mountain" ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: ''{{Lang|mr|Thums Up Dongar}}''), because it is shaped like the "Thums Up" logo. It is visible from trains passing by and has become a popular attraction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Trendsetters of their Industry with famous Brand Logos! |url=https://www.apnnews.com/top-trendsetters-of-their-industry-with-famous-brand-logos/ |access-date=2022-05-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Thums Up appears in the book ''[[Eat Pray Love (book)|Eat, Pray, Love]]'' and its [[Eat, Pray, Love (film)|2010 film adaptation]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Culinary Tour of "Eat Pray Love" |first=Jess |last=Righthand |journal=Smithsonian |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/a-culinary-tour-of-eat-pray-love-97068231/ |date=August 19, 2010}}</ref>
* The drink appears throughout [[Salman Rushdie]]'s controversial novel ''[[The Satanic Verses]]'' (1988).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rushdie |first1=Salman |title=The Satanic Verses |date=1988 |publisher=Vintage |location=London |isbn=9780963270702 |page=66 }}</ref>
* Thums Up is a jazz ensemble consisting of [[Vijay Iyer]], [[Heems]], [[Rafiq Bhatia]], and [[Kassa Overall]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aceves |first=Rusty |date=2018-01-12 |title=A Closer Look at Thums Up |url=https://www.sfjazz.org/onthecorner/a-closer-look-at-thums-up/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=SFJAZZ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-07 |title=Thums Up (Heems, Vijay Iyer, Rafiq Bhatia & Kassa Overall) and Arooj Aftab @ Ecstatic Music Fest (pics) |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/thums-up-heems-vijay-iyer-rafiq-bhatia-kassa-overall-and-arooj-aftab-ecstatic-music-fest-pics/ |work=BrooklynVegan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Panikker |first=Dhirendra Mikhail |year=2019 |title="Sound Come-unity": Post-9/11 Brown and the Politics of Intercultural Improvisation |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/27f6910c260478a6e58eee4c8f7b6e56/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=ProQuest |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}

{{Colas}}
{{Coca-Cola brands}}

[[Category:Soft drinks]]
[[Category:Cola brands]]
[[Category:Indian drink brands]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Coca-Cola brands]]
[[Category:Coca-Cola acquisitions]]

Viksit Bara

2026-04-13T20:02:13Z

JillianCogburn: Starting A Article First Draft

{{Short description|Indian football player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Viksit Bara
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2008|4|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gumla district]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| currentclub = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]
| clubnumber = 5
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2024–2025
| clubs2 = [[Indian Arrows]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| years3 = 2025–
| clubs3 = [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]]
| caps3 =
| goals3 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = 2025–
| nationalteam2 = [[India women's national under-20 football team|India U20]]
| nationalcaps2 = 5
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2024–
| nationalteam3 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps3 = 2
| nationalgoals3 = 0
| club-update =
| nationalteam-update = 2 January 2025
}}
'''Viksit Bara''' (born 8 April 2008) is an Indian professional footballer from [[Jharkhand]] who plays as a defender for the [[Indian Women's League]] club [[Nita Football Academy|Nita]] and the [[India women's national football team|India national football team]]. She has also represented [[Jharkhand women's football team|Jharkhand]] in the senior national championships.

== Early life ==
Bara is from [[Gumla]], Jharkhand.

==Career==
=== Domestic ===
She played the 29th Senior Women's National football championship for Jharkhand in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2024 |title=29th Senior Women's National Football Championship for Rajmata Jijabai Trophy 2024-25 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/38234 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=AFC U17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers: Rampaging Sulanjana Raul's hattrick helps India beat Iran |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/india-beats-iran-sulanjana-raul-afc-u17-womens-asian-cup-qualifiers-result-scores/article67338605.ece |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In August 2024, she played for Jharkhand in the Junior Girls National Football Championship Tier 1 at RDT Stadium in Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=F. C. |date=2024-08-21 |title=Manipur win record-extending 11th Junior Girls' NFC Tier 1 title |url=https://www.footballcounter.com/2024/manipur-win-record-extending-11th-junior-girls-nfc-tier-1-title/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Football Counter |language=en-US}}</ref> They finished second losing to Manipur in the finals 2–0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur win record-extending 11th Junior Girls' NFC Tier 1 title |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/21/ANANTAPUR-Aug-20Manipur-successfully-defended-their-Junior-Girls-National-Football-Championship-Tier-1-tit.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== International ===
She was selected in the 23-player Indian squad by Indian coach [[Joakim Alexandersson]] and she played the two FIFA international friendlies against Maldives on December 30 and January 2 at the [[Padukone - Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence|Padukone-Dravid Centre for Sports Excellence]] in [[Bengaluru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=India women's football team coach Alexandersson announced 23-member squad for Maldives friendly |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-womens-football-team-23-member-squad-maldives-friendly-full-team-venue-time/article69039441.ece |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=9 from NE in 23-member Women's India Football Squad |url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/9-from-ne-in-23-member-womens-india-football-squad-to-play-friendlies-against-maldives/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=Northeast Live |language=en-US}}</ref> She made her senior India debut as a substitute in the first match on December 30 in the 64th minute replacing Sorokhaibam Ranjana Chanu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India complete a Maldives massacre in FIFA Women's Friendly |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/india-complete-a-maldives-massacre-in-fifa-womens-friendly20241230205547/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=International Friendly: Indian Women's NT demolish Malidves 14-0 |url=https://theawayend.co/2024/12/30/international-friendly-indian-womens-nt-demolish-malidves-14-0/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=The Away End |language=en-GB}}</ref> In April 2023, she played for India in the AFC Under 17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers Indonesia 2024 at Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan where India defeat Kyrgyz Republic 1–0.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AFC U17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers: Indian team downs Kyrgyz Republic 1-0 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/afc-u17-womens-asian-cup-qualifiers-indian-team-downs-kyrgyz-republic-1-020230426235707/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> She also played the AFC Under 17 Women's Asian Cup Qualifiers in September 2023 at Indonesia. She was selected for the Indian under 20 women team for Pink Ladies Youth Cup played at Turkey in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2025 |title=None from Odisha in Indian women team for Pink Ladies Cup |url=https://www.orisports.com/NewsDetails.aspx?nId=ODYwNA== |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-25 |title=India Vs Russia, Pink Ladies Under-20 Youth Cup: Preview, Live Streaming – All You Need To Know About IND Women's Final Match |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/india-vs-russia-pink-ladies-under-20-youth-cup-preview-live-streaming-all-you-need-to-know-about-ind-womens-final-match |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===International===
{{Updated|2 January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
!National team!!Year!!Caps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan=2|[[India women's national football team|India]]
|2024
|1
|0
|-
|2025
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=2|Total
!2
!0
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/players/profile/337046 Viksit Bara] at All India Football Federation.

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bara, Viksit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:India women's youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Arrows players]]
[[Category:Nita Football Academy players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League players]]
[[Category:Indian Women's League 2 players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Aman Lekhi

2026-04-07T08:55:08Z

JillianCogburn: creating first stub initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian supreme court advocate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aman Lekhi
| image =
| caption = Aman Lekhi at his office in New Delhi
| alma_mater = St Xavier's School, Delhi.
First division in graduation from Hindu College
First division in LLB from Campus Law Centre (Faculty of Law)
| website = http://amanlekhiblog.com
| occupation = Lawyer
| spouse = [[Meenakshi Lekhi]]
}}

'''Aman Lekhi''' is a senior advocate of the Supreme Court of India<ref>{{cite web| url = http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/%5Cwritereaddata%5Cupload%5C%5CPublicNotices%5CPublicNotice_8IBJIGDV.PDF| title = Reference at delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref> and is the former [[Additional Solicitor General of India]] in the Apex Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/lekhi-banerjee-sethi-asg/|title = Aman Lekhi, Vikramjit Banerjee, Sandeep Sethi appointed ASG; Four ASGs get extension| date=28 February 2018 }}</ref> He is named in the list of Top 100 Legal Luminaries of India by LexisNexis in May 2016.

He practices in the [[Indian Supreme Court|Supreme Court of India]]. He also appears regularly in various courts and Tribunals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://telecomtalk.info/supreme-court-telecom-disputes-settlement/136426/|title=Supreme Court Refuse To Stay Telecom Disputes Settlement and Appellate Tribunal|author=Bhupendra Sharma|work=Telecom Talk}}</ref> and is also actively involved in several arbitrations.

== Personal life ==
Aman Lekhi is the son of renowned Supreme Court lawyer [[Pran Nath Lekhi]]. He did his schooling from [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi]] and thereafter he graduated with distinction in Political Science (Honours) from [[Hindu College, University of Delhi]] and received a Degree in law with first division from Campus Law Centre, University of Delhi.
He is married to lawyer and BJP Member of Parliament from New Delhi Constituency, [[Meenakshi Lekhi]].<ref>[[Meenakshi Lekhi]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=April 2018}}

== Notable cases ==
The senior advocate's practice covers several legal disciplines. Apart from appearing in the [[Indian coal allocation scam]] case,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-02/news/66144037_1_h-c-gupta-ex-coal-secretary-coal-scam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910235649/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-02/news/66144037_1_h-c-gupta-ex-coal-secretary-coal-scam|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 September 2015|title=Sanction required to prosecute me in coal scam: H C Gupta, Ex-coal Secretary|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref> [[2G spectrum case]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/cbi-dreams-3-reliance-officials-may-turn-approvers-lawyer_592737.html|title=CBI dreams 3 Reliance officials may turn approvers: Lawyer|work=moneycontrol.com|date=30 September 2011 }}</ref> and [[Concerns and controversies over the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games (CWG) scam case]];<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/cwg-scam-bhanot-verma-sent-to-cbi-custody-for-five-days-second-lead_100506834.html|title=CWG scam: Bhanot, Verma sent to CBI custody for five days|work=Thaindian News}}</ref> he appeared for [[Ashis Nandy]] in a case that involved controversy regarding the latter’s alleged anti-Dalit remarks at the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]], 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-nandy-moves-sc-plea-to-be-heard-tomorrow-for-quashing-fir-1794765|title=Nandy moves SC, plea to be heard tomorrow for quashing FIR - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=31 January 2013|publisher=}}</ref>
He has argued the case under [[Right to Information Act, 2005]] against [[Union Public Service Commission]] of India with regard to Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2006 subsequent to which UPSC had to change the pattern of examination itself.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cic.gov.in/SC-Rulings/UPSC-Vs-ShivShambuAndOrs.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132912/http://www.cic.gov.in/SC-Rulings/UPSC-Vs-ShivShambuAndOrs.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status = dead|df=dmy-all }}</ref>
As a lawyer, he has argued several matters relating to telecom sector involving the [[Telecom Regulatory Authority of India]] (TRAI)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tdsat.nic.in/28.04.2015/Appeal%20No.1(c)%20of%202014.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145723/http://www.tdsat.nic.in/28.04.2015/Appeal%20No.1(c)%20of%202014.pdf |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wherein also, he has achieved notable success. He was the lawyer for Farida Dar "Behenji" in Lajpat Nagar Blast Case<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/749213/|title=Smt. Farida Dar vs State on 28 March, 2000|work=indiankanoon.org}}</ref> and for Nazir Ahmed Qasid and Farooq Ahmed Qasid<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhicourts.nic.in/Sep07/State%20Vs.%20Mohd.%20Arif.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042046/http://delhicourts.nic.in/Sep07/State%20Vs.%20Mohd.%20Arif.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the case concerning the [[2000 terrorist attack on Red Fort]].

Aman also appears for Zee network in the cases involving Naveen Jindal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/18451876/|title=Naveen Jindal & Anr. vs Zee Media Corporation Ltd. & Ors. on 1 April, 2014|work=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

He also appeared for Nirmaljeet Singh Narula (Nirmal Baba).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://delhicourts.nic.in/MAY12/Nirmaljit%20Singh%20Nirula%20Vs.%20Star%20India%20Pvt.%20Ltd..pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044213/http://delhicourts.nic.in/MAY12/Nirmaljit%20Singh%20Nirula%20Vs.%20Star%20India%20Pvt.%20Ltd..pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was also the lawyer in Shanti Mukund case<ref>{{cite web| url = http://delhicourts.nic.in/Dec07/Shanti%20%20Mukand%20Hospital%20Vs.%20Rinchu.pdf| title = Reference at delhicourts.nic.in}}</ref> and also the case settling the law of medical negligence dealing with the duties and ethics of medical profession.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 2779963 | pmid=19881134 | doi=10.4103/0970-1591.56206 | volume=25 | title=Medical negligence: Coverage of the profession, duties, ethics, case law, and enlightened defense - A legal perspective | year=2009 | journal=Indian J Urol | pages=372–8 | last1 = Pandit | first1 = MS | last2 = Pandit | first2 = S| issue=3 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

He has also appeared in the case concerning recommendations by Justice Majithia with regard to working journalists and non-journalists newspaper and news agency employees and the challenge to Working Journalists Act of 1955.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/outtoday/wc24611.pdf| title = Supreme Court of India}}</ref>
Aman Lekhi is also the lawyer for AIADMK (Amma) leader TTV Dhinakaran. He appeared for Dhinakaran in the petition for bail which was allowed by the Special Court on 29 May 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aiadmk-election-symbol-case-ttv-dhinakaran-seeks-bail-police-opposes-it-1705399 | title=AIADMK Election Symbol Case: TTV Dhinakaran Seeks Bail, Police Opposes It | date=29 May 2017 | author=Press Trust of India | publisher=NDTV | access-date=27 June 2018 }}</ref>

He also appeared for Colonel Dinesh Pathania<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/macchil-encounter-life-sentence-of-5-army-men-suspended/articleshow/59795490.cms|title=Macchil encounter: Life sentence of 5 army men suspended|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> in Machil Encounter, known as Machil killings, which, in 2010, had triggered a cycle of violence in Kashmir. Intelligence agencies had claimed the violence was part of Pakistani covert operations. Lekhi successfully argued before the Armed Forces Tribunal for release of the army personnel on bail after they had been court-martialled in the only proceeding instituted by the army against its own personnel.

On 26 September 2017, he appeared on behalf of former [[Tehelka]] Chief [[Tarun Tejpal]] in front of the Goa Bench of the Bombay High Court. He was successful in obtaining relief for his client with the Court directing a stay on the trial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/goa-hc-stays-trial-in-tarun-tejpal-rape-case-refuses-to-stop-framing-of-charges-2551081.html|title=Goa HC stays trial in Tarun Tejpal rape case, refuses to stop framing of charges|date=26 September 2017}}</ref>

== Additional Solicitor General of India (2018-present) ==
Aman Lekhi was appointed as an [[Additional Solicitor General of India]] in the Supreme Court in February 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/lekhi-banerjee-sethi-asg|title=Aman Lekhi, Vikramjit Banerjee, Sandeep Sethi appointed ASG; Four ASGs get extension|date=28 February 2018 }}</ref> Since his appointment, his arguments have aided the Supreme Court in clarifying the law concerning the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/it-is-the-quantity-not-purity-of-narcotic-drugs-that-will-decide-punishment-sc/articleshow/75300096.cms|title = It is the quantity not purity of narcotic drugs that will decide punishment: SC | India News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=22 April 2020 }}</ref> The Supreme Court accepted his arguments that in determining the punishment under the legislation, the deciding factor would be the quantity and not the purity of the narcotic drug.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2014/6909/6909_2014_31_1505_21810_Judgement_22-Apr-2020.pdf| title = Reference at main.sci.gov.in}}</ref> Additionally, his arguments were also accepted by the Supreme Court to expand the scope of the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]] for it to apply to deemed universities, which is seen as a departure from the [[plain meaning rule]] of interpreting criminal law.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/are-deemed-universities-covered-under-the-scope-of-the-prevention-of-corruption-act-supreme-court-answers| title = Are Deemed Universities covered under the scope of the Prevention of Corruption Act? Supreme Court answers| date = 28 April 2020}}</ref> Lekhi also appeared for the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] before the Supreme Court on their plea to investigate the sacrilege cases in Punjab.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://theprint.in/india/probe-on-sacrilege-cases-to-stay-with-punjab-govt-as-sc-junks-cbi-plea-against-the-state/368656/| title = Probe on sacrilege cases to stay with Punjab govt as SC junks CBI plea against the state| website = [[ThePrint]]| date = 20 February 2020}}</ref> Lekhi represented the Central Bureau of Investigation to oppose the bail granted to [[Upendra Rai]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/supreme-court-dismisses-upendra-rais-petition-against-ed-official/articleshow/65586007.cms| title = Supreme Court dismisses Upendra Rai's petition against ED official {{!}} India News - Times of India| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = 29 August 2018}}</ref> He is also currently assisting the Supreme Court in a Public Interest Litigation concerning the reforms of prisons in India.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/is-parallel-system-running-in-jails-sc-frowns-over-special-treatment-to-chandra-brothers/1426174| title = 'Is parallel system running in jails': SC frowns over special treatment to Chandra brothers}}</ref>

As Additional Solicitor General, Lekhi has appeared before the [[Armed Forces Tribunal]] to defend the challenge to the appointment of the [[Chief of Naval Staff (India)]], filed by Vice-Admiral [[Bimal Verma]].<ref>{{cite news| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/military-tribunal-allows-karambir-singh-to-take-charge-as-new-navy-chief-on-friday/articleshow/69556548.cms| title = Indian Navy: Military tribunal allows Karambir Singh to take charge as new Navy Chief - The Economic Times| newspaper = The Economic Times| last1 = Gurung| first1 = Shaurya Karanbir}}</ref> The Armed Forces Tribunal dismissed the plea while agreeing that the Government of India was justified in superseding Verma.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/armed-forces-tribunal-dismisses-bimal-vermas-plea-challenging-appointment-of-navy-chief/articleshow/71155623.cms?from=mdr| title = Karambir Singh: Armed Forces Tribunal dismisses Bimal Verma's plea challenging appointment of navy chief| newspaper = The Economic Times| last1 = Gurung| first1 = Shaurya Karanbir}}</ref> He has represented the [[Enforcement Directorate]] in the cases relating to the [[2013 Indian helicopter bribery scandal]], where he was successful in getting the dismissal of the anticipatory bail plea filed by [[Ratul Puri]] and the bail plea of Deepak Talwar.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/chopper-deal-delhi-hc-dismisses-anticipatory-bail-plea-of-ratul-puri/articleshow/70752114.cms| title = Chopper deal: Delhi HC dismisses anticipatory bail plea of Ratul Puri - The Economic Times| newspaper = The Economic Times| date = 20 August 2019}}</ref> Lekhi was also the Senior Advocate for the Maharashtra Police in the plea challenging the arrest of the journalist - [[Gautam Navlakha]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/aug/29/delhi-high-court-questions-maharashtra-police-on-activist-gautam-navlakhas-arrest-1864613.html| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180830113529/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/aug/29/delhi-high-court-questions-maharashtra-police-on-activist-gautam-navlakhas-arrest-1864613.html| url-status = dead| archive-date = 30 August 2018| title = Delhi High Court questions Maharashtra police on activist Gautam Navlakha's arrest- The New Indian Express}}</ref> He has represented the Delhi Police in the case related to the assault of the Chief Secretary of Delhi<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2018/nov/22/hc-seeks-delhi-governments-anshu-prakashs-response-on-plea-by-sisodia-kejriwal-1901881.html| title = HC seeks Delhi government's, Anshu Prakash's response on plea by Sisodia, Kejriwal- The New Indian Express}}</ref> and represented the Special Investigation Team in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots case.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/1984-riots-case-hc-hearing-sees-heated-arguments-between-lawyers-on-representing-state-118121900865_1.html| title = 1984 riots case: HC hearing sees heated arguments between lawyers on representing state {{!}} Business Standard News| newspaper = Business Standard India| date = 19 December 2018| last1 = India| first1 = Press Trust of}}</ref> Lekhi was the counsel for the Government of Uttar Pradesh in the alleged "hate speech" case against Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], successfully arguing for the plea challenging the order of the Allahabad High Court dismissed.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.livelaw.in/sc-asks-magistrate-to-pass-reasoned-order-on-cognizance-of-hate-speech-complaint-against-up-cm-yogi-adityanath-read-order/| title = SC Asks Magistrate To Pass Reasoned Order On Cognizance of Hate Speech Complaint Against UP CM Yogi Adityanath [Read Order]| date = 11 September 2018}}</ref> He represented the administration of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] when the students blocked access into the varsity's administrative building.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ndtv.com/delhi-news/fir-lodged-against-students-blocking-admin-block-jnu-to-delhi-high-court-1661614| title = FIR Lodged Against Students Blocking Admin Block: JNU To Delhi High Court}}</ref>

Lekhi represented the Lieutenant Governor of Pudducherry, [[Kiran Bedi]] in the appeal to the petition moved by a Congress MLA K Lakshminarayan challenging the communications issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs vesting powers with the Lieutenant Governor.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/interference-puducherry-affairs-madras-hc-reserves-verdict-kiran-bedi-s-appeal-114081| title = Interference in Puducherry affairs: Madras HC reserves verdict on Kiran Bedi's appeal {{!}} The News Minute| date = 14 December 2019}}</ref> In a major success for the Central Government, the appeal was allowed clearing the Lieutenant Governor to administer the day-to-day functioning of the Union Territory.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-clears-hurdle-for-puducherry-governor-kiran-bedi/articleshow/74571802.cms| title = Kiran Bedi: Madras high court clears hurdle for LG Kiran Bedi {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India| website = [[The Times of India]]| date = 11 March 2020}}</ref> He was engaged by the Department of Customs in the proceedings against the wife of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] Member of Parliament [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]], Rujira Naroola for obstructing officers from checking her baggage at the Kolkata Airport.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/rujira-naroola-need-not-appear-customs-till-31-july-calcutta-hc-1502744258.html| title = Rujira Naroola need not appear before Customs till 31 July: Calcutta HC - The Statesman| website = [[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]| date = 9 April 2019}}</ref> Lekhi successfully defended the ordinance banning the sale and import of e-cigarettes in India before the [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/india-defends-e-cigarette-ban-with-attack-on-vaping-product-firm-juul-2110466| title = India Defends E-Cigarette Ban With Attack On Vaping Product Firm Juul}}</ref> The order was successful in ensuring that the impending entry of [[Juul]] in India was blocked.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://in.reuters.com/article/india-ecigarettes/india-defends-e-cigarette-ban-in-court-with-attack-on-juul-idINKBN1WG47I| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191002040239/https://in.reuters.com/article/india-ecigarettes/india-defends-e-cigarette-ban-in-court-with-attack-on-juul-idINKBN1WG47I| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2 October 2019| title = India defends e-cigarette ban in court with attack on Juul}}</ref>

In May 2020, Lekhi was appointed as special counsel to represent the Delhi Police in the [[2020 Delhi riots]] case.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/solicitor-general-two-others-appointed-as-spp-special-counsel-in-delhi-riots-case/article31715539.ece| title = Solicitor General, two others appointed as SPP/ special counsel in Delhi riots case - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 31 May 2020}}</ref>

== Presence in media ==
He appears frequently in various national news channels<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/jessica-lall-killer-manu-sharma-to-leave-jail-for-exams-720976|title=Jessica Lall Killer Manu Sharma to Leave Jail For Exams|date=26 December 2014|work=NDTV.com}}</ref> including [[CNBC TV18]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news-topic/aman-lekhi/|title=Aman Lekhi|work=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> and [[Bloomberg Television|Bloomberg]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/3215/-desperation-to-punish-wrongdoers-leading-to-overkill-|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208063651/http://www.btvin.com/videos/watch/3215/-desperation-to-punish-wrongdoers-leading-to-overkill-|url-status=usurped|archive-date=8 December 2015|title=BTvIn - "Desperation To Punish Wrongdoers Leading To Overkill"|work=Btvin}}</ref> Upon invitation, Aman is a regular contributor to the Opinion section on [[BloombergQuint]], writing on constitutional and commercial law issues.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/2017/08/26/the-right-to-privacy-is-now-public-by-aman-lekhi| title = The Right To Privacy Is Now Public| date = 26 August 2017}}</ref>

He is invited to lecture on issues of legal and public importance whether it is the hanging of Afzal Guru<ref>{{cite web|url=http://barandbench.com/afzal-guru-controversy-conversation-senior-advocate-aman-lekhi/|title=The Afzal Guru controversy Conversation with Senior Advocate Aman Lekhi - Bar & Bench|first=Bar &|last=Bench|date=19 February 2013|publisher=}}</ref> or the control of Hindu temples<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-religious-figureheads-protest-govt-takeover-of-hindu-temples-1861245|title=Religious figureheads protest govt takeover of Hindu temples - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=15 July 2013|publisher=}}</ref> or the question of philosophy or ideology like [[Mao Zedong|Mao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/mao-is-just-a-name-ideology-a-mere-excuse-aman-lekhi-612303.html|title=Mao is just a name, ideology a mere excuse: Aman Lekhi|work=IBNLive}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lekhi, Aman}}
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Hindu College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Maddock Films

2026-03-29T12:42:04Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Short description|Indian private film production company}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Maddock Films
| logo = Maddock Films logo.jpeg
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| founder = {{ubl | [[Dinesh Vijan]] | Pooja Vijan}}
| key_people = Dinesh Vijan
| industry = [[Entertainment]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|June 2005}}
| products = [[Film]]s
| owner = {{ubl | Dinesh Vijan | Nepean Capital}}
| subsid = {{ubl | [[Illuminati Films]] | Maddock Outsider}}
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
}}

'''Maddock Films''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] [[production company]] founded by Indian producer and director [[Dinesh Vijan]] in 2005. Maddock has produced [[Hindi cinema|Hindi films]] such as ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'' (2009), ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]'' (2012), ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]'' (2015), ''[[Hindi Medium]]'' (2017) and its sequel ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'', ''[[Luka Chuppi]]'' (2019), ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' (2019), ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]'' (2021), ''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]'' (2023) and ''[[Chhaava]]'' (2025).

They also have their own film universe called the [[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]] which consists of ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]'' (2018), ''[[Stree 2]]'' (2024), ''[[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]'' (2022) and ''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]'' (2024) and ''[[Thamma]]'' (2025). The franchise has been commercially successful, having grossed a combined ₹1,186 crore against a combined budget of ₹235 crore.<ref name="BH gross">{{cite web |date=September 2018 |title=Box Office: Worldwide collections and day wise break up of Stree |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-break-stree/ |access-date=10 September 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Films==
{{pending films key}}
{|class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ {{sronly|List of films}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Director
! scope="col" | Cast
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Deepika Padukone]] ||<ref>{{cite news|author=Upala KBR|date=16 August 2015|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-birthday-special-saif-ali-khan-talks-about-his-favourite-roles-2114835|title=Saif Ali Khan talks about his favourite roles|work=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''
| [[Sriram Raghavan]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kareena Kapoor]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/agent-vinod-is-indigenous-contemporary-saif-ali-khan/lite/ | title='Agent Vinod' is indigenous,contemporary: Saif Ali Khan | date=19 March 2012 }}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]''
| [[Homi Adajania]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Deepika Padukone]], [[Diana Penty]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Movie Review: Cocktail|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/cocktail-movie-review-by-vinayak-chakravorty-109358-2012-07-13|website=India Today}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Go Goa Gone]]''
| [[Raj & DK]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Vir Das]], [[Anand Tiwari]], [[Puja Gupta]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saif-ali-khans-go-goa-gone-to-release-in-japan-on-21-march-2133743.html/amp | title=Saif Ali Khan's 'Go Goa Gone' to release in Japan on 21 March | date=3 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Lekar Hum Deewana Dil]]''
| Arif Ali
| [[Armaan Jain]], [[Deeksha Seth]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/imtiaz-alis-brother-arif-to-direct-kareenas-nephew-armaans-debut-film-152965-2013-01-30|title=Imtiaz Ali's brother Arif to direct Kareena's nephew Armaan's debut film
|work=India Today|date=31 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Finding Fanny]]''
| [[Homi Adajania]]
| [[Arjun Kapoor]], [[Deepika Padukone]]|| <ref>{{cite news|title=Exclusive: Deepika Padukone's first look from Finding Fanny|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Exclusive-Deepika-Padukones-first-look-from-Finding-Fanny/articleshow/37637745.cms|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[Happy Ending (2014 film)|Happy Ending]]''
| [[Raj & DK]]
| [[Saif Ali Khan]], [[Ileana D'Cruz]]
| <ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/first-look-saif-ali-khan-takes-the-right-angle-in-happy-ending/lite/ | title=First look : Saif Ali Khan takes the right angle in 'Happy Ending' | date=8 October 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Badlapur (film)|Badlapur]]''
| [[Sriram Raghavan]]
| [[Varun Dhawan]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Yami Gautam]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2554486/Sriram-Raghavans-next-with-Varun-titled-Badlapur|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140614005418/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2554486/Sriram-Raghavans-next-with-Varun-titled-Badlapur|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 June 2014|title=Sriram Raghavan's next with Varun titled Badlapur|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=13 June 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''[[Hindi Medium]]''
| [[Saket Chaudhary]]
| [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Saba Qamar]] || <ref>{{cite news|title=Hindi Medium box office collection: Irrfan Khan's film has crossed the Rs 200 crore mark at the worldwide market|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/hindi-medium-box-office-collection-irrfan-khans-film-has-crossed-the-rs-200-crore-mark-at-the-worldwide-market/|work=Bollywood Life}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Raabta (film)|Raabta]]''
| [[Dinesh Vijan]]
| [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Kriti Sanon]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/people-finding-raabta-in-us-kriti-sanon-on-bond-with-sushant-singh-rajput/story-B5JWpI7Nw9PlnarryipF6L.html|title=People finding 'raabta' in us: Kriti Sanon on bond with Sushant Singh Rajput|website=Hindustan Times|date=5 July 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Stree (2018 film)|Stree]]''
| [[Amar Kaushik]]
| [[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-shraddha-kapoor-begin-shooting-for-horror-comedy-titled-stree/story-nYgHfHFH7XSfWoJc2nNLnJ.html|title=Rajkummar Rao, Shraddha Kapoor begin shooting for horror-comedy titled Stree|website=Hindustan Times|date=11 January 2018}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019 || ''[[Luka Chuppi]]''
| [[Laxman Utekar]]
| [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Kriti Sanon]] || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/luka-chuppi-trailer-kriti-sanon-and-kartik-aaryans-quirky-love-story-will-charm-you/articleshow/67669835.cms|title='Luka Chuppi' trailer: Kriti Sanon and Kartik Aaryan's quirky love story will charm you|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Arjun Patiala]]''
| [[Rohit Jugraj]]
| [[Diljit Dosanjh]], [[Kriti Sanon]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kriti-sanon-arjun-patiala-is-spoofy-kind-of-comedy/articleshow/69053241.cms|title=Kriti Sanon: 'Arjun Patiala' is a spoofy kind of comedy|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Made in China (2019 film)|Made In China]]''
| [[Mikhil Musale]]
| [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Mouni Roy]] || <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/made-in-china-rajkummar-rao-introduces-his-character-from-upcoming-film-with-mouni-roy-5200941.html|title=Made in China: Rajkummar Rao introduces his character from upcoming film with Mouni Roy|work=Firstpost|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''
| [[Amar Kaushik]]
| [[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Bhumi Pednekar]] || <ref>{{cite web|title=Ayushmann Khurrana, Yami Gautam and Bhumi Pednekar start shooting for Bala|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ayushmann-khurrana-and-bhumi-pednekar-start-shooting-for-bala/story-cm3LN7YazgvD4FczMXWbfM.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 |2020
| ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
| [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]
| [[Kartik Aaryan]], [[Sara Ali Khan]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/meet-kartik-aaryan-veer-raghu-imtiaz-alis-love-aaj-kal/|website=Bollywood Hungama |title=Meet Kartik Aaryan as Veer and Raghu in Imtiaz Ali's Love Aaj Kal|date=21 January 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Angrezi Medium]]''
| [[Homi Adajania]]
| [[Irrfan Khan]], [[Radhika Madan]], [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] || <ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/irrfan-khan-finally-back-to-work-begins-shooting-for-angrezi-medium-in-udaipur-first-photos/394850|title=Irrfan Khan back to work, begins shooting for Hindi Medium sequel, Angrezi Medium in Udaipur|website=Times Now}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
| ''[[Roohi (2021 film)|Roohi]]''
| [[Hardik Mehta]]
| [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]] || <ref>{{cite web |title=Rajkummar Rao, Janhvi Kapoor, Varun Sharma's horror-comedy renamed Roohi, film to release on March 11 in theatres|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/rajkummar-rao-janhvi-kapoor-varun-sharmas-horror-comedy-renamed-roohi-film-release-march-11-theatres/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''{{efn|name=jiocinema-netflix|Released on [[JioCinema]] and [[Netflix]].}}
| [[Laxman Utekar]]
| [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Sai Tamhankar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kriti-sanon-on-surrogacy-film-mimi-glad-to-be-a-part-of-my-first-women-centric-project-1595341-2019-09-04|title=Kriti Sanon on surrogacy film Mimi: Glad to be a part of my first women-centric project|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|date=19 August 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=|last3=|first3=}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Shiddat]]''{{efn|name=hotstar|Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].}}
| [[Kunal Deshmukh]]
| [[Sunny Kaushal]], [[Radhika Madan]], [[Mohit Raina]], [[Diana Penty]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dinesh-vijan-confirms-about-his-next-love-story-titled-shiddat-journey-beyond-love-says-as-he-got-married-recently-he-can-feel-it/articleshow/69353099.cms|title=Dinesh Vijan confirms about his next love story titled 'Shiddat- Journey Beyond Love', says as he got married recently, he can feel it|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Hum Do Hamare Do]]''{{efn|name=hotstar}}
| [[Abhishek Jain]]
| [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Kriti Sanon]]
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Jain |first=Abhishek |title=Hum Do Hamare Do |date=2021-10-29 |type=Comedy |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt11816092/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |publisher=Maddock Films, Skywalk Films}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Dasvi]]''{{efn|name=jiocinema-netflix}}
| Tushar Jalota
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Yami Gautam]], [[Nimrat Kaur]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/abhishek-bachchan-stars-ganga-ram-chaudhary-dasvi-shooting-begins/|title=Abhishek Bachchan stars as Ganga Ram Chaudhary in Dasvi, shooting begins|website=Bollywood Hungama|date=22 February 2021|access-date=22 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bhediya]]''
|[[Amar Kaushik]]
|[[Varun Dhawan]], [[Kriti Sanon]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/watch-teaser-varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-starrer-bhediya-release-april-14-2022/|title=Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon starrer Bhediya to release on April 14, 2022|date=21 February 2021|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=22 February 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga]]''{{efn|name=netflix|Released on [[Netflix]].}}
| Ajay Singh
|[[Sunny Kaushal]], [[Yami Gautam]]
|<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Ajay |title=Chor Nikal Ke Bhaga |date=2023-03-24 |type=Crime, Drama, Thriller |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt22297828/ |access-date=2024-08-11 |publisher=Maddock Films}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zara Hatke Zara Bachke]]''
| [[Laxman Utekar]]
|[[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Sara Ali Khan]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bach Ke: Sara Ali Khan and Vicky Kaushal starrer receives a title |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zara-hatke-zara-bach-ke-sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushal-starrer-film-receives-title/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=13 April 2023| access-date=13 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sajini Shinde Ka Viral Video]]''
| [[Mikhil Musale]]
|[[Nimrat Kaur]], [[Radhika Madan]], [[Bhagyashree]], [[Subodh Bhave]], [[Sumeet Vyas]], [[Chinmay Mandlekar]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sajini Shinde Ka...' trailer out: Nimrat, Radhika promise edge-of-seat suspense |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sajini-shinde-ka-viral-video-trailer-out-nimrat-kaur-radhika-madan-promise-edge-of-seat-suspense-2448072-2023-10-12 |access-date=2023-10-12 |website=India Today |date=12 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2024
| ''[[Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya]]''
|Amit Joshi, Aradhana Sah
|[[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Dimple Kapadia]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Mukherjee|first=Anindita|title=Kriti Sanon, Shahid Kapoor's film titled 'Teri Baaton Mein Aisa Uljha Jiya'|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kriti-sanon-shahid-kapoor-film-titled-teri-baaton-mein-aisa-uljha-jiya-2486795-2024-01-10|work=India Today|date=10 January 2024 |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Murder Mubarak]]''{{efn|name=netflix}}
| [[Homi Adajania]]
|[[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Vijay Varma]], [[Karisma Kapoor]], [[Kunal Khemu]], [[Sanjay Kapoor]]
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sara-ali-khan-karisma-kapoor-vijay-verma-starrer-murder-mubarak-direct-release-netflix/|title=Sara Ali Khan-Karisma Kapoor-Vijay Verma starrer Murder Mubarak to have a direct release on Netflix|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=16 December 2023|access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Munjya (film)|Munjya]]''
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
|[[Abhay Verma]], [[Sharvari Wagh]], [[Mona Singh]], [[Sathyaraj|S. Sathyaraj]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="maddock">{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/stree-2-tehran-maddock-films-announces-10-films-theatrical-release-deets-inside/|title=From Stree 2 to Tehran: Maddock Films announces 10 films for theatrical release, deets inside|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=3 October 2023|access-date=3 October 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Stree 2]]''
|[[Amar Kaushik]]
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]], [[Aparshakti Khurana]]
|-
|''[[Sector 36]]''{{efn|name=netflix}}
|Aditya Nimbalkar
|[[Deepak Dobriyal]], [[Vikrant Massey]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/dinesh-vijans-sector-36-starring-vikrant-massey-deepak-dobriyal-goes-floor/|title=Dinesh Vijan's Sector 36 starring Vikrant Massey and Deepak Dobriyal goes on floor|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=13 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2025
|''[[Sky Force (film)|Sky Force]]''
|Sandeep Kewlani, Abhishek Anil Kapur
|[[Akshay Kumar]], Veer Pahariya, [[Sara Ali Khan]], [[Nimrat Kaur]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Fenil |date=2025-01-20 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar-starrer Sky Force passed with U/A 13+ certificate and ZERO cuts |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/exclusive-akshay-kumar-starrer-sky-force-passed-u-13-certificate-zero-cuts/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhaava]]''
|[[Laxman Utekar]]
|[[Vicky Kaushal]], [[Akshaye Khanna]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|-
|''[[Bhool Chuk Maaf]]''
|Karan Sharma
|[[Rajkummar Rao]], [[Wamiqa Gabbi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2025|title=Bhool Chuk Maaf: Rajkummar Rao, Wamiqa Gabbi starrer to release on May 9|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/bhool-chuk-maaf-rajkummar-rao-wamiqa-gabbi-starrer-release-may-9/ |access-date=26 March 2025 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Tehran (2025 film)|Tehran]]''{{efn|name=zee5-netflix|Released on [[ZEE5]] and [[Netflix]].}}
|Arun Gopalan
|[[John Abraham]], [[Neeru Bajwa]], [[Manushi Chhillar]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/manushi-chhillar-joins-john-abraham-dinesh-vijans-tehran-see-photos/ |title=Manushi Chhillar joins John Abraham in Dinesh Vijan's Tehran|date=19 July 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Param Sundari (film)|Param Sundari]]''
|Tushar Jalota
|[[Sidharth Malhotra]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sidharth Malhotra to explore romance in Param Sundari with Janhvi Kapoor; shooting begins in Navi Mumbai|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sidharth-malhotra-explore-romance-param-sundari-janhvi-kapoor-shooting-begins-navi-mumbai/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=7 December 2024 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Thamma]]''
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
|[[Ayushmann Khurrana]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]], [[Nawazuddin Siddiqui]], [[Paresh Rawal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayushmann Khurrana begins shooting for Maddock Films' horror-comedy Thama; Dinesh Vijan says, "Who better than Ayushmann to play Thama?"|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ayushmann-khurrana-begins-shooting-maddock-films-horror-comedy-thama-dinesh-vijan-says-better-ayushmann-play-thama/|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=12 December 2024 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2026
|''[[Ikkis]]''
|[[Sriram Raghavan]]
|[[Dharmendra]], Agastya Nanda, [[Jaideep Ahlawat]], Simar Bhatia
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/breaking-dharmendra-agastya-nanda-starrer-ikkis-release-gandhi-jayanti-2025-clash-kantara-chapter-1/|title=BREAKING: Dharmendra, Agastya Nanda starrer Ikkis to release on Gandhi Jayanti 2025; to clash with Kantara: Chapter 1|date=24 May 2025|work=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|[[Cocktail 2]]}}
|[[Homi Adajania]]
|[[Shahid Kapoor]], [[Kriti Sanon]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2025 |title=Cocktail 2: Shahid Kapoor, Rashmika Mandanna, Kriti Sanon start shoot| work= India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/cocktail-2-shahid-kapoor-rashmika-mandanna-kriti-sanon-start-shoot-2787207-2025-09-14 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Eetha}}
|[[Laxman Utekar]]
|[[Shraddha Kapoor]], [[Randeep Hooda]]
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Shraddha Kapoor starts filming Eetha, Laxman Utekar’s biopic on Tamasha icon Vithabai|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/shraddha-kapoor-starts-filming-eetha-laxman-utekars-biopic-tamasha-icon-vithabai/ |date=3 November 2025 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=4 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{Pending film|Shakti Shalini}}
|[[Aditya Sarpotdar]]
|[[Aneet Padda]], [[Vishal Jethwa]], [[Vineet Kumar Singh]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-08 |title=Aneet Padda To Begin Shooting For Shakti Shalini In March, Aditya Sarpotdar To Direct The Film: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/aneet-padda-to-begin-shooting-for-shakti-shalini-in-march-aditya-sarpotdar-to-direct-the-film-reports-ws-bkl-9887969.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2026-03-29 |work=News18 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==Television==

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|List of television credits}}
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2021
|''[[Chutzpah (web series)|Chutzpah]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Chutzpah' special screening: Varun Sharma, Manjot Singh, Elnaaz Norouzi, Tanya Maniktala attend |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/photo/chutzpah-special-screening-varun-sharma-manjot-singh-elnaaz-norouzi-tanya-maniktala-attend-92171/1 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=24 July 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2023
|''[[Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo]]''
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Maddock Films Celebrates 2 Years of Saas, Bahu Aur Flamingo, the Bold Crime Drama That Redefined the Genre |url=https://bollywoodhelpline.com/news/entertainment/movie/maddock-films-celebrates-2-years-of-saas-bahu-aur-flamingo-the-bold-crime-drama-that-redefined-the/54309 |work=Bollywood Helpline |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jee Karda]]''
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Shilajit |title='Jee Karda' series review: Tamannaah Bhatia anchors a glib affair |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jee-karda-series-review-tamannaah-bhatia-anchors-a-glib-affair/article66972410.ece |access-date=22 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=16 June 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==See also==
*[[Maddock Horror Comedy Universe]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2010 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Thirumangai Alvar

2026-03-28T04:26:51Z

JillianCogburn: Starting A Post Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Tamil Vaishnava poet-saint}}

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Thirumangai Alvar
| image = Tirumangai Alvar.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Tirumangai Alvar, Yoga Narasimhar Temple, [[Velachery]], [[Chennai]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = the 8th century CE (traditional dating: 2702 BCE)<ref name ="aiyangar">{{cite book|title=Ancient India: Collected Essays on the Literary and Political History of Southern India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htArUg0OMpcC|pages=403–404, 409|author=Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar |year=1911| publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788120618503}}</ref>
| birth_place = Thirukkuraiyalur (Thiruvali-Thirunagari), [[Sirkazhi]], [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
| birth_name = Kaliyan
| death_date =
| death_place = [[Thirukkurungudi]] ([[Thirunelveli]] dist.)
| guru =
| philosophy = [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] [[Bhakti]]
| honors =
| literary_works = [[Periya Tirumoli]] [[Tirunetuntantakam]] [[Tirukkuruntantakam]] [[Tiruvelukkutrirukkai]] [[Ciriya Tirumatal]] [[Periya Tirumatal]]
| footnotes =
| other_name = Parakalan
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Thirumangai Alvar''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]:''{{IAST|Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār}}'' ), also referred to as '''Thirumangai Mannan'''<ref name="Subramanian" /> is the last of the 12 [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints of south [[India]], who are known for their affiliation to the [[Vaishnava]] tradition of [[Hinduism]]. He is considered one of the most learned Alvars, and the most superior Alvar in the context of composition of verses.<ref name="Pillai">[[#Pillai|Pillai]] 1994, pp. 192–4</ref> He holds the title ''Narkavi Perumal'', the mark of an excellent poet,<ref name="Pillai" /> and ''Parakala'' (Beyond Time).

Though he is respected as a Vaishnava saint-poet, he was born as a [[Kshatria|Kshatriya]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Seshadri |first=Kandadai |date=1996 |title=Ramanuja: Social Influence of His Life and Teaching |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4403749 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=31 |issue=5 |pages=292–298 |jstor=4403749 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> and initially worked as a military commander under the Cholas,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harle |first=James C. |date=1963 |title=Durga, Goddess of Victory |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3248984 |journal=Artibus Asiae |volume=26 |issue=3/4 |pages=237–246 |doi=10.2307/3248984|jstor=3248984 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> a chieftain, and then a robber. After his conversion to Vaishnavism, he confronted practitioners the sect of [[Shaivism]], as well as [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]].

==Dating and hagiography==
The traditional date attributed to Thirumangai is year 399 of ''[[Kali Yuga]]'', that is 2702<ref name = "chari10"/> or 2706 BCE,<ref name ="aiyangar"/> making him traditionally the last of the Alvar saints.<ref name = "chari10">[[#Chari|Chari]] 1997, p. 10</ref> Modern scholars have placed the Alvars in between 5th to 9th centuries based on few historical evidence. Dr. N. Subba Reddiar summarizes their views and arrives at the date 776 AD for Thirumangai, making him chronologically the eighth Alvar, though even these dates are disputed.<ref>Chari p.11</ref> Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar notes he is generally dated to 7th-8th century.<ref name ="aiyangar"/> Professor of Religion and Asian Studies, James G. Lochtefeld of [[Carthage College]] dates Thirumangai to the 9th century.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n7 29]–30}}</ref> He is generally considered to be a contemporary of Pallava king [[Nandivarman II]] (731 CE - 796 CE) as he refers to the later Pallavas of [[Pallava dynasty]] in his hymns.<ref>{{cite book|title=Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints|author=Vidya Dehejia|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal, 1988|page=107}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|author=P. V. Jagadisa Ayyar|publisher=Asian Educational Services, 1982|page=87}}</ref>

The hagiographies detailing the life of Thirumangai and other Alvars are Divya charitam (11th century) and Guruparampara-prabhavam-arayirappadi (13th century) and Guruparampara-prabhavam-muvayirappadi (14th century). Other Vaishnava scholars have written hagiographics based on the above works later.<ref name = "chari10"/>

==Early life==
Thirumangai was born in the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] caste <ref>{{cite book|title=A Seminar on Saints: Papers Presented at the Second Seminar of the Union for the Study of the Great Religions (India)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AS5aAAAAYAAJ|year= 1960|pages=152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1238|year= 2014|isbn = 9788184752779|last1 = Dalal|first1 = Roshen| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural and Religious Heritage of India: Cultural and religious reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCgXY1GcGB8C&pg=PA3|year= 2004|pages=3|isbn = 9788170999638|last1 = Sharma|first1 = Suresh K.|last2 = Sharma|first2 = Usha| publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Brief History of Vaishnava Saint Poets : The Alwars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UpmeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA88|year= 2019|pages=88|isbn = 9789389012699|last1 = Jayaraman|first1 = Dr. P.| publisher=Vani Book Company }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT152|year=2014|isbn = 9788184753967|last1 = Dalal|first1 = Roshen| publisher=Penguin UK }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Bhāratī: Bulletin of the College of Indology, Volume 22|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HO9tAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA23|year=1996|pages=23}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Divine Sounds from the Heart—Singing Unfettered in their Own Voices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYEnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|year=2010|pages=68|isbn = 9781443825252|last1 = Pande|first1 = Rekha| publisher=Cambridge Scholars }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Leaders of India - Devotional Poets and Mystics : Part - 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhspDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32
|year=2017|isbn = 9788123024820|last1 = Division|first1 = Publications}}</ref> in [[Thiruvali-Thirunagari|Thirukuraiyalur]], a small village in [[Sirkazhi]], [[Mayiladuthurai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} Mayiladuthurai District, Government of Tamilnadu {{!}} India |url=https://mayiladuthurai.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2025-09-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> Thirumangai's real name was Kaliyan or Kalikanti. Thirumangai's father was Nilam, a general under the [[Chola Empire]].<ref name = "Subramanian">[[#V.K.|VK]] 2006, p.49</ref><ref name = "Chari29">[[#Chari|Chari]] 1997, pp. 29–32</ref> He was skilled in archery and worked as a military commander himself for the Chola king. In recognition of his valour, he was conferred upon the title ''Parakala'' and rewarded a small territory called Ali Nadu to govern, for his military services. Its capital was Thirumangai. He earned the title ''Thirumangai Mannan'' or chief of Thirumangai, a name he maintained even when he became a saint.<ref name = "Subramanian"/><ref name = "Pillai"/>

==Married life==
[[File:Vishnu.jpg|thumb|Vishnu was the patron deity of Thirumangai Alvar and is believed to have given a vision to the saint.]]
According to the traditional accounts, he fell in love with Kumudavalli, a [[Vaishnava]] doctor's adopted daughter at Thiruvellakkulam (also known as Annan Kovil). She gave a set of conditions that he must become a Vaishnavaite and that he must feed a thousand people for over a year, every day. During that process, he was so attracted to [[Vaishnavism]] that he started constructing temple walls for Srirangam. Unable to bear the heavy expense of feeding a thousand people, Kaliyan resorted to highway robbery. One day, he saw a group of people returning from a marriage, with the bride and groom. He and his assistants were able to get all the loot, but the toe ring from the groom was left. He tried to remove them, but could not do so. Then he realised the bridegroom was none other than [[Vishnu]] himself. [[Narayana]] revealed himself to Kaliyan and transformed him by teaching the ''Narayana mantra'' or ''Ashtakshara'' (the eight syllabled) – [[Om Namo Narayanaya]], turning the robber into a saint, and starts singing the first verse of [[Periya Tirumoli]] (Vaadinen Vaadi). The temple-god of Thirunaraiyur (Naraiyur Nindra Nambi) – a form of Vishnu – is believed to have initiated Thirumangai into Vaishnavism, by teaching him the ''pancha [[Saṃskāra|samskara]]''.<ref name = "Subramanian"/><ref name = "Chari29"/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Bhagavad-Gita: Translation and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CvFRIgjTzJAC&q=Tirumangai&pg=PA181|page=181|publisher=iUniverse|last=Krishnaraj|first=Veeraswamy|isbn=9781475911817|year=2002}}</ref>

The first ten verses of Thirumangai's poem ''Periya Tirumoli'' sing of his transformation, after receiving the [[Spirituality|spiritual knowledge]] from Vishnu.<ref name = "Chari29"/> He sings about his transformation thus:<ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Religions: A Historical Reader of Spiritual Expression and Experience|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYglQ5ossEkC&q=Tirumangai&pg=PA313|publisher=C. Hurst, Publishers, Limited|year=2002|isbn=9781850654964|last=Heehs|first=Peter}}</ref>
<blockquote>
<poem>
I became a thief
deceitful and dishonest
I wandered hither and thither
yet light dawned upon me –
I reached Your feet
and instantly your grace fell upon me
with melting heart and choked voice
your praises I sing
bathed in streaming tears
I repeat day and night
the sacred name of Narayana (Vishnu)
</poem>
</blockquote>

==As a Vaishnava saint==
{{Hinduism}}
Transformed by his encounter with God, Thirumangai gave up his chieftainship and became a devout Vaishnava, dedicated to god [[Vishnu]]. To atone for his sins, he visited 88 of the [[Divya Desams]], a group of 108 Vishnu shrines primarily in south India.<ref name = "Pillai"/> He spread the poems of older Alvars in his wandering.<ref name = "Das41"/> He was also well versed in earlier Tamil literature like [[Naaladiyar]], [[Thirukkural]], [[Sangam literature]], and [[Jain]] literature.<ref name = "sahitya"/>

Thirumangai preached against penance and advocated [[bhakti]] (devotion) as way to attain [[Moksha|salvation]]. He composed 6 poems in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], together acoounting for 1361 verses. In the book [[Divya Prabandham]], 1361 verses of Thirumangai are included, making them the most composed by any Alvar.<ref name = "Das41">[[#Das|Das]] 2006, p. 41</ref> Tamil Vaishnavas consider them as the six Tamil ''Vedangas'' or ''Angas'' of the 4 poems of [[Nammalvar]], which are considered as [[Vedas]].<ref name = "Pillai"/><ref name = "pad52"/> His most important work is ''Periya Tirumoli'', composed of 1084 hymns. The others are: ''Tirunetuntantakam'' (30 verses), ''Tirukkuruntantakam'' (20 verses), ''Tiruvelukkutirukkai'' (a single long poem of 47 lines), ''Siriya Tirumadal'' (155 lines) and ''Periya Tirumadal'' (297 lines).<ref name = "Chari29"/><ref name = "pad52">[[#T.|T.]] 2002, p. 59</ref>

A late ninth century text, Tamilalangaram by Dandapani Swamigal describes him of having the rare privilege of biting god [[Vishnu]]'s toes and being pardoned for all his sins, as he wrote in Tamil.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vēṅkaṭācalapati|last= Ā. Irā |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tk-KZmcUEvAC&q=Thirumangai+Alvar&pg=PA105|title= In Those Days There was No Coffee: Writings in Cultural History| page= 105|isbn=9788190227278|year=2006|publisher=[[Yoda Press]]}}</ref> Vaishnavas consider him as a divine incarnation of [[Sharanga (Hindu mythology)|Sharanga]], Vishnu's bow.<ref>Chari 1997, p. 13</ref>

==Works==
[[File:Thirumangai Azhwar.jpg|250x200px|left|thumb|Image of the granite and festival image of Thirumangai in [[Alwarthirunagari Temple]]]]
The ''[[Periya Tirumoli]]'' is the composition of hymns illustrating the greatness of Vaishnava shrines and their presiding deity as well as God's numerous attributes. His songs extol the largest number of shrines – over 40 forms of [[Vishnu]], from [[Badrinath]] in North India to [[Thirukkurungudi]] in the extreme South. Thirumangai also discusses causes of human suffering and ways to overcome it to achieve salvation. [[Vedanta Desika]] praises the work as "a deep insight in spiritual knowledge".<ref name = "Subramanian"/><ref name = "Chari29"/><ref name = "pad52"/>

The word ''tandakam'' in ''[[Tirunetuntantakam]]'' and ''[[Tirukkuruntantakam]]'' refers to the staff used for support for climbing a hill, this refers to God as the support for sustence of the soul in context of the poems. The words ''nedu'' and ''kuru'' signify the length of the compositions and its poetic meter. In ''Tirunetuntantakam'', Thirumangai speaks as a ''Nayaki'' (consort of the Lord), who separated from her beloved God (Nayaka). ''Tirukkuruntantakam'' speaks dependency of the soul on God and its way to escape suffering with the help of Vishnu, who is the sole supporter.<ref name = "Chari29"/>

''[[Tiruvelukkutrirukkai|Tiruvelukkutirukkai]]'' deals with the concept of surrender to God to attain freedom from suffering, the nature of God and the means of attaining Him.<ref name = "Chari29"/>

''[[Periya Tirumatal]]'' and ''[[Ciriya Tirumatal]]'' use the ''matal'', an ancient Tamil custom which is practised by a rejected lover to win back his love, though it is prohibited for women. The custom evolves singing about his love in love, devoid of food and sleep and finally trying to commit suicide before her if all things fail.<ref name = "pad52"/> Thirumangai sings as a woman threatening Lord to finish her life if He can not reciprocate her love. He assumes the role of a [[gopika]] (milkmaid) who threatens [[Krishna]] (a form of Vishnu) with madal. He defends the gopika's actions of performing the prohibited madal, by saying that he follows the [[Sanskrit]] literary tradition who permits madal for women, not the Tamil one.<ref>[[#T.|T.]] 2002, pp. 59–60</ref> His songs are also based on ''akam'' love poems, and talk of employing bees and storks are messengers to God.<ref name = "Das41"/> He goes to the length of portraying himself as the nayaki, pining for the love of Vishnu.<ref name = "Chari29"/><ref name = "sahitya"/>

==Meeting with Shaiva Saint==
[[File:Sambandar Musée Guimet 2697.jpg|thumb|upright|Thirumangai is described to have met the Shaiva saint [[Campantar|Thirugnana Sambandhar]] (pictured).]]
''Guruparamparai prabhavams'' tell of his meeting with [[Campantar|Thirugnana Sambandhar]], a Shaiva saint, who went to meet Thirumangai on his own and invited Thirumangai to his home town [[Sirkazhi]] so that Thirumangai would compose a poem in praise of the local deity [[Kazheesirama Vinnagaram|Thadaalan]].<ref name="sahitya">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=Thirumangai+Alvar&pg=PA4337|page=4337|last=Lal|first=Mohan|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1992|isbn=9788126012213}}</ref> On the request of Thirugnana sambandhar at Sirkazhi, Thirumangai composed a poem on the spot, which was admired by the Shaiva – who granted Thirumangai a trident as a mark of appreciation.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800100800.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030101165657/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/18/stories/2002071800100800.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=1 January 2003 |title=Thirumangai Azhwar's unique distinction|work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2002|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>

==Temples==
In [[Hampi]]'s Vitthala temple complex, a temple was dedicated to Thirumangai Alvar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spiritual Journey, Imperial City: Pilgrimage to the Temples of Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KA7A4R-bA3wC&q=Tirumangai&pg=PA106|pages=106–107|publisher=Vedams eBooks (P) Ltd|year=2002|isbn=9788179360040|last=Mack|first=Alexandra}}</ref>
[[File:Thirumangai Alvar.jpg|thumb|Processional image of Thirumangai Alvar]]

==Festival==
The Thirumangai Alvar ''Mangalasasana utsavam''(festival)in the month of Thai(Jan–Feb) witnesses 11 [[Garuda]]sevai a spectacular event in which festival images idols from the 11 [[Nangur Vishnu Temples|Thirunaangur]] ''[[Divyadesam]]'' shrines in the area are brought on [[Garuda]] mounts to Thirunangur. An idol of Thirumangai Alvar is also brought here on a ''Hamsa Vahanam''(swan) and his ''paasurams''(verses) dedicated to each of these 11 temples are recited. The ''[[Utsavar]]''(festival deity) of Thirumangai Alvar and his consort Sri Kumudavalli Naachiyar are taken in a palanquin to each of the 11 temples, through the paddy fields in the area. The ''paasurams''(poems) dedicated to each of the 11 ''[[Divyadesam]]s'' are chanted in the respective shrines.<ref name="Garuda Sevai Festival">{{cite news|
title= Garuda Sevai
|work= Ramanuja.org |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ramanuja/archives/feb08/pdfUQOxvBFB4v.pdf |pages=1–4 |access-date= 19 August 2011}}</ref>

==Legacy==

The [[Nangur Vishnu Temples]] are regarded to have been sanctified by him.<ref>"Facets of South Indian art and architecture", originally from the University of Michigan, p. 263. {{ISBN|978-8173052460}}.</ref>
K. C. Varadachari, author of ''Alvars of South India'' describes Thirumangai as:<ref name = "Das41"/>
<blockquote> He was a petty chieftain. He in many respects a dynamic figure, ardent in love, spectacular in his deeds, a rebel and a social reformer, even a kind of [[Robin Hood]], and above all an exquisite lyricist.</blockquote>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book|title=Tamil Literature|first= M. S. Purnalingam|last= Pillai|publisher= Asian Educational Services|year= 1994 |isbn= 978-81-206-0955-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIeqvcai5XQC|ref=Pillai}}
* {{cite book|title=101 Mystics of India|last= V.K.|first= Subramanian|publisher= Abhinav Publications|year= 2006|isbn=978-81-7017-471-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zso41H6D9MAC&q=Azhwar&pg=PA49|ref=V.K.}}
* {{cite book|title=A History of Indian Literature, 500–1399: From the Courtly to the Popular|first= Sisir Kumar|last= Das|publisher= Sahitya Akademi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&q=Tirumangai&pg=PA38|isbn=9788126021710|year=2006}}
*{{Cite book |last=T. |first=Padmaja |title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu |year=2002|publisher=Shakti Malik |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7017-398-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VFkzKMzALrUC&q=Tirumangai&pg=RA1-PA61|ref=T.}}.
* {{cite book|title=Philosophy and Theistic Mysticism of the Āl̲vārs|first= S. M. Srinivasa|last= Chari|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9788120813427|ref=Chari}}

{{Azhwars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumangai Alvar}}
[[Category:Alvars]]
[[Category:Medieval Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Chola poets]]
[[Category:Chola generals]]
[[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]

Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011

2026-03-26T11:53:54Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to alter the name of the State of Orissa.
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2108/1/A2011-15.pdf Act No. 15 of 2011]
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed = 9 November 2010
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 24 March 2011
| date_assented = 23 September 2011
| date_commenced = 1 November 2011
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-orissa-alteration-of-name-bill-2010
| bill = Orissa (Alteration of Name) Bill, 2010
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2010/The_Orissa_Alteration_of_Name_Bill_2010.pdf Bill No. 27 of 2010]
| bill_date = 15 March 2010
| introduced_by = [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Home Minister]] [[P. Chidambaram]]
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| passed = 9 November 2010
| committee_report =
| passed2 = 24 March 2011
| date_amendments_considered = 6 September 2011
| date_final_passage = 6 September 2011
| amends = article 164, article 273, First Schedule and Fourth Schedule of the [[Constitution of India]]
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011''' is an Act of [[Parliament of India]] to alter the name of State of Orissa by substituting Orissa with Odisha.<ref name="indiacode">{{cite web |title=The Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011 |url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/2108/1/A2011-15.pdf#search=Orissa%20Law%20and%20Justice%20%5b2000%20TO%202018%5d%20%5b2001%20TO%202009%5d |website=www.indiacode.nic.in |accessdate=28 August 2018}}</ref>

== History ==
Following decolonization at the end of British rule, the names of several states and cities in India have been changed. Based on the demands of the civil society, the government of Odisha decided to revert some local names to their original ones. The [[Constitution of India]] and several other legal documents were drafted with the changed names for which it was necessary for a process of legal enactment. The State Cabinet approved the move in June 2008 and the government of Odisha passed a resolution in the state assembly in August 2008 for the purpose and sent it for the Center's approval.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web |title=Orissa resolves to change state name to Odisha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/orissa-resolves-to-change-state-name-to-odisha-28996-2008-08-28 |website=India Today |accessdate=28 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The bill having been passed in both the houses of the Parliament, the enactment of the legislation has been assented by the President of India.<ref name="timesofindia">{{cite web |title=Orissa's new name is Odisha - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Orissas-new-name-is-Odisha/articleshow/7780712.cms |website=The Times of India |accessdate=28 August 2018}}</ref>

== Sequence of events ==
* There has been an age long demand from various organizations as well as from civil society for change of the Name from '''Orissa''' to '''Odisha''' and '''Oriya''' to '''Odia'''
* Odisha Cabinet for the 1st time resolved a proposal in this regard in June 2008.
* The move was passed in the Odisha Assembly on 28 August 2008.
* The Home Minister P. Chidambaram presented the bill in Lok Sabha.
* On 9 November 2010 the bill was passed in Lok Sabha.
* On 24 March 2011 the bill was passed in Rajya Sabha.<ref name="orissareview">{{cite web |title=From Orissa to Odisha |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2011/Nov/engpdf/9-17.pdf |website=Orissa Review |accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref>
* On 23 September 2011 the bill received the accent of the President of India.<ref name="orissareview"></ref>
* The Gazettee Notification published on 1 November 2011 specified that the act shall be effective from 1 November 2011.
* Basing on the Notification of Centre, State of Odisha Published its state Gazettee Notification on 12 March 2012.<ref name="govtpress">{{cite web |title=Law Department – Notification – The 29th February 2012 |url=http://govtpress.odisha.gov.in/pdf/2012/397.pdf |website=www.govtpress.odisha.gov.in |accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref>

== Important sections ==
=== Section.3 ===
'''Alteration of name of State of Orissa''':As from the appointed day, the name of the State of '''Orissa''' shall be known as The state of '''Odisha'''.

=== Section.4 ===
'''Amendment of article 164''':In article 164 of the constitution of India, in clause 1, in the proviso, for the word '''Orissa''', the word '''Odisha''' shall be substituted.

== See also ==
* [http://www.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A2011-15.pdf "The Orissa (Alteration of Name) Act, 2011"]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Odisha}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2011]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian law]]

Paul Brand (physician)

2026-03-24T03:09:01Z

JillianCogburn: New post

{{short description|British surgeon}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Paul Brand
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1914|7|17}}
|birth_place = [[Tamil Nadu]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|7|7|1914|7|17}}
|death_place = Seattle, [[Washington (state)|Washington]], US
|death_cause =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates =
|known_for = Pioneering physician/surgeon in the field of [[leprosy]]
|education =
|alma_mater = [[University College Hospital]], London
|employer =
|occupation =
|boards =
|spouse = Margaret
|children =
|parents = Jesse Brand and Evelyn "Granny" Brand
|relations =
}}

'''Paul Wilson Brand''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|CBE}} (17 July 1914 – 8 July 2003) was a pioneer in developing [[tendon]] transfer techniques for use in the hands of those with [[leprosy]]. He was the first physician to appreciate that leprosy is not a disease of the tissue but of the nerves: it is the loss of the sensation of pain which makes sufferers susceptible to injury and leads to tissue rotting away, especially in the extremities. Brand contributed extensively to the fields of hand surgery and hand therapy through his publications and lectures, and wrote popular autobiographical books about his childhood, his parents' missionary work, and his philosophy about the valuable properties of [[pain]]. One of his best-known books, co-written with Christian writer [[Philip Yancey]], is ''Pain: The Gift Nobody Wants'' (1993), republished in 1997 as ''The Gift of Pain.''

==Early and personal life==
He was born to missionary parents (Jesse and Evelyn "Granny" Brand) and grew up in the [[Kolli Hills]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India, until he was sent to the United Kingdom in 1923 for education. In his books he gives vivid descriptions of his time as a boy in India with regular bouts of [[dysentery]] and [[malaria]] in the area known as "Kolli Malai". His father died in 1929 of [[blackwater fever]], when Brand was 15.<ref name=G>[https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/aug/27/guardianobituaries.health Guardian website, ''Paul Brand Obituary'', dated 27th August 2003]</ref> Brand trained carpentry and then studied medicine at [[University College Hospital]] during the [[Second World War]], later gaining his surgical qualifications whilst working as a casualty surgeon in the [[London Blitz]]. In 1944 he was appointed as a surgical officer at [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]].<ref>[https://livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk/client/en_GB/lives/search/detailnonmodal/ent:$002f$002fSD_ASSET$002f0$002fSD_ASSET:372215/one?qu=%22rcs%3A+E000028%22&rt=false%7C%7C%7CIDENTIFIER%7C%7C%7 Royal College of Surgeons in England website, ''Paul Brand'']</ref> He met his wife, Margaret, in medical school where she was a surgeon,<ref name=bio>{{cite book|title=Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions|author=Anderson, Gerald H.|chapter=Biography of Paul Wilson Brand|isbn=978-0-8028-4680-8|year=1999|publisher=[[Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing]]|page=86}}</ref> specialising in ophthalmology.<ref name=G />

He died on 8 July 2003, 9 days before his 89th birthday, at Swedish Hospital in Seattle, Washington.<ref name=ireland>{{cite web|url=http://www.tlm-ni.org/Brand.htm|title=Dr Paul Wilson Brand - 1914–2003, An Extraordinary, Gifted Orthopaedic Surgeon who Straightened Crooked Hands and Unravelled the Riddle of Leprosy|publisher=The Leprosy Mission – Northern Ireland|year=2006|access-date=19 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080801133224/http://www.tlm-ni.org/Brand.htm  |archive-date = 1 August 2008}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1946, he was invited to join the staff of the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]] in [[Vellore]], India. After a visit to the Leprosy Sanatorium at [[Chingleput]], a government institution that was at the time under church management, Brand was motivated to explore the reasons for the deformities developed in those with [[Hansen's disease]]. After careful observation and research, he came to understand that most injuries in Hansen's disease patients were a result of the [[pain]] insensitivity they experienced, and not directly caused by the Hansen's disease bacilli. He pioneered the use of [[dapsone]] as treatment for the disease.<ref name=G /> He also pioneered reconstructive surgery which transplanted tendons.<ref name=N>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1126685/ National Library of Medicine website, ''Paul Wilson Brand'', article by June E Nash, published in the British Medical Journal, 2003 Aug 2; 327(7409): 292]</ref> In 1950, with a donation from a missionary woman, Brand established the New Life Center, Vellore, as a model rehabilitation center for Hansen's disease patients. The center was a village environment in the residential area of the [[Christian Medical College & Hospital]] campus. This helped dispel the stigma that was so prevalent even among medical professionals.

In 1964 the Brands returned to London where he worked with [[the Leprosy Mission]];<ref name=G /> two years later they moved to the USA on invitation to take up the position of Chief of Rehabilitation Branch at the [[Carville Historic District|National Hansen's Disease Center]] at [[Carville, Louisiana]]. He worked there for 20 years and established a well-equipped and well-staffed research unit to study the complications of insensitive hands and feet, their prevention and management. His methods for prevention and management of plantar ulcers are now extensively used for treatment of patients with [[diabetes mellitus]] who have similar problems. Brand also popularised the technique of serial casting for the finger deformities ([[flexion]] [[contracture]]s) that often result from [[Hansen's disease]], a technique that is now widely used by hand therapists to treat contractures from many different hand injuries and conditions. When he retired in 1986 from the [[US Public Health Service]], he moved to Seattle and continued his teaching work as [[emeritus professor]] of [[Orthopedic surgery|Orthopedics]] in the [[University of Washington]].

During his career, Brand received many awards and honors. He was awarded the [[Hunterian professorship]] of the [[Royal College of Surgeons of England|Royal College of Surgeons]] in 1952, and the [[Lasker Award]] in 1960. [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth]] honored him with a title of the [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in 1961.<ref name=bio/> He served as President of The Leprosy Mission International based in London and was on the Panel of Experts on leprosy of the [[World Health Organization]]. He was one of the main architects of the [[All-Africa Leprosy Rehabilitation and Training Center]] in [[Addis Ababa]], Ethiopia,<ref name=N /> and the Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Center at [[Karigiri]], India, in the [[Vellore district]]. He was an honorary member of the American Society of Hand Therapists, in recognition of his many contributions to the field. In 1966, he accepted a post as chief of rehabilitation at the public hospital in [[Carville, Louisiana]], the only leprosy hospital in the United States.<ref name=bio/> He worked there until his retirement in 1986.<ref name=ireland/> From 1993 to 1999, he was the President of [[The Leprosy Mission International]], then moving to Seattle to become the clinical professor of orthopoedics, emeritus, at the [[University of Washington]]. Indias's Mahatma Gandhi Foundation selected him as the only Westerner to serve on that board...The US Public Health Service awarded him their highest award. <ref> Fearfully and Wonderfully: The Marvel of Bearing God's Image </ref>

A biography was written on him, ''Ten Fingers for God'' by [[Dorothy Clarke Wilson]].

His appreciation of the importance and value of [[pain]] is well described in his 1993 book with [[Philip Yancey]], ''Pain: The Gift Nobody Wants''. He saw pain as vital for the preservation of healthy tissue in anyone leading a normal life and he gives horrifying descriptions of the results of insensitivity in those with Hansen's disease or [[congenital absence of pain]]. He goes on to question the pursuit of pleasure in Western society and offers practical ways to ameliorate the effects of pain. The book contains a foreword by Surgeon General [[C. Everett Koop]].<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Foreword|author=Koop, C. Everett|title=Pain: The Gift Nobody Wants}}</ref>

== Family ==
Brand was married to Margaret and they had six children.<ref name=G /><ref name=N />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book|title=Ten Fingers for God | author= Dorothy Clarke Wilson| publisher= [[McGraw-Hill Book Co]] |orig-year=1965 | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-9643137-0-5}}
* {{cite book| title= Fearfully and Wonderfully Made| author= Paul Brand and Philip Yancey| publisher= [[Zondervan]]| year= 1980| isbn= 0-310-35451-X| url= https://archive.org/details/fearfullywonderf00phil}}
* {{cite book|title=In His Image | author= Paul Brand and [[Philip Yancey]]| publisher= Zondervan |year=1983 | isbn= 0-310-35501-X}}
* {{cite book| title= Clinical Mechanics of the Hand| author= Paul W. Brand| publisher= [[Elsevier|Mosby]]| year= 1985| isbn= 0-8016-0886-4| url= https://archive.org/details/clinicalmechanic00bran}}
* {{cite book|title=Pain: The Gift Nobody Wants |url=https://archive.org/details/paingiftnobodywa00bra_a0e |url-access=registration | author= Paul Brand and Philip Yancey| publisher= Zondervan |year=1993 | isbn= 0-310-22144-7}}
* {{cite book| title= The Forever Feast| author= Paul Brand| publisher= Vine Books| year= 1993| isbn= 0-89283-775-6| url= https://archive.org/details/foreverfeastlett00bran}}
* {{cite book| title= Fearfully and Wonderfully| author= Paul Brand and Philip Yancey| publisher= Vine Books| year= 1993| isbn= 978 1 473 69328 9}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Brand, Paul}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:British evangelicals]]
[[Category:British leprologists]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Christian humanists]]
[[Category:People from Namakkal district]]
[[Category:20th-century British surgeons]]
[[Category:British Protestant missionaries]]

Ram Singh Kaira

2026-03-22T13:29:41Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{onesource|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
'''Ram Singh Kaira''' is an Indian politician who currently serves as the cabinet minister of urban development, watershed management and climate change in the [[Government of Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-21 |title=5 new ministers join Dhami cabinet ahead of 2027 polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/5-new-ministers-join-dhami-cabinet-ahead-of-2027-polls/amp_articleshow/129706230.cms |access-date= |website=The Times Of India}}</ref> He represents the [[Bhimtal Assembly constituency]] of [[Uttarakhand]] as a member of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/dehradun-news/independent-mla-from-bhimtal-joins-bjp-third-legislator-to-join-party-in-2-months-101633718185180.html |title=Independent MLA from Bhimtal joins BJP, third legislator to join party in 2 months |work=Hindustan Times |date= |author= |access-date= 11 September 2024}}</ref> He is a two term legislator from that seat.
== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[Bhimtal Assembly constituency|Bhimtal]] || {{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} || {{Won}} || 38.69% || Dan Singh Bhandari || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || 23.83%
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || [[Bhimtal Assembly constituency|Bhimtal]] || {{party name with color|Independent}} || {{Won}} || 30.76% || Govind Singh Bisht || {{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}} || 25.14%
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Bhimtal Assembly constituency|Bhimtal]] || {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}} || {{Lost}} || 25.40% || Dan Singh Bhandari || {{party name with color|Bhartiya Janata Party}} || 37.78%
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaira, Ram Singh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]

{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Muhammad Momtaz

2026-03-13T01:23:02Z

JillianCogburn: adding stub - done

{{Short description|West Bengal politician}}
{{Other uses|Moazzem Hossain (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Maulana]]
| name = Muhammad Momtaz
| native_name =
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1951
| term_end = 1957
| predecessor = ''Constituency established''
| successor = [[Narayan Chobey]]
| constituency = [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]], [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_place =
| death_date =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| alma_mater =
| relatives =
| children =
}}
'''[[Maulana]] Muhammad Momtaz''' was an [[Islamic scholar]] and politician belonging to the [[Indian National Congress]]. He was a member of the first [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]].

==Early life==
Momtaz was born into a [[Bengali Muslim]] family in [[Kharagpur subdivision|Kharagpur]], [[Midnapore district]], [[Bengal Presidency]].<ref name=la/>

==Career==
Momtaz contested in the [[1952 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] where he ran as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate for [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency]], defeating [[Hindutva]]-oriented [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] politician [[B. C. Ghose]].<ref name=la>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1951/kharagpur/|title=Kharagpur, 1951|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> He lost to Marxist candidate [[Narayan Chobey]] in the [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/west-bengal/1957/kharagpur/|title=Kharagpur, 1957|website=Latestly|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Momtaz, Muhammad}}
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1951–1957]]
[[Category:People from Kharagpur]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Possibly living people]]

{{WestBengal-INC-politician-stub}}

Niharika Bhasin

2026-03-10T14:24:59Z

JillianCogburn:

{{short description|Indian costume designer (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niharika Khan
| image = Niharika Khan.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Khan in 2012
| birth_name = Niharika Bhasin
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|11|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| years_active = 2007–present
| occupation = Costume designer, celebrity stylist
| known_for = National Award Winner for The Dirty Picture, 70s Styling for the period Movie Bombay Velvet
| awards =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]]|2000|2016|end=divorce}}
| children = {{ubl|Tahura Khan (daughter)|Zohra Khan (daughter)}}
| relatives = [[Arjun Bhasin]] (brother) Sanjay Bhasin (brother)}}
'''Niharika Bhasin''' (born 21 November 1969; formerly Khan) is an Indian [[costume designer]] who works in [[Hindi cinema]] (Bollywood), and is most known for her work in ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008) and ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2011), for which she won the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] as well as [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design]].

==Early life and education==
Born to a Punjabi father and [[Parsi]] mother. She did her bachelor's degree in public relations and HR from Seattle, US.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brunch Date with costume designer Niharika Khan Bhasin |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Brunch-Date-with-costume-designer-Niharika-Khan-Bhasin/Article1-1037871.aspx |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=8 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407232458/https://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Brunch-Date-with-costume-designer-Niharika-Khan-Bhasin/Article1-1037871.aspx |archive-date=2013-04-07}}</ref>

==Career==
Bhasin started her career with ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' (2007). She got noticed with rocker film ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008), and got her big banner break with [[Yash Raj Films]]'s ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' (2010).<ref>{{cite news |title=Dressing up with Niharika Khan and Arjun Bhasin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/fashion/designers/Dressing-up-with-Niharika-Khan-and-Arjun-Bhasin/articleshow/16990758.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411033210/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-10/designers/34779886_1_niharika-khan-designer-pocket-money |url-status=live |archive-date=11 April 2013 |date=10 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{div col}}
* ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Bhoothnath]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Rocket Singh: Salesman of the Year]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Trishna (2011 film)|Trishna]] '' (2011)
* ''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' (2011)
* ''[[F.A.L.T.U]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Ajab Gazabb Love]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Rowdy Rathore]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Inkaar (2013 film)|Inkaar]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kai Po Che!]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Chashme Buddoor (2013 film)|Chashme Baddoor]]'' (2013)
* ''[[The Lunch Box]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Tigers (2014 film)|Tigers]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Ungli]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Rang Rasiya]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Margarita with a Straw]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Roy (2015 film)|Roy]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Bombay Velvet]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Fitoor]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Fan (2016 film)|Fan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Mirzya (film)|Mirzya]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Shivaay]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Petta (film)|Petta]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1047841034204397568|user=sunpictures|title=#PettaSecondLook@rajinikanth @karthiksubbaraj @anirudhofficial @DOP_Tirru @sureshsrajan @PeterHeinOffl… |date=4 October 2018}}</ref>
* ''[[De De Pyaar De]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Pati Patni aur Woh (2019 film)|Pati Patni aur Woh]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Darbar (2020 film)|Darbar]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Shakuntala Devi (2020 film)|Shakuntala Devi]]'' (2020)
{{div col end}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Award || Category || Film || Result
|-
|[[59th National Film Awards|2011]] ||[[National Film Awards]] ||[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] || rowspan="2"|''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' <ref name="59thaward">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734|title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India}}</ref> || {{won}}
|-
|[[57th Filmfare Awards|2012]] ||[[Filmfare Awards]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[12th IIFA Awards|2011]] || rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Awards]] ||rowspan="2"|[[IIFA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] || ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' <ref>{{cite news |title=Dabangg, Band Baaja Baaraat win big at IIFA technical awards |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dabangg-band-baaja-baaraat-win-big-at-iifa-technical-awards/808838/ |newspaper=Indian Express |date=26 June 2011 |access-date=14 March 2013}}</ref> || {{won}}
|-
|[[13th IIFA Awards|2012]] ||''[[The Dirty Picture]]'' || {{won}}
|-
|[[65th Filmfare Awards|2020]]||[[Filmfare Awards]] ||[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] ||''[[Photograph (film)|Photograph]]'' || {{nom}}
|}

== Personal life==
Her brother [[Arjun Bhasin]] is also a costume designer, known for ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006) and ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011).<ref>{{cite news |title=Characters can't afford designer labels: Niharika|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-18/designers/28201470_1_niharika-air-hostess-delhi-belly |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411040139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-18/designers/28201470_1_niharika-air-hostess-delhi-belly |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 April 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Keep it stylish |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/keep-it-stylish/832955/0 |newspaper= Indian Express|quote=Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ’s unsung hero is its stylist, the tour de force that is Arjun Bhasin|date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> She was married to film and television actor [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]], who is known for TV series, ''[[Uttaran]]'' (2008). Her husband is the nephew of yesteryear film stars [[Dilip Kumar]] and [[Saira Bano]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shaaditimes.com/celebrities/wedding-stories/ayub-niharika-060725 |title=Destiny's couple: Niharika & Ayub Khan |access-date=14 March 2013 |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723171111/http://www.shaaditimes.com/celebrities/wedding-stories/ayub-niharika-060725 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ayub has always been my first love: wife Niharika Khan|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_ayub-has-always-been-my-first-love-wife-niharika-khan_1359330 |newspaper=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=15 March 2010 }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links==
* {{IMDb name|3087584}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestCostumeDesign}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Niharika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian costume designers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian fashion stylists]]
[[Category:Artists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Best Costume Design National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:1969 births]]

Kerala porotta

2026-03-09T21:49:14Z

JillianCogburn: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[South Indian parotta]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from eponym}}
}}

Jiya Shankar

2026-03-09T09:35:44Z

JillianCogburn: new!

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1995)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jiya Shankar
| image = Jiya Shankar at the Jio MAMI Film Festival 2023 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Jiya in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|4|17}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| birth_name = Jiya Shankar
| years active = 2013–present
| height = 5'4"
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Jiya Shankar''' is an Indian actress. She is known for playing Dr. Ira Pandey on [[&TV]]'s comedy drama series ''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]'' and Susheela Ruhail Solanki on [[SAB TV]]'s comedy series ''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]''. She also appeared in the 2022 [[Marathi-language]] film ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''. She played the protagonist in the [[Colors TV]] supernatural drama ''[[Pishachini]]''.

She has also appeared as a co-host of ''Good Night India'' on SAB TV. She also participated in ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]'' as a contestant, and was evicted on Day 54, three days before the grand finale.

== Early life ==
Shankar was born in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra. Her mother is Surekha Gavli. Her parents divorced when she was 13.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-11 |title=BB OTT 2: Jiya Shankar Says She Hasn't Talked to Her Father in 20 Years, Doesn't Know What He Looks Like |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/bb-ott-2-jiya-shankar-says-she-hasnt-talked-to-her-father-in-20-years-doesnt-know-what-he-looks-like-8532176.html |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120055716/https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/bb-ott-2-jiya-shankar-says-she-hasnt-talked-to-her-father-in-20-years-doesnt-know-what-he-looks-like-8532176.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=13 की उम्र में पिता से अलग हो गई यह एक्ट्रेस, मां ने रो-रोकर बयां किया वर्षों पुराना सच... |url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-ott-2-jiya-shankar-mother-surekha-reveals-abut-actress-father-separation-when-she-was-13-2023-08-02 |access-date=2024-01-20 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120055716/https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bollywood/bigg-boss-ott-2-jiya-shankar-mother-surekha-reveals-abut-actress-father-separation-when-she-was-13-2023-08-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> She revealed in ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]'' that 'Shankar' is not her father's name, but a last name she took for herself.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-14 |title=Jiya Shankar reveals the true story behind her name on Bigg Boss OT 2 |url=https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-ott-season-2-shankar-is-not-my-fathers-name-jiya-tells-jad-2213347 |access-date=2023-07-14 |website=News9live |language=en-US |archive-date=14 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230714121816/https://www.news9live.com/entertainment/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-ott-season-2-shankar-is-not-my-fathers-name-jiya-tells-jad-2213347 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Career ==
Shankar made her acting debut in 2013, in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film named ''Entha Andanga Unnave'' starring alongside Ajay Manthena.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/entha-andanga-unnave/movieshow/62485519.cms |title=Entha Andanga Unnave Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Synopsis |newspaper=[[Times Of India]] |date=15 November 2013 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101080925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/entha-andanga-unnave/movieshow/62485519.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in 2017, she appeared in a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film named ''[[Kanavu Variyam]]'' opposite Arun Chidambaram.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanavu-variyam/movie-review/57341511.cms |title=Kanavu Variyam Movie Review |newspaper=[[Times Of India]] |date=25 February 2017 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101083527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/kanavu-variyam/movie-review/57341511.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Shankar made her television debut, in 2015, as Alisha Rai with [[Bindass]]'s ''Love by Chance'' opposite Karan Singhmar. Shankar made her first television outbreak, in 2016, by playing one of the leads Shreya Dixit Rathore in [[& TV]]'s ''Queens Hain Hum''.

Shankar was recently playing the role of Susheela Ruhail Solanki opposite [[Paras Arora]] in [[SAB TV]]'s ''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ott-or-tv-jiya-is-just-lovin-it/story-QMJpoaHIEYGfuuDg8j7bnN.html |title=OTT or TV, Jiya is just lovin' it! |date=8 November 2020 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=5 January 2021 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101080924/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ott-or-tv-jiya-is-just-lovin-it/story-QMJpoaHIEYGfuuDg8j7bnN.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2022, she played the role of Pavitra opposite [[Harsh Rajput]] in [[Colors TV]] show ''[[Pishachini]]''.

She was recently seen starring as Nisha Katkar in [[Ved (film)|''Ved'']] alongside [[Riteish Deshmukh|Ritesh Deshmukh]] and [[Genelia D'Souza|Genelia Deshmukh.]] As of January 2023, the romantic thriller drama movie had collected {{Indian Rupee|75 crore}} at the box office. She received recognition for her moving acting skills, and being a fresh face in the [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]]. In June 2023, Shankar has participated in the game reality show ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]'' and finished at 6th position.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2-salman-khan-refuses-to-call-himself-old-school-as-jiya-shankar-mentions-the-same-former-says-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-are-old-school-not-me/articleshow/101072601.cms |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Salman Khan refuses to call himself Old school as Jiya Shankar mentions the same, former says, 'Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh are old school not me' |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 June 2023 |access-date=18 June 2023 |archive-date=18 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618075746/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-ott-2-salman-khan-refuses-to-call-himself-old-school-as-jiya-shankar-mentions-the-same-former-says-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-are-old-school-not-me/articleshow/101072601.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

===Films===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! scope="row"| 2013
| ''Entha Andanga Unnave''
| Jiya
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
! scope="row"| 2017
| ''[[Kanavu Variyam]]''
| Veena
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
! scope="row"| 2018
| ''[[Hyderabad Love Story]]''
| Vaishnavi
| Telugu
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| Nisha Katkar
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2021 |title=Riteish Deshmukh turns director; Genelia Deshmukh to make her Marathi film debut : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-turns-director-genelia-deshmukh-make-marathi-film-debut/ |access-date=2 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=8 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211208111431/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/riteish-deshmukh-turns-director-genelia-deshmukh-make-marathi-film-debut/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2026
| ''[[Kadhal Reset Repeat]]''
| Aditi
| Tamil
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of television credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |2015
| ''[[Gumrah: End of Innocence]]''
| Sonam
| Season 4
|<ref>{{cite episode |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gumrah/2852/being-ungrateful/1000055196 |title=Being Ungrateful |series=Gumrah: End of Innocence |date=15 February 2015 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111151425/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gumrah/2852/being-ungrateful/1000055196 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[MTV Big F]]''
| Ahana Sethia
| Season 1; Episode 4
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (TV series)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
| Nancy
|
|<ref>{{cite episode |url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-9/0-6-561/episode-41-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/0-1-116975 |title=Episode 41 – Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya |series=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya? |date=25 August 2017 |access-date=9 January 2021 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223132414/https://www.zee5.com/global/tv-shows/details/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-season-9/0-6-561/episode-41-pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/0-1-116975 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2017–2019
| ''[[Meri Hanikarak Biwi]]''
| Dr. Iravati "Ira" Desai Pandey
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2018 |title=Meri Hanikarak Biwi completes 100 episodes; cast celebrates with a cake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meri-hanikarak-biwi-completes-100-episodes-cast-celebrates-with-a-cake/articleshow/63878346.cms |access-date=9 January 2021 |newspaper=[[Times Of India]] |archive-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728011117/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/meri-hanikarak-biwi-completes-100-episodes-cast-celebrates-with-a-cake/articleshow/63878346.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Laal Ishq (Indian TV series)|Laal Ishq]]''
| Suhani
| Episode 219: "Chamgadar Pret"
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2020–2021
| ''[[Kaatelal & Sons]]''
| Susheela "Sattu" Kaatelal Ruhail Solanki
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''Goodnight India''
| Host
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2022–2023
| ''[[Pishachini]]''
|Pavithra "Piku" Bose Singh Rajput
|
|
|-
! scope="row"|2023
|''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]''
|Contestant
|6th place
|
|}

===Web series===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Virgin Bhasskar 2]]''
| Pakhi
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2020 |title=Jiya Shankar Roped in to Play New Lead in Season 2 of 'Virgin Bhasskar' |url=https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/jiya-shankar-roped-in-to-play-new-lead-in-season-2-of-virgin-bhasskar/article_7af9786c-d73d-11ea-9973-ef19ff66a110.html |access-date=9 January 2021 |website=India-West |archive-date=11 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111135727/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/jiya-shankar-roped-in-to-play-new-lead-in-season-2-of-virgin-bhasskar/article_7af9786c-d73d-11ea-9973-ef19ff66a110.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|}
===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable "
|+ List of music video credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
|2023
|"Judaiyaan"
|Tanveer Evan
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Sanchita |date=2023-09-08 |title=Judaiyaan Ft. Abhishek Malhan And Jiya Shankar Out Now! AbhiYa Fans Call It The 'Perfect Music Video' |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/judaiyaan-ft-abhishek-malhan-and-jiya-shankar-out-now-abhiya-fans-call-it-the-perfect-music-video-article-103497625 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=[[TimesNow]] |language=en |archive-date=7 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107131855/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tv/judaiyaan-ft-abhishek-malhan-and-jiya-shankar-out-now-abhiya-fans-call-it-the-perfect-music-video-article-103497625 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
|"Meri Zindagi"
|[[Tulsi Kumar]], [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiya Shankar and Harsh Beniwal's new single Meri Zindagi released; fans super excited to see them in one frame |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jiya-shankar-and-harsh-beniwals-new-single-meri-zindagi-released-fans-super-excited-to-see-them-in-one-frame/3aced8203d345 |access-date=2024-02-23 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en |archive-date=23 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223132413/https://www.ottplay.com/news/jiya-shankar-and-harsh-beniwals-new-single-meri-zindagi-released-fans-super-excited-to-see-them-in-one-frame/3aced8203d345 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2025
|"Bas Tera Hoon"
|[[Asees Kaur]], Abhijeet Shrivastava
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jiya Shankar and Abhimanyu Dassani in Bas Tera Hoon |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/jiya-shankar-and-abhimanyu-dassani-in-bas-tera-hoon-has-fans-screaming-someone-cast-them-in-a-movie-already-aa-9244918.html |access-date=2025-03-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!Year
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" | Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Refh}}
|-
|2022
| [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
| Best Debut Actor – Female
|''[[Ved (film)|Ved]]''
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/nominations|title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022 Nominations|website=filmfare.com|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=18 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118200655/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022/nominations|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| Best Actress Comedy - TV
| ''Good Night India''
| {{Nominated}}
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/top-5-popular/|title=Top 5 Popular – The Indian Television Academy|access-date=27 February 2024|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928204657/https://indiantelevisionacademy.com/top-5-popular/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of Hindi television actresses]]
* [[List of Indian television actresses]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=7775713}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, Jiya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian soap opera actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aranmanai 4

2026-03-07T09:43:36Z

JillianCogburn: creating some post added tags - done

{{Short description|2024 film by Sundar C}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aranmanai 4
| image = Aranmanai 4.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sundar C]]
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Sundar C
* [[Venkat Raghavan]]
* S. B. Ramadass}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Khushbu Sundar]]
* [[A. C. Shanmugam]]
* A. C. S. Arun Kumar}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Sundar C
* [[Tamannaah]]
* [[Raashii Khanna]]}}
| cinematography = E. Krishnasamy
| editing = Fenny Oliver
| music = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Avni Cinemax]]
* Benzz Media (P) Ltd}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|05|03}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashyap |first=Anand |date=6 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Box Office Collection Day 1: बॉक्स ऑफिस पर बजा अरनमनई 4 का डंका, पहले ही दिन कमा डाले इतने करोड़ |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/aranmanai-4-box-office-collection-day-1-raashi-khanna-and-tamannaah-bhatia-movie-earned-rs-3-crore-on-the-first-day-5580791 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510103550/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/aranmanai-4-box-office-collection-day-1-raashi-khanna-and-tamannaah-bhatia-movie-earned-rs-3-crore-on-the-first-day-5580791 |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |website=NDTVIndia |language=hi}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}}{{INR|100.50 crore}}
}}
'''''Aranmanai 4''''' ({{translation|Palace 4}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy horror|comedy horror film]] directed by [[Sundar C]]. Produced by [[Avni Cinemax]] and Benzz Media (P) Ltd, it is the fourth instalment in the [[Aranmanai (film series)|''Aranmanai'' film series]] following ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021). Partially reshot in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Baak'', the film features an [[ensemble cast]] including Sundar, [[Tamannaah Bhatia]], [[Raashii Khanna]], [[Santhosh Prathap]], [[Ramachandra Raju]], [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[VTV Ganesh]] and [[Delhi Ganesh]]. [[Vennela Kishore]] and [[Srinivasa Reddy]] replaces Yogi Babu and VTV Ganesh in the Telugu version. In the film, a lawyer tries to find out the truth behind the death of his estranged sister, who is believed to have committed suicide, but realises that there is a malevolent paranormal force involved.

The fourth instalment of the ''Aranmanai'' franchise, ''Aranmanai 4'', was announced in January 2023 with [[Vijay Sethupathi]] set to star and Sundar C returning as director. Sundar replaced Sethupathi in the lead role following the latter's exit due to scheduling conflicts. Raashii Khanna and Tamannaah Bhatia were cast in March as female leads, marking their second collaboration with Sundar after ''Aranmanai 3'' (2021) and [[Action (2019 film)|''Action'']] (2019). [[Hiphop Tamizha]] reunited with Sundar to compose the film's score, while E. Krishnasamy and Fenny Oliver handled the cinematography and editing, respectively.<ref name="amused">{{Cite web |date=31 March 2024 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia unveils Aranmanai 4 trailer: 'Get amused and horrified…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamannaah-bhatia-unveils-aranmanai-4-trailer-get-amused-and-horrified-9242748/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331144441/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamannaah-bhatia-unveils-aranmanai-4-trailer-get-amused-and-horrified-9242748/ |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=24 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> [[Principal photography]] took place from March to mid-September 2023.

''Aranmanai 4'' was released by theatrically worldwide on 3 May 2024. The film received mostly positive reviews and grossed over ₹100 crore against a budget of ₹40 crore, emerging as the highest-grossing film in the franchise and one of the [[List of Tamil films of 2024|highest grossing Tamil films of 2024]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Twitter reviews: Tamannaah Bhatia, Raashii Khanna's horror film is 'entertaining but outdated,' say fans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-twitter-reviews-tamannaah-bhatia-raashi-khanna-horror-film-entertaining-but-outdated-say-fans-101714736949624.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503130732/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-twitter-reviews-tamannaah-bhatia-raashi-khanna-horror-film-entertaining-but-outdated-say-fans-101714736949624.html |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In [[Assam]], a priest and his daughter travel by boat to a temple during a festival. When the daughter is injured and her blood spills into the river, it releases [[Baak (Assamese folklore)|Baak]], a [[shapeshifting]] demon. Baak kills the daughter and assumes her form. The priest then traps Baak's soul in a vessel, forcing it to take his daughter's place permanently for the sake of his wife. The scene shifts to a village where Selvi and her husband, Santhosh, live with their children, Sakthi and Saravanan Jr. Santhosh dies of a heart attack in the forest, and Selvi apparently hangs herself in their well. Witnessing her deceased mother, Sakthi falls into a coma. Upon hearing of the deaths, Selvi's brother, Saravanan, an advocate, visits the grieving children along with his aunt. In the village, the [[zamindar]]'s granddaughter, Maaya, a doctor, is assigned to care for Sakthi. Soon, they start experiencing paranormal activities in the house. One day, Maaya encounter a spirit infront of Shakthi's bed, and conveyed this to Saravanan 's aunt, but she tells her to hide this to others for sell the palace, and to build hospital for Maaya, she also agrees for it.

Saravanan suspects that Selvi's death was not a suicide and visits the police station with Ravi, the village president's son. They are dismissed rudely by the inspector. Ravi then shows Saravanan a video of his late brother-in-law being stalked by a [[swami]] before his death. Later, while they are in their jeep, a spirit attacks, and Saravanan steps out to investigate. During this, a spirit looking like Selvi attacks Ravi. Hearing Ravi's scream, Saravanan returns to find the jeep and Ravi gone, with only the video camera left behind, showing footage of the swami once again. The next morning, Saravanan finds the jeep smashed against a tree with Ravi's corpse on top. Initially suspected by the police, Saravanan clears his name using the video camera evidence. The police, now convinced, help Saravanan search for the swami's lair, where they find photographs of all the recent victims Selvi, Santhosh, Ravi, and Sakthi. Convinced of the swami's guilt, the inspector orders his capture.

Saravanan finds out that Sakthi, the inspector, and the late Ravi all share the same birthdate. He confirms with Maaya that all three also have a red mole in common and tells her to protect the children. Saravanan confronts the swami to save the inspector. Meanwhile, the Assamese priest arrives at Saravanan's home, claiming he is looking for his missing daughter. He tries to approach Sakthi but is expelled by Selvi's spirit. Concurrently, the inspector dies after being impaled by a [[vel]], and Sakthi wakes up from her coma, accompanied by Selvi's spirit. During interrogation, the swami reveals that Baak, an evil spirit capable of living in water and on land, had its soul trapped by the priest, diminishing its power. Baak followed the villagers when they relocated to the village, eventually recovering its hidden soul. To regain full strength, Baak aims to sacrifice Sakthi, the inspector, and Ravi. Baak killed Selvi’s husband and took his form to approach Sakthi. Selvi, however, sacrificed herself to protect her children and returned as a spirit to guard them against Baak. The swami warns Saravanan to protect Sakthi at all costs to prevent Baak from becoming immortal.

Saravanan confides in his aunt about his regrets for not supporting her. Meanwhile, Baak attacks the police station, causing injuries, but the swami manages to drive him away. During this chaos, Maaya is stopped by Selvi's spirit at the compound gate while trying to attend Sakthi's birthday party. Saravanan notices a bloodstain on Maaya's lab coat, which Selvi's spirit seems to be pointing at. Upon testing the blood in the lab, they discover that Baak has been impersonating the swami after killing him outside the police station. After confronting the president, they find the swami's dead body in the trunk of the president's car. The president reveals that the swami had gone to the graveyard to destroy Selvi's spirit and her remains. Saravanan arrives too late, witnessing his sister's spirit disappear while pleading for Sakthi's safety. Baak then reappears to claim Sakthi, but Maaya flees with her to the temple festival. There, Saravanan battles Baak inside a large Asura sculpture. At the festival's climax, a divine spirit destroys both the sculpture and Baak.

With the turmoil resolved, Saravanan assures Maaya that the palace will be converted into a hospital so she can continue serving the village. Outside, the children play throwball with their mother's spirit, showing that she continues to watch over them.

== Cast ==
<section begin=cast />{{cast listing|
* [[Sundar C]] as Lawyer Saravanan
* [[Tamannaah]] as Selvi, Saravanan's younger sister ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by [[M. M. Manasi]])
* [[Raashii Khanna]] as Dr. Maaya, Zamindar's granddaughter ([[Voice-over|Voice dubbed]] by Smruthi K)
* [[Santhosh Prathap]] as Santhosh, Selvi's husband<ref name="dha">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/aranmanai-4/1271318666 |title=Aranmanai 4 |date=21 June 2024 |language=ta |publisher=[[Avni Cinemax]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |via=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>{{rp|1:04:21}}
* [[Ramachandra Raju]] as the [[swami]]
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Saravanan's aunt
* [[Yogi Babu]] as a mason
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as the carpenter
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as the [[zamindar]], Maaya's grandfather
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Varatha Rajan SV, village president<ref name="dha" />{{rp|1:04:41}}
* Fredrick Jhonson as Ravi, Varatha Rajan's son
* [[Rajendran]] as Rathnam
* [[Singampuli]] as Constable A. Shakthivel<ref name="dha" />{{rp|1:44:23}}
* [[Deva Nandha]] as Shakthi, Selvi's daughter
* Sanjay as Saravanan, Selvi's son
* [[Lollu Sabha Seshu]] as the zamindar's servant
* [[Vichu Vishwanath]] as the money lender
* [[Yatin Karyekar]] as the priest
* [[Namo Narayana]] as K. Duraipandi
* Jayashri Chaki as Selvi, Duraipandi's daughter
* Harsha Harish as the priest’s daughter
;Telugu version{{refn|The Telugu version features different names for some cast members in addition to those listed.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/movies/baak/1271318672 |title=Baak |date=21 June 2024 |language=te |publisher=[[Avni Cinemax]] |access-date=21 June 2024 |via=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>}}
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as a mason
*[[Srinivasa Reddy]] as a carpenter
;Cameo appearance
* [[K. S. Ravikumar]] as [[Deputy superintendent of police#India|DSP]] S. Jagadheesan<ref name="dha" />{{rp|1:44:29}}
* [[Khushbu Sundar]] in the song "Amman"<ref name="c">{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Amman video song from Aranmanai 4 is out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/May/14/amman-video-song-from-aranmanai-4-is-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625070753/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/videos/2024/May/14/amman-video-song-from-aranmanai-4-is-out |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=25 June 2024 |website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
* [[Simran (actress)|Simran]] in the song "Amman"<ref name="c" />
}}
<section end="cast" />

== Production ==
In mid-January 2023, [[Vijay Sethupathi]] was cast as the lead in the fourth instalment of the [[Aranmanai (film series)|''Aranmanai'' film series]], helmed by [[Sundar C]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=23 January 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Sundar C come together for 'Aranmanai 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-sundar-c-come-together-for-aranmanai-4/articleshow/97240678.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208003620/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-sundar-c-come-together-for-aranmanai-4/articleshow/97240678.cms |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, due to scheduling conflicts, Sethupathi stepped down, and Sundar took over the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2023 |title=Vijay Sethupathi to opt out of 'Aranmanai 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-opt-out-of-aranmanai-4/articleshow/98015035.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217205438/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-to-opt-out-of-aranmanai-4/articleshow/98015035.cms |archive-date=17 February 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Later in March 2023 [[Raashii Khanna]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] were chosen as the lead actresses, both are marking their second collaboration with Sundar, for Khanna after ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021), Bhatia after ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]'' (2019).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Aranmanai 4: Raashi Khanna to join hands with THIS leading actress in Sundar C's horror-comedy franchise |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/aranmanai-4-raashi-khanna-to-join-hands-with-this-leading-actress-in-sundar-cs-horror-comedy-franchise/6825fda08f233 |access-date=2024-11-08 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref name="fl">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Raashii Khanna and Tamannaah to play female leads in Aranmanai 4 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raashii-khanna-and-tamannaah-to-play-female-leads-in-aranmanai-4/articleshow/98324349.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514132354/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/raashii-khanna-and-tamannaah-to-play-female-leads-in-aranmanai-4/articleshow/98324349.cms |archive-date=14 May 2023 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Santhosh Prathap]] secured a pivotal role alongside [[Kovai Sarala]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[VTV Ganesh]], [[Delhi Ganesh]], [[Rajendran]] and [[Singampuli]]. In the Telugu partially reshot version, [[Vennela Kishore]] and [[Srinivasa Reddy]] were cast instead of Yogi Babu and VTV Ganesh.<ref name="baak" /> Additionally, Sundar reunited with the musical duo [[Hiphop Tamizha]] for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Sundar C's Aranmanai 4, starring Tamannaah and Raashii Khanna, to release in April |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sundar-cs-aranmanai-4-starring-tamannaah-and-raashii-khanna-to-release-in-april-9235965/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329012503/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/sundar-cs-aranmanai-4-starring-tamannaah-and-raashii-khanna-to-release-in-april-9235965/ |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=First look of 'Aranmanai 4', starring Tamannaah and Raashii Khanna, out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-aranmanai-4-starring-tamannaah-and-raashii-khanna-out/article67361639.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017051803/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/first-look-of-aranmanai-4-starring-tamannaah-and-raashii-khanna-out/article67361639.ece |archive-date=17 October 2023 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

[[Principal photography]] commenced in March 2023 and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by mid-September.<ref name="fl" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 September 2023 |title=Sundar C's 'Aranamanai 4' to release for Pongal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-cs-aranamanai-4-to-release-for-pongal/articleshow/104044542.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004163250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sundar-cs-aranamanai-4-to-release-for-pongal/articleshow/104044542.cms |archive-date=4 October 2023 |access-date=25 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) issued ''Aranmanai 4'' a U/A certificate with a single alteration, resulting in a duration of 147.22 minutes. In contrast, ''Baak'' received a U/A certificate with three alterations and has a duration of 150.07 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranmanai 4 Certificate details |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100030292400000625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801080051/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100030292400000625 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=ecinepramaan.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baak Certificate details |url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292400000338 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240801081932/https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292400000338 |archive-date=1 August 2024 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=ecinepramaan.gov.in}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aranmanai 4
| year = 2024
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| alt =
| released = 2 May 2024
| recorded = March–September 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack#Film and television soundtracks|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 16:33
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Hiphop Tamizha
| prev_title = [[Veeran (film)|Veeran]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[PT Sir]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Aranmanai 4
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Achacho
| single1date = 14 April 2024
| single2 = Jo Jo
| single2date = 29 April 2024}}
}}
{{External media| audio1 = {{YouTube|DpjM_W9wp-I| Aranmanai 4 Audio Jukebox}}}}

The film's soundtrack album and background score were composed by [[Hiphop Tamizha]] in his sixth collaboration with [[Sundar C]], after ''[[Aambala]]'' (2015), ''[[Aranmanai 2]]'' (2016), ''[[Kalakalappu 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' (2019) and [[Action (2019 film)|''Action'']] (2019). The music rights were purchased by [[Think Music]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 trailer: Sundar C, Tamannaah Bhatia, Raashii Khanna headline this spooky thriller about a ghost. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-trailer-sundar-c-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-headline-this-spooky-thriller-about-a-ghost-watch-101711801138197.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331144344/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-trailer-sundar-c-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-headline-this-spooky-thriller-about-a-ghost-watch-101711801138197.html |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The first single, titled "Achacho" was released on 14 April 2024.<ref name="baak">{{Cite web |date=14 April 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 song Achacho: Tamannaah Bhatia, Raashii Khanna have ball in dance number. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-song-achacho-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-have-ball-in-dance-number-watch-101713081221291.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240414094821/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-song-achacho-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-have-ball-in-dance-number-watch-101713081221291.html |archive-date=14 April 2024 |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The second single, titled "Jo Jo" was released on 29 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91nOLIsG-7M |title=Jo Jo – Video Song – Aranmanai 4 – Sundar.C, Tamannaah, Raashii Khanna, Hiphop Tamizha |date=29 April 2024 |publisher=[[Think Music India]] |access-date=29 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501050843/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=91nOLIsG-7M |archive-date=1 May 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2024 |title='Jo Jo' song from Aranmanai 4 out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/30/jo-jo-song-from-aranmanai-4-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503000131/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/30/jo-jo-song-from-aranmanai-4-out |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=1 May 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The Tamil album featuring 5 tracks and Telugu album featuring 4 tracks were released on 2 May 2024 along with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Songs |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aranmanai-4/U-Xe3TIOa48_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427151458/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/aranmanai-4/U-Xe3TIOa48_ |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=JioSaavn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2024 |title=Baak (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/baak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1744876165 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625044216/https://music.apple.com/us/album/baak-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1744876165 |archive-date=25 June 2024 |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Apple Music}}</ref>

<section begin=tracks/>{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Tamil
| total_length = 16:33
| title1 = Achacho
| lyrics1 = Vignesh Srikanth
| extra1 = [[Kharesma Ravichandran]], [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]]
| length1 = 3:13
| title2 = Jo Jo
| lyrics2 = [[Ko Sesha]]
| extra2 = Meenakshi Ilayaraja
| length2 = 3:26
| title3 = Amman
| lyrics3 = Muthamil
| extra3 = Aruna Ravindran, V. M. Mahalingam
| length3 = 4:41
| title4 = Oyile Oyile
| lyrics4 = Ko Sesha
| extra4 = Kaushik Krish, Snigdha Chandra
| length4 = 2:38
| title5 = Ghost Theme
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
| length5 = 2:35
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:47
| title1 = Panchuko
| length1 = 3:09
| lyrics1 = Raghavi
| extra1 = [[Sahithi]]
| title2 = Jo Jo
| length2 = 3:24
| lyrics2 = Bharathi Babu
| extra2 = [[Saindhavi]]
| title3 = Amma
| length3 = 4:39
| lyrics3 = Sahithi
| extra3 = Kavitha Gopi, Deepak Blue
| title4 = Ghost Theme
| length4 = 2:35
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Hiphop Tamizha]]
}}<section end="tracks" />

== Marketing ==
Exclusive stills of the film were leaked and became viral on the internet on 15 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2024 |title=Gallery: Tamannaah Bhatia and Raashi Khanna's stills from 'Aranmanai 4' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/gallery/gallery-tamannaah-bhatia-and-raashi-khannas-stills-from-aranmanai-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314081542/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/gallery/gallery-tamannaah-bhatia-and-raashi-khannas-stills-from-aranmanai-4/ |archive-date=14 March 2024 |access-date=25 March 2024 |website=The South First |language=en}}</ref> The official trailer of the film was released on 30 March 2024, with a trailer launch event held in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' trailer: Sundar C promises to deliver an entertaining horror-comedy film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aranmanai-4-trailer-sundar-c-promises-to-deliver-an-entertaining-horror-comedy-film/articleshow/108901151.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331063429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aranmanai-4-trailer-sundar-c-promises-to-deliver-an-entertaining-horror-comedy-film/articleshow/108901151.cms |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="amused" />

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===

''Aranmanai 4'' was initially scheduled for a worldwide theatrical release in mid January 2024 during the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] week but was postponed to [[Republic Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia unveils first glimpse of Aranmanai 4 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tamannaah-bhatia-unveils-first-glimpse-aranmanai-4/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203132534/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/tamannaah-bhatia-unveils-first-glimpse-aranmanai-4/ |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 January 2024 |title=Fighter, Sam Bahadur: List of 10 movies, series to watch on Republic Day |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/republic-day-2024-list-of-movies-series-fighter-killer-soup-animal-sam-bahadur-shark-tank-season-3-to-watch-11706067367163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127220941/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/republic-day-2024-list-of-movies-series-fighter-killer-soup-animal-sam-bahadur-shark-tank-season-3-to-watch-11706067367163.html |archive-date=27 January 2024 |access-date=26 March 2024 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> Later, it was pushed to 11 April, then to 26 April, and finally theatrically released worldwide on 3 May 2024, alongside the Telugu version titled ''Baak''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Prachi |date=30 March 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' trailer: Sundar C, Tamannaah Bhatia back with horror film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aranmanai-4-trailer-sundar-c-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-chilling-horror-franchise-2521231-2024-03-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331063417/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/aranmanai-4-trailer-sundar-c-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-chilling-horror-franchise-2521231-2024-03-30 |archive-date=31 March 2024 |access-date=31 March 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="baak" /> The Hindi version was released on 31 May 2024.<ref name="ahd">{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Hindi Dubbed to Release on this Date |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/aranmanai-4-hindi-dubbed-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528014611/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/aranmanai-4-hindi-dubbed-to-release-on-this-date |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=28 May 2024 |website=Film Companion}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=3 June 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 OTT Release Details |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/aranmanai-4-digital-streaming-on-disney-hotstar-897161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605055046/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/aranmanai-4-digital-streaming-on-disney-hotstar-897161 |archive-date=5 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
''Aranmanai 4'' was distributed as ''Baak'' in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana by Asian Suresh Entertainment LLP.<ref name="baak" /> It was distributed in Hindi by [[Baweja Studios]] and Kaarmic Films.<ref name="ahd" />

=== Home media===
[[Disney+ Hotstar]] acquired the digital rights to ''Aranmanai 4'' in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada, and it began streaming on the platform on 21 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nasreen |first=Raisa |date=6 June 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 On OTT: When And Where To Watch Tamannaah Bhatia And Sundar C's Horror Comedy |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/aranmanai-4-on-ott-article-110753649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610075621/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/aranmanai-4-on-ott-article-110753649 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |access-date=6 June 2024 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "Sundar C makes a much-needed comeback with the most intriguing addition to the ‘Aranmanai’ franchise, thanks to an engaging plot headlined by Tamannaah".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=2 May 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' movie review: Despite lacking in finesse, Tamannaah anchors the best entry in the franchise |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranmanai-4-movie-review-despite-lacking-in-finesse-tamannaah-anchors-the-best-entry-in-the-franchise/article68135134.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503095920/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranmanai-4-movie-review-despite-lacking-in-finesse-tamannaah-anchors-the-best-entry-in-the-franchise/article68135134.ece |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=2 May 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and mentioned, "A predictable, forgettable, and mildly entertaining rehash", while noting the film’s adherence to a proven formula. He criticised the film for its lack of imagination and originality, suggesting that it does little more than tread the same ground as earlier entries in the series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suganth |first=M |date=2 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Movie Review: A predictable, forgettable and mildly entertaining rehash |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aranmanai-4/movie-review/109801766.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503150505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aranmanai-4/movie-review/109801766.cms |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3.5/5 stars and stated, "Sundar C’s horror-comedy makes you both shudder and laugh", praising the film for delivering a mix of thrills and entertainment. While praising Tamannaah's acting, he notes that although the film follows the established formula of its predecessors, it still offers a fresh narrative with multiple mysteries to unravel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=KR |first=Manigandan |date=2 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Review: Sundar C's Horror Comedy Makes You Both Shudder And Laugh! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/aranmanai-4-review-sundar-cs-horror-comedy-makes-you-both-shudder-and-laugh-review-109789285 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503103531/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/aranmanai-4-review-sundar-cs-horror-comedy-makes-you-both-shudder-and-laugh-review-109789285 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=Times Now}}</ref>

Janani K. of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars, commenting, "Negatives overpower positives in Sundar C’s horror-comedy, which is full of redundant ideas and little laughs." She points out that the film’s few strengths are overshadowed by redundant ideas and a lack of genuine laughs, resulting in a tedious experience for the viewer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=3 May 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' Review: Negatives overpower positives in Sundar C's horror-comedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aranmanai-4-review-negatives-overpower-positives-sundar-c-horror-comedy-tamannaah-raashii-khanna-2534700-2024-05-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503101159/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/aranmanai-4-review-negatives-overpower-positives-sundar-c-horror-comedy-tamannaah-raashii-khanna-2534700-2024-05-03 |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=India Today}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a dismal 1/5 stars, stating, "A new day and a new 'Aranmanai' film with the same old problems; another lackluster entry that fails to provide either thrills or chills." The review expresses disappointment in the film’s writing and accuses it of laziness, suggesting that the franchise has become too reliant on a formulaic approach.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 movie review: A new day and a new Aranmanai film with the same old problems |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aranmanai-4-movie-review-a-new-day-and-a-new-aranmanai-film-with-the-same-old-problems-9305738/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503123658/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aranmanai-4-movie-review-a-new-day-and-a-new-aranmanai-film-with-the-same-old-problems-9305738/ |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=4 May 2024 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said the film is "timepass and if you go in with no expectations, you will not come out raving about the film but you won’t come out bitterly disappointed either".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=3 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 movie review: A template Sundar C horror-comedy aimed at the masses |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-movie-review-template-sundar-c-horror-comedy-aimed-at-the-masses-santhosh-prathap-tamannaah-raashi-khanna-101714706807800.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503035814/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/aranmanai-4-movie-review-template-sundar-c-horror-comedy-aimed-at-the-masses-santhosh-prathap-tamannaah-raashi-khanna-101714706807800.html |archive-date=3 May 2024 |access-date=3 May 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

Akshay Kumar from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, stating, "An in-form Sundar C finds the sweet spot between humour and horror". He credited the film's success to Sundar C's direction, noting its effective comedy, emotional depth, and music by Hiphop Tamizha. He particularly commended Tamannaah's performance for elevating the entertainment value.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=4 May 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' movie review: An in-form Sundar C finds the sweet spot between humour and horror |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/04/aranmanai-4-movie-review-an-in-form-sundar-c-finds-the-sweet-spot-between-humour-and-horror-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240504193048/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/May/04/aranmanai-4-movie-review-an-in-form-sundar-c-finds-the-sweet-spot-between-humour-and-horror-2 |archive-date=4 May 2024 |access-date=5 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "Sundar C’s gripping storyline makes it a must-watch", and praised him for delivering a blend of horror and comedy, featuring engaging performances by the leads. They also noted that the direction stands out, while the music and cinematography play minor roles, the VFX impresses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Aranmanai 4 Review: Sundar C's Gripping Storyline Makes It A Must-watch |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/aranmanai-4-review-sundar-cs-gripping-storyline-makes-it-a-must-watch-8877612.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511012047/https://www.news18.com/movies/aranmanai-4-review-sundar-cs-gripping-storyline-makes-it-a-must-watch-8877612.html |archive-date=11 May 2024 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
''[[The Economic Times]]'', "The director's skillful storytelling and ability to blend horror with comedy have been praised, with many considering this installment a refreshing addition to the franchise." They also highlighted Tamannaah's exceptional performance in emotional and flashback sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' Review: Tamannaah Bhatia, Raashii Khanna starrer horror-comedy draws mixed response; check what Twitter said |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aranmanai-4-review-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-starrer-horror-comedy-draws-mixed-response-check-what-twitter-said/articleshow/109816090.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510082611/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/aranmanai-4-review-tamannaah-bhatia-raashii-khanna-starrer-horror-comedy-draws-mixed-response-check-what-twitter-said/articleshow/109816090.cms |archive-date=10 May 2024 |access-date=13 May 2024 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Aranmanai 4'' collected ₹50 crore worldwide in its first week and reached ₹75 crore by the end of the second week.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2024 |title='Aranmanai 4' box office collection day 5: Sundar C's horror comedy film is going strong on weekdays |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/aranmanai-4-box-office-collection-day-5-sundar-cs-horror-comedy-film-is-going-strong-on-weekdays/articleshow/109940788.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509005641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/aranmanai-4-box-office-collection-day-5-sundar-cs-horror-comedy-film-is-going-strong-on-weekdays/articleshow/109940788.cms |archive-date=9 May 2024 |access-date=8 May 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film grossed ₹100.50 crore at the box office during its theatrical run.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

==Accolades==
''Aranmanai 4'' received 5 nominations in and 1 win in [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] as Best Entertaining Film of 2024, and also earned 5 nominations and 1 win in [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Recipient(s)
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="15" |2025
| rowspan="2" |Behindwoods Gold Hall Of Fame
|Best Actress In A Lead Role
|[[Raashii Khanna]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y7YiiLjrxyU |title=Raashii Khanna & Bala-வின் Megham Karukatha Duet 💃 Dance-ல மயக்குறாங்களே😍 Don't blink for a sec! 👀 |date=2025-04-23 |last=Behindwoods TV |access-date=2025-06-11 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|Most Popular Singers Of The Year
|[[Kharesma Ravichandran]] & [[Srinisha Jayaseelan]] (for "''Achacho''")
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UdFpSrrzYlk |title=Srinisha's Painful Outburst on Stage😭Kharesma's Powerpacked Singing🔥Live Concert 🥰 |date=2024-12-22 |last=Behindwoods TV |access-date=2025-06-12 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards South]]
| rowspan="2" |Favourite Actress – Tamil
|[[Raashii Khanna]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
|{{Nominated}}
|
|-
|Best Comedian - Male
|[[Yogi Babu]]
|{{Nominated}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-12 |title=Kollywood stars set to light up Penang for the 17th Edison Awards and Film Festival |url=https://www.buletinmutiara.com/kollywood-stars-set-to-light-up-penang-for-the-17th-edison-awards-and-film-festival/ |access-date=2025-03-22 |website=Buletin Mutiara |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Dance Choreographer
|[[Kala Master]] (for "''Achacho''")
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Entertainer Of The Year
| rowspan="2" |[[Sundar C]].
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|Best Entertaining Film
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |last=vigneshpv94 |date=2025-06-11 |title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2025 Winners List |url=https://www.thenewsmedium.com/awards/vikatan-cinema-awards-2025-winners-list/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=The News Medium |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|Best Comedian Actor - Male
|[[Yogi Babu]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer - Female
|[[Ilaiyaraaja|Meenakshi Ilayaraaja]] (for <nowiki>''</nowiki>''Jo Jo''<nowiki>''</nowiki>)
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Music Director (songs)
|[[Hiphop Tamizha]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Animation and Visual Effects
|Azhagu Raj Pandian & Rangarajan
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Best Choreography
|[[Kala Master]] for ("''Achacho''")
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|Blacksheep Cine Awards
|Favourite Comedian - Male
| rowspan="2" |[[Yogi Babu]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/omGlRHt8Zb0 |title=Cast Your Votes for Blacksheep Digital Awards 2025! |language=en |access-date=2025-06-11 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Comedian – Tamil|Best Comedian – Tamil]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-07-18 |title=13th South Indian International Movie Awards dates out, to be held in Dubai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/13th-south-indian-international-movie-awards-dates-out-to-be-held-in-dubai/articleshow/122770323.cms |access-date=2025-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Sundar C}}

[[Category:2020s ghost films]]
[[Category:2024 comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about landlords]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sundar C]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hiphop Tamizha]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:Films set in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Indian comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Indian ghost films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language comedy horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Mangayarkarasi

2026-03-06T03:37:18Z

JillianCogburn: adding a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mangayarkarasi
| image = Mangayarkarasi poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Jiten Banerjee
| producer = F. Nagoor S. N. Ahmed
| writer = [[Suratha]]
| screenplay = [[Kambadasan]] Suratha
| story =
| based_on = A folk tale
| starring = [[P. U. Chinnappa]] [[P. Kannamba]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[N. S. Krishnan]] [[T. A. Mathuram]]
| narrator =
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]] [[Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]] [[C. R. Subburaman]]
| cinematography = Jiten Banerjee
| editing = V. B. Nataraja Mudaliar
| studio = Bhagya Pictures
| released = {{film date|df=yes|1949|9|3|ref1=<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1949 – மங்கையர்க்கரசி – பாக்யா பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1949 – Mangayarkarasi – Bhagya Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1949-cinedetails13.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170525141142/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1949-cinedetails13.asp |archive-date=25 May 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 172 mins. (15495 ft.)
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
}}
'''''Mangayarkarasi''''' ({{translation|Queen of women}}) is a 1949 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film directed by Jiten Banerjee. The film was produced by F. Nagoor and S. N. Ahamed, and stars [[P. U. Chinnappa]], [[P. Kannamba]] and [[Anjali Devi]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''Gollabhama'' (1947) and Anjali Devi reprised her role. The film was re-released two years later, in a brand new coloured copy. <ref>https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/indiandailymail19510524-1.1.4</ref>

==Plot==
A heavenly seductress takes away the crown prince from his kingdom to her heavenly abode. The wife of the prince is helped by an angel and goes to her husband's abode. They spend the night together. She returns to Earth and finds that she has become pregnant. She is accused of being intimate with the court poet by the King and others. She leaves the palace and goes to live with some tribal people and there she delivers a child. The King rescues the child and brings him up. The child grows into a young man. Due to a strange situation the young man wants to have a relationship with his mother without knowing who she is. However, the heavenly woman brings back her husband in time and explains everything so that all ends well.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=4 April 2008 |title=Mangayarkarasi 1949 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mangayarkarasi-1949/article3022741.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=25 May 2017 |author-link=Randor Guy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115020/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/mangayarkarasi-1949/article3022741.ece |archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>

==Cast==
''Cast according to the opening credits of the film''
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male Cast
* [[P. U. Chinnappa]] ''as'' Madhurangathan, Kandarupan, Sudhaman
* [[N. S. Krishnan]] ''as'' Parthiban, Jeevamrudham
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] ''as'' Parthiban's Friend
* [[Kambadasan|Kavi Kambadasan]] ''as'' Poet Vidyapathi
* Pudukottai Seenu ''as'' Panchavarnam
* P. A. Kumar ''as'' Prime Minister
* P. V. Angappa ''as'' Minister
* Durai Pandian ''as'' Parthiban's Friend
* [[Kaka Radhakrishnan|Radhakrishnan]] ''as'' Young Jeevamrudham
* C. Valli Nayagam ''as'' Hunter
* Thirupathi ''as'' Pujari
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female Cast
* [[P. Kannamba]] ''as'' Mangayarkarasi
* [[Anjali Devi]] ''as'' Sasikala
* [[T. A. Mathuram]] ''as'' Mohana
* Saradambal ''as'' Dasi Vanji
* D. S. Krishnaveni ''as'' Vasanthavathi
* T. A. Kantham ''as'' Maya
* Seetha - [[M. N. Rajam|Rajam]] ''as'' Heavenly Virgins
* Padma — Pattammal ''as'' Heavenly Virgins
* Lalitha — Vathsala ''as'' Heavenly Virgins
* Navaneetham ''as'' Heavenly Virgin
;Dance
*[[Lalitha (actress)|Lalitha]]-[[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
{{col-end}}

==Production==
The film featured [[P. U. Chinnappa]] in triple roles — King, Prince and the grandson. It was the first time in Tamil cinema that an artiste featured in 3 roles. [[N. S. Krishnan]] featured in double roles as father and son. Radhakrishnan played the role of N. S. Krishnan's kid and literally caught a crow in one scene. Thereafter he came to be fondly called as ''Kaka'' Radhakrishnan, Kaka in Tamil meaning crow.<ref name="hindu" />

The ''knife dance'' performed by Lalitha and Padmini was a thriller. The film was shot at Newtone Studios, [[Chennai|Madras]]

==Soundtrack==
Music was composed by [[G. Ramanathan]], [[Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]] and [[C. R. Subburaman|C. R. Subbaraman]] while the lyrics were penned by Kambadasan, Lakshmana Das and Ku. Sa. Krishnamurthi (film credits). Most of the tunes were set in [[Carnatic music]] ragas and were rendered by P. U. Chinnappa became popular. The song ''Kaadhal Kanirasame'' set in the raga Chittharanjani, was a hit. It was composed using the same metre, melody and tune of the well-known composition ''Naatha thanumanisum Sankaram...'' made famous by [[Madurai Mani Iyer]].<ref name="hindu" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangayarkarasi |url=https://gaana.com/album/mangayarkarasi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601175041/https://gaana.com/album/mangayarkarasi |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=2020-03-17 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No
!Title
!Singer(s)
!Length
|-
|1
|"Paarthaal Pasitheerym"
|[[P. U. Chinnappa]]
|2:58
|-
|2
|"Kadhal Kanirasame"
|P. U. Chinnappa
|6:27
|-
|3
|"Vanilavi "
|P. U. Chinnappa
|4:06
|}

==Reception==
The film fared well at the box office. Film historian [[Randor Guy]] wrote in 2008 that the film is "remembered for: Triple role played by Chinnappa, double role by NSK, pleasing music and Kannamba’s performance."<ref name="hindu" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1949 Indian films]]
[[Category:1940s musical drama films]]
[[Category:1949 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1949 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kunnakudi Venkatarama Iyer]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa

2026-03-05T12:02:42Z

JillianCogburn: creating a stub more to come - done

{{Short description|Conquest of Odisha by Bengal Sultanate}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Bengal Sultanate conquest of Orissa
| place = [[Odisha]]
| date = 1568
| territory = Orissa annexed to bengal sultanate

| result = [[Bengal Sultanate]] victory
| coordinates = {{coord|20|31|25|N|85|47|17|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Odisha#India
| combatant1 = [[Bengal Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[Chalukya dynasty| Chalukya-Harichandana dynasty]]
| commander1 = [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]] [[Bayazid Khan Karrani]] [[Kalapahar]] 
| commander2 = [[Mukunda Deva]]{{Assassinated}} 
| map_caption = Map of Cuttack, the capital of Mukunda Deva
| partof = [[List of wars involving Bangladesh|Wars involving Bengal Sultanate]]
}}
The '''Bengal sultanate conquest of Orissa''' in 1568 was a military campaign led by the [[Karrani dynasty]] of the [[Bengal Sultanate]] under [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani]]. The objective was to overthrow the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukyan]] rule of Orissa (now [[Odisha]]) under [[Mukunda Deva]] and the rebellion led by Sarangagarh feudatory Ramachandra Bhanja. The Bengal forces achieved victory, resulting in the annexation of Odisha into the Sultanate. Odisha remained part of the Bengal Sultanate until its eventual annexation by the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1592.<ref name="gazetteer"/>

== Background ==
=== Prelude ===
[[Ibrahim Shah Suri]], defeated by [[Adil Shah Suri]] due to his rebellion against the [[Sur Empire|Sur dynasty]], sought refuge in [[Bengal]]. However, [[Sulaiman Khan Karrani|Sulaiman Karrani]], the [[Karrani dynasty|Karrani]] ruler of Bengal, attempted to detain Ibrahim Khan Suri. Recognizing the danger, Ibrahim Khan Suri appealed to [[Mukunda Deva]], the ruler of Odisha, for shelter and assistance<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Baba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ipuAAAAMAAJ |title=Medieval Orissa and Cult of Jagannatha |date=1995 |publisher=Navrang |isbn=978-81-7013-128-1 |pages=30–50 |language=en}}</ref> in 1559 AD.<ref name=":4">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=183}}</ref> Mukunda Deva, of [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] descent, ascended to the throne by ousting Raghuram Raya Chotaraya, the [[Bhoi dynasty|Bhoi]] ruler of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Das |first=H. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w80dAAAAMAAJ |title=Cultural Development in Orissa |date=1985 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=75 |language=en}}</ref>

Responding to Ibrahim's plea, Mukunda Deva not only offered refuge but also granted him land as a mark of honour. Mukunda Deva firmly rejected surrendering Ibrahim to the Karranis, sparking animosity from Sulaiman, the ruler of Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paṭṭanāẏaka |first=Praphulla Kumāra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9YBAAAAMAAJ |title=A Forgotten Chapter of Orissan History: With Special Reference to the Rajas of Khurda and Puri, 1568-1828 |date=1979 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=7 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Involvement of the Mughals ===
By this time, the Mughal Empire, led by [[Humayun]], achieved victory over [[Sikandar Shah Suri|Sikander Shah Suri]] at the [[Siege of Sirhind|Battle of Sirhind]], successfully reinstating [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule over India. This triumph marked the recovery of territories that had previously been lost to [[Sher Shah Suri]]. One year following the Battle of Sirhind, Humayun died, leading to [[Akbar]] ascending to the throne of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1015-3 |pages=189 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1665 Mukunda Dev received embassy from Akbar.<ref name=":4" /> Recognizing tensions between the Bengalis and the Odias, Akbar, with the aim of annexing Bengal into the Mughal Empire, chose to support the Odias. Establishing diplomatic ties with Mukunda Deva, he forged an alliance. Akbar dispatched Hasan Khan Khajanchi and Bhatta Mahapatra, an [[Odia language|Odiya]] musician from the Mughal Court, as envoys to Mukunda Deva's court. Their mission was to secure support in case of a conflict with the Sultan of Bengal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Nihar Ranjan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mIzXAAAAMAAJ |title=Religious History of Orissa |date=2004 |publisher=Indian Publishers' Distributors |isbn=978-81-7341-339-1 |pages=271 |language=en}}</ref> He sworn allegiance to Akbar and promised to send Ibrahim to invade Bengal if Sulaiman Karrani revolts against the Mughals.<ref name=":4" />

The envoys spent four months at Mukunda Deva's court and returned with valuable gifts and elephants. Simultaneously, Mukunda Deva's ambassador, Parmanand, accompanied them to the Imperial Court. This diplomatic manoeuvring marked the beginning of an alliance between Akbar and Mukunda Deva.<ref name=":0" />

Mukunda Deva's alliance with the Mughals heightened the animosity between him and Sulaiman, prompting the latter to launch a campaign against the Chalukyas. Concurrently, Mukunda Deva seized a portion of Karrani territory, provoking swift retaliation.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Haque |first=Mohammed Anwarul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Co8eAAAAMAAJ |title=Muslim Administration in Orissa, 1568-1751 A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Punthi Pustak |pages=50–58 |language=en}}</ref>

== The conquest ==
In January 1567, Mukunda Deva launched an invasion of Bengal, having a victory over the Bengal forces and amassing significant wealth. Setting up camp along the banks of the [[Ganges]], he engaged in military exercises, including boat manoeuvres on the river. Remarkably, this marked the final instance when the Odisha army reached the banks of the Ganga.<ref name=":2" /> In the winter of 1567, as Akbar was [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|besieging the Chittor fort]], Sulaiman seized the opportunity to invade Odisha.<ref name=":1" />

The Karrani army operated in two divisions: one led by Sulaiman Karrani and the other by [[Bayazid Khan Karrani|Bayezid]], Sulaiman's son, assisted by [[Kalapahar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Pradhan |first=Atul Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MI4eAAAAMAAJ |title=A Study of History of Orissa: From the Earliest Times to Mukundadeva |date=1984 |publisher=Panchashila |pages=124 |language=en}}</ref> Bayezid was accompanied by a former Mughal general Sikandar Uzbak.<ref name=":4" /> Advancing towards Odisha, the Bengal forces reached the coastal area near Balasore. Realizing the absence of support from the Mughals, Mukunda dispatched an army led by his trusted officers, Chhota Rai and Raghubhanja. But these officers betrayed Mukunda and defected to the Bengal side against their own ruler.<ref name=":2" />

== Outcome ==
The records present two different accounts of the outcome of this campaign.

=== First version ===

According to [[Madala Panji|Mandala Panji]], the Bengal army, led by Sulaiman, engaged in a conflict with Mukunda's Chalukya forces. In this encounter, Mukunda's forces suffered defeat and sought refuge within the Kotsimul fort in the [[Hooghly district|Hoogly]] district of [[West Bengal]]. Simultaneously, another segment of the Bengal army, commanded by Bayezid and Kala Pahar, laid siege to Cuttack, the capital of Odisha, against Koni Samanta Simhara. In this confrontation, Simhara was defeated and killed.<ref name=":3" />

During this period, Ramachandra Bhanja, the commander of Sarangagarh, staged a revolt and proclaimed himself as the ruler. Ramachandra was the feudatory of the Bhoi Gajapatis, whom Mukunda Deva had assassinated. Acknowledging this development, Mukunda Deva made a treaty with the Karranis and moved to confront Ramachandra. However, in the ensuing battle, Mukunda Deva was defeated and killed by Ramachandra. Later, Ramachandra was killed by Sulaiman on the following day.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0B5uAAAAMAAJ&q=ramachandra+mahapatra |title=The Orissa Historical Research Journal |date=1982 |publisher=Superintendent, Research and Museum, Orissa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Orissa General Knowledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hMCbjkhA_ncC&pg=PA27|access-date=2 December 2012|publisher=Bright Publications|isbn=978-81-7199-574-5|pages=27–}}</ref><ref name="gazetteer">{{cite book|author=L.S.S. O'malley|title=Bengal District Gazetteer : Puri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pwD0-YV2LCYC&pg=PA30|date=1 January 2007|access-date=2 February 2021|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-138-8|pages=30}}</ref> In the same manner, he forced Ibrahim Sur to surrender and killed.<ref name=":4" />

=== Second version ===
The alternate account of this event, as presented in the [[Akbarnama]], indicates that Mukunda Deva met his demise in the battle fought at [[Jajpur]]. According to this version, the Karranis emerged victorious, defeating the Chalukyas.<ref name=":2" />

The first version is widely regarded as the most accurate account.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ff8vAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Major Dynasties of Ancient Orissa & Ancient Bihar |date=2000 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=15–20 |language=en}}</ref> Kalapahar, the commander of the Karrani dynasty, inflicted a severe blow to the art and architecture of Odisha by destroying temples and images. This destructive episode is considered a significant tragedy in the cultural heritage of the region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patnaik |first=Durga Prasad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=90_qAeMT1bwC |title=Palm Leaf Etchings of Orissa |date=1989 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-248-2 |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Thus, in 1568, Orissa's medieval independence came to an end. Subsequently, Orissan prestige suffered, with local kings becoming mere puppets under Muslim governors. Orissa remained a part of the Bengal Sultanate until it was [[Mughal conquest of Orissa|annexed by the Mughal Empire]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396 |title=The History of Bengal |publisher=B.R. Publishing Corporation |year=1943 |isbn=81-7646-239-X |editor-last=Sarkar |editor-first=Jadunath |editor-link=Jadunath Sarkar |volume=II: Muslim Period |location=Delhi}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1568]]
[[Category:Wars involving the Bengal Sultanate]]
[[Category:History of Odisha]]

Maaman Magal (1955 film)

2026-03-04T05:04:38Z

JillianCogburn: adding new stub - done

{{short description|1955 film by R. S. Mani}}
{{for|the 1995 film|Maaman Magal (1995 film)}}
{{More plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maaman Magal
| image = Maaman Magal 1955 poster.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = R. S. Mani
| writer = [[C. V. Sridhar]] (dialogues)
| story = R. S. Mani
| producer = R. S. Mani
| starring = [[Gemini Ganesan]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] [[T. S. Balaiah]] [[J. P. Chandrababu]]
| cinematography = [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]]
| editing = K. Govindasamy
| music = [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
| studio = Mani Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1955|10|14|ref1=}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Maaman Magal''''' ({{translation|Uncle's daughter}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written, produced and directed by R. S. Mani. The film stars [[Gemini Ganesan]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], [[T. S. Balaiah]] and [[J. P. Chandrababu]].<ref name="BFTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=27 August 2009 |title=Blast from the Past – Maaman Magal 1950 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Maaman-Magal-1950/article10415.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=1 March 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170302021043/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Maaman-Magal-1950/article16877296.ece |archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> Released on 14 October 1955, it was a moderate success.

== Plot ==
Dharmalingam is a rich man with only one daughter, Malathi. His late wife left a will stating the daughter Malathi should be married to her missing brother's son, who would inherit her wealth. Dharmalingam sends his friend Kanniyappan, who is after the young woman and her property, in search of him. The crook sets up his nephew Thandavam as the missing man and the father decides to get the two married. Meanwhile, another shy young man Chandran, who never looks at any women in the eyes, becomes Malathi's teacher. They two falls in love and decide to marry. Scared stiff, Kanniyappan manages to get Chandran dismissed from his job. Chandran's grandmother Kamatchi gives him magic armour which will make him tough and bold. Chandran returns to his heartthrob disguised as an elderly gardener. The will suddenly disappears and more complications crop up. However, the truth surfaces, Kanniyappan is exposed, and the lovers unite.<ref name="BFTP" />

== Cast ==
* [[Gemini Ganesan]] as Chandran
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Malathi
* [[T. S. Balaiah]] as Kanniyappan
* [[D. Balasubramaniam]] as Dharmalingam
* [[J. P. Chandrababu]] as Thandavam
* [[T. S. Durairaj]] as Vingnanam
* Lakshmi Prabha as Gnanam
* S. R. Janaki as Kamakshi
* [[C. K. Saraswathi]] as Thandavam's sister
* [[O. A. K. Thevar]] as Veerasamy

== Production ==
''Maaman Magal'' was produced and directed by R. S. Mani, who also wrote the story. The dialogue was written by [[C. V. Sridhar]], not yet the acclaimed filmmaker he would later become.<ref name="BFTP" /> Cinematography was handled by [[Nemai Ghosh (director)|Nemai Ghosh]], and the editing by K. Govindasamy.<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[S. V. Venkatraman]]. The song "Govaa maambazhamey, Malgovaa Maambazhamey", picturised on Chandrababu and Dorairaj's characters, where the former expresses his love for Malathi (Savitri), looking at her photograph, became popular. Words in the song like ‘samaalakkidi girigiri..., saavuttu paaru vadakari...’ contributed to its popularity.<ref name="BFTP" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Endrumillaa...Enendru Nee Sollu Thendrale" || Jikki || || 04:02
|-
| "Malarum Manamum...Adhisayamaaga Ragasiyam Onnu" || A. M. Rajah || || 02:48
|-
| "Nenjile Uram...Thalai Nimirndhu Nilladaa" || T. M. Soundararajan || Surabhi || 03:16
|-
| "Athisayamaana Ragasiyam" || Jikki || || 02:39
|-
| "Dhevi Neeye Thunai" || T. V. Rathnam || [[Papanasam Sivan]]|| 03:15
|-
| "Govaa Maambazhamey, Malgovaa Maambazhamey" || J. P. Chandrababu || || 03:24
|-
| "Aasai Nilaa Sendradhe" || Jikki || [[Kambadasan]]|| 03:10
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Maaman Magal'' was released on 14 October 1955,<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1955 – மாமன் மகள் – மணி புரொடக்சன்ஸ் |trans-title=1955 – Maaman Magal – Mani Productions |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails27.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180516111340/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails27.asp |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ராம்ஜி |first=வி. |date=14 October 2022 |title='கோவா மாம்பழமே... மல்கோவா மாம்பழமே'வுக்கு 67 வயது! |url=https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/67-years-of-maaman-magal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014111527/https://kamadenu.hindutamil.in/cinema/67-years-of-maaman-magal |archive-date=14 October 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=[[Kamadenu magazine|Kamadenu]] |language=ta}}</ref> and emerged a moderate success.<ref name="BFTP" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:1955 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. V. Venkatraman]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by C. V. Sridhar]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic comedy films]]

IMPS College of Engineering and Technology

2026-03-03T13:22:07Z

JillianCogburn: enhanced structure per standard format and added references to improve readability

{{short description|College in West Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox university
|name = IMPS College of Engineering and Technology
|image = IMPS College of Engineering and Technology.jpeg
|established = 2003
|type = [[Private school|Private]] [[Engineering college]]
|administrative_staff =
|faculty =
|principal = Dr. Sudipta Das
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|address = Vidyasagar Rd, Azimpur, [[Uttar Jadupur]]
|city = [[Malda district|Malda]]
|postcode = 732103
|coordinates = {{coord|24.9915|88.0995|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
|state = [[West Bengal]]
|country = [[India]]
|free_label = Approvals
|free = [[AICTE]]
|campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
|affiliations = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
|website = [http://www.impscet.net/ www.impscet.net]
|}}

'''IMPS College of Engineering and Technology''' ('''IMPSCET''') is an engineering college located in [[Uttar Jadupur]], [[Malda district|Malda]], [[West Bengal]], India. The college was established in 2003. It provides engineering, technological and management education. The college is an [[AICTE]]-approved institution and is affiliated to the [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=List of Colleges & Its Courses Affiliated by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, West Bengal (formerly West Bengal University of Technology) for the Academic Year 2020-2021 (As on 27.07.2020) |url=https://makautwb.ac.in/big_files/College%20list-2020-21-27-07-2020.pdf |website=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology |access-date=20 April 2025}}</ref>

==Academics==
This college offers [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech) in Computer Science & Technology, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Civil Engineering and Electrical Engineering courses which are affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INSTITUTE PROFILE AT A GLANCE|url=https://wbjeeb.in/assets/ALPG/PVTENGG/IMPS.pdf |website=wbjeeb.in |access-date=2 September 2025}}</ref> It was also offered [[Diploma in Engineering]] courses in the Jalpaiguri branch between 2015 and 2025 in Computer Science & Technology, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering, which was affiliated with [[West Bengal State Council of Technical and Vocational Education and Skill Development]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://webscte.org/pdf17/List_Affiliated_Self-financed_Poly17-18.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170918070256/http://webscte.org/pdf17/List_Affiliated_Self-financed_Poly17-18.pdf |url-status= usurped |archive-date= 18 September 2017 |title=Tentative List of Affiliated Self-financed Polytechnics/ Institutes Under WBSCT & VE & SD and Branches Offered 2017-2018 |publisher= West Bengal State Council of Technical Education |access-date= 29 January 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.impscet.net IMPS Engineering College] Official website
* [http://www.impscet.in Official email website of IMPS Corps (www.impscet.in )] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219172354/http://www.impscet.in/ |date=19 February 2017 }}

{{West Bengal University of Technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imps College Of Engineering And Technology (Impscet)}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2003]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]
[[Category:Education in Malda district]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Malda district]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in West Bengal]]

Rudra Garuda Purana

2026-03-03T12:14:18Z

JillianCogburn: New post

{{Short description|2025 Kannada-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rudra Garuda Purana
| image = Rudra Garuda Purana.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = K. S. Nandeesh
| writer = K. S. Nandeesh
| producer = Ashwini Lohith
| starring = [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] Priyanka Kumar [[Vinod Alva]]
| cinematography = Sandeep Kumar
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| music = Krishna Prasad
| studio = Ashwini Arts
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2025|1|24}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rudra Garuda Purana''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film|thriller]] film directed by K. S. Nandeesh and produced by Ashwini Lohith under the Ashwini Arts banner.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aspire to inspire |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/aspire-to-inspire/articleshow/100775483.cms |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |first=Y Maheswara |last=Reddy |date=6 June 2023 |access-date=18 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref> The film stars [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] and Priyanka Kumar in lead roles, alongside [[Vinod Alva]], [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]], [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]], Shivaraj KR Pete, Ashwini Gouda, among others.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rishi returns as detective in mystery thriller 'Rudra Garuda Purana' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/21/rishi-returns-as-detective-in-mystery-thriller-rudra-garuda-purana |access-date=21 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |date=21 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822010358/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/21/rishi-returns-as-detective-in-mystery-thriller-rudra-garuda-purana |url-status=live}}</ref> The film's plot is loosely inspired by [[Pan Am Flight 914]], an [[urban legend]] about the [[Douglas DC-4]] which disappeared after a takeoff in 1955 and only landed again three decades later.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Aug/21/rishi-nandeeshs-rudra-garuda-purana-draws-from-pan-am-flight-914-mystery |title=Rishi-Nandeesh's Rudra Garuda Purana draws from Pan Am Flight 914 mystery |website=Cinema Express |date=21 August 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=3 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240903152355/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Aug/21/rishi-nandeeshs-rudra-garuda-purana-draws-from-pan-am-flight-914-mystery |url-status=live}}</ref> The concept was also based on the Chinese folklore ''Bus Route 375''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jan/20/rudra-garuda-purana-grounds-its-story-with-the-17a-kaveri-express-bus-director-nandeesh |title='Rudra Garuda Purana' grounds its story with the 17A Kaveri Express bus: Director Nandeesh |date=20 January 2025}}</ref>

Originally slated for release on 27 December 2024, the film's release was rescheduled to 24 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/10/rishis-rudra-garuda-purana-gets-a-new-release-date |title=Rishi's Rudra Garuda Purana gets a new release date |website=The New Indian Express |date=10 December 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=12 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212175512/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/10/rishis-rudra-garuda-purana-gets-a-new-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Premises ==
The story delves into the mystery of a bus accident that occurred 25 years ago, claiming the lives of all its passengers. In a shocking twist, the same bus and its passengers reappear years later, sparking an intense investigation. The bus named "17A Kaveri Express" forms the center character in the plot.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rishi (Kannada actor)|Rishi]] as Inspector Rudra
* Priyanka Kumar
* [[Vinod Alva]]
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* Shivaraj KR Pete
* Giri Shivanna
* K. S. Shridhar
* Ashwini Gouda
* Ram Pavan
* Vamshi
* Aakarsh
* Gautham Mysuru
* Joseph
* [[Prabhakar (actor)|Prabhakar]]
* Sneek Shyam
* Jagappa
* Prasanna Handrang
* Radvi
* Ranganath Bharadwaj
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in [[Mysore]] and [[Bangalore]] and took a total of 70 days to complete the shoot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/the-shooting-of-rudra-garuda-purana-starring-rishi-is-complete-189923 |title=the-shooting-of-rudra-garuda-purana-starring-rishi-is-complete |website=Zee News |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025 |archive-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806105812/https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/the-shooting-of-rudra-garuda-purana-starring-rishi-is-complete-189923 |url-status=live}}</ref> The climax fight was shot in [[HMT Limited]] factory premises.

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Rudra Garuda Purana
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Krishna Prasaad
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
| label = Ashwini Arts
| producer = Krishna Prasaad
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| chronology =
}}
{{Track listing
| headline=Track listing
| extra_column= Singer(s)
| total_length=
| title1 = Kann Munde Bandu
| length1 = 3:11
| lyrics1 = Chinmay Bhavikerie
| extra1 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title2 = Hukka Elli
| length2 = 3:28
| lyrics2 = Manju Mandavya
| extra2 = [[Naveen Sajju]]
| title3 = Investigation Song (Title track)
| length3 = 3:07
| lyrics3 = Kinnal Raj
| extra3 = [[Nakul Abhyankar]]
}}

== Release ==
The film's release date was initially announced at a song release event by the cast and crew as 27 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Nov/05/action-thriller-rudra-garuda-purana-to-release-on-december-27 |title=Action-thriller 'Rudra Garuda Purana' to release on December 27 |website=The New Indian Express |date=5 November 2024}}</ref> Later, it was postponed to 24 January 2025. The makers announced that the film would release simultaneously in [[Kannada language|Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages and subsequently release in other languages although only the Kannada version was released.

==Reception==
The movie has received mixed reviews from critics: Sridevi S of [[The Times of India]] wrote that the film attempts to merge mythology with a modern thriller but stumbles due to uneven pacing. She praised Rishi’s performance as a highlight, though she noted the screenplay lacks consistency.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rudra Garuda Purana Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rudra-garuda-purana-movie-review/movie-review/117484448.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref> Vivek M.V of [[The Hindu]] said the film is a tepid thriller, commending Rishi’s dedicated performance but criticizing the weak plot and lack of narrative coherence, which fails to sustain suspense.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rudhra Garuda Purana movie review: Rishi gives his all, tepid thriller |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rudhra-garuda-purana-movie-review-rishi-gives-his-all-tepid-thriller/article69131547.ece |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref> Shashiprsad SM of [[Times Now]] wrote that the film is "mysteriously entertaining but only in parts," appreciating its visual appeal but pointing out disjointed storytelling and shallow character development.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rudhra Garuda Purana Movie Review: Mysteriously Entertaining But Only In Parts |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/rudhra-garuda-purana-movie-review-mysteriously-entertaining-but-only-in-parts-review-117466837 |publisher=[[Times Now]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of [[The New Indian Express]] said the film is a riveting tale of justice and karma, with Rishi delivering a standout performance. She appreciated the thematic depth but mentioned minor pacing issues.<ref>{{cite web |title=A riveting Rishi in a mysterious tale of justice and karma |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Jan/25/a-riveting-rishi-in-a-mysterious-tale-of-justice-and-karma |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref> Y Maheswara Reddy of [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote that the film offers a thrilling take on karma, with Rishi’s intense acting standing out. He noted that the film’s ambition occasionally overshadows its execution.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kannada movie review: Rudra Garuda Purana - Thrilling bite of karma |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-review-rudra-garuda-purana-thrilling-bite-of-karma/articleshow/117560520.cms |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref> Shilpa D of [[Kannada Prabha]] said the film weaves an engaging narrative around justice and karma, with Rishi’s performance being a major strength. She suggested some plot points could have been tighter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rudra Garuda Purana Movie Review: A riveting Rishi in a mysterious tale of justice and karma |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/cinema/review/2025/Jan/25/rudra-garuda-purana-movie-review-a-riveting-rishi-in-a-mysterious-tale-of-justice-and-karma |publisher=[[Kannada Prabha]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref> S Vishwanath of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote that the film’s mystery-thriller premise is undermined by a convoluted plot. He acknowledged competent performances but criticized the lack of narrative clarity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rudra Garuda Purana review: Mystery thriller let down by convoluted plot |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rudra-garuda-purana-review-mystery-thriller-let-down-by-convoluted-plot-3372111 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |accessdate=10 June 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt27827305}}

[[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category: Films shot in Mysore]]
[[Category: Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category: Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category: 2025 thriller films]]
[[Category: Indian thriller films]]
[[Category: Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category: Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Fiction about urban legends]]

Ankita Amar

2026-03-01T09:29:40Z

JillianCogburn: creating the data needs work - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ankitha Amar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mysuru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2012{{endash}}present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Ankita Amar''' is an Indian actress, known for her work in [[Kannada]] television and films.

== Early life and career ==
Ankita Amar was born in Mysuru to a family of theatre artists and grew up in Bengaluru. She is a Bharatanatyam dancer and took singing classes from composer [[Rajan–Nagendra|Rajan]]. She completed her master's of science from the JSS Medical College in Mysuru. She made her lead debut in the television soap opera ''Kulavadhu'' on [[Colors Kannada]], which was her second television show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/170119/from-kulavadhu-to-nammane-yuvarani.html|title=From Kulavadhu to Nammane Yuvarani | From Kulavadhu to Nammane Yuvarani|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=January 17, 2019|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> She was initially inclined to do a PhD in child psychology before she decided to take up a career in television starting with ''[[Nammane Yuvarani]]'' .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Sep/04/ankita-amar-every-actor-must-walk-a-tightrope|title=Ankita Amar: Every actor must walk a tightrope|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=September 4, 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> She made her Telugu debut through the soap opera ''[[Srimathi Srinivas]]'', which was a remake of the Tamil soap opera ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ankita Amar forays into Telugu television - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ankita-amar-forays-into-telugu-television/articleshow/87712049.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3 ವರ್ಷದಿಂದ ಪರಭಾಷಾ ಆಫರ್ ರಿಜೆಕ್ಟ್ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದ 'ನಮ್ಮನೆ ಯುವರಾಣಿ' ನಟಿ ಈಗ ತೆಲುಗು ಸೀರಿಯಲ್ ಒಪ್ಪಿದ್ದೇಕೆ?|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/why-actress-ankita-amar-accept-pavitra-rishta-telugu-remake-shrimati-srinivas/articleshow/88396977.cms|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Vijaya Karnataka|language=kn}}</ref>

Ankitha made her feature film debut with the unreleased film ''Aba Jaba Daba'' co-starring [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] that was made in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2022/Jan/15/ankita-amar-makes-her-feature-film-debut-withaba-jaba-daba-29035.html|title=Ankita Amar makes her feature film debut with Aba Jaba Daba|date=January 15, 2022|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> Her next two films that she signed were ''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]'' and ''[[My Hero (2024 film)|My Hero]]'' (both 2024). She played a NGO worker from Madhya Pradesh in ''My Hero'', which ended up releasing first.<ref>{{cite news |title=My Hero ಹುಡುಕಿಕೊಂಡ 'ನಮ್ಮನೆ ಯುವರಾಣಿ'; ಮಧ್ಯಪ್ರದೇಶದ ಮಹಿಳೆಯಾದ ಅಂಕಿತಾ ಅಮರ್ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ರಿಲೀಸ್ ಯಾವಾಗ? |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/nammane-yuvarani-serial-actress-ankita-amar-my-hero-kannada-movie/articleshow/112670262.cms |work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=21 August 2024 |language=kn |access-date=14 September 2024 |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914071721/https://vijaykarnataka.com/tv/news/nammane-yuvarani-serial-actress-ankita-amar-my-hero-kannada-movie/amp_articleshow/112670262.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/my-debut-film-hasnt-released-but-ive-already-signed-my-third-ankita-amar/articleshow/99215290.cms|title=My debut film hasn't released, but I've already signed my third: Ankita Amar|date=April 4, 2023|work= The Times of India}}</ref> Her next film is ''Sathya – Son of Harishchandra'' co-starring [[Nirup Bhandari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2025/May/12/upendra-noticing-my-work-felt-like-true-recognition-ankita-amar|title=Upendra noticing my work felt like true recognition : Ankita Amar|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=May 12, 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024 || ''[[My Hero (2024 film)|My Hero]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Ibbani Tabbida Ileyali]]'' || Anahita Madhumita Banarjee || [[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Kannada]] [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Just Married (2025 film)|Just Married]]'' || Sahana ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Network
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2012{{endash}}2019 || ''[[Mangala Gowri Maduve|Putta Gowri Maduve]]'' || Young Suguna || rowspan="3" |[[Colors Kannada]] || rowspan="3" |[[Kannada]] ||
|-
| 2014{{Endash}}2019 || ''Kulavadhu'' || Meera ||
|-
| 2019{{Endash}}2022 || ''[[Nammane Yuvarani]]'' || Meera Rajguru ||
|-
| 2021{{Endash}}2022 || ''[[Srimathi Srinivas]]'' || Srimathi || [[Star Maa]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| 2023 || '' Ede Thumbi Haaduvenu'' || Host || [[Colors Kannada]] || Kannada ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|12418101}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Amar, Ankita}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil

2026-02-24T11:42:16Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil
| awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in Tamil films
| presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''
| country = India
| year = [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| holder = [[Anna Ben]] for ''[[Kottukkaali]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])
| website =
| image = Anna Ben 2020.jpg
| caption = The 2024 recipient: [[Anna Ben]]
}}

The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Tamil films. The award is given by the chosen jury of critics assigned.

Two consecutive winners of the award, [[Aparna Balamurali]] and [[Nithya Menen]], also won the [[National Film Award for Best Actress]] for their performances while the first recipient, [[Jyothika]], also won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Actress]].

==Superlatives==
===Most Wins===
* 2 wins: [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
==Winners==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
!scope="col" style="width:3%; text-align:center;"| Year
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Actress
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Role
!scope="col" style="width:15%;text-align:center;"| Film
!scope="col" style="width:3%;text-align:center;"|{{Refh}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]
| [[Jyothika]]
| Vasanthi Tamizhselvan
| ''[[36 Vayadhinile]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]
| [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]
| Rudra
| ''[[Kodi (film)|Kodi]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]
| [[Aditi Balan]]
| Aruvi
| ''[[Aruvi]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]
| [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| Kousalya Murugesan
| ''[[Kanaa (film)|Kanaa]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–2021]]
|[[Aparna Balamurali]]
|Sundari Nedumaaran
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]
|[[Nithya Menen]]
|Shobana
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Tamil ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" rowspan="2"|[[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]
|[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]
| Farhana / Isha
|''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html</ref>
|-
|[[Aparna Das]]
| Sindhu
|''[[Dada (2023 film)|Dada]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center" |[[70th Filmfare Awards|2024]]
|[[Anna Ben]]
| Meena
|''[[Kottukkaali]]''
|style="text-align:center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Tamil) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-tamil-81911.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil}}
{{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - Tamil}}
[[Category:2015 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2015]]
[[Category:Awards for actresses]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Tamil)]]

Arakan

2026-02-23T16:54:50Z

JillianCogburn: minor refined information after review and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Historical area on the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal}}
{{About|the historical region of Arakan}}
{{About|Arakan as a region|history of the Rakhine|History of Rakhine||}}

{{use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name = {{lang|rki|အာရက္ခ}}
| conventional_long_name = Arakan
| common_name = Rakhine
| era =
| event_start = 2666 BC<ref>"Sir. Arthur Purves Phayers" 1883: p. 43</ref>
| year_start =
| date_start =
| event_end =
| year_end =
| date_end =
| life_span =
| event1 = Tribute to the [[Bengal Sultanate]]
| date_event1 = 1430 CE to 1435
| event2 = [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]]
| date_event2 = 1428–1784
| event3 = [[Third Burmese Empire|Burmese conquest]]
| date_event3 = 1784–1829
| event4 = [[British rule in Burma]]
| date_event4 = 1829–1948
| event5 = Burmese independence
| date_event5 = 1948–present
| event6 = [[Rakhine State]]
| date_event6 = 1989–present
| p1 =
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| p3 =
| flag_p3 =
| s1 =
| flag_s1 =
| s2 =
| flag_s2 =
| s3 =
| today =
| flag_s3 =
| image_map = Carte des Royaume de Siam, de tunquin, Pegu, Ava, Aracan &c.jpg
| image_map_caption = Arakan at its peak
| status_text = [[Dhanyawadi|Dhanyawadi Kingdom]] (4th/6th century) [[Waithali kingdom]] (8th century-10th century) [[Launggyet dynasty|Lemro Period]] (11th century) Vassal of [[Bengal Sultanate]] (15th–16th century) [[Mrauk U Kingdom]] (15th century-18th century) Part of [[Konbaung Dynasty]] (18th century) Part of [[Empire of Japan|Imperial Japan]] (1942–1945) Part of [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] (19th century) Province of [[Myanmar]] (1948–present)
| status = Independent kingdom; Burmese territory; British administrative division
| image_flag =
| flag_type =
| flag =
| image_coat =
| symbol =
| capital = [[Dhanyawadi]] [[Waithali]] [[Pyinsa]] [[Parein]] [[Nareinzara Toungoo]] [[Khreit]] 
[[Launggyet]] (1251–1429 [[Mrauk-U]] (1430–1785) [[Sittwe]] (19th century-present)
| national_anthem =
| common_languages =
| official_languages = [[Rakhine language|Rakhine]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]], [[Hinduism]], [[Animism]], [[Christianity]]
| currency =
| representative1 =
| representative2 =
| year_representative1 =
| year_representative2 =
| title_representative =
| deputy1 =
| deputy2 =
| year_deputy1 =
| year_deputy2 =
| title_deputy =
}}
'''Arakan''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ær|ə|k|æ|n}} or {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑːr|ə|ˈ|k|ɑː|n}};<ref>[[Columbia Encyclopedia]], s.v. [https://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/places/asia/myanmar-political-geography/rakhine-state "Rakhine State"].</ref> {{langx|my|ရက္ခိုင်}} {{IPA|my|jəkʰàɪɴ|}}, {{langx|rki|အာရက္ခ}} {{IPA|my|à.ɹəkʰa̼|}}), formerly [[Romanization|romanized]] as '''Aracan''', is the [[Historical geography|historical geographical]] name for the northeastern coastal region of the [[Bay of Bengal]], covering present-day [[Bangladesh]] and [[Myanmar]]. Historically known as "Arakan" for several centuries, the region is now generally associated with the geographically smaller [[Rakhine State]], situated in western Myanmar. The people of the region were known as the [[Rakhine people|Arakanese]].<ref name="scroll.in">{{cite web |date=29 September 2021 |title=The long history of the Rohingyas that Myanmar refuses to acknowledge |url=https://scroll.in/article/1006362/the-history-of-the-rohingyas-that-myanmar-refuses-to-acknowledge}}</ref><ref name="britannica.com">{{cite web |title=Arakanese | Definition, Location, & Ancient Kingdom | Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Arakanese}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sheikh |first=Nur-Mohammad |date=19 March 2023 |title=The return of the Arakanese Muslims: Could this be the beginning of a resolution to the Rohingya crisis? |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/307093/the-return-of-the-arakanese-muslims |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213193739/https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/307093/the-return-of-the-arakanese-muslims |archive-date=13 February 2024 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> When Burma gained independence from [[British Empire|Britain]] in 1948, the Burmese part of the region was called Arakan State. The [[Burmese military junta]] changed its name to Rakhine State in 1989 – along with the country's name being changed from Burma to [[Myanmar]], and its capital name from Rangoon to [[Yangon]], while Burmese language name remained unchanged as မြန်မာ (Myanmar) and ရန်ကုန် (Yangon).

Arakan's first states can be traced to the 4th century. Arakan was one of the first [[Indianised kingdoms]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. It was home to the sacred [[Mahamuni Buddha Temple|Mahamuni sculpture of Buddha]], which was later transferred to [[Mandalay]] by Burmese conquerors in the 18th century. For 356 years between 1428 and 1784, Arakan was ruled by the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] from the city of [[Mrauk U]].<ref name="britannica.com" /> In 1784, Arakan was annexed by the [[Konbaung Dynasty]] under the reign of King Bodawpaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bodawpaya {{!}} Monastic Reforms, Expansionism & Unification {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bodawpaya |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Arakanese expansion in the 1630.png|thumb|Arakanese expansion during the year 1630]]
[[Arakan Division]] was a part of [[British India]] and later fell under [[British rule in Burma]]. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Arakan was one of the world’s leading [[rice]] exporters. During [[World War II]], several Arakan Campaigns were conducted by [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] against the Japanese as part of the [[Burma Campaign]]. After Burma became independent in 1948, Arakan saw a movement for autonomy. Human rights deteriorated in the country after the [[1962 Burmese coup d'état]]. In 1974, a discriminatory citizenship law was enacted. In 1982, most Arakanese Muslims were stripped of citizenship. A segregated system of citizenship was introduced by Burma's military rulers. Both Arakanese Buddhists and Muslims experienced growing nationalism, including hopes for self-rule. The region was the site of the [[Rohingya genocide]] in 2016 and 2017.

==Etymology==
According to [[Arthur Purves Phayre]], a report by the [[Royal Geographical Society]] in November 1882 included a drafted paper by one Colonel Yule who discussed the oldest records of a sea route to China from the Middle East. Yule identified Arakan with the country of "Argyre" which means The Land of Silver or Silverland mentioned by the Greco-Roman geographer [[Claudius Ptolemy]].<ref>Lieut.-General Sir Arthur P. Phayre G.C.M.G, K.C.S.I., AND C.B., ‘Chapter V: Arakan’, History of Burma including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan: From the Earliest Time to the End of the First War with British India (2nd edn, 1967). 42</ref>
[[File:Arakan is known as Argyre (Silverland) in Greeko Egyptian Geographer Claudius Ptolemy's Maps.jpg|thumb|In 2nd Century AD, Arakan was known as Silverland (Argyre) according to Claudius Ptolemy's Map|422x422px]]
[[File:Claudius Ptolemy- The World.jpg|thumb|Ptolemy's World Atlas|205x205px]]

According to [[Aananda Candra Inscription]] inscripted in 8th Century CE, Arakan Region was mention as Arakkhadesha(အာရက္ခဒေသ) by Ananda Candra King.<ref>San Tha Aung. U, ‘Aananda Candra 8th Century Arakanes Waithali King'</ref>

In early 15th Century CE, [[Niccolò de' Conti]], a Venetian merchant and explorer mentioned Arakan as Rachani in his book the travels of Nicolo di Conti (c. A.D. 1396–1469) as recorded c. A.D. 1445 by [[Poggio Bracciolini]].<ref>Poggio Bracciolini 1445: p. 158</ref>

[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] records spelled the name as ''Arracao''.<ref name="Danvers1988">{{cite book|author=[[Frederick Charles Danvers]]|title=The Portuguese in India: Being a History of the Rise and Decline of Their Eastern Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MwOV-eenKy0C&pg=PA528|year=1988|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0391-2|page=528}}</ref> The name was spelled as ''Araccan'' in many old European maps and publications.<ref name="BankesBlake1800">{{cite book|author1=Thomas Bankes|author2=Edward Warren Blake|author3=Alexander Cook|author4=Thomas Lloyd|title=A New, Royal, and Authentic System of Universal Geography, Ancient and Modern: Including All the Late Important Discoveries ... and a Genuine History and Description of the Whole World ... Together with a Complete History of Every Empire, Kingdom, and State ... to which is Added a Complete Guide to Geography, Astronomy, the Use of the Globes, Maps ...|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYRcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA247|year=1800|page=247}}</ref> The area constituted [[Arakan Division]] under [[British rule in Burma]].<ref name="Siok-Hwa2012">{{cite book|author=Cheng Siok-Hwa|title=The Rice Industry of Burma, 1852–1940: (First Reprint 2012)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xOyvvnUnA-8C&pg=PA86|year=2012|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-439-1|page=86}}</ref> The name “Arakan” State was in use until 1989 when the military government of Burma changed the Latin spelling name to Rakhine State.<ref>Jacques Leider, Territorial Dispossession and Persecution in North Arakan (Rakhine), 1942–43 (2020) <https://www.toaep.org/pbs-pdf/101-leider/> accessed 5 August 2021.</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Naf River 2.JPG|thumb|The [[Arakan Mountains]] seen from [[Maungdaw District]] by the banks of the [[Naf River]].]]
The region known in Europe as Arakan is the {{convert|350|mile|km|-1}}-long eastern coastal shore of the [[Bay of Bengal]]. It comprises a long narrow strip of land and stretches from the banks of the [[Karnaphuli River]] on the border of the Chittagong Hills area in [[Bangladesh]] in the north to [[Cape Negrais]] in the south.<ref name="History of Burma including Burma proper Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim and Arakan, from the earliest time to the end of the first war with British India."><arthur="Sir Arthur Purves Phayre" 1883: p.41</ref>

The Arakan region is shaped moreover like a crescent around the eastern Bay of Bengal. Its geography is wider in the north and becomes narrower southward. It is about {{convert|90|mile|km|0|disp=or}} wide at its broadest. The [[Arakan Mountains]] (also called Arakan Yoma), a range that forms the eastern boundary of the region, isolates Arakan from the rest of Myanmar. The coast has several sizable large islands and multiple small islands and islets including [[Ramree Island]], [[Cheduba Island|Cheduba]], three Baronga Islands and Kun Chaung Island.<ref name="Revisit to Baronga Islands"><arthur"Kyi Khin and Aung Moe" 2005</ref>

Arakan has a [[tropical monsoon climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Am'') with a [[dry season]] from mid-November to mid-April and an extreme [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoonal]] [[wet season]] from mid-April to mid-November. Between June and August when monsoonal winds drive saturated air onto the high Arakan Yoma, most of the region receives over {{convert|1,000|mm|in|-1|disp=or}} of rainfall per month.

The region's principal rivers from north to south are:
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Naf River|Naf]]
*[[Mayu River|Mayu]]
* [[Kaladan River|Kaladan]]
*[[Lemro River|Lemro]]
* [[Yau River|Yaw Chaung]]
*[[Dalet River|Dalet Chaung]]
*[[Ma-e River]]
*[[La Muu River|La Muu Chaung]]
*[[Tann Lwey River|Tann Lwey Chaung]]
*[[Toungup River|Toungup Chaung]]
*[[Thahtay River|Thahtay Chaung]]
*[[Thandwe River|Thandwe Chaung]]
*[[Gwa River|Gwa Chaung]]
*[[Kalanetaung River|Tan Chaung]]
{{div col end}}
Only one-tenth of Arakan's generally hilly land is cultivated. [[Rice]] is the dominant main crop in the delta areas, where most of the population is concentrated. Other crops include [[coconut]], [[Nipa palm]], [[sugarcane]], [[peanut]], [[sesame]], [[chili pepper]], [[shallot]], [[tobacco]] and other seasonal fruits and vegetables.<ref name="britannica1">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Arakan |title=Arakan | state, Myanmar |publisher=Britannica.com |date=1959-08-21 |access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref>

The major cities and main towns are [[Sittwe]] (Akyab), [[Mrauk U]], [[Sandoway]], [[Kyaukpyu]], [[Kyauktaw]], [[Ramree]] and [[Taungup]].<ref name="britannica1" />

==History==
{{Main|History of Rakhine}}

===Antiquity===
[[File:Asia 200ad.jpg|thumb|A map showing Arakan as a neighbor to the kingdoms of the Ganges delta in 200 CE]]
[[File:Asia 400ad.jpg|thumb|A map showing Arakan as a neighbor to the Indian [[Gupta Empire]] in 400 CE]]
[[File:Bengale Tiré de "Oud en nieuw Oost-Indien" par François Valentyn (1724-26).jpg|thumb|"Arracan" shown on an old Dutch map]]
Arakan has been recognized “as one among other Burmese kingdoms competing for the control of power in Lower Burma”.<ref>Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 58</ref> The cities of [[Bago, Myanmar|Bago]], [[Bagan]], and [[Inwa]] were centers of political power in Burma proper. In contrast, independent Arakanese states were based in the capitals of [[Dhanyawadi]], [[Waithali|Vesali]], [[Launggyet|Laungyet]], and [[Mrauk U|Mrauk-U]]. The ruins of these cities are located in northern Arakan in proximity to the borderland of Bengal.

It is unclear who the earliest inhabitants were; some historians believe the earliest settlers included the Tibeto-Burman people [[Mro people (Awa Khami)|Mro]] tribe but there is a lack of evidence and no clear tradition of their origin or written records of their history.<ref>{{cite book|last=Beniison|first=J.J|title=Census of India, 1931: Burma Part I – Report|date=1933|publisher=Office of Superintendent, Government Printing and Stationery, Burma|location=Rangoon|page=149}}</ref> Arakanese traditional history holds that Arakan was inhabited by the [[Rakhine people|Rakhine]] since 3000 BCE, but there is no archaeological evidence to support the claim.<ref name="TopichLeitich">{{cite book|author1=William J. Topich|author2=Keith A. Leitich|title=The History of Myanmar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17|date=9 January 2013|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35725-1}}</ref>{{rp|17}} According to British historian [[D. G. E. Hall|Daniel George Edward Hall]], who wrote extensively on the history of Burma, "The Burmese do not seem to have settled in Arakan until possibly as late as the tenth century AD. Hence earlier dynasties are thought to have been Indian, ruling over a population similar to that of Bengal. All the capitals known to history have been in the north near modern Akyab".<ref>D. G. E Hall, ''A History of South East Asia'', New York, 1968, P. 389.</ref>

Arakan came under strong Indic influence from the [[Indian subcontinent]], particularly the ancient kingdoms of the Ganges delta. Arakan was one of the first regions in Southeast Asia to adopt [[Dharmic religions]]. It became one of the earliest [[Indianized kingdoms]] in Southeast Asia. [[Buddhist]] missionaries from the [[Mauryan Empire]] traveled through Arakan to other parts of [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name="Academy2003">{{cite book|author=British Academy|title=Proceedings of the British Academy, Volume 121, 2002 Lectures|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Q0nkz1w8z0C&pg=PA76|date=4 December 2003|publisher=OUP/British Academy|isbn=978-0-19-726303-7|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXw9pgWvFxUC&q=arakan+vesali+indianized |title=Vaishali and the Indianization of Arakan - Noel F. Singer - Google Books |date=1980-11-24 |isbn=9788131304051 |access-date=2017-09-17|last1=Singer |first1=Noel F. |publisher=APH }}</ref> [[Paul Wheatley (geographer)|Paul Wheatley]] chronicled the "Indianization" of Arakan.<ref>Pamela Gutman and Zaw Min Yu, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). 3</ref>

According to [[Pamela Gutman]], "Arakan was ruled by kings who adopted Indian titles and traditions to suit their own environment. Indian Brahmins conducted royal ceremonies, Buddhist monks spread their teachings, traders came and went and artists and architects used Indian models for inspiration. In the later period, there was also influence from the Islamic courts of Bengal and Delhi".<ref name="Burma's Lost Kingdoms 2001 p. 8">[[Pamela Gutman]] and Zaw Min Yu, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 8</ref> Gutman writes that “the maintenance of a state appropriate to kingship required the ministrations of increasing numbers of craftsmen and artisans, the most skilled of whom were often accommodated within the royal compound. It required the labour of a peasantry who contributed the surplus produce of their fields as a kind of tax in kind for the support of the court, and a band of armed retainers who acted as household guards, organised the peasantry as militia and enforced the authority of the ruler. Material defences – walls and moats protecting the palace and the city – were constructed and the city-state, the nagara, evolved. These transformations saw the tribal chieftain replaced by a divine king, shaman by brahmin priest, tribesman as cultivators by peasants, tribesmen as warriors by an army, and favoured the development of occupational specialisation. They were reflected in the conversion of the chief’s hut into a palace, the spirit house into a temple, the object of the spirit cult into the palladium of the state, and the boundary spirits which previously had protected the village into Indianized Lokapalas presiding over cardinal directions. This process can clearly be traced in Arakan, which received Indian culture by land from Bengal and by sea from other parts of India”.<ref name="Burma's Lost Kingdoms 2001 p. 8"/>

===First states and cities===
{{See also|Waithali Kingdom|Dhanyawadi|Chandra dynasty}}
[[File:Eastern Lower Bengal and Chittagong with Arakan.jpg|thumb|Bengal and Arakan in 1638]]
According to Arakanese old legendary Chronicles, the first Arakanese state flourished in [[Dhanyawadi]] between the 27th Century BC to 6th Centuriy CE.<ref>Arthur P. Phayre, 'History of Burma From the Earliest Time to the End of the First War with British India. 41</ref>
The city was the center of a large trade network linked to India, China and Persia.<ref name="TopichLeitich" />{{rp|18}} Power then shifted to the city of [[Waithali]], where the [[Candra dynasty]] ruled. Waithali became a wealthy trading port.<ref name="TopichLeitich" />{{rp|18}} The Candra-ruled [[Harikela]] state was known as the Kingdom of Ruhmi to the Arabs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Harikela |title=Harikela – Banglapedia |publisher=En.banglapedia.org |date=2014-05-05 |access-date=2017-09-17}}</ref> Evidence points to the use of the ancient Bengali script in Arakan.<ref>“Three medallions above the head contain sacred syllables in proto-Bengali script”. [[Pamela Gutman]] and
Zaw Min Yu, ‘Vesali’, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 57</ref> The Anandacandra inscription recorded the reign of the Candra dynasty.<ref>[[Pamela Gutman]] and Zaw Min Yu, Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan (Orchid Press 2001). p. 3</ref>

Since in the 8th century, Arab merchants began conducting missionary activities in southeast Asia.<ref name="Amrith2013">{{cite book|author=Sunil S. Amrith|title=Crossing the Bay of Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eWwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37|date=7 October 2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72846-2|page=37}}</ref> Some researchers have speculated that Muslims used [[trade route]]s in the region to travel to India and [[Islam in China|China]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/2016/09/14/the-thoroughfare-of-islam/|title=The thoroughfare of Islam – Dhaka Tribune|website=www.dhakatribune.com}}</ref> A southern branch of the [[Silk Road]] connected India, Burma and China since the [[Neolithic]] period.<ref name="Stockwell2002">{{cite book|author=Foster Stockwell|title=Westerners in China: A History of Exploration and Trade, Ancient Times through the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTlVP0u7JmsC&pg=PA15|date=30 December 2002|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-8189-7|page=15}}</ref><ref name="Gan2009">{{cite book|author=Fuxi Gan|title=Ancient Glass Research Along the Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVVkDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA70|year=2009|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-283-357-0|page=70}}</ref> It is unclear whether the [[Rakhine people]] were one of the tribes of the Burmese [[Pyu city-states]] because the people in those states at the time spoke a [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] language while Arakan (Rakhine) speakers are from the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] language family. They began migrating to Arakan through the Arakan Mountains in the 9th century. The Rakhines settled in the valley of the [[Lemro River]]. Their cities included Sambawak I, [[Pyinsa]], [[Parein]], Hkrit, Sambawak II, [[Myohaung]], [[Taungoo|Toungoo]] and [[Launggyet|Launggret]].<ref name="TopichLeitich" />{{rp|18–20}}

===Le-Mro Period===
Following the decline of the [[Waithali Kingdom]] around 818 CE, the political center of Arakan shifted to the Lemro Valley. Four principal cities known as [[Pyinsa]], [[Parein]], [[Hkrit]], and [[Launggyet]] served as successive capitals.<ref name="TopichLeitich" />

The Lemro period was an era in Arakanese history that lasted from the 9th to the 15th centuries CE. It is defined by the establishment of several successive capitals along the Lemro River, known collectively as "Lemro," which translates to "four cities" in the Rakhine language.<ref name="TopichLeitich3">{{cite book |author1=William J. Topich |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DIuaa5yKv-sC&pg=PA17 |title=The History of Myanmar |author2=Keith A. Leitich |date=9 January 2013 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-35725-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Benjamin |date=2021-01-19 |title=Cultural Profile: Rakhine, Buddhist Kingdom of Western Myanmar |url=https://pathsunwritten.com/myanmar-rakhine-kingdom/ |access-date=2025-03-19 |website=Paths Unwritten |language=en-us}}</ref>
[[File:Laungget_Ancient_City.jpg|thumb|Historical ruins of the ancient Launggyet city.]]
[[File:King Min Htee of Arakan.jpg|thumb|King [[Min Hti]] of Arakan]]
The [[Launggyet Dynasty]] (1251–1429) later marked the final phase of the Lemro period in Arakan's history.

===Kingdom of Mrauk U===
{{main|Kingdom of Mrauk U}}

[[File:Vista de Mrauk-U, ou Arrakan (cidade de Arracão) no primeiro plano o bairro português.jpg|thumb|In the 17th century, [[Mrauk U]] was home to a diverse population including Buddhists, Muslims, Christians and Hindus; from Arakan, Burma proper, Bengal, North India, Northeast India, the Middle East and Europe]]
[[File:Lord of The Golden Palace ABhaya MahaRaza.jpg|thumb|Coin which was stamped by Arakanese King [[Apaya|Apaya Maha Raza]] at the year of Arakanese Era 1136 (AD 1774)]]
[[File:A Chart of the Coast of Pegu with the Adjacent Coast of Arakan and Tanasserim.jpg|thumb|1798 AD map showing Arakan and its river route]]
Arakan was a kingdom under siege in the 14th and 15th centuries. Mon invaders from Lower Burma conquered southern Arakan, including [[Sandoway]]. In 1404, Burmese forces from Upper Burma conquered Laungyet. The ruler of Laungyet fled to the [[Bengal Sultanate]] during the Burmese invasion. According to [[Jacques Leider]], Min Saw Mun fled to Bengal in 1406 and returned to Arakan in 1428. Min Saw Mun arrived in Bengal for self-imposed exile during the reign of Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] (1389–1410) and left for Arakan during the reign of Sultan [[Jalaluddin Muhammad Shah]] (1415–1432).<ref>Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 63</ref> An academic consensus prevails that Min Saw Mun returned to Arakan, regained the throne and shifted the capital from Laungyet to [[Mrauk-U]] (erstwhile Mrohaung). The establishment of the capital at Mrauk-U heralded the most significant period in the history of Arakan. A new cosmopolitan kingdom emerged. In Arakanese traditional history, the restoration of the throne is glorified.

Bengali literary texts and coinage are among the chief primary sources to detail the history of Arakan during the Mrauk-U period. Min Saw Mun regained control of the throne with military assistance from the Bengal Sultanate. Arakan emerged as a [[vassal state]] of Bengal.<ref name="Mohammad Ali Chowdhury 2004">In the Arakanese tradition, we find that “The restored king agreed to be tributary to the king of Bengal”.” Mohammad Ali Chowdhury, ‘Bengal-Arakan Relations at the turn of the 15th century’, Bengal-Arakan Relations (1430–1666 A.D.) (1st edn, 2004). 32</ref> Burhanuddin became the first Muslim defense minister of Arakan.

Evidence points to an alliance between Bengal and Arakan to restore Min Saw Mun to the throne. The most significant evidence is that all post-restoration Arakanese rulers adopted Muslim titles in addition to native titles. This indicates a positive relationship with the court of Bengal. The throne of Tripura was also restored by the Bengal Sultanate. Arakanese traditional history states that Arakan was a tributary state of the Bengal Sultanate for a certain period.<ref name="Mohammad Ali Chowdhury 2004"/>

In the accounts of foreign travelers like Fray [[Sebastian Manrique]] and Bengali members of the Arakanese court, the kings were referred with their Muslim titles. But the kings did not convert to Islam and remained Buddhists. Between 1430 and 1638, a total of 16 kings are recorded to have used Muslim titles (nicknames).<ref name="BA">Bengal-Arakan Relations (1430–1666 A.D.) by Mohammed Ali Chowdhury</ref>

The Arakan region remained predominantly Buddhist, with the majority known today as the [[Rakhine people]]. Although all the kings of Arakan had Muslim titles (nicknames), none of them adopted the religion; they remained as Buddhists. <gallery>
File:King Min Razagyi.jpg|King Min Razagyi on Throne
File:King Sanda Thudhamma Raza of Arakan.jpg|King [[Sanda Thudhamma]] of [[Kingdom of Mrauk U|Arakan]].
File:King Maha Thammada Raza.jpg|[[Maha Thammada of Mrauk-U|Maha Thammada]], the last king of Arakan
</gallery>
[[File:Arakan(Arakan) in Bay of Bengal in AD 1690.jpg|thumb|Aracan(Arakan) in Buccaneer Atlas 1690 AD]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of the Kings of Arakan with Muslim titles (1430–1638)<ref name="BA" />
|-
! !! Native name !! Muslim title !! Reign
|-
| 1. || [[Min Saw Mon]] || Suleiman Shah || 1430–1434
|-
| 2. || Min Khari || Ali Shah I || 1434–1459
|-
| 3. || Basawpyu || Kalima Shah || 1459–1482
|-
| 4. || Min Dawlya || Maw Ku Shah || 1482–1492
|-
| 5. || Basawnyo || Muhammad Shah || 1492–1494
|-
| 6. || Ranaung || Nuri Shah || 1494
|-
| 7. || Salingatha || Sheikh Abdullah Shah || 1494–1501
|-
| 8. || Min Raza || Ilyas Shah || 1501–1513
|-
| 9. || Min Saw O || Zala Shah || 1515
|-
| 10. || Thazata || Ali Shah II || 1515–1521
|-
| 11. || Kasabadi || Jali Shah || 1523–1525
|-
| 12. || Min Bin || Zabauk Shah || 1531–1553
|-
| 13. || Min Palaung || Sikandar Shah I || 1571–1593
|-
| 14. || Min Raza Gyi || Salim Shah || 1593–1612
|-
| 15. || Min Khamaung || Hussain Shah || 1612–1622
|-
| 16. || Thiri Thudamma Raja || Sikandar Shah II || 1622–1638
|}
The [[History of slavery|slave trade]] was the backbone of the Arakanese economy. Leider explains that “Arakan was sadly famed as the main provider of slaves in the Bay of Bengal” unlike Bengal's trade in [[Muslin trade in Bengal|muslin]], silk, shipbuilding, and saltpeter. Arakan also became home to a growing Muslim community. They included Muslim traders from the [[Indian Ocean trade]] network and [[Sufi]] missionaries who established themselves along the coasts of Arakan. More Muslims were found among the thousands of inhabitants of Bengal who were forcibly deported to Arakan. They included artists, craftsmen, soldiers, and highly educated people who were employed by the royal court.<ref>Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 50-80</ref>

The kings imported labour, bureaucrats and artisans by raiding Lower Burma and southeast Bengal. They provided the craftsmen, guards, and artists at the palace; the rowers for the fleet, or the farmers on the royal lands. Some became ministers in the royal court. The heavy presence of [[Bengali Muslims]] was documented by Arakanese and European records. The Mons were deported after the fall of [[Pegu]]; they formed a group which could still be identified until the end of the eighteenth century. [[Afghans|Afghan]] soldiers fleeing the Mughal advance and Portuguese traders and adventurers settled in Arakan. They accepted appointments in the army. The hill chiefs of northern and southern Arakan provided troops who were ethnic [[Chak people|Thet]], [[Mru people|Mrung]], [[Chin people|Chin]], or from other small minority groups.<ref>Jacques Leider, 'Arakan's Ascent During The Mrauk U Period', Recalling Local Pasts: Autonomous History in Southeast Asia (Silkworm Books 2002). 81</ref>
[[File:Rakhine_mrauk_u_kingdom.jpg|thumb|Extent of the Mrauk-U Kingdom at its probable peak during the mid-16th century]]
[[Min Khayi|King Min Khayi]] was the first to challenge Bengali hegemony by expanding Arakanese controlled area up to North, conquering [[Ramu]] and challenged to [[Chittagong]]. His son and successor King [[Ba Saw Phyu]] defeated Bengal Sultan [[Rukunuddin Barbak Shah]] in 1459 and occupied the [[Chittagong]] but that period ain't prolonged. After [[Min Dawlya]], Arakan lost the territory of Chittagong temporarily until [[Min Bin]] took over, who conquered [[Chittagong]] again and further Northwest to Dhakha.

[[File:King Min Ban Statue.jpg|thumb|King [[Min Bin]] or Min Bar Gree Statue]]

Taking advantage of the [[Mughal Empire]]'s invasion campaign of Bengal, the Arakan navy and [[pirate]]s dominated a coastline of 1000 miles, spanning from the [[Sundarbans]] to [[Moulmein]].

[[File:Arakanese Galleass at Ichamatic River near Pipli, West Bengal was in Battlefields Ready Position against Moguls Cavalry.jpg|thumb|Arakanese Galleass at Ichamatic River near Pipli, West Bengal was in Battlefields Ready Position against Moguls Cavalry.]]

The kingdom's coastline was frequented by Arab, [[Dutch East India Company|Dutch]], [[Danish East India Company|Danish]] and [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] traders. Control of the [[Kaladan River]] and Lemro River valleys led to increased [[international trade]], making Mrauk U prosperous. The reigns of [[Min Phalaung]], [[Min Razagyi|Min Razagri]] and grandson [[Min Khamaung]] strengthened the wealth and power of Mrauk U.<ref name="TopichLeitich" />{{rp|20–21}} Arakan colluded in the [[History of slavery|slave trade]] with the [[Portuguese settlement in Chittagong]] and with Dutch traders. After conquering the port city of [[Syriam]] in the early 1600s, Arakan appointed the Portuguese mercenary [[Filipe de Brito e Nicote|Philip De Brito e Nicota]] as the governor of Syriam. But Nicota later transferred Syriam to the authority of [[Portuguese India]].<ref name="TopichLeitich" /> Even after independence from the Sultans of Bengal, the Arakanese kings continued the custom of maintaining Muslim titles.{{Sfn|Yegar|2002|pp=23–24}} They compared themselves to [[Sultan]]s and fashioned themselves after [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rulers. They also continued to employ Indians and Muslims from Bengal in prestigious positions within the royal administration.{{Sfn|Yegar|2002|p=24}} The court adopted Indian and Islamic fashions from neighbouring Bengal.{{Sfn|Yegar|2002|p=24}}{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|p=398}} Mrauk U hosted [[mosque]]s, [[temple]]s, [[shrine]]s, [[seminary|seminaries]] and [[libraries]].<ref name="TopichLeitich" />{{rp|22}} [[Alaol|Syed Alaol]] and [[Daulat Qazi]] were prominent poets of Arakan.<ref name="OrsiniSchofield2015">{{cite book|author1=[[Francesca Orsini]]|author2=Katherine Butler Schofield|title=Tellings and Texts: Music, Literature and Performance in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P0SlCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA424|date=5 October 2015|publisher=Open Book Publishers|isbn=978-1-78374-102-1|page=424}}</ref> The Santikan Mosque was built in Mrauk U.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/hidden-city-myanmar-180973486/ |title=The Hidden City of Myanmar}}</ref>
[[File:Bandel of Road which lead to Capital of Arakan.png|thumb|Boungdet Harbour and Trading Post of Arakan (Mrauk-U) in 17th Century]]

In 1660, [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], the brother of [[Emperor Aurangzeb]] and a claimant of the [[Peacock Throne]], received asylum in Mrauk U. Members of Shuja's entourage were recruited in the Arakanese army and court. They were kingmakers in Arakan until the Burmese conquest.<ref name="Osman2017">{{cite book|author=Mohamed Nawab Mohamed Osman|title=Islam and Peacebuilding in the Asia-Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwYrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24|date=19 June 2017|publisher=World Scientific|isbn=978-981-4749-83-1|page=24}}</ref> Arakan suffered a major defeat to the forces of [[Mughal Bengal]] during the [[Mughal conquest of Chittagong|Battle of Chittagong]] in 1666, when Mrauk U lost control of southeast Bengal. The Mrauk U dynasty's reign continued until the 18th century.
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="180" caption="Ruins of Mrauk U">
File:Haridaung-Mrauk U-Aussicht-12-Pagoden im Dunst-gje.jpg|Skyline of Mrauk U
File:Couloir-Koe-Thaung.jpg|Koe-Thaung Gateway
File:Andaw-Mrauk U-14-Ratanabon-gje.jpg|Ratanabon
File:Ratanabon Paya.jpg|Pagodas in Mrauk U
</gallery>

===Burmese conquest===
{{Main|Konbaung Dynasty conquest of Arakan}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| caption_align = center
| image1 = Konbaung 1767 Map 2.png
| caption1 = Arakan and the Burmese Empire in 1767
| width1 = 225
| image2 = Konbaung dynasty 3.png
| caption2 = The Burmese Empire in 1824 covering Arakan
| width2 = 225
| total_width =
}}
The [[Konbaung Dynasty]] conquered Arakan in 1784. Mrauk U was devastated during the invasion.<ref name="TopichLeitich" />{{rp|22}} The Burmese Empire executed thousands of men and deported a considerable portion of people from the Arakanese population to central Burma.{{Sfn|Aye Chan|2005|p=399}} The independence of Arakan ended in 1784 when Burmese forces conquered Mrauk-U. The Arakanese royal court was deported to central Burma. The religious relics of the kingdom, including the sacred [[Mahamuni Buddha Temple|Mahamuni sculpture of Buddha]], were seized and transferred to [[Amarapura]] in [[Mandalay District|Mandalay]].

Rakhine rebellions were suppressed. Many Rakhine Buddhists fled by sea to the [[Barisal]] region of Bengal, where their descendants continue to live today.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Rakhain,_The |title=Rakhain, the – Banglapedia }}</ref> It is also likely that Arakanese Muslims became dispersed across Burma and Bengal as either deportees or refugees due to the conflict. Arakan experienced a demographic vacuum as a result of the Burmese conquest. There were several uprisings against Burmese rule, including a rebellion by Chin Bya in 1811.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/burma/burm005-01.htm |title=Burma/Bangladesh: Burmese Refugees in Bangladesh – Historical Background}}</ref> The uprisings caused recurrent Burmese raids into British India, which led to the First Anglo-Burmese War.

===British Empire===
{{See also|Arakan Division}}
[[File:British attack in Burma 1824.png|thumb|left|[[First Anglo-Burmese War]]]]
[[File:Northeast-India-in-1855-Colton-map.jpg|thumb|Arakan was incorporated into the [[Bengal Presidency]] after the British conquest in 1829]]
[[File:Arakan Division 1931.png|thumb|British [[Arakan Division]] in 1931]]
The Burmese Empire ceded Arakan to the [[British East India Company]] in the 1826 [[Treaty of Yandabo]]. Arakan became one of the [[divisions of British India]]. Initially governed as part of the [[Bengal Presidency]], it received many settlers from neighboring [[Chittagong Division]]. The settlers became influential in commerce, agriculture and shipping.
[[File:Natives_of_Arrakan_sell_slaves_to_the_Dutch_East_India_Company_(1663).jpg|thumb|Natives of [[Rakhine State|Arakan]] selling slaves to the [[Dutch East India Company]], c.1663 CE]]
During British rule, Arakan Division was one of the largest [[rice]] exporters in the world.<ref name="Hartwig1863">{{cite book|author=Georg Hartwig|title=The Tropical World: a Popular Scientific Account of the Natural History of the Animal and Vegetable Kingdoms in the Equatorial Regions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-uA8AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159|year=1863|publisher=Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, and Green|page=159}}</ref> Arakan was the pioneer of the rice industry in British Burma. The emergence of Burma as a global rice exporter in the 20th century can be traced to Arakan. As one of the earliest regions to be conquered by the British, Arakan saw the removal of export restrictions imposed by the Burmese Empire. Rice was exproted to Bengal and beyond.<ref>Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century' (1965) 6 Journal of Southeast Asian History. 69</ref> Akyab (now Sittwe), the divisional capital of Arakan, was located in proximity to the [[Chittagong Division]] of [[Bengal Presidency|British Bengal]]. In 1840, Akyab exported 74,500 tons of rice valued at an estimated 1.2 million rupees. In 1855, Akyab exported 162,000 tons of rice valued at an estimated 3 million rupees. The growth in rice exports was driven by the expansion of farmland – by clearing out jungles and cultivating paddy fields.
[[File:Illustration of Mrauk U under British occupation in 1834.jpg|thumb|A very nice illustration of Mrauk U under British occupation in 1834. We are looking from the east, where the Pioneers (an engineer group) were camped. The walled palace at this time was still occupied by buildings.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Annual Average Exports of Rice from Burma to Europe<ref>Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century' (1965) 6 [[Journal of Southeast Asian History]].</ref>
|-
! Period !! In Thousands of Tons
|-
| 1865 to 1870 || 308
|-
| 1871 to 1875 || 484
|-
| 1876 to 1880 || 557
|-
| 1881 to 1885 || 707
|-
| 1886 to 1890 || 657
|}
Agriculturalists from [[Chittagong]] played an important role in the development of the rice economy in Arakan. When the British took control of Arakan, the borderland with Bengal was filled with dense vegetation. British objectives in Arakan centred on stimulating the rice economy. Transforming forests and barren land into paddy fields offered the potential of generating revenue by taxing rice farmers. The colonial economy in South and Southeast Asia depended on the taxation of farmers. Arakan neighboured the densely populated province of Bengal where demand for rice was high. Rice was a staple food of Bengal and demand for rice surged during periods of food shortages and famine. Arakan met this demand and profited from the rice trade. Akyab had shipping links with the ports of Bengal, including [[Calcutta]], Chittagong, [[Port of Narayanganj|Narayanganj]], [[Goalundo Ghat|Goalundo]] and [[Port of Dhaka|Dacca]]. By the 20th century, Akyab enjoyed shipping links with Europe, Malaya, China, Ceylon and the Dutch East Indies. Arakanese rice was being exported to many parts of the world. The [[American Civil War]] disrupted the rice supply chain from the southern states of the United States of America. European traders and millers looked for an alternative location for rice imports. British Burma, with its expanding and low cost rice production, provided a lucrative alternative to the United States. The arrival of leading European banking and shipping companies in Burma propelled the rice trade into the single most important cash crop sector of the Burmese economy. In 1864, [[Liverpool]] imported an estimated 1000 tons of rice from Burma.<ref>Cheng Siok Hwa, 'The Development of the Burmese Rice Industry in the Late Nineteenth Century' (1965) 6 Journal of Southeast Asian History. 74–75</ref> The opening of the [[Suez Canal]] lowered the cost of shipping from Burma. European firms began to set up rice mills in Burma itself. Indian and Chinese merchants proliferated Burma’s ports. The rice economy supported the development of infrastructure, public services and other sectors of commerce. Rice from Lower Burma and Arakan became the backbone of the Burmese economy.

In 1869, Muslims constituted 12.24% of the population in Arakan. In 1931, they constituted 25.56%. In the divisional capital Akyab, the share of the Muslim population increased from 20.67% in 1869 to 38.41% in 1931. The British administration considered Chittagonian migration from Bengal as a key factor in the growth of the Muslim population. The colonial government encouraged Chittagonian migration as part of its policy to expand the rice economy in Arakan. The northern part of Arakan received the largest influx of settlers. The township of Naaf (now Maungdaw), which bordered Chittagong Division, became an extension of farmlands in [[Cox’s Bazar]]. The Naaf economy was essentially integrated with the greater Chittagong economy. Between the 1870s and 1880s, the Naaf experienced a surge in population growth due to immigration. Settlers included not only Muslims and Hindus from Chittagong; but also returning Buddhist refugees who were displaced by earlier wars. Muslims formed the overwhelming majority of settlers. This was complemented by the transformation of waste lands into rice fields. Settlers constituted 70% of Naaf’s population, owned 79% of cultivated land and held 84% of tax-paying landed property.<ref>Jacques Leider, 'The Chittagonians In Colonial Arakan: Seasonal And Settlement Migrations', Colonial Wrongs and Access to International Law (Torkel Opsahl Academic EPublisher 2020).</ref> Colonial census reports in 1921 and 1931 described Arakanese Muslims with various terms, including “Arakan Mahomedans”, “Chittagonian Mahomedans born in Burma”, “Chittagonian Mahomedans born outside of Burma”, “Bengali Mahomedans born in Burma”, “Bengali Mahomedans born outside of Burma”, “Indian Muslims” and “Indo-Burmans”.<ref name="scroll.in"/> In 1937, Arakan became part of [[Burma Province]], which was separated from India into a distinct [[crown colony]].

====World War II====
{{See also|Arakan Campaign 1942–43|Burma Campaign}}
[[File:3rd Commando Brigade coming ashore in The Third Arakan campaign.jpg|thumb|[[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]] crossing a river during the Third Arakan Campaign in 1945]]
During [[World War II]], Arakan endured the [[Japanese occupation of Burma]]. The [[Burma National Army]] and the pro-British [[V Force]] were active in the region. Sectarian tensions flared during the [[Arakan massacres in 1942]]. Japanese rule ended with the successful [[Burma Campaign]] by [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]].

The division's seaport and capital Akyab were dominated by [[Arakanese Indians]] who were aligned with the British, which caused tension with [[Arakanese people|Arakanese Burmese]], many of whom were aligned with the Japanese.<ref name="BaylyHarper2005">{{cite book|author1=Christopher Alan Bayly|author2=Timothy Norman Harper|title=Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC&pg=PA91|year=2005|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-01748-1|page=91}}</ref> Both groups were represented as natives in the [[Legislative Council of Burma]] and the [[Legislature of Burma]]. In the 1940s, Arakanese Muslims appealed to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] to incorporate the townships of the Mayu River valley into the [[Dominion of Pakistan]].{{Sfn|Yegar|1972|p=10}}

===Burmese independence===
{{See also|Mayu Frontier District|Rakhine State}}

Arakan became one of the [[Union of Burma]]'s divisions after independence from British rule. Burma was a [[parliamentary democracy]] until the [[1962 Burmese coup d'état]]. The northern part of Arakan was governed by the central government in [[Rangoon]] in the early 1960s. Known as the [[Mayu Frontier District]], it covered townships near the border with [[East Pakistan]].

In 1982, the Burmese [[junta (governing body)|junta]] enacted the [[Burmese nationality law]] which did not recognize Arakanese Indians as one of Burma's ethnic groups, thereby stripping them of their citizenship. In 1989, the Burmese government altered the country's name from Burma to Myanmar. In the 1990s, the [[State Peace and Development Council]] changed the name of Arakan State to [[Rakhine State]]. The province was renamed after the [[Rakhine people|Rakhine ethnic group]]. However, the new name is not accepted as legitimate by many in both the Rakhine and [[Rohingya people|Rohingya]] communities, instead preferring the historical term Arakan.

Rakhine-led groups like the [[Arakan Liberation Army]] have sought independence for the region. Other groups, including the [[Arakan Rohingya National Organization]], have demanded [[Autonomism (political doctrine)|autonomy]]. The region witnessed military crackdowns during [[Operation King Dragon]] in 1978; in 1991 and 1992 after the [[8888 uprising]] and [[1990 Burmese general election]]; the [[2012 Rakhine State riots]], the [[2015 Rohingya refugee crisis]] and [[Rohingya persecution in Myanmar (2016-present)]].

==Demographics==
{{See also|Rakhine State#Demographics}}
The people of Arakan have historically been called the Arakanese.<ref name="scroll.in"/> The population predominantly consists of [[Tibeto-Burman]]s Rakhine Buddhists and significant population of [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryans]] Rohingya Muslims. Tibeto-Burman Arakanese speak the [[Arakanese language]], also known as ''Rakhine'' which is closely related to [[Burmese language|Burmese]].<ref>[https://ia601500.us.archive.org/3/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.105580/2015.105580.British-Burma-Gazetteer-Vol2.pdf British Burma Gazetteer, Volume 2, 1879, Akyab, Page 4-30]</ref><ref>[https://dn720005.ca.archive.org/0/items/burma-gazetteer-akyab-district-vol-a-1917/Burma%20Gazetteer%20Akyab%20District%20Vol%20A%201917.pdf Burma Gazetteer, Akyab District, 1917, R. B. Smart, Chapter 3, The People, Pg 83]</ref><ref>[https://ia801509.us.archive.org/1/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.55782/2015.55782.Eastern-Bengal-District-Gazetteers---Chittagong_text.pdf Eastern Bengal District Gazetteers, Chittagon, 1908, L. S. S. O’MALLEY, Chapter 3, The People, Pg 48]</ref> The Indo-Aryan Arakanese (Rohingya) speaks the [[Rohingya language]] which is closely related to [[Chittagonian language]]. Other languages spoken by smaller communities in Rakhine state include the Tibeto-Burman people of [[Chak language|Chak]], [[Asho Chin language|Asho Chin]], [[Ekai language|Ekai]], [[Khumi language|Kumi]], [[Laitu language|Laitu]], [[Mru language|Mru]], [[Songlai language|Songlai]], [[Sumtu language|Sumtu]], [[Uppu language|Uppu]] and [[Chakma language|Chakma]].<ref>{{cite web|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2019|title=Myanmar – Languages|website = Ethnologue|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/MM/languages
}}</ref>

The [[government of Myanmar]] recognizes Tibeto-Burman Arakanese as the [[Rakhine people]]. It also recognizes sections of the Muslim community, including the [[Kamein]].{{citation needed|date=June 2019}} But Myanmar does not recognize the [[Rohingya]].

Arakan Division had the largest percentage of Indians in [[British Burma]].<ref name="Taylor1987">
{{cite book|author= Robert H. Taylor|title= The State in Burma|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ67PFWJJwgC&pg=PA126|year= 1987|publisher= C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn= 978-1-85065-028-7|pages= 126–127}}
</ref>

==See also==
*[[Military history of Myanmar#Arakan|Military history of Arakan]]
*[[History of Southeast Asia]]
*[[History of Rakhine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |author=Aye Chan |url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |title=The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar) |journal=[[SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research]] |date=Autumn 2005 |volume=3 |number=2 |access-date=11 September 2017 |archive-date=12 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712065830/http://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Yegar|first=Moshe|title=Muslims of Burma|url=http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19720101-Muslims-Of-Burma-by-Moshe-Yegar.pdf|year=1972|publisher=Verlag Otto Harrassowitz|location=Wiesbaden}}
* {{cite book |last=Yegar |first=Moshe |author-link=Moshe Yegar |title=Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma / Myanmar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&pg=PA23 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield|Lexington Books]] |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=978-0-7391-0356-2}}

==External links==
*{{commons category-inline}}

[[Category:History of Rakhine|.]]
[[Category:Historical regions in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Regions of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Former countries in Burmese history]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Rakhine State]]

Rāja yoga

2026-02-09T09:59:38Z

JillianCogburn: improved article

{{Short description|Highest state of yoga and synonymous term for Patanjali's system of yoga}}
{{About|the highest form of yoga according to various traditions|Patanjali's yoga|Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|the concept from which the Yoga Sutras were derived|Yoga (philosophy)}}
{{Italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
{{Hinduism}}

In [[Sanskrit]] texts, '''''Raja yoga''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|dʒ|ə|_|ˈ|j|oʊ|g|ə}}) was both the goal of [[yoga]] and a method to attain it. The term was later adopted as a modern label for the practice of yoga<ref name=jasonbirch/>{{sfn|Mallinson-1|2011}} when [[Swami Vivekananda]] gave his interpretation of the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]'' in his 1896 book ''[[Raja Yoga (book)|Raja Yoga]]''.<ref name=vivekarajayoga>Swami Vivekananda, ''Raja Yoga'', {{ISBN|978-1500746940}}</ref> Since then, Rāja yoga has variously been called '''[[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|ashtanga yoga]]''', '''royal yoga''', '''royal union''', '''sahaja marg''', and '''classical yoga'''.<ref name="thehindubusinessline.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/worlds-largest-meditation-centre-in-hyderabad/article30643824.ece | title=World's largest meditation centre coming up in Hyderabad | date=24 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Etymology and usage==

''Raja'' (Sanskrit: राज) means "king, sovereign, chief, best or most excellent of its kind".<ref>[https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/csl-apidev/servepdf.php?dict=MW&page=872,3 rāja] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref> The historical use of the term ''Raja yoga'' is found in other contexts, quite different from its modern usage. In ancient and medieval Sanskrit texts, it meant the highest state of yoga practice (one reaching [[samādhi]]).{{sfn|Mallinson-1|2011}}

The 15th century ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]'' authored by Swatmarama presents [[hatha yoga]] as a preparatory and complementary practice that leads to the state of Raja yoga:

{{blockquote|Success in Raja Yoga cannot be attained without Hatha Yoga, nor can success in Hatha Yoga be attained without Raja Yoga. Therefore, both should be practiced until perfection is achieved. (2.76)}}

Raja Yoga is defined in the text as:
{{blockquote|The union of the mind and the soul is called Raja Yoga. (4.77)}}

The author also warns against exclusive reliance on physical practices:
{{blockquote|Those who are ignorant of Raja Yoga and practice only Hatha Yoga waste their energy fruitlessly. (4.79)}}

According to Swarmarama, these verses underscore the traditional view that physical practices such as āsanas and prāṇāyāma (core to Hatha Yoga) serve to purify and stabilize the body–mind complex, preparing the practitioner for deeper meditative absorption characteristic of Raja Yoga.<ref>{{cite book |last=Swatmarama |title=Hatha Yoga Pradipika |translator=Pancham Sinh |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |year=1934 |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/hyp/index.htm |access-date=2025-05-18}}</ref>

Raja yoga is discussed in the ''[[Yogatattva Upanishad]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last= Ayyangar |first=TR Srinivasa |title=The Yoga Upanishads |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheYogaUpanishads/TheYogaUpanisadsSanskritEngish1938#page/n301/mode/2up |year=1938 |publisher=The Adyar Library |page=301}}</ref> It is then mentioned in a 16th-century commentary on a specific step in the ''[[Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali]]''.<ref name=jasonbirch/> The medieval era Tantric work ''[[Dattātreyayogaśāstra]]'' explains in 334 shlokas the principles of four yogas: [[Mantra]] yoga, Hatha yoga, [[Laya yoga]] and Raja yoga.<ref>Antonio Rigopoulos (1998), Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791436967}}, page 62</ref> [[Alain Daniélou]] states that ''Rāja yoga'' was, in the historic literature of Hinduism, one of five known methods of yoga, with the other four being ''Hatha yoga'', ''Mantra yoga'', ''Laya yoga'' and ''Shiva yoga''.<ref name=alaindanielou>Alain Daniélou (1991), Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe, {{ISBN|978-0892813018}}, Chapters 1-12</ref> Daniélou translates it as "Royal way to reintegration of Self with Universal Self ([[Brahman]])." The term became a modern [[retronym]] in the 19th century when [[Swami Vivekananda]] equated raja yoga with the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali.<ref name=jasonbirch/>{{sfn|Mallinson-1|2011}}<ref name=vivekarajayoga/> This meaning is different from that in the ''Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā'', a text of the [[Nath|Natha sampradaya]].{{sfn|Mallinson-2|2011}}

The [[Brahma Kumaris]], a new religious movement, teaches a form of meditation it calls "Raja yoga" that has nothing to do with either the precepts of Hatha Yoga or Patañjali's ''Yoga Sūtras''.<ref name=jasonbirch>[[Jason Birch]] (2013), Råjayoga: The Reincarnations of the King of All Yogas, ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'', Volume 17, Issue 3, pages 401–444</ref>

Modern interpretations and literature that discuss ''Raja yoga'' often credit Patañjali's ''Yogasūtras'' as their textual source, but many neither adopt the teachings nor the philosophical foundations of the Yoga school of Hinduism.<ref name=jasonbirch/> This mixing of concepts has led to confusion in understanding historical and modern Indian literature on Yoga.{{sfn|Mallinson-1|2011}}{{sfn|Mallinson-2|2011}}

==History==

[[File:Swami Vivekananda 1896.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Swami Vivekananda]] equated raja yoga with the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]''.<ref name=vivekarajayoga/>]]

{{anchor|Amanaska}}

===In Shaivism ===

{{main|Samadhi}}

The [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] Yoga text, ''Amanaska'', dated from the 12th century CE or earlier, is a dialogue between [[Vamadeva]] and the deity [[Shiva]]. In the second chapter, the text mentions Raja yoga. It states that it is so named because it enables the yogin to reach the illustrious king within oneself, the supreme self.<ref>Jason Birch (2013), The Amanaska: King of All Yogas, Ph.D. Dissertation, Oxford University</ref> Raja yoga is declared as the goal where one experiences nothing but the bliss of the undisturbed, the natural state of calm, serenity, peace, communion within and contentment.<ref name=jasonbirch/>

The Raja yoga goal and state are synonymous with various terms, such as ''Amanaska'', ''Unmani'' and ''Sahaj''.<ref>Gerald James Larson and Karl H. Potter (2011), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation, Volume XII, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120833494}}, pages 364, 366</ref> The ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika]]'' (literally, ''A Little Light on Hatha Yoga'') asserts this as follows,<ref name=hathyoga/>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
'''राजयोगः समाधि'''श्च उन्मनी च मनोन्मनी <nowiki>| अमरत्वं लयस्तत्त्वं शून्याशून्यं परं पदम || ३ ||
अमनस्कं तथाद्वैतं निरालम्बं निरञ्जनम | जीवन्मुक्तिश्च सहजा तुर्या चेत्येक-वाचकाः || ४ ||
सलिले सैन्धवं यद्वत्साम्यं भजति योगतः | तथात्म-मनसोरैक्यं समाधिरभिधीयते || ५ ||
यदा संक्ष्हीयते पराणो मानसं च परलीयते | तदा समरसत्वं च समाधिरभिधीयते || ६ ||
तत-समं च दवयोरैक्यं जीवात्म-परमात्मनोः | परनष्ह्ट-सर्व-सङ्कल्पः समाधिः सोऽभिधीयते || ७ ||</nowiki>

'''Raja yoga''', samadhi, unmani, manonmani, amaratva, laya, tatva, [[Śūnyatā|sunya]], asunya, parama pada,
amanaska, [[advaita]], niralamba, niranjana, [[jivanmukti]], sahaja and turiya denote the same state of being.
Just as with salt dissolved in water becomes one with it, so the union of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] and ''Manas'' (mind) is denominated samadhi,
When the breath becomes exhausted, and mind becomes ''Praliyate'' (still, reabsorbed), they fuse into union called samadhi.
This equality, this oneness of the two, the living self and the absolute self, when all ''Sankalpa'' (desire, cravings) end is called samadhi.
</poem>
|Hath Yoga Pradipika, 4.3 - 4.7|<ref name=hathyoga>Sanskrit and English: [https://archive.org/stream/HathaYogaPradipika-SanskritTextWithEnglishTranslatlionAndNotes#page/n153/mode/2up Hath Yoga Pradipika], Pancham Singh (Translator), {{oclc|897482}}, pages 154-155; '''Modern Translation (English):''' GW Briggs (2009), Gorakhnāth and the Kānphaṭa Yogīs, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805644}}, page 343</ref>}}

===As a type of yoga===

Some medieval Indian texts on Yoga list Rajayoga as one of many types of yoga.<ref name=jasonmedievallist/> For example, the 17th-century Sarvanga yoga pradipikå, a Braj-bhashya commentary by Sundardas, teaches three tetrads of Yogas. The first group is [[Bhakti yoga]], Mantra yoga, [[Kundalini yoga|Laya yoga]], and Carcha yoga; the second is [[Hatha yoga]], Raja yoga, Laksha yoga, and [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga yoga]]; the third is [[Samkhya]] yoga, [[Jnana yoga|Jñana yoga]], Brahma yoga, and Advaita yoga. Of the twelve, Sundardas states that Rajayoga is the best yoga.<ref name=jasonmedievallist>Jason Birch (2013), Råjayoga: The Reincarnations of the King of All Yogas, ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'', Volume 17, Issue 3, pages 415-416</ref>

===As the yoga system of Patanjali===

{{main|Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)}}

[[File:patanjali.jpg|upright|thumb|right|[[Patanjali|Patañjali]] statue (traditional form indicating [[Kundalini energy|Kundalini]] or incarnation of [[Shesha]])]]

One meaning of Raja yoga is as a modern retronym introduced by Swami Vivekananda, when he equated raja yoga with the ''[[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali]]''.{{sfn|Mallinson-1|2011}}<ref name=jasonbirch/><ref name=vivekarajayoga/> After its circulation in the first half of the 1st millennium CE, many Indian scholars reviewed it, then published their ''Bhāṣya'' (notes and commentary) on it. Together, they form a canon called the ''Pātañjalayogaśāstra'' ("The Treatise on Yoga of Patañjali").{{sfn|Maas|2006}}<ref>Larson, p. 21–22.</ref>

According to Axel Michaels, the ''Yoga Sutras'' are built upon fragments of texts and traditions from ancient India.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=267}} According to Feuerstein, the ''Yoga Sutras'' are a condensation of two different traditions, namely [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|"eight limb yoga" (ashtanga yoga)]] and action yoga (''[[Kriya Yoga school|kriya yoga]]'').{{sfn|Feuerstein|1978|p=108}} The ''kriya yoga'' part is contained in chapter 1, chapter 2 verse 1-27, chapter 3 except verse 54, and chapter 4.{{sfn|Feuerstein|1978|p=108}} The "eight limb yoga" is described in chapter 2 verse 28-55, and chapter 3 verse 3 and 54.{{sfn|Feuerstein|1978|p=108}}

There are numerous parallels in the ancient [[Samkhya]], Yoga and [[Abhidharma]] schools of thought, particularly from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century AD, notes Larson.<ref name=l4345>Larson, pp. 43-45</ref> Patanjali's Yoga Sutras may be a synthesis of these three traditions. From the Samkhya school of Hinduism, Yoga Sutras adopt the "reflective discernment" (''adhyavasaya'') of ''prakrti'' and ''purusa'' (dualism), its metaphysical rationalism, and its three [[epistemology|epistemic]] methods to gaining reliable knowledge.<ref name=l4345/> From Abhidharma Buddhism's idea of ''nirodhasamadhi'', suggests Larson, Yoga Sutras adopt the pursuit of an altered state of awareness. However, unlike Buddhism, which believes that there is neither self nor soul, Yoga is physicalist and realist, like Samkhya, in believing that each individual has a self and soul.<ref name=l4345/> The third concept that Yoga Sutras synthesizes into its philosophy is the ancient [[Sannyasa|ascetic]] traditions of isolation, meditation and introspection, as well as the yoga ideas from the 1st millennium BCE Indian texts such as [[Katha Upanishad]], [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] and [[Maitri Upanishad]].<ref name=l4345/>

===Islamic period===

In early 11th century, the Persian scholar [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī|Al Biruni]] visited India, lived among Hindus for 16 years, and with their help translated several significant Sanskrit works into Arabic and Persian. One was Patanjali's Yogasutras.<ref name=sptg>S Pines and T Gelblum (Translators from Arabic to English, 1966), Al-Bīrūni (Translator from Sanskrit to Arabic, ~ 1035 AD), and Patañjali, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/611180 Al-Bīrūnī's Arabic Version of Patañjali's ''Yogasūtra''], ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', Vol. 29, No. 2 (1966), pages 302-325</ref>{{sfn|White|2014}}<ref>Hellmut Ritter, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1579273 al-Bīrūnī's übersetzung des ''Yoga-Sūtra des Patañjali''], Oriens, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Dec. 31, 1956), pages 165-200 (in German)</ref> Along with generally accurate translations, Al Biruni's text has significant differences from Yogasutra manuscripts discovered in India during the 19th century. Al Biruni's record has helped modern scholars establish that Patanjali's ''Yogasutras'' manuscript existed in India in many versions, each with multiple commentaries by Hindu scholars. Some of these versions and commentaries are either lost or undiscovered.<ref name=sptg/> Al Biruni's translation preserved many of the core themes of Yoga philosophy of Hinduism; however, certain sutras and analytical commentaries were restated, making them more consistent with Islamic monotheistic theology.<ref name=sptg/><ref>Philipp Maas (2013), A Concise Historiography of Classical Yoga Philosophy, in Periodization and Historiography of Indian Philosophy (Editor: Eli Franco), Sammlung de Nobili, Institut für Südasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde der Universität Wien, {{ISBN|978-3900271435}}, pages 53-90, {{oclc|858797956}}</ref> Al Biruni's version of Yoga Sutras reached Persia and Arabian peninsula by about 1050 AD.

In Indian [[Timeline of Indian history#13th century|historical timeline]], marking with the [[Delhi Sultanate|arrival of Islam]] in India in twelfth century, further development and literature on Yoga philosophy of Hinduism went into decline.{{sfn|White|2014|pp=6-9}} By the sixteenth century, Patanjali's Yoga philosophy was nearly extinct.{{sfn|White|2014|pp=6-16}} Yoga was preserved by [[sadhu]]s (ascetics, [[sannyasa|sannyasi]]s) of India. Some of the Hindu yoga elements were adopted by [[Sufi]] sect of Muslims in India.<ref>Bonnie G. Smith et al (2012), Crossroads and Cultures, Volume I: To 1450: A History of the World's Peoples, Macmillan, {{ISBN|978-0312442132}}, page 428</ref><ref>Jean Filliozat (1991), Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120807181}}, pages 215-230, 293-303</ref> The Sufi Muslims at times adopted and protected the Yoga tradition of Hindus during the Islamic rule of India, and at other times helped the persecution and violence against those Hindus.<ref>Jamal Malik (2008), Islam in South Asia: A Short History, Brill Academic, {{ISBN|978-9004168596}}, pages 185-186</ref> The Mughal Emperor [[Akbar]], known for his syncretic tolerance, was attracted to and patronized Yoga philosophy of Hinduism.<ref>David White (2014), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt6wq06f The ''Yoga Sutra of Patanjali'' - A Biography], Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-1-4008-5005-1}}, pages 146-152</ref>

==Comparison with Buddhism==

The yoga scholar [[Stephen Cope]] identifies the following similarities between Rāja yoga and [[Buddhism]]. He notes that the two philosophies are not the same, but are strikingly similar, having shared a long period of interchange up to about 500 CE.<ref name="Cope 2006">{{cite book | last=Cope | first=Stephen | author-link=Stephen Cope | title=The wisdom of yoga : a seeker's guide to extraordinary living | url=https://archive.org/details/wisdomofyogaseek00cope | url-access=registration | publisher=Bantam Books | location=New York | year=2006 | isbn=978-0-553-38054-5 | oclc=64098584 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/wisdomofyogaseek00cope/page/276 276-278]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Aspects<ref name="Cope 2006"/> !! Rāja yoga<ref name="Cope 2006"/> !! [[Buddhism]]<ref name="Cope 2006"/>
|-
| Primary problems
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[Duhkha]] (suffering) Not seeing reality clearly
|-
| Problem-solving method 1: Cultivate skilful behaviours || [[Yamas]] (restraints), [[Niyama]]s (observances) || [[Sila (Buddhism)|Sila]] (ethical practices)
|-
| Problem-solving method 2: Cultivate concentrated states || [[Dharana]] (concentration), [[Dhyana in Hinduism|Dhyana]] (meditation) || [[Samadhi (Buddhism)|Samadhi]]
|-
| Problem-solving method 3: Use states to explore self || [[Samyama]] (i.e. dharana, dhyana, samadhi) || [[Vipassana]], other insight practices
|-
| View of ordinary reality || 4 Erroneous Beliefs — permanence, — reality of body, — that suffering is happiness, — that body/mind is true self || [[Three marks of existence|3 Marks of Existence]], obscured by error: — [[anicca]] (impermanence) — [[anatta]] (no-self) — [[duhkha]] (suffering)
|-
| The end of suffering || [[Kaivalya]] (emancipation) || [[Nirvana]] ("unbinding" of constructions)
|-
| Shared concepts
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | [[nirodha]] (cessation) [[Kleshas (Hinduism)|klesha]] (affliction) [[karma]] (action) [[samvega]] (urgency) [[Prajna (Hinduism)|prajna]] (intuitive wisdom) [[Samskara (Indian philosophy)|samskara]] (unconscious pattern) [[maitra]]/[[Maitrī|metta]] (loving-kindness)
|-
| Shared approaches
| colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Direct investigation of reality (not [[metaphysics]]) using self-study, self-reliance, self-liberation
|}

==See also==

* [[Cittabhumi]]
* [[Karma yoga]]
* [[Kundalini yoga]]
* [[Shinshin-tōitsu-dō]], Japanese yoga
* [[Yoga (philosophy)]]

==References==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==

* {{cite book |last=Feuerstein |first=Georg |author-link=Georg Feuerstein |year=1978 |title=Handboek voor Yoga (Dutch translation; English title ''Textbook of Yoga'' |publisher=Ankh-Hermes}}
* {{cite book|last=Maas |first=Philipp A. |title=Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert |date=2006 |publisher=Shaker |location=Aachen |isbn=3-8322-4987-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson-1 |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |year=2011 |chapter=Hatha Yoga |title=Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol.3 |publisher=BRILL}}
* {{cite book |last=Mallinson-2 |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |year=2011 |chapter=Nāth Sampradāya |title=Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism Vol.3 |publisher=BRILL}}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |title=Hinduism: Past and Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC |year=2004 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08952-3}}
* {{cite book|last=White |first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |year=2014 |title=The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]}}

== Further reading ==

* [[Alain Daniélou]] (1991), ''Yoga: Mastering the Secrets of Matter and the Universe'', {{ISBN|978-0892813018 |ref=none}}, Appendix D: Main Sanskrit Treatises on Yoga
* {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |author-link=Gerald James Larson |title=Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=1998 |location=London |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC |isbn=81-208-0503-8 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Larson |first=Gerald James |author-link=Gerald James Larson |title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC |year=2008 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3349-4 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Maehle |first=Gregor |year=2007 |title=Ashtanga Yoga: Practice and Philosophy |publisher=New World Library |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Whicher |first=Ian |year=1998 |title=The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga |publisher=SUNY Press |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=White |first=David Gordon |author-link=David Gordon White |year=2011 |title=Yoga, Brief History of an Idea (Chapter 1 of "Yoga in practice") |publisher=Princeton University Press |url=http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i9565.pdf |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Ernest |title=Practical Yoga, Ancient and Modern, Being a New, Independent Translation of Patanjali's Yoga Aphorisms |publisher=Rider and Company |year=1951 |ref=none}}

== External links ==

* [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.398.8987&rep=rep1&type=pdf Yoga exercises] ''Thai Journal of Physiological Sciences'' (compares Raja yoga to other yogas)

{{yoga}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja yoga}}
[[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]
[[Category:Yoga paths]]
[[Category:Āstika]]

Jockin Arputham

2026-02-07T23:05:25Z

JillianCogburn: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian community leader (1947–2018)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Padma Shri]]
| name = Jockin Arputham
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1947|08|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kolar Gold Fields]], [[Mysore State]], [[Dominion of India]] (now [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2018|10|13|1947|08|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = Community leader, housing activist
| organization = [[Slum Dwellers International]]
| awards = [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Jockin Arputham''' (15 August 1947 – 13 October 2018) was an Indian community leader and activist, noted for over four decades of work on issues related to [[slum]]s and [[shanty town]]s. He was born in [[Karnataka]], India and moved to [[Mumbai]], where he became involved in community organizing and leadership. In 2011, he received the [[Padma Shri]] for his contributions to social work. In 2014, he was nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]], along with the organisation he co-founded, [[Slum Dwellers International]].<ref name="GNobel" />

==Early life==
Arputham was born to [[Tamils|Tamil]] parents who lived in [[Kolar Gold Fields]] (in present-day [[Kolar district]] of [[Karnataka]]) on [[15 August 1947]], the same day of [[Indian independence movement|India's independence from the United Kingdom
]].<ref name="UN Habitat">{{cite web |last1=UN-Habitat's Executive Director |title=Demise of Jockin Arputham (15 August 1947 – October 13 2018) |url=https://unhabitat.org/demise-of-jockin-arputham-15-august-1947-october-13-2018/ |website=UN Habitat |access-date=9 May 2019}}</ref> When he was 16, he moved to [[Bangalore]] looking for work.<ref name="Anuradha">{{cite news |last1=Parekh |first1=Anuradha |title=10 Things You Need To Know About The Other Indian Who Was Nominated For The Nobel Peace Prize, 2014 |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/15385/things-to-know-jockin-arputham-nobel-peace-prize/ |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=The Better India |date=14 October 2014}}</ref>

==Politicization==
When he was eighteen, he moved to Mumbai where he worked as a carpenter and building contractor. Since he had nowhere to live, he slept on the street in Janata Colony, a [[slum]] of 70,000 people. He worked at the construction of the [[Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC). Seeing that he did not need credentials to do so, he began a company to manage workers and organised a school in the slum. The city did not organize a rubbish collection, so he encouraged 3,000 children to bring a bag of garbage to a picnic at the council offices and won a regular rubbish collection service.<ref name="GNobel">{{cite news |last1=Perur |first1=Srinath |title=Jockin Arputham: from slum dweller to Nobel Peace Prize nominee | date=12 June 2014 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/jun/12/jockin-arputham-mumbai-slum-dweller-nobel-peace-prize-nominee |access-date=16 July 2019 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

Between 1971 and 1972, Arputham went to [[Kolkata]] to work with refugees escaping war in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name="Development">{{cite journal |last1=Arputham |first1=Jockin |title=Developing new approaches for people-centred development |journal=Environment and Urbanization |date=2008 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=319–337 |doi=10.1177/0956247808096115 |bibcode=2008EnUrb..20..319A |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Back in Mumbai, when Janata colony was threatened with eviction in the 1970s, he helped organize protests and court cases. He was arrested over 40 times.<ref name="Satterthwaite">{{cite news |last1=Satterthwaite |first1=David |title=From slum-dwelling carpenter to US$1.25 million prize winner |url=https://www.iied.org/slum-dwelling-carpenter-us125-million-prize-winner |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=International Institute for Environment and Development |date=8 April 2014}}</ref> He also sat outside the Parliament in [[Delhi]] for 18 days until the then Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] would see him. She promised they would not be evicted, but in 1976, 12,000 police stormed the slum and evicted all 70,000 people in one night. Everyone was forcibly transferred to the still extant [[Cheetah Camp]] slum.<ref name="GNobel" />

When India declared a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], Arputham was forced to flee the country in 1977 to avoid imprisonment.<ref name="Satterthwaite" /> With the help of the [[World Council of Churches]] he went to the [[Philippines]] visiting local slumdwellers groups. Every three months he had to leave the country to renew his visa so he went to [[Japan]], [[Malaysia]] and [[South Korea]].<ref name="Development" />

==Career==
Arputham was the president of the [[National Slum Dwellers Federation]] (NSDF) which he founded in the late 1970s. He was also co-founder of [[Slum Dwellers International]] (SDI) which networks slum and shack dweller organizations and federations from over thirty countries across the world.<ref name="UN Habitat" /> The National Slum Dwellers Federation works closely with [[Mahila Milan]], a collective of savings groups formed by homeless women and women living in slums across India, and with the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC), a Mumbai-based NGO. This alliance has supported thousands of the urban poor access better housing and sanitation.<ref name="GNobel" /><ref name="Development" />

Slum Dwellers International claimed the alliance helped 1 million people in 15,000 slum dwellers-managed saving groups. Further they had secured land rights for 128,000 families, building over 20,000 toilets and 100,000 houses. The National Slum Dwellers Federation stated it had helped 60,000 families improve their housing situation in Mumbai.<ref name="Champion">{{cite news |last1=Matters India Reporter |title=Champion of slum-dwellers' rights dies |url=http://mattersindia.com/2018/10/champion-of-slum-dwellers-rights-dies/ |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=Matters India |date=15 October 2018}}</ref>

Arputham has also worked with the police to set up "police panchayats" in many of the informal settlements in Mumbai. Here, for the first time, police are assigned to work in these settlements and are supported by a committee of ten residents from the community (made up of three men and seven women).<ref name="Police">{{cite journal |last1=Roy |first1=A.N. |last2=Jockin |first2=A. |last3=Javed |first3=Ahmad |title=Community police stations in Mumbai's slums |journal=Environment & Urbanization |date=2004 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=135–138 |doi=10.1177/095624780401600205 |bibcode=2004EnUrb..16..135R |doi-access=free }}</ref> The concept was pioneered by [[Anami Narayan Roy]], the [[Police Commissioner of Pune]].<ref name="Champion" />

A week after his death, Arputham was commemorated by a large poster calling him the "slum king" in [[Dharavi]], where he lived.<ref name="King">{{cite news |last1=Echanove |first1=Matias |last2=Srivastava |first2=Rahul |title=Long live the 'Slum King' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/long-live-the-slum-king/article25335958.ece |access-date=9 May 2019 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Awards==
*2000: The [[Ramon Magsaysay Award]] for Peace and International Understanding.<ref name="UN Habitat" />
*2009: Honorary Ph.D. from [[KIIT University]], [[Bhubaneswar]].<ref name="Anuradha" />
*2011: The Government of India bestowed on him its fourth highest civilian honor, the [[Padma Shri]] award.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |date=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref>
*2014: [[Skoll Foundation#The Skoll Awards for Social Entrepreneurship|Skoll award for social entrepreneurship]].<ref name="Champion" />
*2014: Nominated for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] by [[Stefan Attefall]], Swedish minister for public administration and housing.<ref name="GNobel" />

==Selected works==
* Arputham, Jockin. 2008. "Developing new approaches for people-centred development". ''Environment and Urbanization'', 20 (2) 319–337 [https://doi:10.1177/0956247808096115 doi:10.1177/0956247808096115]{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*Arputham, Jockin; Bartlett, Sheridan; Patel, Sheela. 2015. "'We beat the path by walking': How the women of Mahila Milan in India learned to plan, design, finance and build housing". ''Environment & Urbanization'', 28(1) [https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247815617440 doi:10.1177/0956247815617440]
*Arputham, Jockin; Patel, Sheela. 2008. "Plans for Dharavi: negotiating a reconciliation between a state-driven market redevelopment and residents’ aspirations". ''Environment and Urbanization'' 20(1) 243–254.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationArputhamJoc.htm Citation for Jockin Arputham on Ramon Magsaysay Award website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205045513/http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Citation/CitationArputhamJoc.htm |date=5 February 2012 }}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{RMA winners of India}}
{{Ramon Magsaysay Award Winners}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arputham, Jockin}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian urban planners]]
[[Category:Shack dwellers]]
[[Category:People from Kolar district]]
[[Category:Ramon Magsaysay Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Artists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:Social workers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Indian housing rights activists]]
[[Category:Squatter leaders]]

Aadarsam (film)

2026-01-30T23:28:34Z

JillianCogburn: redirect

#REDIRECT[[List of Telugu films of 1993]]

Rock Ethos

2026-01-26T13:27:52Z

JillianCogburn: New new data

{{multiple issues|
{{update|date=November 2010}}
{{advert|date=May 2011}}
}}
[[Image:Rock Ethos 09 Logo.jpeg|thumb|[[Logo]] of Rock Ethos 09]]

'''Rock Ethos''' was a free-entry invite-only rock music festival launched in 2008, and was discontinued after 2009, where the festival expanded to an two-day format.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palace Grounds |url=https://archive.upcoming.org/venue/palace-grounds-11235 |access-date=2026-01-26 |website=Upcoming.org Archive |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Patrao |first=Michael |date=2008-02-15 |title=Deccan Herald - Invoking the spirit of Rock |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb152008/metro2008021452287.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723235930/http://www.deccanherald.com/Content/Feb152008/metro2008021452287.asp |archive-date=2008-07-23 |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2008-01-24 |title=Bangalore to host rock fest in Feb |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/bangalore-host-rock-fest-feb |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110303025840/https://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/bangalore-host-rock-fest-feb |archive-date=2011-03-03 |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> It aimed to promote original music in India and [[Copy protection#Anti-piracy|discourage piracy]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Indian rock bands were allocated 45 minutes to perform their original compositions at the festival. In an attempt to recreate an international rock festival experience, Rock Ethos offered a carnival atmosphere with bungee jumping, paintball contests, and food and refreshment zones.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Deepa |date=2008-02-11 |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : A fillip to original Indian Metal compositions |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/11/stories/2008021160850300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214083854/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/11/stories/2008021160850300.htm |archive-date=2008-02-14 |access-date= |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Rock Ethos 2008==
<gallery>
Image:Rock Ethos Band.jpeg|Rock Ethos 2008
Image:Rock Ethos Band 1.jpeg|Rock Ethos 2008
Image:Bungee Jumping at Rock Ethos 2008.jpeg|Bungee Jumping at Rock Ethos 2008
Image:Stage at Rock Ethos 2008.jpeg|Stage at Rock Ethos 2008
Image:Crowd at Rock Ethos 2008.jpeg|Crowd at Rock Ethos 2008
</gallery>

==External links==
{{official website|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20120220080535/http://www.rockethos.com/|name=Archived official website}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Rock festivals in India]]

Parvathy Thiruvothu filmography

2026-01-26T12:08:12Z

JillianCogburn: New a stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
[[File:Parvathy_at_Bangalore_Naatkal_Teaser_Launch_Press_Meet_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Parvathy in 2016]]
'''[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]]''', known mononymously as '''Parvathy''', is an Indian actress known for her performances in Malayalam and Tamil cinema.

The following is a complete list of the filmography of Parvathy Thiruvothu.

==Films==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2006
||''[[Out of Syllabus]]'' || Gayatri ||rowspan=3| [[Malayalam]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]]'' || Pooja Krishnan|| ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2007
||''[[Vinodayathra]]''|| Reshmi|| ||
|-
| ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]'' || Anjali || [[Kannada]] || ||
|-
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]'' || Dhwani Sekharan || Malayalam || ||
|-
| 2008 ||''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]''||Maari||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || ||
|-
| 2009 ||''[[Male Barali Manju Irali]]'' || Sneha Shivappa || rowspan=2|Kannada || ||
|-
| 2010 ||''[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]''|| Priya Shastri|| ||
|-
| 2011 ||''[[City of God (2011 film)|City of God]]'' || Marakatham || Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2013 ||''[[Chennaiyil Oru Naal]]'' || Aditi ||Tamil || ||<ref>{{cite web |author=Sunayana Suresh |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-interviews/32369995_1_malayalam-film-parvathi-menon-prakash-raj |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126213448/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-23/news-interviews/32369995_1_malayalam-film-parvathi-menon-prakash-raj |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2013 |title=Parvathi's Kollywood comeback |date=23 June 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=12 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Andhar Bahar]]'' || Suhasini || Kannada || ||
|-
| ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' || Panimalar || Tamil || ||
|-
| 2014 ||''[[Bangalore Days]]'' || RJ Sarah || Malayalam || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 ||''[[Uttama Villain]]'' || Manonmani / Yamini (Portrait) || Tamil || ||<ref>Balachandran, Logesh (3 March 2014). {{cite news |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/104183 |title=Maryan girl for 'UV' |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |access-date=15 March 2014 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924204355/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/node/104183 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ennu Ninte Moideen]]'' ||Kottatil Kanchanamaala ||rowspan=2|Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-dont-mind-playing-supporting-roles-Parvathy-Menon/articleshow/38123213.cms |title=I don't mind playing supporting roles: Parvathy |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 July 2014 |access-date=27 September 2015 |archive-date=21 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821095820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/I-dont-mind-playing-supporting-roles-Parvathy-Menon/articleshow/38123213.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || Tessa|| ||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || RJ Sarah || Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 ||''[[Take Off (2017 film)|Take Off]]'' || Sameera || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite news |author=Manoj Kumar R. |date=29 November 2017 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-silver-peacock-iffi-2017-award-take-off-see-photos-video-4960443/ |title=IFFI 2017: Parvathy, first Malayalam actor to win the silver peacock, gets emotional on stage |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 January 2018 |archive-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108062733/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/parvathy-silver-peacock-iffi-2017-award-take-off-see-photos-video-4960443/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Qarib Qarib Singlle]]'' ||Jaya Shashidharan || [[Hindi]] || || <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/parvathy-to-star-in-a-travel-romance-with-irrfan-khan/articleshow/57038828.cms |title=Parvathy to star in a travel romance with Irrfan Khan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=1 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701160314/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/parvathy-to-star-in-a-travel-romance-with-irrfan-khan/articleshow/57038828.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018||''[[My Story (film)|My Story]]'' || Tara & Hema || rowspan=8|Malayalam|| || <ref>{{cite news |last=Nirmalkumar |first=T. |title='My story': Parvathy works her magic again |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/love-story-parvathy-works-her-magic-again-%7C-movie-rating-3-5my-story-1.2950880 |accessdate=8 July 2018 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=7 July 2018 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707190851/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/review/love-story-parvathy-works-her-magic-again-%7C-movie-rating-3-5my-story-1.2950880 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Koode]]''||Sophie|| ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Anjali Menon starts shooting for next project starring Prithviraj, Nazriya Nazim and Parvathy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/anjali-menon-starts-shooting-for-next-project-starring-prithviraj-nazriya-nazim-and-parvathy/story-AnFYg2xVyoSk0oM7fUKRvO.html |accessdate=4 July 2018 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 November 2017 |archive-date=7 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707010106/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/anjali-menon-starts-shooting-for-next-project-starring-prithviraj-nazriya-nazim-and-parvathy/story-AnFYg2xVyoSk0oM7fUKRvO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2019
| ''[[Uyare]]'' ||Pallavi Raveendran || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/uyare-trailer-parvathy-5680855/ |title=Uyare trailer: The sky's the limit for Parvathy |work=The Indian Express |date=17 April 2019 |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423112939/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/uyare-trailer-parvathy-5680855/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]] '' || Annu || ||
|-
|2020
| ''[[Halal Love Story]]'' || Haseena||Cameo ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Native |first1=Digital |title=Parvathy to make cameo appearance in 'Halal Love Story' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-make-cameo-appearance-halal-love-story-116457 |access-date=16 February 2020 |publisher=The News Minute |date=20 January 2020 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216070238/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-make-cameo-appearance-halal-love-story-116457 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''[[Varthamanam]]''||Faiza Safiya || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-starrer-varthamanam-release-theatres-march-12-144864 |title=Parvathy-starrer 'Varthamanam' to release in theatres on March 12 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=9 March 2021 |access-date=9 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309045037/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/parvathy-starrer-varthamanam-release-theatres-march-12-144864 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| |''[[Aanum Pennum ]]''|| Rachiyamma||Anthology film; segment: ''Rachiyamma''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2020 |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu reacts to criticism against her character of Rachiyamma |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-reacts-to-criticism-against-her-character-of-rachiyamma/articleshow/73432793.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=22 May 2021 |archive-date=22 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522095449/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-reacts-to-criticism-against-her-character-of-rachiyamma/articleshow/73432793.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aarkkariyam]] '' || Shirley ||
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Trailer of Biju Menon and Parvathy 'Aarkkariyam' is intriguing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-trailer-biju-menon-and-parvathy-aarkkariyam-intriguing-145037 |access-date=1 April 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=11 March 2021 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311093104/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-trailer-biju-menon-and-parvathy-aarkkariyam-intriguing-145037 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum]]'' ||Devaki||Tamil || Anthology film; segment: ''Devaki''
| <ref>{{Citation |title=Sivaranjiniyum Innum Sila Pengalum Movie Review |date=8 December 2018 |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/sivaranjiniyum-innum-sila-pengalum-movie-review-a-deeply-moving-dissection-of-the-lives-of-three-women-across-three-time-periods |access-date=3 September 2020 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418035125/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/sivaranjiniyum-innum-sila-pengalum-movie-review-a-deeply-moving-dissection-of-the-lives-of-three-women-across-three-time-periods/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Puzhu (film)|Puzhu]]'' || Bharati || Malayalam || ||
|-
| ''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]'' || Mini || English || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Kadak Singh]]'' || Miss Mimi Kannan || Hindi || ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-11-09 |title=Pankaj Tripathi-starrer 'Kadak Singh' to release directly on ZEE5 |language=en-IN |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pankaj-tripathi-starrer-kadak-singh-to-release-directly-on-zee5/article67515979.ece |access-date=2023-11-17 |issn=0971-751X |url-access=subscription |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117123402/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pankaj-tripathi-starrer-kadak-singh-to-release-directly-on-zee5/article67515979.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2024|| ''[[Ullozhukku]]''|| Anju || Malayalam || || <ref>{{Cite news |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu - Urvashi starrer 'Ullozhukku' wraps up the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-urvashi-starrer-ullozhukku-wraps-up-the-shoot/articleshow/92915615.cms |access-date=28 January 2023 |website=The Times of India |date=16 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128054114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-urvashi-starrer-ullozhukku-wraps-up-the-shoot/articleshow/92915615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Thangalaan]]'' || Gangammal || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-07 |title=Here's a new poster of Parvathy Thiruvothu from Thangalaan |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/07/heres-a-new-poster-of-parvathy-thiruvothu-from-thangalaan |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]'' || Ruchi || rowspan="3"| Malayalam || Anthology film; one segment||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Her first-look poster out: Parvathy, Aishwarya Rajesh, Oorvasi, Remya Nambessan headline Lijin Jose's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/her-first-look-poster-parvathy-aishwarya-rajesh-oorvasi-remya-nambessan-lijin-jose-film-8291376/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174743/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/her-first-look-poster-parvathy-aishwarya-rajesh-oorvasi-remya-nambessan-lijin-jose-film-8291376/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan =2|2026
| {{Pending film|Pradhama Dhrishtya Kuttakkar}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2025|title='Pradhama Dhrishtya Kuttakkar': Parvathy Thiruvothu turns cop for first time; teams up with Vijayaraghavan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pradhama-dhrishtya-kuttakkar-parvathy-thiruvothu-turns-cop-for-first-time-teams-up-with-vijayaraghavan/articleshow/123826754.cms |access-date=5 October 2025|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|I, Nobody}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2025 |title=Prithviraj Sukumaran and Parvathy Thiruvothu reunite for 'Nobody', filming begins |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/04/09/prithviraj-sukumaran-and-parvathy-thiruvothu-reunite-for-nobody-directed-by-rorschach-fame-nissam-basheer.html |access-date=15 April 2025 |website=The Week}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ List of Parvathy Thiruvothu web series credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{ref heading}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Navarasa (web series)|Navarasa]]''
| Waheeda Begum
| Tamil
|Anthology series; segment: ''Inmai''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Suriya, Parvathy, Nithya and Vijay Sethupathi among cast for Netflix's 'Navarasa' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriya-parvathy-nithya-and-vijay-sethupathi-among-cast-netflixs-navarasa-136327 |access-date=1 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]] |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101100229/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/suriya-parvathy-nithya-and-vijay-sethupathi-among-cast-netflixs-navarasa-136327 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2020 |title=Fahadh Faasil, Suriya likely to make OTT debut with Mani Ratnam's upcoming web series |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/fahadh-faasil-suriya-likely-to-make-ott-debut-with-mani-ratnam-s-upcoming-web-series/story-HWHee4AcHkAsxN3wkhaLMN.html |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=2 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102012151/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/fahadh-faasil-suriya-likely-to-make-ott-debut-with-mani-ratnam-s-upcoming-web-series/story-HWHee4AcHkAsxN3wkhaLMN.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023||''[[Dhootha (TV series)|Dhootha]]''||Kranthi Shenoy||Telugu || Eight episodes ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-04-29 |title=Parvathy and Naga Chaitanya in Vikram Kumar's web series Dhootha |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/parvathy-and-naga-chaitanya-vikram-kumars-web-series-dhootha-163391 |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203005957/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/parvathy-and-naga-chaitanya-vikram-kumars-web-series-dhootha-163391 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2024
| ''[[Manorathangal]]'' || Sudha || Malayalam || Anthology series; segment: ''Kazhcha'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-15 |title=Manorathangal Trailer: Film legends assemble for anthology on MT Vasudevan Nair's stories |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Jul/15/manorathangal-trailer-film-legends-assemble-for-anthology-on-mt-vasudevan-nairs-stories |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Nayanthara: Beyond the Fairytale]]'' || Herself || English Tamil Malayalam || Documentary film ||
|}

==Short film==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{ref heading}}
|-
|2022
| ''[[Lalanna's Song]]'' || Shoby || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-05-26 |title=Rima-Parvathy film Lalanna's Song gets entry into US market through Cannes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/rima-parvathy-film-lalannas-song-gets-entry-into-us-market-through-cannes/articleshow/91815426.cms |access-date=2024-06-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Government Medical College, Gondia

2026-01-23T12:06:51Z

JillianCogburn: minor refine lead also and corrected details based on references

{{Infobox University
|name = Government Medical College, Gondia
|image =
|type = [[Medical]] [[college]] and [[hospital]]
|established = {{start date and age|2016}}
|dean = Dr. Kusumakar S. Ghorpade
|address = [[Gondia]], [[Maharashtra]]
|country = [[India]]
|colors =
|affiliations = [[Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]], [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
|website = http://www.gmcgondia.in/
}}

'''Government Medical College, Gondia''' is a full-fledged tertiary Government medical college in [[Gondia]], [[Maharashtra]]. The college imparts the degree [[Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery]] (MBBS). It is recognised by the [[National Medical Commission]]. The hospital associated with the college is one of the largest in Gondia district.

Selection to the college is done on the basis of merit through the [[National Eligibility and Entrance Test]]. Yearly undergraduate student intake is 150.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.aglasem.com/17-new-medical-colleges/|title = 17 New Medical Colleges opening in the Nation; 2330 New MBBS Seats|date = 21 May 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://www.gmcgondia.in/

{{Colleges affiliated to Maharashtra University of Health Sciences}}

[[Category:Medical colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2016]]
[[Category:2016 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Affiliates of Maharashtra University of Health Sciences]]

{{India-hospital-stub}}
{{Maharashtra-university-stub}}

Fahmaan Khan

2026-01-21T08:18:28Z

JillianCogburn: Creating new details added tags.

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Fahmaan Khan
| image = Fahmaan Khan-grace-the-Star-Eminence-Awards-5 (cropped).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Khan in 2023
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|09|04}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fahmaan-khan-i-have-dedicated-this-year-to-learning-and-improving-my-craft-thats-my-birthday-gift-to-myself/articleshow/77931281.cms|title=Fahmaan Khan: I have dedicated this year to learning and improving my craft, that’s my birthday gift to myself|website= Timesofindia|access-date= 4 September 2022}}</ref>
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| notable_works = ''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]'' ''[[Imlie]]''
| parents =
| relatives = [[Faraaz Khan]] (half-brother)
}}
'''Fahmaan Khan''' (born 4 September 1990) is an [[India|Indian]] actor and model who predominantly works in [[Hindi Cinema|Hindi]] television.<ref name="Patowari">{{cite web | last=Patowari | first=Farzana | title=Exclusive! Fahmaan Khan confirms Apna Time Bhi Aayega will go off air | website=The Times of India | date=8 October 2021 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-fahmaan-khan-confirms-apna-time-bhi-aayega-will-go-off-air/articleshow/86869174.cms | access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref> He is best known for playing Dr. Veer Pratap Singh Rajawat in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]'' and Aryan Singh Rathore in [[StarPlus]]'s ''[[Imlie]]''. He is half-brother of actor [[Faraaz Khan]].<ref name="bl">{{Cite web |date=2022-10-09 |title=Imlie: Fahmaan Khan reveals why his brother late actor Faraaz Khan felt that he was more suited for the job than him [EXCLUSIVE] |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/tv/imlie-fahmaan-khan-reveals-why-his-brother-late-actor-faraaz-khan-felt-that-he-was-more-suited-for-the-job-than-him-exclusive-2210230/ |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=[[Bollywood Life]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
He started his career first as a model and worked with various brands. For more than nine years, he acted in theatre plays before landing in a short film titled ''Ver Joints'' in 2014. His small screen career started with a cameo role in ''[[Yeh Vaada Raha (TV series)|Yeh Vaada Raha]]'' in 2015 and then a cameo role in the TV Serial ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]'' in 2018.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

From 2017 to 2020, Khan was seen in recurring roles in ''[[Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?|Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka]]'', ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]'' and ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''. Since 2020, he is seen playing lead roles in ''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]'', ''[[Imlie]]'' and ''Pyar Ke Saat Vachan Dharampatnii''.{{fact|date=December 2023}}

In 2022, he made his directorial debut with music video ''Ishq Ho Gaya'' sung by Tabish Pasha starring himself alongside [[Sumbul Touqeer]].{{fact|date=December 2023}} From April 2024 to August 2024, Khan portrayed Aryaman Mehta in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Krishna Mohini]]'' opposite [[Debattama Saha]].

== Filmography ==

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Kya Qusoor Hai Amala Ka?]]''
| Suveer Malik
| Negative Role
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Ishq Mein Marjawan]]''
| CBI Officer Randheer Khurana
| rowspan = "2" | Supporting Role
|
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Mere Dad Ki Dulhan]]''
| Randeep Mehndiratta
| <ref>{{cite web | title=‘Mere Dad Ki Dulhan’ actor Fahmaan Khan wishes everyone a very happy Eid - TV | website=Times of India Videos | date=1 August 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/mere-dad-ki-dulhan-actor-fahmaan-khan-wishes-everyone-a-very-happy-eid/videoshow/77305818.cms | access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2020–2021
| ''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]''
| Dr. Veerpratap "Veer" Singh Rajawat
| rowspan = "5" | Lead Role
| <ref name="Patowari" /><ref>{{cite web | last=Maheshwri | first=Neha | title=Fahmaan Khan of ‘Mere Dad Ki Dulhan’ in Ved Raj’s next show | website=The Times of India | date=27 August 2020 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fahmaan-khan-of-mere-dad-ki-dulhan-in-ved-rajs-next-show/articleshow/77786382.cms | access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Imlie]]''
| Aryan Singh Rathore
| <ref name="Wadhwa">{{cite web |last=Wadhwa |first=Akash |date=28 October 2021 |title=Exclusive! Fahmaan Khan to enter Imlie soon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-fahmaan-khan-to-enter-imlie-soon/articleshow/87327646.cms |access-date=10 March 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''Pyar Ke Saat Vachan Dharampatnii''
| Ravi Randhawa
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fahmaan-khan-and-kritika-singh-yadav-to-play-lead-in-pyar-ke-saat-vachan-dharam-patni/articleshow/95150744.cms|title=Fahmaan Khan and Kritika Singh Yadav to play lead in 'Pyar Ke Saat Vachan Dharam Patni’|website= Timesofindia|access-date= 28 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Krishna Mohini]]''
| Aryaman "Arya" Mehta
|
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''Iss Ishq Ka Rabb Rakha''
| Ranbir Singh Bajwa
|
|-
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Kundali Bhagya]]''
| Samar
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Fahmaan Khan: I have dedicated this year to learning and improving my craft, that’s my birthday gift to myself - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/fahmaan-khan-i-have-dedicated-this-year-to-learning-and-improving-my-craft-thats-my-birthday-gift-to-myself/articleshow/77931281.cms |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2022
| ''[[Ravivaar With Star Parivaar]]''
| Aryan Singh Rathore
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Imlie actor Fahmaan Khan posts PIC with 'living legend' Ranbir Kapoor; Says 'Now, I'll just gloat' |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/imlie-actor-fahmaan-khan-posts-pic-living-legend-ranbir-kapoor-says-now-ill-just-gloat-1157044%3famp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407185100/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/imlie-actor-fahmaan-khan-posts-pic-living-legend-ranbir-kapoor-says-now-ill-just-gloat-1157044?amp |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=7 July 2022 |website=Pinkvilla }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 16)|Bigg Boss 16]]''
| Himself
| <ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=Fahmaan Khan on entering Bigg Boss 16: ‘Don’t want to spoil Sumbul’s relationships in the house’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/fahmaan-khan-entering-bigg-boss-16-sumbul-touqeer-relationships-8286836/ |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2022-11-25 |title=Bigg Boss 16: Salman Khan asks Fahmaan Khan what he thinks about contestants |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-16-shukravaar-ka-vaar-promo-salman-khan-asks-fahmaan-khan-what-he-thinks-about-contestants-1200629 |access-date=2022-11-25 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214052013/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news/bigg-boss-16-shukravaar-ka-vaar-promo-salman-khan-asks-fahmaan-khan-what-he-thinks-about-contestants-1200629 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Parineetii (TV series)|Parineetii]]''
| Ravi Randhawa
|
|-
| ''[[Entertainment Ki Raat Housefull]]''
| Himself
|
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2019
|''[[Gandii Baat|Gandii Baat 2]]''
| Soma
| Episode 4
|}

=== Music video appearances ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! Ref.
|-
| 2019
| "Tere Bina"
| Hardil Pandya
|
|-
|2022
|"Ishq Ho Gaya"
| rowspan="2" | Tabish Pasha
|
|-
|2023
|"Beirada"
|
|-
|2023
|"Ishq Nibhaja Mahiya"
| rowspan="2" | Tabish Pasha
|
|-
|2023
|"All Love"
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|rowspan="2"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |Popular Actor (Drama)
|''[[Apna Time Bhi Aayega]]''
|rowspan="2" {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now|access-date=9 September 2022|work=Indian Television Academy Awards|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Imlie]]''
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|10387510}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Fahmaan}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Dabba Cartel

2026-01-04T12:40:09Z

JillianCogburn: Creating new data w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian crime drama series on Netflix (2025)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dabba Cartel.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = Crime drama
| creator = [[Shibani Dandekar|Shibani Dandekar Akhtar]] Vishnu Menon [[Gaurav Kapur]] Akanksha Seda
| director = Hitesh Bhatia
| starring = [[Shabana Azmi]] [[Jyothika]] [[Shalini Pandey]] [[Bhupendra Jadawat]] [[Nimisha Sajayan]] [[Anjali Anand]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| company = [[Excel Entertainment]]
| cinematography = Eeshit Narain
| editor = Manas Mittal, Parikshhit Jha
| runtime = 45—56 minutes
| network = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2025|02|28}}
| last_aired = present
}}

'''''Dabba Cartel''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime drama]] series. Created by [[Shibani Dandekar|Shibani Dandekar Akhtar]], Vishnu Menon, [[Gaurav Kapur]], and Akanksha Seda, and directed by Hitesh Bhatia, the series is produced under [[Excel Entertainment]]. It stars [[Shabana Azmi]], [[Jyothika]], [[Shalini Pandey]], [[Nimisha Sajayan]], and [[Anjali Anand]] as a group of women operating a [[drug cartel]] under the guise of a food delivery company.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=Dabba Cartel Season 1 Review: From tiffins to turf wars: these women mean business |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/dabba-cartel/dabba-cartel-season-1/seasonreview/118537550.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

The series premiered on [[Netflix]] on 28 February 2025.

== Premise ==
''Dabba Cartel'' is set in the Mumbai suburb of [[Thane]]. The story revolves around five middle-class women running a traditional ''[[dabbawala]]'' (lunchbox) service. Unexpectedly, they become involved in a high-stakes drug operation, using lunchboxes to transport illicit goods. As their network expands, they must navigate dangerous criminals, law enforcement, and personal betrayals, all while maintaining the facade of their normal lives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dabba Cartel review: Shabana Azmi, Jyothika, Shalini Pandey, Sunil Grover's thrilling drug tale on Netflix |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmi-jyothika-shalini-pandey-sunil-grover-s-thrilling-drug-tale-on-netflix-3136057 |website=DNA India |access-date=8 March 2025}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shabana Azmi]] as Sheila “Ba” Jagtap: Hari’s mother; Raji’s mother-in-law
* [[Jyothika]] as Varuna Dasgupta (née Panikar): Owner of Sitara; Shankar’s wife
* [[Shalini Pandey]] as Raji Jagtap: Hari’s wife; Sheila's daughter-in-law
* [[Nimisha Sajayan]] as Mala: Raji’s business partner; Kunni’s mother; Varuna's ex-maid
*Prateik Pachori as Santosh: A drug dealer; Mala's boyfriend
* [[Anjali Anand]] as Shahida: A Real Estate broker; Preeti's love interest
* [[Gajraj Rao]] as Ajit Pathak: FDSCO inspector investigating Vivalife Pharmaceutical
* [[Sai Tamhankar]] as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Preeti: Shahida's love interest; Ajit’s partner in investigating Vivalife Pharmaceutical
* [[Lillete Dubey]] as Mrs. Moushami Majumdar: Sheila's best friend
** Mansi Sehgal as Young Moushami
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Shankar Dasgupta: Head of Vivalife Pharmaceutical; Varuna's husband
* [[Bhupendra Jadawat]] as Hari Jagtap: Sheila’s son; Raji's husband
* [[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Tejaswi Tijori: President of Vivalife Society
* Vivek Madan as Vinay: Vivalife Pharmaceutical employee
* Abhiijeet Chitre as Naresh
* Santanu Ghatak as Bhowmick Bose
* Sandesh Kulkarni as drug dealer Chavan
* Salim Husen Mulla as Ganya
* [[Sunil Grover]] as Chacko Kurian: drug lord (special appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
The series was announced by [[Netflix India]] in 2023 as part of its collaboration with [[Excel Entertainment]]. It was conceived as a crime drama exploring women’s empowerment through an unconventional narrative.<ref>{{cite web |title=Netflix & Farhan Akhtar's 'Dabba Cartel' Review: Shabana Azmi, Jyotika, Gajraj Rao's series is an ode to female friendship |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shabana-azmi-jyotika-farhan-akhtar-gajraj-raos-dabba-cartel-review-refreshing-to-see-womens-solidarity-in-this-netflix-web-series-13867334.html |website=Firstpost |date=28 February 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |archive-date=28 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228091819/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shabana-azmi-jyotika-farhan-akhtar-gajraj-raos-dabba-cartel-review-refreshing-to-see-womens-solidarity-in-this-netflix-web-series-13867334.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography took place in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Release ==
''Dabba Cartel'' was released worldwide on 28 February 2025, exclusively on [[Netflix]].{{fact|date=June 2025}}

== Reception ==
[[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described it as a "trippy, twisted ride," particularly highlighting the lead cast's chemistry and the show's engaging plot.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |first=Shubhra|last=Gupta|title=Dabba Cartel review: A trippy, twisted ride |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dabba-cartel-review-a-trippy-twisted-ride-9861274/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228235407/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/dabba-cartel-review-a-trippy-twisted-ride-9861274/ |archive-date=28 February 2025 |access-date=8 March 2025 |website=The Indian Express|date=28 February 2025 }}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it "an engaging crime drama with strong female leads and a gripping storyline."<ref name="auto2" /> Margaret Lyons for ''[[NY Times]]'' wrote "This Indian Netflix series isn’t the most original thing ever, but it comes loaded with brains, humor and electric performances."<ref>{{cite news|first=Margaret|last=Lyons|title='Dabba Cartel' Is a Go-Go-Go Drama With Depth|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/04/arts/television/dabba-cartel-netflix.html|magazine=NY Times|date=4 March 2025|archive-date=5 March 2025|access-date=9 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305222900/https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/04/arts/television/dabba-cartel-netflix.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Saibal Chatterjee]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' gave 3 stars out of 5 and said that "Uneven but always engrossing, Dabba Cartel has the potential for a longer run. It would be interesting to watch where the cartel goes from here and what shape their dabbas take. "<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee |title=Dabba Cartel Review: Shabana Azmi's Performance Is Half The Battle Won|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmis-performance-is-half-the-battle-won-3-stars-7814536|date=28 February 2025 |website=NDTV}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
A critic for ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the season, 3 stars out of 5 and wrote "''Dabba Cartel'' is an engaging watch, thanks to its intriguing premise, strong casting, and gripping execution that holds the audience's attention from start to finish. However, the cinematic liberties in the writing slightly diminish its overall impact."<ref>{{cite news|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|title=Web Series Review: Dabba Cartel is an engaging watch, thanks to its intriguing premise, strong casting, and gripping execution|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-dabba-cartel-engaging-watch-thanks-intriguing-premise-strong-casting-gripping-execution/|magazine=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=28 February 2025|archive-date=28 February 2025|access-date=9 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228172523/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-dabba-cartel-engaging-watch-thanks-intriguing-premise-strong-casting-gripping-execution/|url-status=live}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

[[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' rated 3/5 stars and notes "''Dabba Cartel''’s reluctant black comedy in the body of a crime thriller starts out interestingly enough to accomplish its Narcos: Thane aspirations."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Sukanya |last=Verma |title=Dabba Cartel Review: High Five!|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/review/dabba-cartel-review/20250228.htm |date=28 February 2025 |website=Rediff}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>
Shilajit Mitra of ''[[The Hindu]]'' observed that "This Netflix series wobbles between coolness and chaos, menace and mirth, never quite finding its pitch".<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shilajit |last=Mitra |title='Dabba Cartel' series review: Shabana Azmi, Jyotika show doesn't take off|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dabba-cartel-series-review-shabana-azmi-jyotika-netflix-gajraj-rao/article69274379.ece|date=28 February 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref>
Vineeta Kumar of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2 stars out of 5 and commented that "You get enough surprises but are never taken aback by them. In the last episode, which is the longest at one hour-13 minutes, the climax is supposed to make your jaws drop. But, your jaws are only dropping from boredom as you drag yourself to finish the series with a wide yawn at the end.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Vineeta |last=Kumar |title=Dabba Cartel review: Shabana Azmi is a silent lioness in a challenging story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmi-and-gang-will-make-your-jaws-drop-with-boredom-2686950-2025-02-28|date=28 February 2025 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> "
Abhimanyu Mathur of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that "Shabana Azmi, Jyotika, and Nimisha Sajayan's performances aside, this desi Narcos has little to offer."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Abhimanyu |last=Mathur |title=Dabba Cartel review: Shabana Azmi in Godmother mode is the saving grace of this tepid desi Narcos-meets-Breaking Bad|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dabba-cartel-review-shabana-azmi-in-godmother-mode-is-the-saving-grace-of-this-tepid-desi-narcos-meets-breaking-bad-101740741402888.html|date=28 February 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
Nandini Ramnath of ''[[scroll.in]]'' said "Dabba Cartel begins well, with potentially interesting characters and a set-up within the realm of the possible. Filled mostly with plainly attired women who barely wear make-up, Dabba Cartel feels like it could actually be happening."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Nandini |last=Ramnath |title='Dabba Cartel' review: Overcooked serving of Bad Pharma and the drug trade|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1078734/dabba-cartel-review-overcooked-serving-of-bad-pharma-and-the-drug-trade|date=28 February 2025 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>
Lachmi Deb Roy of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 3.5 stars out of 5 and writes that "It has its flaws, but it’s insight into the narcos world is indeed priceless. And the realism in Dabba Cartel’s storytelling overshadows all the drawbacks."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Lachmi Deb |last=Roy |title=Netflix & Farhan Akhtar's 'Dabba Cartel' Review: Shabana Azmi, Jyotika and others give a refreshing take on women's solidarity|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shabana-azmi-jyotika-farhan-akhtar-gajraj-raos-dabba-cartel-review-refreshing-to-see-womens-solidarity-in-this-netflix-web-series-13867334.html|date=28 February 2025 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
*Won : [[Over-the-top media service|OTTPlay Awards for Best Supporting Actor (Female)]] : [[Jyothika]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=OTTplay Awards 2025 full winners list: Kajol, Jaideep Ahlawat, Jyotika and others who won the prestigious trophy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ottplay-awards-2025-full-winners-list-kajol-jaideep-ahlawat-kani-kusruti-and-others-who-won-the-prestigious-trophy/da29aa6a14619 |access-date=3 June 2025 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 March 2025 |title=OTTPlay Awards 2025 full list of winners: Here's who won Best Film, Series Actor and Actress |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ottplay-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-heres-who-won-best-film-series-actor-and-actress-101742704307741.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422010750/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/ottplay-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-heres-who-won-best-film-series-actor-and-actress-101742704307741.html |archive-date=22 April 2025 |access-date=3 June 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15340954}}
* [https://www.netflix.com/title/81476853 ''Dabba Cartel''] on [[Netflix]]

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Netflix television dramas]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television series about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Television series about organized crime]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Excel Entertainment films]]

Lakshmi Raj Sharma

2026-01-01T14:09:33Z

JillianCogburn: adding new bio - done

{{short description|Indian author, novelist, and academician (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Lakshmi Raj Sharma
| image = Lakshmi_Raj_Sharma.JPG
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption = Lakshmi Raj Sharma
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1954
| birth_place = [[Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = [[Academician]], Novelist
| language = English, Hindi
| nationality = Indian
| citizenship =
| education = MA, [[PhD]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Allahabad]]
| period =
| genre = [[Literary Fiction]], [[Short story|Short Stories]], and [[Literary Theory]]
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''[[The Tailor's Needle]]'', ''Marriages are Made in India'', ''TS Eliot-Middleton Murry Debate'', ''The Twain Shall Meet''
| spouse = Bandana Sharma
| children =
| relative(s) =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website = {{URL|http://www.lakshmirajsharma.in/}}
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Lakshmi Raj Sharma''' (born 1954) is an Indian author, novelist, and academician. He used to teach English literature and literary theory. He was Professor at the Department of English and Modern European Languages at the [[University of Allahabad]], [[Allahabad]].<ref name="thesop.org">{{cite web|url=http://thesop.org/index.php?bio=lakshirajsharma|title=Lakshmi R. Sharma|website=thesop.org|access-date=24 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616183702/http://thesop.org/index.php?bio=lakshirajsharma|archive-date=16 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Recently his novel [[The Tailor's Needle]] was published. A few other books are also to his credit. He is also an active blogger.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmirajsharma.in/blog/|title=Blog - Lakshmi Raj Sharma|website=Lakshmi Raj Sharma}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sharma was born to a land-owning family, well known in the eastern districts of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His grandfather [[Rai Bahadur]] Lakshmi Narain Sharma, a [[barrister]], and his father Indra Raj Sharma were among notable people in [[Mirzapur]]. His eldest brother Ajay Raj Sharma was the [[Police Commissioner]] of [[Delhi]] and later the Director General of the [[Border Security Force]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rjul2002/10072002/r100720027.html|title=PIB Press Releases|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref> He is married to Bandana Sharma, a fellow professor in his university department; they have a son, Dhruv Raj Sharma, who is an Etymology Educator, and the head of Logophilia Education Pvt. Ltd.

Sharma was educated at the [[Boys' High School & College, Allahabad]] for his early and secondary education. He entered the [[University of Allahabad]] in 1973, graduated in 1975 and then completed his master's degree in 1977. He received the [[Doctor of Philosophy]] award from the same university in 1986. He was selected for the [[Indian Civil Services]], but opted for an academic career.<ref name="thesop.org"/>

==''[[The Tailor's Needle]]''==

''[[The Tailor's Needle]]'' (2009; {{ISBN|0956037046}}, Picnic Publishing Limited, [[UK]]) is his first novel, published in 2009. It is set in India in the first half of the twentieth century. The novelist himself says: It is a Raj novel covering the era 1917–1940. The characters are Indians and Britons, including a fictional British [[Viceroy]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lakshmirajsharma.in/books/the-tailors-needle/|title=The Tailor's Needle - Lakshmi Raj Sharma|newspaper=Lakshmi Raj Sharma}}</ref> A reviewer comments:
:In a blend of fictional conventions, Lakshmi Raj Sharma's literary masterpiece ''The Tailor's Needle'' uses the past to highlight modern India's fragmentation ... His moral vitality serves as a subliminal lament to India's political class today. In a dignified reproach to those who have failed the country, Sharma's ''The Tailor's Needle'' is a final adieu to the great Indian Raj novel – we will not see the like again – as well as an homage to traditions that gave meaning to people's lives.<ref>{{cite book |isbn=978-0956037046|title=The Tailor's Needle |last1=Sharma |first1=Lakshmi Raj |year=2009 }}</ref>

Gis Hoyle, a novelist and reviewer, observes that in the novel "The whole is held together by a gently mocking and yet ultimately compassionate narrative voice, which gives the reader a brief and enchanting glimpse into a world now gone, with all its faults – and all that might be loved in it, too."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/gp/cdp/member-reviews/A1X1EUK6QE6XDC#R1IRDDTPFT77H8|title=Amazon.co.uk: Profile For Ms. G. Hoyle: Reviews|website=www.amazon.co.uk}}</ref> Ann Northfield in ''Historical Novels Review'' writes: This is an unusual novel that carries the flavour of its time and setting. Anyone who enjoys books about India would find this worth a read.<ref>Historical Novels Review, Issue 51, February 2010.</ref>

The novelist believes that his "greatest wealth is the support he has received from his students who have always overflowed into and out of his classrooms. A number of them are in high positions, some very distinguished journalists, who would go out of their way to continue their support to this author."

''The Tailor's Needle'' has also been published in [[India]] by [[Penguin Books]] India (2012; {{ISBN|9780143416760}}).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/en/content/tailors-needle|title=Penguin India|website=Penguin India}}</ref>

==''Intriguing Women''==

[[File:Intriguing Women.jpg|thumb|Title page of ''Intriguing Women'']]

''Intriguing Women'' is Lakshmi Raj Sharma's third work of fiction. After the success of his debut novel ''The Tailor’s Needle'' and his first book of short stories ''Marriages Are Made In India'', Sharma now publishes a second collection of stories about women in all their infinite – and intriguing – variety. ''Intriguing Women'' has been published in [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] edition by The Paris Press, and also in paperback. The stories in ''Intriguing Women'' have international and Indian settings. These are women who may seem superficially normal, but might not be, and women who strive for normality at all costs. Sharma also raises questions; can a woman reconcile herself to terrorism? How do we react to a woman who kills several of her husbands? Definitions of femininity are examined and magnified through the prism of fiction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.in/Intriguing-Women-Lakshmi-Raj-Sharma-ebook/dp/B01CBJCUNC/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1456740481&sr=8-1&keywords=Intriguing+Women|title=Intriguing Women|first=Lakshmi Raj|last=Sharma|date=27 February 2016|publisher=The Paris Press|via=Amazon}}</ref> We meet women who despite years of oppression, are smart enough to ride the 21st century successfully, while others are left behind, unable to handle the complexities of modern life. These stories report, reflect and examine the feminine nature. What is it like to be born a woman, most particularly an Indian woman?

==''Saba & Nisha: A Love Story''==
''Saba & Nisha: A Love Story'' is a novella. It is the fourth work of fiction by Lakshmi Raj Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmirajsharma.in/saba-nisha-a-love-story/|title=A free online Novella|date=14 August 2017}}</ref> The novella is a literary thriller that deals with the peculiar problem of how difficult it is for an Indian man and woman to unite in marriage if they don't share their religion. This is also a crime thriller of a man who was obsessed with young women. He seemed to be experimenting with sex. It shows how women can feel helpless in a world where men are intent on getting gratification from them at any cost. It is also about criminal psychology in action.
Saba is a child of nature. Her mother, Meher, has had accidents in life. The first of which was finding a lover in a man whose religion she did not know. Meher's lover is forced to marry his neighbor, the wily, Mohini, who falsely accuses him of having used her, when she is with someone else's child.
Meher and Saba live in seclusion, hiding from people as much as possible. Saba joins an English course at the Allahabad University where she finds a companion in Nisha. The two girls are poles apart. Saba is all grace and concern; Nisha is self-centered and fashionable.
In the university bank, the two girls happen to meet the dashing Rahul. Saba helps him and then the love story begins when the two start liking the same man. Rahul finally manages to get one of them through a series of events that make this novella a literary thriller.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xbk2DwAAQBAJ|title=Saba & Nisha: A Love Story|first=Lakshmi Raj|last=Sharma|date=21 September 2017|publisher=Notion Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9781947949416}}</ref>
==''We Should Not All Be Feminists: A Novel''==
Published in 2024, the novel makes a distinction between genuine and fake feminism through a story set in [[India]] and [[United States|America]]. The author through the story advances his opinion that 'Not every feminist is involved in a labour of love. Some are driven by the quest for power just as some are drawn to it because it indicates the right path to take in the contemporary world'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=LR |title=We Should Not All Be Feminists |url=https://lakshmirajsharma.com/we-should-not-all-be-feminists/ |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref> A reviewer observes that it is a 'gripping novel in which two very different feminists encounter turning points in India'.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Indie |first1=Kirkus |title=WE SHOULD NOT ALL BE FEMINISTS |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/lakshmi-raj-sharma/we-should-not-all-be-feminists/ |website=kirkus Reviews |access-date=19 February 2025}}</ref>

==''From a Writer's Blog: Facets of the Novel Today''==
[[File:From a Writer's Blog.jpg|thumb|Title page of ''From a Writer's Blog: Facets of the Novel Today'']]
The book claims to explain the art and craft of fiction. contains theory, criticism, and the creative process concerning the novel. It also focuses on reading, writing, and publishing the novel today.This book is significant because it deals with the nature of literary fiction and how this form of fiction is indebted to Shakespeare. It also talks about magical realism, particularly the [[Salman Rushdie]] kind.<ref>{{cite web |title=From a Writer's Blog: Facets of the Novel Today |url=https://www.amazon.in/Writers-Blog-Facets-Novel-Today-ebook/dp/B0DLTQG89R/ref=sr_1_1?crid=6XZZBEWKI0T7&dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.c-WxgAkcDEDdLsUWhD5ONxQHSYQ7NONOUfMOOd4XAmRTvmUfUmGRcw5XwcB7rfK89B7E4fmOltv5OBNujGvK--nCBSC2DHrHwSH0tZ1EIEPMRTO7ToZpjJTjDWUavfZSXruVfwzbtiVBUcCSgFf9Vz38DTBnc2weP2mA10Hsj8FE8162Bz6O-ln8z-RK6cxGpljtBO62GuEEyhaUaTY3fiPnDdesDUB-2_WVcB5VViE.dDzgkUCoFjRrFoCiZBVjTQOz4l_Bb1S3-OJs2jR5hQM&dib_tag=se&keywords=from+a+writer%27s+blog&qid=1739950902&sprefix=from+a+writer%27s+blog%2Caps%2C416&sr=8-1 |website=Amazon}}</ref>

==Other works==
Professor Lakshmi Raj Sharma is currently working on his second novel, ''Emancipation'', and has recently completed a further collection, ''The English World and Other Stories''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Tailor's Needle|first=Lakshmi Raj|last=Sharma|date=1 July 2009|publisher=Picnic Publishing Ltd|isbn = 978-0956037046}}</ref> His works include ''TS Eliot-Middleton Murry Debate'', ''The Twain Shall Meet'', and a short story collection ''Marriages are Made in India'' (2001; {{ISBN|8175957786}}, [[Writers Workshop (publisher)|Writers Workshop]], [[Calcutta]]). ''Marriages are Made in India'' has also been published as an e-book by Publerati (USA).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publerati.com|title=Publerati Literary Fiction Publisher|website=Puberati LLC}}</ref> Besides, he has edited ''Shakespeare's Problem Plays''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lakshmirajsharma.in/books/|title=Books - Lakshmi Raj Sharma}}</ref>

Prof. Sharma's writings bear several influences, but [[Charles Dickens]]' influence is more than visible. He himself admits in one of his papers published in the [[Oxford]] journal [https://web.archive.org/web/20080515194312/http://english.oxfordjournals.org/ ''English'']:
:I must confess that if there were no Dickens, I would have been a different kind of novelist or story-writer; or, perhaps, would not have been a novelist at all.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/english/article/61/234/290/605902/CHARLES-DICKENS-AND-ME|first=Lakshmi|last=Raj Sharma|date=1 September 2012|journal=English: Journal of the English Association|volume=61|issue=234|pages=290–309|via=english.oxfordjournals.org|doi=10.1093/english/efs027|title=Charles Dickens and Me|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Lakshmi Raj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:People from Mirzapur]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]

Madhava

2025-12-22T09:48:00Z

JillianCogburn:

{{wikt|Madhav|माधव}}
'''[[Madhava (Vishnu)|Mādhava]]''' means [[Krishna]]. It may also refer to:
*a Sanskrit patronymic, "descendant of [[Madhu]] (a man of the [[Yadu]] tribe)".
** especially of [[Krishna]], see [[Madhava (Vishnu)]]
*** an icon of [[Krishna]]
** [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]], fourteenth-century Indian mathematician
** [[Madhvacharya]], philosopher in the Vaishnavism tradition
** Madhava [[Vidyaranya]], Advaita saint and brother of Sayana
** [[Venkata Madhava]], 10th to 12th century commentator of the Rigveda
** [[Madhavdeva]], 16th-century proponent of Ekasarana dharma, neo-Vaishnavism of Assam
*relating to [[spring (season)|springtime]]; the first month of spring, see [[Chaitra]]
*Madhava or [[Madhava-kara]], an Indian physician of the 7th or early 8th century
*Madhava Vagata Srinivas, a staunch srivaishnava preacher and philosper
*Madhava, titular protagonist of the ancient Indian drama Mālatīmādhava by [[Bhavabhuti]]
*Madhava, a character in the 11th-century Indian story collection ''[[Shringara-manjari-katha]]''

==See also==
*{{intitle|Madhava}}
*{{intitle|Madhav}}
*[[Madhavan (disambiguation)]]
*[[Madhavi (disambiguation)]]
*[[Madhab (disambiguation)]]
*[[Madhavaram (disambiguation)]]
*[[Madhav (film)|''Madhav'' (film)]], 2022 Indian film
*[[Magha (month)]] (ruled by Madhava)

{{disambig}}

Viḍūḍabha

2025-10-01T02:24:56Z

JillianCogburn: Starting Basic Info Initial Version

{{Short description|Last ruler of Kosala kingdom}}
{{About|historic king|mythological king|Virūḍhaka (Heavenly King)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = [[King of Kosala]]
| reign = 5th century BC
| name = Viḍūḍabha
| birth_place = [[Kosala]]
| predecessor = [[Pasenadi]]
| successor = Kingdom abolished
| mother = Vasavakhattiya
| father = [[Pasenadi]]
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''Viḍūḍabha''' ({{langx|pi|विडूडभ}} {{Transliteration|pi|Viḍūḍabha}}; {{langx|sa|विरूढक}} {{Transliteration|sa|Virūḍhaka}}) was a king of [[Kosala]] during the lifetime of the [[Gautama Buddha|Buddha]].

==Life==
{{multiple image
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| image1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's, Vidudabha's and Udayana's conquests.jpg
| caption2 = Map of the eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's conquest of Kālāma, Sakya and Koliya
| image3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Ajatasattu's conquest of Kosala.jpg
| caption3 = The eastern Gangetic plain after Viḍūḍabha's defeat by Ajātasattu of Magadha
| footer=
}}

===Early life===
He was the son of [[Pasenadi|Prasenajit]] and {{IAST|Vāsavakhattiyā}}, the daughter of a [[Shakya]]n chief named {{IAST|Mahānāma}} by a slave girl {{IAST|Nāgamundā}}.<ref>Raychaudhuri H. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.177-8</ref><ref>Kosambi D.D. (1988). ''The Culture and Civilisation of Ancient India in Historical Outline'', New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, {{ISBN|0-7069-4200-0}}, pp.128-9</ref> He grew up to be a handsome and healthy young man. He was curious about his grandfather ({{IAST|Mahānāma}}) and grandmother ({{IAST|Nāgamundā}}), but his mother {{IAST|Vāsavakhattiyā}} kept preventing him from visiting them. However, one day, she finally gave in. In the Shakya realm, he did not receive a warm welcome as he expected (for he was the son of a slave girl) and was offended when he learnt about his mother's true identity.<ref name="Legends">{{cite book |author1=A. K. Ghosh |title=Legends from Indian History |date=1968 |publisher=Children's Book Trust |isbn=9788170110460 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3et5EypA_4C |language=English |format=Paperback |chapter=2}}</ref>

===Rise to power===
During Pasenadi's reign, a [[Malla (tribe)|Mallaka]] named Bandhula who had received education in Takṣaśilā, had offered his services as a general to the Kauśalya king so as to maintain the good relations between the Mallakas and Kosala. Later, Bandhula, along with his wife Mallikā, violated the {{Transliteration|pi|Abhiseka-Pokkharaṇī}} sacred tank of the [[Licchavi (tribe)|Licchavikas]], which resulted in armed hostilities between the Kauśalya and the Licchavikas. Bandhula was later treacherously murdered along with his sons by Pasenadi. In retaliation, some Mallakas helped Pasenadi's son [[Virudhaka|Viḍūḍabha]] usurp the throne of Kosala to avenge the death of Bandhula, after which Pasenadi fled from Kosala and died in front of the gates of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]] capital of [[Rajgir|Rājagaha]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|pp=179-180}}

===Reign===

At some point during his reign, Viḍūḍabha fully annexed the [[Kālāma|Kālāma republic]] which had already a vassal of Kosala. That the Kālāmas did not request a share of the Buddha's relics after his death was possibly because they had lost their independence by then.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=231-236}}

Shortly after the Buddha's death, the Viḍūḍabha invaded the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]] and [[Koliya]] republics, seeking to conquer their territories because they had once been part of Kosala. Viḍūḍabha finally triumphed over the Sakyas and Koliyas and annexed their state after a long war with massive loss of lives on both sides. Details of this war were exaggerated by later Buddhist accounts, which claimed that Viḍūḍabha's invasion was in retaliation for having given in marriage to his father the slave girl who became Viḍūḍabha's mother, and that he exterminated the Sakyas. In actuality, Viḍūḍabha's invasion of Sakya might instead have had similar motivations to the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Māgadhī]] king [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]]'s conquest of the [[Vajjika League]] because he was the son of a Vajjika princess and was therefore interested in the territory of his mother's homeland. The result of the Kauśalya invasion was that the Sakyas and Koliyas merely lost political importance after being annexed into Viḍūḍabha's kingdom. The Sakyas nevertheless soon disappeared as an ethnic group after their annexation, having become absorbed into the population of Kosala, with only a few displaced families maintaining the Sakya identity afterwards. The Koliyas likewise disappeared as a polity and as a tribe soon after their annexation.{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=182-206}}{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=207-217}}

The massive life losses incurred by Kosala during its conquest of Sakya weakened it significantly enough that it eventually was soon annexed by its eastern neighbour, the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], and Viḍūḍabha was defeated and killed by the Māgadhī king [[Ajatashatru|Ajātasattu]].{{sfn|Sharma|1968|p=182-206}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation |editor-last=Sastri |editor-first=K. A. Nilakanta |editor-link=K. A. Nilakanta Sastri |title=Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YoAwor58utYC |date=1988 |orig-date=1967 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |location=[[Delhi]] |isbn=81-208-0465-1 |edition=Second }}
* {{citation |last=Sen |first=Sailendra Nath |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC |year=1999 |orig-date=1988 |publisher=New Age International Publishers |edition=Second |isbn=81-224-1198-3 }}
*{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=J. P. |author-link= |date=1968 |title=Republics in Ancient India, C. 1500 B.C.-500 B.C. |url= |location=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. Brill]] |pages=179–180 |isbn=978-9-004-02015-3 }}
* Basham, A. L. ''The Wonder That was India.'' New York: Hawthorn Books, 1963.
{{refend}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Pasenadi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Kosala]]|years=5th century BC}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ajatashatru|Māgadhī conquest]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Kings of Kosala]]

Shilpa Natarajan

2025-09-27T18:49:45Z

JillianCogburn: Starting Initial Stub First Draft

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Shilpa Natarajan
| image = Shilpa Natarajan Live.jpg
| caption = Natarajan in 2014
| landscape = yes
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|07|31}}
| origin = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| genre = [[Indie pop]], [[Alternative rock|alternative]], [[indie folk]], [[Experimental music|experimental]], [[parody]]
| occupation = Singer-Songwriter
| years_active = 2011-present
| website = {{URL|http://www.shilpanatarajan.com/}}
}}
'''Shilpa Natarajan''' is an independent acoustic singer-songwriter and a playback singer and was a music presenter on Chennai Live 104.8FM, based in [[Chennai]], [[India]]. In 2015 she performed with the Beef Sappad Trio.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/chennais-beef-sapad-trio-on-bans-and-music/article8309427.ece "Chennais Beef Sapad Trio on bans and music"]. Raveena Joseph. Chennai, March 3, 2016</ref> She is an ATCL diploma graduate in Western Classical Music (Performance).

==Early life and education==
As a child Natarajan attended school in Muscat.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/A-tune-of-ones-own/article14342446.ece " A tune of one's own"]. ''The Hindu'', May 27, 2016, Priyadarshini Paitandy</ref> She later moved with her family to Chennai, where she attended Vidya Mandir in the neighbourhood of Mylapore and joined the school's Carnatic orchestra.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/meet-chennais-independent-women-musicians/article8655374.ece "Meet Chennai's independent women musicians"]. ''The Hindu'', May 27, 2016. Priyadarshini Paitandy.</ref>
Natarajan had grounding in classical Carnatic music for close to two decades. Her first Guru was her mother Maheshwari Natarajan, followed by Vijayalakshmi Subramanian and Shuba Ganesan. She currently learns from Smt. Champa Kumar.
Natarajan is also a student of Western classical music.

==Career==
Natarajan used to work with a Corporate Group based in Chennai and worked on her music during the weekends.

Her first entry into the Tamil music industry was in 2008 when she participated on a contest TV Show, ''Airtel Super Singer- Season 1''. While she did not make it to the finals, she was invited to be a guest performer along with a lot of others from the show.

Natarajan then sang a song for a Tamil television serial- 'Puriyadha Pudhir', on [[Raj Network|Raj TV]].

She entered the Tamil playback industry in 2012 with a song for a feature film titled [[Marina (2012 film)|'Marina']]. The song which she was a part of, 'Vanakkam Chennai', has received more than 2 million hits {{where|date=March 2017}} and Shilpa was invited to sing the song on Star Vijay's Super Singer.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/charting-their-own-course/article4814252.ece "Charting their own course"]. ''The Hindu''. June 14, 2013.</ref>

She has sung for Disney Tamil and Nickelodeon and her voice can be heard as a singer, on both 'Nala' from Lion King and Ariel from 'Little Mermaid' (in Tamil).

She has collaborated with [[Vandana Srinivasan]], a playback singer in Chennai and Prithvi Chandrasekar of Krimson blend on a cover of Amit Trivedi's 'Pareshaan' from Ishaqzaade.

Shilpa collaborates with Chennai's theatre company StrayFactory Entd. and has been a part of The Metroplus Theatre Festival and the Short + Sweet Festivals with Ganga at Rishikesh and Maya From Madurai.

Shilpa has been a part of Girishh Gopalakrishnan's [[Vidiyum Munn]] by singing, along with [[Susheela Raman]] and Ramshanker S., the song, 'Penne'.

She has also sung the title track, "Hi",<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-carnatic-jazz-rock-and-more/article4347971.ece "Audio Beat: Carnatic, jazz, rock and more"]. ''The Hindu''. Jan 26, 2013</ref> for Vishal Chandrasekhar's 'Hi da' which is yet to release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/hai-da/hai-da-songs-review.html|title=Hai da Music Review Hai da, Uday, Bhavana|work=behindwoods.com}}</ref><ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Two-Guys-A-Girl-and-an-Acoustic-Gig/2014/05/21/article2235634.ece1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071336/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Two-Guys-A-Girl-and-an-Acoustic-Gig/2014/05/21/article2235634.ece1|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2016|title=Two Guys, A Girl and an Acoustic Gig|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Natarajan began to write songs in 2011 and released her Tamil single, "Yenakku Nee Sondhama" which was produced by G.D. Prasad. Subsequently, she released an English single "Shadow On your Wall".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/theatre/a-musical-start/article5006796.ece|title=A musical start|work=The Hindu|date=August 9, 2013}}</ref> In 2011, Shilpa collaborated with G.D. Prasad, on a bi-lingual song - "String of Shining Pearls"

In 2013, Natarajan worked with several independent musicians in Chennai and was a part of a Tamil single "Thedal", composed by Ramshanker S. That year she took part in The Hindu's Metroplus Theatre festival and 'The Fete De La Musique'.

Natarajan's next single "Dirty Little Secret", was premiered at The Metroplus Theatre Festival in August 2013, and at about that time she was featured on [[Zee Tamil|Zee Thamizh]] 's 'Isai Unplugged' show, along with a few other independent musicians, as part of a band called 'Untitled'.

In 2015, she was performing with a group called "The Beef Sapad Trio".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/for-the-love-of-biryani/article7210122.ece "For the love of biryani"]. ''The Hindu''. Susanna Myrtle Lazarus</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304223809/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Trios-Monsoon-Parody-of-Carol-Goes-Viral/2016/01/07/article3214690.ece "Trio's Monsoon Parody of Carol Goes Viral"]. ''New Indian Express'', By Sonali Shenoy 07th January 2016</ref> In 2016 the group performed at a Beatles Tribute concert in Chennai.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/events/the-abbey-road-journal/article8960028.ece "The Abbey Road journal"]. ''The Hindu'', August 8, 2016. Deepa Alexander</ref>

In 2016 Natarajan performed with the Madras Musical Association choir.<ref>[http://www.asianage.com/music/sound-music-905 "The Sound of Music"]. ''The Asian Age'', SRAVIA SIVARAM, Jul 3, 2016</ref> In 2017 she released her debut EP, ''Bubblewrap'' in two languages.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/wrap-it-up/article17461146.ece " Wrap it up"]. ''The Hindu'', March 14, 2017. LAVANYA NARAYANAN</ref> The EP included 5 tracks in English and 2 in Tamil, and was produced by [[Naveen Samson Benjamin]]. ''Bubblewrap'' features musicians including Joslin Julius, Hariprasad, Vijay B., [[Shravan Sridhar]], [[Biggu Chandilya]], Adithi Deborah and Varun Ram Iyer. The EP is a mix of Indie pop, world, Indie-folk and other genres with tinges of other genres like alternative, carnatic and swing mixed with the music. 'Yenakku Nee Sondhama' was featured on BBC Asian Radio Network on Ashanti Omkar's on 19 March 2017. "Bubblewrap", the title track of the EP was featured on BBC Asian Radio Network on Ashanti Omkar's on 26 March 2017.

=== Beef Sappad Trio ===
Beef Sappad Trio is a parody act<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/battle-of-the-bands/article8297184.ece|title=Battle of the bands|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-27|language=en}}</ref> from the city of Chennai. The act comprises Dr. Yohan Chacko (Veal Smith), Sandeep John (TenderLoins of Punjab aka TLPJ) and Shilpa Natarajan (BarbieQ). The act write parody songs based on current affairs and are strictly humorous.

While they have written and performed many songs, some of their YouTube-released tracks are ''NRI song'',<ref>{{Citation|last=Rascalas|title=Rascalas - The NRI Song [A Cappella]|date=2015-04-13|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fiA_nh7vH_U|accessdate=2017-03-27}}</ref> ''The Biryani song'', ''Monsoon Christmas'' (a song based on the Chennai floods of 2015) and most recently ''The Endodontist song''.

==Discography==

{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Year
!Album
!Composer
!Producer
!Language
!Credited as
!Comments
|-
|Puriyadha Pudhir
|2008
|Puriyadha Pudhir (TV)
|Unknown
|
|Tamil
|
|Raj TV Productions
|-
|Down the hill
|2010
|
|Varun Ravindran
|
|English
|
|single
|-
|Ullathin Varthaigal (Aktaa Moner Kothaa)
|2012
|Oviyam
|[[Vijayanarain Rangarajan]]
|
|Bengali
|
|Short film
|-
|String of shining pearls
|2012
|
|GD Prasad
|GD Prasad
|English
|
|Single
|-
|Vanakkam Vaazhavaikkum Chennai
|2012
|[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]
|[[Girishh G]]opalakrishnan
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|Hi (Theme song)
|2013
|Hi da
|[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|Penne
|2013
|[[Vidiyum Munn]]
|[[Girishh G]]opalakrishnan
|
|Tamil
|
|Backing vocals
|-
|Thedal
|2014
|
|Ramshanker Sathyanarayanan
|
|Tamil
|
|Single
|-
|Dehamannu
|2014
|oka rathrilo iddaru ammayilu
|[[Girishh G]]opalakrishnan
|
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|Vidaraani mounam
|2014
|oka rathrilo iddaru ammayilu
|[[Girishh G]]opalakrishnan
|
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|Fly by
|2016
|''Aagam''
|[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|Shoot the kuruvi
|2016
|[[Jil Jung Juk|Jil Jung juk]]
|[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|Tamil
|
|Backing vocals
|-
|
|2016
|[[Theri (film)|Theri]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|GV Prakash]]
|
|
|Background Vocals
|Re recording
|-
|
|2016
|[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku|Enakku Innooru Peru Irukku]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|GV Prakash]]
|
|
|Background Vocals
|Re recording
|-
|
|2016
|[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|GV Prakash]]
|
|
|Background Vocals
|Re recording
|-
|Don't give up
|2016
|Avaladhigaram
|Ramshanker Sathyanarayanan
|
|Tamil
|Singer, Lyricist
|short film
|-
|Vizhi moodinen
|2016
|
|Jerard Felix
|
|Tamil
|
|single
|-
|Balle Vellaiya Theva
|2017
|[[Balle Vellaiyathevaa|Balle Vellaiya theva]]
|[[Darbuka Siva]]
|
|Tamil
|
|
|-
|Vandhene
|2017
|[[Simba (2017 film)|Simba]]
|[[Vishal Chandrasekhar]]
|
|English, Tamil
|
|
|-
|
|2017
|[[Mupparimanam]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|GV Prakash]]
|
|
|Background Vocals
|Re recording
|-
|Feathersword
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|English
|Singer, songwriter
|EP
|-
|Lean on me
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|English
|Singer, songwriter
|EP
|-
|Release me
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|English
|singer, songwriter
|EP
|-
|Shadow on your wall
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|GD Prasad
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|English
|Singer, Lyricist
|EP
|-
|Bubblewrap
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|English
|Singer, songwriter
|EP
|-
|Kadhal Kondene
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|Naveen Samson Benjamin, Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|Tamil
|Singer, songwriter
|EP
|-
|Yenakku Nee Sondhama
|2017
|Bubblewrap
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|Tamil
|Singer, songwriter
|EP
|-
|Yevadura
|2017
|[[The House Next Door (2017 film)|Gruham]]
|[[Girishh G]]
|
|Telugu
|
|
|-
|Yeh Waqt Maut Ka Hai
|2017
|[[The House Next Door (2017 film)|The House Next Door]]
|[[Girishh G]]
|
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|Penne
|2018
|
|Coolie
|
|English, Tamil
|Singer
|Single
|-
|Sirukki
|2018
|
|Nicky M
|
|Tamil
|Vocal Arranger, Backing Vocals
|Single
|-
|Yaaro Nee
|2019
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Mervin Thomas
|Tamil
|Singer, Composer, Vocal Arranger
|Single
|-
|
|2019
|[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G V Prakash]]
|
|Tamil
|Background vocals
|Re Recording
|-
|Hangover Peg
|2019
|Madhuram Wines
|Jay Krish
|
|Telugu
|Singer
|
|-
|Lockdown
|2020
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Naveen Samson Benjamin
|English
|Singer, Songwriter
|Single
|-
|Oshi
|2020
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|GD Prasad
|English
|Singer, Songwriter
|Single
|-
|Oshi
|2020
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|GD Prasad
|Tamil
|Singer, Songwriter
|Single
|-
|Haunted
|2020
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|[[Anjana Rajagopalan]]
|English
|Singer, Songwriter
|Single
|-
|
|2020
|[[Soorarai Pottru (soundtrack)|Soorarai Pottru]]
|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G V Prakash]]
|
|Tamil
|Background Vocals
|Re Recording
|-
|Mer Song
|2020
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Alok Merwin
|English
|Singer, Songwriter
|Single
|-
|Day and Night
|2020
|
|Basho
|
|English
|Singer
|Single
|-
|Untethered
|2021
|
|Basho
|
|Sanskrit
|Singer, Vocal Arranger
|Single
|-
|Boat Song
|2021
|
|Shilpa Natarajan
|Alok Merwin
|English
|Singer, Songwriter
|Single
|-
|Jigum - Wa
|2023
|[[The Village (2023 TV series)|The Village]]
|[[Girishh Gopalakrishnan]]
|
|English- Korean
|Singer, Lyricist
|
|}

==Animated series==
* Biriken (Title Track)
* Sally Bollywood (Title Track)- Discovery Tamil
* Lion King 3- Disney Tamil
* Peter Pan- Disney Tamil
* Concho Bay (Animated Series) – Tamil
* Mickey & Donald have a laugh- Telugu

==Associated acts==
* Strayfactory- Short & Sweet Festival- 'Maya from Madurai', directed by Pooja Balu, written by Naren Weiss, starring Venkatesh Harinathan, Ajay Ayyappan and Shilpa Natarajan
* Fete De La Musique 2013- With Krimson Blend @ Goethe Institut, Chennai
* StrayFactory (Experimental Theatre at Jaaga, Bangalore)
* StrayFactory (Ganga @ Rishikesh, Madras Meals- The Great Indian Blogologues)
* Banaras Shop Quartet (Ganga @ Rishikesh, The Hindu Metroplus Theatre Festival- 2012)
* Vandanam ( Pareshaan –A cover )

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shilpanatarajan.com/ Official website]
* [http://www.soundcloud.com/shilpa317 Shilpa Natarajan at Soundcloud]
*
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natarajan, Shilpa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier

2025-09-15T01:39:38Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Short description|2023 International cricket tournament Qualifier}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier
| image = World Cup 2023 qualifers official logo.jpeg
| caption = Official tournament logo
| fromdate = 18 June 2023
| todate = 9 July 2023
| administrator = [[International Cricket Council]]
| cricket format = [[One Day International]]
| tournament format = Group [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] and [[play-offs]]
| host = {{flag|Zimbabwe}}
| champions = {{cr|SL}}
| count = 2
| runner up = {{cr|NED}}
| participants = 10
| matches = 34
| most runs = {{cricon|ZIM}} [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] (600)
| most wickets = {{cricon|SL}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (22)
| player of the series = {{cricon|ZIM}} [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]
| website = [https://www.icc-cricket.com/mens-schedule/list International Cricket Council]
| previous_year = 2018
| previous_tournament = 2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier
| next_year = 2026
| next_tournament = 2026 Cricket World Cup Qualifier
}}

The '''2023 ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier''' was the 12th edition of the [[Cricket World Cup Qualifier]], which took place in June and July 2023 in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-to-host-odi-world-cup-qualifiers-in-june-july-2023-1244071 |title=Zimbabwe to host ODI World Cup qualifiers in June-July 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 December 2020 |archive-date=16 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216081705/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/zimbabwe-to-host-odi-world-cup-qualifiers-in-june-july-2023-1244071 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the culmination of the [[2023 Cricket World Cup qualification]] process and decided the final two participants for the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] in [[India]].<ref name="ICC">{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/881375 |title=New qualification pathway for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup approved |access-date=20 October 2018 |work=International Cricket Council |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020223746/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/881375 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/associates-pathway-to-2023-world-cup-undergoes-major-revamp-1162819 |title=Associates pathway to 2023 World Cup undergoes major revamp |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 October 2018}}</ref>

In July 2020, Zimbabwe announced their intention to host the qualifier.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-angling-to-host-global-cricket-event/ |title=Zimbabwe angling to host global cricket event |work=Zimbabwe Chronicle |date=27 July 2020 |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729232342/https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zimbabwe-angling-to-host-global-cricket-event/ |url-status=live }}</ref> They had hosted the [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|previous qualification tournament]] in March 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/cricket-zimbabwe-stakes-claim-to-host-successive-world-cup-qualifiers/ |title=Cricket Zimbabwe stakes claim to host successive World Cup Qualifiers |work=Emerging Cricket |date=29 July 2020 |access-date=30 July 2020 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814072017/https://emergingcricket.com/news/cricket-zimbabwe-stakes-claim-to-host-successive-world-cup-qualifiers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2020, Zimbabwe were confirmed as the tournament hosts.

A fire occurred at the [[Harare Sports Club]] on 20 June 2023 behind the southwest grandstand, but no damage took place, and this did not affect the scheduling.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://zimcricket.org/qualifier-fixtures-unaffected-by-fire-incident-at-harare-sports-club/ |title=Qualifier fixtures unaffected by fire incident at Harare Sports Club |work=Zimbabwe Cricket|access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref> Following an inspection by an ICC security team, the venue was cleared for hosting the tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Fire at Harare Sports Club: ICC inspects and clears the ground for further use at World Cup Qualifiers |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/fire-at-harare-sports-club-icc-clears-the-ground-for-further-use-at-world-cup-qualifiers-1382678 |access-date=14 September 2025 |website=www.espncricinfo.com}}</ref> The two finalists, [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[Netherlands national cricket team|the Netherlands]], claimed the last two places at the 2023 Cricket World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/jubilant-netherlands-secure-odi-world-cup-ticket-after-beating-scotland-1386162 |title=Jubilant Netherlands secure ODI World Cup ticket |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref> Sri Lanka won the tournament, beating the Netherlands by 128 runs in a one-sided final.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3578918 |title=Sri Lanka trounce Netherlands to win CWC23 Qualifier Final |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=9 July 2023}}</ref>

==Teams and qualification==
{{See also|2023 Cricket World Cup qualification}}
The tournament featured ten teams; the bottom five teams from the [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League|2020–23 World Cup Super League]], the top three teams from the [[2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2|2019–23 Cricket World Cup League 2]], and the top two teams from the [[2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off|2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off]].

All matches in the qualifier tournament were [[One Day International]] (ODI) status. The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) confirmed that [[Decision Review System|DRS]] would be used in the tournament, but only for matches in the Super Six stage and onwards. This was the first time the system was used in the Cricket World Cup Qualifier tournament.<ref name="ICCf">{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3483675 |title=Fixtures released for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023|work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Qualification Pathway for 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup.png|thumb|left|A diagram that explains the qualification structure for the 2023 ICC Cricket World Cup]]
{| class="wikitable" width="850"
! width="30%" |Means of qualification<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/901272 |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualification Pathway frequently asked questions |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=6 November 2018 |archive-date=6 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106171814/https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/901272 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! width="25%" |Date
! width="10%" |Venue
! width="5%" |Berths
! width="25%" |Qualified
|-
|[[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League|Super League]] (Bottom 5)
|30 July 2020 – 14 May 2023
|Various
| style="text-align:center;" |5
|{{cr|IRE}} {{cr|NED}} {{cr|SL}} {{cr|WIN}} {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
|[[2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2|League 2]] (Top 3)
|14 August 2019 – 16 March 2023
|Various
| style="text-align:center;" |3
|{{cr|NEP}} {{cr|OMA}} {{cr|SCO}}
|-
|[[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off|Qualifier Play-off]] (Top 2)
|26 March – 5 April 2023
|{{flag|Namibia}}
| style="text-align:center;" |2
|{{cr|UAE}} {{cr|USA}}
|-
!Total
! colspan="2" |
!10
!
|}

===Implications for future competition===
The top two sides from this qualifier will be awarded a spot in the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18611956/radical-schedule-shake-proposed-icc-meeting |title=New cricket calendar aims to give all formats more context |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=4 February 2017 |access-date=20 October 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191940/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18611956/radical-schedule-shake-proposed-icc-meeting |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Road">{{Cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27384084/how-teams-secure-qualification-rank-no-1-32 |title=The road to World Cup 2023: how teams can secure qualification, from rank No. 1 to 32 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=14 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814124924/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27384084/how-teams-secure-qualification-rank-no-1-32 |url-status=live }}</ref> Originally, it was intended that the top-ranked team in the CWC League 2 (Scotland) could be promoted to the next Super League at the expense of the 13th ranked Super League team (Netherlands); but only if the League 2 winner finished as the higher of the two in this tournament. The team ranked lower would then have played in the next edition of League 2.<ref name="Road" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/explainer-with-2023-cricket-world-cup-qualifying-process-underway-heres-a-breakdown-of-iccs-new-look-league-structure-7172161.html|title=Explainer: With 2023 Cricket World Cup qualifying process underway, here's a breakdown of ICC's new-look league structure|last=de Jong|first=Bertus|date=16 August 2019|work=Firstpost|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=16 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816065628/https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/explainer-with-2023-cricket-world-cup-qualifying-process-underway-heres-a-breakdown-of-iccs-new-look-league-structure-7172161.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in November 2021, the ICC announced that there would not be a second edition of the Super League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/cricket-takes-another-backward-step-in-super-league/|title=Cricket takes another backward step in Super League scrapping|work=Emerging Cricket|date=18 November 2021|access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>

==Venues==
{{location map+|Zimbabwe|width=250|caption=Locations of venues for the 2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|places=
{{location map~|Zimbabwe|label=[[Bulawayo Athletic Club]]|position=right|lat=-20.164836|long=28.593483}}
{{location map~|Zimbabwe|label=[[Takashinga Cricket Club]]|position=left|lat=-17.888|long=30.991}}
{{location map~|Zimbabwe|label=[[Harare Sports Club]]|position=right|lat=-17.814075|long=31.050578}}
{{location map~|Zimbabwe|label=[[Queens Sports Club]]|position=left|lat=-20.145108|long=28.588944}}
}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=2|[[Harare]]
! colspan=2|[[Bulawayo]]
|-
|[[Harare Sports Club]]
|[[Takashinga Cricket Club]]
|[[Queens Sports Club]]
|[[Bulawayo Athletic Club]]
|-
|Capacity: 10,000
|Capacity: –
|Capacity: 13,000
|Capacity: 12,000
|}

==Squads==
The following squads were named ahead of the tournament:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3353767 |title=Cricket World Cup Qualifier - All the squads |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{cr|IRE}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/ireland-men-squad-named-for-world-cup-qualifier-campaign |title=Ireland Men squad named for World Cup Qualifier campaign |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|NEP}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3494484 |title=In-form Nepal stick to their guns in Cricket World Cup Qualifier squad|work=International Cricket Council |access-date=28 May 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|NED}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kncb.nl/en/news/dutch-squad-for-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-in-zimbabwe-announced/ |title=Dutch squad for Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Zimbabwe announced |access-date=24 May 2023 |work=Royal Dutch Cricket Association}}</ref>
!{{cr|OMA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofoman.com/article/131252-maqsood-to-lead-oman-at-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-in-zimbabwe |title=Maqsood to lead Oman at Cricket World Cup Qualifier in Zimbabwe |work=Times of Oman |access-date=24 May 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|SCO}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketscotland.com/squad-announced-for-icc-mens-world-cup-qualifer/ |title=Scotland Squad announced for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023 |work=Cricket Scotland |access-date=17 May 2023}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Andrew Balbirnie]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Mark Adair]]
* [[Curtis Campher]]
* [[Gareth Delany]]
* [[George Dockrell]]
* [[Graham Hume]]
* [[Josh Little]]
* [[Andy McBrine]]
* [[Barry McCarthy]]
* [[PJ Moor]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Paul Stirling]]
* [[Harry Tector]]
* [[Lorcan Tucker]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]]
* [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]]
|
* [[Rohit Paudel]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Dipendra Singh Airee]]
* [[Kushal Bhurtel]]
* [[Pratis GC]]
* [[Gulsan Jha]]
* [[Sompal Kami]]
* [[Karan KC]]
* [[Sandeep Lamichhane]]
* [[Kishore Mahato]]
* [[Gyanendra Malla]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sandeep Lamichhane]]
* [[Lalit Rajbanshi]]
* [[Arjun Saud]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Bhim Sharki]]
* [[Aarif Sheikh]]
* [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Shariz Ahmad]]
* [[Wesley Barresi]]
* [[Noah Croes]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Bas de Leede]]
* [[Aryan Dutt]]
* [[Clayton Floyd]]
* [[Vivian Kingma]]
* [[Ryan Klein]]
* [[Michael Levitt (cricketer)|Michael Levitt]]
* [[Teja Nidamanuru]]
* [[Max O'Dowd]]
* [[Logan van Beek]]
* [[Vikramjit Singh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Saqib Zulfiqar]]
|
* [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Aqib Ilyas]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Fayyaz Butt]]
* [[Sandeep Goud]]
* [[Kaleemullah (cricketer)|Kaleemullah]]
* [[Ayaan Khan]]
* [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]]
* [[Shoaib Khan (Omani cricketer)|Shoaib Khan]]
* [[Naseem Khushi]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Suraj Kumar]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Mohammad Nadeem (Omani cricketer)|Mohammad Nadeem]]
* [[Jay Odedra]]
* [[Kashyap Prajapati]]
* [[Rafiullah (cricketer)|Rafiullah]]
* [[Adeel Shafique]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Samay Shrivastava]]
* [[Jatinder Singh]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Richie Berrington]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Matthew Cross (cricketer)|Matthew Cross]] ([[Wicket keeper|wk]])
* [[Alasdair Evans]]
* [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]]
* [[Jack Jarvis (cricketer)|Jack Jarvis]]
* [[Michael Leask]]
* [[Tomas Mackintosh Sabater|Tomas Mackintosh]] ([[Wicket keeper|wk]])
* [[Christopher McBride]]
* [[Brandon McMullen]]
* [[George Munsey]]
* [[Adrian Neill]]
* [[Safyaan Sharif]]
* [[Chris Sole]]
* [[Hamza Tahir]]
* [[Mark Watt]]
|-
!{{cr|SL}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://srilankacricket.lk/2023/06/sri-lanka-announces-15-man-squad-for-icc-mens-cricket-world-cup-qualifiers/ |title=Sri Lanka announces 15-man squad for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifiers |work=Sri Lanka Cricket |access-date=9 June 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|UAE}}<ref>{{cite tweet |user=EmiratesCricket |number=1667933768080924672 |title=Destination🇿🇼 #CWCQualifier |date=11 June 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|USA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://usacricket.org/media-release/team-usa-mens-squad-named-for-the-2023-icc-cwc-qualifier/ |title=Team USA Men's squad name for the 2023 ICC CWC Qualifier |work=USA Cricket |date=25 May 2023 |access-date=25 May 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|WIN}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/charles-to-replace-motie-for-icc-mens-cricket-world-cup-qualifiers-in-zimbabwe/ |title=Charles to replace Motie for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifiers in Zimbabwe |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref>
!{{cr|ZIM}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zimcricket.org/zimbabwe-name-squad-for-icc-mens-cricket-world-cup-qualifier/ |title=Zimbabwe name squad for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier |work=Zimbabwe Cricket |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=2 June 2023}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Dasun Shanaka]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Kusal Mendis]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]], [[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sahan Arachchige]]
* [[Charith Asalanka]]
* <s>[[Dushmantha Chameera]]</s>
* [[Dhananjaya de Silva]]
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* [[Dushan Hemantha]]
* [[Chamika Karunaratne]]
* [[Dimuth Karunaratne]]
* [[Lahiru Kumara]]
* [[Dilshan Madushanka]]
* [[Pathum Nissanka]]
* [[Matheesha Pathirana]]
* [[Kasun Rajitha]]
* [[Sadeera Samarawickrama]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
|
* [[Muhammad Waseem (cricketer)|Muhammad Waseem]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Vriitya Aravind]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Basil Hameed]]
* [[Ethan D'Souza]]
* [[Muhammad Jawadullah]]
* [[Aayan Afzal Khan]]
* [[Asif Khan (Emirati cricketer)|Asif Khan]]
* [[Zahoor Khan]]
* [[Karthik Meiyappan]]
* [[Rohan Mustafa]]
* [[Ali Naseer]]
* [[Rameez Shahzad]]
* [[Junaid Siddique (Emirati cricketer)|Junaid Siddique]]
* [[Aryansh Sharma]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Sanchit Sharma]]
|
* [[Monank Patel]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Aaron Jones (cricketer)|Aaron Jones]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shayan Jahangir]]
* [[Nosthush Kenjige]]
* [[Ali Khan (American cricketer)|Ali Khan]]
* [[Sushant Modani]]
* [[Saiteja Mukkamalla]]
* [[Saurabh Netravalkar]]
* [[Abhishek Paradkar]]
* [[Nisarg Patel]]
* [[Kyle Phillip]]
* [[Usman Rafiq]]
* [[Gajanand Singh]]
* [[Jessy Singh]]
* [[Steven Taylor (American cricketer)|Steven Taylor]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
|
* [[Shai Hope]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Rovman Powell]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Shamarh Brooks]]
* <s>[[Yannic Cariah]]</s>
* [[Keacy Carty]]
* [[Johnson Charles]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Roston Chase]]
* [[Jason Holder]]
* [[Akeal Hosein]]
* [[Alzarri Joseph]]
* [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]]
* [[Kyle Mayers]]
* <s>[[Gudakesh Motie]]</s>
* [[Keemo Paul]]
* [[Nicholas Pooran]]
* [[Romario Shepherd]]
* [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]]
|
* [[Craig Ervine]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Ryan Burl]]
* [[Tendai Chatara]]
* [[Brad Evans (cricketer)|Brad Evans]]
* [[Joylord Gumbie]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Luke Jongwe]]
* [[Innocent Kaia]]
* [[Clive Madande]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Wesley Madhevere]]
* [[Tadiwanashe Marumani]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Wellington Masakadza]]
* [[Nyasha Mayavo]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Blessing Muzarabani]]
* [[Richard Ngarava]]
* [[Sikandar Raza]]
* [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]
|}
On June 8, [[Gudakesh Motie]] was ruled out of the tournament due to a lower back injury and was replaced in West Indies' squad by [[Johnson Charles]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/charles-to-replace-motie-for-icc-mens-cricket-world-cup-qualifiers-in-zimbabwe/ |title=Charles to replace Motie for ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifiers in Zimbabwe |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=8 June 2023}}</ref> Sri Lanka added [[Sahan Arachchige]], [[Dilshan Madushanka]] and [[Dunith Wellalage]] as standby players to their squad during the group stage of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/madushanka-wellalage-and-arachchige-added-to-sl-s-wcq-squad-as-standby-options-1382359 |title=Madushanka, Wellalage and Arachchige added to SL's WCQ squad as standby options |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref> Before the Super Six stage of the tournament, [[Nyasha Mayavo]] was added to Zimbabwe's squad to replace the injured [[Clive Madande]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3556054 |title=Zimbabwe forced into key squad change; Netherlands produce historic feats: CWC23 Qualifier Daily Digest - Day 9 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> [[Yannic Cariah]] was also ruled out of the tournament after the group stages, and [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]] replaced in West Indies' squad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.windiescricket.com/news/kevin-sinclair-to-replace-yannic-cariah-at-icc-mens-cricket-world-cup-qualifier/ |title=Kevin Sinclair to replace Yannic Cariah at ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier |work=Cricket West Indies |access-date=28 June 2023}}</ref> Dilshan Madushanka was later added to Sri Lanka's main squad after an injury ruled out [[Dushmantha Chameera]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/dilshan-madushanka-replaces-injured-dushmantha-chameera-in-sri-lanka-squad-1385003 |title=Madushanka replaces injured Chameera in Sri Lanka squad |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> [[Lahiru Kumara]] too was ruled out of the remainder of the tournament during the Super Six stage, and Sahan Arachchige was added to Sri Lanka's main squad to replace him.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3563562 |title=Pacer ruled out of CWC23 Qualifier as Sri Lanka's injury woes compound |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>

==Warm-up matches==
Ten non-ODI warm-up matches were played on 13 June and 15 June 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketworldcup.com/news/3483658 |title=Warm-up fixtures confirmed for Cricket World Cup Qualifier |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>
{{hidden begin
|title = Warm-up matches
|titlestyle = background:lightblue;
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 264 (48.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shai Hope]] 57 (65)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Sole]] 4/50 (10 overs)
| score2 = 173 (33.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brandon McMullen]] 38 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Yannic Cariah]] 4/46 (9 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 91 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379558.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm =
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMN}}
| score1 = 367/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 109[[not out|*]] (66)
| wickets1 = [[Fayyaz Butt]] 2/38 (9 overs)
| score2 = 339 (49.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 113 (103)
| wickets2 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 3/42 (8 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 28 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379559.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA)
| motm =
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 275 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aasif Sheikh (cricketer)|Aasif Sheikh]] 76 (104)
| wickets1 = [[Ali Naseer]] 4/52 (10 overs)
| score2 = 276/7 (49.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Rohan Mustafa]] 77[[not out|*]] (56)
| wickets2 = [[Karan KC]] 2/46 (7.5 overs)
| result = United Arab Emirates won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379560.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Old Hararians]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng) and [[Martin Saggers]] (Eng)
| motm =
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 214 (45.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saqib Zulfiqar]] 56 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Kasun Rajitha]] 3/19 (7 overs)
| score2 = 215/7 (37.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dasun Shanaka]] 67[[not out|*]] (52)
| wickets2 = [[Clayton Floyd]] 2/40 (7 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379561.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ)
| motm =
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 312/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Jones (cricketer)|Aaron Jones]] 89 (87)
| wickets1 = [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] 2/56 (10 overs)
| score2 = 315/5 (45.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Harry Tector]] 149[[not out|*]] (123)
| wickets2 = [[Saurabh Netravalkar]] 1/25 (7 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379562.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Bongani Jele]] (SA) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMN}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 267 (49.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] 109 (106)
| wickets1 = [[Sompal Kami]] 5/57 (9.2 overs)
| score2 = 274/8 (44.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kushal Bhurtel]] 101[[not out|*]] (94)
| wickets2 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 4/42 (7.5 overs)
| result = Nepal won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379563.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg)
| motm =
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 374/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rovman Powell]] 105 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Muhammad Jawadullah]] 3/50 (8 overs)
| score2 = 260/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Basil Hameed]] 122 (108)
| wickets2 = [[Yannic Cariah]] 4/58 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 114 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379564.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm =
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 163 (38.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brandon McMullen]] 49 (56)
| wickets1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 2/14 (3 overs)
| score2 = 166/4 (24.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 44 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Michael Leask]] 2/30 (5 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379565.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Old Hararians]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm =
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 193 (39.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Lorcan Tucker]] 74 (90)
| wickets1 = [[Logan van Beek]] 2/23 (7 overs)
| score2 = 196/8 (37.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wesley Barresi]] 90[[not out|*]] (86)
| wickets2 = [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] 5/61 (10 overs)
| result = Netherlands won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379566.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Iknow Chabi]] (Zim) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm =
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 15 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}
| score1 = 392/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 111[[not out|*]] (100)
| wickets1 = [[Saurabh Netravalkar]] 2/60 (9 overs)
| score2 = 194 (33.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Monank Patel]] 68 (44)
| wickets2 = [[Matheesha Pathirana]] 4/23 (6 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 198 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1379567.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm =
| toss = United States won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
{{hidden end}}

==Group stage==
The draw for the group stage was announced on 23 May 2023, with Group A was played in [[Harare]] and Group B in [[Bulawayo]].<ref name="ICCf" /> The top three teams in each group advanced to the Super Six.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/icc-confirm-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-schedule/ |title=ICC confirm Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023 Schedule |work=Emerging Cricket |date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023}}</ref>

{{hatnote|All times in [[Central Africa Time]] ([[UTC+2:00]])}}

===Group A===
====Points table====
{{2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Group A}}

====Fixtures====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 290/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kushal Bhurtel]] 99 (95)
| wickets1 = [[Richard Ngarava]] 4/43 (9 overs)
| score2 = 291/2 (44.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Craig Ervine]] 121[[not out|*]] (128)
| wickets2 = [[Sompal Kami]] 1/30 (5.3 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377746.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA) and [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Craig Ervine]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Joylord Gumbie]] (Zim) made his ODI debut.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 18 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}
| score1 = 297 (49.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Johnson Charles]] 66 (80)
| wickets1 = [[Steven Taylor (American cricketer)|Steven Taylor]] 3/53 (8 overs)
| score2 = 258/7 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Gajanand Singh]] 101[[not out|*]] (109)
| wickets2 = [[Kyle Mayers]] 2/30 (6 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 39 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377747.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jason Holder]] (WI)
| toss = United States won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was the first [[List of One Day International cricket grounds|ODI match to be played at this venue]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/wi-vs-usa-2nd-odi-icc-wc-qualifier-pitch-report-to-records-at-takashinga-sports-club-harare-2023-06-18-876541 |work= India TV |access-date= 18 June 2023| title=WI vs USA, 2nd ODI, ICC WC Qualifier: Pitch report to records at Takashinga Sports Club, Harare|date= 18 June 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Gajanand Singh]] (USA) scored his first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref name="QF">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/united-states-of-america-vs-west-indies-2nd-match-group-a-1377747/match-report |title=West Indies cruise past USA despite Gajanand's century |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=18 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 315/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vikramjit Singh]] 88 (111)
| wickets1 = [[Sikander Raza]] 4/55 (10 overs)
| score2 = 319/4 (40.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 102[[Not out|*]] (54)
| wickets2 = [[Shariz Ahmad]] 2/62 (6 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377750.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Martin Saggers]] (Eng) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Sikandar Raza]] (Zim)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sikandar Raza]] scored the fastest century for Zimbabwe in ODIs in terms of balls faced (54).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/zimbabwe-vs-netherlands-5th-match-group-a-1377750/match-report |title=Sikandar Raza clubs Zimbabwe's fastest ODI century in crushing win over Netherlands |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 207 (49 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shayan Jahangir]] 100[[not out|*]] (79)
| wickets1 = [[Karan KC]] 4/33 (9 overs)
| score2 = 211/4 (43 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bhim Sharki]] 77[[not out|*]] (114)
| wickets2 = [[Steven Taylor (American cricketer)|Steven Taylor]] 1/14 (5 overs)
| result = Nepal won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377751.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Karan KC]] (Nep)
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Shayan Jahangir]] (USA) scored his first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/nepal-vs-united-states-of-america-6th-match-group-a-1377751/match-report |title=Karan KC's new-ball burst stamps Nepal's dominance over USA |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=20 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 339/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shai Hope]] 132 (129)
| wickets1 = [[Lalit Rajbanshi]] 3/52 (10 overs)
| score2 = 238 (49.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aarif Sheikh]] 63 (93)
| wickets2 = [[Jason Holder]] 3/34 (10 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 101 runs
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377754.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA) and [[Martin Saggers]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Shai Hope]] (WI)
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 211/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shayan Jahangir]] 71 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Ryan Klein]] 2/31 (9 overs)
| score2 = 214/5 (43.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] 67[[Not Out|*]] (60)
| wickets2 = [[Jessy Singh]] 2/35 (8 overs)
| result = Netherlands won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377755.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] (Ned)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] and [[Wesley Barresi]] (Ned) both passed 1,000 runs in ODIs.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 268 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 68 (58)
| wickets1 = [[Keemo Paul]] 3/61 (10 overs)
| score2 = 233 (44.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kyle Mayers]] 56 (72)
| wickets2 = [[Tendai Chatara]] 3/52 (9.4 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 35 runs
| report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377758.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Sikandar Raza]] (Zim)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 167 (44.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Rohit Paudel]] 33 (55)
| wickets1 = [[Logan van Beek]] 4/24 (9.3 overs)
| score2 = 168/3 (27.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Max O'Dowd]] 90 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] 2/60 (10 overs)
| result = Netherlands won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377759.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg) and [[Martin Saggers]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Max O'Dowd]] (Ned)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Netherlands, West Indies, and Zimbabwe qualified for the Super Six stage as a result of this match.

}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}
| score1 = 408/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 174 (101)
| wickets1 = [[Abhishek Paradkar]] 3/78 (9 overs)
| score2 = 104 (25.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Abhishek Paradkar]] 24 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Sikandar Raza]] 2/15 (5 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 304 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377762.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Martin Saggers]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] (Zim)
| toss = United States won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was Zimbabwe's first [[List of 400-plus innings scores in One Day International cricket matches|score of 400+ in ODIs]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://wisden.com/series-stories/world-cup-qualifier-2023/sean-williams-and-zimbabwe-just-miss-out-on-world-records-in-crushing-world-cup-qualifier-win |title=Sean Williams and Zimbabwe just miss out on world records in crushing World Cup Qualifier win |work=Wisden |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
* This was Zimbabwe's [[List of Zimbabwe One Day International cricket records|highest margin of victory]] and the overall second-highest margin of victory in ODI cricket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/largest-margin-of-victory-by-runs-283902 |title=ODI matches / Team records / Largest margin of victory (by runs) |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/zimbabwe-vs-united-states-of-america-17th-match-group-a-1377762/match-report |title=Williams and Co demolish records to keep Zimbabwe undefeated |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 374/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Nicholas Pooran]] 104[[not out|*]] (65)
| wickets1 = [[Saqib Zulfiqar]] 2/43 (7 overs)
| score2 = 374/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Teja Nidamanuru]] 111 (76)
| wickets2 = [[Roston Chase]] 3/77 (10 overs)
| result = Match tied (Netherlands won the [[Super Over]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377763.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Logan van Beek]] (Ned)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Super Over: Netherlands 30/0, West Indies 8/2.
* This was the highest ODI score for Netherlands and their first win against West Indies in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3554410 |title=Van Beek smashes record for biggest Super Over score to seal famous win |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://emergingcricket.com/news/dutch-stun-west-indies-with-record-breaking-tie-and-van-beeks-super-over/ |title=Netherlands stun West Indies with record-breaking tie and Van Beek's Super Over at Qualifier |work=Emerging Cricket |date=26 June 2023 |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
* 30 runs scored by Netherlands' [[Logan Van Beek]] is the most runs scored by a team in a Super Over in international cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-analysis-netherlands-super-over-win-in-the-highest-scoring-tied-odi-1384329/ |title=Stats - Netherlands' Super Over win in the highest-scoring tied ODI |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
* This was the highest-scoring tie in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/stats-analysis-netherlands-super-over-win-in-the-highest-scoring-tied-odi-1384329/ |title=Netherlands' Super Over win in the highest-scoring tied ODI |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 June 2023}}</ref>
}}

===Group B===
====Points table====
{{2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Group B}}

==== Fixtures ====
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 355/6 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Kusal Mendis]] 78 (63)
| wickets1 = [[Ali Naseer]] 2/44 (10 overs)
| score2 = 180 (39 overs)
| runs2 = [[Muhammad Waseem (cricketer)|Muhammad Waseem]] 39 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 6/24 (8 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 175 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377748.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL)
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL) took his first [[five-wicket haul]] and his 50th wicket in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/sri-lanka-vs-united-arab-emirates-3rd-match-group-b-1377748/match-report |title=Hasaranga, Mendis, Samarawickrama lead SL's win in campaign opener |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 19 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMN}}
| score1 = 281/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[George Dockrell]] 91[[not out|*]] (89)
| wickets1 = [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] 2/64 (10 overs)
| score2 = 285/5 (48.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kashyap Prajapati]] 72 (74)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Adair]] 2/47 (9.1 overs)
| result = Oman won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377749.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Iknow Chabi]] (Zim) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Zeeshan Maqsood]] (Oma)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] (Ire) made his ODI debut.
* This was Oman's first victory over [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|a full member]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/ireland-vs-oman-4th-match-group-b-1377749/match-report |title=Prajapati leads Oman's batting charge to stun Ireland |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=19 June 2023 |access-date=19 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 286/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Curtis Campher]] 120 (108)
| wickets1 = [[Brandon McMullen]] 5/34 (7 overs)
| score2 = 289/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Michael Leask]] 91[[not out|*]] (61)
| wickets2 = [[Mark Adair]] 3/57 (10 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 1 wicket
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377752.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Michael Leask]] (Sco)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Curtis Campher]] (Ire) scored his first [[Century (cricket)|century]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/heartbreak-for-ireland-men-as-scotland-win-last-ball-thriller |title=Heartbreak for Ireland Men as Scotland win last-ball thriller |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Brandon McMullen]] took his first [[five-wicket haul]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2023/articles/000007/000753.shtml |title=Leask breaks Irish hearts |work=CricketEurope |access-date=21 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[George Dockrell]] (Ire) took his 100th wicket in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3547843 |title=CWC23 Qualifier Daily Digest - Day 4 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=22 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 21 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 227/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aayan Afzal Khan]] 58[[Not out|*]] (52)
| wickets1 = [[Jay Odedra]] 3/31 (7 overs)
| score2 = 228/5 (46 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aqib Ilyas]] 53 (75)
| wickets2 = [[Junaid Siddique (Emirati cricketer)|Rohan Mustafa]] 2/31 (6 overs)
| result = Oman won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377753.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Bongani Jele]] (SA)
| motm = [[Shoaib Khan (Omani cricketer)|Shoaib Khan]] (Oma)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 98 (30.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Ayaan Khan]] 41 (60)
| wickets1 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 5/13 (7.2 overs)
| score2 = 100/0 (15 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 61[[Not out|*]] (51)
| wickets2 =
| result = Sri Lanka won by 10 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377756.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 23 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 282/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Richie Berrington]] 127 (136)
| wickets1 = [[Junaid Siddique (Emirati cricketer)|Junaid Siddique]] 3/49 (10 overs)
| score2 = 171 (35.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Muhammad Waseem (cricketer)|Muhammad Waseem]] 36 (57)
| wickets2 = [[Safyaan Sharif]] 4/20 (6.3 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 111 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377757.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Iknow Chabi]] (Zim) and [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Richie Berrington]] (Sco)
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 325 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] 103 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Adair]] 4/46 (9.5 overs)
| score2 = 192 (31 overs)
| runs2 = [[Curtis Campher]] 39 (31)
| wickets2 = [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] 5/79 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 133 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377760.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (SL)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Dimuth Karunaratne]] (SL) scored his first century in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/ireland-vs-sri-lanka-15th-match-group-b-1377760/match-report |title=Karunaratne ton, Hasaranga five-for knock Ireland out |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
* Sri Lanka, Scotland, and Oman qualified for the Super Six stage as a result of this match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofoman.com/article/132668-oman-reach-super-six-stage |title=Oman reach Super Six stage |work=Times of Oman |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
* [[Wanindu Hasaranga]] became the second bowler to take three consecutive [[five-wicket haul]]s in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3553385 |title=Hasaranga equals Pakistan great for most consecutive five-wicket hauls in ODIs |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 320 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brandon McMullen]] 136 (121)
| wickets1 = [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] 5/55 (10 overs)
| score2 = 244/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Naseem Khushi]] 69 (53)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]] 5/53 (10 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 76 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377761.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Bongani Jele]] (SA) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Brandon McMullen]] (Sco)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Brandon McMullen]] (Sco) scored his first century in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/oman-vs-scotland-16th-match-group-b-1377761/match-report |title=McMullen ton, Greaves five-for set up Scotland's big win |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/65975388 |title=World Cup qualifier: Brandon McMullen's 136 helps Scotland beat Oman and reach Super Six |work=BBC Sport |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 245 (49.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 75 (85)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]] 4/32 (6.3 overs)
| score2 = 163 (29 overs)
| runs2 = [[Chris Greaves (cricketer)|Chris Greaves]] 56[[not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 82 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377764.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Bongani Jele]] (SA) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] (SL)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|UAE}}
| score1 = 349/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Paul Stirling]] 162 (134)
| wickets1 = [[Sanchit Sharma]] 3/46 (7 overs)
| score2 = 211 (39 overs)
| runs2 = [[Muhammad Waseem (cricketer)|Muhammad Waseem]] 45 (32)
| wickets2 = [[Curtis Campher]] 2/14 (2 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 138 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377765.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Bulawayo Athletic Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm = [[Paul Stirling]] (Ire)
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

==Play-offs==
===Bracket===
{{4TeamBracket-with 3rd
| RD1=[[#Play-off semi-finals|Play-off semi-finals]]
| RD2=[[#7th place play-off|7th place play-off]]
| RD2b=[[#9th place play-off|9th place play-off]]

| team-width=160px
| score-width=130px

| RD1-seed1=A5
| RD1-team1={{cr|USA}}
| RD1-score1=196 (42.4)
| RD1-seed2='''B4'''
| RD1-team2='''{{cr|IRE}}'''
| RD1-score2='''197/4 (34.2)'''
| RD1-seed3=B5
| RD1-team3={{nowrap|{{cr|UAE}}}}
| RD1-score3=181 (46.5)
| RD1-seed4='''A4'''
| RD1-team4='''{{cr|NEP}}'''
| RD1-score4='''185/7 (43.2)'''

| RD2-seed1=A4
| RD2-team1={{cr|NEP}}
| RD2-score1= 268/9 (50)
| RD2-seed2='''B4'''
| RD2-team2='''{{cr|IRE}}'''
| RD2-score2= '''269/8 (49.2)'''

| RD2b-seed1='''B5'''
| RD2b-team1='''{{nowrap|{{cr|UAE}}}}'''
| RD2b-score1= '''308/4 (50)'''
| RD2b-seed2=A5
| RD2b-team2={{cr|USA}}
| RD2b-score2=307/9 (50)
}}

===Play-off semi-finals===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|USA}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 196 (42.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Saiteja Mukkamalla]] 55 (46)
| wickets1 = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] 3/35 (7 overs)
| score2 = 197/4 (34.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paul Stirling]] 58 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Nosthush Kenjige]] 2/41 (7 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377768.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI) and [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] (Ire)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|NEP}}
| score1 = 181 (46.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vriitya Aravind]] 44 (75)
| wickets1 = [[Sandeep Lamichhane]] 3/23 (10 overs)
| score2 = 185/7 (43.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] 79[[not out|*]] (85)
| wickets2 = [[Muhammad Jawadullah]] 3/46 (10 overs)
| result = Nepal won by 3 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377771.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Bongani Jele]] (SA)
| motm = [[Dipendra Singh Airee]] (Nep)
| toss = Nepal won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===7th place play-off===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NEP}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 268/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Gulsan Jha]] 57[[not out|*]] (42)
| wickets1 = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] 2/36 (7 overs)
| score2 = 269/8 (49.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Curtis Campher]] 62 (59)
| wickets2 = [[Karan KC]] 4/58 (10 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 2 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377774.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm = [[Curtis Campher]] (Ire)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

===9th place play-off===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 July 2023
| time = 10:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|UAE}}
| team2 = {{cr|USA}}
| score1 = 308/4 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Asif Khan (Emirati cricketer)|Asif Khan]] 151[[not out|*]] (145)
| wickets1 = [[Ali Khan (American cricketer)|Ali Khan]] 2/61 (10 overs)
| score2 =307/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 =[[Aaron Jones (cricketer)|Aaron Jones]] 75 (103)
| wickets2 =[[Sanchit Sharma (cricketer)|Sanchit Sharma]] 3/37 (6 overs)
| result = UAE won by 1 run
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377777.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Takashinga Cricket Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Iknow Chabi]] (Zim) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm =[[Asif Khan (Emirati cricketer)|Asif Khan]] (UAE)
| toss = United Arab Emirates won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =[[Asif Khan (Emirati cricketer)|Asif Khan]] (UAE) made the highest individual score in ODIs for UAE.
}}

==Super Six==
Teams that advance to the Super Six played three further matches against the qualifiers from the other group, with the two results against teams from their own group carrying forward from the group stage. Teams also carried forward their seeding positions from the first stage to determine the fixtures for the Super Six.<ref name="Regs">{{cite web|url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2023/06/16/a61eff0a-87db-4072-a410-c9c890f27d14/Men-s-CWCQ-June-2023-Final-Clean.pdf |title=Regulations - ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023 |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=24 June 2023}}</ref>

===Points table===
{{2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Super Six}}

===Fixtures===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 332/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 142 (103)
| wickets1 = [[Fayyaz Butt]] 4/79 (10 overs)
| score2 = 318/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kashyap Prajapati]] 103 (97)
| wickets2 = [[Blessing Muzarabani]] 3/57 (9 overs)
| result = Zimbabwe won by 14 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377766.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] (Zim)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = This was Oman's highest total in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2023/articles/000008/000803.shtml |title=Zimbabwe fight off battling Oman |work=CricketEurope |access-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 30 June 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 213 (47.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] 93 (111)
| wickets1 = [[Logan van Beek]] 3/26 (9 overs)
| score2 = 192 (40 overs)
| runs2 = [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] 67* (68)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 3/31 (9 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 21 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377767.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Martin Saggers]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Dhananjaya de Silva]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Oman were eliminated as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SCO}}
| score1 = 181 (43.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jason Holder]] 45 (79)
| wickets1 = [[Brandon McMullen]] 3/32 (9 overs)
| score2 = 185/3 (43.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Matthew Cross (cricketer)|Matthew Cross]] 74* (107)
| wickets2 = [[Akeal Hosein]] 1/26 (10 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377769.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Sam Nogajski]] (Aus) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Brandon McMullen]] (Sco)
| toss = Scotland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = West Indies were eliminated as a result of this match.
* This was the first time West Indies have not qualified for the World Cup.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3563305 |title=West Indies crash out of the World Cup race after Scotland loss |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/66076860 |title=World Cup qualifier: Scotland knock out West Indies at World Cup Qualifier with seven-wicket win |work=BBC Sport |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 2 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ZIM}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 165 (32.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 56 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 4/25 (8.2 overs)
| score2 = 169/1 (33.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 101* (102)
| wickets2 = [[Richard Ngarava]] 1/35 (7 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377770.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Leslie Reifer (umpire)|Leslie Reifer]] (WI)
| motm = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Sri Lanka qualified for the World Cup as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|NED}}
| team2 = {{cr|OMA}}
| score1 = 362/7 (48 overs)
| runs1 = [[Vikramjit Singh]] 110 (109)
| wickets1 = [[Bilal Khan (cricketer)|Bilal Khan]] 3/75 (10 overs)
| score2 = 246/6 (44 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ayaan Khan]] 105[[not out|*]] (92)
| wickets2 = [[Aryan Dutt]] 3/31 (10 overs)
| result = Netherlands won by 74 runs ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|DLS method]])
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377772.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Iknow Chabi]] (Zim) and [[Ahmed Shah Pakteen]] (Afg)
| motm = [[Vikramjit Singh]] (Ned)
| toss = Oman won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 48 overs per side due to rain.
* Oman were set a revised target of 364 runs from 48 overs due to rain.
* Bad light prevented any further play.
| notes = [[Vikramjit Singh]] (Ned) and [[Ayaan Khan]] (Oma) both scored their first [[Century (cricket)|centuries]] in ODIs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745/netherlands-vs-oman-25th-match-super-six-1377772/match-report |title=Vikramjit, Barresi help Netherlands thump Oman |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 4 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|ZIM}}
| score1 = 234/8 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Michael Leask]] 48 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]] 3/41 (10 overs)
| score2 =203 (41.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ryan Burl]] 83 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Sole]] 3/33 (7 overs)
| result = Scotland won by 31 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377773.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA) and [[Asif Yaqoob]] (Pak)
| motm = [[Chris Sole]] (Sco)
| toss = Zimbabwe won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Zimbabwe were eliminated as a result of this match.
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 5 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|OMA}}
| team2 = {{cr|WIN}}
| score1 = 221/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Suraj Kumar]] 53[[Not out|*]] (65)
| wickets1 = [[Romario Shepherd]] 3/44 (10 overs)
| score2 = 222/3 (39.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] 100 (104)
| wickets2 = [[Kaleemullah (cricketer)|Kaleemullah]] 1/49 (9 overs)
| result = West Indies won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377775.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Raveendra Wimalasiri]] (SL)
| motm = [[Brandon King (cricketer)|Brandon King]] (WI)
| toss = West Indies won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 6 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SCO}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 =277/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 =[[Brandon McMullen]] 106 (110)
| wickets1 =[[Bas de Leede]] 5/52 (10)
| score2 = 278/6 (42.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bas de Leede]] 123 (92)
| wickets2 = [[Michael Leask]] 2/42 (8 overs)
| result =Netherlands won by 4 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377776.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Queens Sports Club]], [[Bulawayo]]
| umpires = [[Bongani Jele]] (SA) and [[Allahudien Paleker]] (SA)
| motm = [[Bas de Leede]] (Ned)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = Netherlands qualified for the World Cup as a result of this match.
* Scotland were eliminated as a result of this match.
* [[Bas de Leede]] took his first [[five-wicket haul]] and scored his first century in ODI cricket. He became the fourth player to score a century and take a five-wicket haul in the same men's ODI.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;orderby=start;qualmin1=1;qualmin2=1;qualval1=hundreds;qualval2=five_wickets;template=results;type=allround;view=match |title=A fifty and five wickets in an innings |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=6 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bas blitz powers Netherlands into ODI World Cup |url=https://www.cricket.com.au/news/match-report/netherlands-beat-scotland-qualify-for-odi-world-cup-in-india-bas-de-leede-century-mcmullen/2023-07-07|publisher=cricket.com.au |access-date=7 July 2023}}</ref>
}}

----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|SL}}
| score1 = 243 (48.1 overs)
| runs1 = [[Keacy Carty]] 87 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 4/34 (10 overs)
| score2 = 244/2 (44.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Pathum Nissanka]] 104 (113)
| wickets2 = [[Kevin Sinclair (cricketer)|Kevin Sinclair]] 1/52 (10 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377778.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Wayne Knights]] (NZ) and [[Langton Rusere]] (Zim)
| motm =[[Maheesh Theekshana]] (SL)
| toss = Sri Lanka won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sahan Arachchige]] (SL) made his ODI debut.
}}

==Final==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 9 July 2023
| time = 09:00
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|SL}}
| team2 = {{cr|NED}}
| score1 = 233 (47.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sahan Arachchige]] 57 (71)
| wickets1 = [[Vikramjit Singh]] 2/12 (4 overs)
| score2 = 105 (23.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Max O'Dowd]] 33 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Maheesh Theekshana]] 4/31 (6.3 overs)
| result = Sri Lanka won by 128 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1377779.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Harare Sports Club]], [[Harare]]
| umpires = [[Gregory Brathwaite]] (WI) and [[Alex Wharf]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Dilshan Madushanka]] (SL)
| toss = Netherlands won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Noah Croes]] (Ned) made his ODI debut.
}}

==Final standings==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! style="width:50px;"| Position
! style="width:250px;"| Team
! style="width:450px;"| Result
|-
|- style="background: #D0F0C0"
| style="text-align:center;"| 1st
| {{cr|SL}}
| rowspan=2|Qualified for the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]
|- style="background: #D0F0C0"
| style="text-align:center;"| 2nd
| {{cr|NED}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 3rd
| {{cr|SCO}}
| rowspan=8|
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 4th
| {{cr|ZIM}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 5th
| {{cr|WIN}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 6th
| {{cr|OMN}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 7th
| {{cr|IRE}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 8th
| {{cr|NEP}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 9th
| {{cr|UAE}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| 10th
| {{cr|USA}}
|}

==Team of the tournament==
The ICC named the following players in the team of the tournament:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/3579333 |title=ICC Men's Cricket World Cup Qualifier 2023 Upstox Team of the Tournament announced |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

* {{cricon|SL}} [[Pathum Nissanka]]
* {{cricon|NED}} [[Vikramjit Singh]]
* {{cricon|SCO}} [[Brandon McMullen]]
* {{cricon|ZIM}} [[Sean Williams (cricketer)|Sean Williams]]
* {{cricon|NED}} [[Bas de Leede]]
* {{cricon|ZIM}} [[Sikandar Raza]]
* {{cricon|NED}} [[Scott Edwards (cricketer)|Scott Edwards]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]], [[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* {{cricon|SL}} [[Wanindu Hasaranga]]
* {{cricon|SL}} [[Maheesh Theekshana]]
* {{cricon|SCO}} [[Chris Sole]]
* {{cricon|ZIM}} [[Richard Ngarava]]

==See also==
* [[2021–2023 World Test Championship|2021–2023 ICC World Test Championship]]
* [[2023 Cricket World Cup]]
* [[2020–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup Super League]]
* [[2019–2023 ICC Cricket World Cup League 2]]
* [[2019–2022 ICC Cricket World Cup Challenge League]]
* [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier Play-off]]
* [[2027 Cricket World Cup]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-qualifier-2023-1377745 Series Home at ESPNcricinfo]
{{Portal bar|Sri Lanka|Cricket|Sports|World|Netherlands}}
{{2023 Cricket World Cup}}
{{ICC World Cup Qualifier}}
{{Cricket World Cup}}
{{International cricket in 2023}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier}}
[[Category:2023 in cricket|World Cup Qualifier]]
[[Category:Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]
[[Category:2023 Cricket World Cup|Qualifier]]
[[Category:June 2023 sports events in Africa|Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]
[[Category:July 2023 sports events in Africa|Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in Zimbabwe]]

Ashok Chandra Panda

2025-08-21T21:54:57Z

JillianCogburn: creating first info added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency|Ekamra-Bhubaneswar]]
| term_start = 2009
| term_end = 2024
| profession = Politician
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| image = Ashok Chandra Panda.jpg
}}
'''Ashok Chandra Panda''' is an Indian politician from Odisha. He was a three time elected [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of the Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]], [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]], and [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]], representing [[Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Biju Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ekamra Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Ekamra Bhubaneswar Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/odisha-assembly-election/ekamra-bhubaneswar-constituency/ |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Ekamra-Bhubaneswar Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/ekamra-bhubaneswar-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916586.html |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panda, Ashok Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJD-politician-stub}}

North Assam

2025-08-16T15:52:39Z

JillianCogburn: stub...

#REDIRECT [[North Assam division]]

Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhag

2025-07-21T02:42:39Z

JillianCogburn: creating a details w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Indian language platform}}
'''Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhag''' (BBA) or '''Indian Languages Section''' is a platform established by the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Education]] and [[Government of India]], to promote and preserve India's linguistic heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-06 |title=Amit Shah launches 'Indian Languages Section' to free administration from foreign language influence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amit-shah-launches-indian-languages-section-to-free-administration-from-foreign-language-influence/article69665064.ece |access-date=2025-06-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Description ==
It supports and enhance the use of regional languages in education and administration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-07 |title=Amit Shah launches language hub to 'decolonise' admin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/amit-shah-launches-language-hub-to-decolonise-admin/articleshow/121684486.cms |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The division operates in accordance with the National Education Policy 2020, which stresses the importance of learning in the mother tongue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Statesman News |date=2025-06-06 |title=Indian languages are soul of our culture: Amit Shah launches 'Bharatiya Bhasha Anubhag' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/indian-languages-are-soul-of-our-culture-amit-shah-launches-bharatiya-bhasha-anubhag-1503442294.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The Bharatiya Bhasha Samiti is one of the organizations it collaborates with to create multilingual academic resources. The Anubhag makes it easier to translate and publish educational materials in various Indian languages. The division is involved in implementing policies related to language education.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Vijaita |date=2024-07-23 |title=In a first, MHA to establish Bhartiya Bhasha Anubhag for translations to and from Hindi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/in-a-first-mha-to-establish-bhartiya-bhasha-anubhag-for-translations-to-and-from-hindi/article68437171.ece |access-date=2025-06-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Ministry of Education (India)]]
[[Category:Government of India]]
[[Category:Indian language legislation]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Indian Journal of Medical Ethics

2025-07-17T16:59:09Z

JillianCogburn: stub!

{{Infobox journal
| title = Indian Journal of Medical Ethics
| image = 
| former_name = Medical Ethics
| abbreviation = Indian J. Med. Ethics
| discipline = [[Medical ethics]]
| editor = Amar Jesani
| publisher = Forum for Medical Ethics Society
| country = India
| history = 1993–present
| frequency = Quarterly
| openaccess = Yes
| license = [[CC BY-NC-ND 4.0]]
| impact =
| impact-year =
| ISSN = 0974-8466
| eISSN = 0975-5691
| CODEN =
| JSTOR =
| LCCN = 2003323692
| OCLC = 920393894
| website = https://ijme.in/
| link2 = https://ijme.in/archives/
| link2-name = Online archive
}}
The '''''Indian Journal of Medical Ethics''''' is a quarterly [[peer-reviewed]] [[academic journal]] covering [[medical ethics]] and [[bioethics]]. It was established in 1993 by the Forum for Medical Ethics Society, an activist group campaigning to reform the [[Maharashtra Medical Council]]. The journal was originally entitled '''''Medical Ethics''''', and its first issue was published in August 1993.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Oransky |first1=Ivan |last2=Marcus |first2=Adam |editor1-link=Ivan Oransky|date=2016-09-09 |title=Why an obscure Indian journal has a growing international stature |work=STAT |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/09/09/ijme-journal/ |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://ijme.in/about-us/ijme/about-history/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |language=en}}</ref> It obtained its current title in January 2004. The [[editor-in-chief]] is Amar Jesani.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Team |url=https://ijme.in/about-us/ijme/editorial-team/ |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics}}</ref> The online version of the journal is [[open-access]], the printed version is subscription-based; there are no [[article processing charge]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Submission guidelines |url=https://ijme.in/submission-guidelines/ |website=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |publisher=Forum for Medical Ethics Society |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>

==Fraudulent paper==
In May 2018, the journal attracted criticism when it was revealed that it had published a paper attributed to "Lars Andersson", whose affiliation was listed as the [[Karolinska Institute]]. In fact, the real name of the author of the paper was not Lars Andersson, and he did not have any affiliation with the Karolinska. The journal initially responded by issuing a statement describing the author's deception as "unacceptable", but refusing to retract the paper. Instead, editor-in-chief Amar Jesani removed the author's name and affiliation from the paper on the journal's website. Later that month, the journal retracted the paper, writing in a statement that "...we have concluded that tolerating the author's deception and retaining the article was an error of judgment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=((Editors of the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics)) |title=RETRACTION: Increased incidence of cervical cancer in Sweden: Possible link with HPV vaccination |journal=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |date=2018-05-26 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=246 |doi=10.20529/IJME.2018.057 |pmid=30044233|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Weinberg |first=Justin |date=2018-05-25 |title=Medical Ethics Journal Infected by Anti-Vaxx Fraud (guest post by Christian Munthe) |work=Daily Nous |url=http://dailynous.com/2018/05/25/medical-ethics-journal-infected-anti-vaxx-fraud/ |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Oransky |first=Ivan |date=2018-05-27 |title=Author who lied to journals about his identity slated to have four articles on vaccines retracted |work=Retraction Watch |url=https://retractionwatch.com/2018/05/27/author-who-lied-to-journals-about-his-identity-slated-to-have-four-articles-on-vaccines-retracted/ |access-date=2020-08-06}}</ref>

==Abstracting and indexing==
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
*[[Embase]]<ref name=Embase>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/solutions/embase/coverage |title=Embase Coverage |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Embase |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
*[[Index Medicus]]/[[MEDLINE]]/[[PubMed]]<ref name=MEDLINE>{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nlmcatalog/101214913 |title=Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |work=NLM Catalog |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>
*[[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/3500148001 |title=Source details: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Scopus Preview |access-date=2022-10-25}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|https://ijme.in/}}

[[Category:Bioethics journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals published in India]]
[[Category:Quarterly journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 1993]]
[[Category:Creative Commons Attribution-licensed journals]]

Mehr Chand Polytechnic College

2025-07-01T19:15:05Z

JillianCogburn: adding a stub - done

{{Short description|College in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox University
|name = Mehr Chand Polytechnic College
|image =
|type = Diploma college
|motto = A Dream Polytechnic
|established = 1950
|principal = Dr Jagroop singh
|city = [[Jalandhar]]
|state = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|country = [[India]]
|students = 900 [[Morning]], [[Evening]] shift
|campus =
|affiliations = Punjab State Board of Technical Education and Industrial Training, [[Chandigarh]]
|parent = DAV College Managing Committee, [[New Delhi]]
|website = {{URL|http://mcpolyjal.com/}}
}}
'''Mehr Chand Polytechnic College''' is a college located in the [[Jalandhar]], Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehr Chand Polytechnic College |url=https://www.shiksha.com/compare-mehr-chand-polytechnic-college-vs-institute-of-engineering-and-computer-sciences-jammu-99427-146725 |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.shiksha.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mehr Chand Polytechnic College, Jalandhar: |url=https://www.careers360.com/colleges/colleges/mehr-chand-polytechnic-college-jalandhar |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=Careers 360 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1950, Shri Chanchal Dass, who was working as Principal of Dayanand Polytechnic Institute at Amritsar, took over the college from Shri Hans Raj Kundra. This action led by D.A.V. College Managing Committee led to the technical side of education being established at Jalandhar. In 1952, the institution was shifted to the work centre on the G.T. Later, this building belonging to the Industries Department, Punjab, was purchased by the D.A.V. College, Chanchal Dass and renovated to have the existing building today.

In 2003, 2007, 2011, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017, it received the award for best polytechnic college in the northern region. The principal of the college received the Rashtriya Vidya Saraswati Puraskar in 2010. In 2023, the college bagged the award for 'Best Quality Polytechnic College'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Award for polytechnic |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/award-for-polytechnic-492591/ |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

In 1994 it was [[ISO 9002]] certified.

==Currently==

In 2016, it was second after "Thapar Polytechnic [[patiala]]" in placement of students. The auditorium and new well-equipped lab are under-construction by college.

==Courses offered==
{|
|'''Morning shift'''
|{{spaces|10}}'''Evening shift'''
|-
|Civil Eng.
|{{spaces|10}}Civil Eng.
|-
|Electrical Eng.
|{{spaces|10}}Electrical Eng.
|-
|Mechanical Eng.
|{{spaces|10}}Mechanical Eng.
|-
|Electronics & Commn. Eng
|{{spaces|10}}Electronics & Commn. Eng
|-
|Computer Engineering
|{{spaces|10}}Computer Engineering
|-
|Automobile Engineering
|}
Pharmacy

==Eligibility criteria==

The Candidates having passed the Matriculation exam (especially in mathematics, science and English) are eligible to seek admission in the engineering on the basis of inter-se-merit of JET and the reservation policy of Govt. of Punjab through online counselling while for pharmacy student must have passed 12th in science stream .

15 percent of the seats in each discipline are reserved under minority quota [[Arya Samaji]].

==LEET Entry==

(15 percent of total seats are reserved for Lateral entry students in second year.)

Eligibility: All those candidates who have passed the following examinations would be eligible for consideration for Lateral Entry in various Diploma Courses.

1){{spaces|3}}ITI at least with one year (who have passed 10th Level School leaving examination before admission to ITI courses) with a minimum 60% marks from any institution of Punjab/Other state.

2){{spaces|3}}10 + 2 vocational examination in various branches with the minimum 60% marks from any institution of Punjab/Other State.

3){{spaces|3}}10 + 2 (PCM) with the minimum of 60% marks from any institution of Punjab/Other State.

4){{spaces|3}}Two year certificate course with a minimum 60% marks from SLIET Longowal and have Punjab Domicile.In the event of vacancies lying unfilled, candidates who have passed the ITI at least with one year (who have passed 10th level School leaving examination before admission to ITI Courses) or 10 + 2 Board shall also be eligible to be considered for admission.

==Curriculum==
All these courses except Pharmacy are on semester system basis and admission to the Diploma courses is made strictly based on JET( Joint Entrance Test), conducted by the State Board of Technical Education & Industrial. Training Punjab, Chandigarh. Pharmacy is on annual system and admission is on merit in the qualifying examination i.e. 10+2 (Medical/non-medical).

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* http://mcpolyjal.com
*http://www.punjabteched.com/
*http://www.punjabteched.net/

[[Category:Education in Jalandhar]]

National Institute of Design, Gandhinagar

2025-06-08T10:05:57Z

JillianCogburn: redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad]]

Abdullah Khan Barha

2025-05-28T02:13:54Z

JillianCogburn:

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Abdullah Khan Barha Sayyid Miyan I
| title = [[Nawab]] of [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]] Nawab of [[Bijapur#Bahmani and Bijapur Sultanates|Bijapur]]
| titletext = Sayyid Miyan I
| more =
| type =
| image = A portrait of abdullah khan from padshahnama folio.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| succession = [[Subahdar]] of [[Ajmer Subah|Ajmer]]
| moretext =
| reign = ? – 1710
| reign-type =
| successor = [[Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Abdullah Khan II]]
| succession1 = [[Subahdar]] of [[Bijapur Subah|Bijapur]]
| reign1 = 12 September 1686 – ?
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Jansath]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| burial_date =
| burial_place = [[Ajmer]]
| spouse =
| spouse-type =
| issue = {{plainlist|
* [[Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Nawab Sayyid Hassan Ali Khan]] ''(later, Sayyid Mian II and Abdullah Khan II)''
* [[Nawab Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha|Nawab Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan]]
* Nawab Sayyid Najmuddin Ali Khan
* Sayyid Saifuddin Khan
}}
| regnal name = Sayyid Mian
| house = [[Barha Dynasty]]
| father = Nawab Ghulam Muhammad Khan Barha
| religion = [[Shia Islam]]
| module =
}}
'''Nawab Sayyid Abdullah Khan I''' also known as '''Sayyid Mian I''', was the father of [[Hassan Ali Khan Barha]] and [[Hussain Ali Khan Barha]], the two famous [[Sayyid Brothers]]. His full name was Sayyid Abdullah Khan Tihanpuri, Tihanpur was the ancestral village of this branch of [[Sayyid]]s in [[Patiala district|Patiala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma'asir al-Umara of Shahnavaz Khan Aurangabadi, Vol. 2, English |url=https://www.mughallibrary.com/ebooks2020/Ma%27asir-al-Umara-of-Shahnavaz-Khan-Aurangabadi,-Vol.-2,-English |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=MUGHAL LIBRARY |page=376 |language=en |quote=His full name was Saiyid 'Âbidullâh Khân Tihanpürî alias Saiyid Miyân}}</ref>

Sayyid Mian, was a loyal serviceman of [[Aurangzeb]], he became famous as a commander during the [[Siege of Bijapur]] for planning the trenches and leading assaults during the Siege of Bijapur. Due to his services he was appointed the first [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Subahdar]] of [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]].

== Ancestry ==
Syed Mian belonged to the [[Barha dynasty]], who claimed to be descendants of Muhammad, or [[Sayyids]], this claim was always dubious.{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}}{{sfn|Reichmuth, Stefan|2009|p=4}} Emperor [[Jahangir]], although noting that people questioned their lineage, considered their bravery as a proof of their claims.{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}} They took much pride in their Indian ancestry,{{sfn|Reichmuth, Stefan|2009|p=4}} and according to the American historian [[Richard M. Eaton]], were "as native to India as were [[Jats]], [[Rajputs]] or [[Marathas]]."<ref>{{Cite book |author=Eaton, Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WpCMEAAAQBAJ |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=2020 |publisher=National Geographic Books |isbn=978-0-14-198539-8 |language=en|page=342|quote=On one side were the Saiyid brothers, whose Baraha clan of Indian Muslims was as native to India as were Jats, Rajputs or Marathas.}}</ref> [[Dirk H. A. Kolff]] writes that they were of peasant origins, the ancestors had moved at an uncertain date from their homeland in [[Punjab]] to a barren region in [[Muzaffarnagar district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].{{sfn|Kolff, Dirk H. A.|2002|p=18}}

By the time of the [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]], the dynasty was firmly regarded as "Old Nobility" and enjoyed the unique status of holding the premier realms of [[Ajmer]] and [[Deccan Plateau|Dakhin]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Irvine |first1=William |title=The Later Mughals |date=August 2012 |isbn=978-1290917766 |page=203}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:The Decapitation of Khan Jahan Lodi.jpg|thumb|The Decapitation of Khan Jahan Lodi by Khan-i Jahan Muzaffar Barha on the left and Syed Mian on the right|left]]
Abdullah Khan Barha served in the succession war between [[Aurangzeb]] and his Brother [[Dara Shukoh|Dara Shikoh]], on the side of Dara. After Dara's defeat, the Emperor Aurangzeb pardoned Abdullah Khan and allowed him to continue his military service in allegiance to him.

Abdullah Khan rose to fame during the [[Siege of Bijapur]] and afterwards was made the first Subedar of [[Bijapur]]. He later came to be made the Subedar of [[Ajmer]] and granted the title of "Sayyid Mian" by the Emperor Aurangzeb. His sons [[Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha|Hassan Ali Khan]] and Hussain Ali Khan served with the Imperial Prince of [[Azim-ush-Shan|Azim-U-Shan]] son of the Imperial Prince [[Bahadur Shah I|Mu'azzam]]. After helping Mu'azzam ascend to the throne of Delhi as [[Bahadur Shah I|Bahdur Shah I]]. The new emperor awarded the bravery of the brothers for their service in the Battle of Agra, 1707, by giving them the Subedari of [[Allahabad]] and latter [[Patna]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nevill |first1=H.R. |title=Muzaffarnagar Gazetteer |journal=District Gazieter of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh |date=1920 |volume=III |page=163}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
===Sources===
* {{Cite book |author=Kolff, Dirk H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrdiVPsFRYIC&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA18 |title=Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850 |date=2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52305-9 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |author=Reichmuth, Stefan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GoCCBAAAQBAJ&dq=barha+sayyids&pg=PA4 |title=The World of Murtada Al-Zabidi: 1732-91 Life, Networks and Writings |date=2009 |publisher=Gibb Memorial Trust |isbn=978-0-906094-60-0 |language=en}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan Barha, Abdullah}}
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Prasadpur

2024-11-13T01:52:59Z

JillianCogburn: New a stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Prasadpur''' (official name "''' Prosadpur '''") is a village in [[Haripal (community development block)]] in [[Chandannagore subdivision]] of [[Hooghly district]] in [[West Bengal]], India.
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Prasadpur
| other_name = Prosadpur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the village
| coordinates = {{coord|22|47|34|N|88|09|08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj(India)]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayet]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1019
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bangla]] ([[:bn:বাংলা ভাষা|বাংলা]]), [[English language|English]]
| demographics1_title2 = [[Mother tongue]]
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| demographics1_title3 = [[Bengali dialects|Dialect]]
| demographics1_info3 = [[Rarhi dialect|Rarhi]] ([[:bn:রাঢ়ী উপভাষা|রাঢ়ী]])
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5.30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|Pin]]
| postal_code = 712707
| registration_plate = WB
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

== Location ==
Prasadpur is located at {{coord|22|47|N|88|09|E}}. It is situated between [[Jagatballavpur]] and [[Jangipara]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Prasadpur,+West+Bengal+712707/@22.7922399,88.1490826,1527m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x39f87d4934dd54bb:0xf7b5915c04df1981!8m2!3d22.7924593!4d88.1523157|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps|language=en|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref>

== Transport ==
Prasadpur is 2.5 km apart from Ahilyabai Holkar Road ([[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|State Highway 15]]).
Roads of the village are mainly made with red mud.

=== Bus ===
====Private Bus====
* 9A [[Haripal railway station]] - [[Bargachia]]

====Bus Route Without Number====
* [[Rajbalhat]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* [[Tarakeswar]] - [[Bargachia]]

=== Train ===
Nearest railway station is [[Bargachia railway station]] on [[Howrah]]-[[Amta]] line. It is nearly 10 km away from Prasadpur.

== Demographics ==
{{ Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Ratio of population
|label1 = Male |value1 = 47.89 |color1 = blue
|label2 = Female |value2 = 52.11 |color2 = pink
}}

According to [[2011 Census of India]] total population was 1019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2019-07-31}}</ref> where male population was 488 (47.89%) and female population was 531 (52.11%) among them 652 (63.89%) were literate (Male:315, Female:337). 137 were in age group 0-6 yrs.

== Education ==
A Primary School is situated nearly middle of the village which is established in 1969. There is no high school there.

== Cultural and religious views ==
People of Prosadpur practices mainly [[Islam]] and [[Hinduism]]. There is a [[Mosque]], an [[Eidgah]] and two [[Temple]] in here. Prasadpur is famous for '''''Baba Panchananda Temple. (বাবা পঞ্চানন্দ মন্দির)।'''''

Main festivals is [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]] and [[Durga Puja]].

Males mainly wear [[Panjabi (garment)|Panjabi]], [[pajamas]], [[Shirt]], [[Dhoti|Dhuti]], [[Lungi]] and [[Trousers]] and females are wear [[Sari]], [[Churidar]] and [[Shalwar kameez]].

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the main economic backbone. [[Irrigation]] system are moderate. A [[Damodar Valley Corporation|DVC]] Canal is present which carries water for agriculture from river [[Damodar River|Damodar]]. Groundwater also is used in irrigation purpose.{{citation needed|date=June 2023}}

===Produced crop ===
*[[Rice]]
*[[Potato]]
*[[Jute]]
*[[Mustard plant|Mustard]]
*[[Sesame]]

===Produced vegetable===
*Rubbed Gourd
*Long Bean
*[[Moringa oleifera|Drumstick]]
*[[Trichosanthes dioica|Palwal or Potol]]
*[[Eggplant|Brinjal]]
*[[Tomato]]
*[[Trichosanthes cucumerina|Chicinga or Hopa]]
*[[Spinach]]
*[[Cabbage]]
*[[Cucumber]]
*[[Cauliflower]]
*[[onion]]
*[[Okra]]

No small or big industries are here.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:মসজিদ০১.jpg|Prasadpur Masjeed
File:RedclayroadWiki.jpg|Red mud road of village
File:ধান জমি.jpg|Rice field
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Hooghly District}}

[[Category:Villages in Hooghly district]]

Chitrochor

2024-10-26T21:40:08Z

JillianCogburn: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Chitrachor]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from alternative transliteration}}
}}

Punjab State Power Corporation

2024-10-12T06:29:49Z

JillianCogburn: quick expanded formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian government company}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{primary|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd. (PSPCL)
| logo = PSPCL Logo.png
| type = [[Government-owned corporation]]
| key_people = Er. Baldev Singh Sran (Chairman & Managing Director)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pspcl.in/about-us/profile-of-pspcl//|title = Profile of PSPCL}}</ref>
| industry = [[Electric power distribution]] and [[electricity generation]]
| products = [[Electricity]]
| foundation = 2010<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pspcl.in/about-us/|title = About Us – PSPCL}}</ref>
| location = [[Patiala, Punjab]], India
| owner = [[Government of Punjab (India)|Government of Punjab]]
| num_employees = 43276 (2020–21)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pspcl.in/Otherlinks/1Statistics|title = Statistics- PSPCL}}</ref>
| homepage = {{url|https://www.pspcl.in}}
}}

'''Punjab State Power Corporation Limited''' ('''PSPCL''') is the [[electricity]] generating and distributing state-owned company of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] state in India. It was formerly known as Punjab State Electricity Board (PSEB) which was unbundled by the government of Punjab into two companies on 16 April 2010 as Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd. (POWERCOM) and [[Punjab State Transmission Corporation Limited|Punjab State Transmission Corporation Ltd. (TRANSCO).]]

== History ==
PSPCL was incorporated as company on 16 April 2010 and was given the responsibility of operating and maintenance of State's own generating projects and distribution system. The business of generation of [[Electrical power industry|power]] of erstwhile PSEB was transferred to PSPCL.

==Power plants==

=== Thermal ===
* [[Rajpura Thermal Power Plant]], [[Rajpura]]. It is a Case-2 based most efficient and top of the MERIT order thermal power plant in Punjab, with power capacity of '''1400 MW''' (700x2).
* [[Talwandi Sabo Power Project]], [[Mansa, Punjab|Mansa]]. It is the highest capacity thermal power plant in Punjab, with power capacity of '''1980 MW''' (660x3).
* [[Guru Nanak Dev Thermal Plant]], [[Bhatinda]]. It was a '''460 MW''' (110x2 + 120x2 MW) coal-based thermal power plant. (closed)
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant]], [[Ropar]]. It is a '''1260 MW''' (6x210 MW) coal-based thermal power plant.
* [[Guru Hargobind Thermal Plant]], Lehra Mohabbat, Bhatinda. It is a '''920 MW''' (2x210 MW, 2x250 MW) coal-based thermal power plant.
* Goindwal Sahib Power Plant. It is a '''540MW''' coal based thermal power plant.

=== Hydel ===
* [[Ranjit Sagar Dam]], 600 MW
* [[Shanan Power House]]. It is a 110 MW hydro power plant.
* [[Anandpur Sahib Hydel Channel]], 134 MW
* [[Mukerian Hydel]], 207 MW
* [[UBDC Hydroelectric Power House]], 45 MW
* [[Bhakra Nangal Project]]
* [[Pong Dam Project]]
* [[Dehar Power House]]
* [[Thein Dam Project]]
* [[Shahpur Kandi Project]]

== References ==
{{Portal|Energy|Companies}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Power Plants of Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Companies based in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Electric-generation companies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:Energy in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2010]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2010]]